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× 7","63"],["9 × 8","72"],["9 × 9","81"],["9 × 10","90"],["9 × 11","99"],["9 × 12","108"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/facts-times-all","id":"facts-times-all","title":"Multiplication Facts 0–12 (all 169)","category":"math","subject":"Arithmetic facts","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Every multiplication fact from 0 × 0 to 12 × 12.","tags":["facts","multiplication"],"frontLabel":"Problem","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["0 × 0","0"],["0 × 1","0"],["0 × 2","0"],["0 × 3","0"],["0 × 4","0"],["0 × 5","0"],["0 × 6","0"],["0 × 7","0"],["0 × 8","0"],["0 × 9","0"],["0 × 10","0"],["0 × 11","0"],["0 × 12","0"],["1 × 0","0"],["1 × 1","1"],["1 × 2","2"],["1 × 3","3"],["1 × 4","4"],["1 × 5","5"],["1 × 6","6"],["1 × 7","7"],["1 × 8","8"],["1 × 9","9"],["1 × 10","10"],["1 × 11","11"],["1 × 12","12"],["2 × 0","0"],["2 × 1","2"],["2 × 2","4"],["2 × 3","6"],["2 × 4","8"],["2 × 5","10"],["2 × 6","12"],["2 × 7","14"],["2 × 8","16"],["2 × 9","18"],["2 × 10","20"],["2 × 11","22"],["2 × 12","24"],["3 × 0","0"],["3 × 1","3"],["3 × 2","6"],["3 × 3","9"],["3 × 4","12"],["3 × 5","15"],["3 × 6","18"],["3 × 7","21"],["3 × 8","24"],["3 × 9","27"],["3 × 10","30"],["3 × 11","33"],["3 × 12","36"],["4 × 0","0"],["4 × 1","4"],["4 × 2","8"],["4 × 3","12"],["4 × 4","16"],["4 × 5","20"],["4 × 6","24"],["4 × 7","28"],["4 × 8","32"],["4 × 9","36"],["4 × 10","40"],["4 × 11","44"],["4 × 12","48"],["5 × 0","0"],["5 × 1","5"],["5 × 2","10"],["5 × 3","15"],["5 × 4","20"],["5 × 5","25"],["5 × 6","30"],["5 × 7","35"],["5 × 8","40"],["5 × 9","45"],["5 × 10","50"],["5 × 11","55"],["5 × 12","60"],["6 × 0","0"],["6 × 1","6"],["6 × 2","12"],["6 × 3","18"],["6 × 4","24"],["6 × 5","30"],["6 × 6","36"],["6 × 7","42"],["6 × 8","48"],["6 × 9","54"],["6 × 10","60"],["6 × 11","66"],["6 × 12","72"],["7 × 0","0"],["7 × 1","7"],["7 × 2","14"],["7 × 3","21"],["7 × 4","28"],["7 × 5","35"],["7 × 6","42"],["7 × 7","49"],["7 × 8","56"],["7 × 9","63"],["7 × 10","70"],["7 × 11","77"],["7 × 12","84"],["8 × 0","0"],["8 × 1","8"],["8 × 2","16"],["8 × 3","24"],["8 × 4","32"],["8 × 5","40"],["8 × 6","48"],["8 × 7","56"],["8 × 8","64"],["8 × 9","72"],["8 × 10","80"],["8 × 11","88"],["8 × 12","96"],["9 × 0","0"],["9 × 1","9"],["9 × 2","18"],["9 × 3","27"],["9 × 4","36"],["9 × 5","45"],["9 × 6","54"],["9 × 7","63"],["9 × 8","72"],["9 × 9","81"],["9 × 10","90"],["9 × 11","99"],["9 × 12","108"],["10 × 0","0"],["10 × 1","10"],["10 × 2","20"],["10 × 3","30"],["10 × 4","40"],["10 × 5","50"],["10 × 6","60"],["10 × 7","70"],["10 × 8","80"],["10 × 9","90"],["10 × 10","100"],["10 × 11","110"],["10 × 12","120"],["11 × 0","0"],["11 × 1","11"],["11 × 2","22"],["11 × 3","33"],["11 × 4","44"],["11 × 5","55"],["11 × 6","66"],["11 × 7","77"],["11 × 8","88"],["11 × 9","99"],["11 × 10","110"],["11 × 11","121"],["11 × 12","132"],["12 × 0","0"],["12 × 1","12"],["12 × 2","24"],["12 × 3","36"],["12 × 4","48"],["12 × 5","60"],["12 × 6","72"],["12 × 7","84"],["12 × 8","96"],["12 × 9","108"],["12 × 10","120"],["12 × 11","132"],["12 × 12","144"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-2d-shapes","id":"math-2d-shapes","title":"Flat Shapes and Polygons","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Names and properties of 2D shapes, polygons by number of sides, and kinds of triangles and quadrilaterals.","tags":["shapes","geometry","polygons"],"frontLabel":"Shape","backLabel":"Facts","cards":[["Triangle","3 sides, 3 angles"],["Quadrilateral","4 sides, 4 angles"],["Pentagon","5 sides"],["Hexagon","6 sides"],["Heptagon","7 sides","Also called a septagon"],["Octagon","8 sides","A stop sign"],["Nonagon","9 sides"],["Decagon","10 sides"],["Hendecagon","11 sides","Also called an undecagon"],["Dodecagon","12 sides"],["Circle","All points the same distance from the center; no sides or corners"],["Oval (ellipse)","A stretched circle"],["Square","4 equal sides and 4 right angles"],["Rectangle","4 right angles; opposite sides equal"],["Rhombus","4 equal sides; opposite angles equal"],["Parallelogram","Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal"],["Trapezoid","A quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides"],["Kite","A quadrilateral with two pairs of equal sides that meet side by side"],["Equilateral triangle","All 3 sides equal; all angles 60 degrees"],["Isosceles triangle","At least 2 equal sides and 2 equal angles"],["Scalene triangle","No equal sides"],["Right triangle","Has one 90-degree angle"],["Acute triangle","All three angles are less than 90 degrees"],["Obtuse triangle","Has one angle greater than 90 degrees"],["Regular polygon","A polygon with all sides equal and all angles equal"],["Irregular polygon","A polygon whose sides or angles are not all equal"],["Convex polygon","A polygon with no angle pointing inward"],["Concave polygon","A polygon with at least one angle pointing inward"],["Sum of angles in a triangle","180 degrees"],["Sum of angles in a quadrilateral","360 degrees"],["Sum of angles in a pentagon","540 degrees"],["Sum of angles in a hexagon","720 degrees"],["Sum of angles in an n-sided polygon","(n − 2) × 180 degrees"],["Each angle of a regular hexagon","120 degrees"],["Each angle of a regular pentagon","108 degrees"],["Each angle of a regular octagon","135 degrees"],["Number of diagonals of a quadrilateral","2"],["Number of diagonals of a pentagon","5"],["Number of diagonals of a hexagon","9"],["Diagonal","A segment joining two corners of a polygon that are not next to each other"],["Is a square a rectangle?","Yes. A square is a rectangle with all sides equal."],["Is a square a rhombus?","Yes. A square is a rhombus with right angles."],["Is a rectangle a parallelogram?","Yes. Its opposite sides are parallel."],["Do the diagonals of a rectangle have equal lengths?","Yes"],["Do the diagonals of a rhombus meet at right angles?","Yes, and they bisect each other"],["Crescent","A moon shape formed by two arcs"],["Semicircle","Half of a circle"],["Quarter circle","A quarter of a circle; a 90-degree sector"],["Star shape (pentagram)","A five-pointed star drawn with five straight lines"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-3d-solids","id":"math-3d-solids","title":"Solid Shapes: Faces, Edges, Vertices","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"3D shapes and their parts, including the Platonic solids and Euler's formula.","tags":["solids","3d shapes","geometry"],"frontLabel":"Solid","backLabel":"Facts","cards":[["Cube","6 square faces, 12 edges, 8 vertices"],["Rectangular prism","6 rectangular faces, 12 edges, 8 vertices","A shoebox"],["Triangular prism","5 faces, 9 edges, 6 vertices"],["Square pyramid","5 faces, 8 edges, 5 vertices"],["Triangular pyramid (tetrahedron)","4 faces, 6 edges, 4 vertices"],["Pentagonal prism","7 faces, 15 edges, 10 vertices"],["Hexagonal prism","8 faces, 18 edges, 12 vertices"],["Cylinder","2 flat circular faces and 1 curved surface; no vertices"],["Cone","1 flat circular face, 1 curved surface, 1 vertex"],["Sphere","A perfectly round solid; every surface point is the same distance from the center"],["Hemisphere","Half of a sphere"],["Face","A flat surface of a solid"],["Edge","A line where two faces meet"],["Vertex","A corner where edges meet"],["Base","The face a solid sits on, or the matching ends of a prism"],["Prism","A solid with two parallel identical bases and flat rectangular sides"],["Pyramid","A solid with one base and triangular sides meeting at an apex"],["Apex","The top point of a pyramid or cone"],["Euler's formula for polyhedra","Vertices − Edges + Faces = 2","V − E + F = 2"],["Polyhedron","A solid with only flat faces"],["Platonic solid","A polyhedron whose faces are all the same regular polygon, with the same number meeting at each vertex"],["How many Platonic solids are there?","Five"],["Tetrahedron","Platonic solid with 4 triangular faces"],["Cube (hexahedron)","Platonic solid with 6 square faces"],["Octahedron","Platonic solid with 8 triangular faces"],["Dodecahedron","Platonic solid with 12 pentagonal faces"],["Icosahedron","Platonic solid with 20 triangular faces"],["Net of a cube","A flat pattern of 6 connected squares that folds into a cube"],["Lateral face","A side face of a prism or pyramid (not a base)"],["Slant height","The distance along the sloped side of a cone or pyramid from apex to base edge"],["Which solid rolls and slides?","A cylinder"],["Which solid rolls but does not stack?","A sphere"],["Cuboid","Another name for a rectangular prism"],["Torus","A donut shape"],["Ellipsoid","A stretched sphere, like a rugby ball"],["Frustum","A cone or pyramid with its top sliced off parallel to the base"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-algebra-rules","id":"math-algebra-rules","title":"Algebra Rules and Properties","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Properties of numbers, rules for solving equations and inequalities, and common factoring patterns.","tags":["algebra","properties","rules"],"frontLabel":"Rule","backLabel":"Statement","cards":[["Commutative property of addition","a + b = b + a"],["Commutative property of multiplication","ab = ba"],["Associative property of addition","(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)"],["Associative property of multiplication","(ab)c = a(bc)"],["Distributive property","a(b + c) = ab + ac"],["Additive identity","a + 0 = a"],["Multiplicative identity","a × 1 = a"],["Additive inverse","a + (−a) = 0"],["Multiplicative inverse","a × (1/a) = 1, for a not zero"],["Zero property of multiplication","a × 0 = 0"],["Reflexive property","a = a"],["Symmetric property","If a = b, then b = a"],["Transitive property","If a = b and b = c, then a = c"],["Addition property of equality","If a = b, then a + c = b + c"],["Multiplication property of equality","If a = b, then ac = bc"],["Substitution property","If a = b, then b can replace a in any expression"],["Rule for multiplying two negatives","The product is positive"],["Rule for multiplying a negative and a positive","The product is negative"],["Rule for dividing two negatives","The quotient is positive"],["Subtracting a negative","a − (−b) = a + b"],["Solve x + 7 = 12","x = 5"],["Solve 3x = 21","x = 7"],["Solve 2x − 5 = 9","x = 7"],["Solve x/4 = 6","x = 24"],["Solve 5x + 3 = 2x + 15","x = 4"],["Rule for inequalities","Multiplying or dividing by a negative number flips the inequality sign"],["Solve −2x > 6","x < −3"],["Solve |x| = 5","x = 5 or x = −5"],["Solve |x| < 3","−3 < x < 3"],["Solve |x| > 3","x < −3 or x > 3"],["FOIL","First, Outer, Inner, Last: multiplying two binomials"],["Expand (x + 3)(x + 2)","x² + 5x + 6"],["Expand (x + 4)²","x² + 8x + 16"],["Expand (x − 5)²","x² − 10x + 25"],["Expand (x + 3)(x − 3)","x² − 9"],["Factor x² + 7x + 12","(x + 3)(x + 4)"],["Factor x² − 9","(x − 3)(x + 3)"],["Factor x² − 5x + 6","(x − 2)(x − 3)"],["Factor x² + 2x + 1","(x + 1)²"],["Factor 2x² + 6x","2x(x + 3)"],["Sum of cubes","a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²)"],["Difference of cubes","a³ − b³ = (a − b)(a² + ab + b²)"],["Binomial cube","(a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³"],["Solve x² = 49","x = 7 or x = −7"],["Solve x² − 5x + 6 = 0","x = 2 or x = 3"],["Midpoint of two numbers","Their average: (a + b)/2"],["Cross-multiplication","If a/b = c/d, then ad = bc"],["Adding fractions with unlike denominators","Use a common denominator first"],["Slope between two points","(y₂ − y₁)/(x₂ − x₁)"],["Perpendicular to slope 2","Slope −1/2"],["Distance, rate, time","d = r × t"],["Percent change","(new − old) / old × 100%"],["Simple interest","I = P r t"],["Average (mean) formula","Sum of values divided by number of values"],["Order of solving with variables on both sides","Collect variable terms on one side, constants on the other, then divide"],["Check a solution","Substitute it back into the original equation"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-algebra-terms","id":"math-algebra-terms","title":"Algebra Terms","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The vocabulary of algebra: expressions, equations, functions, graphing and polynomials.","tags":["algebra","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Variable","A letter that stands for a number"],["Constant","A fixed number that does not change"],["Coefficient","The number multiplying a variable","In −4y, it is −4"],["Term","A part of an expression separated by + or −"],["Like terms","Terms with the same variables raised to the same powers"],["Expression","A combination of numbers, variables and operations without an equals sign"],["Equation","A statement that two expressions are equal"],["Inequality","A statement comparing two expressions using <, >, ≤ or ≥"],["Solve","Find the value of the variable that makes the statement true"],["Evaluate","Replace variables with numbers and compute the result"],["Simplify","Combine like terms and reduce an expression"],["Factor","Write an expression as a product of simpler expressions"],["Expand","Multiply out brackets to remove them"],["Substitution","Replacing a variable with a value or another expression"],["Linear equation","An equation whose graph is a straight line; the variable has degree 1"],["Slope-intercept form","y = mx + b"],["Point-slope form","y − y₁ = m(x − x₁)"],["Standard form of a line","Ax + By = C"],["Slope","Rise over run; change in y divided by change in x"],["Rise","The vertical change between two points"],["Run","The horizontal change between two points"],["Y-intercept","Where a graph crosses the y-axis (x = 0)"],["X-intercept","Where a graph crosses the x-axis (y = 0)"],["Parallel lines (slopes)","Have equal slopes"],["Perpendicular lines (slopes)","Slopes are negative reciprocals; their product is −1"],["Slope of a horizontal line","0"],["Slope of a vertical line","Undefined"],["Function","A rule that gives each input exactly one output"],["Function notation","f(x) is read 'f of x'; the output for input x"],["Domain","All allowed input values"],["Range","All resulting output values"],["Independent variable","The input variable, usually x"],["Dependent variable","The output variable, usually y; it depends on x"],["Vertical line test","A graph is a function if no vertical line crosses it twice"],["Absolute value","The distance of a number from zero, written |x|"],["System of equations","Two or more equations solved together"],["Substitution method","Solve one equation for a variable and substitute into the other"],["Elimination method","Add or subtract equations to cancel a variable"],["Consistent system","A system with at least one solution"],["Inconsistent system","A system with no solution, such as parallel lines"],["Dependent system","A system with infinitely many solutions; the same line"],["Polynomial","An expression of terms with whole-number powers of variables"],["Degree","The highest power of the variable in a polynomial"],["Standard form of a polynomial","Terms written from the highest power to the lowest"],["Quadratic equation","An equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0"],["Quadratic formula","x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a"],["Completing the square","Rewriting a quadratic so a perfect square trinomial appears"],["Vertex form","y = a(x − h)² + k"],["Difference of squares","a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b)"],["Perfect square trinomial","a² + 2ab + b² = (a + b)²"],["Greatest common factor (GCF)","The largest factor shared by all the terms"],["Zero product property","If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0"],["Root, zero or solution","An x value where the function equals 0"],["Radical","A root symbol, such as √"],["Rationalize the denominator","Rewrite a fraction so the denominator has no radical"],["Rational expression","A fraction whose numerator and denominator are polynomials"],["Inverse variation","y = k/x; as one quantity goes up, the other goes down"],["Direct variation","y = kx; the ratio y/x is constant"],["Constant of variation","The constant k in a variation equation"],["Arithmetic sequence formula","aₙ = a₁ + (n − 1)d"],["Geometric sequence formula","aₙ = a₁ · rⁿ⁻¹"],["Exponential growth","y = a(1 + r)^t with r > 0"],["Exponential decay","y = a(1 − r)^t with 0 < r < 1"],["Compound interest formula","A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)"],["Continuous compounding formula","A = Pe^(rt)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-angles-lines","id":"math-angles-lines","title":"Angles, Lines and Circles","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Kinds of angles, angle pairs, lines and the parts of a circle.","tags":["angles","lines","circles"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Acute angle","Between 0° and 90°"],["Right angle","Exactly 90°"],["Obtuse angle","Between 90° and 180°"],["Straight angle","Exactly 180°"],["Reflex angle","Between 180° and 360°"],["Full rotation","360°"],["Complementary angles","Add up to 90°"],["Supplementary angles","Add up to 180°"],["Complement of 30°","60°"],["Supplement of 110°","70°"],["Vertical angles","Opposite angles made by two crossing lines; they are equal"],["Adjacent angles","Share a vertex and a side, with no overlap"],["Linear pair","Two adjacent angles that form a straight line; add up to 180°"],["Corresponding angles","Angles in matching positions at two different crossings of a transversal"],["Alternate interior angles","Angles inside the two lines on opposite sides of the transversal"],["Alternate exterior angles","Angles outside the two lines on opposite sides of the transversal"],["Same-side interior angles","Angles inside the two lines on the same side of the transversal"],["Vertex of an angle","The point where the two rays meet"],["Angle bisector","A ray that splits an angle into two equal angles"],["Protractor","A tool for measuring angles in degrees"],["Line","A straight path that goes on forever in both directions"],["Line segment","A piece of a line between two endpoints"],["Ray","A part of a line with one endpoint, going on forever one way"],["Collinear points","Points that lie on the same line"],["Coplanar","Lying in the same flat plane"],["Parallel lines","Lines in a plane that never meet"],["Perpendicular lines","Lines that meet at 90°"],["Skew lines","Lines in 3D that do not meet and are not parallel"],["Midpoint","The point exactly halfway along a segment"],["Perpendicular bisector","A line that cuts a segment in half at a right angle"],["Transversal","A line that crosses two or more lines"],["Plane","A flat surface that extends forever in every direction"],["Center of a circle","The point equally far from every point on the circle"],["Radius","A segment from the center to the circle"],["Diameter","A chord through the center; the longest chord"],["Chord","A segment joining two points on a circle"],["Secant","A line that cuts through a circle at two points"],["Tangent","A line that touches a circle at one point"],["Arc","A piece of the circle's outline"],["Minor arc","An arc smaller than a semicircle"],["Major arc","An arc larger than a semicircle"],["Semicircle","Half a circle; an arc of 180°"],["Sector","A region bounded by two radii and an arc"],["Segment of a circle","A region bounded by a chord and an arc"],["Central angle","An angle with its vertex at the center of a circle"],["Inscribed angle","An angle with its vertex on the circle"],["Concentric circles","Circles that share the same center"],["Congruent circles","Circles with equal radii"],["Degrees in a circle","360"],["Radians in a full circle","2π"],["Degrees in one radian","About 57.3°"],["Convert 180° to radians","π radians"],["Convert 90° to radians","π/2"],["Convert 60° to radians","π/3"],["Convert π/4 to degrees","45°"],["Convert π/6 to degrees","30°"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-calculus-concepts","id":"math-calculus-concepts","title":"Calculus Concepts and Limits","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["college","9-12"],"description":"Core calculus vocabulary and limit values, from continuity to series tests.","tags":["calculus","limits","series"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Limit","The value a function approaches as the input approaches a number"],["One-sided limit","A limit approached only from the left or only from the right"],["Limit at infinity","The value a function approaches as x grows without bound"],["Continuous at a point","The limit equals the function value there"],["Removable discontinuity","A hole in the graph that could be filled in"],["Jump discontinuity","The left and right limits exist but differ"],["Infinite discontinuity","The function grows without bound near that point (vertical asymptote)"],["Intermediate value theorem","A continuous function takes every value between f(a) and f(b)"],["Extreme value theorem","A continuous function on a closed interval has a maximum and a minimum"],["Differentiable","Having a derivative at a point; the graph is smooth there"],["Differentiable implies","Continuous"],["Local maximum","A point higher than nearby points"],["Local minimum","A point lower than nearby points"],["Absolute (global) extremum","The highest or lowest point over the whole domain"],["Optimization","Using derivatives to find the best (largest or smallest) value"],["Linear approximation","Using the tangent line to estimate nearby values"],["Differential","dy = f'(x) dx; a small change in y"],["Antiderivative","A function whose derivative is the given function"],["Riemann sum","A sum of rectangle areas that approximates an area"],["Definite integral","A number: signed area under a curve between limits"],["Net change","The integral of a rate of change"],["Slope field","A picture of tangent slopes for a differential equation"],["Differential equation","An equation involving a function and its derivatives"],["Separable differential equation","One where the variables can be moved to opposite sides"],["Exponential growth equation","dy/dt = ky has solution y = Ce^(kt)"],["Sequence limit","The value the terms approach as n grows"],["Geometric series test","Converges if |r| < 1, with sum a/(1 − r)"],["p-series","Σ 1/nᵖ converges if p > 1 and diverges if p ≤ 1"],["Ratio test","Compare consecutive terms; convergence if the limit of |aₙ₊₁/aₙ| is less than 1"],["Alternating series test","Converges if terms alternate sign, decrease in size and go to 0"],["Taylor series","A power series that matches a function's derivatives at a point"],["Maclaurin series","A Taylor series centered at 0"],["Maclaurin series of eˣ","1 + x + x²/2! + x³/3! + ..."],["Maclaurin series of sin x","x − x³/3! + x⁵/5! − ..."],["Maclaurin series of cos x","1 − x²/2! + x⁴/4! − ..."],["Maclaurin series of 1/(1 − x)","1 + x + x² + x³ + ... for |x| < 1"],["Radius of convergence","How far from the center a power series converges"],["lim (x→0) sin x / x","1"],["lim (x→0) (1 − cos x) / x","0"],["lim (x→0) (eˣ − 1) / x","1"],["lim (x→∞) (1 + 1/x)ˣ","e"],["lim (x→∞) 1/x","0"],["lim (x→1) (x² − 1)/(x − 1)","2"],["lim (x→∞) (3x² + 1)/(x² + 5)","3"],["lim (x→0) ln(1 + x)/x","1"],["Squeeze theorem","If a function is trapped between two functions with the same limit, it has that limit"],["Vertical asymptote","A vertical line the graph approaches where values blow up"],["Horizontal asymptote","A horizontal line the graph approaches as x goes to ±∞"],["Indeterminate form","A limit form such as 0/0 or ∞/∞ that needs more work"],["Partial derivative","A derivative with respect to one variable, others held constant"],["Gradient","A vector of partial derivatives pointing in the direction of steepest increase"],["Double integral","Integral over a 2D region, finding volume under a surface"],["Multivariable calculus","Calculus of functions with more than one input"],["Differential vs. derivative","The derivative is a rate; the differential is a small change"],["Leibniz notation","dy/dx"],["Lagrange notation","f'(x)"],["Newton's notation","ẏ, a dot over the variable"],["Who developed calculus independently?","Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-coordinate-graphing","id":"math-coordinate-graphing","title":"Coordinate Plane and Graphing","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Parts of the coordinate plane, plotting points, transformations and reading graphs of functions.","tags":["coordinate plane","graphing","transformations"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Horizontal axis","The x-axis"],["Vertical axis","The y-axis"],["Origin","The point (0, 0)"],["Ordered pair (x, y)","First number is across, second is up or down"],["Quadrant I","x positive, y positive (top right)"],["Quadrant II","x negative, y positive (top left)"],["Quadrant III","x negative, y negative (bottom left)"],["Quadrant IV","x positive, y negative (bottom right)"],["Where is (0, 5)?","On the y-axis, 5 units above the origin"],["Where is (−3, 0)?","On the x-axis, 3 units left of the origin"],["Which quadrant is (3, −2)?","IV"],["Which quadrant is (−4, −1)?","III"],["Which quadrant is (−2, 6)?","II"],["Reflect (3, 4) over the x-axis","(3, −4)"],["Reflect (3, 4) over the y-axis","(−3, 4)"],["Reflect (3, 4) through the origin","(−3, −4)"],["Reflect (a, b) over the line y = x","(b, a)"],["Translate (2, 1) by 3 right and 2 up","(5, 3)"],["Rotate (a, b) 90° counterclockwise about the origin","(−b, a)"],["Rotate (a, b) 180° about the origin","(−a, −b)"],["Dilate (2, 3) by scale factor 2 about the origin","(4, 6)"],["Distance from (0, 0) to (3, 4)","5"],["Distance from (1, 2) to (4, 6)","5"],["Midpoint of (2, 4) and (6, 8)","(4, 6)"],["Midpoint of (−2, 3) and (4, −1)","(1, 1)"],["Slope through (0, 0) and (2, 4)","2"],["Slope through (1, 5) and (3, 1)","−2"],["Slope of y = 3x + 2","3"],["Y-intercept of y = 3x + 2","2"],["X-intercept of y = 2x − 6","3"],["Graph of y = 5","A horizontal line"],["Graph of x = −2","A vertical line"],["Graph of y = x","A line through the origin with slope 1"],["Graph of y = x²","A parabola opening up with vertex at the origin"],["Graph of y = −x²","A parabola opening down"],["Graph of y = |x|","A V shape with vertex at the origin"],["Graph of y = 1/x","A hyperbola with branches in quadrants I and III"],["Graph of y = √x","Half of a sideways parabola starting at the origin"],["Graph of y = 2ˣ","A curve that rises quickly and passes through (0, 1)"],["Graph of x² + y² = 9","A circle with center (0, 0) and radius 3"],["Shift y = f(x) up 3","y = f(x) + 3"],["Shift y = f(x) right 2","y = f(x − 2)"],["Reflect y = f(x) over the x-axis","y = −f(x)"],["Reflect y = f(x) over the y-axis","y = f(−x)"],["Stretch y = f(x) vertically by 3","y = 3f(x)"],["Vertex of y = (x − 2)² + 5","(2, 5)"],["Axis of symmetry of y = (x − 2)² + 5","x = 2"],["Parallel to y = 2x + 1","Any line with slope 2"],["Perpendicular to y = 2x + 1","Any line with slope −1/2"],["Rise over run","Slope"],["Positive slope","The line goes up from left to right"],["Negative slope","The line goes down from left to right"],["Where lines of a system meet","The solution of the system"],["Line graph","Plots points joined by lines to show change over time"],["Scale of a graph","The value each grid mark stands for"],["Interval of an axis","The step between marked numbers"],["Latitude and longitude","A coordinate system for locations on Earth"],["Battleship grid","A game that uses coordinates like B7"],["Plotting order","Start at the origin, move across x, then up or down y"],["René Descartes","Introduced the Cartesian coordinate system"],["Polar coordinates (r, θ)","Distance from the origin and angle from the positive x-axis"],["3D coordinates","Add a z-axis: (x, y, z)"],["Number of axes in a 3D grid","3"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-cube-roots","id":"math-cube-roots","category":"math","subject":"Math","title":"Cube Roots of Perfect Cubes","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Cube roots of the perfect cubes from 1 to 8000.","tags":["cube roots"],"frontLabel":"Root","backLabel":"Value","cards":[["∛1","1"],["∛8","2"],["∛27","3"],["∛64","4"],["∛125","5"],["∛216","6"],["∛343","7"],["∛512","8"],["∛729","9"],["∛1000","10"],["∛1331","11"],["∛1728","12"],["∛2197","13"],["∛2744","14"],["∛3375","15"],["∛4096","16"],["∛4913","17"],["∛5832","18"],["∛6859","19"],["∛8000","20"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-derivative-rules","id":"math-derivative-rules","title":"Derivative Rules","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Differentiation rules and the derivatives of the common functions.","tags":["calculus","derivatives"],"frontLabel":"Function or rule","backLabel":"Derivative","cards":[["Constant: d/dx [c]","0"],["Power rule: d/dx [xⁿ]","n xⁿ⁻¹"],["Constant multiple rule","d/dx [c f(x)] = c f'(x)"],["Sum rule","d/dx [f + g] = f' + g'"],["Difference rule","d/dx [f − g] = f' − g'"],["Product rule","d/dx [fg] = f'g + fg'"],["Quotient rule","d/dx [f/g] = (f'g − fg') / g²"],["Chain rule","d/dx [f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) · g'(x)"],["d/dx [x]","1"],["d/dx [x²]","2x"],["d/dx [x³]","3x²"],["d/dx [√x]","1/(2√x)"],["d/dx [1/x]","−1/x²"],["d/dx [eˣ]","eˣ"],["d/dx [aˣ]","aˣ ln a"],["d/dx [ln x]","1/x"],["d/dx [log_a x]","1/(x ln a)"],["d/dx [sin x]","cos x"],["d/dx [cos x]","−sin x"],["d/dx [tan x]","sec² x"],["d/dx [cot x]","−csc² x"],["d/dx [sec x]","sec x tan x"],["d/dx [csc x]","−csc x cot x"],["d/dx [arcsin x]","1/√(1 − x²)"],["d/dx [arccos x]","−1/√(1 − x²)"],["d/dx [arctan x]","1/(1 + x²)"],["d/dx [sinh x]","cosh x"],["d/dx [cosh x]","sinh x"],["d/dx [e^(2x)]","2e^(2x)"],["d/dx [sin(3x)]","3 cos(3x)"],["d/dx [(x² + 1)³]","6x(x² + 1)²"],["d/dx [x eˣ]","eˣ(x + 1)"],["d/dx [x sin x]","sin x + x cos x"],["d/dx [ln(x²)]","2/x"],["d/dx [5x⁴ − 3x + 7]","20x³ − 3"],["Derivative as slope","The slope of the tangent line at a point"],["Limit definition of derivative","f'(x) = lim (h→0) [f(x + h) − f(x)] / h"],["Second derivative","The derivative of the derivative; tells concavity"],["Critical point","A point where f' = 0 or f' does not exist"],["First derivative test","f' changes from + to − at a local maximum, and − to + at a local minimum"],["Second derivative test","f'' > 0 gives a local minimum; f'' < 0 gives a local maximum"],["Inflection point","A point where concavity changes"],["Concave up","f'' > 0; the graph curves like a cup"],["Concave down","f'' < 0; the graph curves like a cap"],["Velocity from position","v(t) = s'(t)"],["Acceleration from position","a(t) = s''(t)"],["Mean value theorem","A smooth curve has a point where the slope equals the average slope over the interval"],["L'Hôpital's rule","For 0/0 or ∞/∞ forms, lim f/g = lim f'/g' (if that limit exists)"],["Implicit differentiation","Differentiate both sides with respect to x, using dy/dx for y terms"],["Related rates","Differentiate an equation in time to link rates of change"],["Tangent line equation","y − f(a) = f'(a)(x − a)"],["Rolle's theorem","If f(a) = f(b) and f is smooth, there is a point between where f' = 0"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-exponent-rules","id":"math-exponent-rules","title":"Exponent Rules","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The laws of exponents, with worked examples including zero, negative and fractional exponents.","tags":["exponents","powers","algebra"],"frontLabel":"Rule","backLabel":"Result","cards":[["Product rule","aᵐ · aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ","Same base: add exponents"],["Quotient rule","aᵐ / aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ","Same base: subtract exponents"],["Power of a power","(aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿ","Multiply exponents"],["Power of a product","(ab)ⁿ = aⁿbⁿ"],["Power of a quotient","(a/b)ⁿ = aⁿ/bⁿ"],["Zero exponent","a⁰ = 1, for a not zero"],["Negative exponent","a⁻ⁿ = 1/aⁿ"],["Fractional exponent","a^(1/n) = the nth root of a"],["Rational exponent","a^(m/n) = (nth root of a)^m"],["Exponent of 1","a¹ = a"],["2³ · 2⁴","2⁷ = 128"],["5⁶ / 5²","5⁴ = 625"],["(3²)³","3⁶ = 729"],["(2x)³","8x³"],["(x²)⁴","x⁸"],["x³ · x⁵","x⁸"],["x⁹ / x³","x⁶"],["(−2)²","4"],["−2²","−4","The exponent applies only to the 2"],["(−2)³","−8"],["10⁰","1"],["0⁰","Usually left undefined (or treated as 1 in some settings)"],["2⁻³","1/8"],["10⁻²","0.01"],["4^(1/2)","2"],["8^(1/3)","2"],["27^(2/3)","9"],["16^(3/4)","8"],["9^(−1/2)","1/3"],["Is (a + b)² equal to a² + b²?","No. (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²"],["Is aᵐ + aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ?","No. The product rule works for multiplying, not adding"],["Negative base with even power","The result is positive"],["Negative base with odd power","The result is negative"],["Scientific notation of 45,000","4.5 × 10⁴"],["Scientific notation of 0.0007","7 × 10⁻⁴"],["(3 × 10²)(2 × 10³)","6 × 10⁵"],["Square root as an exponent","√a = a^(1/2)"],["Cube root as an exponent","∛a = a^(1/3)"],["Reciprocal of x⁻²","x²"],["Simplify (x³y²)²","x⁶y⁴"],["Simplify x⁻²y³ with positive exponents","y³/x²"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-factorials","id":"math-factorials","category":"math","subject":"Math","title":"Factorials 0 to 12","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"n factorial is the product of all whole numbers from 1 up to n.","tags":["factorial","counting"],"frontLabel":"Factorial","backLabel":"Value","cards":[["0!","1","By definition"],["1!","1"],["2!","2"],["3!","6"],["4!","24"],["5!","120"],["6!","720"],["7!","5040"],["8!","40320"],["9!","362880"],["10!","3628800"],["11!","39916800"],["12!","479001600"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-fraction-decimal-percent","id":"math-fraction-decimal-percent","category":"math","subject":"Math","title":"Fractions, Decimals and Percents","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Common fractions matched to their decimal and percent forms.","tags":["fractions","decimals","percent","conversion"],"frontLabel":"Convert","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["1/2 as a decimal","0.5"],["1/2 as a percent","50%"],["1/3 as a decimal","0.333... (3 repeats)"],["1/3 as a percent","about 33.3%, exactly 33 and 1/3%"],["2/3 as a decimal","0.666... (6 repeats)"],["2/3 as a percent","about 66.7%, exactly 66 and 2/3%"],["1/4 as a decimal","0.25"],["1/4 as a percent","25%"],["3/4 as a decimal","0.75"],["3/4 as a percent","75%"],["1/5 as a decimal","0.2"],["1/5 as a percent","20%"],["2/5 as a decimal","0.4"],["2/5 as a percent","40%"],["3/5 as a decimal","0.6"],["3/5 as a percent","60%"],["4/5 as a decimal","0.8"],["4/5 as a percent","80%"],["1/6 as a decimal","0.1666... (6 repeats)"],["1/6 as a percent","about 16.7%, exactly 16 and 2/3%"],["5/6 as a decimal","0.8333... (3 repeats)"],["5/6 as a percent","about 83.3%, exactly 83 and 1/3%"],["1/8 as a decimal","0.125"],["1/8 as a percent","12.5%"],["3/8 as a decimal","0.375"],["3/8 as a percent","37.5%"],["5/8 as a decimal","0.625"],["5/8 as a percent","62.5%"],["7/8 as a decimal","0.875"],["7/8 as a percent","87.5%"],["1/10 as a decimal","0.1"],["1/10 as a percent","10%"],["3/10 as a decimal","0.3"],["3/10 as a percent","30%"],["7/10 as a decimal","0.7"],["7/10 as a percent","70%"],["9/10 as a decimal","0.9"],["9/10 as a percent","90%"],["1/20 as a decimal","0.05"],["1/20 as a percent","5%"],["1/25 as a decimal","0.04"],["1/25 as a percent","4%"],["3/20 as a decimal","0.15"],["3/20 as a percent","15%"],["1/50 as a decimal","0.02"],["1/50 as a percent","2%"],["1/100 as a decimal","0.01"],["1/100 as a percent","1%"],["1/12 as a decimal","0.08333... (3 repeats)"],["1/12 as a percent","about 8.3%, exactly 8 and 1/3%"],["2/8 as a decimal","0.25"],["2/8 as a percent","25%"],["9/20 as a decimal","0.45"],["9/20 as a percent","45%"],["11/20 as a decimal","0.55"],["11/20 as a percent","55%"],["13/20 as a decimal","0.65"],["13/20 as a percent","65%"],["17/20 as a decimal","0.85"],["17/20 as a percent","85%"],["19/20 as a decimal","0.95"],["19/20 as a percent","95%"],["3/25 as a decimal","0.12"],["3/25 as a percent","12%"],["7/20 as a decimal","0.35"],["7/20 as a percent","35%"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-fractions-skills","id":"math-fractions-skills","title":"Fractions: Terms and Operations","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Fraction vocabulary and how to add, subtract, multiply, divide, simplify and compare fractions.","tags":["fractions","operations"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What does the denominator tell you?","How many equal parts the whole is divided into"],["What does the numerator tell you?","How many of those parts are being counted"],["Proper fraction","Numerator is smaller than denominator, like 3/5"],["Improper fraction","Numerator is equal to or larger than denominator, like 9/4"],["Mixed number","A whole number plus a fraction, like 2 1/4"],["Equivalent fractions","Different fractions with the same value"],["How to make an equivalent fraction","Multiply or divide top and bottom by the same number"],["Simplify 6/8","3/4"],["Simplify 10/15","2/3"],["Simplify 12/18","2/3"],["Simplify 24/36","2/3"],["Simplify 15/45","1/3"],["Simplify 18/24","3/4"],["Simplify 20/50","2/5"],["Convert 7/4 to a mixed number","1 3/4"],["Convert 11/3 to a mixed number","3 2/3"],["Convert 2 1/2 to an improper fraction","5/2"],["Convert 3 2/5 to an improper fraction","17/5"],["Convert 1 3/4 to an improper fraction","7/4"],["1/2 + 1/4","3/4"],["1/3 + 1/6","1/2"],["2/5 + 1/10","1/2"],["3/8 + 1/4","5/8"],["1/2 + 1/3","5/6"],["3/4 + 2/3","1 5/12"],["3/4 − 1/4","1/2"],["5/6 − 1/3","1/2"],["7/8 − 1/2","3/8"],["2/3 − 1/4","5/12"],["1 − 3/5","2/5"],["2/3 × 3/4","1/2"],["1/2 × 1/2","1/4"],["3/5 × 5/6","1/2"],["2/7 × 14","4"],["1/3 of 12","4"],["3/4 of 20","15"],["2/5 of 25","10"],["1/2 ÷ 1/4","2"],["3/4 ÷ 3/8","2"],["2/3 ÷ 4","1/6"],["4 ÷ 1/2","8"],["How to divide fractions","Multiply by the reciprocal of the second fraction"],["Reciprocal of 5/7","7/5"],["Reciprocal of 4","1/4"],["Common denominator","A shared multiple of the denominators, needed for adding and subtracting"],["Least common denominator of 1/4 and 1/6","12"],["Least common denominator of 2/3 and 3/5","15"],["Which is greater, 3/4 or 2/3?","3/4"],["Which is greater, 5/8 or 3/5?","5/8"],["Which is smaller, 1/3 or 2/7?","2/7"],["Compare 4/9 and 1/2","4/9 < 1/2"],["Order 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 from least to greatest","1/4, 1/3, 1/2"],["Unit fractions get smaller as the denominator","Gets bigger"],["Benchmark fractions","0, 1/2 and 1, used for comparing and estimating"],["Is 5/9 more or less than 1/2?","More"],["Is 3/8 more or less than 1/2?","Less"],["Fraction of a day that is 6 hours","1/4"],["Fraction of an hour that is 20 minutes","1/3"],["Fraction of a dollar that is a quarter","1/4"],["Fraction as division","a/b means a ÷ b"],["1/0","Undefined; you cannot divide by zero"],["0/5","0"],["Fraction bar also means","Divide"],["Fraction of a circle in a half turn","1/2"],["Number line fraction: halfway between 0 and 1","1/2"],["Complex fraction","A fraction with a fraction in the numerator or denominator"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-geometry-formulas","id":"math-geometry-formulas","title":"Geometry Formulas: Area, Perimeter, Volume","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The area, perimeter, circumference, surface area and volume formulas every student needs.","tags":["formulas","area","volume","geometry"],"frontLabel":"Formula for","backLabel":"Formula","cards":[["Area of a rectangle","A = l × w"],["Perimeter of a rectangle","P = 2l + 2w"],["Area of a square","A = s²"],["Perimeter of a square","P = 4s"],["Area of a triangle","A = ½ × b × h"],["Perimeter of a triangle","Add the three sides"],["Area of a parallelogram","A = b × h"],["Area of a trapezoid","A = ½ × (b₁ + b₂) × h"],["Area of a rhombus","A = ½ × d₁ × d₂","The two diagonals"],["Area of a kite","A = ½ × d₁ × d₂"],["Area of a circle","A = πr²"],["Circumference of a circle","C = 2πr = πd"],["Diameter in terms of radius","d = 2r"],["Length of an arc","(θ/360) × 2πr, with θ in degrees"],["Area of a sector","(θ/360) × πr², with θ in degrees"],["Area of an equilateral triangle","A = (√3/4) × s²"],["Area of a regular polygon","A = ½ × apothem × perimeter"],["Heron's formula","A = √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)], where s is half the perimeter"],["Area of a triangle with two sides and the included angle","A = ½ ab sin C"],["Area of an ellipse","A = πab","a and b are the semi-axes"],["Volume of a cube","V = s³"],["Surface area of a cube","SA = 6s²"],["Volume of a rectangular prism","V = l × w × h"],["Surface area of a rectangular prism","SA = 2(lw + lh + wh)"],["Volume of any prism","V = base area × height"],["Volume of a cylinder","V = πr²h"],["Lateral surface area of a cylinder","2πrh"],["Total surface area of a cylinder","SA = 2πr² + 2πrh"],["Volume of a cone","V = ⅓πr²h"],["Lateral surface area of a cone","πrl, where l is the slant height"],["Total surface area of a cone","SA = πr² + πrl"],["Volume of a pyramid","V = ⅓ × base area × height"],["Volume of a sphere","V = 4/3 πr³"],["Surface area of a sphere","SA = 4πr²"],["Volume of a hemisphere","V = 2/3 πr³"],["Slant height of a cone","l = √(r² + h²)"],["Diagonal of a rectangle","d = √(l² + w²)"],["Diagonal of a square","d = s√2"],["Space diagonal of a rectangular prism","d = √(l² + w² + h²)"],["Pythagorean theorem","a² + b² = c²"],["Distance formula","d = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]"],["Midpoint formula","((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)"],["Slope formula","m = (y₂−y₁)/(x₂−x₁)"],["Sum of interior angles of an n-gon","(n − 2) × 180°"],["Each interior angle of a regular n-gon","(n − 2) × 180° / n"],["Sum of exterior angles of any polygon","360°"],["Number of diagonals of an n-gon","n(n − 3)/2"],["Equation of a circle","(x − h)² + (y − k)² = r²"],["Surface area of a triangular prism","2 × base area + perimeter of base × height"],["Volume of a torus","V = 2π²Rr²"],["Perimeter of an equilateral triangle","P = 3s"],["Area of an annulus (ring)","A = π(R² − r²)"],["Area scale factor","If lengths scale by k, area scales by k²"],["Volume scale factor","If lengths scale by k, volume scales by k³"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-geometry-theorems","id":"math-geometry-theorems","title":"Geometry Theorems and Rules","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["9-12"],"description":"Triangle, circle and polygon theorems and congruence rules.","tags":["theorems","geometry","proof"],"frontLabel":"Name","backLabel":"Statement","cards":[["Triangle angle sum theorem","The three angles of a triangle add up to 180°"],["Exterior angle theorem","An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two remote interior angles"],["Isosceles triangle theorem","Angles opposite equal sides are equal"],["Converse of the isosceles triangle theorem","Sides opposite equal angles are equal"],["Triangle inequality theorem","The sum of any two sides is greater than the third side"],["Pythagorean theorem","In a right triangle, a² + b² = c²"],["Converse of the Pythagorean theorem","If a² + b² = c², the triangle is a right triangle"],["45-45-90 triangle","Sides are in the ratio 1 : 1 : √2"],["30-60-90 triangle","Sides are in the ratio 1 : √3 : 2"],["Midsegment theorem","A segment joining midpoints of two sides is parallel to the third side and half as long"],["Triangle angle bisector theorem","An angle bisector splits the opposite side in the ratio of the adjacent sides"],["SSS congruence","Three pairs of equal sides make triangles congruent"],["SAS congruence","Two sides and the angle between them equal makes triangles congruent"],["ASA congruence","Two angles and the side between them equal makes triangles congruent"],["AAS congruence","Two angles and a non-included side equal makes triangles congruent"],["HL congruence","Right triangles with equal hypotenuse and one equal leg are congruent"],["CPCTC","Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent"],["AA similarity","Two triangles with two equal angles are similar"],["SAS similarity","Two proportional sides with equal included angle make triangles similar"],["SSS similarity","Three proportional sides make triangles similar"],["Vertical angles theorem","Vertical angles are equal"],["Linear pair postulate","Two angles that form a straight line add up to 180°"],["Corresponding angles postulate","Parallel lines cut by a transversal make equal corresponding angles"],["Alternate interior angles theorem","Parallel lines cut by a transversal make equal alternate interior angles"],["Same-side interior angles theorem","Parallel lines cut by a transversal make supplementary same-side interior angles"],["Perpendicular bisector theorem","A point on the perpendicular bisector is equally far from the segment's endpoints"],["Angle bisector theorem (points)","A point on an angle bisector is equally far from the angle's sides"],["Centroid","The point where a triangle's three medians meet"],["Circumcenter","The point where perpendicular bisectors meet; the center of the circumscribed circle"],["Incenter","The point where angle bisectors meet; the center of the inscribed circle"],["Orthocenter","The point where a triangle's altitudes meet"],["Centroid ratio","The centroid divides each median in a 2 : 1 ratio, longer part toward the vertex"],["Inscribed angle theorem","An inscribed angle is half its intercepted arc"],["Central angle theorem","A central angle equals its intercepted arc"],["Thales' theorem","An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle"],["Tangent-radius theorem","A tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency"],["Two tangents theorem","Tangent segments from one outside point to a circle are equal"],["Chord-chord theorem","If two chords cross, the products of their pieces are equal"],["Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral","They add up to 180°"],["Parallelogram theorem: sides","Opposite sides are equal"],["Parallelogram theorem: angles","Opposite angles are equal; consecutive angles add up to 180°"],["Parallelogram theorem: diagonals","Diagonals bisect each other"],["Rectangle diagonals","Diagonals of a rectangle are equal"],["Rhombus diagonals","Diagonals are perpendicular and bisect the angles"],["Kite diagonals","Diagonals are perpendicular"],["Isosceles trapezoid base angles","Base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are equal"],["Side-splitter theorem","A line parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally"],["Geometric mean (altitude) theorem","The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the geometric mean of the two segments it makes"],["Law of sines","a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C"],["Law of cosines","c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos C"],["Euler line","The centroid, circumcenter and orthocenter of a triangle lie on one line"],["Ceva's theorem","Cevians through a point in a triangle satisfy (AF/FB)(BD/DC)(CE/EA) = 1"],["Pick's theorem","Area of a lattice polygon = i + b/2 − 1, with i inside points and b boundary points"],["Euler's polyhedron formula","V − E + F = 2"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-integral-rules","id":"math-integral-rules","title":"Integral Rules and Antiderivatives","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["college","9-12"],"description":"Antiderivatives of common functions, integration techniques and the fundamental theorem of calculus.","tags":["calculus","integrals"],"frontLabel":"Integral","backLabel":"Result","cards":[["∫ 0 dx","C"],["∫ k dx","kx + C"],["∫ xⁿ dx (n ≠ −1)","xⁿ⁺¹/(n + 1) + C"],["∫ 1/x dx","ln|x| + C"],["∫ eˣ dx","eˣ + C"],["∫ aˣ dx","aˣ/ln a + C"],["∫ sin x dx","−cos x + C"],["∫ cos x dx","sin x + C"],["∫ sec² x dx","tan x + C"],["∫ csc² x dx","−cot x + C"],["∫ sec x tan x dx","sec x + C"],["∫ csc x cot x dx","−csc x + C"],["∫ tan x dx","−ln|cos x| + C"],["∫ cot x dx","ln|sin x| + C"],["∫ sec x dx","ln|sec x + tan x| + C"],["∫ ln x dx","x ln x − x + C"],["∫ 1/(1 + x²) dx","arctan x + C"],["∫ 1/√(1 − x²) dx","arcsin x + C"],["∫ x² dx","x³/3 + C"],["∫ x³ dx","x⁴/4 + C"],["∫ √x dx","(2/3) x^(3/2) + C"],["∫ 1/x² dx","−1/x + C"],["∫ e^(2x) dx","e^(2x)/2 + C"],["∫ cos(3x) dx","sin(3x)/3 + C"],["∫ 2x dx","x² + C"],["∫ (3x² + 2) dx","x³ + 2x + C"],["Constant of integration","+ C, since many functions share the same derivative"],["Linearity of integrals","∫ (af + bg) dx = a∫f dx + b∫g dx"],["Fundamental theorem of calculus, part 1","d/dx ∫ₐˣ f(t) dt = f(x)"],["Fundamental theorem of calculus, part 2","∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a), where F' = f"],["Definite integral","The signed area between a curve and the x-axis over an interval"],["Indefinite integral","The family of all antiderivatives of a function"],["Integration by parts","∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du"],["Substitution (u-substitution)","Let u = g(x), then replace g'(x) dx with du"],["Partial fractions","Split a rational function into simpler fractions before integrating"],["Riemann sum","A sum of rectangle areas that approximates a definite integral"],["Trapezoidal rule","Approximating area using trapezoids instead of rectangles"],["Average value of a function","(1/(b − a)) ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx"],["Area between curves","∫ (top − bottom) dx"],["Disk method","V = π ∫ [R(x)]² dx"],["Washer method","V = π ∫ ([R(x)]² − [r(x)]²) dx"],["Shell method","V = 2π ∫ (radius)(height) dx"],["Arc length","L = ∫ √(1 + [f'(x)]²) dx"],["∫₀¹ x dx","1/2"],["∫₀¹ x² dx","1/3"],["∫₀^π sin x dx","2"],["∫₁^e (1/x) dx","1"],["∫₀^1 eˣ dx","e − 1"],["Improper integral","An integral with an infinite limit or an unbounded function, defined with a limit"],["Position from velocity","s(t) = ∫ v(t) dt"],["Velocity from acceleration","v(t) = ∫ a(t) dt"],["Even function integral over [−a, a]","2 ∫₀ᵃ f(x) dx"],["Odd function integral over [−a, a]","0"],["Swapping limits of integration","∫ₐᵇ f = −∫ᵦᵃ f"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-linear-algebra","id":"math-linear-algebra","title":"Linear Algebra Terms","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["college","9-12"],"description":"Vectors, matrices and the core ideas of linear algebra.","tags":["linear algebra","matrices","vectors"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Scalar","A single number, as opposed to a vector"],["Vector","An ordered list of numbers; has magnitude and direction"],["Magnitude (norm) of a vector","Its length, √(x² + y² + ...)"],["Unit vector","A vector of length 1"],["Zero vector","The vector whose entries are all 0"],["Vector addition","Add matching entries"],["Scalar multiplication","Multiply every entry of a vector or matrix by the same number"],["Dot product","Sum of products of matching entries; a · b = |a||b| cos θ"],["Perpendicular vectors","Their dot product is 0 (orthogonal)"],["Cross product","A vector perpendicular to two 3D vectors; length |a||b| sin θ"],["Linear combination","A sum of vectors each multiplied by a scalar"],["Span","The set of all linear combinations of some vectors"],["Linear independence","No vector in the set is a linear combination of the others"],["Linear dependence","At least one vector can be built from the others"],["Basis","A linearly independent set of vectors that spans a space"],["Dimension","The number of vectors in a basis"],["Standard basis of R²","(1, 0) and (0, 1)"],["Vector space","A set where vectors can be added and scaled by numbers following set rules"],["Subspace","A vector space inside a larger one"],["Matrix","A rectangular array of numbers in rows and columns"],["Order (size) of a matrix","Rows × columns, such as 2 × 3"],["Square matrix","A matrix with the same number of rows and columns"],["Identity matrix","A square matrix with 1s on the main diagonal and 0s elsewhere; AI = A"],["Zero matrix","A matrix with all entries 0"],["Diagonal matrix","A square matrix with zeros off the main diagonal"],["Symmetric matrix","A matrix equal to its transpose"],["Transpose","Swap rows and columns; written Aᵀ"],["Matrix addition","Add matching entries; matrices need the same size"],["Matrix multiplication rule","An m × n matrix times an n × p matrix gives an m × p matrix"],["Is matrix multiplication commutative?","No. AB is usually not equal to BA"],["Inverse matrix","A⁻¹ such that A A⁻¹ = I"],["Invertible (nonsingular) matrix","A square matrix with an inverse; its determinant is not 0"],["Singular matrix","A matrix with no inverse; determinant 0"],["Determinant of a 2×2 matrix [a b; c d]","ad − bc"],["Determinant meaning","Scale factor of area or volume under the matrix's transformation"],["Trace of a matrix","The sum of the diagonal entries"],["Rank","The number of linearly independent rows (or columns)"],["Null space","All vectors x with Ax = 0"],["Column space","The span of the columns of a matrix"],["Row space","The span of the rows of a matrix"],["Linear transformation","A function T where T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v) and T(cu) = cT(u)"],["System of linear equations as a matrix","Ax = b"],["Augmented matrix","The coefficient matrix with the constants column attached"],["Gaussian elimination","Using row operations to turn a matrix into row-echelon form"],["Row operations","Swap rows, multiply a row by a nonzero number, add a multiple of one row to another"],["Row-echelon form","A staircase form with leading entries moving to the right"],["Reduced row-echelon form","Row-echelon form with leading 1s and zeros above and below them"],["Pivot","A leading nonzero entry in a row used in elimination"],["Eigenvalue","A number λ such that Av = λv for some nonzero vector v"],["Eigenvector","A nonzero vector that only gets scaled by a matrix"],["Characteristic polynomial","det(A − λI); its roots are the eigenvalues"],["Orthogonal matrix","A square matrix whose columns are perpendicular unit vectors; Qᵀ = Q⁻¹"],["Projection","The shadow of one vector onto another"],["Rotation matrix in 2D","[cos θ, −sin θ; sin θ, cos θ]"],["Cramer's rule","Solve a system using ratios of determinants"],["Orthonormal basis","A basis of perpendicular unit vectors"],["Gram-Schmidt process","A method to turn a basis into an orthonormal one"],["Diagonalization","Writing A = PDP⁻¹ with D diagonal"],["Singular value decomposition (SVD)","Factoring a matrix into rotations and stretches: A = UΣVᵀ"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-log-rules","id":"math-log-rules","title":"Logarithm Rules and Values","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"What a logarithm means, the laws of logarithms and common log values.","tags":["logarithms","exponentials","algebra"],"frontLabel":"Rule","backLabel":"Result","cards":[["Definition of a logarithm","log_b(x) = y means bʸ = x"],["Product rule","log_b(xy) = log_b x + log_b y"],["Quotient rule","log_b(x/y) = log_b x − log_b y"],["Power rule","log_b(xⁿ) = n log_b x"],["Change of base","log_b x = log x / log b (any base)"],["Log of 1","log_b 1 = 0"],["Log of the base","log_b b = 1"],["Inverse property 1","b^(log_b x) = x"],["Inverse property 2","log_b(bˣ) = x"],["Common logarithm","Base 10, written log x"],["Natural logarithm","Base e, written ln x"],["Binary logarithm","Base 2, written log₂ x"],["Domain of log x","x > 0"],["log of a negative number","Not defined among the real numbers"],["log 100","2"],["log 1,000","3"],["log 0.1","−1"],["log 0.01","−2"],["log 10","1"],["log₂ 8","3"],["log₂ 64","6"],["log₂ 1024","10"],["log₃ 81","4"],["log₅ 125","3"],["log₄ 2","1/2"],["log₂ (1/8)","−3"],["ln e","1"],["ln 1","0"],["ln(e²)","2"],["e^(ln 5)","5"],["Expand log(ab/c)","log a + log b − log c"],["Condense 2 log x + log y","log(x²y)"],["Solve 2ˣ = 16","x = 4"],["Solve 3ˣ = 5","x = log 5 / log 3 (about 1.465)"],["Solve log₂ x = 5","x = 32"],["Is log(x + y) = log x + log y?","No. The product rule needs log(xy)"],["Is log(x)/log(y) the same as log(x/y)?","No. They are different quantities"],["Graph of y = log x: vertical asymptote","x = 0"],["Graph of y = log x: x-intercept","x = 1"],["Value of e (to 5 decimals)","2.71828"],["Half-life formula idea","Amount = start × (1/2)^(t / half-life)"],["Decibel scale uses","A logarithm of a power ratio (10 log₁₀)"],["Richter scale uses","A base-10 logarithm of shaking amplitude"],["pH formula","pH = −log₁₀[H⁺]"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-mathematicians","id":"math-mathematicians","title":"Famous Mathematicians","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Mathematicians through history and what each is known for.","tags":["history of math","mathematicians"],"frontLabel":"Mathematician","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Euclid","Wrote the Elements, the foundation of geometry (about 300 BCE)"],["Pythagoras","Greek thinker linked to the Pythagorean theorem (6th century BCE)"],["Archimedes","Greek scholar who found area and volume of the sphere and estimated pi"],["Eratosthenes","Greek scholar who estimated Earth's size and made a sieve for primes"],["Thales","Early Greek geometer; the inscribed angle in a semicircle theorem"],["Hypatia","Mathematician and teacher in Alexandria, about 400 CE"],["Diophantus","Greek writer on equations, often called a father of algebra"],["Aryabhata","Indian mathematician and astronomer (born 476 CE); worked on pi and sines"],["Brahmagupta","Indian mathematician who gave rules for zero and negative numbers (628 CE)"],["Al-Khwarizmi","Persian scholar whose book on equations gave us the word algebra; 'algorithm' comes from his name"],["Omar Khayyam","Persian poet and mathematician who studied cubic equations"],["Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa)","Brought Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe; the Fibonacci sequence"],["Zu Chongzhi","Chinese mathematician who found pi to about 7 digits (5th century)"],["Liu Hui","Chinese mathematician who estimated pi with polygons (3rd century)"],["Madhava","Indian mathematician who found infinite series for sine, cosine and pi (14th century)"],["Ramanujan","Indian mathematician known for remarkable formulas and number theory (1887-1920)"],["René Descartes","Created the coordinate plane linking algebra and geometry"],["Pierre de Fermat","Number theory; Fermat's Last Theorem"],["Blaise Pascal","Pascal's triangle and early probability"],["Isaac Newton","Co-inventor of calculus; laws of motion and gravity"],["Gottfried Leibniz","Co-inventor of calculus; the integral and derivative notation we use"],["Leonhard Euler","Prolific Swiss mathematician; e, i, graph theory, Euler's formula"],["Carl Friedrich Gauss","German 'prince of mathematicians'; number theory, the bell curve, 1 to 100 sum story"],["Joseph-Louis Lagrange","Mechanics and number theory"],["Pierre-Simon Laplace","Probability and celestial mechanics"],["Sophie Germain","French mathematician who worked on primes and elasticity"],["Évariste Galois","Showed which polynomial equations can be solved by formulas; founded group theory"],["Niels Henrik Abel","Norwegian mathematician; proved the quintic has no general formula"],["Bernhard Riemann","German mathematician; Riemann hypothesis, geometry of curved spaces"],["Georg Cantor","Founded set theory; showed that some infinities are bigger than others"],["David Hilbert","German mathematician who posed 23 famous problems in 1900"],["Henri Poincaré","French mathematician; topology and chaos"],["Emmy Noether","German mathematician; abstract algebra and Noether's theorem"],["Ada Lovelace","Wrote the first published computer program (1843) for Babbage's engine"],["Charles Babbage","Designed early mechanical computers"],["Florence Nightingale","Nurse who used statistical charts to improve health care"],["Mary Somerville","Scottish science writer and mathematician (1780-1872)"],["Maria Gaetana Agnesi","Italian mathematician who wrote an early calculus textbook"],["Kurt Gödel","Showed math systems have true statements that cannot be proven (1931)"],["Alan Turing","Founded theoretical computer science; broke wartime codes"],["John von Neumann","Game theory and computer architecture"],["Claude Shannon","Founded information theory"],["Katherine Johnson","NASA mathematician who calculated orbits and flight paths"],["Dorothy Vaughan","NASA mathematician and computer programmer"],["Mary Jackson","NASA mathematician and the agency's first Black female engineer"],["Grace Hopper","Computer scientist and Navy admiral; early programming languages"],["Maryam Mirzakhani","Iranian mathematician; first woman to win the Fields Medal (2014)"],["Terence Tao","Australian-American mathematician; Fields Medal in 2006"],["Andrew Wiles","Proved Fermat's Last Theorem (1994-95)"],["Paul Erdős","Hungarian mathematician who wrote with hundreds of collaborators"],["Benoit Mandelbrot","Fractal geometry"],["John Napier","Scottish inventor of logarithms (1614)"],["Robert Recorde","Introduced the equals sign in 1557"],["William Oughtred","Invented the slide rule; used × for multiplication"],["George Boole","Boolean algebra, the basis of computer logic"],["Carl Jacobi","German mathematician; elliptic functions and determinants"],["Augustin-Louis Cauchy","French mathematician who made calculus rigorous"],["Johannes Kepler","Astronomer and mathematician; laws of planetary motion"],["Galileo Galilei","Italian scientist who used math to describe motion"],["Thomas Bayes","English statistician; Bayes' theorem"],["Karl Pearson","Founded modern statistics; the correlation coefficient"],["G. H. Hardy","English mathematician who recognized Ramanujan's genius"],["Hipparchus","Greek astronomer who began trigonometry tables"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-metric-units","id":"math-metric-units","title":"Metric System: Units and Prefixes","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Metric prefixes, conversions between metric units and benchmarks for estimating.","tags":["metric","measurement","conversion"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Kilo- means","1,000 times the base unit"],["Hecto- means","100 times the base unit"],["Deka- means","10 times the base unit"],["Deci- means","One tenth of the base unit"],["Centi- means","One hundredth of the base unit"],["Milli- means","One thousandth of the base unit"],["Micro- means","One millionth of the base unit"],["Nano- means","One billionth of the base unit"],["Mega- means","One million times the base unit"],["Giga- means","One billion times the base unit"],["Tera- means","One trillion times the base unit"],["Base unit of length in the metric system","Meter (m)"],["Base unit of mass in the metric system","Kilogram (kg)","Gram is the small everyday unit"],["Base unit of volume often used for liquids","Liter (L)"],["Millimeters in 1 centimeter","10"],["Centimeters in 1 meter","100"],["Millimeters in 1 meter","1,000"],["Meters in 1 kilometer","1,000"],["Centimeters in 1 kilometer","100,000"],["Grams in 1 kilogram","1,000"],["Milligrams in 1 gram","1,000"],["Kilograms in 1 metric ton","1,000"],["Milliliters in 1 liter","1,000"],["Liters in 1 kiloliter","1,000"],["Cubic centimeters in 1 milliliter","1"],["Cubic centimeters in 1 liter","1,000"],["Mass of 1 liter of water","About 1 kilogram"],["Mass of 1 milliliter of water","About 1 gram"],["Convert 3 m to cm","300 cm"],["Convert 250 cm to m","2.5 m"],["Convert 4.5 km to m","4,500 m"],["Convert 7,000 g to kg","7 kg"],["Convert 2.5 L to mL","2,500 mL"],["Convert 600 mm to cm","60 cm"],["Convert 0.8 kg to g","800 g"],["Convert 35 mg to g","0.035 g"],["Which is larger: 1 cm or 1 mm?","1 cm (10 mm)"],["Which is longer: 1 km or 1,200 m?","1,200 m"],["About how thick is a dime?","About 1 millimeter"],["About how wide is a fingernail?","About 1 centimeter"],["About how tall is a door?","About 2 meters"],["About how long is a 15-minute walk?","About 1 kilometer"],["About how much does a paper clip weigh?","About 1 gram"],["About how much does a big textbook weigh?","About 1 kilogram"],["About how much does a spoonful hold?","About 5 milliliters (a teaspoon)"],["About how much does a soda bottle hold?","About 2 liters (large) or 0.5 liter (small)"],["Symbol for centimeter","cm"],["Symbol for kilogram","kg"],["Symbol for milliliter","mL"],["Symbol for micrometer","μm"],["Which direction when going from a large unit to a small unit?","Multiply (there are more small units)"],["Hectare","A metric unit of land area, 10,000 square meters"],["Square meters in 1 hectare","10,000"],["Celsius freezing point of water","0 degrees C"],["Celsius boiling point of water (sea level)","100 degrees C"],["Normal human body temperature in Celsius","About 37 degrees C"],["Room temperature in Celsius","About 20 to 22 degrees C"],["Kelvin value of 0 degrees C","273.15 K"],["Absolute zero in Celsius","−273.15 degrees C"],["Mass of 1 cubic meter of water","About 1,000 kilograms (1 metric ton)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-money","id":"math-money","title":"Money Math","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"US coins and bills, making change, and simple money math like tax, tips and interest.","tags":["money","coins","percent"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Value of a penny","1 cent"],["Value of a nickel","5 cents"],["Value of a dime","10 cents"],["Value of a quarter","25 cents"],["Value of a half dollar","50 cents"],["Value of a dollar coin","100 cents, or $1"],["Cents in a dollar","100"],["Pennies in a nickel","5"],["Nickels in a dime","2"],["Value of 2 dimes and a nickel","25 cents, the same as a quarter"],["Quarters in a dollar","4"],["Dimes in a dollar","10"],["Nickels in a dollar","20"],["Pennies in a dollar","100"],["Quarters in $5","20"],["Total of 2 quarters and 1 dime","60 cents"],["Total of 3 dimes and 2 nickels","40 cents"],["Total of 1 quarter, 1 dime, 1 nickel","40 cents"],["Total of 4 dimes and 3 pennies","43 cents"],["Fewest coins for 41 cents","1 quarter, 1 dime, 1 nickel, 1 penny"],["Fewest coins for 30 cents","1 quarter and 1 nickel"],["Fewest coins for 65 cents","2 quarters, 1 dime, 1 nickel"],["Common bills in US money","$1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100"],["Change from $5 for a $3.50 purchase","$1.50"],["Change from $10 for a $6.25 purchase","$3.75"],["Change from $20 for a $13.80 purchase","$6.20"],["Change from a dollar for 35 cents","65 cents"],["Counting up to make change","Start at the price and count up to the amount paid"],["Write 7 dollars and 5 cents with a dollar sign","$7.05"],["Write 275 cents in dollars","$2.75"],["Write $0.08 in cents","8 cents"],["Cost of 3 items at $1.25 each","$3.75"],["Cost of 4 items at $2.50 each","$10.00"],["Unit price","The cost for one unit, such as one ounce or one item"],["Better buy: 6 for $3 or 10 for $4.50","10 for $4.50 (45 cents each vs 50 cents each)"],["Sales tax","A percent of the price added at the register"],["Total with 10% tax on $20","$22"],["Total with 5% tax on $40","$42"],["Tip of 20% on $30","$6"],["Tip of 15% on $40","$6"],["Quick 10% of a price","Move the decimal one place left"],["20% off a $50 item","Pay $40"],["25% off a $60 item","Pay $45"],["50% off a $18 item","Pay $9"],["Discount","An amount taken off the price"],["Profit","Money earned minus money spent"],["Revenue","Money coming in from sales"],["Budget","A plan for how to spend and save money"],["Income","Money you receive"],["Expense","Money you spend"],["Savings","Money set aside for later"],["Interest","Money paid for using money, or earned on savings"],["Simple interest on $100 at 5% for 2 years","$10"],["Compound interest","Interest earned on both the original amount and past interest"],["Principal","The starting amount of a loan or deposit"],["Allowance saved: $4 a week for 6 weeks","$24"],["Need vs. want","A need is required to live; a want is nice to have"],["Wage","Pay for work, often per hour"],["Pay for 8 hours at $12 per hour","$96"],["Salary","Fixed pay per year, not by the hour"],["Exchange rate","How much of one currency equals another"],["Currency","The money used in a country"],["Check vs. cash","A check is a written order for the bank to pay; cash is physical money"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-number-theory","id":"math-number-theory","title":"Number Theory and Divisibility","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Divisibility rules, factors, multiples, GCF, LCM, primes and modular ideas.","tags":["divisibility","factors","number theory"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Divisible by 2 if","The last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8)"],["Divisible by 3 if","The sum of the digits is divisible by 3"],["Divisible by 4 if","The last two digits form a number divisible by 4"],["Divisible by 5 if","The last digit is 0 or 5"],["Divisible by 6 if","It is divisible by both 2 and 3"],["Divisible by 8 if","The last three digits form a number divisible by 8"],["Divisible by 9 if","The sum of the digits is divisible by 9"],["Divisible by 10 if","The last digit is 0"],["Divisible by 11 if","The alternating sum of the digits is divisible by 11"],["Is 2,346 divisible by 3?","Yes, digit sum 15"],["Is 4,125 divisible by 9?","No, digit sum 12"],["Is 1,716 divisible by 4?","Yes, 16 is divisible by 4"],["Is 121 divisible by 11?","Yes: 1 − 2 + 1 = 0"],["Factors of 12","1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12"],["Factors of 24","1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24"],["Factors of 36","1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36"],["Factors of 48","1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48"],["Factors of 60","1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60"],["Factors of 100","1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100"],["Prime factorization of 12","2² × 3"],["Prime factorization of 36","2² × 3²"],["Prime factorization of 60","2² × 3 × 5"],["Prime factorization of 100","2² × 5²"],["Prime factorization of 72","2³ × 3²"],["Prime factorization of 84","2² × 3 × 7"],["Prime factorization of 90","2 × 3² × 5"],["Prime factorization of 120","2³ × 3 × 5"],["Prime factorization of 144","2⁴ × 3²"],["GCF of 12 and 18","6"],["GCF of 24 and 36","12"],["GCF of 15 and 25","5"],["GCF of 48 and 72","24"],["GCF of 17 and 31","1 (both prime)"],["LCM of 4 and 6","12"],["LCM of 6 and 8","24"],["LCM of 3 and 5","15"],["LCM of 9 and 12","36"],["LCM of 10 and 15","30"],["Relationship of GCF and LCM","GCF(a, b) × LCM(a, b) = a × b"],["Coprime (relatively prime)","Two numbers whose only common factor is 1"],["Euclidean algorithm","Find the GCF by repeatedly replacing the larger number with the remainder"],["Sieve of Eratosthenes","A method that crosses out multiples to find primes"],["Fundamental theorem of arithmetic","Every integer above 1 has exactly one prime factorization"],["Largest prime factor idea","Test divisors only up to the square root"],["Number of factors of a prime","2"],["Is there a largest prime?","No. Euclid proved there are infinitely many primes"],["Is 97 prime?","Yes"],["Is 101 prime?","Yes"],["Is 111 prime?","No: 3 × 37"],["Is 143 prime?","No: 11 × 13"],["Is 221 prime?","No: 13 × 17"],["Remainder of 17 ÷ 5","2"],["17 mod 5","2"],["Modular arithmetic","Arithmetic where numbers wrap around after reaching a set value"],["Clock arithmetic example","5 hours after 10 o'clock is 3 o'clock (15 mod 12)"],["Even + even","Even"],["Odd + odd","Even"],["Odd + even","Odd"],["Odd × odd","Odd"],["Even × any integer","Even"],["Sum of the first n odd numbers","n²"],["Sum of the first n whole numbers","n(n + 1)/2"],["Sum of 1 to 100","5,050"],["Goldbach's conjecture","Every even number above 2 is the sum of two primes (unproven)"],["Fermat's Last Theorem","No positive integers satisfy aⁿ + bⁿ = cⁿ for n above 2; proved in 1994-95"],["Pythagorean triple","Three whole numbers a, b, c with a² + b² = c²"],["Common Pythagorean triples","3-4-5, 5-12-13, 8-15-17, 7-24-25"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-number-types","id":"math-number-types","title":"Types of Numbers","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Natural, whole, integer, rational, irrational, real and special number families.","tags":["number systems","number sense"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Natural (counting) numbers","1, 2, 3, 4, ..."],["Whole numbers","0, 1, 2, 3, ..."],["Integers","..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ..."],["Rational numbers","Numbers that can be written as a fraction of two integers"],["Irrational numbers","Numbers that cannot be written as a fraction"],["Real numbers","All rational and irrational numbers"],["Imaginary numbers","Multiples of i, where i² = −1"],["Complex numbers","Numbers of the form a + bi"],["Even numbers","Whole numbers divisible by 2"],["Odd numbers","Whole numbers not divisible by 2"],["Prime numbers","Numbers above 1 with exactly two factors"],["Composite numbers","Numbers above 1 that are not prime"],["Square numbers","1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ..."],["Cube numbers","1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ..."],["Triangular numbers","1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, ..."],["Fibonacci numbers","1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ..."],["Perfect numbers","Numbers equal to the sum of their proper factors: 6, 28, 496"],["Is 6 perfect?","Yes: 1 + 2 + 3 = 6"],["Is 28 perfect?","Yes: 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28"],["Palindromic number","A number that reads the same backward and forward","121"],["Twin primes","Primes that differ by 2","11 and 13"],["Mersenne prime","A prime of the form 2ⁿ − 1","7, 31, 127"],["Pi is rational or irrational?","Irrational"],["√2 is rational or irrational?","Irrational"],["√9 is rational or irrational?","Rational (it equals 3)"],["0.5 is rational or irrational?","Rational"],["0.333... is rational or irrational?","Rational (1/3)"],["Is e rational or irrational?","Irrational"],["Is zero positive or negative?","Neither"],["Is zero even?","Yes"],["Is 1 prime?","No"],["Is 0 an integer?","Yes"],["Is −4 a whole number?","No"],["Is −4 an integer?","Yes"],["Is 3/4 an integer?","No, it is rational"],["Is every integer a rational number?","Yes (n = n/1)"],["Is every rational number an integer?","No"],["Is every real number rational?","No"],["Ordinal numbers","First, second, third: tell position"],["Cardinal numbers","One, two, three: tell how many"],["Nominal numbers","Numbers used as names or labels, like a jersey number"],["Opposite of 7","−7"],["Reciprocal of 7","1/7"],["Absolute value of −7","7"],["Negative of a negative","A positive: −(−7) = 7"],["Googol","10^100"],["Googolplex","10 to the power of a googol"],["Infinity","Not a number; the idea of going on without end"],["Golden ratio","About 1.618, an irrational number: (1 + √5)/2"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-order-of-operations","id":"math-order-of-operations","title":"Order of Operations (PEMDAS)","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The order to do operations in, with practice expressions.","tags":["order of operations","PEMDAS"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What does PEMDAS stand for?","Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction","Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally"],["What does BODMAS stand for?","Brackets, Orders, Division and Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction"],["Which comes first, parentheses or exponents?","Parentheses"],["Which is done first, multiplication or division?","Whichever comes first, going left to right"],["Which is done first, addition or subtraction?","Whichever comes first, going left to right"],["Is multiplication always done before division?","No. They have equal rank; work left to right"],["2 + 3 × 4","14"],["(2 + 3) × 4","20"],["10 − 2 × 3","4"],["(10 − 2) × 3","24"],["8 ÷ 2 × 4","16"],["8 ÷ (2 × 4)","1"],["12 − 4 + 2","10"],["12 − (4 + 2)","6"],["3² + 4","13"],["3 × 2²","12"],["(3 × 2)²","36"],["5 + 2³","13"],["20 ÷ 5 + 3","7"],["20 ÷ (5 + 3)","2.5"],["6 + 4 ÷ 2","8"],["(6 + 4) ÷ 2","5"],["2 × (3 + 4) − 5","9"],["18 ÷ 3 × 2","12"],["7 − 3 × 2 + 1","2"],["4 + 6 × (5 − 3)","16"],["100 − 5² ","75"],["3 + 2 × 5²","53"],["(8 − 2)² ÷ 4","9"],["2 + 3 × 4 − 5","9"],["9 − 3 ÷ 3 + 1","9"],["5 × 4 ÷ 2 + 1","11"],["−3²","−9","Square first, then negate"],["(−3)²","9"],["6 ÷ 2(1 + 2)","9 by strict left-to-right; the notation is ambiguous, so write it clearly"],["Where do roots fit in PEMDAS?","With exponents"],["Where does the fraction bar fit?","It groups the top and bottom like parentheses"],["Evaluate (4 + 2) / (5 − 2)","2"],["Evaluate 2 + |3 − 5|","4","Absolute value bars group like parentheses"],["√16 + 3 × 2","10"],["Evaluate 5 + 3(2 + 1)²","32"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-perfect-cubes","id":"math-perfect-cubes","category":"math","subject":"Math","title":"Perfect Cubes 1 to 20","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The cube of every whole number from 1 to 20.","tags":["cubes","number sense"],"frontLabel":"Cube","backLabel":"Value","cards":[["1³","1"],["2³","8"],["3³","27"],["4³","64"],["5³","125"],["6³","216"],["7³","343"],["8³","512"],["9³","729"],["10³","1000"],["11³","1331"],["12³","1728"],["13³","2197"],["14³","2744"],["15³","3375"],["16³","4096"],["17³","4913"],["18³","5832"],["19³","6859"],["20³","8000"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-perfect-squares","id":"math-perfect-squares","category":"math","subject":"Math","title":"Perfect Squares 1 to 40","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The square of every whole number from 1 to 40.","tags":["squares","number sense"],"frontLabel":"Square","backLabel":"Value","cards":[["1²","1"],["2²","4"],["3²","9"],["4²","16"],["5²","25"],["6²","36"],["7²","49"],["8²","64"],["9²","81"],["10²","100"],["11²","121"],["12²","144"],["13²","169"],["14²","196"],["15²","225"],["16²","256"],["17²","289"],["18²","324"],["19²","361"],["20²","400"],["21²","441"],["22²","484"],["23²","529"],["24²","576"],["25²","625"],["26²","676"],["27²","729"],["28²","784"],["29²","841"],["30²","900"],["31²","961"],["32²","1024"],["33²","1089"],["34²","1156"],["35²","1225"],["36²","1296"],["37²","1369"],["38²","1444"],["39²","1521"],["40²","1600"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-place-value","id":"math-place-value","title":"Place Value and Big Numbers","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Names of place values from ones to trillions and from tenths to millionths, and big number names.","tags":["place value","big numbers"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["How many ones in a ten?","10"],["How many tens in a hundred?","10"],["How many hundreds in a thousand?","10"],["How many thousands in a million?","1,000"],["How many millions in a billion?","1,000"],["How many billions in a trillion?","1,000"],["Which place is the first to the left of the ones?","Tens"],["Place values from the right in 5-digit numbers","Ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands"],["What is the value of the 4 in 4,567?","4,000"],["What is the value of the 5 in 4,567?","500"],["What is the value of the 6 in 4,567?","60"],["What is the value of the 7 in 4,567?","7"],["Write 3,000 + 400 + 20 + 1","3,421"],["Write 5 hundreds + 0 tens + 8 ones","508"],["Expanded form of 7,306","7,000 + 300 + 6"],["Expanded form of 24,018","20,000 + 4,000 + 10 + 8"],["Which place is the first to the right of the decimal point?","Tenths"],["Second place after the decimal point","Hundredths"],["Third place after the decimal point","Thousandths"],["Fourth place after the decimal point","Ten-thousandths"],["Fifth place after the decimal point","Hundred-thousandths"],["Sixth place after the decimal point","Millionths"],["What is the value of the 3 in 0.37?","3 tenths, or 0.3"],["What is the value of the 7 in 0.37?","7 hundredths, or 0.07"],["What is the value of the 2 in 5.012?","2 thousandths, or 0.002"],["How many hundredths in a tenth?","10"],["Name for 1,000,000","One million"],["Name for 1,000,000,000","One billion"],["Name for 1,000,000,000,000","One trillion"],["Name for 10^15","One quadrillion"],["Name for 10^18","One quintillion"],["How many zeros in one million?","6"],["How many zeros in one billion?","9"],["How many zeros in one trillion?","12"],["What is a googol?","1 followed by 100 zeros (10^100)"],["Round 3,468 to the nearest hundred","3,500"],["Round 7,249 to the nearest thousand","7,000"],["Round 85 to the nearest ten","90","Round half up"],["Round 3.14159 to the nearest hundredth","3.14"],["Which is greater, 0.5 or 0.45?","0.5","0.50 versus 0.45"],["What does multiplying by 10 do to place value?","Moves every digit one place to the left"],["What does dividing by 10 do to place value?","Moves every digit one place to the right"],["What does multiplying by 100 do to a decimal point?","Moves it two places to the right"],["Standard form of seven million, four hundred thousand","7,400,000"],["How is 10,000 read?","Ten thousand"],["How is 100,000 read?","One hundred thousand"],["Digit in the ten-thousands place of 82,915","8"],["Digit in the millions place of 6,248,000","6"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-powers","id":"math-powers","category":"math","subject":"Math","title":"Powers of 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 10","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Common powers worth knowing by heart, including every power of 2 up to 2 to the 20th.","tags":["powers","exponents"],"frontLabel":"Power","backLabel":"Value","cards":[["2⁰","1"],["2¹","2"],["2²","4"],["2³","8"],["2⁴","16"],["2⁵","32"],["2⁶","64"],["2⁷","128"],["2⁸","256"],["2⁹","512"],["2¹⁰","1024"],["2¹¹","2048"],["2¹²","4096"],["2¹³","8192"],["2¹⁴","16384"],["2¹⁵","32768"],["2¹⁶","65536"],["2¹⁷","131072"],["2¹⁸","262144"],["2¹⁹","524288"],["2²⁰","1048576"],["3²","9"],["3³","27"],["3⁴","81"],["3⁵","243"],["3⁶","729"],["3⁷","2187"],["3⁸","6561"],["3⁹","19683"],["3¹⁰","59049"],["5²","25"],["5³","125"],["5⁴","625"],["5⁵","3125"],["5⁶","15625"],["5⁷","78125"],["5⁸","390625"],["6²","36"],["6³","216"],["6⁴","1296"],["6⁵","7776"],["6⁶","46656"],["7²","49"],["7³","343"],["7⁴","2401"],["7⁵","16807"],["7⁶","117649"],["10²","100"],["10³","1000"],["10⁴","10000"],["10⁵","100000"],["10⁶","1000000"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-prime-numbers","id":"math-prime-numbers","category":"math","subject":"Math","title":"The First 60 Prime Numbers","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Prime numbers in order, by position, plus a few prime facts.","tags":["primes","number theory"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What is the 1st prime number?","2"],["What is the 2nd prime number?","3"],["What is the 3rd prime number?","5"],["What is the 4th prime number?","7"],["What is the 5th prime number?","11"],["What is the 6th prime number?","13"],["What is the 7th prime number?","17"],["What is the 8th prime number?","19"],["What is the 9th prime number?","23"],["What is the 10th prime number?","29"],["What is the 11th prime number?","31"],["What is the 12th prime number?","37"],["What is the 13th prime number?","41"],["What is the 14th prime number?","43"],["What is the 15th prime number?","47"],["What is the 16th prime number?","53"],["What is the 17th prime number?","59"],["What is the 18th prime number?","61"],["What is the 19th prime number?","67"],["What is the 20th prime number?","71"],["What is the 21st prime number?","73"],["What is the 22nd prime number?","79"],["What is the 23rd prime number?","83"],["What is the 24th prime number?","89"],["What is the 25th prime number?","97"],["What is the 26th prime number?","101"],["What is the 27th prime number?","103"],["What is the 28th prime number?","107"],["What is the 29th prime number?","109"],["What is the 30th prime number?","113"],["What is the 31st prime number?","127"],["What is the 32nd prime number?","131"],["What is the 33rd prime number?","137"],["What is the 34th prime number?","139"],["What is the 35th prime number?","149"],["What is the 36th prime number?","151"],["What is the 37th prime number?","157"],["What is the 38th prime number?","163"],["What is the 39th prime number?","167"],["What is the 40th prime number?","173"],["What is the 41st prime number?","179"],["What is the 42nd prime number?","181"],["What is the 43rd prime number?","191"],["What is the 44th prime number?","193"],["What is the 45th prime number?","197"],["What is the 46th prime number?","199"],["What is the 47th prime number?","211"],["What is the 48th prime number?","223"],["What is the 49th prime number?","227"],["What is the 50th prime number?","229"],["What is the 51st prime number?","233"],["What is the 52nd prime number?","239"],["What is the 53rd prime number?","241"],["What is the 54th prime number?","251"],["What is the 55th prime number?","257"],["What is the 56th prime number?","263"],["What is the 57th prime number?","269"],["What is the 58th prime number?","271"],["What is the 59th prime number?","277"],["What is the 60th prime number?","281"],["What is the only even prime number?","2"],["Is 1 a prime number?","No. A prime has exactly two factors, and 1 has only one."],["Is 91 prime?","No: 91 = 7 × 13","It looks prime but is not"],["Is 51 prime?","No: 51 = 3 × 17"],["Is 57 prime?","No: 57 = 3 × 19"],["Is 87 prime?","No: 87 = 3 × 29"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-probability-terms","id":"math-probability-terms","title":"Probability and Counting","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Probability vocabulary, rules and counting formulas with simple examples.","tags":["probability","counting","combinatorics"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Probability","A number from 0 to 1 telling how likely an event is"],["Impossible event","Probability 0"],["Certain event","Probability 1"],["Outcome","One possible result of an experiment"],["Event","A set of outcomes"],["Sample space","The set of all possible outcomes"],["Experiment (trial)","An action with an uncertain result, like rolling a die"],["Theoretical probability","Favorable outcomes divided by all equally likely outcomes"],["Experimental probability","Number of times it happened divided by number of trials"],["Complement of an event","All outcomes where the event does not happen; P(not A) = 1 − P(A)"],["Independent events","One event does not change the probability of the other"],["Dependent events","One event changes the probability of the other"],["Mutually exclusive events","Events that cannot happen at the same time"],["Multiplication rule (independent)","P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)"],["Addition rule","P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B)"],["Conditional probability","P(A | B) = P(A and B) / P(B)"],["Bayes' theorem","P(A | B) = P(B | A) P(A) / P(B)"],["Law of large numbers","With many trials, experimental probability gets close to theoretical probability"],["Expected value","The long-run average: sum of each value times its probability"],["Random variable","A variable whose value comes from a random process"],["Probability of heads on a fair coin","1/2"],["Probability of a 4 on a fair die","1/6"],["Probability of an even number on a die","1/2"],["Probability of a heart from a standard deck","13/52 = 1/4"],["Probability of an ace from a standard deck","4/52 = 1/13"],["Cards in a standard deck","52"],["Probability of two heads in two fair flips","1/4"],["Probability of a sum of 7 with two dice","6/36 = 1/6"],["Number of outcomes when rolling two dice","36"],["Number of outcomes in 3 coin flips","8"],["Fundamental counting principle","Multiply the number of choices at each step"],["Outfits from 3 shirts and 4 pants","12"],["Factorial n!","n × (n − 1) × ... × 1"],["Permutation","An ordered arrangement"],["Permutation formula","P(n, r) = n! / (n − r)!"],["Combination","A selection where order does not matter"],["Combination formula","C(n, r) = n! / (r!(n − r)!)"],["Ways to arrange 5 books on a shelf","5! = 120"],["P(5, 2)","20"],["C(5, 2)","10"],["C(6, 3)","20"],["C(10, 2)","45"],["C(n, 0) and C(n, n)","Both equal 1"],["Pascal's triangle","A triangle where each number is the sum of the two above it; rows give combinations"],["Binomial distribution","The distribution of the number of successes in a fixed number of independent yes/no trials"],["With replacement","Each item is put back before the next draw"],["Without replacement","Items are not put back; later probabilities change"],["Tree diagram","A branching picture that lists outcomes of a multi-step event"],["Venn diagram","Overlapping circles showing how sets share members"],["Odds","Ratio of favorable outcomes to unfavorable outcomes"],["Fair game","A game where each player has the same expected value"],["Simulation","Using random numbers or objects to imitate a real chance process"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-roman-numerals","id":"math-roman-numerals","category":"math","subject":"Math","title":"Roman Numerals","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Read Roman numerals and write them, from I to MMMCMXCIX.","tags":["roman numerals"],"frontLabel":"Number","backLabel":"Roman numeral","cards":[["What do the seven letters I V X L C D M stand for?","1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000"],["1","I"],["2","II"],["3","III"],["4","IV"],["5","V"],["6","VI"],["7","VII"],["8","VIII"],["9","IX"],["10","X"],["11","XI"],["12","XII"],["13","XIII"],["14","XIV"],["15","XV"],["16","XVI"],["17","XVII"],["18","XVIII"],["19","XIX"],["20","XX"],["21","XXI"],["22","XXII"],["23","XXIII"],["24","XXIV"],["25","XXV"],["26","XXVI"],["27","XXVII"],["28","XXVIII"],["29","XXIX"],["30","XXX"],["35","XXXV"],["40","XL"],["44","XLIV"],["49","XLIX"],["50","L"],["60","LX"],["70","LXX"],["80","LXXX"],["90","XC"],["99","XCIX"],["100","C"],["105","CV"],["144","CXLIV"],["200","CC"],["400","CD"],["444","CDXLIV"],["500","D"],["900","CM"],["1000","M"],["1492","MCDXCII"],["1776","MDCCLXXVI"],["1999","MCMXCIX"],["2000","MM"],["2024","MMXXIV"],["2026","MMXXVI"],["3000","MMM"],["3999","MMMCMXCIX"],["Which Roman numerals can be repeated up to three times?","I, X, C and M"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-sequences-series","id":"math-sequences-series","title":"Sequences, Series and Patterns","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Arithmetic and geometric sequences, formulas for sums, and famous number patterns.","tags":["sequences","series","patterns"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Sequence","An ordered list of numbers following a rule"],["Term of a sequence","One number in the list"],["Arithmetic sequence","Each term is found by adding the same number"],["Common difference","The number added each time in an arithmetic sequence"],["Geometric sequence","Each term is found by multiplying by the same number"],["Common ratio","The number multiplied each time in a geometric sequence"],["Explicit formula, arithmetic","aₙ = a₁ + (n − 1)d"],["Explicit formula, geometric","aₙ = a₁ · rⁿ⁻¹"],["Recursive formula","Gives each term from the term before it"],["Sum of an arithmetic series","Sₙ = n(a₁ + aₙ)/2"],["Sum of a finite geometric series","Sₙ = a₁(1 − rⁿ)/(1 − r)"],["Sum of an infinite geometric series","S = a₁/(1 − r), when |r| < 1"],["Next term: 2, 4, 6, 8, ...","10 (add 2)"],["Next term: 5, 10, 15, 20, ...","25 (add 5)"],["Next term: 3, 6, 12, 24, ...","48 (multiply by 2)"],["Next term: 1, 4, 9, 16, ...","25 (squares)"],["Next term: 1, 3, 6, 10, ...","15 (triangular numbers, add 5)"],["Next term: 100, 90, 80, ...","70 (subtract 10)"],["Next term: 81, 27, 9, 3, ...","1 (divide by 3)"],["Next term: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...","13 (Fibonacci)"],["Next term: 2, 6, 18, 54, ...","162 (multiply by 3)"],["Next term: 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, ...","16 (differences grow by 1)"],["Next term: 1, 8, 27, 64, ...","125 (cubes)"],["Next term: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...","13 (primes)"],["10th term of 3, 7, 11, ...","39"],["20th term of 5, 8, 11, ...","62"],["8th term of 2, 4, 8, ...","256"],["Common difference of 7, 12, 17, ...","5"],["Common ratio of 5, 15, 45, ...","3"],["Common ratio of 16, 8, 4, ...","1/2"],["Sum of 1 + 2 + ... + 10","55"],["Sum of 1 + 2 + ... + 100","5,050"],["Sum of the first 5 odd numbers","25"],["Sum of the first 10 even numbers","110"],["Sum of 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ... forever","2"],["Fibonacci rule","Each term is the sum of the two before it"],["Fibonacci numbers up to 144","1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144"],["Ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers","Approaches the golden ratio, about 1.618"],["Triangular numbers formula","n(n + 1)/2"],["Square numbers formula","n²"],["Pentagonal number idea","n(3n − 1)/2: 1, 5, 12, 22, ..."],["Pascal's triangle rows","1; 1 1; 1 2 1; 1 3 3 1; 1 4 6 4 1"],["Row sums of Pascal's triangle","Powers of 2"],["Sigma notation","Σ means add up the terms for the given range"],["Σ from k=1 to 4 of k","10"],["Σ from k=1 to 3 of k²","14"],["Σ from k=1 to 5 of 2","10"],["Pattern","Something that repeats or changes by a rule"],["Growth pattern","A pattern in which a number or shape grows by a rule each step"],["Limit of a sequence","The value the terms get close to"],["Converge","The terms or sum settle toward a number"],["Diverge","The terms or sum do not settle toward a number"],["Harmonic series","1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... ; it grows without bound"],["Arithmetic mean of two numbers","Their average"],["Geometric mean of two numbers","The square root of their product"],["Geometric mean of 4 and 9","6"],["Compound interest as a sequence","A geometric sequence, multiplying by (1 + r) each period"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-sets-logic","id":"math-sets-logic","title":"Sets and Logic","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Set vocabulary, Venn diagrams and basic logic statements.","tags":["sets","logic","venn diagrams"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Set","A collection of distinct objects"],["Element (member)","An object that is in a set"],["Empty set","The set with no elements, written ∅ or { }"],["Subset","A set whose elements are all in another set"],["Proper subset","A subset that is not the whole set"],["Union (A ∪ B)","Elements in A or B or both"],["Intersection (A ∩ B)","Elements in both A and B"],["Complement (A′)","Elements in the universal set that are not in A"],["Universal set","The set of everything under consideration"],["Disjoint sets","Sets with no elements in common"],["Cardinality","The number of elements in a set, written |A|"],["Roster form","Listing the elements: {1, 2, 3}"],["Set-builder notation","{x | x > 2} means all x such that x is greater than 2"],["Venn diagram","Overlapping circles showing how sets relate"],["Cardinality of a union","|A ∪ B| = |A| + |B| − |A ∩ B|"],["If A = {1,2,3} and B = {3,4}, A ∪ B","{1, 2, 3, 4}"],["If A = {1,2,3} and B = {3,4}, A ∩ B","{3}"],["Number of subsets of a set with n elements","2ⁿ"],["Number of subsets of {a, b, c}","8"],["Is ∅ a subset of every set?","Yes"],["Natural numbers symbol","ℕ"],["Integers symbol","ℤ"],["Rational numbers symbol","ℚ"],["Real numbers symbol","ℝ"],["Statement (proposition)","A sentence that is either true or false"],["Negation","The statement with the opposite truth value (not P)"],["Conjunction","P and Q; true only when both are true"],["Disjunction","P or Q; true when at least one is true"],["Conditional","If P then Q; false only when P is true and Q is false"],["Hypothesis","The 'if' part of a conditional"],["Conclusion","The 'then' part of a conditional"],["Converse","Swap the parts: if Q then P"],["Inverse","Negate both parts: if not P then not Q"],["Contrapositive","Swap and negate: if not Q then not P; same truth as the original"],["Biconditional","P if and only if Q; true when both have the same truth value"],["Truth table","A table listing the truth value of a statement for every case"],["Tautology","A statement that is always true"],["Contradiction","A statement that is always false"],["De Morgan's law 1","not (P and Q) is the same as (not P) or (not Q)"],["De Morgan's law 2","not (P or Q) is the same as (not P) and (not Q)"],["Counterexample","An example showing a statement is false"],["Direct proof","Proving a statement by a chain of logical steps from facts"],["Proof by contradiction","Assume the opposite and show it leads to something impossible"],["Proof by induction","Show it for a first case, then show each case leads to the next"],["Inductive reasoning","Reaching a general rule from patterns"],["Deductive reasoning","Reaching a conclusion that must follow from given facts"],["Axiom","A basic statement accepted without proof"],["Lemma","A small proven result used to prove a bigger one"],["Corollary","A result that follows easily from a theorem"],["Q.E.D.","Latin 'quod erat demonstrandum': which was to be shown"],["Necessary condition","Something that must be true for another thing to be true"],["Sufficient condition","Something that, if true, guarantees another thing"],["Quantifier ∀","For all"],["Quantifier ∃","There exists"],["Boolean value","True or false, often written 1 or 0"],["AND gate output","1 only if both inputs are 1"],["OR gate output","1 if at least one input is 1"],["NOT gate output","The opposite of the input"],["Binary number system","Base 2, using only digits 0 and 1"],["Binary 101 in decimal","5"],["Decimal 10 in binary","1010"],["Binary 1111 in decimal","15"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-square-roots","id":"math-square-roots","category":"math","subject":"Math","title":"Square Roots of Perfect Squares","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Square roots of the perfect squares from 1 to 1600.","tags":["square roots","number sense"],"frontLabel":"Root","backLabel":"Value","cards":[["√1","1"],["√4","2"],["√9","3"],["√16","4"],["√25","5"],["√36","6"],["√49","7"],["√64","8"],["√81","9"],["√100","10"],["√121","11"],["√144","12"],["√169","13"],["√196","14"],["√225","15"],["√256","16"],["√289","17"],["√324","18"],["√361","19"],["√400","20"],["√441","21"],["√484","22"],["√529","23"],["√576","24"],["√625","25"],["√676","26"],["√729","27"],["√784","28"],["√841","29"],["√900","30"],["√961","31"],["√1024","32"],["√1089","33"],["√1156","34"],["√1225","35"],["√1296","36"],["√1369","37"],["√1444","38"],["√1521","39"],["√1600","40"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-statistics-terms","id":"math-statistics-terms","title":"Statistics Terms","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Descriptive and inferential statistics vocabulary, from mean and median to confidence intervals.","tags":["statistics","data"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Data","Facts or measurements that have been collected"],["Population","The whole group you want to learn about"],["Sample","A smaller group taken from the population"],["Random sample","A sample where every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen"],["Bias","A systematic error that tilts results in one direction"],["Survey","A way of collecting data by asking people questions"],["Census","A survey of every member of the population"],["Variable","A characteristic that can take different values"],["Categorical data","Data sorted into groups or names","Eye color"],["Numerical (quantitative) data","Data that are numbers you can measure or count"],["Discrete data","Data that can only take separate values, like counts"],["Continuous data","Data that can take any value in a range, like height"],["Mean","Sum of all values divided by how many values"],["Median","Middle value of ordered data"],["Mode","Most frequently occurring value"],["Range","Maximum minus minimum"],["Outlier","A value far away from the rest of the data"],["Quartile","One of three values that split ordered data into four equal parts"],["Q1 (first quartile)","The median of the lower half of the data"],["Q3 (third quartile)","The median of the upper half of the data"],["Interquartile range (IQR)","Q3 − Q1"],["Five-number summary","Minimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum"],["Outlier rule (1.5 × IQR)","Values below Q1 − 1.5·IQR or above Q3 + 1.5·IQR are flagged as outliers"],["Percentile","The value below which a given percent of data fall"],["Variance","The average squared distance from the mean"],["Standard deviation","The square root of variance; typical distance from the mean"],["Z-score","How many standard deviations a value is from the mean: (x − mean)/s"],["Frequency","How many times a value occurs"],["Relative frequency","Frequency divided by the total count"],["Cumulative frequency","A running total of frequencies"],["Histogram","A bar graph for numerical data grouped into intervals"],["Box plot (box-and-whisker)","A graph of the five-number summary"],["Dot plot","A graph with a dot above a number line for each data value"],["Stem-and-leaf plot","A table that splits each value into a stem and a leaf"],["Scatter plot","A graph of ordered pairs showing how two variables relate"],["Bar graph","A graph using separate bars to compare categories"],["Pie chart","A circle graph that shows parts of a whole"],["Line graph","A graph that connects points to show change over time"],["Symmetric distribution","The left and right sides mirror each other"],["Skewed right","A longer tail on the right; mean is usually greater than median"],["Skewed left","A longer tail on the left; mean is usually less than median"],["Normal distribution","A symmetric bell-shaped distribution"],["Empirical rule","About 68%, 95% and 99.7% of normal data fall within 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations of the mean"],["Correlation","A measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship"],["Correlation coefficient (r)","A number from −1 to 1 measuring linear correlation"],["Positive correlation","As one variable increases, so does the other"],["Negative correlation","As one variable increases, the other decreases"],["Correlation vs. causation","Two things moving together does not prove one causes the other"],["Line of best fit","A line drawn to match the trend in a scatter plot"],["Regression","A method for fitting a model to describe how one variable depends on another"],["Residual","Actual value minus predicted value"],["Extrapolation","Predicting beyond the range of the data"],["Interpolation","Predicting between known data points"],["Hypothesis test","A procedure for deciding whether data support a claim"],["Null hypothesis","The default claim that nothing special is going on"],["P-value","The probability of results at least as extreme as observed if the null hypothesis is true"],["Confidence interval","A range of values likely to contain the true population value"],["Margin of error","The amount added and subtracted from an estimate to form an interval"],["Sampling distribution","The distribution of a statistic over many samples"],["Central limit theorem","Sample means tend toward a normal shape as sample size grows"],["Control group","The group in an experiment that does not get the treatment"],["Random assignment","Using chance to place subjects in experiment groups"],["Observational study","A study that observes without assigning treatments"],["Experiment","A study where researchers assign treatments"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-symbols","id":"math-symbols","title":"Math Symbols and Their Names","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Common math symbols and what each one means.","tags":["symbols","notation"],"frontLabel":"Symbol","backLabel":"Name and meaning","cards":[["+","Plus: add"],["−","Minus: subtract"],["×","Times: multiply"],["÷","Divided by: divide"],["=","Equals: is the same value as"],["≠","Is not equal to"],["<","Is less than"],[">","Is greater than"],["≤","Is less than or equal to"],["≥","Is greater than or equal to"],["≈","Is approximately equal to"],["≡","Is identical to or congruent (mod) to"],["±","Plus or minus"],["∓","Minus or plus"],["√","Square root (radical)"],["∛","Cube root"],["π","Pi: about 3.14159, circumference over diameter"],["∞","Infinity: unbounded, without end"],["%","Percent: out of 100"],["‰","Per mille: out of 1,000"],["°","Degree: a unit of angle or temperature"],["′","Prime: minutes, feet, or a related variable"],["″","Double prime: seconds, inches"],["|x|","Absolute value of x"],["!","Factorial"],["Σ","Sigma: sum of a series"],["Π (capital pi)","Product of a series"],["Δ","Delta: change in"],["∂","Partial derivative"],["∫","Integral"],["∮","Contour or closed-loop integral"],["lim","Limit"],["θ","Theta: commonly an angle"],["λ","Lambda: wavelength, eigenvalue"],["μ","Mu: mean of a population"],["σ","Sigma (lowercase): standard deviation"],["ε (epsilon)","A very small positive number in limits"],["φ","Phi: the golden ratio (about 1.618) or an angle"],["e","Euler's number, about 2.71828"],["i","Imaginary unit, where i² = −1"],["ℝ","The set of real numbers"],["ℚ","The set of rational numbers"],["ℤ","The set of integers"],["ℕ","The set of natural numbers"],["ℂ","The set of complex numbers"],["∈","Is an element of"],["∉","Is not an element of"],["⊂","Is a subset of"],["∪","Union: in either set"],["∩","Intersection: in both sets"],["∅","Empty set: no elements"],["∀","For all"],["∃","There exists"],["∴","Therefore"],["∵","Because"],["⇒","Implies"],["⇔","If and only if"],["∥","Is parallel to"],["⊥","Is perpendicular to"],["∠","Angle"],["△","Triangle"],["≅","Is congruent to"],["∼","Is similar to"],["∝","Is proportional to"],["f(x)","Function f of x"],["f⁻¹","Inverse function of f"],["n!","n factorial: product of 1 to n"],["a:b","Ratio of a to b"],["⌊x⌋","Floor: greatest integer not above x"],["⌈x⌉","Ceiling: least integer not below x"],["mod","Modulo: the remainder after division"],["·","Dot: multiplication"],["→ (arrow)","Approaches, or maps to"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-time","id":"math-time","title":"Time and the Calendar","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Time units, telling time, elapsed time and the calendar.","tags":["time","clocks","calendar"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Seconds in a minute","60"],["Minutes in an hour","60"],["Seconds in an hour","3,600"],["Hours in a day","24"],["Minutes in a day","1,440"],["Seconds in a day","86,400"],["Days in a week","7"],["Days in a year","365"],["Days in a leap year","366"],["Weeks in a year","52 (plus 1 or 2 days)"],["Months in a year","12"],["Years in a decade","10"],["Years in a century","100"],["Years in a millennium","1,000"],["Months with 31 days","January, March, May, July, August, October, December"],["Months with 30 days","April, June, September, November"],["Days in February","28, or 29 in a leap year"],["Knuckle trick for month lengths","Knuckles are 31-day months, valleys between are shorter months"],["Leap year rule","Every 4 years, except century years not divisible by 400"],["Is 2000 a leap year?","Yes"],["Is 1900 a leap year?","No"],["Is 2028 a leap year?","Yes"],["Is 2026 a leap year?","No"],["Order of the days of the week","Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday"],["Order of the months","January through December"],["Seasons in order (northern hemisphere)","Winter, spring, summer, fall"],["Quarter past 3","3:15"],["Half past 7","7:30"],["Quarter to 9","8:45"],["Ten minutes to 6","5:50"],["Meaning of a.m.","From midnight to just before noon"],["Meaning of p.m.","From noon to just before midnight"],["12:00 a.m. is","Midnight"],["12:00 p.m. is","Noon"],["3:00 p.m. in 24-hour time","15:00"],["18:30 in 12-hour time","6:30 p.m."],["00:00 in 12-hour time","12:00 a.m. (midnight)"],["Elapsed time from 2:15 to 4:45","2 hours 30 minutes"],["Elapsed time from 9:40 a.m. to 11:10 a.m.","1 hour 30 minutes"],["Time 45 minutes after 3:30","4:15"],["Time 2 hours before 1:00 p.m.","11:00 a.m."],["Minutes in 2 and a half hours","150"],["Hours in 3 days","72"],["Hours in a week","168"],["Minutes in a quarter hour","15"],["Convert 90 minutes to hours","1.5 hours"],["Convert 2 hours to seconds","7,200"],["Convert 3 weeks to days","21"],["Convert 18 months to years","1.5 years"],["Fortnight","Two weeks (14 days)"],["Biweekly","Every two weeks"],["Semester","Half of a school year"],["Which hand moves faster, hour or minute?","Minute hand"],["How far does the minute hand move in 5 minutes?","From one number to the next (30 degrees)"],["Degrees the minute hand turns in an hour","360"],["Time zone","A region that shares the same standard time"],["Number of time zones in the contiguous US","Four: Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific"],["Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)","Time at the 0 degree longitude line through Greenwich, England"],["Calendar year starts and ends","January 1 to December 31"],["BCE and CE","Before Common Era and Common Era, used to number years"],["Digital vs. analog clock","Digital shows numbers; analog uses hands on a dial"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-trig-identities","id":"math-trig-identities","title":"Trig Definitions and Identities","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Right-triangle ratios, reciprocal, Pythagorean, angle-sum, double-angle and half-angle identities.","tags":["trigonometry","identities"],"frontLabel":"Name","backLabel":"Identity","cards":[["SOH-CAH-TOA: sine","sin = opposite / hypotenuse"],["SOH-CAH-TOA: cosine","cos = adjacent / hypotenuse"],["SOH-CAH-TOA: tangent","tan = opposite / adjacent"],["Cosecant","csc θ = 1 / sin θ"],["Secant","sec θ = 1 / cos θ"],["Cotangent","cot θ = 1 / tan θ = cos θ / sin θ"],["Tangent in terms of sine and cosine","tan θ = sin θ / cos θ"],["Pythagorean identity","sin² θ + cos² θ = 1"],["Pythagorean identity with tangent","1 + tan² θ = sec² θ"],["Pythagorean identity with cotangent","1 + cot² θ = csc² θ"],["Even-odd: sin(−θ)","−sin θ (sine is odd)"],["Even-odd: cos(−θ)","cos θ (cosine is even)"],["Even-odd: tan(−θ)","−tan θ (tangent is odd)"],["Cofunction: sin(90° − θ)","cos θ"],["Cofunction: cos(90° − θ)","sin θ"],["Cofunction: tan(90° − θ)","cot θ"],["Supplementary: sin(180° − θ)","sin θ"],["Supplementary: cos(180° − θ)","−cos θ"],["Shift: sin(θ + 180°)","−sin θ"],["Shift: cos(θ + 180°)","−cos θ"],["Shift: tan(θ + 180°)","tan θ"],["Sum formula for sine","sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B"],["Difference formula for sine","sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B"],["Sum formula for cosine","cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B"],["Difference formula for cosine","cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B"],["Sum formula for tangent","tan(A + B) = (tan A + tan B) / (1 − tan A tan B)"],["Difference formula for tangent","tan(A − B) = (tan A − tan B) / (1 + tan A tan B)"],["Double-angle: sine","sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ"],["Double-angle: cosine","cos 2θ = cos² θ − sin² θ"],["Double-angle: cosine (other form 1)","cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin² θ"],["Double-angle: cosine (other form 2)","cos 2θ = 2 cos² θ − 1"],["Double-angle: tangent","tan 2θ = 2 tan θ / (1 − tan² θ)"],["Power reducing: sin² θ","(1 − cos 2θ) / 2"],["Power reducing: cos² θ","(1 + cos 2θ) / 2"],["Half-angle: sin(θ/2)","±√((1 − cos θ) / 2)"],["Half-angle: cos(θ/2)","±√((1 + cos θ) / 2)"],["Product to sum: sin A cos B","½[sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)]"],["Product to sum: cos A cos B","½[cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)]"],["Law of sines","a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C"],["Law of cosines","c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos C"],["Area of a triangle with trig","½ ab sin C"],["Arc length formula (radians)","s = rθ"],["Sector area formula (radians)","A = ½ r² θ"],["Degrees to radians","Multiply by π/180"],["Radians to degrees","Multiply by 180/π"],["Amplitude of y = A sin(Bx)","|A|"],["Period of y = A sin(Bx)","2π / |B|"],["Phase shift of y = sin(x − C)","C units to the right"],["Inverse sine range","−π/2 to π/2"],["Inverse cosine range","0 to π"],["Inverse tangent range","−π/2 to π/2 (not including the ends)"],["Euler's formula","e^(iθ) = cos θ + i sin θ"],["Euler's identity","e^(iπ) + 1 = 0"],["De Moivre's theorem","(cos θ + i sin θ)ⁿ = cos nθ + i sin nθ"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-trig-values","id":"math-trig-values","title":"Trig Values at Special Angles","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Sine, cosine and tangent at the common unit-circle angles in degrees and radians.","tags":["trigonometry","unit circle"],"frontLabel":"Value","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["sin 0°","0"],["sin 30°","1/2"],["sin 45°","√2/2"],["sin 60°","√3/2"],["sin 90°","1"],["sin 120°","√3/2"],["sin 135°","√2/2"],["sin 150°","1/2"],["sin 180°","0"],["sin 210°","−1/2"],["sin 225°","−√2/2"],["sin 240°","−√3/2"],["sin 270°","−1"],["sin 300°","−√3/2"],["sin 315°","−√2/2"],["sin 330°","−1/2"],["sin 360°","0"],["cos 0°","1"],["cos 30°","√3/2"],["cos 45°","√2/2"],["cos 60°","1/2"],["cos 90°","0"],["cos 120°","−1/2"],["cos 135°","−√2/2"],["cos 150°","−√3/2"],["cos 180°","−1"],["cos 210°","−√3/2"],["cos 225°","−√2/2"],["cos 240°","−1/2"],["cos 270°","0"],["cos 300°","1/2"],["cos 315°","√2/2"],["cos 330°","√3/2"],["cos 360°","1"],["tan 0°","0"],["tan 30°","√3/3 (1/√3)"],["tan 45°","1"],["tan 60°","√3"],["tan 90°","Undefined"],["tan 120°","−√3"],["tan 135°","−1"],["tan 150°","−√3/3"],["tan 180°","0"],["tan 225°","1"],["tan 270°","Undefined"],["sin(π/6)","1/2"],["sin(π/4)","√2/2"],["sin(π/3)","√3/2"],["sin(π/2)","1"],["cos(π/6)","√3/2"],["cos(π/4)","√2/2"],["cos(π/3)","1/2"],["cos(π)","−1"],["sin(π)","0"],["cos(2π/3)","−1/2"],["sin(5π/6)","1/2"],["sin(3π/2)","−1"],["sin(7π/6)","−1/2"],["cos(5π/4)","−√2/2"],["cos(7π/4)","√2/2"],["tan(π/4)","1"],["tan(π/3)","√3"],["tan(π/6)","√3/3"],["csc 30°","2"],["sec 60°","2"],["cot 45°","1"],["sec 0°","1"],["Where is sine positive?","Quadrants I and II"],["Where is cosine positive?","Quadrants I and IV"],["Where is tangent positive?","Quadrants I and III"],["Memory rule for signs (All Students Take Calculus)","All positive in I, Sine in II, Tangent in III, Cosine in IV"],["The unit circle point at 90°","(0, 1)"],["The unit circle point at 180°","(−1, 0)"],["The unit circle point at 45°","(√2/2, √2/2)"],["Range of sine and cosine","−1 to 1"],["Period of sine and cosine","360° or 2π"],["Period of tangent","180° or π"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-us-units","id":"math-us-units","title":"US Customary Units and Conversions","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5","6-8","adult"],"description":"Inches, feet, pounds, gallons and how they convert, plus metric-to-US benchmarks.","tags":["measurement","customary","conversion"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Inches in 1 foot","12"],["Feet in 1 yard","3"],["Inches in 1 yard","36"],["Feet in 1 mile","5,280"],["Yards in 1 mile","1,760"],["Ounces in 1 pound","16"],["Pounds in 1 ton","2,000"],["Teaspoons in 1 tablespoon","3"],["Tablespoons in 1 fluid ounce","2"],["Tablespoons in 1 cup","16"],["Fluid ounces in 1 cup","8"],["Cups in 1 pint","2"],["Pints in 1 quart","2"],["Cups in 1 quart","4"],["Quarts in 1 gallon","4"],["Pints in 1 gallon","8"],["Cups in 1 gallon","16"],["Fluid ounces in 1 gallon","128"],["Square feet in 1 square yard","9"],["Square inches in 1 square foot","144"],["Square feet in 1 acre","43,560"],["Cubic feet in 1 cubic yard","27"],["Cubic inches in 1 cubic foot","1,728"],["Convert 5 ft to inches","60 inches"],["Convert 2 yd to feet","6 feet"],["Convert 48 inches to feet","4 feet"],["Convert 3 lb to oz","48 oz"],["Convert 32 oz to lb","2 lb"],["Convert 3 gal to qt","12 qt"],["Convert 6 cups to pints","3 pints"],["Convert 10 qt to gal","2.5 gal"],["Convert 1 mile to yards","1,760 yards"],["Convert 4,000 lb to tons","2 tons"],["Inches in 1 centimeter (about)","0.39 inches"],["Centimeters in 1 inch","2.54 exactly"],["Meters in 1 yard","0.9144 exactly"],["Kilometers in 1 mile (about)","1.61 kilometers"],["Miles in 1 kilometer (about)","0.62 miles"],["Pounds in 1 kilogram (about)","2.2 pounds"],["Grams in 1 ounce (about)","28.35 grams"],["Liters in 1 gallon (US, about)","3.785 liters"],["Liters in 1 quart (about)","0.95 liters"],["Feet in 1 meter (about)","3.28 feet"],["Fahrenheit freezing point of water","32 degrees F"],["Fahrenheit boiling point of water (sea level)","212 degrees F"],["Normal body temperature in Fahrenheit","About 98.6 degrees F"],["Formula: Fahrenheit to Celsius","C = (F − 32) × 5/9"],["Formula: Celsius to Fahrenheit","F = C × 9/5 + 32"],["Convert 212 degrees F to Celsius","100 degrees C"],["Convert 0 degrees C to Fahrenheit","32 degrees F"],["Convert 20 degrees C to Fahrenheit","68 degrees F"],["Convert 100 degrees F to Celsius","About 37.8 degrees C"],["At what temperature are Celsius and Fahrenheit equal?","−40 degrees"],["Which is longer, a foot or a meter?","A meter (about 3.28 feet)"],["Which is heavier, a pound or a kilogram?","A kilogram"],["Which is bigger, a quart or a liter?","A liter is slightly bigger"],["Which is bigger, a mile or a kilometer?","A mile"],["What is a baker's dozen?","13"],["What is a dozen?","12"],["What is a gross?","144 (12 dozen)"],["What is a score?","20"],["What is a ream of paper?","500 sheets"],["What is a nautical mile?","About 1.15 miles (1,852 meters)"],["What is a knot?","A speed of one nautical mile per hour"],["What is a fathom?","6 feet, used to measure water depth"],["What is a furlong?","One eighth of a mile (220 yards)"],["What is a hand (horse height)?","4 inches"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-vocab-3-5","id":"math-vocab-3-5","title":"Math Words for Grades 3-5","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["3-5"],"description":"Key math vocabulary for multiplication, fractions, decimals, geometry and data.","tags":["vocabulary","elementary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Factor","A number that multiplies with another to make a product","3 and 4 are factors of 12"],["Product","The answer to a multiplication problem"],["Quotient","The answer to a division problem"],["Dividend","The number being divided","In 12 ÷ 3, it is 12"],["Divisor","The number you divide by","In 12 ÷ 3, it is 3"],["Remainder","What is left over after dividing"],["Multiple","What you get when you multiply a number by 1, 2, 3, ...","Multiples of 5: 5, 10, 15"],["Prime number","A number greater than 1 with exactly two factors, 1 and itself"],["Composite number","A number with more than two factors"],["Array","Objects arranged in equal rows and columns"],["Equation","A math sentence with an equals sign"],["Expression","Numbers and operation signs with no equals sign","3 × 4 + 2"],["Variable","A letter that stands for an unknown number"],["Numerator","The top number in a fraction; how many parts we have"],["Denominator","The bottom number in a fraction; how many equal parts in the whole"],["Equivalent fractions","Fractions that name the same amount","1/2 and 2/4"],["Mixed number","A whole number and a fraction together","2 1/3"],["Improper fraction","A fraction whose numerator is greater than or equal to its denominator","7/4"],["Unit fraction","A fraction with 1 on top","1/5"],["Simplest form","A fraction that cannot be made smaller; the top and bottom share no factor but 1"],["Decimal","A number written with a decimal point to show parts of a whole","0.75"],["Decimal point","The dot that separates ones from tenths"],["Tenths","The first place right of the decimal point"],["Hundredths","The second place right of the decimal point"],["Round","Replace a number with a nearby number that is easier to use"],["Estimate","Find an answer that is close but not exact"],["Regroup","Trade between place values, such as 10 ones for 1 ten"],["Place value","The value of a digit based on where it sits in a number"],["Perimeter","The distance around a shape"],["Area","The amount of flat space inside a shape, in square units"],["Volume","The amount of space inside a solid, in cubic units"],["Capacity","How much a container can hold"],["Angle","Formed where two rays meet at a point"],["Right angle","An angle of exactly 90 degrees, like a square corner"],["Acute angle","An angle less than 90 degrees"],["Obtuse angle","An angle greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees"],["Straight angle","An angle of exactly 180 degrees"],["Parallel lines","Lines that stay the same distance apart and never meet"],["Perpendicular lines","Lines that meet at a right angle"],["Intersecting lines","Lines that cross each other"],["Line segment","Part of a line with two endpoints"],["Ray","Part of a line with one endpoint that goes on forever in one direction"],["Point","An exact location with no size"],["Polygon","A closed flat shape made of straight sides"],["Quadrilateral","Any polygon with 4 sides"],["Pentagon","A polygon with 5 sides"],["Hexagon","A polygon with 6 sides"],["Octagon","A polygon with 8 sides"],["Symmetry","When a shape can be folded so both halves match exactly"],["Line of symmetry","The fold line that makes two matching halves"],["Congruent","Exactly the same size and shape"],["Face","A flat surface of a solid shape"],["Edge","Where two faces of a solid meet"],["Vertex","A corner point of a shape or solid; plural is vertices"],["Elapsed time","The amount of time that passes from start to end"],["Data","Facts or numbers collected to learn something"],["Bar graph","A graph that uses bars to compare amounts"],["Line plot","A number line with marks above it to show how often values occur"],["Pictograph","A graph that uses pictures to show data"],["Survey","Asking a group of people questions to collect data"],["Mean","The average: add all values and divide by how many there are"],["Median","The middle value when the data are in order"],["Mode","The value that appears most often"],["Range","The highest value minus the lowest value"],["Commutative property","You can swap the order of numbers when adding or multiplying","3 × 4 = 4 × 3"],["Associative property","You can regroup numbers when adding or multiplying and get the same answer"],["Distributive property","Multiplying a sum equals multiplying each part and adding","3 × (4 + 2) = 3 × 4 + 3 × 2"],["Identity property","Adding 0 or multiplying by 1 leaves a number unchanged"],["Inverse operations","Operations that undo each other","Addition and subtraction"],["Ordered pair","Two numbers in parentheses that name a point on a grid","(3, 5)"],["Coordinate plane","A flat grid made by a horizontal and a vertical number line"],["Digit","One of the symbols 0 to 9"],["Compatible numbers","Numbers that are easy to compute with in your head"],["Unit","A fixed amount used to measure, like an inch or a gram"],["Weight","How heavy something is"],["Mass","The amount of matter in an object"],["Fraction","A number that names equal parts of a whole"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-vocab-6-8","id":"math-vocab-6-8","title":"Math Words for Grades 6-8","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["6-8"],"description":"Middle school math vocabulary: ratios, integers, expressions, equations, geometry and statistics.","tags":["vocabulary","middle school"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Ratio","A comparison of two quantities by division","3 to 5, or 3:5"],["Rate","A ratio that compares two different kinds of units","60 miles per hour"],["Unit rate","A rate with 1 as the second quantity","$2 per pound"],["Proportion","An equation that says two ratios are equal"],["Percent","A ratio out of 100"],["Integer","A whole number or its opposite: ..., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ..."],["Rational number","A number that can be written as a fraction of two integers"],["Irrational number","A number that cannot be written as a fraction; its decimal never ends or repeats","π, √2"],["Real numbers","All rational and irrational numbers together"],["Absolute value","A number's distance from zero on the number line"],["Opposite numbers","Two numbers the same distance from zero on opposite sides","5 and −5"],["Negative number","A number less than zero"],["Greatest common factor (GCF)","The largest factor two numbers share"],["Least common multiple (LCM)","The smallest multiple two numbers share"],["Prime factorization","Writing a number as a product of primes","12 = 2 × 2 × 3"],["Exponent","A small raised number that tells how many times to use the base as a factor"],["Base","The number that is multiplied by itself in a power"],["Power","A number written with a base and an exponent"],["Square root","A number that, multiplied by itself, gives the original number"],["Scientific notation","Writing a number as a number from 1 to 10 times a power of 10","3.2 × 10^4"],["Term","A number, variable, or product in an expression"],["Coefficient","The number multiplied by a variable","In 7x, the coefficient is 7"],["Constant","A term that does not change; a plain number"],["Like terms","Terms with the same variable part","3x and 5x"],["Inequality","A statement that two values are not equal","x > 4"],["Solution","A value that makes an equation or inequality true"],["Slope","How steep a line is; rise over run"],["Y-intercept","The point where a graph crosses the y-axis"],["Function","A rule that gives exactly one output for each input"],["Input","The value you put into a function"],["Output","The value that comes out of a function"],["Linear equation","An equation whose graph is a straight line"],["Quadrant","One of the four regions of a coordinate plane"],["Origin","The point (0, 0) where the axes cross"],["Pythagorean theorem","In a right triangle, a² + b² = c²"],["Hypotenuse","The longest side of a right triangle, opposite the right angle"],["Legs","The two shorter sides of a right triangle"],["Circumference","The distance around a circle"],["Radius","The distance from the center of a circle to its edge"],["Diameter","The distance across a circle through its center; twice the radius"],["Pi (π)","The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter; about 3.14159"],["Surface area","The total area of all the faces of a solid"],["Prism","A solid with two identical parallel bases and rectangular sides"],["Pyramid","A solid with one base and triangular faces that meet at a point"],["Net","A flat pattern that folds up into a solid"],["Similar figures","Shapes with the same angles and proportional sides"],["Scale factor","The number you multiply lengths by to enlarge or shrink a figure"],["Transformation","A move that changes a figure's position or size"],["Translation","Slide a figure without turning or flipping it"],["Reflection","Flip a figure over a line"],["Rotation","Turn a figure around a point"],["Dilation","Enlarge or shrink a figure from a center point"],["Complementary angles","Two angles that add up to 90 degrees"],["Supplementary angles","Two angles that add up to 180 degrees"],["Vertical angles","Opposite angles formed by two crossing lines; they are equal"],["Adjacent angles","Two angles that share a side and a vertex"],["Transversal","A line that crosses two or more other lines"],["Mean","The average of a set of numbers"],["Median","The middle value of ordered data"],["Mode","The most frequent value"],["Range","Greatest value minus least value"],["Outlier","A value far from the rest of the data"],["Quartile","One of the three values that split ordered data into four equal parts"],["Interquartile range (IQR)","The third quartile minus the first quartile"],["Box plot","A graph that shows the median, quartiles and extremes of data"],["Histogram","A bar graph with no gaps that shows how data are spread across intervals"],["Probability","A number from 0 to 1 that tells how likely an event is"],["Sample space","The set of all possible outcomes"],["Compound event","An event made of two or more simple events"],["Variable","A letter that stands for a number that can change"],["Evaluate","Find the value of an expression by putting in numbers"],["Simplify","Rewrite an expression in its simplest form"],["Inverse operation","An operation that undoes another"],["Reciprocal","The number that multiplies with another to make 1","The reciprocal of 3/4 is 4/3"],["Terminating decimal","A decimal that ends","0.25"],["Repeating decimal","A decimal with a digit or group of digits that repeats forever","0.333..."],["Markup","An amount added to a cost to set the selling price"],["Discount","An amount subtracted from a price"],["Simple interest","Interest earned only on the starting amount: I = Prt"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-vocab-9-12","id":"math-vocab-9-12","title":"Math Words for High School","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["9-12"],"description":"High school vocabulary from algebra, geometry, trigonometry and precalculus.","tags":["vocabulary","high school"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Domain","The set of all possible inputs of a function"],["Range (of a function)","The set of all possible outputs of a function"],["Relation","A set of ordered pairs"],["Inverse function","A function that undoes another function","f⁻¹(x)"],["Composition of functions","Using the output of one function as the input of another","f(g(x))"],["Polynomial","A sum of terms, each a number times a variable to a whole-number power"],["Degree (of a polynomial)","The highest exponent of the variable"],["Leading coefficient","The coefficient of the term with the highest power"],["Monomial","A polynomial with one term"],["Binomial","A polynomial with two terms"],["Trinomial","A polynomial with three terms"],["Root (zero)","An input that makes a function equal zero"],["Quadratic","A polynomial of degree 2","ax² + bx + c"],["Parabola","The U-shaped graph of a quadratic function"],["Vertex (of a parabola)","The highest or lowest point of the parabola"],["Axis of symmetry","The line that splits a parabola into mirror halves"],["Discriminant","b² − 4ac; tells how many real roots a quadratic has"],["Imaginary unit (i)","The number whose square is −1"],["Complex number","A number of the form a + bi"],["Conjugate","The binomial with the opposite sign in the middle","a + bi and a − bi"],["Asymptote","A line that a graph gets closer and closer to"],["Exponential function","A function where the variable is in the exponent","y = 2^x"],["Logarithm","The exponent you need on a base to get a number"],["Natural logarithm","A logarithm with base e, written ln"],["Euler's number (e)","An irrational constant, about 2.71828"],["Sequence","A list of numbers in order"],["Arithmetic sequence","A sequence with a constant difference between terms"],["Geometric sequence","A sequence with a constant ratio between terms"],["Series","The sum of the terms of a sequence"],["Sigma (Σ)","The symbol meaning add up a list of terms"],["Matrix","A rectangular array of numbers in rows and columns"],["System of equations","Two or more equations with the same variables"],["Linear programming","Finding the best value of a quantity under linear limits"],["Theorem","A statement that has been proven"],["Postulate (axiom)","A statement accepted as true without proof"],["Proof","A logical argument that shows a statement is true"],["Conjecture","A guess based on a pattern that has not been proven"],["Counterexample","An example that shows a statement is false"],["Converse","A conditional statement with its parts swapped","If Q, then P"],["Contrapositive","The converse of the inverse; it always has the same truth as the original statement"],["Inductive reasoning","Drawing a general rule from patterns"],["Deductive reasoning","Drawing a conclusion from facts that are known to be true"],["Congruent triangles","Triangles with all matching sides and angles equal"],["Locus","The set of all points that follow a given rule"],["Inscribed","Drawn inside another figure and touching it"],["Circumscribed","Drawn around another figure and touching it"],["Tangent (to a circle)","A line that touches a circle at exactly one point"],["Secant","A line that cuts through a circle at two points"],["Chord","A segment with both endpoints on a circle"],["Arc","A part of a circle's edge"],["Sector","A pie-slice region of a circle"],["Radian","An angle measure; the angle whose arc equals the radius"],["Sine","In a right triangle, opposite over hypotenuse"],["Cosine","In a right triangle, adjacent over hypotenuse"],["Tangent (trigonometry)","In a right triangle, opposite over adjacent"],["Unit circle","A circle of radius 1 centered at the origin"],["Amplitude","Half the distance between the highest and lowest values of a wave"],["Period","The length of one full cycle of a repeating graph"],["Limit","The value a function gets close to as the input approaches a number"],["Continuous","Having a graph with no breaks, jumps or holes"],["Derivative","The rate at which a function changes; the slope of its tangent"],["Integral","The accumulated total under a curve; area under a graph"],["Vector","A quantity with both size and direction"],["Scalar","A quantity with size only"],["Permutation","An arrangement of items in which order matters"],["Combination","A selection of items in which order does not matter"],["Standard deviation","A measure of how spread out data are around the mean"],["Normal distribution","A bell-shaped, symmetric distribution"],["Correlation","A measure of how two variables move together"],["Regression line","The line of best fit through a scatter plot"],["Residual","The difference between an actual value and the predicted value"],["Conic section","A curve from slicing a cone: circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola"],["Ellipse","An oval shape; the set of points whose distances to two foci add to a constant"],["Hyperbola","A curve with two branches; the set of points whose distances to two foci differ by a constant"],["Polar coordinates","Describing a point by distance from the origin and an angle"],["Rational function","A function that is a ratio of two polynomials"],["Extraneous solution","A solution that comes from the working but does not fit the original equation"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-vocab-k-2","id":"math-vocab-k-2","title":"Math Words for Grades K-2","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["k-2"],"description":"The first math words kids meet: counting, adding, shapes, comparing and measuring.","tags":["vocabulary","early math"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Add","Put numbers together to find how many in all"],["Plus sign (+)","The sign that means add"],["Subtract","Take away to find how many are left"],["Minus sign (−)","The sign that means subtract"],["Equals (=)","Means the same amount as"],["Sum","The answer when you add","In 3 + 4 = 7, the sum is 7"],["Difference","The answer when you subtract","In 9 − 4 = 5, the difference is 5"],["Number","A word or symbol that tells how many"],["Digit","One of the ten symbols 0 to 9 used to write numbers"],["Zero","The number that means none"],["Even number","A number you can split into two equal groups with none left over","2, 4, 6, 8, 10"],["Odd number","A number that leaves one left over when you make pairs","1, 3, 5, 7, 9"],["Greater than (>)","Bigger than","The open side faces the bigger number"],["Less than (<)","Smaller than"],["Compare","Look at two things to see which is more, less, or the same"],["More","A larger amount"],["Fewer","A smaller number of things you can count"],["Same","Not different; equal"],["Order","Put numbers or things in a line by size or by rule"],["Count","Say numbers in order to find how many"],["Skip count","Count by jumping over numbers","2, 4, 6, 8"],["Number line","A line with numbers placed in order, used to count and add"],["Ones","The place on the right in a number","In 36, the 6 is in the ones place"],["Tens","The place next to the ones; each ten is a group of 10","In 36, the 3 is in the tens place"],["Hundreds","The place that counts groups of 100"],["Half","One of two equal parts"],["Fourth (quarter)","One of four equal parts"],["Whole","All of something, with nothing missing"],["Equal parts","Parts that are exactly the same size"],["Circle","A round shape with no corners"],["Triangle","A shape with 3 sides and 3 corners"],["Square","A shape with 4 equal sides and 4 square corners"],["Rectangle","A shape with 4 sides and 4 square corners"],["Side","A straight edge of a flat shape"],["Corner (vertex)","The point where two sides meet"],["Cube","A solid shape like a dice; 6 square faces"],["Sphere","A solid shape shaped like a ball"],["Cone","A solid shape like an ice cream cone"],["Cylinder","A solid shape like a can"],["Pattern","Something that repeats in the same way","red, blue, red, blue"],["Measure","Find out how long, tall, heavy or full something is"],["Length","How long something is"],["Height","How tall something is"],["Longer","Having more length"],["Shorter","Having less length"],["Heavier","Weighing more"],["Lighter","Weighing less"],["Inch","A small unit for length; about the width of a thumb"],["Foot","A unit of length equal to 12 inches"],["Penny","A coin worth 1 cent"],["Nickel","A coin worth 5 cents"],["Dime","A coin worth 10 cents"],["Quarter (coin)","A coin worth 25 cents"],["Hour hand","The short hand on a clock"],["Minute hand","The long hand on a clock"],["Graph","A picture that shows information so it is easy to compare"],["Tally mark","A mark used to keep count; four lines and a slash make five"],["Before","Comes earlier in order","4 comes before 5"],["After","Comes later in order","6 comes after 5"],["Between","In the middle of two things","5 is between 4 and 6"],["Double","Two times a number; add it to itself","Double 4 is 8"],["Number sentence","A math idea written with numbers and signs","2 + 3 = 5"],["Fact family","Add and subtract facts that use the same three numbers","2, 3, 5"],["Group","A set of things that belong together"],["Row","Things lined up side to side"],["Column","Things lined up top to bottom"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-word-problem-keywords","id":"math-word-problem-keywords","title":"Word Problem Keywords","category":"math","subject":"Math","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Phrases in word problems and the operation or symbol they usually suggest. Always read the whole problem, since keywords are clues and not rules.","tags":["word problems","operations"],"frontLabel":"Phrase","backLabel":"Usually means","cards":[["In all","Add"],["Altogether","Add"],["Total","Add"],["Sum","Add"],["Combined","Add"],["Plus","Add"],["More than","Add (but 'A is 3 more than B' means A = B + 3)"],["Increased by","Add"],["Gained","Add"],["Both","Add the two amounts"],["How many are left","Subtract"],["Remain","Subtract"],["Difference","Subtract"],["Fewer than","Subtract"],["Less than","Subtract (order is flipped: '5 less than 9' is 9 − 5)"],["Decreased by","Subtract"],["Take away","Subtract"],["How many more","Subtract to compare two amounts"],["Lost","Subtract"],["Gave away","Subtract"],["Minus","Subtract"],["Times","Multiply"],["Product","Multiply"],["Of (with a fraction or percent)","Multiply","1/2 of 10 is 1/2 × 10"],["Each (with a total needed)","Multiply"],["Every","Multiply or divide, depending on the question"],["Twice","Multiply by 2"],["Double","Multiply by 2"],["Triple","Multiply by 3"],["Per","Multiply or divide; it marks a rate","Miles per hour"],["At this rate","Multiply a rate by an amount"],["Groups of","Multiply"],["Rows of","Multiply"],["Quotient","Divide"],["Divided equally","Divide"],["Shared equally","Divide"],["Split among","Divide"],["Half of","Divide by 2"],["Average","Add the values, then divide by how many"],["Per person","Divide the total by the number of people"],["How many in each group","Divide"],["How many groups","Divide"],["Ratio of","Compare using division or a fraction"],["Percent of","Convert to a decimal and multiply"],["Is (as an equals sign)","="],["What is","The unknown value, a variable"],["At most","≤"],["At least","≥"],["No more than","≤"],["No less than","≥"],["More than (inequality)",">"],["Fewer than (inequality)","<"],["Is the same as","="],["Consecutive numbers","Numbers in order with no gaps, such as n, n + 1, n + 2"],["Consecutive even numbers","n, n + 2, n + 4"],["Perimeter","Add the lengths of all the sides"],["Area","Multiply (for a rectangle, length times width)"],["Step 1 of solving a word problem","Read it and decide what the question asks"],["Step 2 of solving a word problem","Pick out the numbers and units you need"],["Step 3 of solving a word problem","Choose the operation and write an equation"],["Step 4 of solving a word problem","Solve it, then check that the answer makes sense and has the right units"],["Extra information","A number in a problem you do not need"],["Multi-step problem","A problem needing two or more operations"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-adaptations-habitats","id":"animal-adaptations-habitats","title":"Animal Adaptations and Habitats","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"How animals survive in their habitats.","tags":["adaptations","habitats","animals"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Adaptation","A trait that helps a living thing survive"],["Habitat","The natural home of a plant or animal"],["Camouflage","Coloring that helps an animal blend in"],["Mimicry","When one species looks like another to stay safe"],["Hibernation","A deep sleep through winter to save energy"],["Migration","Traveling to another place for food, warmth or breeding"],["Nocturnal","Active at night"],["Diurnal","Active during the day"],["Crepuscular","Active at dawn and dusk"],["Warning coloration","Bright colors that tell predators an animal is harmful, like a poison dart frog"],["Which animal changes color to match its surroundings?","The chameleon"],["Which animal can drop its tail to escape a predator?","A lizard"],["Why do polar bears have thick fur and blubber?","To stay warm in cold Arctic weather"],["Why does an Arctic hare turn white in winter?","To blend in with snow"],["How does a camel survive in a desert?","It stores fat in its hump and can go a long time without water"],["What do a camel's wide feet do?","Keep it from sinking in sand"],["How does a cactus store water?","In its thick stem"],["How do owls hunt in the dark?","Large eyes, sharp hearing and silent flight"],["How do bats find food in the dark?","Echolocation"],["Why do cheetahs have long legs?","To run very fast"],["Why do giraffes have long necks?","To reach leaves high in trees"],["What is an elephant's trunk used for?","Breathing, smelling, drinking and grabbing things"],["Why do ducks have webbed feet?","To swim well"],["Why do woodpeckers have strong beaks?","To peck into trees for insects"],["Why do hummingbirds have long thin beaks?","To drink nectar from flowers"],["Why do eagles have sharp talons?","To catch and hold prey"],["Why do fish have gills?","To take oxygen from water"],["Why do whales have blubber?","To stay warm in cold water"],["Why do skunks spray?","To scare away predators"],["Why do porcupines have quills?","To protect themselves"],["Why do turtles have shells?","For protection"],["What does an octopus do to escape danger?","Squirts ink and changes color"],["How does a snake sense prey?","By smelling with its tongue"],["How do penguins keep warm?","Thick feathers and a layer of fat; they huddle together"],["How does a frog catch insects?","With a long sticky tongue"],["What is a spider's web for?","Catching prey"],["How do bees help plants?","They carry pollen between flowers"],["Why do beavers have flat tails?","To steer when swimming and slap warnings"],["Why do seals have flippers?","To swim"],["How do arctic foxes stay warm?","Thick fur and small ears"],["Why do desert foxes have big ears?","To release heat"],["How do monarch butterflies survive winter?","They migrate to warmer places"],["Where do salmon go to lay eggs?","Back up rivers where they were born"],["Where do Arctic terns migrate?","From the Arctic to the Antarctic and back, a very long trip"],["What do gray whales do each year?","Migrate between cold feeding waters and warm breeding lagoons"],["Ocean habitat","Salt water home for fish, whales and more"],["Desert habitat","Dry land with little rain, like the Sahara"],["Rainforest habitat","Warm, wet forest with many species"],["Grassland habitat","Open land covered with grasses"],["Arctic habitat","The cold region around the North Pole"],["Wetland habitat","Land with shallow water like marshes"],["Pond habitat","Small body of still fresh water"],["Coral reef habitat","Warm shallow seas with coral"],["Mountain habitat","High, cold, windy land"],["Cave habitat","Dark underground home for bats and blind fish"],["Deep-sea adaptation: bioluminescence","Making light to find food or mates"],["Anglerfish","A deep-sea fish with a glowing lure"],["Symbiosis example: clownfish and anemone","The clownfish is protected by the anemone and cleans it"],["Instinct","Behavior an animal is born knowing"],["Learned behavior","Something an animal learns, like a dog sitting on command"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-babies-and-homes","id":"animal-babies-and-homes","title":"Animal Babies, Males, Females and Homes","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Baby animal names, male and female names, and where animals live.","tags":["animals","babies","homes"],"frontLabel":"Animal / question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Baby cat","Kitten"],["Baby dog","Puppy"],["Baby cow","Calf"],["Baby horse","Foal"],["Baby sheep","Lamb"],["Baby goat","Kid"],["Baby pig","Piglet"],["Baby chicken","Chick"],["Baby duck","Duckling"],["Baby goose","Gosling"],["Baby swan","Cygnet"],["Baby frog","Tadpole"],["Baby kangaroo","Joey"],["Baby bear","Cub"],["Baby lion","Cub"],["Baby fox","Kit or cub"],["Baby wolf","Pup"],["Baby seal","Pup"],["Baby deer","Fawn"],["Baby rabbit","Kit or bunny"],["Baby owl","Owlet"],["Baby eagle","Eaglet"],["Baby elephant","Calf"],["Baby giraffe","Calf"],["Baby whale","Calf"],["Baby dolphin","Calf"],["Baby fish","Fry"],["Baby insect (like a butterfly) after the egg","Larva"],["Baby butterfly stage","Caterpillar"],["Baby bat","Pup"],["Baby turtle","Hatchling"],["Baby crocodile","Hatchling"],["Baby penguin","Chick"],["Baby hippo","Calf"],["Baby spider","Spiderling"],["Baby pigeon","Squab"],["Male chicken","Rooster"],["Female chicken","Hen"],["Male cow","Bull"],["Female cow","Cow"],["Male horse","Stallion"],["Female horse","Mare"],["Male sheep","Ram"],["Female sheep","Ewe"],["Male pig","Boar"],["Female pig","Sow"],["Male duck","Drake"],["Female duck","Duck"],["Male goose","Gander"],["Male deer","Buck or stag"],["Female deer","Doe"],["Female lion","Lioness"],["Male peafowl","Peacock"],["Female peafowl","Peahen"],["Male goat","Billy or buck"],["Female goat","Nanny or doe"],["Male fox","Dog or tod"],["Female fox","Vixen"],["Male swan","Cob"],["Female swan","Pen"],["Male turkey","Tom"],["Where does a bird live?","In a nest"],["Where does a bee live?","In a hive"],["Where does an ant live?","In an anthill or colony"],["Where does a spider live?","On a web"],["Where does a bear sleep in winter?","In a den"],["Where does a beaver live?","In a lodge"],["Where does a fox live?","In a den or burrow"],["Where does a rabbit live?","In a burrow or warren"],["Where does a horse live?","In a stable"],["Where does a cow live?","In a barn or pasture"],["Where does a pig live?","In a pen or sty"],["Where does a chicken live?","In a coop"],["Where does a dog live?","In a house or kennel"],["Where does a fish live?","In water"],["Where does an eagle live?","In an eyrie, a high nest"],["Where does a squirrel live?","In a tree nest called a drey"],["Where does a mole live?","Underground in tunnels"],["Where does a wasp live?","In a paper nest"],["Where does a polar bear live?","In the Arctic"],["Where does a penguin live?","Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, many in Antarctica"],["Where does a camel live?","In deserts"],["Where does a monkey live?","In forests and jungles"],["Where does an octopus live?","In the sea, often in a den among rocks"],["Where does a whale live?","In the ocean"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-birds","id":"animal-birds","title":"Birds of the World","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Well-known birds and what makes them special.","tags":["birds","animals"],"frontLabel":"Bird","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Bald eagle","The national bird of the United States; has a white head as an adult"],["Peregrine falcon","The fastest bird in a dive"],["Ostrich","The largest bird; cannot fly but runs fast"],["Emperor penguin","The largest penguin; lives in Antarctica"],["Bee hummingbird","The smallest bird, from Cuba"],["Hummingbird","Can hover and fly backward; drinks nectar"],["Albatross","A seabird with one of the longest wingspans"],["Owl","A night hunter with silent flight and big eyes"],["Barn owl","A pale owl with a heart-shaped face"],["Great horned owl","An owl with tufts that look like horns"],["Snowy owl","A white Arctic owl"],["Robin","A songbird with an orange-red breast"],["Blue jay","A loud blue crested bird"],["Cardinal","A bright red songbird; males are red"],["Crow","A very smart black bird"],["Raven","A large black bird, bigger than a crow"],["Magpie","A black and white bird of the crow family"],["Sparrow","A small brown songbird"],["Finch","A small seed-eating songbird"],["Chickadee","A tiny gray-and-black bird with a call that says its name"],["Woodpecker","Pecks at trees for insects"],["Toucan","A tropical bird with a huge colorful beak"],["Parrot","A colorful bird that can copy sounds"],["Macaw","A large colorful parrot"],["Flamingo","A pink wading bird that often stands on one leg"],["Heron","A tall wading bird that hunts fish"],["Crane","A tall bird known for dancing displays"],["Stork","A long-legged wading bird"],["Pelican","A seabird with a large throat pouch"],["Seagull","A common bird at the shore"],["Puffin","A seabird with a colorful beak, called the clown of the sea"],["Cormorant","A diving bird that dries its wings in the sun"],["Swan","A graceful long-necked water bird"],["Goose","A large water bird that flies in V formation"],["Mallard","The most common wild duck; males have green heads"],["Wood duck","A colorful duck that nests in trees"],["Loon","A diving water bird with a haunting call"],["Kiwi","A flightless bird from New Zealand"],["Emu","A large flightless bird from Australia"],["Cassowary","A large flightless bird with a bony crest, from Australia and New Guinea"],["Rhea","A large flightless bird from South America"],["Peacock","A male peafowl with a fan of colorful tail feathers"],["Turkey","A large ground bird; wild turkeys live in North America"],["Chicken","A farm bird kept for eggs and meat"],["Pigeon","A city bird that can find its way home"],["Dove","A gentle bird related to pigeons"],["Mockingbird","A songbird that mimics other sounds"],["Meadowlark","A grassland bird with a yellow chest"],["Kingfisher","A bird that dives to catch fish"],["Hawk","A hunting bird with sharp talons"],["Red-tailed hawk","A common hawk with a reddish tail"],["Osprey","A hawk-like bird that dives for fish"],["Vulture","A scavenger that eats dead animals"],["California condor","A giant vulture that was brought back from near extinction"],["Secretary bird","An African bird that stomps on snakes"],["Roadrunner","A fast-running bird of the American Southwest"],["Cuckoo","A bird that lays eggs in other birds' nests"],["Swallow","A fast flyer that catches insects in the air"],["Swift","A bird that eats and sleeps in flight"],["Arctic tern","Migrates from Arctic to Antarctic each year"],["Bar-tailed godwit","A bird that flies nonstop across the Pacific"],["Penguin","A flightless bird that swims using flippers"],["Dodo","An extinct flightless bird from Mauritius"],["Passenger pigeon","A once-numerous North American bird that went extinct in 1914"],["Wren","A small, brown, perky songbird"],["Oriole","A bright orange and black songbird"],["Bluebird","A small blue songbird"],["Goldfinch","A small yellow songbird"],["Starling","A glossy bird that flies in huge flocks"],["Bird feathers","Light, strong coverings that help flight and keep birds warm"],["Beak","A bird's mouth; shape depends on what it eats"],["Talons","Sharp claws of birds of prey"],["Nest","A home where birds lay eggs"],["Incubate","To sit on eggs to keep them warm"],["Fledgling","A young bird learning to fly"],["Molting","Shedding old feathers and growing new ones"],["Preening","A bird cleaning and arranging its feathers"],["Migration","Birds traveling long distances with the seasons"],["Bird of prey","A bird that hunts other animals, like eagles"],["Waterfowl","Ducks, geese and swans"],["Songbird","A bird that sings, such as a robin"],["Flightless bird","A bird that can't fly, such as an ostrich or kiwi"],["Ornithology","The study of birds"],["Birdsong","Sounds birds make to claim territory or attract mates"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-classes-facts","id":"animal-classes-facts","title":"Animal Groups: Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and More","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"What makes each animal group different, and fun animal records.","tags":["animals","vertebrates","invertebrates"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Mammals","Warm-blooded animals with hair or fur that feed their babies milk"],["Birds","Warm-blooded animals with feathers, wings and beaks that lay eggs"],["Reptiles","Cold-blooded animals with dry scaly skin"],["Amphibians","Animals that start life in water and often live on land as adults"],["Fish","Cold-blooded animals with gills and fins that live in water"],["Insects","Animals with six legs and three body parts"],["Arachnids","Animals with eight legs, like spiders"],["Crustaceans","Animals with a hard shell and many legs, like crabs"],["Mollusks","Soft-bodied animals often with shells, like snails"],["Vertebrate","An animal with a backbone"],["Invertebrate","An animal without a backbone"],["Warm-blooded","Keeps a steady body temperature"],["Cold-blooded","Body temperature changes with the surroundings"],["Is a bat a bird or a mammal?","A mammal"],["Is a whale a fish or a mammal?","A mammal"],["Is a dolphin a fish or a mammal?","A mammal"],["Is a penguin a bird?","Yes, a flightless bird"],["Is a frog a reptile or an amphibian?","An amphibian"],["Is a snake a reptile or an amphibian?","A reptile"],["Is a spider an insect?","No; it's an arachnid with eight legs"],["Is a shark a mammal or a fish?","A fish"],["Is a platypus a mammal that lays eggs?","Yes"],["Which mammals lay eggs?","Monotremes: the platypus and echidnas"],["Which mammals have pouches?","Marsupials, like kangaroos and koalas"],["Largest animal on Earth","The blue whale"],["Largest land animal","The African elephant"],["Tallest animal","The giraffe"],["Fastest land animal","The cheetah"],["Fastest bird in a dive","The peregrine falcon"],["Largest bird alive","The ostrich"],["Smallest bird","The bee hummingbird"],["Largest reptile","The saltwater crocodile"],["Largest fish","The whale shark"],["Largest living cat","The tiger"],["Largest land carnivore","The polar bear"],["Slowest mammal","The sloth"],["Longest living land animal","The Galapagos giant tortoise, over 100 years"],["Largest rodent","The capybara"],["Largest primate","The gorilla"],["Only mammal that can truly fly","The bat"],["Which animal has the largest eyes?","The giant squid"],["How many legs does an insect have?","Six"],["How many legs does a spider have?","Eight"],["How many legs does a crab have?","Ten"],["How many arms does an octopus have?","Eight"],["Insect body parts","Head, thorax and abdomen"],["Metamorphosis","A big change in body form as an animal grows"],["Complete metamorphosis","Egg, larva, pupa, adult"],["Incomplete metamorphosis","Egg, nymph, adult"],["Butterfly life cycle","Egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, butterfly"],["Frog life cycle","Egg, tadpole, froglet, adult frog"],["Exoskeleton","A hard outer covering that supports and protects the body"],["Molting","Shedding an old outer layer"],["Herd animals","Cattle, zebras and elephants live in herds"],["Pack animals","Wolves and wild dogs hunt in packs"],["Predator","An animal that hunts others"],["Prey","An animal that is hunted"],["Scavenger","Eats dead animals it did not kill, like vultures"],["Vultures help by","Cleaning up dead animals"],["Marine mammal","A mammal that lives in the sea, like seals and whales"],["Endangered animal","A species in danger of dying out"],["Extinct animal","A species that has died out"],["Dodo","A flightless bird from Mauritius that went extinct in the 1600s"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-groups-collective","id":"animal-groups-collective","title":"Animal Group Names","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"What we call a group of each kind of animal.","tags":["animals","collective nouns"],"frontLabel":"Animals","backLabel":"Group name","cards":[["Lions","A pride"],["Wolves","A pack"],["Fish","A school (or shoal)"],["Whales","A pod"],["Dolphins","A pod"],["Geese on the ground","A gaggle"],["Geese in the air","A skein"],["Crows","A murder"],["Owls","A parliament"],["Ducks on water","A paddling"],["Bees","A swarm or colony"],["Ants","A colony"],["Cattle","A herd"],["Sheep","A flock"],["Birds","A flock"],["Elephants","A herd"],["Giraffes","A tower"],["Zebras","A dazzle"],["Hippos","A bloat"],["Rhinos","A crash"],["Apes","A shrewdness"],["Monkeys","A troop"],["Gorillas","A band or troop"],["Kangaroos","A mob"],["Bears","A sleuth or sloth"],["Foxes","A skulk"],["Hyenas","A cackle"],["Cats","A clowder"],["Kittens","A kindle or litter"],["Puppies","A litter"],["Horses","A herd"],["Pigs","A drove or herd"],["Goats","A herd or tribe"],["Deer","A herd"],["Buffalo","A herd"],["Camels","A caravan"],["Penguins on land","A colony or waddle"],["Flamingos","A flamboyance"],["Peacocks","An ostentation"],["Parrots","A pandemonium"],["Ravens","An unkindness"],["Eagles","A convocation"],["Hawks","A kettle (when circling)"],["Starlings","A murmuration"],["Swans","A bevy or wedge"],["Turkeys","A rafter or flock"],["Chickens","A flock or brood"],["Frogs","An army"],["Toads","A knot"],["Snakes","A nest or knot"],["Turtles","A bale"],["Crocodiles","A float or bask"],["Sharks","A shiver"],["Jellyfish","A smack or bloom"],["Seals","A colony or pod"],["Otters on water","A raft"],["Beavers","A colony"],["Squirrels","A scurry"],["Rabbits","A colony or warren"],["Mice","A mischief"],["Rats","A mischief"],["Porcupines","A prickle"],["Moles","A labour"],["Butterflies","A kaleidoscope"],["Caterpillars","An army"],["Locusts","A plague or swarm"],["Fireflies","A glow"],["Jays","A party"],["Finches","A charm"],["Larks","An exaltation"],["Cranes","A sedge"],["Lemurs","A conspiracy"],["Leopards","A leap"],["Tigers","A streak or ambush"],["Cheetahs","A coalition"],["Crabs","A cast"],["Oysters","A bed"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-insects-bugs","id":"animal-insects-bugs","title":"Insects, Spiders and Bugs","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Common insects and other creepy-crawlies and what they do.","tags":["insects","bugs","arthropods"],"frontLabel":"Bug / term","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Insect","An animal with six legs and three body parts"],["Arthropod","An animal with jointed legs and an exoskeleton"],["Ant","A social insect that lives in colonies with a queen"],["Honeybee","An insect that makes honey and pollinates flowers"],["Bumblebee","A fuzzy, large bee"],["Wasp","A stinging insect, many build paper nests"],["Hornet","A large wasp"],["Butterfly","An insect with colorful wings that drinks nectar"],["Moth","A mostly nocturnal relative of butterflies"],["Monarch butterfly","An orange and black butterfly that migrates"],["Caterpillar","The larva of a butterfly or moth"],["Chrysalis","The hard case a butterfly pupa lives in"],["Cocoon","A silk case made by many moth larvae"],["Ladybug","A small red beetle with spots that eats aphids"],["Beetle","An insect with hard front wings; the largest group of animals"],["Firefly (lightning bug)","A beetle that glows to find mates"],["Dragonfly","A fast insect with two pairs of wings that eats mosquitoes"],["Damselfly","A slimmer relative of the dragonfly"],["Grasshopper","An insect with strong back legs for jumping"],["Cricket","An insect that chirps by rubbing its wings together"],["Katydid","A green insect like a grasshopper that sings at night"],["Praying mantis","An insect that catches prey with spiny front legs"],["Stick insect","An insect that looks like a twig"],["Cicada","An insect that spends years underground and then sings loudly"],["Aphid","A tiny plant-sucking insect"],["Mosquito","A small flying insect; females drink blood"],["Housefly","A common fly that tastes with its feet"],["Flea","A tiny jumping insect that lives on animals"],["Termite","An insect that eats wood and builds big mounds"],["Cockroach","A hardy insect found all over the world"],["Earwig","An insect with pincers at the tail"],["Mayfly","An insect whose adult stage lasts only a day or so"],["Water strider","A bug that walks on water"],["Dung beetle","A beetle that rolls dung into balls"],["Rhinoceros beetle","A strong beetle with a horn"],["Goliath beetle","One of the heaviest insects"],["Silkworm","A caterpillar that spins silk, used to make cloth"],["Spider","An arachnid with eight legs that makes silk"],["Tarantula","A large hairy spider"],["Black widow","A venomous spider with a red hourglass mark"],["Orb weaver","A spider that makes round webs"],["Jumping spider","A small spider with great eyesight"],["Scorpion","An arachnid with pincers and a stinging tail"],["Tick","A small blood-sucking arachnid"],["Mite","A tiny arachnid"],["Millipede","A many-legged arthropod that eats decaying matter"],["Centipede","An arthropod with one pair of legs per body segment"],["Pill bug (roly-poly)","A crustacean that curls into a ball"],["Snail","A mollusk with a spiral shell, not an insect"],["Slug","A snail without a shell, not an insect"],["Earthworm","A segmented worm that loosens soil"],["Antennae","Feelers on an insect's head for smelling and touching"],["Compound eye","An eye made of many tiny lenses"],["Thorax","The middle body part where wings and legs attach"],["Abdomen","The rear body part of an insect"],["Exoskeleton","A hard outer skeleton"],["Metamorphosis","Big change in body form during growth"],["Complete metamorphosis","Egg, larva, pupa, adult"],["Incomplete metamorphosis","Egg, nymph, adult"],["Larva","A young insect that looks different from the adult"],["Pupa","A resting stage between larva and adult"],["Nymph","A young insect that looks like a small adult"],["Pollinator","An animal that carries pollen between flowers"],["Colony","A group of social insects living together"],["Queen bee","The egg-laying bee in a hive"],["Worker bee","A female bee that collects food and builds the hive"],["Drone","A male bee"],["Hive","A bee home"],["Honeycomb","Wax cells where bees store honey and raise young"],["Waggle dance","How honeybees tell others where flowers are"],["Anthill","A mound of earth built by ants"],["Camouflage in insects","Walking sticks and leaf insects blend in"],["Entomologist","A scientist who studies insects"],["Insect with the most species","Beetles"],["Do spiders count as insects?","No; they have eight legs and two body parts"],["Silk","Strong thread made by spiders and silkworms"],["Web","A trap made of spider silk"],["Insect wings","Most adult insects have four wings; flies have two"],["Pheromone","A chemical signal used by insects"],["Beneficial insects","Insects that help people, like bees and ladybugs"],["Pest","An insect that harms crops or spreads disease"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-reptiles-amphibians","id":"animal-reptiles-amphibians","title":"Reptiles and Amphibians","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Snakes, lizards, turtles, frogs and salamanders.","tags":["reptiles","amphibians","animals"],"frontLabel":"Animal / term","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Reptile","A cold-blooded animal with dry scaly skin that usually lays eggs"],["Amphibian","A cold-blooded animal with moist skin that starts life in water"],["Snake","A legless reptile that swallows prey whole"],["Lizard","A reptile with legs and a long tail, usually"],["Turtle","A reptile with a shell that can often live in water"],["Tortoise","A land turtle with stumpy legs and a domed shell"],["Crocodile","A large reptile with a pointed snout"],["Alligator","A large reptile with a rounded snout"],["Gecko","A lizard that can climb walls with sticky toes"],["Chameleon","A lizard that changes color and has a long sticky tongue"],["Iguana","A large plant-eating lizard"],["Komodo dragon","The largest living lizard"],["Gila monster","A venomous lizard of the American Southwest"],["Horned lizard","A spiky lizard that can squirt blood from its eyes to scare predators"],["Anole","A small lizard that can puff out a throat fan"],["Skink","A shiny smooth-scaled lizard"],["Python","A large snake that squeezes prey"],["Boa constrictor","A snake that squeezes its prey"],["Anaconda","One of the heaviest snakes, living in South America"],["King cobra","The longest venomous snake"],["Rattlesnake","A venomous snake with a rattle on its tail"],["Garter snake","A harmless, common snake with stripes"],["Coral snake","A venomous snake with red, yellow and black bands"],["Sea turtle","A turtle adapted to the ocean"],["Snapping turtle","A freshwater turtle with a strong bite"],["Leatherback turtle","The largest sea turtle"],["Galapagos tortoise","The largest living tortoise"],["Tuatara","A lizard-like reptile from New Zealand"],["Frog","An amphibian with smooth skin and long legs for jumping"],["Toad","An amphibian with dry, bumpy skin"],["Tree frog","A small frog with sticky toe pads"],["Poison dart frog","A tiny brightly colored frog with toxic skin"],["Bullfrog","A large frog with a deep call"],["Salamander","An amphibian with a long tail and four legs"],["Newt","A kind of salamander that spends time in water"],["Axolotl","A salamander that keeps its gills and can regrow limbs"],["Hellbender","A giant salamander of North American streams"],["Caecilian","A legless amphibian that looks like a worm"],["Tadpole","A baby frog or toad that lives in water"],["Metamorphosis in frogs","Tadpole grows legs, loses its tail and gills, and breathes air"],["Frog life cycle","Egg, tadpole, froglet, adult"],["Reptile eggs","Leathery shells laid on land"],["Amphibian eggs","Jelly-like eggs laid in water"],["Cold-blooded","Body temperature depends on the surroundings"],["Basking","Sitting in the sun to warm up"],["Shedding skin","Snakes and lizards shed their outer skin as they grow"],["Scutes","The bony plates on a turtle's shell"],["Carapace","The top part of a turtle's shell"],["Plastron","The bottom part of a turtle's shell"],["Forked tongue","Helps snakes smell their surroundings"],["Jacobson's organ","A smell organ on the roof of a snake's mouth"],["Venom","Poison injected by a bite or sting"],["Constrictor","A snake that squeezes prey"],["Brumation","A reptile's winter slowdown, like hibernation"],["Camouflage in reptiles","Chameleons and geckos can blend into their surroundings"],["Tail dropping","Some lizards drop their tails to escape and regrow them"],["Frog call","Males call to attract mates"],["Do frogs drink with their mouths?","They absorb water through their skin"],["Herpetologist","A scientist who studies reptiles and amphibians"],["Dinosaur relatives alive today","Crocodiles, as well as birds, are dinosaur relatives"],["Largest living reptile","Saltwater crocodile"],["Smallest chameleons","Brookesia micra, only about an inch long"],["Why do amphibians need clean water?","Their thin skin absorbs substances easily"],["Why are frogs a warning sign for the environment?","They react quickly to pollution and habitat change"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-body-systems","id":"bio-body-systems","title":"Human Body Systems","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The organ systems of the human body and their jobs.","tags":["body systems","anatomy"],"frontLabel":"System","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["Circulatory system","Moves blood, oxygen and nutrients around the body"],["Respiratory system","Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide"],["Digestive system","Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients"],["Nervous system","Sends signals between the brain and body"],["Skeletal system","Supports the body, protects organs and makes blood cells"],["Muscular system","Moves the body and keeps the heart beating"],["Excretory (urinary) system","Removes liquid waste and balances water"],["Endocrine system","Uses hormones to control growth and body activities"],["Immune system","Defends the body against germs"],["Lymphatic system","Drains fluid and helps fight infection"],["Integumentary system","Skin, hair and nails; protects the body"],["Reproductive system","Makes new life"],["Main organs of the circulatory system","Heart, blood vessels and blood"],["Main organs of the respiratory system","Nose, trachea, bronchi and lungs"],["Main organs of the digestive system","Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas"],["Main organs of the nervous system","Brain, spinal cord and nerves"],["Main organs of the excretory system","Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra"],["Heart","Muscle that pumps blood"],["Lungs","Organs where oxygen enters the blood"],["Brain","Control center of the body"],["Stomach","Churns food with acid and enzymes"],["Small intestine","Absorbs most nutrients from food"],["Large intestine","Absorbs water and forms waste"],["Liver","Cleans blood and makes bile"],["Pancreas","Makes insulin and digestive enzymes"],["Kidneys","Filter blood and make urine"],["Skin","The body's largest organ"],["Esophagus","Tube that carries food from mouth to stomach"],["Trachea","Windpipe that carries air to the lungs"],["Diaphragm","Muscle below the lungs that helps you breathe"],["Alveoli","Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gases are exchanged"],["Artery","Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart"],["Vein","Blood vessel that carries blood to the heart"],["Capillary","Tiny blood vessel where materials pass into and out of the blood"],["Red blood cells","Carry oxygen"],["White blood cells","Fight germs"],["Platelets","Help blood clot"],["Plasma","The liquid part of blood"],["Hemoglobin","Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen"],["Neuron","Nerve cell"],["Spinal cord","Bundle of nerves in the backbone that links brain and body"],["Reflex","A fast automatic response"],["Hormone","A chemical messenger made by glands"],["Thyroid","Gland in the neck that controls metabolism"],["Pituitary gland","Small master gland at the base of the brain"],["Adrenal glands","Make adrenaline for the fight-or-flight response"],["Saliva","Starts breaking down food in the mouth"],["Bile","Fluid from the liver that helps digest fats"],["Peristalsis","Wave-like muscle squeezes that push food along"],["Antibody","A protein that fights a particular germ"],["Vaccine","Trains the immune system to recognize a germ"],["Epidermis","The outer layer of skin"],["Dermis","The thicker layer of skin below the epidermis"],["Melanin","Pigment that gives skin color and protects from the Sun"],["Pulse","The beat felt as the heart pushes blood through arteries"],["Blood pressure","The force of blood against vessel walls"],["Homeostasis","The body keeping conditions steady inside"],["Metabolism","All the chemical reactions that keep an organism alive"],["Which system includes the stomach?","Digestive"],["Which system includes the bones?","Skeletal"],["Which system includes the heart?","Circulatory"],["Which system includes the lungs?","Respiratory"],["Which system includes the brain?","Nervous"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-bones","id":"bio-bones","title":"Bones of the Body","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Names and locations of major human bones.","tags":["bones","skeleton","anatomy"],"frontLabel":"Bone","backLabel":"Where / what","cards":[["Cranium","The skull bones that protect the brain"],["Mandible","The jawbone; the only movable bone of the skull"],["Maxilla","The upper jaw"],["Clavicle","The collarbone"],["Scapula","The shoulder blade"],["Sternum","The breastbone in the middle of the chest"],["Ribs","Curved bones that protect the heart and lungs"],["Vertebrae","The bones of the backbone"],["Spine (vertebral column)","Supports the body and protects the spinal cord"],["Humerus","The upper arm bone"],["Radius","Forearm bone on the thumb side"],["Ulna","Forearm bone on the pinky side"],["Carpals","The wrist bones"],["Metacarpals","The bones of the palm of the hand"],["Phalanges","The bones of the fingers and toes"],["Pelvis","The hip bones that support the upper body"],["Femur","The thigh bone; the longest and strongest bone"],["Patella","The kneecap"],["Tibia","The shinbone, the larger lower leg bone"],["Fibula","The thinner lower leg bone"],["Tarsals","The ankle bones"],["Metatarsals","The bones of the middle of the foot"],["Calcaneus","The heel bone"],["Coccyx","The tailbone"],["Sacrum","Triangle-shaped bone at the base of the spine"],["Stapes","Smallest bone in the body, in the ear"],["Malleus","The hammer bone in the ear"],["Incus","The anvil bone in the ear"],["How many bones does an adult have?","206"],["How many bones does a baby have, about?","Around 300, some of which fuse"],["Cervical vertebrae","The 7 neck bones"],["Thoracic vertebrae","The 12 vertebrae in the upper and middle back"],["Lumbar vertebrae","The 5 vertebrae of the lower back"],["How many pairs of ribs do people have?","12 pairs"],["Joint","Where two bones meet"],["Ligament","Tough tissue that connects bone to bone"],["Tendon","Tough tissue that connects muscle to bone"],["Cartilage","Flexible tissue that cushions joints and shapes ears and nose"],["Marrow","Soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells"],["Ball-and-socket joint","A joint that moves in all directions, like the shoulder and hip"],["Hinge joint","A joint that moves back and forth, like the knee and elbow"],["Pivot joint","A joint that rotates, like the neck"],["Gliding joint","A joint where bones slide past each other, as in the wrist"],["Fixed (immovable) joint","A joint that does not move, as in the skull"],["Calcium","The mineral that makes bones hard"],["Osteoporosis","A condition in which bones become weak and thin"],["Fracture","A break in a bone"],["Hyoid","A small U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue"],["Zygomatic bone","The cheekbone"],["Occipital bone","The bone at the back and base of the skull"],["Frontal bone","The forehead bone"],["Sutures","The joints between skull bones"],["Axial skeleton","Skull, spine and rib cage"],["Appendicular skeleton","The limbs and the bones that attach them"],["Periosteum","The tough covering on the outside of a bone"],["Compact bone","The hard, dense outer layer of bone"],["Spongy bone","Lighter bone with small holes inside"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-cell-parts","id":"bio-cell-parts","title":"Parts of a Cell","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The organelles of cells and what each one does.","tags":["cells","organelles"],"frontLabel":"Part","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["Cell","The basic unit of all living things"],["Nucleus","Holds the DNA and controls the cell's activities"],["Nucleolus","Inside the nucleus; makes parts of ribosomes"],["Nuclear envelope","Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus"],["Cell membrane","Thin outer layer that controls what enters and leaves"],["Cell wall","Rigid outer layer that supports plant, fungus and bacteria cells"],["Cytoplasm","Jelly-like fluid that fills the cell"],["Cytosol","The liquid part of the cytoplasm"],["Mitochondrion","Releases energy from food","The powerhouse of the cell"],["Chloroplast","Where plants make food by photosynthesis"],["Ribosome","Builds proteins"],["Rough endoplasmic reticulum","Folded membranes covered in ribosomes; makes proteins"],["Smooth endoplasmic reticulum","Makes lipids and helps remove toxins"],["Golgi apparatus","Packages and ships proteins and lipids","Like the post office"],["Vacuole","Storage sac for water, food and waste"],["Central vacuole","Large water-filled sac in plant cells that gives support"],["Lysosome","Contains enzymes that break down waste and old parts"],["Vesicle","Small sac that moves materials inside the cell"],["Cytoskeleton","Network of fibers that gives shape and helps movement"],["Centriole","Helps organize cell division in animal cells"],["Flagellum","Whip-like tail that helps a cell swim"],["Cilia","Short hair-like structures that move fluid or the cell"],["Pseudopod","A temporary arm-like extension, as in amoeba"],["Plasmid","A small ring of DNA in bacteria"],["Chromosome","A coiled package of DNA"],["Chromatin","DNA and proteins in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing"],["Peroxisome","Breaks down fats and harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide"],["Thylakoid","Disk-like membranes in chloroplasts where light is captured"],["Stroma","Fluid inside chloroplasts where sugar is built"],["Cristae","Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion"],["Prokaryote","A cell without a nucleus, like bacteria"],["Eukaryote","A cell with a nucleus and organelles"],["Do animal cells have cell walls?","No"],["Do plant cells have chloroplasts?","Yes"],["Do animal cells have chloroplasts?","No"],["Organelle","A tiny structure inside a cell with a specific job"],["Tissue","A group of similar cells working together"],["Organ","A group of tissues working together"],["Organ system","A group of organs working together"],["Organism","A whole living thing"],["Unicellular","Made of just one cell"],["Multicellular","Made of many cells"],["Cell theory: first idea","All living things are made of one or more cells"],["Cell theory: second idea","The cell is the basic unit of life"],["Cell theory: third idea","All cells come from other cells"],["Who first named cells in 1665?","Robert Hooke, looking at cork"],["Who first saw living microbes with a microscope?","Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],["Selectively permeable","Lets some things through the membrane but not others"],["Phospholipid bilayer","The double layer of fat molecules that makes up a membrane"],["Diffusion","Particles moving from crowded to less crowded areas"],["Osmosis","Diffusion of water across a membrane"],["Active transport","Moving materials across a membrane using energy"],["Passive transport","Moving materials across a membrane without energy"],["Endocytosis","The cell takes material in by wrapping the membrane around it"],["Exocytosis","The cell sends material out in vesicles"],["Mitosis","Cell division that makes two identical cells"],["Cytokinesis","The splitting of the cytoplasm at the end of cell division"],["Meiosis","Cell division that makes sex cells with half the chromosomes"],["Cell cycle","The life of a cell from one division to the next"],["Stem cell","A cell that can become many different types of cells"],["Red blood cell","Carries oxygen in blood and has no nucleus"],["White blood cell","Helps the body fight germs"],["Neuron","A nerve cell that carries signals"],["Guard cells","Pairs of plant cells that open and close stomata"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-classification","id":"bio-classification","title":"Classification of Life","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Taxonomy ranks, kingdoms, domains and naming.","tags":["classification","taxonomy"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Taxonomy","The science of naming and classifying living things"],["Who created the system of naming species with two names?","Carl Linnaeus"],["Binomial nomenclature","Naming each species with a two-part Latin name"],["Genus","The first part of a scientific name, capitalized"],["Species","The second part of a scientific name, lowercase; a group that can breed together"],["Scientific name of humans","Homo sapiens"],["Scientific name of the domestic dog","Canis familiaris"],["Scientific name of the house cat","Felis catus"],["Taxonomic ranks from biggest to smallest","Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species"],["Memory trick for ranks","Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup"],["How many domains of life are there?","Three: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya"],["Domain Bacteria","Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, common everywhere"],["Domain Archaea","Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, often in extreme places"],["Domain Eukarya","Organisms whose cells have a nucleus"],["Kingdom Animalia","Multicellular organisms that eat food and can move"],["Kingdom Plantae","Multicellular organisms that make food by photosynthesis"],["Kingdom Fungi","Organisms that absorb food from their surroundings, like mushrooms"],["Kingdom Protista","Mostly single-celled eukaryotes, like amoebas and algae"],["Phylum Chordata","Animals with a backbone or notochord"],["Phylum Arthropoda","Animals with jointed legs and an exoskeleton"],["Phylum Mollusca","Soft-bodied animals, often with shells, like snails and clams"],["Phylum Annelida","Segmented worms like earthworms"],["Phylum Cnidaria","Animals with stinging cells like jellyfish and corals"],["Phylum Echinodermata","Spiny-skinned animals like sea stars"],["Phylum Porifera","Sponges"],["Phylum Platyhelminthes","Flatworms"],["Class Mammalia","Animals with hair that feed milk to their young"],["Class Aves","Birds"],["Class Reptilia","Reptiles"],["Class Amphibia","Amphibians"],["Class Insecta","Insects"],["Class Arachnida","Spiders, scorpions and ticks"],["Vertebrate","An animal with a backbone"],["Invertebrate","An animal without a backbone"],["Dichotomous key","A tool that identifies organisms with a series of two-choice questions"],["Cladogram","A branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships"],["Phylogeny","The evolutionary history of a group of organisms"],["Autotroph","An organism that makes its own food"],["Heterotroph","An organism that gets food from other organisms"],["Prokaryote","A cell with no nucleus"],["Eukaryote","A cell with a nucleus"],["Homologous structures","Body parts with a shared origin but different jobs, like a bat wing and human arm"],["Analogous structures","Parts with similar jobs but different origins, like bird and insect wings"],["Vestigial structure","A body part that has lost most of its original use"],["Species definition","A group that can breed and make fertile offspring"],["Hybrid example: mule","Offspring of a horse and a donkey, usually sterile"],["Warm-blooded (endotherm)","Keeps a steady body temperature using its own heat"],["Cold-blooded (ectotherm)","Body temperature depends on the surroundings"],["Monotreme","An egg-laying mammal, like the platypus"],["Marsupial","A mammal whose young develop mostly in a pouch, like a kangaroo"],["Placental mammal","A mammal whose young develop inside the mother before birth"],["Angiosperm","A flowering plant"],["Mycology","The study of fungi"],["Botany","The study of plants"],["Zoology","The study of animals"],["Microbiology","The study of microscopic organisms"],["Entomology","The study of insects"],["Ornithology","The study of birds"],["Herpetology","The study of reptiles and amphibians"],["Ichthyology","The study of fish"],["Mammalogy","The study of mammals"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-ecology","id":"bio-ecology","title":"Ecology Vocabulary","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Ecosystems, food webs, biomes and populations.","tags":["ecology","ecosystems"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Ecosystem","Living things and their nonliving surroundings interacting"],["Habitat","The place where an organism lives"],["Niche","An organism's role and way of life in its ecosystem"],["Population","All members of one species in an area"],["Community","All the populations living in an area"],["Biosphere","All the parts of Earth where life exists"],["Biome","A large region defined by climate, plants and animals"],["Biotic factor","A living part of an ecosystem"],["Abiotic factor","A nonliving part, like sunlight or water"],["Producer","An organism that makes its own food, like a plant"],["Consumer","An organism that eats other organisms"],["Herbivore","An animal that eats only plants"],["Carnivore","An animal that eats only animals"],["Omnivore","An animal that eats both plants and animals"],["Decomposer","An organism that breaks down dead matter, like fungi"],["Scavenger","An animal that eats dead animals it did not kill"],["Predator","An animal that hunts other animals"],["Prey","An animal that is hunted"],["Food chain","A single path of energy from one organism to the next"],["Food web","Many connected food chains"],["Trophic level","A step in a food chain"],["Energy pyramid","A diagram showing energy decreasing at each level"],["How much energy passes to the next level, roughly?","About 10 percent"],["Primary consumer","An herbivore that eats producers"],["Secondary consumer","An animal that eats primary consumers"],["Apex predator","A predator at the top of the food chain"],["Symbiosis","A close relationship between two species"],["Mutualism","Both species benefit"],["Commensalism","One species benefits and the other is not affected"],["Parasitism","One species benefits and the other is harmed"],["Competition","Organisms using the same limited resources"],["Carrying capacity","The most individuals an environment can support"],["Limiting factor","Something that keeps a population from growing, like food"],["Succession","The slow change in an ecosystem's community over time"],["Primary succession","Life starting in a place with no soil, like new rock"],["Secondary succession","Regrowth after a disturbance where soil remains"],["Pioneer species","The first species to move into a new area"],["Keystone species","A species that has a big effect on its ecosystem"],["Invasive species","A non-native species that spreads and harms an ecosystem"],["Native species","A species that naturally lives in an area"],["Endangered species","A species at risk of dying out"],["Extinct","No members of the species are left alive"],["Biodiversity","The variety of life in an area"],["Tundra","Cold, treeless biome with frozen ground"],["Taiga (boreal forest)","Cold forest biome with evergreen trees"],["Temperate forest","Forest with four seasons and deciduous trees"],["Tropical rainforest","Warm, wet forest with the most species"],["Grassland","Biome of grasses with few trees"],["Savanna","Tropical grassland with scattered trees"],["Desert","Biome that gets very little rain"],["Wetland","Land covered with water for much of the year, like a marsh"],["Estuary","Where a river meets the sea and fresh and salt water mix"],["Coral reef","An underwater ecosystem built by coral animals"],["Nitrogen cycle","How nitrogen moves between air, soil and living things"],["Carbon cycle","How carbon moves between air, living things and Earth"],["Water cycle","How water moves between Earth's surface and the air"],["Nitrogen fixation","Bacteria turning nitrogen gas into a form plants can use"],["Hibernation","A long winter sleep to save energy"],["Migration","Moving from one region to another with the seasons"],["Camouflage","Coloring that helps an organism blend into its surroundings"],["Mimicry","When one species looks like another"],["Estivation","A summer sleep to survive heat or drought"],["Overpopulation","When there are too many individuals for the resources"],["Ecological footprint","The amount of nature a person or group uses"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-genetics-terms","id":"bio-genetics-terms","title":"Genetics Vocabulary","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Key terms for heredity, DNA and inheritance.","tags":["genetics","DNA"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Heredity","Passing of traits from parents to offspring"],["Gene","A section of DNA that codes for a trait or protein"],["DNA","The molecule that carries genetic instructions","Deoxyribonucleic acid"],["RNA","A molecule that helps carry out DNA's instructions"],["Chromosome","A packaged strand of DNA"],["How many chromosomes do humans have in body cells?","46 (23 pairs)"],["Allele","A version of a gene"],["Dominant allele","One that shows up when present"],["Recessive allele","One that shows only when two copies are present"],["Genotype","The set of alleles an organism has"],["Phenotype","The visible traits of an organism"],["Homozygous","Having two of the same allele"],["Heterozygous","Having two different alleles"],["Punnett square","A grid used to predict the results of a genetic cross"],["Trait","A characteristic passed from parent to child"],["Mutation","A change in DNA"],["Genome","All the DNA of an organism"],["Base pairs in DNA","A with T, and C with G"],["Adenine pairs with","Thymine in DNA"],["Cytosine pairs with","Guanine"],["In RNA, thymine is replaced by","Uracil"],["Nucleotide","A building block of DNA: sugar, phosphate and base"],["Double helix","The twisted-ladder shape of DNA"],["Who described the double helix in 1953?","James Watson and Francis Crick, using work by Rosalind Franklin"],["Who is the father of genetics?","Gregor Mendel"],["What did Mendel study?","Pea plants"],["Replication","Making a copy of DNA"],["Transcription","Copying DNA into messenger RNA"],["Translation","Reading mRNA to build a protein"],["Codon","Three bases in mRNA that code for one amino acid"],["Amino acid","A building block of protein"],["mRNA","Messenger RNA: carries a gene's message to the ribosome"],["tRNA","Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome"],["Sex chromosomes","X and Y; they help determine sex"],["Autosome","A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome"],["Karyotype","A picture of all of an organism's chromosomes"],["Gamete","A sex cell: sperm or egg"],["Zygote","A fertilized egg cell"],["Diploid","Having two sets of chromosomes"],["Haploid","Having one set of chromosomes"],["Incomplete dominance","A blend of two alleles, like pink from red and white"],["Codominance","Both alleles show up fully"],["Polygenic trait","A trait controlled by many genes, like height"],["Sex-linked trait","A trait whose gene is on a sex chromosome"],["Carrier","A person who has one copy of a recessive allele but no symptoms"],["Pedigree","A chart showing how a trait passes through a family"],["Hybrid","Offspring of two different parent types"],["Purebred","An organism with identical alleles for a trait"],["Selective breeding","Choosing parents with wanted traits to breed"],["Genetic engineering","Changing an organism's DNA on purpose"],["Clone","An organism genetically identical to its parent"],["Biotechnology","Using living things to make products or solve problems"],["CRISPR","A tool for editing genes"],["PCR","A method that copies tiny amounts of DNA many times"],["Gel electrophoresis","A method that separates DNA pieces by size"],["Human Genome Project","An effort that mapped human DNA, completed in 2003"],["Law of segregation","Alleles separate when sex cells form"],["Law of independent assortment","Genes for different traits are passed on separately"],["Evolution by natural selection","Traits that help survival become more common over time"],["Adaptation","A trait that helps an organism survive"],["Variation","Differences among individuals of a species"],["Epigenetics","Changes in how genes are used without changing the DNA code"],["Locus","The position of a gene on a chromosome"],["Down syndrome","A condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-life-processes-evolution","id":"bio-life-processes-evolution","title":"Life Processes and Evolution","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Photosynthesis, respiration, the traits of life and natural selection.","tags":["photosynthesis","respiration","evolution"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Characteristics of living things","They grow, reproduce, use energy, respond to surroundings and are made of cells"],["Photosynthesis","Making sugar from light, water and carbon dioxide"],["Photosynthesis equation (words)","Carbon dioxide + water + light gives glucose + oxygen"],["Photosynthesis equation (formula)","6CO2 + 6H2O gives C6H12O6 + 6O2"],["Where does photosynthesis happen?","In chloroplasts"],["Light-dependent reactions","Capture light energy; happen in the thylakoids"],["Calvin cycle","Uses energy to build sugar from carbon dioxide; happens in the stroma"],["Cellular respiration","Breaking down glucose to release energy"],["Cellular respiration equation (words)","Glucose + oxygen gives carbon dioxide + water + energy"],["Where does cellular respiration happen?","Mostly in mitochondria"],["Glycolysis","The first step of respiration, splitting glucose in the cytoplasm"],["Aerobic respiration","Respiration that uses oxygen"],["Anaerobic respiration","Releasing energy without oxygen"],["Fermentation","Anaerobic energy release that makes lactic acid or alcohol"],["ATP","The energy currency molecule of cells"],["Autotroph","Makes its own food"],["Heterotroph","Gets food from other organisms"],["Producer","An autotroph at the base of a food chain"],["Digestion","Breaking food into small pieces the body can absorb"],["Excretion","Removing wastes from the body"],["Respiration vs breathing","Breathing moves air; respiration releases energy in cells"],["Homeostasis","Keeping a stable internal environment"],["Metabolism","All chemical reactions in an organism"],["Reproduction","Making new organisms"],["Asexual reproduction","One parent makes identical offspring"],["Sexual reproduction","Two parents' cells combine to make varied offspring"],["Budding","A new organism grows out of the parent, as in yeast and hydra"],["Binary fission","A cell splits in two, as in bacteria"],["Regeneration","Regrowing lost parts, as a starfish does"],["Stimulus","Something that causes a reaction"],["Response","A reaction to a stimulus"],["Growth","Increase in size and cell number"],["Development","Changes an organism goes through in its life"],["Evolution","Change in the traits of a population over generations"],["Natural selection","Organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce more"],["Who wrote On the Origin of Species in 1859?","Charles Darwin"],["Where did Darwin study finches?","The Galapagos Islands"],["Survival of the fittest","Those best suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring"],["Variation","Differences among individuals"],["Inheritance","Passing traits to offspring"],["Adaptation","A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce"],["Selective breeding","People choosing which animals or plants to breed"],["Artificial selection","Another name for selective breeding"],["Fossil record","Fossils showing how life has changed over time"],["Common ancestor","A shared ancestor of different species"],["Homologous structures","Parts of different species with similar bones, like a human arm and a whale flipper"],["Vestigial structure","A body part that has lost most of its function"],["Speciation","Formation of a new species"],["Extinction","Death of an entire species"],["Mass extinction","Many species die out in a short geologic time"],["Peppered moth","An example of natural selection in changing environments"],["Antibiotic resistance","Bacteria evolving to survive antibiotics"],["Gene pool","All the alleles in a population"],["Mutation","A change in DNA that may create new traits"],["Genetic drift","Chance changes in allele frequency, especially in small populations"],["Geologic time scale","A calendar of Earth's history in eras and periods"],["Age of Earth","About 4.5 billion years"],["Oldest known fossils of life, about","3.5 billion years old"],["Cambrian explosion","About 540 million years ago, when many animal groups appeared"],["Human origin region","Africa"],["Homo sapiens","The species of modern humans"],["Lucy","A famous Australopithecus fossil found in Ethiopia in 1974"],["Hominin","A human or humanlike relative"],["Transitional fossil","A fossil showing features of two groups"],["Archaeopteryx","A fossil with features of dinosaurs and birds"],["Tiktaalik","A fossil fish with limb-like fins, about 375 million years old"],["Evolution of whales","Whales came from land mammals with legs"],["Coevolution","Two species evolving in response to each other"],["Convergent evolution","Unrelated species evolve similar traits, as in sharks and dolphins"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-microbes","id":"bio-microbes","title":"Microbes and Germs","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists and how the body fights germs.","tags":["microbes","bacteria","viruses"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Microorganism","A living thing too small to see without a microscope"],["Bacteria","Single-celled organisms with no nucleus; some are helpful, some cause disease"],["Virus","A tiny particle that needs a host cell to reproduce"],["Is a virus alive?","Scientists usually say no; it cannot reproduce on its own"],["Fungus","An organism that absorbs nutrients, like mold or yeast"],["Yeast","A single-celled fungus used in baking"],["Mold","A fuzzy fungus that grows on food and damp places"],["Mushroom","The fruiting body of some fungi"],["Protist","A mostly single-celled eukaryote, like an amoeba"],["Amoeba","A protist that moves with pseudopods"],["Paramecium","A slipper-shaped protist covered in cilia"],["Euglena","A protist that can make food and swim with a flagellum"],["Algae","Simple organisms that make food from sunlight, found in water"],["Plankton","Tiny organisms that drift in water"],["Phytoplankton","Plant-like plankton that make food from sunlight"],["Zooplankton","Animal-like plankton"],["Pathogen","A germ that causes disease"],["Infection","When germs enter the body and multiply"],["Antibiotic","Medicine that kills bacteria"],["Do antibiotics work on viruses?","No"],["Vaccine","Prepares the body to fight a specific germ"],["Antibody","A protein the body makes to attack a germ"],["Immunity","The body's ability to resist a disease"],["Contagious","Able to spread from one person to another"],["Quarantine","Keeping sick people apart to stop disease from spreading"],["Sterilize","Kill all microbes on an object"],["Pasteurization","Heating a food to kill harmful germs"],["Who developed pasteurization and early vaccines?","Louis Pasteur"],["Who discovered penicillin in 1928?","Alexander Fleming"],["Who first built a smallpox vaccine in 1796?","Edward Jenner"],["Germ theory","The idea that microbes cause many diseases"],["Fermentation","Microbes turning sugars into other substances, as in bread and yogurt"],["Probiotic","Helpful bacteria that live in the gut and some foods"],["Gut bacteria","Helpful microbes in the intestines that help digest food"],["Decomposers","Microbes and fungi that break down dead things"],["Binary fission","How bacteria reproduce by splitting in two"],["Capsid","The protein coat of a virus"],["Host","An organism a germ or parasite lives in or on"],["Parasite","An organism that lives on or in another and harms it"],["Tapeworm","A parasite that lives in intestines"],["Tick","A tiny arachnid that can carry germs"],["Mosquito-borne disease: malaria","Caused by a parasite spread by mosquitoes"],["Strep throat","An illness caused by bacteria"],["Common cold","An illness caused by viruses"],["Influenza","The flu, caused by a virus"],["Athlete's foot","A skin infection caused by a fungus"],["Why wash hands?","Soap lifts germs off the skin so they rinse away"],["How should you cover a cough?","Into your elbow or a tissue"],["Petri dish","Dish used to grow microbes in labs"],["Agar","Jelly-like food used to grow microbes in a dish"],["Colony","A visible group of microbes grown from one cell"],["Spirillum","A spiral-shaped bacterium"],["Bacillus","A rod-shaped bacterium"],["Coccus","A round bacterium"],["Lichen","A partnership between a fungus and an alga"],["Mycorrhiza","A partnership between fungus and plant roots"],["Penicillium","A mold that gave us the first antibiotic"],["Flagellum on bacteria","A whip-like tail used to swim"],["Spore","A tough cell that survives bad conditions and can grow later"],["Endospore","A hardy dormant form made by some bacteria"],["Epidemic","A disease that spreads quickly in a community"],["Pandemic","A disease that spreads across many countries"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-muscles","id":"bio-muscles","title":"Muscles of the Body","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Major muscles, muscle types and how muscles work.","tags":["muscles","anatomy"],"frontLabel":"Muscle / term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Biceps brachii","Front of the upper arm; bends the elbow"],["Triceps brachii","Back of the upper arm; straightens the elbow"],["Deltoid","Shoulder muscle that lifts the arm"],["Pectoralis major","Large chest muscle"],["Latissimus dorsi","Broad muscle of the back"],["Trapezius","Muscle across the upper back and neck"],["Abdominals","Muscles of the belly that help the trunk bend and twist"],["Gluteus maximus","The largest muscle in the body, in the buttock"],["Quadriceps","Four muscles at the front of the thigh that straighten the knee"],["Hamstrings","Muscles at the back of the thigh that bend the knee"],["Gastrocnemius","The big calf muscle"],["Soleus","Calf muscle lying below the gastrocnemius"],["Tibialis anterior","Muscle on the front of the shin"],["Sartorius","Long strap-like muscle of the thigh"],["Masseter","Chewing muscle in the jaw"],["Orbicularis oculi","Muscle that closes the eyelids"],["Diaphragm","Muscle that helps you breathe"],["Intercostals","Muscles between the ribs"],["Rotator cuff","Group of shoulder muscles that stabilize the joint"],["Achilles tendon","Strong tendon that connects the calf muscles to the heel"],["Skeletal muscle","Voluntary muscle attached to bones; striped"],["Smooth muscle","Involuntary muscle in organs such as the stomach"],["Cardiac muscle","Muscle of the heart"],["Voluntary muscle","One you can control"],["Involuntary muscle","One that works without you thinking"],["Tendon","Connects muscle to bone"],["Ligament","Connects bone to bone"],["Contraction","When a muscle shortens"],["Muscles can only","Pull; they cannot push"],["Antagonistic pair","Two muscles that work in opposite ways, like biceps and triceps"],["Flexor","A muscle that bends a joint"],["Extensor","A muscle that straightens a joint"],["Muscle fiber","A long muscle cell"],["Myofibril","Thread-like part inside a muscle fiber that contracts"],["Actin and myosin","Proteins that slide to make muscles contract"],["ATP","The energy molecule muscles use"],["Lactic acid","A by-product that can build up in tired muscles"],["Muscle tone","The small constant tension in resting muscles"],["Atrophy","Muscle shrinking from not being used"],["Hypertrophy","Muscle growing larger from use"],["Cramp","A sudden painful tightening of a muscle"],["Sprain","An injury that stretches or tears a ligament"],["Strain","An injury that stretches or tears a muscle or tendon"],["Warm up","Gentle exercise before activity to prepare muscles"],["Protein","A nutrient that helps build and repair muscle"],["Fast-twitch fibers","Muscle fibers that contract quickly for sprints"],["Slow-twitch fibers","Muscle fibers that work for a long time without tiring"],["How many muscles do people have, about?","More than 600"],["Which muscle in the body never rests?","The heart"],["Neuromuscular junction","Where a nerve meets a muscle to tell it to contract"],["Extraocular muscles","The six muscles that move each eye"],["Sphincter","A ring-shaped muscle that opens and closes an opening"],["Peristalsis","Waves of smooth muscle squeezing food along"],["Sarcomere","The basic contracting unit of a muscle fiber"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-plants","id":"bio-plants","title":"Plant Science","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Plant parts, processes and types.","tags":["plants","botany"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Roots","Anchor the plant and take in water and minerals"],["Stem","Holds the plant up and carries water and food"],["Leaf","The main place where a plant makes food"],["Flower","The part of a plant that makes seeds"],["Fruit","A ripened ovary that holds seeds"],["Seed","Holds a baby plant and food to start growing"],["Petal","Colorful part of a flower that attracts pollinators"],["Sepal","Green leaf-like part that protects a flower bud"],["Stamen","Male part of a flower that makes pollen"],["Anther","Top of the stamen that holds pollen"],["Filament","The stalk that holds up the anther"],["Pistil","Female part of a flower"],["Stigma","Sticky top of the pistil that catches pollen"],["Style","Tube that connects the stigma to the ovary"],["Ovary","Part of the pistil that holds the ovules"],["Ovule","Part of the ovary that becomes a seed"],["Pollen","Tiny grains that carry male cells of plants"],["Pollination","Moving pollen to the female part of a flower"],["Pollinator","An animal such as a bee that moves pollen"],["Fertilization","When male and female cells join to start a seed"],["Germination","When a seed begins to grow"],["Photosynthesis","Plants turn light, water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen"],["Chlorophyll","Green pigment that captures light"],["Stomata","Tiny leaf openings that let gases in and out"],["Guard cells","Cells that open and close the stomata"],["Transpiration","Water evaporating from leaves"],["Xylem","Tubes that carry water up from the roots"],["Phloem","Tubes that carry sugar through the plant"],["Taproot","One thick main root, like a carrot"],["Fibrous roots","Many thin roots, like grass"],["Root hairs","Tiny extensions that absorb water"],["Cotyledon","A seed leaf that stores food in the seed"],["Monocot","A flowering plant with one seed leaf, like corn and grass"],["Dicot","A flowering plant with two seed leaves, like beans"],["Angiosperm","A plant that makes flowers and fruits"],["Gymnosperm","A plant with seeds not in fruit, like pine trees"],["Conifer","A tree that makes cones, such as pine or spruce"],["Deciduous","A tree that loses its leaves each fall"],["Evergreen","A plant that keeps green leaves all year"],["Annual","A plant that lives one growing season"],["Biennial","A plant that lives two years"],["Perennial","A plant that lives for many years"],["Vascular plant","A plant with tubes for carrying water and food"],["Nonvascular plant","A plant without such tubes, like moss"],["Spore","A tiny cell that can grow into a new fungus or fern or moss"],["Fern","A plant with fronds that reproduces with spores"],["Moss","A small nonvascular plant that grows in damp places"],["Tropism","A plant's growth response to something like light or gravity"],["Phototropism","Growing toward light"],["Gravitropism","Roots growing down and shoots growing up in response to gravity"],["Dormancy","A resting period when growth slows"],["Seed dispersal","How seeds travel away from the parent plant"],["Bulb","An underground storage stem, like an onion or tulip"],["Tuber","A thick underground stem, like a potato"],["Rhizome","An underground stem that spreads sideways"],["Cambium","A thin growing layer that makes new wood and bark"],["Tree rings","Rings in a trunk showing one year of growth each"],["Heartwood","The old, dense center of a tree trunk"],["Bark","The protective outer covering of a tree"],["Carnivorous plant","A plant that traps and digests insects, like a Venus flytrap"],["Parasitic plant","A plant that takes food from another plant"],["Epiphyte","A plant that grows on another plant without harming it"],["Compost","Decayed plant matter that enriches soil"],["Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium","The main nutrients in fertilizer"],["What do plants release during photosynthesis?","Oxygen"],["What do plants take in from air for photosynthesis?","Carbon dioxide"],["Why are leaves green?","They contain chlorophyll"],["Why do leaves change color in fall?","Chlorophyll breaks down and other colors show"],["Sap","Fluid that moves through a plant"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-senses-and-organs","id":"bio-senses-and-organs","title":"Five Senses and Body Parts","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Simple facts about our senses and what body parts do.","tags":["senses","body"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What do we use to see?","Eyes"],["What do we use to hear?","Ears"],["What do we use to smell?","Nose"],["What do we use to taste?","Tongue"],["What do we use to feel and touch?","Skin"],["How many senses do we have (the basic ones)?","Five"],["What are the five senses?","Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch"],["What pumps blood around the body?","The heart"],["What do we use to breathe?","Lungs"],["What is the control center of the body?","The brain"],["Where does food go after we swallow it?","To the stomach"],["What protects our brain?","The skull"],["What holds us up inside?","Our bones"],["What do muscles do?","Help us move"],["What covers our body?","Skin"],["What do teeth do?","Bite and chew food"],["What does the tongue taste?","Sweet, sour, salty, bitter and savory"],["What part of the eye lets light in?","The pupil"],["What is the colored part of the eye?","The iris"],["What do eyelashes do?","Keep dust out of the eyes"],["What part of the ear can we see?","The outer ear"],["What helps you hear sounds?","Eardrum and tiny bones in the ear"],["Which sense uses the nose?","Smell"],["Which sense uses the tongue?","Taste"],["What is the hardest part of the body?","Tooth enamel"],["How many fingers on two hands?","Ten"],["What happens to baby teeth?","They fall out and adult teeth grow in"],["How many teeth do adults usually have?","32, including wisdom teeth"],["What helps you stay healthy: sleep, food and what else?","Exercise"],["What do we wash with soap to get rid of germs?","Hands"],["What does a doctor use to listen to your heart?","A stethoscope"],["What makes you sneeze?","Your nose clearing out dust or germs"],["What are goosebumps?","Skin bumps from tiny muscles pulling hairs up"],["Why do we sweat?","To cool the body down"],["What is a pulse?","The beat of your heart you can feel in your wrist"],["What fills your lungs when you breathe in?","Air"],["What gas do we breathe out?","Carbon dioxide"],["What gas do we need to breathe in?","Oxygen"],["What do our ears help us do besides hear?","Keep our balance"],["How do we feel hot or cold?","Nerves in the skin sense it"],["Which sense do we use to feel a soft blanket?","Touch"],["Which sense do we use to enjoy music?","Hearing"],["Which sense do we use to read a book?","Sight"],["Which part of the body helps us think?","The brain"],["What is the biggest organ you can see?","Skin"],["What do we call the bones in your back?","Spine"],["What are the bendy places on your arm and leg?","Joints, like elbows and knees"],["What do eyebrows do?","Help keep sweat out of your eyes"],["What do fingernails do?","Protect the tips of fingers"],["What helps blood move through the body?","Heart and blood vessels"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-acids-bases","id":"chem-acids-bases","title":"Acids, Bases and pH","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The pH scale, properties of acids and bases, and everyday examples.","tags":["acids","bases","pH"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What does pH measure?","How acidic or basic a solution is"],["pH range of the common scale","0 to 14"],["pH of a neutral solution","7"],["Acids have a pH","Less than 7"],["Bases have a pH","Greater than 7"],["pH of pure water","7"],["Taste of acids","Sour (never taste in lab)"],["Feel of bases","Slippery (never touch unknown ones)"],["Taste of bases","Bitter"],["Litmus paper in acid","Turns red"],["Litmus paper in base","Turns blue"],["Phenolphthalein in base","Turns pink"],["Universal indicator","Changes color across the pH scale"],["Indicator","A substance that changes color to show acidity or basicity"],["Neutralization","An acid and a base react to form water and a salt"],["Salt (in chemistry)","An ionic compound made when an acid reacts with a base"],["Lemon juice","An acid, pH about 2"],["Vinegar","An acid, containing acetic acid"],["Stomach acid","Hydrochloric acid, very strong"],["Baking soda","A weak base"],["Soap","A base; it feels slippery"],["Ammonia cleaner","A base"],["Bleach","A strong base, pH about 12 to 13; do not mix with other cleaners"],["Milk","Nearly neutral, slightly acidic"],["Black coffee","A weak acid"],["Orange juice","An acid, pH about 3 to 4"],["Antacid","A base that neutralizes extra stomach acid"],["Citric acid","The acid in lemons and oranges"],["Carbonic acid","A weak acid in fizzy drinks"],["Sulfuric acid","A strong acid used in car batteries and industry"],["Hydrochloric acid","A strong acid, formula HCl"],["Sodium hydroxide","A strong base, formula NaOH, also called lye"],["Each step on the pH scale","Is ten times stronger or weaker than the next"],["Which is more acidic, pH 3 or pH 5?","pH 3, a hundred times more acidic"],["Strong acid","An acid that breaks apart fully in water"],["Weak acid","An acid that only partly breaks apart in water"],["Alkaline","Another word for basic"],["Corrosive","Able to eat away at materials"],["Acid rain","Rain made acidic by pollution, with pH below about 5.6"],["H+","The hydrogen ion that acids release in water"],["OH-","The hydroxide ion that bases release in water"],["Hydronium","H3O+, formed when an acid adds H+ to water"],["Buffer","A solution that resists changes in pH"],["Titration","Adding a solution of known strength drop by drop to find an unknown concentration"],["pH of blood","About 7.4, slightly basic"],["Red cabbage juice","A natural indicator that changes color with pH"],["Mixing vinegar and baking soda makes","Carbon dioxide gas, which fizzes"],["Do acids conduct electricity in water?","Yes, because they form ions"],["Which acid is in ant stings?","Formic acid"],["Which acid is in vinegar?","Acetic acid"],["Which acid is in yogurt and sour milk?","Lactic acid"],["Which acid is in our muscles after hard exercise?","Lactic acid"],["Which scientist invented the pH scale in 1909?","Soren Sorensen"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-atomic-numbers-1-30","id":"chem-atomic-numbers-1-30","title":"Elements 1 to 30","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Atomic numbers 1 to 30 with each element's name and symbol.","tags":["periodic table","atomic number"],"frontLabel":"Atomic number","backLabel":"Element","cards":[["1","Hydrogen (H)"],["2","Helium (He)"],["3","Lithium (Li)"],["4","Beryllium (Be)"],["5","Boron (B)"],["6","Carbon (C)"],["7","Nitrogen (N)"],["8","Oxygen (O)"],["9","Fluorine (F)"],["10","Neon (Ne)"],["11","Sodium (Na)"],["12","Magnesium (Mg)"],["13","Aluminum (Al)"],["14","Silicon (Si)"],["15","Phosphorus (P)"],["16","Sulfur (S)"],["17","Chlorine (Cl)"],["18","Argon (Ar)"],["19","Potassium (K)"],["20","Calcium (Ca)"],["21","Scandium (Sc)"],["22","Titanium (Ti)"],["23","Vanadium (V)"],["24","Chromium (Cr)"],["25","Manganese (Mn)"],["26","Iron (Fe)"],["27","Cobalt (Co)"],["28","Nickel (Ni)"],["29","Copper (Cu)"],["30","Zinc (Zn)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-atomic-numbers-31-60","id":"chem-atomic-numbers-31-60","title":"Elements 31 to 60","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Atomic numbers 31 to 60 with each element's name and symbol.","tags":["periodic table","atomic number"],"frontLabel":"Atomic number","backLabel":"Element","cards":[["31","Gallium (Ga)"],["32","Germanium (Ge)"],["33","Arsenic (As)"],["34","Selenium (Se)"],["35","Bromine (Br)"],["36","Krypton (Kr)"],["37","Rubidium (Rb)"],["38","Strontium (Sr)"],["39","Yttrium (Y)"],["40","Zirconium (Zr)"],["41","Niobium (Nb)"],["42","Molybdenum (Mo)"],["43","Technetium (Tc)"],["44","Ruthenium (Ru)"],["45","Rhodium (Rh)"],["46","Palladium (Pd)"],["47","Silver (Ag)"],["48","Cadmium (Cd)"],["49","Indium (In)"],["50","Tin (Sn)"],["51","Antimony (Sb)"],["52","Tellurium (Te)"],["53","Iodine (I)"],["54","Xenon (Xe)"],["55","Cesium (Cs)"],["56","Barium (Ba)"],["57","Lanthanum (La)"],["58","Cerium (Ce)"],["59","Praseodymium (Pr)"],["60","Neodymium (Nd)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-atomic-numbers-61-90","id":"chem-atomic-numbers-61-90","title":"Elements 61 to 90","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["college"],"description":"Atomic numbers 61 to 90 with each element's name and symbol.","tags":["periodic table","atomic number"],"frontLabel":"Atomic number","backLabel":"Element","cards":[["61","Promethium (Pm)"],["62","Samarium (Sm)"],["63","Europium (Eu)"],["64","Gadolinium (Gd)"],["65","Terbium (Tb)"],["66","Dysprosium (Dy)"],["67","Holmium (Ho)"],["68","Erbium (Er)"],["69","Thulium (Tm)"],["70","Ytterbium (Yb)"],["71","Lutetium (Lu)"],["72","Hafnium (Hf)"],["73","Tantalum (Ta)"],["74","Tungsten (W)"],["75","Rhenium (Re)"],["76","Osmium (Os)"],["77","Iridium (Ir)"],["78","Platinum (Pt)"],["79","Gold (Au)"],["80","Mercury (Hg)"],["81","Thallium (Tl)"],["82","Lead (Pb)"],["83","Bismuth (Bi)"],["84","Polonium (Po)"],["85","Astatine (At)"],["86","Radon (Rn)"],["87","Francium (Fr)"],["88","Radium (Ra)"],["89","Actinium (Ac)"],["90","Thorium (Th)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-atomic-numbers-91-118","id":"chem-atomic-numbers-91-118","title":"Elements 91 to 118","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["college"],"description":"Atomic numbers 91 to 118 with each element's name and symbol.","tags":["periodic table","atomic number"],"frontLabel":"Atomic number","backLabel":"Element","cards":[["91","Protactinium (Pa)"],["92","Uranium (U)"],["93","Neptunium (Np)"],["94","Plutonium (Pu)"],["95","Americium (Am)"],["96","Curium (Cm)"],["97","Berkelium (Bk)"],["98","Californium (Cf)"],["99","Einsteinium (Es)"],["100","Fermium (Fm)"],["101","Mendelevium (Md)"],["102","Nobelium (No)"],["103","Lawrencium (Lr)"],["104","Rutherfordium (Rf)"],["105","Dubnium (Db)"],["106","Seaborgium (Sg)"],["107","Bohrium (Bh)"],["108","Hassium (Hs)"],["109","Meitnerium (Mt)"],["110","Darmstadtium (Ds)"],["111","Roentgenium (Rg)"],["112","Copernicium (Cn)"],["113","Nihonium (Nh)"],["114","Flerovium (Fl)"],["115","Moscovium (Mc)"],["116","Livermorium (Lv)"],["117","Tennessine (Ts)"],["118","Oganesson (Og)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-basic-terms","id":"chem-basic-terms","title":"Chemistry Vocabulary","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Key words for atoms, bonds, reactions and mixtures.","tags":["chemistry","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Atom","The smallest unit of an element that still has its properties"],["Molecule","Two or more atoms joined together"],["Element","A pure substance made of only one kind of atom"],["Compound","A substance made of two or more elements chemically joined"],["Mixture","Two or more substances together but not chemically joined"],["Proton","Positive particle in the nucleus"],["Neutron","Particle with no charge in the nucleus"],["Electron","Tiny negative particle that moves around the nucleus"],["Nucleus","The center of an atom, holding protons and neutrons"],["Ion","An atom or group of atoms with an electric charge"],["Cation","A positive ion"],["Anion","A negative ion"],["Ionic bond","A bond formed when electrons move from one atom to another"],["Covalent bond","A bond formed when atoms share electrons"],["Metallic bond","A bond in which electrons flow freely among metal atoms"],["Chemical formula","Symbols and numbers showing what atoms make up a substance"],["Chemical reaction","A process in which substances change into new substances"],["Reactant","A starting substance in a chemical reaction"],["Product","A substance made by a chemical reaction"],["Chemical equation","A way to show a reaction using formulas"],["Law of conservation of mass","Matter is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction"],["Catalyst","A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up"],["Enzyme","A biological catalyst, made of protein"],["Solution","A mixture that is the same all the way through"],["Solute","The substance that is dissolved"],["Solvent","The substance that does the dissolving"],["Solubility","How much of a substance can dissolve in a solvent"],["Concentration","How much solute is in a certain amount of solution"],["Saturated solution","One that cannot dissolve any more solute"],["Suspension","A mixture with particles that settle out if left alone"],["Colloid","A mixture with tiny particles that stay spread out, like milk"],["Density","How much mass is in a given volume"],["Mass","The amount of matter in an object"],["Volume","The amount of space something takes up"],["Physical change","A change in form that does not make a new substance"],["Chemical change","A change that makes new substances"],["Physical property","A trait you can observe without changing the substance, like color"],["Chemical property","How a substance can change into another, like flammability"],["Exothermic reaction","A reaction that gives off heat"],["Endothermic reaction","A reaction that takes in heat"],["Oxidation","A reaction in which a substance loses electrons or combines with oxygen"],["Reduction","A reaction in which a substance gains electrons"],["Precipitate","A solid that forms from a liquid solution during a reaction"],["Distillation","Separating liquids by boiling and condensing them"],["Filtration","Separating solids from liquids using a filter"],["Evaporation","A liquid changing to a gas at its surface"],["Condensation","A gas changing into a liquid"],["Mole","A unit for counting atoms: 6.02 x 10^23 particles"],["Avogadro's number","6.02 x 10^23, the number of particles in one mole"],["Molar mass","The mass of one mole of a substance"],["Valence electron","An electron in the outer shell that takes part in bonding"],["Atomic number","Number of protons in an atom"],["Mass number","Protons plus neutrons in an atom"],["Isotope","Atoms of one element with different numbers of neutrons"],["Radioactivity","The giving off of energy and particles by unstable atoms"],["Half-life","Time it takes half of a radioactive sample to decay"],["Polymer","A large molecule made of many repeating units"],["Organic compound","A compound built on carbon, usually with hydrogen"],["Allotrope","One of different forms of the same element, like diamond and graphite"],["Alloy","A mixture of metals, such as brass or steel"],["Corrosion","The slow wearing away of metal by chemical reaction"],["Combustion","Burning: a fast reaction of a fuel with oxygen"],["Synthesis reaction","Two or more substances combine to make one product"],["Decomposition reaction","One compound breaks down into simpler substances"],["Electrolysis","Using electricity to split a compound"],["Inert","Not reacting easily with other substances"],["Reactivity","How easily a substance takes part in chemical reactions"],["Malleable","Able to be hammered into thin sheets"],["Ductile","Able to be pulled into wire"],["Conductor","A material that lets heat or electricity flow easily"],["Insulator","A material that does not let heat or electricity flow easily"],["Electronegativity","How strongly an atom pulls on shared electrons"],["Periodic law","Element properties repeat in a pattern as atomic number goes up"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-compound-formulas","id":"chem-compound-formulas","title":"Common Chemical Formulas","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Names and formulas of everyday compounds.","tags":["formulas","compounds"],"frontLabel":"Compound","backLabel":"Formula","cards":[["Water","H2O"],["Carbon dioxide","CO2"],["Carbon monoxide","CO"],["Oxygen gas","O2"],["Hydrogen gas","H2"],["Nitrogen gas","N2"],["Ozone","O3"],["Table salt (sodium chloride)","NaCl"],["Hydrogen peroxide","H2O2"],["Methane","CH4"],["Ethane","C2H6"],["Propane","C3H8"],["Butane","C4H10"],["Ethanol","C2H5OH"],["Glucose","C6H12O6"],["Sucrose (table sugar)","C12H22O11"],["Ammonia","NH3"],["Ammonium ion","NH4+"],["Hydrochloric acid","HCl"],["Sulfuric acid","H2SO4"],["Nitric acid","HNO3"],["Acetic acid","CH3COOH"],["Carbonic acid","H2CO3"],["Phosphoric acid","H3PO4"],["Sodium hydroxide","NaOH"],["Potassium hydroxide","KOH"],["Calcium hydroxide","Ca(OH)2"],["Calcium carbonate (limestone, chalk)","CaCO3"],["Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)","NaHCO3"],["Sodium carbonate (washing soda)","Na2CO3"],["Calcium oxide (quicklime)","CaO"],["Magnesium oxide","MgO"],["Iron(III) oxide (rust)","Fe2O3"],["Aluminum oxide","Al2O3"],["Silicon dioxide (quartz, sand)","SiO2"],["Sulfur dioxide","SO2"],["Nitrogen dioxide","NO2"],["Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)","N2O"],["Sodium nitrate","NaNO3"],["Potassium chloride","KCl"],["Calcium chloride","CaCl2"],["Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt)","MgSO4"],["Copper sulfate","CuSO4"],["Silver nitrate","AgNO3"],["Potassium permanganate","KMnO4"],["Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)","NaOCl"],["Calcium sulfate (gypsum)","CaSO4"],["Zinc oxide","ZnO"],["Hydrogen sulfide","H2S"],["Hydrogen fluoride","HF"],["Lithium fluoride","LiF"],["Potassium iodide","KI"],["Titanium dioxide","TiO2"],["Acetylene","C2H2"],["Ethylene","C2H4"],["Benzene","C6H6"],["Urea","CH4N2O or (NH2)2CO"],["Sulfate ion","SO4 2-"],["Nitrate ion","NO3-"],["Carbonate ion","CO3 2-"],["Hydroxide ion","OH-"],["Phosphate ion","PO4 3-"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-element-facts","id":"chem-element-facts","title":"Element Facts","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Fun and useful facts about well-known elements.","tags":["periodic table","elements"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Which element is the lightest and most common in the universe?","Hydrogen"],["Which gas makes up about 78% of Earth's air?","Nitrogen"],["Which gas do we breathe in to live, about 21% of the air?","Oxygen"],["Which element is the basis of all known life?","Carbon"],["Which two forms of pure carbon are very different: one soft and one super hard?","Graphite and diamond"],["Which noble gas is used to fill party balloons that float?","Helium"],["Which element is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature?","Mercury"],["Which element has the symbol Au and is a shiny yellow metal?","Gold"],["Which metal is used in most electrical wires?","Copper"],["Which metal is the main ingredient of steel?","Iron"],["Which element do bones and teeth need, found in milk?","Calcium"],["Which element is in table salt along with chlorine?","Sodium"],["Which gas is used to disinfect swimming pools?","Chlorine"],["Which noble gas glows red-orange in signs?","Neon"],["Which element is the most common metal in Earth's crust?","Aluminum"],["Which element is the second most common in Earth's crust, found in sand and glass?","Silicon"],["Which element is used in computer chips?","Silicon"],["Which metal is a good conductor and is used for jewelry and mirrors, symbol Ag?","Silver"],["Which element makes matches burn and is found in DNA?","Phosphorus"],["Which yellow solid smells like rotten eggs in some compounds?","Sulfur"],["Which element helps prevent tooth decay in toothpaste?","Fluorine, as fluoride"],["Which element is needed in the thyroid gland and is added to table salt?","Iodine"],["Which element is at the center of the Sun's fuel and fuses into helium?","Hydrogen"],["Which element is the second most abundant in the universe?","Helium"],["Which element is the hardest natural material (a form of carbon)?","Diamond, which is carbon"],["Which metal is used to coat steel to stop rust, as in galvanizing?","Zinc"],["Which heavy, soft metal is used in car batteries?","Lead"],["Which element has the highest atomic number that occurs naturally in large amounts in Earth's crust?","Uranium (92)"],["Which element is named after the Sun's Greek name Helios?","Helium"],["Which metal is attracted to magnets and is the core of Earth?","Iron"],["Which light metal is used for airplane parts and soda cans?","Aluminum"],["Which bright white metal burns with a dazzling flame and is in fireworks and flares?","Magnesium"],["Which metal is soft enough to cut with a knife and reacts violently with water?","Sodium"],["Which element is the N in fertilizer labels like N-P-K?","Nitrogen"],["Which metal is mixed with copper to make bronze?","Tin"],["Which element is a purple-black solid that turns into purple vapor when heated?","Iodine"],["Which noble gas is used in light bulbs to protect the filament?","Argon"],["Which element is named for Poland, the homeland of Marie Curie?","Polonium"],["Which element was named after Marie and Pierre Curie?","Curium"],["Which element is named after Albert Einstein?","Einsteinium"],["Which element is named after Dmitri Mendeleev?","Mendelevium"],["Which element is named after Niels Bohr?","Bohrium"],["Which element is named after planet Neptune?","Neptunium"],["Which element is named after planet Uranus?","Uranium"],["Which element is named after the Greek word for \"green\"?","Chlorine (from chloros)"],["Which element is named after the state of California?","Californium"],["Which element is named after Selene, the Greek moon goddess?","Selenium"],["Which element is used to make the strongest magnets, the neodymium kind?","Neodymium"],["Which element is the most electronegative?","Fluorine"],["Which element is a green poisonous gas used long ago and in swimming pools?","Chlorine"],["Which metal is the best conductor of electricity?","Silver"],["Which element makes up the largest part of the human body by mass?","Oxygen"],["What is the most abundant element in the human body by number of atoms?","Hydrogen"],["Which element is liquid at room temperature besides mercury, a reddish-brown liquid?","Bromine"],["Which element has the symbol Pt and is very valuable and does not tarnish?","Platinum"],["Which metal has the highest melting point of all metals?","Tungsten"],["Which element is used in the filaments of old light bulbs?","Tungsten"],["Which element is a radioactive gas found in some basements?","Radon"],["Which element is used in nuclear power plants as fuel?","Uranium"],["Which element is the first in the noble gas family?","Helium"],["Which element is a shiny gray solid that is a metalloid and used in solar panels?","Silicon"],["Which element makes the flame of some fireworks red?","Strontium"],["Which element makes the flame of some fireworks green?","Barium"],["Which element makes the flame of some fireworks blue?","Copper"],["Which element is in chlorophyll at the center of the molecule?","Magnesium"],["Which element is at the center of hemoglobin and helps carry oxygen in blood?","Iron"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-element-symbols","id":"chem-element-symbols","title":"Element Symbols","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The chemical symbols for the most common elements.","tags":["periodic table","symbols"],"frontLabel":"Element","backLabel":"Symbol","cards":[["Hydrogen","H"],["Helium","He"],["Lithium","Li"],["Beryllium","Be"],["Boron","B"],["Carbon","C"],["Nitrogen","N"],["Oxygen","O"],["Fluorine","F"],["Neon","Ne"],["Sodium","Na","From the Latin natrium"],["Magnesium","Mg"],["Aluminum","Al"],["Silicon","Si"],["Phosphorus","P"],["Sulfur","S"],["Chlorine","Cl"],["Argon","Ar"],["Potassium","K","From the Latin kalium"],["Calcium","Ca"],["Scandium","Sc"],["Titanium","Ti"],["Vanadium","V"],["Chromium","Cr"],["Manganese","Mn"],["Iron","Fe","From the Latin ferrum"],["Cobalt","Co"],["Nickel","Ni"],["Copper","Cu","From the Latin cuprum"],["Zinc","Zn"],["Gallium","Ga"],["Germanium","Ge"],["Arsenic","As"],["Selenium","Se"],["Bromine","Br"],["Krypton","Kr"],["Rubidium","Rb"],["Strontium","Sr"],["Zirconium","Zr"],["Molybdenum","Mo"],["Silver","Ag","From the Latin argentum"],["Cadmium","Cd"],["Tin","Sn","From the Latin stannum"],["Antimony","Sb","From the Latin stibium"],["Iodine","I"],["Xenon","Xe"],["Cesium","Cs"],["Barium","Ba"],["Tungsten","W","From the German wolfram"],["Platinum","Pt"],["Gold","Au","From the Latin aurum"],["Mercury","Hg","From the Latin hydrargyrum"],["Lead","Pb","From the Latin plumbum"],["Bismuth","Bi"],["Radon","Rn"],["Radium","Ra"],["Uranium","U"],["Plutonium","Pu"],["Neodymium","Nd"],["Lanthanum","La"],["Cerium","Ce"],["Thorium","Th"],["Iridium","Ir"],["Osmium","Os"],["Palladium","Pd"],["Tellurium","Te"],["Francium","Fr"],["Astatine","At"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-lab-equipment","id":"chem-lab-equipment","title":"Lab Equipment","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Common science lab tools and what they are used for.","tags":["lab equipment","tools"],"frontLabel":"Tool","backLabel":"Use","cards":[["Beaker","Holds, mixes and heats liquids; rough measuring only"],["Erlenmeyer flask","Cone-shaped flask for mixing and swirling liquids"],["Florence flask","Round flask with a long neck for heating liquids"],["Graduated cylinder","Measures the volume of a liquid accurately"],["Test tube","Holds small amounts of material for tests"],["Test tube rack","Holds test tubes upright"],["Test tube holder","Grips a hot test tube"],["Test tube brush","Cleans the inside of test tubes"],["Bunsen burner","Gas burner used for heating"],["Hot plate","Electric surface for heating"],["Tongs","Pick up hot objects"],["Crucible tongs","Hold crucibles that are very hot"],["Crucible","Small cup for heating substances to very high temperatures"],["Ring stand","Metal stand that supports other lab equipment"],["Ring clamp","Attaches to a ring stand to hold a flask or funnel"],["Wire gauze","Spreads heat evenly under a beaker"],["Tripod","Three-legged stand to hold items over a flame"],["Funnel","Directs liquids into small openings"],["Filter paper","Traps solids when pouring a mixture through a funnel"],["Pipette","Moves small amounts of liquid, drop by drop"],["Dropper","Adds liquid in small drops"],["Buret","Long tube with a valve to deliver exact amounts of liquid"],["Volumetric flask","Makes solutions of an exact volume"],["Watch glass","Curved glass dish for holding or covering small samples"],["Petri dish","Shallow dish for growing cultures or holding samples"],["Evaporating dish","Used to evaporate liquid and leave the solid"],["Mortar and pestle","Grinds solids into powder"],["Spatula","Scoops and transfers solid chemicals"],["Stirring rod","Glass rod used to mix liquids"],["Forceps","Small tweezers for picking up tiny items"],["Balance (scale)","Measures mass"],["Triple beam balance","Measures mass by sliding weights on three beams"],["Thermometer","Measures temperature"],["Stopwatch","Measures time"],["Microscope","Magnifies tiny objects"],["Slide","Thin glass that holds a sample under a microscope"],["Cover slip","Thin square of glass or plastic placed over a sample on a slide"],["Magnifying glass","A lens that makes small things look larger"],["Meter stick","Measures length in centimeters and millimeters"],["Ruler","Measures short lengths"],["Safety goggles","Protect the eyes"],["pH paper","Paper that changes color to show if something is an acid or base"],["Litmus paper","Paper that turns red in acid and blue in base"],["Wash bottle","Squeeze bottle that holds water for rinsing"],["Dissecting pan","Tray used to hold specimens for dissection"],["Scalpel","Small sharp blade for dissection, used only by trained users"],["Dissecting probe","Pointer used to move parts of a specimen"],["Centrifuge","Spins samples quickly to separate parts by density"],["Desiccator","Sealed container that keeps things dry"],["Fume hood","Ventilated enclosure that removes harmful fumes"],["Spring scale","Measures force or weight"],["Barometer","Measures air pressure"],["Hydrometer","Measures the density of a liquid"],["Calorimeter","Measures heat given off or taken in by a reaction"],["Spectroscope","Splits light into a spectrum"],["Telescope","Makes distant objects like stars look closer"],["Compass","Shows direction by pointing toward magnetic north"],["Anemometer","Measures wind speed"],["Rain gauge","Measures how much rain falls"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-lab-safety","id":"chem-lab-safety","title":"Lab Safety Rules","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Safe habits and safety gear for the science lab.","tags":["lab safety"],"frontLabel":"Situation","backLabel":"What to do","cards":[["Before starting a lab","Read the directions and listen to your teacher"],["Goggles","Wear them to protect your eyes whenever told to"],["Long hair","Tie it back so it stays away from flames and chemicals"],["Loose sleeves and jewelry","Roll up or remove them so they don't catch"],["Shoes in lab","Wear closed-toe shoes, never sandals"],["Lab apron or coat","Wear it to protect skin and clothes"],["Gloves","Wear them when handling chemicals your teacher says need them"],["Eating and drinking in the lab","Never do it"],["Tasting chemicals","Never taste anything in the lab"],["Smelling a chemical","Waft the fumes toward your nose with your hand; don't sniff directly"],["Running in the lab","Don't; walk calmly"],["Spill","Tell your teacher right away"],["Broken glass","Tell your teacher; don't pick it up with bare hands"],["Hot object","Use tongs or heat-proof gloves and treat it as hot"],["Heating a test tube","Point the opening away from yourself and others"],["Bunsen burner","Keep flammable things away and never leave it unattended"],["Lighting a burner","Light the match first, then turn on the gas, with teacher watching"],["Adding acid to water","Always add acid slowly to water, never water to acid"],["Mixing unknown chemicals","Never do it"],["Labels","Read the label twice before using a chemical"],["Unused chemicals","Never pour them back in the original bottle"],["Waste","Dispose of it the way your teacher says"],["After the lab","Wash your hands with soap and water"],["Eyewash station","Use it right away to flush chemicals from the eyes"],["Safety shower","Used to rinse chemicals off the body in an emergency"],["Fire extinguisher","Used to put out small fires, after telling the teacher"],["Fire blanket","Wraps around a person to smother flames"],["Clothes on fire","Stop, drop and roll"],["Fume hood","A ventilated cabinet that pulls harmful fumes away"],["Hazard symbol with a flame","Flammable: can catch fire"],["Hazard symbol with a skull and crossbones","Toxic: can poison"],["Hazard symbol with an exclamation mark","Irritant or other less severe health hazard"],["Hazard symbol with a corroded hand","Corrosive: can damage skin and metal"],["Hazard symbol with an exploding bomb","Explosive or reactive"],["Hazard symbol with a dead tree and fish","Harmful to the environment"],["SDS","Safety Data Sheet: tells how to handle a chemical safely"],["Using electrical equipment","Keep cords and hands dry and away from water"],["Working alone in the lab","Don't; always have an adult present"],["Horseplay","Never; it causes accidents"],["Pouring from a bottle","Hold the label side up against your palm"],["Cleaning up","Leave your work area clean and tidy"],["Cuts or burns","Tell the teacher at once"],["Glassware that is cracked","Do not use it; give it to the teacher"],["Carrying a microscope","Use two hands, one on the arm and one under the base"],["Testing something that might be hot","Hold your hand near, not on it"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-periodic-table-groups","id":"chem-periodic-table-groups","title":"Periodic Table Families and Layout","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Groups, periods and families of the periodic table.","tags":["periodic table","groups"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Group","A column of the periodic table; elements in it act alike"],["Period","A row of the periodic table"],["How many groups are in the standard periodic table?","18"],["How many periods are in the standard periodic table?","7"],["Alkali metals","Group 1 (except hydrogen): very reactive soft metals like sodium"],["Alkaline earth metals","Group 2: reactive metals like calcium and magnesium"],["Transition metals","The block in the middle, like iron, copper and gold"],["Halogens","Group 17: reactive nonmetals like chlorine and iodine"],["Noble gases","Group 18: very unreactive gases like helium and neon"],["Metalloids","Elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals, like silicon"],["Nonmetals","Elements that are usually dull, brittle and poor conductors"],["Metals","Shiny elements that conduct heat and electricity and can be shaped"],["Lanthanides","Row of 15 elements shown below the main table, from lanthanum"],["Actinides","Row of 15 elements shown below the main table, from actinium"],["Atomic number","The number of protons in an atom's nucleus"],["Atomic mass","The average mass of an element's atoms, in atomic mass units"],["Element symbol","One or two letters standing for an element; the first is capital"],["Who created the first widely used periodic table in 1869?","Dmitri Mendeleev"],["How did Mendeleev arrange the elements?","By atomic mass, leaving gaps for undiscovered elements"],["How is the modern table arranged?","By increasing atomic number"],["Valence electrons","Electrons in an atom's outermost shell"],["How many valence electrons do halogens have?","7"],["How many valence electrons do alkali metals have?","1"],["How many valence electrons do most noble gases have?","8 (helium has 2)"],["Which group contains carbon?","Group 14"],["Which group contains oxygen?","Group 16"],["Which group contains nitrogen?","Group 15"],["Which element is placed alone at the top-left, and is not an alkali metal?","Hydrogen"],["Which side of the table holds mostly metals?","The left side and middle"],["Which side of the table holds the nonmetals?","The upper right"],["What is the zigzag line on the right side of the table for?","It separates metals from nonmetals; metalloids sit along it"],["Why are noble gases unreactive?","Their outer electron shell is full"],["Why do elements in a group act alike?","They have the same number of valence electrons"],["Which period 1 elements exist?","Hydrogen and helium"],["Which is the lightest metal, atomic number 3?","Lithium"],["Synthetic element","One made in a lab and not found in nature in large amounts"],["Radioactive element","An element whose atoms break down and give off energy"],["Which element has the lowest atomic number?","Hydrogen (1)"],["Isotope","Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-states-of-matter","id":"chem-states-of-matter","title":"States of Matter","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Solids, liquids, gases, plasma and how matter changes state.","tags":["matter","states"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Matter","Anything that has mass and takes up space"],["Solid","Matter with a fixed shape and fixed volume"],["Liquid","Matter with a fixed volume that takes the shape of its container"],["Gas","Matter with no fixed shape or volume; it spreads out to fill space"],["Plasma","A hot, glowing state of matter made of charged particles"],["Where is plasma found?","In stars, lightning and neon signs"],["Bose-Einstein condensate","A state of matter formed near absolute zero where atoms act as one"],["Particles in a solid","Packed close and only vibrate in place"],["Particles in a liquid","Close together but able to slide past each other"],["Particles in a gas","Far apart and moving fast in all directions"],["Melting","Solid turns to liquid"],["Freezing","Liquid turns to solid"],["Evaporation","Liquid turns to gas at the surface"],["Boiling","Liquid turns to gas throughout, with bubbles"],["Condensation","Gas turns to liquid"],["Sublimation","Solid turns straight into gas"],["Deposition","Gas turns straight into solid"],["Melting point of water","0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit)"],["Boiling point of water","100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit) at sea level"],["Example of sublimation","Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) turning into gas"],["Example of deposition","Frost forming on a cold window"],["Is steam a gas or liquid droplets?","Invisible steam is a gas; the white cloud you see is tiny liquid drops"],["Does heating add or remove energy?","It adds energy, making particles move faster"],["What happens to particles when matter cools?","They slow down"],["Which state is the easiest to squeeze?","Gas"],["Which state is almost impossible to squeeze?","Solid and liquid"],["Does a liquid have a definite volume?","Yes"],["Does a gas have a definite volume?","No"],["Is ice a solid, liquid or gas?","Solid"],["Is water vapor a solid, liquid or gas?","Gas"],["Is air a solid, liquid or gas?","A mixture of gases"],["Is honey a solid or liquid?","Liquid"],["Is sand a solid?","Yes; each grain is a tiny solid"],["Which is denser, ice or liquid water?","Liquid water; ice floats"],["Why does ice float?","Water expands as it freezes, so ice is less dense"],["Viscosity","How much a liquid resists flowing"],["Surface tension","The pull between liquid molecules that makes a skin at the surface"],["Compressibility","How much a material can be squeezed into less space"],["Vapor","The gas form of a substance that is usually a liquid or solid"],["Freezing point","The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid"],["Latent heat","Energy absorbed or released during a change of state without changing temperature"],["Phase diagram","A graph showing the state of a substance at different temperatures and pressures"],["Absolute zero","The lowest possible temperature, -273.15 degrees Celsius"],["Pressure","Force pushing on a surface"],["Kinetic theory of matter","All matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion"],["Diffusion","Particles spreading from where there are many to where there are few"],["Which state of matter makes up most of the visible universe?","Plasma"],["Dry ice is made of what?","Frozen carbon dioxide"],["Is a cloud made of gas?","It is made of tiny liquid droplets or ice crystals in air"],["Is toothpaste a solid or liquid?","It acts like both, a gel-like material"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/dinosaurs","id":"dinosaurs","title":"Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life","category":"science","subject":"Paleontology","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Famous dinosaurs, eras and fossil words.","tags":["dinosaurs","fossils","paleontology"],"frontLabel":"Dinosaur / term","backLabel":"Facts","cards":[["Tyrannosaurus rex","A huge meat-eating dinosaur with a powerful bite and tiny arms"],["Triceratops","A plant eater with three horns and a bony frill"],["Stegosaurus","A plant eater with back plates and a spiked tail"],["Velociraptor","A small feathered meat eater about the size of a turkey"],["Brachiosaurus","A tall, long-necked plant eater"],["Diplodocus","A very long plant eater with a whip-like tail"],["Apatosaurus","A huge long-necked plant eater, once called Brontosaurus"],["Ankylosaurus","An armored plant eater with a club tail"],["Spinosaurus","A large meat eater with a sail on its back that lived near water"],["Allosaurus","A large meat eater from the Jurassic"],["Giganotosaurus","A giant meat eater from South America"],["Parasaurolophus","A duck-billed dinosaur with a long hollow crest"],["Iguanodon","A plant eater with thumb spikes"],["Pachycephalosaurus","A dinosaur with a thick domed skull"],["Compsognathus","A tiny chicken-sized meat eater"],["Argentinosaurus","One of the largest known land animals, a titanosaur"],["Archaeopteryx","An early feathered animal linking dinosaurs and birds"],["Microraptor","A small four-winged feathered dinosaur"],["Oviraptor","A feathered dinosaur whose name means egg thief, though it was probably a good parent"],["Maiasaura","A duck-billed dinosaur whose name means good mother lizard"],["Gallimimus","A fast, ostrich-like dinosaur"],["Utahraptor","A big raptor from Utah"],["Dilophosaurus","An early meat eater with two crests"],["Carnotaurus","A meat eater with horns over its eyes"],["Protoceratops","A small horned dinosaur that lived in Mongolia"],["Pteranodon","A flying reptile (pterosaur) that was not a dinosaur"],["Quetzalcoatlus","A giant pterosaur with a huge wingspan"],["Mosasaurus","A giant sea reptile, not a dinosaur"],["Plesiosaur","A long-necked sea reptile, not a dinosaur"],["Ichthyosaur","A dolphin-shaped sea reptile"],["Dimetrodon","A sail-backed animal older than dinosaurs, not a dinosaur"],["Woolly mammoth","An ice age elephant relative with long tusks"],["Saber-toothed cat","An ice age cat with long upper teeth"],["Megalodon","A huge extinct shark"],["Trilobite","An ancient sea arthropod found as fossils"],["Mesozoic Era","The age of dinosaurs, about 252 to 66 million years ago"],["Triassic Period","First part of the Mesozoic; the first dinosaurs appear"],["Jurassic Period","Middle part of the Mesozoic; long-necked giants and early birds"],["Cretaceous Period","Last part of the Mesozoic; T. rex and Triceratops lived"],["How long ago did non-bird dinosaurs die out?","About 66 million years ago"],["What likely caused the dinosaur extinction?","A giant asteroid hit Earth"],["Where did the asteroid land?","Near the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico (Chicxulub)"],["Do dinosaurs still live today?","Yes, as birds"],["Fossil","The preserved remains or traces of ancient life"],["Paleontologist","A scientist who studies fossils"],["Trace fossil","Evidence like footprints or burrows"],["Coprolite","Fossilized dung"],["Amber","Fossilized tree resin that can trap insects"],["Mold fossil","An imprint left in rock"],["Petrified wood","Wood turned to stone by minerals"],["Herbivore","Plant eater"],["Carnivore","Meat eater"],["Omnivore","Eats both plants and meat"],["Sauropod","A giant long-necked, four-legged plant eater"],["Theropod","A two-legged mostly meat-eating dinosaur"],["Ornithopod","A plant-eating dinosaur like duck-billed hadrosaurs"],["Ceratopsian","A horned, frilled dinosaur like Triceratops"],["Dinosaur means","Terrible lizard"],["Who coined the word dinosaur in 1842?","Richard Owen"],["Mary Anning","A fossil collector who found early marine reptile skeletons in England"],["Dinosaur National Monument","A park in Utah and Colorado with fossil bones"],["Sue","A famous T. rex skeleton at the Field Museum in Chicago"],["Longest dinosaurs","Some sauropods grew over 30 meters long"],["Egg-laying","Dinosaurs laid eggs in nests"],["Feathers","Many dinosaurs, especially raptors, had feathers"],["Pangaea","The supercontinent where early dinosaurs lived"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-clouds","id":"earth-clouds","title":"Cloud Types","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The cloud types and what weather they bring.","tags":["clouds","weather"],"frontLabel":"Cloud","backLabel":"Description","cards":[["Cirrus","High, thin, wispy clouds made of ice crystals"],["Cirrostratus","High, thin sheet that can make a halo around the Sun"],["Cirrocumulus","High, small rippled clouds in rows"],["Altostratus","Middle-level gray or blue-gray sheet that can cover the sky"],["Altocumulus","Middle-level puffy patches in rows"],["Stratus","Low gray layer like fog above the ground"],["Stratocumulus","Low, lumpy gray and white clouds"],["Nimbostratus","Thick, dark layer that brings steady rain or snow"],["Cumulus","Fluffy white clouds with flat bottoms"],["Cumulonimbus","Tall thunderstorm clouds"],["Which cloud makes thunderstorms?","Cumulonimbus"],["Which cloud usually means fair weather?","Cumulus"],["Which clouds are the highest?","Cirrus family"],["Which clouds are low-level?","Stratus, stratocumulus and nimbostratus"],["What does cirro- mean?","High, wispy or curly"],["What does stratus mean?","Layer or sheet"],["What does cumulus mean?","Heap or pile"],["What does nimbus mean?","Rain-bearing"],["What does alto- mean?","Middle level"],["Contrail","A cloud-like trail left behind by a high-flying airplane"],["Fog","A cloud that touches the ground"],["Mist","A thin fog with tiny water droplets"],["Lenticular cloud","A smooth, lens-shaped cloud often near mountains"],["Mammatus cloud","Pouch-like bulges on the underside of a cloud"],["Noctilucent cloud","Very high thin cloud that glows at twilight"],["Anvil cloud","The flat top of a cumulonimbus"],["Funnel cloud","A rotating cone of cloud that hasn't touched the ground"],["Shelf cloud","Low wedge-shaped cloud at the front of a storm"],["Wall cloud","A lowered cloud base under a storm that can produce tornadoes"],["How do clouds form?","Rising air cools and water vapor condenses on tiny particles"],["What are clouds made of?","Tiny water droplets or ice crystals"],["Why do clouds float?","The droplets are so tiny that rising air keeps them up"],["Condensation nuclei","Tiny bits of dust or salt that droplets form on"],["Cloud cover","How much of the sky is covered by clouds"],["Overcast","A sky fully covered by clouds"],["Partly cloudy","A sky with some clouds and some blue"],["Why are clouds white?","They scatter all colors of sunlight"],["Why are storm clouds dark?","They are so thick that little light passes through"],["Cumulus humilis","Small, flat fair-weather cumulus"],["Cumulus congestus","Tall towering cumulus that can grow into storms"],["Mackerel sky","Cirrocumulus or altocumulus that looks like fish scales"],["Mares' tails","Long streaks of cirrus clouds"],["Halo","A ring of light around the Sun or Moon from ice crystals in thin clouds"],["Virga","Rain that evaporates before reaching the ground"],["Altitude of high clouds","Above about 6 kilometers"],["Altitude of low clouds","Below about 2 kilometers"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-layers-landforms","id":"earth-layers-landforms","title":"Earth's Layers and Landforms","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The layers of Earth, the atmosphere, and common landforms.","tags":["earth","landforms","layers"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Crust","Earth's thin, rocky outer layer"],["Mantle","The thick layer of hot rock beneath the crust"],["Outer core","A layer of liquid iron and nickel"],["Inner core","A solid ball of iron and nickel at Earth's center"],["Which Earth layer is thickest?","The mantle"],["Which Earth layer is thinnest?","The crust"],["Continental crust","The thicker crust that makes up the continents"],["Oceanic crust","The thinner, denser crust under the oceans"],["Moho","The boundary between the crust and mantle"],["Troposphere","The lowest layer of the atmosphere, where weather happens"],["Stratosphere","The atmosphere layer above the troposphere, holding the ozone layer"],["Mesosphere","The layer where most meteors burn up"],["Thermosphere","The layer where auroras happen and the space station orbits"],["Exosphere","The outermost atmosphere layer fading into space"],["Ozone layer","A layer that absorbs harmful ultraviolet light"],["Hydrosphere","All the water on Earth"],["Lithosphere","Earth's rigid outer shell"],["Biosphere","All living things on Earth"],["Atmosphere","The blanket of gases around Earth"],["Percent of Earth covered by water, about","71 percent"],["Percent of Earth's water that is salty, about","97 percent"],["Mountain","A very high landform with steep sides"],["Hill","A raised landform lower than a mountain"],["Valley","Low land between hills or mountains"],["Canyon","A deep valley with steep sides, often cut by a river"],["Plateau","A high, flat landform"],["Plain","A large flat area of land"],["Mesa","A flat-topped hill with steep sides"],["Butte","A small, steep-sided hill with a flat top"],["Peninsula","Land surrounded by water on three sides"],["Island","Land completely surrounded by water"],["Isthmus","A narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses"],["Archipelago","A group of islands"],["Delta","Land built up where a river empties into a larger body of water"],["Cape","A point of land that sticks out into water"],["Bay","Part of the sea that curves into the land"],["Gulf","A large bay"],["Strait","A narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water"],["Lake","A body of water surrounded by land"],["River","A large stream flowing to a lake or sea"],["Tributary","A stream that flows into a larger river"],["Source of a river","Where a river begins"],["Mouth of a river","Where a river ends"],["Watershed","The area of land that drains into a river"],["Dune","A hill of sand made by wind"],["Cave","A natural hollow in rock or ground"],["Cliff","A steep rock face"],["Glacier","A large, slow-moving river of ice"],["Iceberg","A large floating piece of ice broken from a glacier"],["Oasis","A fertile spot in the desert with water"],["Reef","A ridge of coral or rock near the surface of the sea"],["Atoll","A ring-shaped coral island"],["Fjord","A long, narrow sea inlet between steep cliffs"],["Tundra","A cold treeless plain"],["Prairie","A large grassy plain"],["Basin","A low area where water collects"],["Elevation","Height above sea level"],["Topographic map","A map showing the shape and height of land with contour lines"],["Contour line","A line on a map connecting points of equal elevation"],["Longitude","Distance east or west of the Prime Meridian"],["Latitude","Distance north or south of the Equator"],["Equator","The imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude around Earth's middle"],["Axis","The imaginary line Earth spins around"],["Rotation","Earth spinning, one turn each day"],["Revolution","Earth traveling around the Sun, one trip each year"],["Earth's axial tilt","About 23.5 degrees"],["Cause of the seasons","Earth's tilted axis as it orbits the Sun"],["Solstice","The day with the most or least daylight in a year"],["Equinox","A day when day and night are nearly equal"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-minerals","id":"earth-minerals","title":"Minerals and Gems","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Mineral properties, the Mohs scale and well-known minerals.","tags":["minerals","gems"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Mineral","A natural, solid, nonliving substance with a crystal structure and set chemical makeup"],["Luster","How the surface of a mineral reflects light"],["Streak","The color of a mineral's powder when rubbed on a plate"],["Hardness","How easily a mineral can be scratched"],["Mohs scale","A scale of mineral hardness from 1 to 10"],["Cleavage","When a mineral breaks along flat surfaces"],["Fracture","When a mineral breaks unevenly"],["Crystal form","The shape of a mineral's crystals"],["Specific gravity","How heavy a mineral is compared to water"],["Magnetism","Some minerals, like magnetite, are attracted to a magnet"],["Ore","A rock that has enough metal to be worth mining"],["Gemstone","A mineral cut and polished for jewelry"],["Mohs hardness 1","Talc"],["Mohs hardness 2","Gypsum"],["Mohs hardness 3","Calcite"],["Mohs hardness 4","Fluorite"],["Mohs hardness 5","Apatite"],["Mohs hardness 6","Orthoclase feldspar"],["Mohs hardness 7","Quartz"],["Mohs hardness 8","Topaz"],["Mohs hardness 9","Corundum"],["Mohs hardness 10","Diamond"],["Memory trick for the Mohs scale","Talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond"],["Softest mineral","Talc"],["Hardest natural mineral","Diamond"],["Talc","Very soft mineral used to make baby powder"],["Gypsum","Soft mineral used for plaster and drywall"],["Calcite","Mineral that fizzes in vinegar; makes up limestone"],["Quartz","Common hard mineral in sand and granite"],["Feldspar","The most common mineral group in Earth's crust"],["Mica","Mineral that splits into thin shiny sheets"],["Halite","The mineral name for rock salt"],["Pyrite","Brassy mineral called fool's gold"],["Galena","The main ore of lead"],["Hematite","An iron ore with a reddish-brown streak"],["Magnetite","A magnetic iron ore"],["Bauxite","The main ore of aluminum"],["Graphite","Soft carbon mineral used in pencils"],["Diamond","Carbon mineral, the hardest natural substance"],["Corundum","Mineral that makes rubies and sapphires"],["Ruby","A red gem form of corundum"],["Sapphire","Usually blue gem form of corundum"],["Emerald","A green gem form of beryl"],["Amethyst","Purple quartz"],["Topaz","A hard gem mineral that comes in many colors"],["Garnet","A group of minerals, often deep red"],["Opal","A gem with flashing colors, made of silica and water"],["Turquoise","A blue-green mineral used in jewelry"],["Jade","A green stone used for carvings"],["Malachite","A bright green copper mineral"],["Fluorite","A mineral that can glow under UV light and comes in many colors"],["Sulfur","A yellow mineral element"],["Gold","A soft, heavy, valuable native metal"],["Native element","A mineral made of just one element, like gold or copper"],["Geode","A rock with a hollow filled with crystals"],["Stalactite","A mineral formation that hangs from a cave ceiling"],["Stalagmite","A mineral formation that rises from a cave floor"],["Mineral that your teeth and bones are like","Apatite"],["Birthstone for April","Diamond"],["Birthstone for January","Garnet"],["Birthstone for September","Sapphire"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-plate-tectonics","id":"earth-plate-tectonics","title":"Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes and Earthquakes","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"How Earth's plates move and the quakes and volcanoes they cause.","tags":["tectonics","volcanoes","earthquakes"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Plate tectonics","The theory that Earth's outer layer is broken into moving plates"],["Tectonic plate","A large slab of Earth's lithosphere"],["Lithosphere","Earth's rigid outer layer: crust and top of the mantle"],["Asthenosphere","The soft, slowly flowing layer of mantle below the lithosphere"],["Continental drift","The idea that continents slowly move over time"],["Who proposed continental drift in 1912?","Alfred Wegener"],["Pangaea","The supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago"],["Seafloor spreading","New ocean floor forming at mid-ocean ridges and moving outward"],["Mid-ocean ridge","An underwater mountain chain where new crust forms"],["Convergent boundary","Two plates moving toward each other"],["Divergent boundary","Two plates moving apart"],["Transform boundary","Two plates sliding past each other"],["Subduction","One plate sinking beneath another"],["Subduction zone","The place where one plate dives under another"],["Ocean trench","A deep, narrow valley in the seafloor at a subduction zone"],["Mariana Trench","The deepest known ocean trench"],["Rift valley","A valley formed where plates pull apart"],["Fault","A crack in Earth's crust where blocks of rock move"],["San Andreas Fault","A famous transform fault in California"],["Earthquake","Shaking of the ground from sudden release of energy in Earth's crust"],["Focus (hypocenter)","The point underground where an earthquake starts"],["Epicenter","The point on the surface directly above the focus"],["Seismic waves","Vibrations that travel through Earth during an earthquake"],["P waves","Fast seismic waves that arrive first"],["S waves","Slower seismic waves that arrive second"],["Surface waves","Seismic waves that move along the ground and cause the most damage"],["Seismograph","An instrument that records earthquake waves"],["Seismologist","A scientist who studies earthquakes"],["Richter scale","An older scale of earthquake size"],["Moment magnitude scale","The scale scientists now use to measure earthquake size"],["Aftershock","A smaller quake that follows a larger one"],["Tsunami","A giant sea wave usually caused by an undersea earthquake"],["Ring of Fire","A belt of volcanoes and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean"],["Volcano","An opening in Earth's crust where lava, ash and gas escape"],["Vent","An opening where magma comes out of a volcano"],["Crater","A bowl-shaped dip at the top of a volcano"],["Caldera","A large crater formed when a volcano collapses"],["Magma chamber","An underground pool of magma"],["Shield volcano","A wide, gently sloping volcano like those in Hawaii"],["Composite (stratovolcano)","A steep cone built from layers of lava and ash"],["Cinder cone","A small, steep cone of volcanic fragments"],["Active volcano","One that is erupting or may erupt"],["Dormant volcano","A volcano that is quiet but may erupt again"],["Extinct volcano","A volcano that is not expected to erupt again"],["Hot spot","A place deep in the mantle that feeds volcanoes, like Hawaii"],["Pyroclastic flow","A fast cloud of hot gas and ash from a volcano"],["Ash","Tiny rock and glass pieces thrown out by a volcano"],["Mount St. Helens","A volcano in Washington State that erupted in 1980"],["Mauna Loa","A huge shield volcano in Hawaii"],["Mount Vesuvius","The volcano that buried Pompeii in the year 79"],["Geyser","A hot spring that shoots water into the air"],["Old Faithful","A famous geyser in Yellowstone National Park"],["Fold mountains","Mountains formed when plates push together and crumple rock"],["Himalayas","Mountains formed where India's plate pushes into Asia's"],["Convection currents","Slow movements of hot mantle rock that help move the plates"],["Evidence for drift: fossils","The same fossils appear on continents now far apart"],["Evidence for drift: coastlines","South America and Africa fit together like puzzle pieces"],["How fast do plates move?","A few centimeters a year, about as fast as fingernails grow"],["Strike-slip fault","A fault where blocks slide sideways past each other"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-rocks","id":"earth-rocks","title":"Rocks and the Rock Cycle","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and how they form.","tags":["rocks","geology"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Rock","A solid natural material made of one or more minerals"],["Igneous rock","Rock formed when melted rock cools and hardens"],["Sedimentary rock","Rock formed when sediments are pressed and cemented together"],["Metamorphic rock","Rock changed by heat and pressure"],["Magma","Melted rock beneath the surface"],["Lava","Melted rock that has reached the surface"],["Intrusive igneous rock","Igneous rock that cooled slowly underground, with large crystals"],["Extrusive igneous rock","Igneous rock that cooled quickly at the surface, with small crystals"],["Granite","A light-colored intrusive igneous rock with visible crystals"],["Basalt","A dark, fine-grained extrusive igneous rock"],["Obsidian","Natural volcanic glass"],["Pumice","A light igneous rock full of holes that can float"],["Rhyolite","An extrusive rock with the same makeup as granite"],["Gabbro","A dark intrusive igneous rock"],["Sandstone","Sedimentary rock made of cemented sand grains"],["Limestone","Sedimentary rock made mostly of calcium carbonate"],["Shale","Sedimentary rock made of compacted clay and mud"],["Conglomerate","Sedimentary rock with rounded pebbles cemented in it"],["Breccia","Sedimentary rock with angular fragments cemented together"],["Coal","A sedimentary rock made from ancient plants"],["Chalk","A soft, white form of limestone"],["Marble","Metamorphic rock formed from limestone"],["Slate","Metamorphic rock formed from shale; splits into flat sheets"],["Quartzite","Metamorphic rock formed from sandstone"],["Gneiss","A banded metamorphic rock formed from granite or similar rocks"],["Schist","Metamorphic rock that shines with mica flakes"],["Phyllite","Metamorphic rock between slate and schist"],["Weathering","Breaking down of rock by wind, water, ice or plants"],["Erosion","Moving of weathered material from one place to another"],["Deposition","Dropping of sediments in a new place"],["Sediment","Small pieces of rock, shell or soil moved by water, wind or ice"],["Compaction","Pressing sediments together under weight"],["Cementation","Minerals gluing sediments together"],["Lithification","The process that turns sediment into rock"],["Rock cycle","The never-ending change of rocks from one type to another"],["Foliated","Having layers or bands, as in some metamorphic rocks"],["Crystal","A solid with atoms arranged in a repeating pattern"],["Fossil","The preserved remains or traces of ancient life"],["Which rock type usually contains fossils?","Sedimentary"],["Strata","Layers of sedimentary rock"],["Law of superposition","In undisturbed layers, the oldest rock is at the bottom"],["Core sample","A tube of rock or ice pulled from the ground for study"],["Geologist","A scientist who studies Earth and its rocks"],["Petrologist","A scientist who studies rocks"],["Soil","A mix of weathered rock, organic matter, water and air"],["Humus","Dark, rich decayed plant and animal matter in soil"],["Topsoil","The top soil layer, rich in nutrients"],["Bedrock","Solid rock beneath soil"],["Clay","The smallest soil particles"],["Silt","Soil particles of medium size"],["Sand","Soil particles larger than silt and smaller than gravel"],["Loam","A balanced soil of sand, silt and clay"],["Frost wedging","Water freezing in cracks and splitting rock"],["Chemical weathering","Rock changed by chemical reactions, like rusting"],["Physical (mechanical) weathering","Rock broken into smaller pieces without chemical change"],["Delta","Sediment fan built where a river meets a larger body of water"],["Glacier","A large moving mass of ice that carves the land"],["Rock that forms from lava cooling","Igneous"],["Rock that forms from heat and pressure on other rocks","Metamorphic"],["Rock that forms in layers","Sedimentary"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-water-cycle-oceans","id":"earth-water-cycle-oceans","title":"Water Cycle and Oceans","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"How water moves around Earth and basic facts about oceans.","tags":["water cycle","oceans"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Water cycle","The continuous movement of water between Earth and the air"],["Evaporation","Liquid water heated by the Sun turns into vapor"],["Transpiration","Plants releasing water vapor from their leaves"],["Condensation","Water vapor cools and forms tiny droplets, making clouds"],["Precipitation","Water falling as rain, snow, sleet or hail"],["Collection","Water gathering in oceans, lakes, rivers and underground"],["Runoff","Water flowing over the land into streams and rivers"],["Groundwater","Water stored underground in soil and rock"],["Aquifer","An underground layer of rock that holds water"],["Water table","The top of the groundwater"],["Infiltration","Water soaking into the ground"],["Surface water","Water in rivers, lakes and streams"],["What gives energy to the water cycle?","The Sun"],["Freshwater","Water with very little salt"],["Saltwater","Water with lots of dissolved salt"],["Percent of Earth's water that is fresh, about","3 percent"],["Where is most of Earth's fresh water stored?","In glaciers and ice caps"],["Five oceans","Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic"],["Largest ocean","Pacific"],["Smallest ocean","Arctic"],["Deepest known point in the ocean","Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench"],["Salinity","How salty water is"],["Average salinity of seawater","About 3.5 percent"],["Tide","The daily rise and fall of sea level"],["What causes tides?","The pull of the Moon's and Sun's gravity"],["High tide","When the water reaches its highest level"],["Low tide","When the water reaches its lowest level"],["Spring tide","A tide with the biggest range, at new and full moon"],["Neap tide","A tide with the smallest range, at quarter moons"],["Wave","Energy moving through water"],["What makes most ocean waves?","Wind"],["Current","A steady flow of water in the ocean"],["Gulf Stream","A warm current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico up the US coast"],["Upwelling","Cold, nutrient-rich water rising to the surface"],["Continental shelf","The shallow part of the seafloor near a continent"],["Continental slope","The steep drop from the shelf to the deep ocean"],["Abyssal plain","The flat deep ocean floor"],["Seamount","An underwater mountain"],["Sunlight zone","The top layer of the ocean where light reaches"],["Twilight zone","The ocean layer with dim light, about 200 to 1,000 meters deep"],["Midnight zone","The deep ocean layer with no sunlight"],["Hadal zone","The deepest ocean zone, in trenches"],["Oceanography","The study of the ocean"],["Sonar","Uses sound to map the seafloor"],["Submersible","A small underwater vehicle for deep dives"],["Hydrothermal vent","A crack in the seafloor that spews hot water"],["Coral reef","An ocean ecosystem built by tiny coral animals"],["Mangrove","A tree that grows in salty coastal water"],["Plankton","Tiny life that drifts in the ocean"],["Kelp forest","A large underwater forest of giant seaweed"],["Why is seawater not good to drink?","It has too much salt for our bodies"],["Desalination","Removing salt from seawater"],["Water pollution","Harmful substances in water"],["Oil spill","Oil leaking into the sea, hurting wildlife"],["Ocean acidification","The ocean becoming more acidic as it absorbs carbon dioxide"],["Coastal erosion","Waves wearing away the shoreline"],["Wetland","Land soaked with water, like a marsh or swamp"],["Why are wetlands important?","They filter water and shelter many animals"],["Reservoir","A man-made lake that stores water"],["Dam","A wall built across a river to hold water"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-weather","id":"earth-weather","title":"Weather Words","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Weather, climate, storms and the tools meteorologists use.","tags":["weather","meteorology"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Weather","What the air outside is like at a certain time and place"],["Climate","The average weather of a place over many years"],["Meteorologist","A scientist who studies and forecasts weather"],["Atmosphere","The layer of gases around Earth"],["Temperature","How hot or cold something is"],["Humidity","The amount of water vapor in the air"],["Precipitation","Water falling from clouds: rain, snow, sleet or hail"],["Rain","Liquid water drops falling from clouds"],["Snow","Ice crystals that fall in flakes"],["Sleet","Frozen raindrops"],["Hail","Balls of ice that fall from thunderstorms"],["Freezing rain","Rain that freezes on contact with cold surfaces"],["Fog","A cloud at ground level"],["Dew","Water droplets that condense on cool surfaces overnight"],["Frost","Ice crystals on surfaces below freezing"],["Wind","Moving air"],["Air pressure","The weight of air pressing on the surface"],["High pressure","Usually brings clear, calm weather"],["Low pressure","Usually brings clouds and storms"],["Front","The boundary between two air masses"],["Cold front","Cold air pushes under warm air, often bringing storms"],["Warm front","Warm air slides over cold air, often bringing steady rain"],["Stationary front","A front that stays in the same place"],["Air mass","A large body of air with similar temperature and moisture"],["Thunderstorm","A storm with thunder, lightning and heavy rain"],["Lightning","A giant spark of electricity in the sky"],["Thunder","The sound made by lightning heating the air"],["Tornado","A rotating column of air that touches the ground"],["Hurricane","A huge tropical storm with strong winds"],["Typhoon","Name for a hurricane in the western Pacific"],["Cyclone","Name for a hurricane in the Indian Ocean"],["Blizzard","A snowstorm with strong wind and low visibility"],["Drought","A long time with little rain"],["Flood","Water covering land that is usually dry"],["Heat wave","A long period of unusually hot weather"],["Monsoon","A seasonal wind that brings heavy rains"],["Tropical storm","A storm with winds of 39 to 73 miles per hour"],["Eye of a hurricane","The calm center"],["Storm surge","A rise of sea water pushed ashore by a storm"],["Water cycle","Water moving through evaporation, condensation and precipitation"],["Evaporation","Liquid water turning into vapor"],["Condensation","Water vapor turning into liquid"],["Dew point","The temperature at which air becomes saturated and dew forms"],["Forecast","A prediction of future weather"],["Thermometer","Measures temperature"],["Barometer","Measures air pressure"],["Anemometer","Measures wind speed"],["Wind vane","Shows wind direction"],["Rain gauge","Measures rainfall"],["Hygrometer","Measures humidity"],["Weather balloon","A balloon carrying instruments up into the air"],["Doppler radar","Radar that detects rain and storm movement"],["Satellite","A spacecraft that photographs clouds and weather from above"],["Beaufort scale","A scale for describing wind strength"],["Saffir-Simpson scale","Rates hurricanes from category 1 to 5"],["Enhanced Fujita scale","Rates tornado damage from EF0 to EF5"],["Celsius","A temperature scale where water freezes at 0 and boils at 100"],["Fahrenheit","A temperature scale where water freezes at 32 and boils at 212"],["Jet stream","A fast narrow current of wind high in the atmosphere"],["Coriolis effect","The turning of winds and currents caused by Earth's rotation"],["El Nino","A pattern of warmer than normal Pacific Ocean water that changes weather worldwide"],["Rainbow","Arc of colors made when sunlight passes through water drops"],["Microclimate","The climate of a small area that differs from nearby areas"],["Lake-effect snow","Snow made when cold air passes over warm lake water"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/environmental-science","id":"environmental-science","title":"Environmental Science","category":"science","subject":"Environmental Science","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Pollution, resources, recycling and caring for Earth.","tags":["environment","recycling","climate"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Environment","Everything around a living thing"],["Natural resource","A material from nature that people use"],["Renewable resource","A resource that can be replaced naturally, like sunlight and wind"],["Nonrenewable resource","A resource that cannot be replaced quickly, like oil"],["Conservation","Protecting and using resources wisely"],["Reduce, reuse, recycle","Use less, use things again, make new things from old ones"],["Recycling","Turning used materials into new products"],["Compost","Decayed food and plant waste that enriches soil"],["Landfill","A place where trash is buried"],["Biodegradable","Able to be broken down by living things"],["Pollution","Harmful materials added to air, water or land"],["Air pollution","Harmful gases and particles in the air"],["Water pollution","Harmful substances in water"],["Soil pollution","Harmful chemicals in the ground"],["Noise pollution","Loud sounds that harm health or wildlife"],["Light pollution","Too much artificial light at night"],["Smog","Smoky fog caused by air pollution"],["Acid rain","Rain made acidic by pollution"],["Ozone layer","Layer high in the air that blocks harmful UV rays"],["Greenhouse effect","Gases in the air trapping heat near Earth"],["Greenhouse gases","Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor"],["Global warming","The rise in Earth's average temperature"],["Climate change","Long-term change in Earth's weather patterns"],["Fossil fuels","Coal, oil and natural gas"],["Carbon footprint","The amount of carbon dioxide caused by a person or activity"],["Deforestation","Cutting down large areas of forest"],["Reforestation","Planting trees again"],["Habitat loss","When animals lose their natural homes"],["Endangered species","A species at risk of dying out"],["Extinction","When a species dies out completely"],["Biodiversity","The variety of life in a place"],["Invasive species","A species that spreads and harms its new home"],["Overfishing","Catching fish faster than they can be replaced"],["Overpopulation","Too many people or animals for resources to support"],["Erosion","Soil carried away by wind or water"],["Desertification","Land turning into desert"],["Drought","A long time without much rain"],["Water conservation","Using water carefully"],["Watershed","Land area that drains to a river or lake"],["Oil spill","Oil leaking into water, harming wildlife"],["Plastic pollution","Plastic trash in land and oceans"],["Microplastics","Tiny pieces of plastic less than 5 millimeters"],["Single-use plastic","Plastic items thrown away after one use"],["Sustainable","Meeting needs without using up resources for the future"],["Renewable energy","Energy from sources like sun, wind and water"],["Solar power","Electricity from sunlight"],["Wind power","Electricity from wind turbines"],["Hydropower","Electricity from moving water"],["Geothermal energy","Heat from within the Earth"],["Energy efficiency","Using less energy for the same job"],["Organic farming","Growing food without synthetic chemicals"],["Pesticide","A chemical that kills pests"],["Fertilizer","Material added to soil to help plants grow"],["Runoff","Rain or irrigation water that flows over land carrying pollutants"],["Eutrophication","Too many nutrients in water causing algae to take over"],["Wetlands","Land covered with shallow water that cleans water and shelters wildlife"],["National park","Protected land for nature and people to enjoy"],["Wildlife refuge","A protected area for wildlife"],["Who created National Parks in the US?","Congress; Yellowstone became the first in 1872"],["Earth Day","April 22, a day to protect the environment"],["EPA","The US Environmental Protection Agency, founded in 1970"],["Rachel Carson","Wrote Silent Spring in 1962, about pesticides"],["Ecosystem services","Free benefits nature gives us, like clean water and pollination"],["Pollinator","An animal that helps plants make seeds, like bees"],["Food miles","How far food travels before you eat it"],["Food waste","Edible food that gets thrown away"],["Green roof","A roof covered with plants"],["Electric vehicle","A vehicle powered by electricity instead of gasoline"],["Public transportation","Buses and trains that carry many people"],["Zero waste","Trying to send nothing to landfill"],["Ecological footprint","How much of Earth's resources a person uses"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ocean-life","id":"ocean-life","title":"Ocean Animals","category":"science","subject":"Marine Biology","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Sea creatures and facts about life in the ocean.","tags":["ocean","marine","sea animals"],"frontLabel":"Animal / question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Blue whale","The largest animal ever known; eats tiny krill"],["Humpback whale","A whale famous for songs and breaching"],["Orca (killer whale)","A large black and white dolphin that hunts in pods"],["Sperm whale","The largest toothed whale; dives very deep"],["Beluga whale","A small white whale of Arctic waters"],["Narwhal","A whale with a long spiral tusk"],["Dolphin","A smart, social marine mammal that uses echolocation"],["Porpoise","A small relative of dolphins with a blunt snout"],["Manatee","A gentle, slow marine mammal that eats plants"],["Sea otter","A mammal that floats on its back and uses tools to crack shells"],["Walrus","A large Arctic mammal with tusks"],["Seal","A marine mammal with flippers and no external ear flaps in true seals"],["Sea lion","A marine mammal with ear flaps and large front flippers"],["Polar bear","An Arctic marine mammal that hunts on sea ice"],["Great white shark","A large predator shark"],["Whale shark","The largest fish; eats plankton"],["Hammerhead shark","A shark with a wide, flat head"],["Manta ray","A giant, wing-like filter feeder"],["Stingray","A flat fish with a stinging barb on its tail"],["Clownfish","An orange and white fish that lives among anemones"],["Seahorse","A fish where the male carries the babies"],["Pufferfish","A fish that swells with water when threatened"],["Swordfish","A fast fish with a long flat bill"],["Tuna","A fast, strong fish important for food"],["Salmon","A fish that swims from the sea up rivers to spawn"],["Eel","A long, snake-like fish"],["Anglerfish","A deep-sea fish with a glowing lure"],["Flying fish","A fish that glides above the water"],["Jellyfish","A soft sea animal with stinging tentacles, no brain or heart"],["Octopus","A smart mollusk with eight arms"],["Squid","A mollusk with eight arms and two long tentacles"],["Giant squid","A deep-sea squid with the largest eyes in the animal world"],["Cuttlefish","A relative of squid that changes color quickly"],["Nautilus","A shelled cephalopod with a spiral shell"],["Starfish (sea star)","A spiny-skinned animal with arms"],["Sea urchin","A spiny round animal"],["Sea cucumber","A soft, sausage-shaped animal on the seafloor"],["Crab","A crustacean with claws and a hard shell"],["Lobster","A large crustacean with big claws"],["Shrimp","A small crustacean with a curved body"],["Krill","Tiny shrimp-like animals eaten by whales"],["Barnacle","A crustacean that sticks to rocks and boats"],["Hermit crab","A crab that lives inside a borrowed shell"],["Sea turtle","A reptile that lives in the ocean and lays eggs on beaches"],["Sea snake","A venomous snake adapted to the sea"],["Marine iguana","A lizard that feeds on algae in the sea, found in the Galapagos"],["Penguin","A flightless bird that swims"],["Albatross","A seabird with a very long wingspan"],["Pelican","A seabird with a throat pouch"],["Coral","A tiny animal that builds a hard skeleton, forming reefs"],["Sponge","A simple animal that filters water"],["Sea anemone","A soft animal with stinging tentacles"],["Seaweed","Algae that grows in the sea"],["Kelp","A large brown seaweed that forms forests"],["Plankton","Tiny living things that drift in the sea"],["Mollusk examples","Clams, snails, oysters and octopuses"],["Great Barrier Reef","The world's largest coral reef system, off Australia"],["Bioluminescence","Light made by living things, as in jellyfish and anglerfish"],["Pod","A group of whales or dolphins"],["School","A group of fish"],["Baleen","Plates in some whales' mouths that filter food"],["Blowhole","The nostril on top of a whale's head"],["Echolocation","Using sound echoes to find prey"],["Gills","Organs fish use to get oxygen from water"],["Fins","Body parts that help fish steer and balance"],["Ink","A dark fluid octopuses squirt to hide"],["Tide pool","A pocket of water left behind on a rocky shore at low tide"],["Intertidal zone","The shore area between high and low tide"],["Deep sea","The dark, cold part of the ocean far below the surface"],["Mariana Trench","The deepest place in the ocean"],["Food chain in the sea","Phytoplankton, zooplankton, small fish, larger fish and sharks or whales"],["Overfishing","Catching fish faster than they can reproduce"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-electricity-magnetism","id":"phys-electricity-magnetism","title":"Electricity and Magnetism","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Circuits, charge, current and magnets.","tags":["electricity","magnetism","circuits"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Electric charge","A property of matter that can be positive or negative"],["Like charges","Repel each other"],["Opposite charges","Attract each other"],["Proton charge","Positive"],["Electron charge","Negative"],["Neutron charge","None; neutral"],["Static electricity","Charge that builds up on an object"],["Example of static electricity","A balloon sticking to your hair after rubbing"],["Lightning","A huge spark of static electricity in clouds"],["Current","The flow of electric charge"],["Voltage","The push that moves charge in a circuit"],["Resistance","How much a material resists current"],["Circuit","A complete path for electricity"],["Open circuit","A circuit with a break, so no current flows"],["Closed circuit","A complete loop where current flows"],["Series circuit","Parts connected in one path; if one breaks all stop"],["Parallel circuit","Parts connected on separate paths; if one breaks others keep working"],["Switch","A device that opens or closes a circuit"],["Battery","A source that provides electrical energy from chemical reactions"],["Cell","One unit of a battery"],["Wire","A thin strand of metal that carries current"],["Conductor","A material that lets current flow easily"],["Insulator","A material that blocks current"],["Examples of conductors","Copper, silver, aluminum and water with salt"],["Examples of insulators","Rubber, plastic, glass and wood"],["Fuse","A safety part that melts and breaks the circuit if the current is too high"],["Circuit breaker","A switch that shuts off a circuit when it carries too much current"],["Ground","A path that carries extra current safely into the Earth"],["Alternating current (AC)","Current that changes direction back and forth; used in homes"],["Direct current (DC)","Current that flows one way; from batteries"],["Generator","A device that turns motion into electricity"],["Transformer","A device that changes the voltage of AC"],["Resistor","A part that limits the current in a circuit"],["Capacitor","A part that stores electric charge"],["Diode","A part that lets current flow one way"],["Transistor","A tiny switch or amplifier in electronics"],["Semiconductor","A material, like silicon, that conducts better than an insulator but less than a metal"],["Magnet","An object that attracts iron and has a north and south pole"],["Magnetic pole","The end of a magnet where force is strongest"],["Like poles","Repel"],["Opposite poles","Attract"],["Magnetic field","The region around a magnet where its force acts"],["Magnetic materials","Iron, nickel and cobalt"],["Compass","Needle magnet that points to Earth's magnetic north"],["Earth's magnetic field","Produced by moving molten iron in the outer core"],["Electromagnet","A magnet made by running current through a coil, often around an iron core"],["Electromagnetic induction","Making current by changing a magnetic field near a wire"],["Who discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831?","Michael Faraday"],["Who showed in 1820 that electric current creates a magnetic field?","Hans Christian Oersted"],["Who flew a kite in a storm in a famous experiment?","Benjamin Franklin"],["Who invented the practical light bulb in 1879?","Thomas Edison"],["Who built the first battery around 1800?","Alessandro Volta"],["Aurora","Glowing lights where charged particles from the Sun hit Earth's atmosphere near the poles"],["Electric motor","A device that turns electricity into motion"],["Solenoid","A coil of wire that makes a magnetic field when current flows"],["Short circuit","An unplanned path with low resistance that can cause too much current"],["Why should you never put a fork in a socket?","Metal conducts electricity and can cause serious harm"],["Staying safe in a storm","Go indoors and stay away from windows and water"],["Why are power lines high up?","To keep the dangerous electricity away from people"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-energy","id":"phys-energy","title":"Energy Forms and Sources","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Types of energy, energy changes and energy sources.","tags":["energy","resources"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Energy","The ability to cause change or do work"],["Kinetic energy","Energy of movement"],["Potential energy","Stored energy"],["Mechanical energy","Kinetic plus potential energy of an object"],["Chemical energy","Energy stored in food, fuel and batteries"],["Electrical energy","Energy of moving electric charges"],["Thermal energy","Energy of moving particles; felt as heat"],["Light (radiant) energy","Energy carried by electromagnetic waves"],["Sound energy","Energy carried by vibrations"],["Nuclear energy","Energy stored in an atom's nucleus"],["Elastic energy","Energy stored in a stretched rubber band or spring"],["Gravitational energy","Energy stored by an object that is high up"],["Energy change in a lamp","Electrical to light and heat"],["Energy change in a toaster","Electrical to heat"],["Energy change in a car engine","Chemical to thermal to motion"],["Energy change in a solar cell","Light to electrical"],["Energy change in a battery","Chemical to electrical"],["Energy change in a microphone","Sound to electrical"],["Energy change in a speaker","Electrical to sound"],["Energy change in a plant","Light to chemical"],["Energy change in a falling ball","Potential to kinetic"],["Energy change in rubbing hands","Motion to heat"],["Energy change in a hydroelectric dam","Gravitational potential to kinetic to electrical"],["Renewable energy","Energy from sources that can be replaced naturally"],["Nonrenewable energy","Energy from sources that cannot be replaced soon"],["Fossil fuels","Coal, oil and natural gas made from ancient living things"],["Coal","A solid fossil fuel made from ancient plants"],["Petroleum","Liquid fossil fuel also called crude oil"],["Natural gas","Fossil fuel made mostly of methane"],["Solar energy","Energy from the Sun"],["Wind energy","Energy from moving air that turns turbines"],["Hydroelectric power","Electricity from moving water"],["Geothermal energy","Heat from inside the Earth"],["Biomass","Energy from burning plants or waste"],["Biofuel","Fuel made from plants, like ethanol"],["Tidal energy","Energy from the rise and fall of ocean tides"],["Nuclear power","Electricity from splitting atoms in a reactor"],["Uranium","The fuel used in most nuclear plants"],["Photovoltaic cell","A solar cell that makes electricity from light"],["Turbine","A wheel that spins to run a generator"],["Generator","A machine that turns motion into electricity"],["Power plant","A facility that makes electricity"],["Energy conservation","Using less energy"],["Energy efficiency","Getting the same job done using less energy"],["Greenhouse gas","A gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide"],["Sun's energy source","Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium"],["Law of conservation of energy","Energy is never made or destroyed, only changed"],["Where does most of Earth's energy come from?","The Sun"],["Joule","The unit of energy"],["Watt","A rate of energy use, one joule per second"],["Kilowatt-hour","A unit of electrical energy used on a power bill"],["Calorie","A unit of energy in food (the Calorie on labels is 1,000 small calories)"],["Grid","The network that delivers electricity to homes"],["Battery","Stores chemical energy and gives electrical energy"],["Fuel cell","A device that makes electricity from a reaction such as hydrogen with oxygen"],["Wasted energy","Energy that ends up as unwanted heat"],["Insulation","Material that slows heat loss"],["LED","A light bulb that uses much less energy than an old incandescent bulb"],["Passive solar","Using building design to gather the Sun's heat"],["Smart meter","A meter that tracks electricity use in detail"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-forces-motion","id":"phys-forces-motion","title":"Forces and Motion","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Pushes, pulls, gravity, friction and Newton's laws in simple words.","tags":["forces","motion"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What is a force?","A push or a pull"],["What unit measures force?","The newton"],["What force pulls objects toward Earth?","Gravity"],["What does friction do?","Slows or stops objects that slide against each other"],["Which surface has more friction, ice or sandpaper?","Sandpaper"],["How can you reduce friction?","Use oil, wheels or a smooth surface"],["Types of friction","Static, sliding, rolling and fluid"],["Static friction","Friction that keeps a resting object from moving"],["Sliding friction","Friction between surfaces sliding over each other"],["Rolling friction","Friction when an object rolls; usually smaller than sliding"],["Air resistance","A force that slows things moving through air"],["Magnetic force","A push or pull between magnets"],["Normal force","The push of a surface upward on an object resting on it"],["Tension","A pulling force through a rope or string"],["Applied force","A force given to an object by a person or thing"],["Buoyant force","The upward push of water on an object"],["Why does a feather fall slower than a rock in air?","Air resistance affects it more"],["Would a feather and a hammer fall together on the Moon?","Yes, with no air they fall at the same rate; astronaut David Scott showed this in 1971"],["Mass vs weight","Mass is the amount of matter; weight is the pull of gravity on it"],["Is your mass different on the Moon?","No; your weight is, because gravity is weaker"],["How much is gravity on the Moon compared to Earth?","About one-sixth"],["Balanced forces","Forces equal and opposite; no change in motion"],["Unbalanced forces","Forces that change an object's motion"],["Inertia","The tendency of objects to keep doing what they're doing"],["Why do you lurch forward when a car brakes?","Your body's inertia keeps it moving forward"],["Newton's first law in short","Objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion unless a force acts"],["Newton's second law in short","More force means more acceleration; more mass means less"],["Newton's third law in short","Every action has an equal and opposite reaction"],["Example of Newton's third law","A rocket pushes gas down and the gas pushes the rocket up"],["Speed","How fast something moves"],["Velocity","Speed with a direction"],["Acceleration","Changing speed or direction"],["Is a car turning at constant speed accelerating?","Yes, because its direction is changing"],["Free fall","Falling with only gravity acting"],["How fast do falling objects accelerate on Earth?","About 9.8 meters per second every second"],["Terminal velocity","The top speed of a falling object when air resistance balances weight"],["Projectile","An object launched and moving through the air"],["Momentum","How hard it is to stop a moving object: mass times velocity"],["Collision","When two objects hit each other"],["Elastic collision","Objects bounce and kinetic energy is kept"],["Inelastic collision","Objects crumple or stick together and some energy changes form"],["Centripetal force","A force pulling toward the center of a circular path"],["Centrifugal force","The feeling of being pushed outward in a turn; really inertia"],["Orbit","The curved path of one object around another due to gravity"],["Why do planets stay in orbit?","Gravity pulls them toward the Sun while their motion carries them forward"],["Who described the law of gravity in the 1600s?","Isaac Newton"],["Who showed that objects of different mass fall at the same rate in a vacuum?","Galileo's ideas led there; later experiments confirmed it"],["Seat belts protect people by","Slowing the body gradually and holding it in place"],["Airbags work by","Spreading force over a longer time"],["Pressure","Force spread over an area"],["Why do snowshoes help you walk on snow?","They spread weight over a larger area"],["Torque","A force that causes turning"],["Equilibrium","A state in which forces are balanced"],["Speed formula","Speed = distance divided by time"],["If you travel 100 km in 2 hours, your average speed is","50 km per hour"],["Reference point","A place or object used to describe an object's position"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-laws-formulas","id":"phys-laws-formulas","title":"Physics Laws and Formulas","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Important physics formulas and what they mean.","tags":["formulas","laws","physics"],"frontLabel":"Law / quantity","backLabel":"Formula or statement","cards":[["Newton's first law","An object stays at rest or in steady motion unless acted on by a net force"],["Newton's second law","F = m x a"],["Newton's third law","For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction"],["Speed","speed = distance / time"],["Acceleration","a = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time"],["Weight","W = m x g"],["Momentum","p = m x v"],["Work","W = F x d"],["Power","P = W / t"],["Kinetic energy","KE = 1/2 m v squared"],["Gravitational potential energy","PE = m x g x h"],["Density","density = mass / volume"],["Pressure","P = F / A"],["Ohm's law","V = I x R"],["Electric power","P = I x V"],["Wave speed","v = f x wavelength"],["Frequency and period","f = 1 / T"],["Universal gravitation","F = G m1 m2 / r squared"],["Einstein's mass-energy equivalence","E = m c squared"],["Law of conservation of energy","Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form"],["Law of conservation of momentum","Total momentum stays the same in a closed system"],["Hooke's law","The force of a spring is proportional to how far it is stretched: F = kx"],["Archimedes' principle","The buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced"],["Pascal's principle","Pressure applied to a confined fluid is passed on equally"],["Bernoulli's principle","Faster-moving fluid has lower pressure"],["Boyle's law","At constant temperature, gas pressure goes down as volume goes up"],["Charles's law","At constant pressure, gas volume goes up as temperature goes up"],["Snell's law","Describes how light bends when it passes between materials"],["Law of reflection","The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection"],["Coulomb's law","Electric force depends on charges and on distance squared"],["First law of thermodynamics","Energy is conserved; heat and work change internal energy"],["Second law of thermodynamics","Heat flows from hot to cold, and entropy tends to increase"],["Third law of thermodynamics","A system cannot be cooled to absolute zero in a finite number of steps"],["Kepler's first law","Planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus"],["Kepler's second law","A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times"],["Kepler's third law","A planet's orbital period squared is proportional to its distance cubed"],["Centripetal acceleration","a = v squared / r"],["Average velocity","(final position - starting position) / time"],["Distance at constant acceleration from rest","d = 1/2 a t squared"],["Final speed from rest","v = a x t"],["Series circuit resistance","Total R = R1 + R2 + R3"],["Parallel circuit resistance","1/R total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ..."],["Kinetic energy depends on speed how?","On the square of speed, so doubling speed quadruples KE"],["Mechanical advantage","Output force divided by input force"],["Efficiency","(useful output / total input) x 100 percent"],["Heat energy","Q = m c (change in temperature)"],["Specific heat capacity","Heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree"],["Ideal gas law","PV = nRT"],["Doppler effect","The pitch or color of a wave changes when the source or observer moves"],["Heisenberg uncertainty principle","You cannot know a particle's exact position and momentum at once"],["Photon energy","E = h x f (Planck's constant times frequency)"],["Torque","Torque = force x distance from the pivot"],["Impulse-momentum","Force x time = change in momentum"],["Escape velocity","The speed needed to break free of a planet's gravity"],["Universal gravitational constant","G, about 6.67 x 10^-11 N m2/kg2"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-light-sound-waves","id":"phys-light-sound-waves","title":"Light, Sound and Waves","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"How light and sound behave, and the electromagnetic spectrum.","tags":["light","sound","waves"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What makes sound?","Vibrations"],["Can sound travel in space?","No; it needs matter to travel through"],["Does sound travel faster in air or water?","Water"],["Sound travels fastest through","Solids"],["Pitch","How high or low a sound is"],["What determines pitch?","Frequency"],["Volume (loudness)","How strong a sound is; depends on amplitude"],["Unit of loudness","Decibel"],["Echo","A sound that bounces off a surface and comes back"],["Ultrasound","Sound with frequency too high for humans to hear"],["Infrasound","Sound with frequency too low for humans to hear"],["Range of human hearing, roughly","20 to 20,000 hertz"],["Sonar","Using sound echoes to find objects underwater"],["Echolocation","Animals such as bats and dolphins using echoes to find things"],["Speed of sound in air, roughly","343 meters per second"],["Sonic boom","A loud noise made when something travels faster than sound"],["Speed of light","About 300,000 kilometers per second"],["Why do we see lightning before we hear thunder?","Light travels much faster than sound"],["Light travels in","Straight lines"],["Reflection of light","Light bouncing off a surface"],["Refraction of light","Light bending when it enters a new material"],["What does a prism do?","Splits white light into a rainbow of colors"],["Colors of the rainbow in order","Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet"],["Which color of visible light has the longest wavelength?","Red"],["Which color has the shortest wavelength?","Violet"],["Transparent","Lets light pass through clearly"],["Translucent","Lets some light through but scatters it"],["Opaque","Blocks light"],["Shadow","A dark area where an object blocks light"],["Convex lens","A lens thicker in the middle; makes light converge"],["Concave lens","A lens thinner in the middle; makes light spread out"],["Plane mirror","A flat mirror that forms an image the same size as the object"],["Concave mirror","A mirror curved inward, like the inside of a spoon"],["Convex mirror","A mirror curved outward, used as a car side mirror"],["Primary colors of light","Red, green and blue"],["Primary colors of paint (traditional)","Red, yellow and blue"],["Why is the sky blue?","Air scatters blue light more than other colors"],["Why are sunsets red?","Light passes through more air, scattering the blue away"],["Electromagnetic spectrum order, long to short wavelength","Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma ray"],["Radio waves are used for","Radio, TV and phones"],["Microwaves are used for","Cooking and communications"],["Infrared is felt as","Heat"],["Ultraviolet light","Causes sunburn and tanning"],["X-rays are used for","Seeing bones and inside objects"],["Gamma rays","The highest-energy waves"],["Laser","A narrow beam of light of one wavelength"],["Fiber optics","Thin glass fibers that carry light signals"],["Total internal reflection","Light bouncing entirely inside a material like glass or water"],["Mirage","An image caused by light bending in hot air"],["Wave","A disturbance that carries energy"],["Crest","The highest point of a wave"],["Trough","The lowest point of a wave"],["Amplitude","The height of a wave from rest position"],["Wavelength","Distance between two crests"],["Frequency","Waves per second"],["Medium","The material a wave travels through"],["Resonance","A strong vibration when something is pushed at its natural frequency"],["Interference","Waves combining to be bigger or smaller"],["Doppler effect","A siren sounds higher as it approaches and lower as it leaves"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-simple-machines","id":"phys-simple-machines","title":"Simple Machines","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The six simple machines, examples and key ideas.","tags":["simple machines","work"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Simple machine","A tool with few or no moving parts that makes work easier"],["How many kinds of simple machines are there?","Six"],["Name the six simple machines","Lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw"],["Lever","A bar that rotates around a point called a fulcrum"],["Fulcrum","The pivot point of a lever"],["Effort","The force you apply to a machine"],["Load (resistance)","The weight a machine moves"],["First-class lever","Fulcrum is between the effort and the load"],["Second-class lever","Load is between the fulcrum and the effort"],["Third-class lever","Effort is between the fulcrum and the load"],["Example of a first-class lever","A seesaw or a crowbar"],["Example of a second-class lever","A wheelbarrow or a nutcracker"],["Example of a third-class lever","A fishing rod, a broom or tweezers"],["Inclined plane","A flat sloped surface used to raise or lower loads"],["Example of an inclined plane","A ramp or a slide"],["Wedge","Two inclined planes put together to split or cut things"],["Example of a wedge","An axe, knife or doorstop"],["Screw","An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder"],["Example of a screw","A jar lid, a bolt or a light bulb base"],["Wheel and axle","A wheel joined to a rod so they turn together"],["Example of a wheel and axle","A doorknob, a steering wheel or a bicycle wheel"],["Pulley","A wheel with a rope or chain that changes the direction of a pull"],["Example of a pulley","A flagpole rope, a crane or a window blind"],["Fixed pulley","A pulley attached in place; changes the direction of force"],["Movable pulley","A pulley that moves with the load; reduces the force needed"],["Block and tackle","A system of pulleys that gives a large mechanical advantage"],["Mechanical advantage","How many times a machine multiplies your effort"],["Do machines reduce the work done?","No; they make work easier by changing force or direction"],["What do you give up when you use less force?","You move through a longer distance"],["Compound machine","Two or more simple machines working together"],["Example of a compound machine","Scissors, a bicycle or a can opener"],["Scissors are made of","Levers and wedges"],["A longer ramp makes it","Easier to push things up, but you push farther"],["Work","Force times distance"],["Wheelbarrow","A second-class lever with a wheel and axle"],["Pliers","Two levers joined together"],["Bottle opener","A second-class lever"],["Stairs","A set of inclined planes"],["Spiral staircase","A kind of screw shape"],["Zipper","A group of tiny wedges"],["Chisel","A wedge"],["Faucet handle","A wheel and axle"],["Gears","Toothed wheels that turn each other"],["Ax splitting wood","Uses a wedge to push wood apart"],["Drill bit","A screw"],["Teeter-totter","A first-class lever"],["Baseball bat","A third-class lever"],["Hammer pulling a nail","A first-class lever"],["Why is a longer lever arm helpful?","Less effort force is needed to lift the load"],["Archimedes' famous line about levers","Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-terms","id":"phys-terms","title":"Physics Vocabulary","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Core physics words for motion, energy and matter.","tags":["physics","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Motion","A change in an object's position"],["Speed","How fast an object moves: distance divided by time"],["Velocity","Speed in a given direction"],["Acceleration","How quickly velocity changes"],["Displacement","The straight-line change in position, with direction"],["Distance","The total length of the path traveled"],["Scalar","A quantity with size only, like speed"],["Vector","A quantity with size and direction, like velocity"],["Force","A push or a pull"],["Net force","The total of all forces acting on an object"],["Balanced forces","Forces that cancel, causing no change in motion"],["Unbalanced forces","Forces that do not cancel, causing a change in motion"],["Inertia","An object's resistance to change in its motion"],["Mass","The amount of matter in an object"],["Weight","The force of gravity on an object"],["Gravity","The force that pulls objects with mass toward each other"],["Friction","A force that resists sliding between surfaces"],["Air resistance","Friction from air pushing against a moving object"],["Terminal velocity","The constant speed reached when air resistance equals weight"],["Momentum","Mass times velocity"],["Impulse","A force applied over time, changing momentum"],["Work","Force applied over a distance"],["Power","The rate of doing work"],["Energy","The ability to do work or cause change"],["Kinetic energy","Energy of motion"],["Potential energy","Stored energy due to position or condition"],["Gravitational potential energy","Energy stored in an object because of its height"],["Elastic potential energy","Energy stored in stretched or squeezed objects"],["Thermal energy","The total kinetic energy of the particles in an object"],["Heat","Thermal energy moving from hot to cold"],["Temperature","A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles"],["Conduction","Heat moving through direct contact"],["Convection","Heat moving by the flow of fluids"],["Radiation","Energy traveling as waves, even through empty space"],["Wave","A disturbance that carries energy"],["Frequency","The number of waves passing a point per second"],["Wavelength","The distance from one wave crest to the next"],["Amplitude","The height of a wave from its rest position"],["Hertz","The unit of frequency: one wave per second"],["Reflection","Waves bouncing off a surface"],["Refraction","Waves bending when they enter a new material"],["Diffraction","Waves spreading as they pass an edge or opening"],["Absorption","A material taking in wave energy"],["Transverse wave","A wave in which particles move up and down across the wave's direction"],["Longitudinal wave","A wave in which particles move back and forth along the wave's direction"],["Electromagnetic spectrum","The full range of light waves from radio to gamma rays"],["Circuit","A closed path for electric current"],["Current","The flow of electric charge"],["Voltage","The push that moves charge through a circuit"],["Resistance","How much a material opposes electric current"],["Conductor","A material that carries electricity or heat well"],["Insulator","A material that carries electricity or heat poorly"],["Magnet","An object that attracts iron and has two poles"],["Magnetic field","The area around a magnet where it exerts force"],["Electromagnet","A magnet made by passing current through a coil of wire"],["Static electricity","A buildup of electric charge on an object"],["Atom","The smallest unit of an element"],["Nuclear fission","Splitting a large nucleus into smaller ones, releasing energy"],["Nuclear fusion","Joining small nuclei into a larger one, releasing energy"],["Radioactive decay","An unstable nucleus giving off particles or energy"],["Pressure","Force per unit area"],["Buoyancy","The upward push of a fluid on an object"],["Density","Mass per unit of volume"],["Torque","A twisting force"],["Centripetal force","A force that pulls an object toward the center of a circle"],["Projectile","An object thrown or launched and moving under gravity"],["Free fall","Falling with only gravity acting"],["Efficiency","The share of input energy that does useful work"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-units-symbols","id":"phys-units-symbols","title":"Physics Units and Symbols","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"What each physics quantity is measured in.","tags":["units","physics"],"frontLabel":"Quantity","backLabel":"Unit","cards":[["Length","meter (m)"],["Mass","kilogram (kg)"],["Time","second (s)"],["Temperature (SI)","kelvin (K)"],["Electric current","ampere (A)"],["Amount of substance","mole (mol)"],["Luminous intensity","candela (cd)"],["Force","newton (N)"],["Energy and work","joule (J)"],["Power","watt (W)"],["Pressure","pascal (Pa)"],["Frequency","hertz (Hz)"],["Electric charge","coulomb (C)"],["Voltage","volt (V)"],["Electrical resistance","ohm"],["Capacitance","farad (F)"],["Magnetic flux density","tesla (T)"],["Inductance","henry (H)"],["Radioactivity","becquerel (Bq)"],["Absorbed radiation dose","gray (Gy)"],["Conductance","siemens (S)"],["Magnetic flux","weber (Wb)"],["Speed","meters per second (m/s)"],["Acceleration","meters per second squared (m/s2)"],["Density","kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)"],["Momentum","kilogram meters per second (kg m/s)"],["Area","square meters (m2)"],["Volume","cubic meters (m3)"],["Symbol for the ohm","The Greek letter omega"],["Symbol for velocity","v"],["Symbol for acceleration","a"],["Symbol for mass","m"],["Symbol for force","F"],["Symbol for energy","E"],["Symbol for work","W"],["Symbol for power","P"],["Symbol for time","t"],["Symbol for distance","d"],["Symbol for pressure","P or p"],["Symbol for density","The Greek letter rho"],["Symbol for wavelength","The Greek letter lambda"],["Symbol for frequency","f"],["Symbol for voltage","V"],["Symbol for current","I"],["Symbol for resistance","R"],["Unit named for the discoverer of gravity's laws","Newton"],["Unit named for an English brewer who studied heat and work","Joule"],["Unit named for the Scottish engineer James Watt","Watt"],["Unit named for Blaise Pascal","Pascal"],["Unit named for Heinrich Hertz","Hertz"],["Unit named for Alessandro Volta","Volt"],["Unit named for Andre-Marie Ampere","Ampere"],["Unit named for Georg Ohm","Ohm"],["Unit named for Lord Kelvin","Kelvin"],["Unit named for Nikola Tesla","Tesla"],["Speed of light in a vacuum","About 300,000 kilometers per second (3.00 x 10^8 m/s)"],["Acceleration due to gravity on Earth","About 9.8 m/s2"],["Freezing point of water in Celsius","0 degrees C"],["Boiling point of water in Kelvin","373 K"],["Absolute zero in Celsius","-273.15 degrees C"],["Speed of sound in air, about","343 meters per second at 20 degrees C"],["Calorie","A unit of energy; 1 calorie is about 4.18 joules"],["Horsepower","A unit of power; about 746 watts"],["Kilowatt-hour","A unit of energy equal to 3.6 million joules"],["Electronvolt","A tiny unit of energy used for particles"],["Light-year","The distance light travels in one year"],["Astronomical unit","The average distance from Earth to the Sun"],["Parsec","A unit of distance equal to about 3.26 light-years"],["Atmosphere (atm)","A unit of pressure; the typical air pressure at sea level"],["Decibel","A unit used for the loudness of sound"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-famous-scientists","id":"sci-famous-scientists","title":"Famous Scientists","category":"science","subject":"Science History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Who discovered what.","tags":["scientists","discoveries"],"frontLabel":"Scientist","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Isaac Newton","Laws of motion and universal gravitation"],["Albert Einstein","Theory of relativity and E = mc squared"],["Marie Curie","Discovered polonium and radium; studied radioactivity; won two Nobel Prizes"],["Charles Darwin","Theory of evolution by natural selection"],["Galileo Galilei","Used the telescope to find Jupiter's moons and supported a Sun-centered system"],["Nicolaus Copernicus","Proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun"],["Johannes Kepler","Laws of planetary motion"],["Louis Pasteur","Germ theory, pasteurization and vaccines"],["Alexander Fleming","Discovered penicillin in 1928"],["Edward Jenner","Created the first smallpox vaccine"],["Gregor Mendel","Father of genetics, through pea plant experiments"],["Rosalind Franklin","X-ray images that helped reveal DNA's structure"],["James Watson and Francis Crick","Proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953"],["Dmitri Mendeleev","Created the first widely used periodic table"],["Antoine Lavoisier","Father of modern chemistry; named oxygen and hydrogen"],["John Dalton","Atomic theory of matter"],["J. J. Thomson","Discovered the electron"],["Ernest Rutherford","Discovered the atomic nucleus"],["Niels Bohr","Model of the atom with electron shells"],["James Chadwick","Discovered the neutron"],["Robert Hooke","Named cells after looking at cork"],["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","First to see bacteria and single-celled life with a microscope"],["Robert Boyle","Boyle's law about gases"],["Michael Faraday","Electromagnetic induction"],["James Clerk Maxwell","Equations of electromagnetism"],["Benjamin Franklin","Studied electricity and lightning"],["Alessandro Volta","Invented the battery"],["Nikola Tesla","Alternating current systems"],["Thomas Edison","Practical light bulb and phonograph"],["Alexander Graham Bell","Patented the telephone in 1876"],["Stephen Hawking","Studied black holes and the universe"],["Edwin Hubble","Showed the universe is expanding"],["Carl Sagan","Astronomer who made science popular on television"],["Jane Goodall","Studied wild chimpanzees in Tanzania"],["Dian Fossey","Studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda"],["Rachel Carson","Wrote Silent Spring, about pesticides and nature"],["Jacques Cousteau","Ocean explorer who co-invented the aqualung"],["Sylvia Earle","Oceanographer and deep-sea explorer"],["Mae Jemison","Doctor and first African American woman in space"],["Katherine Johnson","NASA mathematician who calculated orbits for early space flights"],["Ada Lovelace","Wrote an early computer program in the 1840s"],["Charles Babbage","Designed an early mechanical computer"],["Alan Turing","Pioneer of computer science and codebreaker"],["Grace Hopper","Computer pioneer who helped create early programming languages"],["George Washington Carver","Agricultural scientist who promoted peanuts and crop rotation"],["Archimedes","Ancient Greek who studied levers and buoyancy"],["Aristotle","Greek thinker who classified living things"],["Hippocrates","Ancient Greek physician called the Father of Medicine"],["Euclid","Ancient Greek mathematician known for geometry"],["Eratosthenes","Ancient Greek who measured the Earth's size"],["Ptolemy","Ancient astronomer who put Earth at the center"],["Carl Linnaeus","Created the two-part naming system for species"],["Alfred Wegener","Proposed continental drift"],["Wilhelm Roentgen","Discovered X-rays in 1895"],["Enrico Fermi","Built the first nuclear reactor in 1942"],["Max Planck","Founder of quantum theory"],["Richard Feynman","Physicist known for quantum electrodynamics and teaching"],["Lise Meitner","Helped explain nuclear fission"],["Chien-Shiung Wu","Physicist whose experiment changed ideas about particle physics"],["Percy Julian","Chemist who made medicines from plants"],["Elizabeth Blackwell","First woman to earn a medical degree in the United States"],["Florence Nightingale","Nurse who improved hospitals and used statistics"],["Clara Barton","Founded the American Red Cross"],["Jonas Salk","Developed the first successful polio vaccine"],["Barbara McClintock","Discovered jumping genes in corn"],["Tu Youyou","Discovered a malaria treatment, won a Nobel Prize in 2015"],["Jennifer Doudna","Co-developed the CRISPR gene-editing method"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-inventions","id":"sci-inventions","title":"Great Inventions and Inventors","category":"science","subject":"Technology History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous inventions and the people or years behind them.","tags":["inventions","inventors"],"frontLabel":"Invention","backLabel":"Inventor / year","cards":[["Light bulb (practical)","Thomas Edison, 1879"],["Telephone","Alexander Graham Bell, patented 1876"],["Airplane (first powered flight)","Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1903"],["Printing press with movable type in Europe","Johannes Gutenberg, about 1440"],["Steam engine (improved)","James Watt, 1700s"],["Cotton gin","Eli Whitney, 1793"],["Telegraph","Samuel Morse and others, 1830s-40s"],["Radio","Guglielmo Marconi and others, 1890s"],["Television (early electronic)","Philo Farnsworth and others, 1920s"],["World Wide Web","Tim Berners-Lee, 1989"],["First programmable computer concept","Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1830s"],["Vaccine for smallpox","Edward Jenner, 1796"],["Polio vaccine","Jonas Salk, 1955"],["Penicillin","Alexander Fleming, 1928"],["Battery","Alessandro Volta, 1800"],["Dynamite","Alfred Nobel, 1867"],["Safety pin","Walter Hunt, 1849"],["Sewing machine (practical)","Elias Howe, 1846"],["Telescope (first used for astronomy)","Galileo, 1609"],["Microscope (early compound)","Zacharias Janssen and others, late 1500s"],["Thermometer (mercury)","Daniel Fahrenheit, 1714"],["Barometer","Evangelista Torricelli, 1643"],["Pendulum clock","Christiaan Huygens, 1656"],["Lightning rod","Benjamin Franklin, 1750s"],["Bifocal glasses","Benjamin Franklin"],["Reaper","Cyrus McCormick, 1830s"],["Elevator with safety brake","Elisha Otis, 1850s"],["Jet engine","Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain, 1930s"],["Transistor","Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, 1947"],["Integrated circuit","Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, late 1950s"],["Personal computer revolution","1970s and 1980s, with machines such as the Apple II"],["Mobile phone (first handheld call)","Martin Cooper, 1973"],["Laser","Theodore Maiman built the first working laser, 1960"],["Satellite (first)","Sputnik 1, 1957"],["Automobile (gasoline)","Karl Benz, 1885"],["Model T assembly line cars","Henry Ford, 1908"],["Bicycle with pedals","Developed in the 1860s"],["Paper","Invented in China, about 105 CE"],["Printing (woodblock)","Developed in China long before Europe"],["Compass","Invented in China"],["Gunpowder","Invented in China"],["Wheel","Invented in Mesopotamia about 3500 BCE"],["Plow","Early farming tool invented thousands of years ago"],["Zipper","Whitcomb Judson, 1893, improved by Gideon Sundback"],["Velcro","George de Mestral, 1941"],["Post-it note","Spencer Silver and Art Fry, 1970s"],["Microwave oven","Percy Spencer, 1940s"],["Crayons","Crayola introduced them in 1903"],["Bakelite plastic","Leo Baekeland, 1907"],["Nylon","Wallace Carothers at DuPont, 1935"],["Braille","Louis Braille, 1824"],["Stethoscope","Rene Laennec, 1816"],["Pasteurization","Louis Pasteur, 1860s"],["X-ray machine","Based on Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery, 1895"],["Insulin discovery","Banting and Best, 1921"],["Pacemaker","Developed in the 1950s"],["MRI scanner","Developed in the 1970s"],["Hot air balloon","Montgolfier brothers, 1783"],["Parachute (modern)","Developed by Andre-Jacques Garnerin, 1797"],["Rocket (liquid-fueled)","Robert Goddard, 1926"],["Space Shuttle","NASA, first launch 1981"],["Internet's ancestor","ARPANET, 1969"],["Email","Ray Tomlinson, 1971"],["GPS","Developed by the US in the 1970s-90s"],["Electric motor (early)","Michael Faraday and others, 1820s-30s"],["Dynamo generator","Faraday's principle; used widely by 1870s"],["Alternating current system","Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse"],["Phonograph","Thomas Edison, 1877"],["Motion picture camera","Lumiere brothers and Edison's team, 1890s"],["Photography (early)","Louis Daguerre, daguerreotype 1839"],["Aqualung (scuba)","Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, 1943"],["3D printing","Developed in the 1980s"],["LEGO brick (modern)","Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, 1958"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-scientific-method","id":"sci-scientific-method","title":"The Scientific Method","category":"science","subject":"Science Skills","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Steps and vocabulary of scientific investigations.","tags":["scientific method","experiments"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Scientific method","A set of steps scientists use to answer questions"],["Observation","Using your senses or tools to notice something"],["Question","What you want to find out"],["Research","Learning what is already known about a topic"],["Hypothesis","A testable prediction or possible answer to a question"],["Prediction","A statement of what you expect to happen"],["Experiment","A fair test to check a hypothesis"],["Variable","Something that can change in an experiment"],["Independent variable","The thing you change on purpose"],["Dependent variable","The thing you measure as the result"],["Controlled variable (constant)","A factor kept the same in every trial"],["Control group","The group that doesn't get the change, used for comparison"],["Experimental group","The group that gets the change being tested"],["Data","Information collected during an experiment"],["Quantitative data","Data in numbers"],["Qualitative data","Data in descriptions, such as color or smell"],["Analysis","Looking carefully at data to find patterns"],["Conclusion","What the results show about the hypothesis"],["Trial","One run of an experiment"],["Repeated trials","Doing the test again to make results more reliable"],["Sample size","The number of items or subjects tested"],["Bias","An unfair influence on results"],["Fair test","A test in which only one variable changes"],["Reproducible","Others can repeat the experiment and get the same results"],["Peer review","Other experts checking a scientist's work before it is published"],["Theory","A well-tested explanation supported by lots of evidence"],["Scientific law","A statement that describes a pattern in nature, often as an equation"],["Difference between theory and guess","A theory is backed by much evidence; a guess is not"],["Model","A representation used to explain or predict something"],["Inference","A conclusion based on evidence and reasoning"],["Evidence","Facts that support an idea"],["Anomaly","A result that doesn't fit the pattern"],["Error","A difference between a measured value and the true value"],["Accuracy","How close a measurement is to the true value"],["Precision","How close repeated measurements are to each other"],["Average (mean)","The sum of values divided by how many there are"],["Median","The middle value of an ordered list"],["Mode","The value that appears most often"],["Range","The difference between the largest and smallest values"],["Line graph","Best for showing change over time"],["Bar graph","Best for comparing categories"],["Pie chart","Shows parts of a whole"],["Scatter plot","Shows how two variables relate"],["Title of a graph","Tells what the graph is about"],["Axis labels","Say what is measured and the units"],["Lab report","A written account of an experiment"],["Materials list","Tells what you need for an experiment"],["Procedure","The steps followed in an experiment"],["Safety first","Follow safety rules in every experiment"],["Metric system","The measurement system scientists use worldwide"],["Science fair","A contest where students show their experiments"],["Why change only one variable?","So you know what caused the result"],["Hypothesis format","If I do this, then that will happen, because..."],["Correlation","Two things changing together"],["Causation","One thing causing another"],["Does correlation prove causation?","No"],["Placebo","A harmless pill with no medicine, used for comparison in tests"],["Double-blind test","Neither the subjects nor the testers know who gets the real treatment"],["Pseudoscience","Ideas that look like science but aren't tested properly"],["Skepticism","Asking for evidence before believing a claim"],["Falsifiable","Able to be proven wrong by evidence"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-si-units-prefixes","id":"sci-si-units-prefixes","title":"Metric Units and SI Prefixes","category":"science","subject":"Measurement","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Metric units, prefixes and conversions.","tags":["metric","SI","prefixes"],"frontLabel":"Prefix / question","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["kilo-","1,000 times (k)"],["hecto-","100 times (h)"],["deka-","10 times (da)"],["deci-","one tenth (d)"],["centi-","one hundredth (c)"],["milli-","one thousandth (m)"],["micro-","one millionth (the Greek letter mu)"],["nano-","one billionth (n)"],["pico-","one trillionth (p)"],["femto-","10 to the negative 15 (f)"],["mega-","1,000,000 times (M)"],["giga-","1,000,000,000 times (G)"],["tera-","one trillion times (T)"],["peta-","10 to the 15th (P)"],["exa-","10 to the 18th (E)"],["yotta-","10 to the 24th (Y)"],["yocto-","10 to the negative 24th (y)"],["How many millimeters in a centimeter?","10"],["How many centimeters in a meter?","100"],["How many meters in a kilometer?","1,000"],["How many millimeters in a meter?","1,000"],["How many grams in a kilogram?","1,000"],["How many milligrams in a gram?","1,000"],["How many milliliters in a liter?","1,000"],["How many liters in a kiloliter?","1,000"],["How many kilobytes in a megabyte (decimal)?","1,000"],["Base unit of length","Meter"],["Base unit of mass","Kilogram"],["Base unit of time","Second"],["Base unit of volume commonly used","Liter"],["Base unit of temperature in SI","Kelvin"],["Base unit of electric current","Ampere"],["Base unit of amount of substance","Mole"],["Base unit of luminous intensity","Candela"],["How many base SI units are there?","Seven"],["About how long is a meter?","A little over 3 feet (39.4 inches)"],["About how long is a centimeter?","About the width of a fingernail"],["About how far is a kilometer?","About 0.6 miles"],["About how heavy is a kilogram?","About 2.2 pounds"],["About how heavy is a gram?","About a paper clip"],["About how much is a liter?","A bit more than a quart"],["About how much is a milliliter?","About 20 drops of water"],["What does 1 mL of water weigh?","1 gram"],["Volume of 1 cubic centimeter","1 milliliter"],["Volume of 1 cubic decimeter","1 liter"],["25 mm equals how many cm?","2.5 cm"],["3 km equals how many m?","3,000 m"],["2 kg equals how many g?","2,000 g"],["500 mL equals how many L?","0.5 L"],["1.5 m equals how many cm?","150 cm"],["Celsius to Fahrenheit","F = C x 9/5 + 32"],["Fahrenheit to Celsius","C = (F - 32) x 5/9"],["Freezing point of water","0 C = 32 F = 273.15 K"],["Boiling point of water","100 C = 212 F = 373.15 K"],["Normal body temperature","About 37 C (98.6 F)"],["Room temperature","About 20-25 C (68-77 F)"],["Convert Celsius to Kelvin","Add 273.15"],["Scientific notation for 3,000","3 x 10^3"],["Scientific notation for 0.002","2 x 10^-3"],["Meter was once defined as","One ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole (1790s idea)"],["Which countries use the metric system officially?","Almost every country; the US mainly uses customary units in daily life"],["What does SI stand for?","International System of Units"],["Mass vs weight units","Mass in kilograms; weight (a force) in newtons"],["Density of water","1 gram per cubic centimeter"],["Hectare","10,000 square meters"],["Metric ton (tonne)","1,000 kilograms"],["Angstrom","One ten-billionth of a meter, used for atoms"],["Micron (micrometer)","One millionth of a meter"],["Nanometer","One billionth of a meter; used for wavelengths of light"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-constellations","id":"space-constellations","title":"Constellations and Night Sky","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Well-known constellations, bright stars and sky-watching terms.","tags":["constellations","stars","night sky"],"frontLabel":"Name","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[["Constellation","A pattern of stars that people have named"],["How many official constellations are there?","88"],["Zodiac constellations","The 12 constellations the Sun appears to pass through in a year"],["Ursa Major","The Great Bear; contains the Big Dipper"],["Ursa Minor","The Little Bear; contains the Little Dipper"],["Big Dipper","A group of seven stars in Ursa Major shaped like a ladle"],["Little Dipper","Part of Ursa Minor; its handle ends at Polaris"],["Polaris","The North Star, near the north celestial pole"],["How to find Polaris","Follow the two stars at the edge of the Big Dipper's bowl"],["Orion","The Hunter, with three stars in a row as his belt"],["Betelgeuse","A red supergiant star marking Orion's shoulder"],["Rigel","A blue-white supergiant in Orion"],["Sirius","The brightest star in the night sky, in Canis Major"],["Canis Major","The Greater Dog"],["Canis Minor","The Lesser Dog; contains Procyon"],["Taurus","The Bull; contains the Pleiades and Aldebaran"],["Pleiades","A bright cluster of stars also called the Seven Sisters"],["Aldebaran","The orange giant star that forms the eye of Taurus"],["Gemini","The Twins; has Castor and Pollux"],["Cancer","The Crab"],["Leo","The Lion; has bright star Regulus"],["Virgo","The Maiden; has bright star Spica"],["Libra","The Scales"],["Scorpius","The Scorpion; has red star Antares"],["Sagittarius","The Archer; looks like a teapot and points to the center of the Milky Way"],["Capricornus","The Sea-Goat"],["Aquarius","The Water Bearer"],["Pisces","The Fishes"],["Aries","The Ram"],["Cassiopeia","A W-shaped constellation named for a queen"],["Cepheus","The King in the northern sky"],["Andromeda","Named for a princess; contains the Andromeda Galaxy"],["Perseus","The hero in the story of Medusa; has the Perseid meteor shower"],["Pegasus","The Winged Horse, with the Great Square"],["Cygnus","The Swan, also called the Northern Cross"],["Deneb","The bright star at the tail of Cygnus"],["Lyra","The Lyre; contains bright star Vega"],["Vega","A bright blue-white star in Lyra"],["Aquila","The Eagle; contains Altair"],["Summer Triangle","Vega, Deneb and Altair"],["Bootes","The Herdsman; contains orange giant Arcturus"],["Arcturus","A bright orange star, the brightest in the northern sky"],["Crux","The Southern Cross, seen from the Southern Hemisphere"],["Centaurus","The Centaur; contains Alpha Centauri"],["Alpha Centauri","The closest star system to the Sun, about 4.3 light-years away"],["Proxima Centauri","The closest known star to the Sun"],["Canopus","The second-brightest star in the night sky, in Carina"],["Draco","The Dragon, winding between the Dippers"],["Hercules","A large constellation of the hero"],["Auriga","The Charioteer; has bright star Capella"],["Capella","A bright yellow star in Auriga"],["Lepus","The Hare, below Orion"],["Hydra","The longest constellation"],["Crater","The Cup"],["Corvus","The Crow"],["Ophiuchus","The Serpent Bearer"],["Milky Way","Our galaxy; seen as a pale band of light across the sky"],["Andromeda Galaxy","The nearest large galaxy to the Milky Way, about 2.5 million light-years away"],["Meteor shower","Many meteors seen as Earth passes through a comet's dust trail"],["Perseids","A meteor shower in August"],["Geminids","A meteor shower in December"],["Leonids","A meteor shower in November"],["Planet vs star in the sky","Planets shine steadily; stars twinkle"],["Asterism","A star pattern that is not an official constellation, like the Big Dipper"],["Light pollution","Artificial light that hides the stars"],["Dark sky","An area with little light pollution, great for stargazing"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-missions","id":"space-missions","title":"Space Missions Through 2020","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous spacecraft, firsts and astronauts up to 2020.","tags":["space exploration","NASA","missions"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["First artificial satellite, launched 1957","Sputnik 1 (Soviet Union)"],["First animal in orbit, 1957","Laika the dog, on Sputnik 2"],["First human in space, 1961","Yuri Gagarin"],["First American in space, 1961","Alan Shepard"],["First American to orbit Earth, 1962","John Glenn"],["First woman in space, 1963","Valentina Tereshkova"],["First spacewalk, 1965","Alexei Leonov"],["Project Mercury","NASA's first program to put Americans in space"],["Project Gemini","NASA program of two-person flights that practiced docking and spacewalks"],["Project Apollo","NASA program that landed people on the Moon"],["Apollo 8","First crewed mission to orbit the Moon, 1968"],["Apollo 11","First crewed Moon landing, July 1969"],["First person on the Moon","Neil Armstrong"],["Second person on the Moon","Buzz Aldrin"],["Apollo 11 command module pilot","Michael Collins"],["Armstrong's famous words","That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind"],["Apollo 13","1970 mission that returned safely after an oxygen tank failure"],["Apollo 17","The last crewed Moon landing, December 1972"],["Lunar rover","A vehicle astronauts drove on the Moon in later Apollo missions"],["Skylab","The first US space station, launched 1973"],["Salyut","The first space station, launched by the Soviet Union in 1971"],["Mir","A Soviet and Russian space station that orbited from 1986 to 2001"],["International Space Station","A research station orbiting Earth, with crews living aboard since 2000"],["ISS orbit height, about","400 kilometers above Earth"],["Space Shuttle","NASA's reusable spacecraft that flew from 1981 to 2011"],["First Space Shuttle to orbit","Columbia, 1981"],["Space Shuttle orbiters","Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour"],["First American woman in space","Sally Ride, 1983"],["First African American in space from the US","Guion Bluford, 1983"],["Mae Jemison","The first African American woman in space, 1992"],["Hubble Space Telescope","Orbiting telescope launched in 1990"],["Who is the Hubble named for?","Astronomer Edwin Hubble"],["Voyager 1","Probe launched in 1977; entered interstellar space in 2012"],["Voyager 2","Probe launched in 1977 that visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune"],["Pioneer 10","The first spacecraft to fly past Jupiter, in 1973"],["Mariner 4","First spacecraft to photograph Mars up close, 1965"],["Viking 1 and 2","US probes that landed on Mars in 1976"],["Mars Pathfinder","1997 mission that carried the small rover Sojourner"],["Spirit and Opportunity","Twin Mars rovers that landed in 2004"],["Curiosity","A Mars rover that landed in 2012"],["Cassini","A probe that orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017"],["Huygens","A probe that landed on Saturn's moon Titan in 2005"],["Galileo","A spacecraft that orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003"],["Juno","A spacecraft that began orbiting Jupiter in 2016"],["New Horizons","Probe that flew past Pluto in 2015"],["Magellan","A probe that mapped Venus with radar in the early 1990s"],["MESSENGER","The first spacecraft to orbit Mercury, 2011"],["Dawn","A spacecraft that orbited the asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres"],["Rosetta","European mission that orbited a comet and sent a lander in 2014"],["Kepler","A space telescope that found thousands of planets around other stars"],["Spitzer","An infrared space telescope launched in 2003"],["Chandra","A NASA X-ray space telescope launched in 1999"],["Parker Solar Probe","Spacecraft launched in 2018 to fly close to the Sun"],["OSIRIS-REx","A probe that collected samples from asteroid Bennu in 2020"],["Hayabusa","Japanese probes that returned samples from asteroids"],["Chang'e 4","Chinese lander that touched down on the Moon's far side in 2019"],["Challenger disaster","1986 Space Shuttle accident in which seven crew members died"],["Columbia disaster","2003 Space Shuttle accident that lost its seven crew"],["Crew Dragon","SpaceX capsule that carried NASA astronauts in 2020"],["Sputnik","Russian for fellow traveler or satellite"],["Longest single spaceflight by a woman, 2019-20","Christina Koch, 328 days"],["Cosmonaut","A Russian space traveler"],["Taikonaut","A Chinese space traveler"],["Astronaut","A space traveler from the United States and many other countries"],["Launch pad","The platform a rocket lifts off from"],["Kennedy Space Center","NASA's launch site in Florida"],["Baikonur","The launch site in Kazakhstan used by Russian rockets"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-moons-sun-earth","id":"space-moons-sun-earth","title":"Moons, the Sun and Earth in Space","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Famous moons, moon phases, eclipses and the Sun-Earth-Moon system.","tags":["moon","sun","eclipse"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["How many natural satellites does Earth have?","One, the Moon"],["How long does the Moon take to orbit Earth?","About 27 days; phases repeat about every 29.5 days"],["Phases of the Moon","The changing shapes of the lit part of the Moon we see"],["New moon","The Moon is not visible because its lit side faces away"],["Waxing crescent","A growing sliver of the Moon"],["First quarter","Half the Moon is lit, the right half in the Northern Hemisphere"],["Waxing gibbous","More than half lit and growing"],["Full moon","The whole face of the Moon is lit"],["Waning gibbous","More than half lit and shrinking"],["Third (last) quarter","Half the Moon is lit, the left half in the Northern Hemisphere"],["Waning crescent","A shrinking sliver of the Moon"],["Why does the Moon have phases?","We see different amounts of its sunlit half as it orbits Earth"],["Does the Moon make its own light?","No; it reflects sunlight"],["Lunar eclipse","Earth's shadow falls on the Moon"],["Solar eclipse","The Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, blocking sunlight"],["Total solar eclipse","The Moon completely covers the Sun's disk"],["Is it safe to look at a solar eclipse without eye protection?","No; use special eclipse glasses"],["Corona","The Sun's outer atmosphere, seen during a total eclipse"],["Craters on the Moon come from","Impacts of asteroids and meteoroids"],["Maria (lunar seas)","Dark, flat plains of ancient lava on the Moon"],["Who first walked on the Moon?","Neil Armstrong in 1969"],["Which mission landed first humans on the Moon?","Apollo 11"],["How many Apollo missions landed people on the Moon?","Six"],["Gravity on the Moon compared to Earth","About one-sixth"],["Why does the same side of the Moon always face Earth?","It rotates once for each orbit (tidal locking)"],["Moon landing year of the last Apollo mission","1972, Apollo 17"],["Largest moon in the solar system","Ganymede, a moon of Jupiter"],["Galilean moons","Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, found by Galileo in 1610"],["Io","A volcanic moon of Jupiter"],["Europa","An icy moon of Jupiter with an ocean beneath its ice"],["Titan","Saturn's largest moon, with a thick atmosphere and lakes of methane"],["Enceladus","A small icy moon of Saturn that sprays water ice from its south pole"],["Phobos and Deimos","The two small moons of Mars"],["Triton","Neptune's largest moon, which orbits backward"],["Charon","The largest moon of Pluto"],["Miranda","A moon of Uranus with cliffs and grooves"],["Titania","The largest moon of Uranus"],["Callisto","A heavily cratered moon of Jupiter"],["Mimas","A small icy Saturn moon with one huge crater"],["Sun","A star made mostly of hydrogen and helium"],["Sun's age, about","4.6 billion years"],["Sun's surface temperature, about","5,500 degrees Celsius"],["Sun's core temperature, about","15 million degrees Celsius"],["What powers the Sun?","Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium"],["How long does sunlight take to reach Earth?","About 8 minutes"],["Sunspot","A cooler, darker area on the Sun's surface"],["Solar flare","A sudden burst of energy from the Sun"],["Solar wind","A stream of charged particles flowing from the Sun"],["Aurora","Glowing lights in the sky from solar particles hitting the atmosphere"],["Photosphere","The visible surface of the Sun"],["Solar system formed from","A cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago"],["Earth's rotation period","About 24 hours"],["Earth's orbit period","About 365.25 days"],["Leap year","A year with an extra day, February 29, to fix the calendar"],["Why do we have day and night?","Earth rotates on its axis"],["Summer in the Northern Hemisphere happens when","The Northern Hemisphere tilts toward the Sun"],["Satellite","An object that orbits a planet"],["Tidal force","The Moon's gravity tugging on Earth's oceans"],["Supermoon","A full moon at its closest point to Earth, looking larger"],["Blue moon","The second full moon in one calendar month"],["Harvest moon","The full moon nearest the autumn equinox"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-planets","id":"space-planets","title":"Planets of the Solar System","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Order, features and facts about the eight planets and dwarf planets.","tags":["planets","solar system"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Which planet is closest to the Sun?","Mercury"],["Second planet from the Sun","Venus"],["Third planet from the Sun","Earth"],["Fourth planet from the Sun","Mars"],["Fifth planet from the Sun","Jupiter"],["Sixth planet from the Sun","Saturn"],["Seventh planet from the Sun","Uranus"],["Eighth planet from the Sun","Neptune"],["How many planets are in our solar system?","Eight"],["Memory trick for planet order","My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles"],["Inner (terrestrial) planets","Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars"],["Outer planets","Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune"],["Gas giants","Jupiter and Saturn"],["Ice giants","Uranus and Neptune"],["Which is the largest planet?","Jupiter"],["Which is the smallest planet?","Mercury"],["Which planet is the hottest?","Venus"],["Why is Venus so hot?","Its thick carbon dioxide air traps heat"],["Which planet is called the Red Planet?","Mars"],["Why is Mars red?","Iron oxide (rust) on its surface"],["Which planet has famous rings?","Saturn"],["Do other planets have rings?","Yes: Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune have fainter ones"],["Which planet spins on its side?","Uranus"],["Which planet has the Great Red Spot?","Jupiter"],["What is the Great Red Spot?","A giant storm larger than Earth, seen for hundreds of years"],["Which planet has the strongest winds?","Neptune"],["Which planet is furthest from the Sun?","Neptune"],["Which planet has the longest day?","Venus, which spins very slowly"],["Which planet spins backward compared to most?","Venus"],["Which planets have no moons?","Mercury and Venus"],["How many moons does Earth have?","One"],["Which planet has the tallest volcano in the solar system?","Mars, Olympus Mons"],["What is the largest canyon in the solar system?","Valles Marineris on Mars"],["Which planet is less dense than water?","Saturn"],["What is Mercury's year length?","About 88 Earth days"],["How long is Earth's year?","About 365 days"],["How long is Mars's year?","About 687 Earth days"],["How long is Jupiter's year?","About 12 Earth years"],["How long is Saturn's year?","About 29 Earth years"],["How long is Uranus's year?","About 84 Earth years"],["How long is Neptune's year?","About 165 Earth years"],["What are Saturn's rings made of?","Pieces of ice and rock"],["What is Jupiter mostly made of?","Hydrogen and helium"],["What gas gives Uranus and Neptune a blue color?","Methane"],["Which planet is the only one with liquid water on its surface?","Earth"],["What does Earth's atmosphere contain mostly?","Nitrogen and oxygen"],["What does Mars's atmosphere contain mostly?","Carbon dioxide"],["Which planet was discovered with a telescope in 1781?","Uranus"],["Who discovered Uranus?","William Herschel"],["Which planet was found by math predictions in 1846?","Neptune"],["Dwarf planet","A round body orbiting the Sun that hasn't cleared its orbit"],["Name the five officially recognized dwarf planets","Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris"],["When was Pluto reclassified as a dwarf planet?","2006"],["Who discovered Pluto in 1930?","Clyde Tombaugh"],["Asteroid belt","A region between Mars and Jupiter filled with rocky bodies"],["Kuiper belt","A region beyond Neptune with icy bodies and dwarf planets"],["Oort cloud","A far-off sphere of icy bodies thought to surround the solar system"],["Comet","An icy body that grows a glowing tail near the Sun"],["Asteroid","A rocky body orbiting the Sun, smaller than a planet"],["Meteoroid","A small piece of rock or metal in space"],["Meteor","The streak of light when a meteoroid burns in the atmosphere"],["Meteorite","A piece of space rock that lands on the ground"],["Sun","The star at the center of our solar system"],["Orbit","The path an object takes around another"],["Astronomical unit","The average distance from Earth to the Sun, about 150 million kilometers"],["Gravity on Mars compared to Earth","About 38 percent"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-stars-universe","id":"space-stars-universe","title":"Stars, Galaxies and the Universe","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Star life cycles, galaxy types, and cosmology words.","tags":["stars","galaxies","universe"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Star","A huge ball of hot gas that makes its own light by fusion"],["Nebula","A cloud of gas and dust in space"],["Protostar","A young star still forming inside a nebula"],["Main sequence","The long stage when a star fuses hydrogen into helium"],["Red giant","A swollen, cool star near the end of its life"],["White dwarf","The small hot core left after a medium star ends"],["Planetary nebula","A glowing shell of gas thrown off by a dying star"],["Supernova","The explosion of a massive star at the end of its life"],["Neutron star","The super-dense core left by some supernovae"],["Pulsar","A spinning neutron star that sends out beams of radiation"],["Black hole","A region where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape"],["Event horizon","The boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing returns"],["Red dwarf","A small, cool, long-lived star"],["Supergiant","A very large, luminous star"],["Binary star","Two stars orbiting each other"],["Variable star","A star whose brightness changes"],["Nova","A white dwarf suddenly brightening by pulling in gas"],["Star color and temperature","Blue stars are hottest; red stars are coolest"],["Spectral classes from hot to cool","O, B, A, F, G, K, M"],["Spectral class of the Sun","G"],["Luminosity","The total amount of light a star gives off"],["Apparent magnitude","How bright a star looks from Earth"],["Absolute magnitude","How bright a star would look from a standard distance"],["Hertzsprung-Russell diagram","A graph plotting star brightness against temperature"],["Light-year","The distance light travels in one year, about 9.5 trillion kilometers"],["Parallax","The apparent shift of a nearby star against the background as Earth moves"],["Galaxy","A huge collection of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity"],["Milky Way","Our home galaxy, a spiral with a central bar"],["Spiral galaxy","A galaxy with arms curling out from the center"],["Elliptical galaxy","A smooth oval-shaped galaxy"],["Irregular galaxy","A galaxy with no regular shape"],["Galaxy cluster","A group of many galaxies bound by gravity"],["Local Group","The cluster of galaxies that includes the Milky Way"],["Large Magellanic Cloud","A small galaxy that orbits the Milky Way"],["Quasar","An extremely bright center of a distant galaxy powered by a black hole"],["Dark matter","Unseen matter that adds gravity to galaxies"],["Dark energy","A mysterious force that speeds up the expansion of the universe"],["Big Bang theory","The universe began extremely hot and dense about 13.8 billion years ago"],["Expanding universe","Space is stretching, carrying galaxies apart"],["Redshift","Light from receding objects stretches toward red"],["Who found that galaxies move away from us in 1929?","Edwin Hubble"],["Cosmic microwave background","The faint glow left from the early universe"],["Observable universe","The part of the universe we can see from Earth"],["Exoplanet","A planet orbiting a star other than the Sun"],["Habitable zone","The region around a star where liquid water could exist on a planet"],["Telescope","An instrument that gathers light to see faraway objects"],["Refracting telescope","A telescope that uses lenses"],["Reflecting telescope","A telescope that uses mirrors"],["Radio telescope","A dish that collects radio waves from space"],["Spectrum of starlight","Shows what elements a star contains"],["Astronomy","The study of space and everything in it"],["Astrophysics","The branch of astronomy using physics to explain objects in space"],["Cosmology","The study of the origin and structure of the universe"],["Who proposed the Sun-centered solar system in 1543?","Nicolaus Copernicus"],["Who first used a telescope to study the sky in 1609?","Galileo Galilei"],["Who described the laws of planetary motion?","Johannes Kepler"],["Which star is closest to Earth?","The Sun"],["Which star is the closest after the Sun?","Proxima Centauri"],["Star formation location","Inside dense nebulae"],["Chandrasekhar limit","The maximum mass of a white dwarf, about 1.4 solar masses"],["Solar mass","A unit equal to the mass of the Sun"],["Gravitational waves","Ripples in space-time first detected in 2015"],["First image of a black hole shadow, released","2019, in the galaxy M87"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-abbreviations","id":"la-abbreviations","title":"Common Abbreviations","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Short forms of words and what they stand for.","tags":["abbreviations","writing"],"frontLabel":"Abbreviation","backLabel":"Full form","cards":[["Mr.","Mister"],["Mrs.","A title for a married woman"],["Ms.","A title for any woman"],["Dr.","Doctor"],["Jr.","Junior"],["Sr.","Senior"],["St.","Street or Saint"],["Ave.","Avenue"],["Blvd.","Boulevard"],["Rd.","Road"],["Ct.","Court"],["Ln.","Lane"],["Dr. (address)","Drive"],["Apt.","Apartment"],["Mt.","Mount or Mountain"],["Mon.","Monday"],["Tues.","Tuesday"],["Wed.","Wednesday"],["Thurs.","Thursday"],["Fri.","Friday"],["Sat.","Saturday"],["Sun.","Sunday"],["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"],["a.m.","Before noon (ante meridiem)"],["p.m.","After noon (post meridiem)"],["etc.","And so on (et cetera)"],["e.g.","For example (exempli gratia)"],["i.e.","That is (id est)"],["vs.","Versus"],["approx.","Approximately"],["min.","Minute or minimum"],["max.","Maximum"],["sec.","Second"],["hr.","Hour"],["lb.","Pound"],["oz.","Ounce"],["ft.","Foot or feet"],["in.","Inch"],["yd.","Yard"],["mi.","Mile"],["tsp.","Teaspoon"],["tbsp.","Tablespoon"],["pt.","Pint"],["qt.","Quart"],["gal.","Gallon"],["km","Kilometer"],["cm","Centimeter"],["mm","Millimeter"],["kg","Kilogram"],["mL","Milliliter"],["L","Liter"],["USA","United States of America"],["U.S.","United States"],["U.K.","United Kingdom"],["UN","United Nations"],["NASA","National Aeronautics and Space Administration"],["ZIP","Zone Improvement Plan"],["PS","Postscript"],["RSVP","Please reply (repondez s'il vous plait)"],["ASAP","As soon as possible"],["DIY","Do it yourself"],["FAQ","Frequently asked questions"],["TV","Television"],["CD","Compact disc"],["DVD","Digital versatile disc"],["PC","Personal computer"],["ID","Identification"],["IQ","Intelligence quotient"],["PTA","Parent-Teacher Association"],["CEO","Chief executive officer"],["Inc.","Incorporated"],["Co.","Company"],["Corp.","Corporation"],["Ltd.","Limited"],["Dept.","Department"],["Gov.","Governor"],["Pres.","President"],["Sen.","Senator"],["Rep.","Representative"],["Prof.","Professor"],["Capt.","Captain"],["Gen.","General"],["Lt.","Lieutenant"],["Sgt.","Sergeant"],["Rev.","Reverend"],["est.","Established or estimated"],["cf.","Compare (confer)"],["ibid.","In the same place (in the same source)"],["c. or ca.","About (circa), used for dates"],["B.C.","Before Christ"],["A.D.","Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord"],["B.C.E.","Before Common Era"],["C.E.","Common Era"],["N","North"],["S","South"],["E","East"],["W","West"],["NE","Northeast"],["SW","Southwest"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-antonyms-advanced","id":"la-antonyms-advanced","title":"Antonyms: Advanced Opposites","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Harder word pairs with opposite meanings.","tags":["antonyms","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Opposite","cards":[["abundant","scarce"],["accept","reject"],["advance","retreat"],["ancient","modern"],["arrogant","humble"],["artificial","natural"],["benefit","harm"],["brief","lengthy"],["bold","timid"],["calm","agitated"],["cautious","reckless"],["clarity","confusion"],["conceal","reveal"],["courage","cowardice"],["create","destroy"],["deficit","surplus"],["diligent","lazy"],["discourage","encourage"],["distant","near"],["dull","vivid"],["elevate","lower"],["eternal","temporary"],["expand","contract"],["fragile","sturdy"],["frequent","rare"],["generous","stingy"],["genuine","fake"],["gloomy","cheerful"],["hostile","friendly"],["humble","proud"],["ignorant","knowledgeable"],["include","exclude"],["innocent","guilty"],["joy","sorrow"],["lenient","strict"],["majority","minority"],["maximum","minimum"],["mature","immature"],["optimist","pessimist"],["permanent","temporary"],["prosper","fail"],["rapid","gradual"],["reluctant","eager"],["scarce","plentiful"],["sincere","insincere"],["superior","inferior"],["tranquil","chaotic"],["transparent","opaque"],["vacant","occupied"],["victory","defeat"],["voluntary","compulsory"],["wisdom","foolishness"],["zenith","nadir"],["ascend","descend"],["captivity","freedom"],["lengthen","shorten"],["vague","precise"],["visible","invisible"],["success","failure"],["tolerate","forbid"],["thrifty","wasteful"],["rigid","flexible"],["public","private"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-antonyms-easy","id":"la-antonyms-easy","title":"Antonyms: Opposites","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Word pairs with opposite meanings.","tags":["antonyms","opposites","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Opposite","cards":[["hot","cold"],["up","down"],["in","out"],["big","small"],["fast","slow"],["happy","sad"],["day","night"],["open","closed"],["wet","dry"],["full","empty"],["young","old"],["tall","short"],["hard","soft"],["loud","quiet"],["light","dark"],["good","bad"],["clean","dirty"],["thick","thin"],["top","bottom"],["front","back"],["near","far"],["begin","end"],["start","stop"],["push","pull"],["laugh","cry"],["right","left"],["yes","no"],["win","lose"],["come","go"],["buy","sell"],["love","hate"],["give","take"],["sit","stand"],["before","after"],["awake","asleep"],["rich","poor"],["strong","weak"],["heavy","light"],["early","late"],["smooth","rough"],["below","above"],["inside","outside"],["first","last"],["always","never"],["easy","difficult"],["wide","narrow"],["stay","leave"],["find","lose"],["true","false"],["smile","frown"],["brave","cowardly"],["sweet","sour"],["simple","complicated"],["tight","loose"],["cheap","expensive"],["new","old"],["arrive","depart"],["remember","forget"],["accept","refuse"],["add","subtract"],["float","sink"],["whisper","shout"],["polite","rude"],["careful","careless"],["safe","dangerous"],["ancient","modern"],["captive","free"],["guilty","innocent"],["mend","break"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-capitalization-rules","id":"la-capitalization-rules","title":"Capitalization Rules","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"When to use capital letters, with examples.","tags":["capitalization","writing","grammar"],"frontLabel":"Rule","backLabel":"Example","cards":[["First word of a sentence","The dog ran home."],["The word I","Today I read a book."],["Names of people","Maria, Mr. Lee"],["Titles before names","Dr. Brown, Queen Elizabeth"],["Family names used as names","Thank you, Mom (but my mom)"],["Names of pets","Rex, Whiskers"],["Days of the week","Monday, Friday"],["Months","March, December"],["Holidays","Thanksgiving, Fourth of July"],["Seasons","Not capitalized: spring, winter"],["Cities","Chicago, Tokyo"],["States","Texas, Ohio"],["Countries","Brazil, Japan"],["Continents","Africa, Asia"],["Oceans","Pacific Ocean"],["Rivers","Mississippi River"],["Mountains","Mount Everest"],["Streets","Maple Street"],["Planets","Mars, Jupiter"],["Earth","Earth when it is the planet; earth for soil"],["Directions as places","The South is warm (but go south)"],["Languages","Spanish, English"],["Nationalities","American, Mexican"],["Names of schools","Lincoln Elementary"],["Names of companies","Nike, Apple"],["Titles of books","Charlotte's Web"],["Titles of movies","The Lion King"],["Small words in titles","Not capitalized unless first or last: Lord of the Rings"],["First word of a quotation","She said, \"Come here.\""],["First word in a letter greeting","Dear Aunt Sue"],["First word of a closing","Your friend, Sam"],["Letters of an acronym","NASA, FBI"],["Initials","J.K. Rowling"],["Days and months in abbreviations","Mon., Jan."],["Common nouns","Not capitalized: dog, city, school"],["Sun and moon","Usually lowercase: the sun"],["Names of gods in myths","Zeus, Athena"],["Names of organizations","United Nations"],["Historical events","World War II"],["Documents","Declaration of Independence"],["Brand names","Coca-Cola"],["Names of buildings","Empire State Building"],["Poem lines","Many poems capitalize each line start"],["Proper adjectives","French fries, Roman numerals"],["School subjects","Lowercase unless a language: math, science, but English, French"],["Class names","Capitalize course names: Algebra I"],["Names of the days","Sunday"],["Abbreviations of titles","Mr., Ms., Dr."],["Government bodies","Congress, the Senate"],["Titles of songs","Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"],["Names of ships","Titanic"],["Regions","the Midwest"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-collective-nouns","id":"la-collective-nouns","title":"Collective Nouns for Animals and Things","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The special names for groups of animals, people and things.","tags":["collective nouns","animals","nouns"],"frontLabel":"Group of...","backLabel":"Collective noun","cards":[["bees","a swarm or a hive"],["birds","a flock"],["cattle","a herd"],["cats","a clowder"],["dogs","a pack"],["dolphins","a pod"],["ducks","a paddling (on water) or a raft"],["elephants","a herd"],["fish","a school"],["geese","a gaggle (on the ground) or a skein (in flight)"],["giraffes","a tower"],["hippos","a bloat"],["horses","a herd or a team"],["kangaroos","a mob"],["lions","a pride"],["monkeys","a troop"],["owls","a parliament"],["peacocks","an ostentation"],["penguins","a colony or a waddle"],["puppies","a litter"],["kittens","a litter"],["sheep","a flock"],["wolves","a pack"],["whales","a pod"],["zebras","a dazzle"],["ants","a colony"],["butterflies","a flutter"],["frogs","an army"],["foxes","a skulk"],["bears","a sloth"],["rhinos","a crash"],["ravens","an unkindness"],["larks","an exaltation"],["jellyfish","a smack or a bloom"],["sharks","a shiver"],["snakes","a nest"],["turtles","a bale"],["porcupines","a prickle"],["flamingos","a flamboyance"],["parrots","a pandemonium"],["starlings","a murmuration"],["swans","a bevy"],["eagles","a convocation"],["pigs","a drove"],["mice","a mischief"],["rabbits","a colony or a warren"],["squirrels","a scurry"],["badgers","a cete"],["hedgehogs","an array"],["goats","a tribe or a trip"],["turkeys","a rafter"],["cows","a herd"],["singers","a choir"],["musicians","a band or an orchestra"],["students","a class"],["sailors","a crew"],["actors","a cast"],["players","a team"],["soldiers","an army"],["stars","a constellation"],["grapes","a bunch"],["bananas","a hand"],["flowers","a bouquet"],["keys","a ring or a set"],["books","a library or a stack"],["clothes","a wardrobe"],["stairs","a flight"],["ships","a fleet"],["planes","a squadron or a fleet"],["trees","a forest or a grove"],["islands","an archipelago"],["mountains","a range"],["beads","a string"],["cards","a deck"],["paper","a ream"],["people at a show","an audience"],["judges","a panel"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-commonly-confused","id":"la-commonly-confused","title":"Commonly Confused Words","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Word pairs that trip writers up, with a quick way to tell them apart.","tags":["commonly confused","usage"],"frontLabel":"Pair","backLabel":"Difference","cards":[["affect / effect","Affect is usually a verb (to influence); effect is usually a noun (a result)"],["accept / except","Accept means to receive; except means leaving out"],["advice / advise","Advice is a noun; advise is a verb"],["all ready / already","All ready means fully prepared; already means by now"],["all together / altogether","All together means as a group; altogether means completely"],["allusion / illusion","An allusion is a reference; an illusion is a false appearance"],["among / between","Among for three or more; between for two"],["amount / number","Amount for what cannot be counted; number for what can"],["beside / besides","Beside means next to; besides means in addition"],["breath / breathe","Breath is a noun; breathe is a verb"],["capital / capitol","Capital is a city or money; capitol is a government building"],["choose / chose","Choose is present; chose is past"],["cloth / clothe","Cloth is a noun; clothe is a verb"],["complement / compliment","Complement completes; compliment praises"],["conscience / conscious","Conscience is your inner sense of right; conscious means awake or aware"],["council / counsel","Council is a group; counsel is advice"],["desert / dessert","Desert is dry land; dessert is a sweet course"],["elicit / illicit","Elicit means draw out; illicit means unlawful"],["eminent / imminent","Eminent means famous; imminent means about to happen"],["farther / further","Farther for distance; further for degree or extent"],["fewer / less","Fewer for countable things; less for amounts"],["good / well","Good is an adjective; well is usually an adverb"],["hear / here","Hear with your ears; here is a place"],["its / it's","Its shows ownership; it's means it is"],["lay / lie","Lay means to place; lie means to rest"],["lead / led","Lead (rhymes with bead) is present; led is past"],["loose / lose","Loose means not tight; lose means to misplace"],["passed / past","Passed is a verb; past is a time or position"],["peace / piece","Peace is calm; piece is a part"],["principal / principle","Principal is a school head or main; principle is a rule"],["quiet / quite","Quiet means silent; quite means very"],["raise / rise","Raise needs an object; rise does not"],["stationary / stationery","Stationary means still; stationery is writing paper"],["than / then","Than compares; then is about time"],["their / there / they're","Ownership; place; they are"],["to / too / two","Toward; also; the number 2"],["weather / whether","Weather is the sky; whether is a choice"],["who's / whose","Who's means who is; whose shows ownership"],["your / you're","Ownership; you are"],["bring / take","Bring comes toward; take goes away"],["borrow / lend","Borrow means to receive; lend means to give"],["can / may","Can is ability; may is permission"],["compose / comprise","Compose means to make up; comprise means to include"],["continuous / continual","Continuous never stops; continual stops and starts"],["disinterested / uninterested","Disinterested means neutral; uninterested means not caring"],["e.g. / i.e.","e.g. means for example; i.e. means that is"],["emigrate / immigrate","Emigrate means leave a country; immigrate means enter a new one"],["ensure / insure","Ensure means make certain; insure relates to insurance"],["formally / formerly","Formally means properly; formerly means before"],["historic / historical","Historic is important in history; historical relates to history"],["imply / infer","Imply is to suggest; infer is to figure out"],["lightning / lightening","Lightning is the flash; lightening is making lighter"],["literally / figuratively","Literally means exactly; figuratively means in a symbolic way"],["precede / proceed","Precede is to come before; proceed is to go forward"],["stake / steak","A stake is a post; a steak is meat"],["than / that","Than compares; that points out"],["weak / week","Not strong; seven days"],["which / witch","Which asks; witch uses magic"],["wander / wonder","Wander means roam; wonder means ask in your mind"],["whole / hole","All; a gap"],["write / right","Compose; correct"],["sight / site / cite","Vision; location; quote a source"],["elude / allude","Elude means escape; allude means refer to"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-contractions","id":"la-contractions","title":"Contractions","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Two words squeezed into one with an apostrophe.","tags":["contractions","apostrophe","grammar"],"frontLabel":"Contraction","backLabel":"Two words","cards":[["I'm","I am"],["I've","I have"],["I'll","I will"],["I'd","I would or I had"],["you're","you are"],["you've","you have"],["you'll","you will"],["you'd","you would or you had"],["he's","he is or he has"],["he'll","he will"],["he'd","he would or he had"],["she's","she is or she has"],["she'll","she will"],["she'd","she would or she had"],["it's","it is or it has"],["it'll","it will"],["we're","we are"],["we've","we have"],["we'll","we will"],["we'd","we would or we had"],["they're","they are"],["they've","they have"],["they'll","they will"],["they'd","they would or they had"],["that's","that is or that has"],["that'll","that will"],["there's","there is or there has"],["there'll","there will"],["here's","here is"],["what's","what is or what has"],["what'll","what will"],["who's","who is or who has"],["who'll","who will"],["who'd","who would or who had"],["where's","where is"],["when's","when is"],["why's","why is"],["how's","how is"],["let's","let us"],["can't","cannot"],["won't","will not"],["don't","do not"],["doesn't","does not"],["didn't","did not"],["isn't","is not"],["aren't","are not"],["wasn't","was not"],["weren't","were not"],["haven't","have not"],["hasn't","has not"],["hadn't","had not"],["wouldn't","would not"],["shouldn't","should not"],["couldn't","could not"],["mustn't","must not"],["needn't","need not"],["shan't","shall not"],["ain't","A nonstandard form of am not, is not, or are not"],["could've","could have"],["would've","would have"],["should've","should have"],["might've","might have"],["must've","must have"],["o'clock","of the clock"],["ma'am","madam"],["y'all","you all (informal)"],["'twas","it was (old-fashioned)"],["how'd","how did or how would"],["who've","who have"],["there'd","there would or there had"],["everyone's","everyone is"],["somebody's","somebody is"],["nobody's","nobody is"],["what're","what are"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-dolch-grade-1","id":"la-dolch-grade-1","title":"Dolch Sight Words: First Grade","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2"],"description":"The 41 Dolch first-grade sight words, each with a short example sentence.","tags":["sight words","dolch","reading"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Example sentence","cards":[["after","We play after school."],["again","Please sing it again."],["an","I ate an orange."],["any","Do you have any gum?"],["as","He is as tall as Dad."],["ask","Ask your teacher."],["by","The cat sat by the door."],["could","I could see the moon."],["every","Every child got a prize."],["fly","Birds can fly."],["from","A letter came from Gran."],["give","Give me a hug."],["going","We are going home."],["had","She had a red kite."],["has","He has a pet frog."],["her","I gave her a flower."],["him","Tell him the news."],["his","That is his coat."],["how","How are you today?"],["just","I just woke up."],["know","I know the answer."],["let","Let me try."],["live","Fish live in water."],["may","May I have some water?"],["of","I want a cup of milk."],["old","The old tree is tall."],["once","Once, I saw a deer."],["open","Open the door."],["over","The cow jumped over the moon."],["put","Put the toys away."],["round","A ball is round."],["some","I want some juice."],["stop","Stop at the red light."],["take","Take a seat."],["thank","Thank you for the gift."],["them","Give them a snack."],["then","First we eat, then we play."],["think","I think it will rain."],["walk","We walk to school."],["were","They were happy."],["when","When will we go?"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-dolch-grade-2","id":"la-dolch-grade-2","title":"Dolch Sight Words: Second Grade","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2"],"description":"The 46 Dolch second-grade sight words, each with a short example sentence.","tags":["sight words","dolch","reading"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Example sentence","cards":[["always","I always brush my teeth."],["around","We walked around the pond."],["because","I smiled because I was happy."],["been","I have been to the zoo."],["before","Wash up before dinner."],["best","She is my best friend."],["both","Both of my hands are cold."],["buy","I will buy some milk."],["call","Call me tonight."],["cold","The ice is cold."],["does","Does he like fish?"],["don't","Don't touch the stove."],["fast","A cheetah runs fast."],["first","I am first in line."],["five","I have five fingers."],["found","I found a coin."],["gave","Dad gave me a hug."],["goes","The bus goes by at eight."],["green","Grass is green."],["its","The dog wagged its tail."],["made","Mom made soup."],["many","Many birds sang."],["off","Turn off the light."],["or","Do you want milk or juice?"],["pull","Pull the wagon."],["read","I read a book every night."],["right","Turn right at the corner."],["sing","Let us sing a song."],["sit","Please sit on the rug."],["sleep","I sleep at night."],["tell","Tell me a story."],["their","The kids put on their coats."],["these","These shoes are mine."],["those","Those clouds are dark."],["upon","Once upon a time, there was a king."],["us","Come with us."],["use","Use a pencil."],["very","The soup is very hot."],["wash","Wash your hands."],["which","Which hat is yours?"],["why","Why is the sky blue?"],["wish","I wish for a pony."],["work","Dad goes to work."],["would","Would you like some tea?"],["write","Write your name here."],["your","Is this your coat?"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-dolch-grade-3","id":"la-dolch-grade-3","title":"Dolch Sight Words: Third Grade","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"The 41 Dolch third-grade sight words, each with a short example sentence.","tags":["sight words","dolch","reading"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Example sentence","cards":[["about","The book is about a whale."],["better","I feel better today."],["bring","Bring your lunch."],["carry","Can you carry this bag?"],["clean","Please clean your room."],["cut","Cut the paper with scissors."],["done","I am done with my work."],["draw","I like to draw horses."],["drink","Drink some water."],["eight","A spider has eight legs."],["fall","Leaves fall in autumn."],["far","The farm is far from here."],["full","The cup is full."],["got","I got a new puzzle."],["grow","Seeds grow into plants."],["hold","Hold my hand."],["hot","The soup is hot."],["hurt","I hurt my knee."],["if","If it rains, we stay in."],["keep","Keep the door shut."],["kind","Be kind to others."],["laugh","The joke made me laugh."],["light","Turn on the light."],["long","The snake is long."],["much","Thank you very much."],["myself","I tied my shoes myself."],["never","I never miss a day of school."],["only","I have only one pencil."],["own","I have my own room."],["pick","Pick a card."],["seven","A week has seven days."],["shall","Shall we dance?"],["show","Show me your drawing."],["six","There are six eggs."],["small","A mouse is small."],["start","The race will start soon."],["ten","I counted to ten."],["today","Today is Friday."],["together","We played together."],["try","Try your best."],["warm","The blanket is warm."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-dolch-nouns","id":"la-dolch-nouns","title":"Dolch Sight Nouns","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"The 95 Dolch nouns, each with a short example sentence.","tags":["sight words","dolch","nouns"],"frontLabel":"Noun","backLabel":"Example sentence","cards":[["apple","I ate a red apple."],["baby","The baby is sleeping."],["back","My back itches."],["ball","Kick the ball to me."],["bear","A bear lives in the woods."],["bed","I sleep in my bed."],["bell","The bell rang."],["bird","A bird sang in the tree."],["birthday","Today is my birthday."],["boat","The boat sailed away."],["box","The box is empty."],["boy","The boy kicked the ball."],["bread","I had bread and jam."],["brother","My brother is tall."],["cake","We ate birthday cake."],["car","Dad drives a car."],["cat","The cat chased a mouse."],["chair","Sit in the chair."],["chicken","The chicken laid an egg."],["children","The children sang."],["Christmas","We sing songs at Christmas."],["coat","Wear your coat."],["corn","We grew sweet corn."],["cow","The cow gave milk."],["day","It is a sunny day."],["dog","The dog wagged its tail."],["doll","She hugged her doll."],["door","Close the door."],["duck","A duck swam by."],["egg","I had an egg for breakfast."],["eye","I closed one eye."],["farmer","The farmer fed the pigs."],["father","My father reads to me."],["feet","My feet are cold."],["fire","The fire is warm."],["fish","A fish swims in the pond."],["floor","The floor is clean."],["flower","I picked a flower."],["game","Let us play a game."],["garden","We planted a garden."],["girl","The girl rode her bike."],["goodbye","Wave goodbye."],["grass","The grass is green."],["ground","Seeds go in the ground."],["hand","Raise your hand."],["head","Put a hat on your head."],["hill","We climbed the hill."],["home","I go home at three."],["horse","The horse can gallop."],["house","We live in a house."],["kitty","The kitty purred."],["leg","A table has four legs."],["letter","I wrote a letter."],["man","The man waved."],["men","The men fixed the road."],["milk","I drink milk."],["money","I saved my money."],["morning","Good morning!"],["mother","My mother sings."],["name","What is your name?"],["nest","The bird built a nest."],["night","The stars come out at night."],["paper","I drew on paper."],["party","We had a party."],["picture","I drew a picture."],["pig","The pig rolled in mud."],["rabbit","A rabbit hopped by."],["rain","The rain is falling."],["ring","She wore a ring."],["robin","A robin ate a worm."],["Santa Claus","Santa Claus has a red suit."],["school","I go to school."],["seed","Plant a seed."],["sheep","The sheep eat grass."],["shoe","I lost my shoe."],["sister","My sister is funny."],["snow","We played in the snow."],["song","Sing a song."],["squirrel","A squirrel hid a nut."],["stick","The dog fetched a stick."],["street","Look both ways on the street."],["sun","The sun is bright."],["table","Set the table."],["thing","What is that thing?"],["time","What time is it?"],["top","He climbed to the top."],["toy","I put away my toy."],["tree","The tree has green leaves."],["watch","My watch tells time."],["water","I need a glass of water."],["way","Which way is home?"],["wind","The wind blew my hat."],["window","Look out the window."],["wood","The table is made of wood."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-dolch-pre-primer","id":"la-dolch-pre-primer","title":"Dolch Sight Words: Pre-Primer","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"The 40 Dolch pre-primer sight words, each with a short example sentence.","tags":["sight words","dolch","reading"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Example sentence","cards":[["a","I see a cat."],["and","Mom and Dad came."],["away","The bird flew away."],["big","A big dog barked."],["blue","The sky is blue."],["can","I can hop."],["come","Come to my house."],["down","Sit down, please."],["find","Can you find my hat?"],["for","This gift is for you."],["funny","The clown is funny."],["go","Let us go to the park."],["help","Please help me."],["here","Put the book here."],["I","I like to read."],["in","The cat is in the box."],["is","The sun is hot."],["it","I like it."],["jump","Frogs can jump."],["little","A little ant crawled by."],["look","Look at the bird."],["make","Let us make a cake."],["me","Come play with me."],["my","This is my bike."],["not","I am not sad."],["one","I have one apple."],["play","We play ball."],["red","The apple is red."],["run","I can run fast."],["said","Mom said hello."],["see","I see a star."],["the","The dog is brown."],["three","I have three toys."],["to","We go to school."],["two","I have two eyes."],["up","Look up at the sky."],["we","We can sing."],["where","Where is my shoe?"],["yellow","The duck is yellow."],["you","I like you."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-dolch-primer","id":"la-dolch-primer","title":"Dolch Sight Words: Primer","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"The 52 Dolch primer sight words, each with a short example sentence.","tags":["sight words","dolch","reading"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Example sentence","cards":[["all","We all sat down."],["am","I am six years old."],["are","You are my friend."],["at","Look at the moon."],["ate","The bear ate honey."],["be","I want to be a nurse."],["black","A black cat sat there."],["brown","The bear is brown."],["but","I am small, but I am strong."],["came","The bus came at noon."],["did","Did you see the bird?"],["do","What do you like?"],["eat","We eat lunch at noon."],["four","A table has four legs."],["get","Get your coat."],["good","You did a good job."],["have","I have a new pen."],["he","He is my brother."],["into","The fish jumped into the pond."],["like","I like pizza."],["must","You must wash your hands."],["new","I got new shoes."],["no","No, thank you."],["now","Come here now."],["on","The cup is on the table."],["our","This is our house."],["out","The dog ran out."],["please","Please pass the salt."],["pretty","The flower is pretty."],["ran","The boy ran home."],["ride","We ride the bus."],["saw","I saw a rainbow."],["say","Say your name."],["she","She is my sister."],["so","I am so happy."],["soon","Dinner will be ready soon."],["that","I like that book."],["there","The book is over there."],["they","They went to the zoo."],["this","This is my seat."],["too","I want to come too."],["under","The cat is under the bed."],["want","I want a cookie."],["was","It was a sunny day."],["well","She sings very well."],["went","We went to the lake."],["what","What is that?"],["white","Snow is white."],["who","Who is at the door?"],["will","I will help you."],["with","Come with me."],["yes","Yes, I can."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-famous-authors-works","id":"la-famous-authors-works","title":"Famous Authors and Their Best-Known Works","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Match writers from many times and places to books they are known for.","tags":["authors","literature","books"],"frontLabel":"Author","backLabel":"Best-known works","cards":[["William Shakespeare","Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, A Midsummer Night's Dream"],["Jane Austen","Pride and Prejudice, Emma"],["Charles Dickens","A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, Great Expectations"],["Mark Twain","The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"],["Louisa May Alcott","Little Women"],["Lewis Carroll","Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"],["L. Frank Baum","The Wonderful Wizard of Oz"],["Robert Louis Stevenson","Treasure Island, Kidnapped"],["J.M. Barrie","Peter Pan"],["Kenneth Grahame","The Wind in the Willows"],["Beatrix Potter","The Tale of Peter Rabbit"],["A.A. Milne","Winnie-the-Pooh"],["Rudyard Kipling","The Jungle Book, Just So Stories"],["Roald Dahl","Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, The BFG"],["Dr. Seuss","The Cat in the Hat, Green Eggs and Ham, Horton Hears a Who"],["E.B. White","Charlotte's Web, Stuart Little"],["Laura Ingalls Wilder","Little House on the Prairie"],["Beverly Cleary","Ramona Quimby books, Henry Huggins"],["Judy Blume","Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret"],["C.S. Lewis","The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (Chronicles of Narnia)"],["J.R.R. Tolkien","The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings"],["J.K. Rowling","Harry Potter series"],["Madeleine L'Engle","A Wrinkle in Time"],["Lois Lowry","The Giver, Number the Stars"],["Katherine Paterson","Bridge to Terabithia"],["Gary Paulsen","Hatchet"],["Suzanne Collins","The Hunger Games"],["Rick Riordan","Percy Jackson and the Olympians"],["Jeff Kinney","Diary of a Wimpy Kid"],["Dav Pilkey","Dog Man, Captain Underpants"],["Eric Carle","The Very Hungry Caterpillar"],["Maurice Sendak","Where the Wild Things Are"],["Shel Silverstein","The Giving Tree, Where the Sidewalk Ends"],["Margaret Wise Brown","Goodnight Moon"],["Judith Viorst","Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day"],["Kate DiCamillo","Because of Winn-Dixie, The Tale of Despereaux"],["Sharon Creech","Walk Two Moons"],["Louis Sachar","Holes"],["Lemony Snicket","A Series of Unfortunate Events"],["Ernest Hemingway","The Old Man and the Sea"],["F. Scott Fitzgerald","The Great Gatsby"],["Harper Lee","To Kill a Mockingbird"],["John Steinbeck","The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men"],["George Orwell","Animal Farm, 1984"],["Aldous Huxley","Brave New World"],["J.D. Salinger","The Catcher in the Rye"],["Herman Melville","Moby-Dick"],["Nathaniel Hawthorne","The Scarlet Letter"],["Edgar Allan Poe","The Raven, The Tell-Tale Heart"],["Emily Dickinson","Poems such as \"Because I could not stop for Death\""],["Robert Frost","The Road Not Taken, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"],["Walt Whitman","Leaves of Grass"],["Langston Hughes","The Negro Speaks of Rivers, Dreams"],["Maya Angelou","I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings"],["Toni Morrison","Beloved"],["Jules Verne","Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Around the World in Eighty Days"],["H.G. Wells","The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds"],["Mary Shelley","Frankenstein"],["Bram Stoker","Dracula"],["Charlotte Bronte","Jane Eyre"],["Emily Bronte","Wuthering Heights"],["Arthur Conan Doyle","Sherlock Holmes stories"],["Agatha Christie","Murder on the Orient Express"],["Leo Tolstoy","War and Peace, Anna Karenina"],["Fyodor Dostoevsky","Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov"],["Victor Hugo","Les Miserables, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame"],["Alexandre Dumas","The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo"],["Miguel de Cervantes","Don Quixote"],["Homer","The Iliad and The Odyssey"],["Dante Alighieri","The Divine Comedy"],["Geoffrey Chaucer","The Canterbury Tales"],["John Milton","Paradise Lost"],["Gabriel Garcia Marquez","One Hundred Years of Solitude"],["Chinua Achebe","Things Fall Apart"],["Hans Christian Andersen","The Little Mermaid, The Ugly Duckling"],["The Brothers Grimm","Hansel and Gretel, Cinderella, Snow White"],["Aesop","Fables such as The Tortoise and the Hare"],["Jack London","The Call of the Wild, White Fang"],["Frances Hodgson Burnett","The Secret Garden, A Little Princess"],["Johanna Spyri","Heidi"],["Astrid Lindgren","Pippi Longstocking"],["Antoine de Saint-Exupery","The Little Prince"],["Natalie Babbitt","Tuck Everlasting"],["Scott O'Dell","Island of the Blue Dolphins"],["Mildred D. Taylor","Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry"],["Walter Dean Myers","Monster, Fallen Angels"],["Jerry Spinelli","Maniac Magee, Stargirl"],["R.J. Palacio","Wonder"],["Jacqueline Woodson","Brown Girl Dreaming"],["Neil Gaiman","Coraline, The Graveyard Book"],["Cressida Cowell","How to Train Your Dragon"],["Mo Willems","Don't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus!"],["Arnold Lobel","Frog and Toad Are Friends"],["Chris Van Allsburg","The Polar Express, Jumanji"],["Tomie dePaola","Strega Nona"],["Ezra Jack Keats","The Snowy Day"],["Virginia Hamilton","M.C. Higgins, the Great"],["Elizabeth George Speare","The Witch of Blackbird Pond"],["Ray Bradbury","Fahrenheit 451"],["Isaac Asimov","I, Robot, Foundation"],["William Golding","Lord of the Flies"],["Anne Frank","The Diary of a Young Girl"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-figurative-language","id":"la-figurative-language","title":"Figurative Language Terms","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The tools writers use to say more than the literal meaning.","tags":["figurative language","literary devices"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition and example","cards":[["simile","A comparison using like or as: fast as lightning"],["metaphor","A comparison saying one thing is another: time is a thief"],["personification","Giving human traits to non-human things: the wind whispered"],["hyperbole","Extreme exaggeration: I have a million things to do"],["idiom","A phrase with a meaning different from its words: break the ice"],["onomatopoeia","A word that sounds like its meaning: buzz, boom"],["alliteration","Repeating a starting consonant sound: Peter Piper picked"],["assonance","Repeating vowel sounds inside words: the rain in Spain"],["consonance","Repeating consonant sounds inside or at the end: pitter-patter"],["imagery","Words that appeal to the senses: the sweet smell of bread"],["symbolism","Using an object to stand for an idea: a dove for peace"],["irony","When the opposite of what you expect happens or is said"],["verbal irony","Saying the opposite of what you mean: Lovely weather! (in a storm)"],["situational irony","When the outcome is the reverse of what was expected"],["dramatic irony","When the audience knows something the characters do not"],["oxymoron","Two opposite words together: deafening silence"],["paradox","A statement that seems false but contains truth: less is more"],["allusion","A reference to a well-known person, event or work"],["pun","A joke using a word with two meanings or similar sounds"],["understatement","Making something seem less important than it is"],["euphemism","A gentle word for something unpleasant: passed away"],["cliché","An overused phrase: only time will tell"],["foreshadowing","Hints about what will happen later"],["flashback","A scene that goes back to an earlier time"],["analogy","A comparison to explain or clarify an idea"],["anaphora","Repeating words at the start of lines or sentences"],["apostrophe","Speaking to someone absent or a thing: O Death, be not proud"],["juxtaposition","Placing two things side by side for contrast"],["metonymy","Naming something by something linked to it: the crown for the king"],["synecdoche","A part standing for the whole: all hands on deck"],["tone","The writer's attitude toward the subject"],["mood","The feeling a reader gets from a text"],["repetition","Using the same word or phrase for emphasis"],["hyperbaton","Changing normal word order for effect"],["antithesis","Putting opposite ideas in balanced phrases: to err is human; to forgive, divine"],["chiasmus","Reversing the order of words in two phrases: ask not what your country can do for you"],["rhetorical question","A question asked for effect, not for an answer"],["sarcasm","Saying the opposite of what you mean to mock or tease"],["satire","Using humor to point out foolishness in society"],["parody","A funny imitation of a work"],["colloquialism","Informal everyday language"],["dialect","A way of speaking particular to a region or group"],["connotation","The feelings a word suggests beyond its dictionary meaning"],["denotation","The dictionary meaning of a word"],["literal language","Words that mean exactly what they say"],["figurative language","Words used in a way that goes beyond the literal meaning"],["mixed metaphor","Combining two metaphors in a confusing way"],["extended metaphor","A metaphor carried through many lines"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-fry-first-100","id":"la-fry-first-100","title":"Fry Sight Words: First 100","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2"],"description":"The first 100 Fry instant words, the most common words in English, each with a short sentence.","tags":["sight words","fry","reading"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Example sentence","cards":[["the","The sun is up."],["of","A cup of tea is hot."],["and","Salt and pepper are on the table."],["a","I saw a bird."],["to","We walk to school."],["in","The fish swim in the pond."],["is","The soup is warm."],["you","Thank you for the gift."],["that","I like that song."],["it","It is time to eat."],["he","He plays the drums."],["was","The movie was fun."],["for","This card is for you."],["on","The book is on the desk."],["are","The apples are red."],["as","She runs as fast as a deer."],["with","I walk with my dog."],["his","He lost his hat."],["they","They went to the park."],["I","I love to draw."],["at","We met at the gate."],["be","Be kind to others."],["this","This pen is new."],["have","I have two cats."],["from","The gift is from Grandma."],["or","Do you like tea or milk?"],["one","I ate one grape."],["had","We had a picnic."],["by","The cat sat by the window."],["word","I learned a new word."],["but","I tried, but it was hard."],["not","Do not run in the hall."],["what","What is your name?"],["all","We all clapped."],["were","They were tired."],["we","We like to swim."],["when","When does the show start?"],["your","Is this your scarf?"],["can","I can tie my shoes."],["said","He said it was fun."],["there","Put it over there."],["use","Use a spoon for soup."],["an","I saw an owl."],["each","Each child got a seat."],["which","Which door is open?"],["she","She reads every day."],["do","I do my best."],["how","How did you do that?"],["their","The kids hung up their coats."],["if","If you knock, I will open."],["will","It will rain soon."],["up","The balloon floated up."],["other","Where is the other sock?"],["about","Tell me about your day."],["out","Let the cat out."],["many","Many stars shone."],["then","Wash your hands, then eat."],["them","I gave them some seeds."],["these","These cookies are warm."],["so","I was so tired."],["some","I want some water."],["her","I gave her a card."],["would","I would like a snack."],["make","Let us make a boat."],["like","I like apples."],["him","I saw him at school."],["into","The frog hopped into the pond."],["time","It is time for bed."],["has","She has a new bike."],["look","Look at the moon."],["two","I have two sisters."],["more","May I have more rice?"],["write","Write your name here."],["go","We go to the lake."],["see","I can see the stars."],["number","Pick a number."],["no","There is no milk left."],["way","This is the way home."],["could","I could hear a drum."],["people","Many people came."],["my","My bag is blue."],["than","A lion is bigger than a cat."],["first","I came in first."],["water","Water is wet."],["been","I have been to the beach."],["call","Call me later."],["who","Who is that?"],["oil","Oil is slippery."],["its","The bird flapped its wings."],["now","Come here now."],["find","Find the lost key."],["long","The river is long."],["down","Climb down the ladder."],["day","Today is a great day."],["did","Did you eat?"],["get","Get your book."],["come","Come and see."],["made","Dad made a cake."],["may","May I go out?"],["part","This is my favorite part."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-fry-second-100","id":"la-fry-second-100","title":"Fry Sight Words: Second 100","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Fry instant words 101 to 200, each with a short sentence.","tags":["sight words","fry","reading"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Example sentence","cards":[["over","The plane flew over us."],["new","I got a new coat."],["sound","A bell makes a loud sound."],["take","Take a deep breath."],["only","Only one seat is left."],["little","The little pup yawned."],["work","We work as a team."],["know","I know the way."],["place","This is my favorite place."],["year","A year has twelve months."],["live","Frogs live near ponds."],["me","Come sit by me."],["back","Come back soon."],["give","Give the dog a bone."],["most","Most birds can fly."],["very","The cake is very sweet."],["after","We swim after lunch."],["thing","That thing is heavy."],["our","Our class has a pet."],["just","I just got here."],["name","Write your name."],["good","This pie is good."],["sentence","A sentence ends with a period."],["man","The man tipped his hat."],["think","I think you are right."],["say","Say it again."],["great","What a great idea!"],["where","Where do you live?"],["help","Help me carry this."],["through","We walked through the woods."],["much","How much is it?"],["before","Brush your teeth before bed."],["line","Stand in line."],["right","Turn right here."],["too","I am hungry too."],["mean","What does this word mean?"],["old","My grandfather is old and wise."],["any","Do you have any pets?"],["same","We have the same shirt."],["tell","Tell me a secret."],["boy","The boy waved."],["follow","Follow the leader."],["came","The train came in."],["want","I want to learn."],["show","Show us your trick."],["also","I like cats and also dogs."],["around","Spin around."],["form","We formed a line."],["three","There are three bears."],["small","A pebble is small."],["set","Set the table."],["put","Put the cup down."],["end","This is the end of the book."],["does","Does the bus stop here?"],["another","I want another turn."],["well","You did well."],["large","An elephant is large."],["must","We must be on time."],["big","A big wave rolled in."],["even","Even a small step helps."],["such","It was such a nice day."],["because","I smiled because it was fun."],["turn","It is my turn."],["here","Come over here."],["why","Why is the grass wet?"],["ask","Ask a question."],["went","We went to the museum."],["men","The men built a wall."],["read","Read me a story."],["need","Plants need light."],["land","The boat reached land."],["different","A cat and a dog are different."],["home","Home is where we eat dinner."],["us","Come with us."],["move","Move your chair closer."],["try","Try a new food."],["kind","A kind word helps."],["hand","Hold my hand."],["picture","Draw a picture."],["again","Let us play again."],["change","Leaves change color in fall."],["off","Take your shoes off."],["play","Let us play outside."],["spell","Can you spell your name?"],["air","Birds fly in the air."],["away","The ball rolled away."],["animal","A fox is a wild animal."],["house","Our house is blue."],["point","Point to the star."],["page","Turn the page."],["letter","A is the first letter."],["mother","My mother bakes bread."],["answer","Raise your hand to answer."],["found","I found my glasses."],["study","I study each night."],["still","Stand still."],["learn","Kids learn every day."],["should","You should drink water."],["America","America is a country."],["world","The world is round."],["high","The kite flew high."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-fry-third-100","id":"la-fry-third-100","title":"Fry Sight Words: Third 100","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Fry instant words 201 to 300, each with a short sentence.","tags":["sight words","fry","reading"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Example sentence","cards":[["every","Every day I read."],["near","The park is near my house."],["add","Add two and two."],["food","We cook food on a stove."],["between","Sit between us."],["own","I have my own cup."],["below","The cellar is below the kitchen."],["country","Canada is a country."],["plant","Plant the seed in soil."],["last","He was last in line."],["school","School starts at eight."],["father","My father drives a truck."],["keep","Keep your promise."],["tree","An oak is a tall tree."],["never","I never saw a whale."],["start","Start the race."],["city","A big city has tall buildings."],["earth","Earth is our planet."],["eye","I closed one eye."],["light","Turn on the light."],["thought","I thought about you."],["head","Nod your head."],["under","The ball rolled under the couch."],["story","Tell me a story."],["saw","I saw a fox."],["left","Turn left at the school."],["don't","Don't forget your lunch."],["few","A few birds came."],["while","Sing while you work."],["along","Walk along the path."],["might","It might rain."],["close","Close the window."],["something","I heard something."],["seem","You seem happy."],["next","You are next."],["hard","The rock is hard."],["open","Open the box."],["example","Give an example."],["begin","Let us begin."],["life","Life began in the sea long ago."],["always","I always say please."],["those","Those flowers are lovely."],["both","Both doors are shut."],["paper","Fold the paper."],["together","We build together."],["got","I got a letter."],["group","Our group is small."],["often","We often eat outside."],["run","Run to the gate."],["important","Sleep is important."],["until","Wait until noon."],["children","Children love games."],["side","Stand by my side."],["feet","My feet are wet."],["car","The car is red."],["mile","A mile is a long walk."],["night","The moon shines at night."],["walk","We walk to the park."],["white","Clouds are white."],["sea","A ship sails the sea."],["began","The show began."],["grow","Plants grow in spring."],["took","She took a photo."],["river","The river flows to the sea."],["four","Four plus one is five."],["carry","Carry the books."],["state","Texas is a state."],["once","I went once."],["book","Read a book."],["hear","I hear a bell."],["stop","Stop and look."],["without","Do not go without a coat."],["second","I came in second."],["later","See you later."],["miss","I miss my friend."],["idea","I have an idea."],["enough","I have enough food."],["eat","We eat at six."],["watch","Watch the clock."],["far","The moon is far away."],["Indian","The Indian elephant is large."],["real","A real tiger is wild."],["almost","We are almost there."],["let","Let me help."],["above","A bird flew above us."],["girl","The girl smiled."],["sometimes","Sometimes I walk to school."],["mountain","A mountain is very tall."],["cut","Cut the string."],["young","A young pup plays."],["talk","Talk quietly."],["soon","Spring will come soon."],["list","Make a list."],["song","Sing a song."],["being","Being kind feels good."],["leave","Leave at noon."],["family","My family eats dinner at six."],["body","Your body needs rest."],["music","I love music."],["color","What color is the sky?"],["stand","Stand up straight."],["sun","The sun gives light."],["question","Ask a question."],["fish","A fish has fins."],["area","This area is quiet."],["mark","Mark the page."],["dog","The dog barked."],["horse","A horse can gallop."],["birds","Birds build nests."],["problem","Solve the problem."],["complete","Complete the puzzle."],["room","My room is tidy."],["knew","I knew the answer."],["since","I have lived here since May."],["ever","Have you ever seen a whale?"],["piece","Eat a piece of pie."],["told","Dad told a joke."],["usually","I usually walk home."],["friends","Friends share."],["easy","The test was easy."],["heard","I heard a song."],["order","Put them in order."],["red","A red rose bloomed."],["door","Open the door."],["sure","I am sure."],["become","Tadpoles become frogs."],["top","Climb to the top."],["ship","The ship sailed."],["across","Walk across the bridge."],["today","Today is sunny."],["during","Sleep during the night."],["short","A short story is quick to read."],["better","Feel better soon."],["best","This is the best day."],["however","It was cold; however, we played."],["low","Fly low."],["hours","A day has twenty-four hours."],["black","The crow is black."],["products","Farms grow many products."],["happened","What happened?"],["whole","Eat the whole apple."],["measure","Measure the table."],["remember","Remember your keys."],["early","Birds wake early."],["waves","Waves crash on shore."],["reached","We reached the top."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-grammar-rules","id":"la-grammar-rules","title":"Grammar Rules","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Rules for correct sentences, with examples.","tags":["grammar","rules"],"frontLabel":"Rule","backLabel":"Explanation and example","cards":[["Subject-verb agreement","A singular subject takes a singular verb: The dog barks"],["Plural subject","A plural subject takes a plural verb: The dogs bark"],["Compound subjects with and","Take a plural verb: Tom and Sara are here"],["Compound subjects with or","The verb matches the nearer subject: Neither Tom nor the girls are here"],["Collective noun","Usually takes a singular verb: The team is ready"],["Everyone, somebody, each","Indefinite pronouns that take singular verbs: Everyone is here"],["Both, few, many","Take plural verbs: Both are ready"],["I vs. me","Use I as a subject, me as an object: Sam and I went; she gave Sam and me a gift"],["Who vs. whom","Who is the subject; whom is the object: Who called? To whom did you speak?"],["Fewer vs. less","Fewer for things you count, less for amounts: fewer cookies, less milk"],["Between vs. among","Between for two, among for three or more"],["Good vs. well","Good is an adjective, well is an adverb: She sings well"],["Lie vs. lay","Lie means to rest; lay means to place something down"],["Sit vs. set","Sit means to be seated; set means to put something"],["Bring vs. take","Bring toward the speaker; take away from the speaker"],["Its vs. it's","Its shows ownership; it's means it is"],["Your vs. you're","Your shows ownership; you're means you are"],["Their, there, they're","Their shows ownership, there is a place, they're means they are"],["Whose vs. who's","Whose shows ownership; who's means who is"],["Then vs. than","Then is time; than compares"],["Double negatives","Avoid two negatives: I have no apples, not I don't have no apples"],["Pronoun agreement","Pronouns match their antecedents in number"],["Parallel structure","Use the same form in a list: running, jumping and swimming"],["Dangling modifier","A modifier that does not clearly attach to what it describes"],["Misplaced modifier","A modifier placed too far from the word it describes"],["Sentence fragments","Every sentence needs a subject and a verb and a complete thought"],["Run-on sentences","Fix with a period, semicolon, or a comma plus conjunction"],["Verb tense consistency","Keep the same tense unless time changes"],["Active voice","Prefer subject doing the action: Maria wrote the letter"],["Adjectives before nouns","Opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose"],["Comparatives with -er","Short adjectives: taller, faster"],["Comparatives with more","Longer adjectives: more beautiful"],["Superlatives with -est","Short adjectives: tallest, fastest"],["Irregular comparisons","good, better, best; bad, worse, worst"],["A vs. an","Use an before a vowel sound: an hour, a university"],["Adverbs end in -ly","Often, but not always: quickly, but fast"],["Possessive pronouns have no apostrophe","his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs"],["Singular possessive","Add 's: the girl's bike"],["Plural possessive","Add ' after plural s: the girls' bikes"],["Irregular plural possessive","Add 's: the children's toys"],["Prepositions at the end","It is acceptable in plain speech: What are you looking at?"],["Split infinitive","Putting a word between to and the verb: to boldly go; usually fine"],["Capitalizing the first word","Every sentence starts with a capital letter"],["Ending punctuation","Statements end with a period, questions with a question mark"],["Gerund as subject","Takes a singular verb: Swimming is fun"],["Conditional sentences","If it rains, we will stay home"],["Reflexive pronouns","Use only when the subject also receives the action: I hurt myself"],["Redundancy","Avoid saying the same thing twice: not \"very unique\""],["Absolute adjectives","Words like unique, perfect, complete cannot be compared"],["Past participle","Used with have: have gone, not have went"],["Irregular verbs","go, went, gone; see, saw, seen; eat, ate, eaten"],["Subjunctive","Use were for wishes: I wish I were taller"],["Apostrophe in contractions","Shows missing letters: don't = do not"],["Nonrestrictive clause","Extra information set off with commas"],["Restrictive clause","Needed information with no commas"],["Passive voice","Subject receives the action; use when the doer is unknown"],["Pronoun case","Use the case that fits the pronoun's job in the sentence"],["Comparative with than","Use than after comparisons: taller than me"],["Quantity words","Many for count nouns, much for mass nouns: many books, much water"],["Amount vs. number","Amount for things you cannot count, number for things you can"],["Farther vs. further","Farther for distance, further for degree"],["Should have, not should of","Write should have, would have, could have"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-greek-roots","id":"la-greek-roots","title":"Greek Roots","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Common Greek word roots with their meanings and example words.","tags":["roots","greek","word parts"],"frontLabel":"Root","backLabel":"Meaning and examples","cards":[["anthropo","Human: anthropology, philanthropy"],["astro","Star: astronomy, astronaut"],["auto","Self: autograph, automatic"],["bio","Life: biology, biography"],["chrono","Time: chronology, synchronize"],["cosmo","World or universe: cosmos, cosmopolitan"],["crat","Rule: democrat, aristocrat"],["cycl","Circle: bicycle, cyclone"],["demo","People: democracy, demographic"],["derm","Skin: dermatology, epidermis"],["dyna","Power: dynamic, dynamite"],["geo","Earth: geography, geology"],["gram","Written: telegram, diagram"],["graph","Write or draw: autograph, photograph"],["hydro","Water: hydrant, dehydrate"],["hyper","Over, beyond: hyperactive"],["hypo","Under: hypothermia, hypodermic"],["log","Word or study: dialogue, biology"],["logo","Word: logo, monologue"],["mega","Great, large: megaphone"],["meter","Measure: thermometer, diameter"],["micro","Small: microscope, microwave"],["mono","One: monologue, monorail"],["morph","Shape: metamorphosis, morph"],["neo","New: neologism, neon"],["nym","Name: synonym, antonym"],["ortho","Straight, correct: orthodontist"],["pan","All: panorama, pandemic"],["path","Feeling or disease: sympathy, pathology"],["phil","Love: philosophy, Philadelphia"],["phobia","Fear: claustrophobia, arachnophobia"],["phon","Sound: telephone, symphony"],["photo","Light: photograph, photosynthesis"],["poly","Many: polygon, polygamy"],["psych","Mind or soul: psychology"],["scope","Look at: telescope, microscope"],["syn","Together: synonym, synthesis"],["tele","Far: telephone, television"],["therm","Heat: thermometer, thermal"],["topo","Place: topography"],["zoo","Animal: zoology, zoo"],["techno","Skill or art: technology, technique"],["arch","Chief or rule: monarchy, architect"],["bibli","Book: bibliography, Bible"],["cardi","Heart: cardiac, cardiology"],["dec","Ten: decade, decagon"],["gen","Birth or kind: genesis, genetics"],["glossa","Tongue or language: glossary"],["hemo","Blood: hemoglobin"],["kine","Movement: kinetic, kinesiology"],["lith","Stone: monolith, lithograph"],["mania","Madness or craze: maniac, kleptomania"],["onym","Name: pseudonym, anonymous"],["pod","Foot: tripod, podiatrist"],["pyro","Fire: pyromaniac, pyre"],["pseudo","False: pseudonym"],["thesis","A placing: hypothesis, synthesis"],["tropo","Turn: tropical, heliotrope"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-homographs","id":"la-homographs","title":"Homographs: Same Spelling, Different Meanings","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Words spelled alike that mean different things, some said differently too.","tags":["homographs","multiple meanings"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meanings","cards":[["bat","A flying mammal; a stick used to hit a ball"],["bark","The sound a dog makes; the outer covering of a tree"],["bank","A place that keeps money; the side of a river"],["bow (bō)","A knot with loops; a weapon that shoots arrows"],["bow (bou)","To bend forward as a greeting"],["close (klōz)","To shut"],["close (klōs)","Near"],["content (KON-tent)","What is inside something"],["content (kun-TENT)","Happy and satisfied"],["desert (DEZ-ert)","A dry place with little rain"],["desert (di-ZERT)","To leave someone behind"],["dove (duv)","A kind of bird"],["dove (dōv)","Jumped headfirst into water"],["fan","A device that moves air; a person who loves a team or star"],["file","A folder of papers; a tool for smoothing"],["fine","Very good; money paid as a penalty"],["firm","Hard and steady; a business"],["jam","Fruit spread; to squeeze in tightly"],["kind","Gentle and caring; a type or sort"],["lead (lēd)","To guide"],["lead (led)","A heavy metal"],["left","The opposite of right; went away"],["light","Not heavy; brightness from a lamp"],["match","A stick that lights a flame; a game or contest"],["mean","Unkind; to intend; average"],["mine (mīn)","Belonging to me"],["minute (MIN-it)","Sixty seconds"],["minute (mī-NOOT)","Very tiny"],["object (OB-jikt)","A thing you can touch"],["object (ub-JEKT)","To disagree"],["park","A place with grass and trees; to leave a car"],["pen","A tool for writing; a fenced area for animals"],["present (PREZ-ent)","A gift; right now"],["present (pri-ZENT)","To give or show"],["produce (PRŌ-doos)","Fruits and vegetables"],["produce (pruh-DOOS)","To make"],["read (rēd)","To look at words and understand them"],["read (red)","Looked at words in the past"],["record (REK-ord)","A written account; the best score so far"],["record (ri-KORD)","To save sound or video"],["refuse (REF-yoos)","Garbage"],["refuse (ri-FYOOZ)","To say no"],["ring","A circle worn on a finger; to make a bell sound"],["rock","A stone; to move back and forth"],["row (rō)","A line of things; to paddle a boat"],["row (rou)","A noisy argument"],["saw","A tool for cutting; looked at (past of see)"],["season","A time of year; to add salt or spices"],["second","One of sixty parts of a minute; after the first"],["sewer (SŌ-er)","A person who sews"],["sewer (SOO-er)","An underground drain"],["shed","A small storage building; to drop or lose"],["sink","A basin for washing; to go under water"],["spring","The season after winter; a coil of metal; a jump"],["squash","A vegetable; to crush flat"],["stalk","The stem of a plant; to follow quietly"],["tear (tair)","To rip"],["tear (teer)","A drop from the eye"],["wind (wind)","Moving air"],["wind (wīnd)","To turn or twist"],["wound (woond)","An injury"],["wound (wound)","Twisted around (past of wind)"],["bass (bās)","A low sound or a low voice"],["bass (bas)","A kind of fish"],["live (liv)","To be alive; to stay in a place"],["live (līv)","Happening right now"],["use (yooz)","To do something with a tool"],["use (yoos)","A purpose"],["subject (SUB-jikt)","A topic; a school class"],["subject (sub-JEKT)","To make someone go through something"],["conduct (KON-dukt)","Behavior"],["conduct (kun-DUKT)","To lead or direct"],["project (PROJ-ekt)","A planned piece of work"],["project (pruh-JEKT)","To throw forward or show on a screen"],["permit (PER-mit)","A paper that gives permission"],["contract (KON-trakt)","A legal agreement"],["contract (kun-TRAKT)","To shrink"],["insult (IN-sult)","A rude remark"],["invalid (IN-vuh-lid)","A person made weak by illness"],["invalid (in-VAL-id)","Not valid; not acceptable"],["lie","A false statement; to rest flat"],["nail","A thin pointed metal pin; the hard cover on a fingertip"],["palm","The inside of your hand; a kind of tree"],["pitcher","A person who throws a ball; a jug for liquids"],["plant","A living thing that grows; a factory"],["pound","A unit of weight; to hit hard"],["roll","A small round bread; to turn over and over"],["scale","A tool for weighing; the skin of a fish"],["seal","A sea animal; to close tightly"],["spell","To say letters in order; a magic charm"],["stick","A thin piece of wood; to glue"],["swallow","To take food down the throat; a bird"],["trunk","An elephant's nose; the stem of a tree; the back storage of a car"],["well","In a good way; a deep hole with water"],["yard","Ground around a house; three feet"],["cross","A mark like an X; angry"],["fair","Just and equal; a carnival"],["pitch","To throw; the highness of a sound"],["duck","A water bird; to bend down quickly"],["orange","A fruit; a color"],["mouse","A small rodent; a computer pointing device"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-homophones-easy","id":"la-homophones-easy","title":"Homophones: Easy Pairs","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings.","tags":["homophones","spelling"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning and its partner","cards":[["to","Toward (partner: too, two)"],["too","Also, or more than enough (partner: to, two)"],["two","The number 2 (partner: to, too)"],["there","In that place (partners: their, they're)"],["their","Belonging to them (partners: there, they're)"],["they're","Short for they are (partners: there, their)"],["here","In this place (partner: hear)"],["hear","To listen with your ears (partner: here)"],["see","To look with your eyes (partner: sea)"],["sea","A large body of salt water (partner: see)"],["sun","The star our Earth circles (partner: son)"],["son","A boy child of a parent (partner: sun)"],["one","The number 1 (partner: won)"],["won","Did win (partner: one)"],["no","The opposite of yes (partner: know)"],["know","To understand or be sure of (partner: no)"],["write","To put words on paper (partner: right)"],["right","Correct, or the opposite of left (partners: write, rite)"],["be","To exist (partner: bee)"],["bee","An insect that makes honey (partner: be)"],["by","Near or beside (partners: buy, bye)"],["buy","To pay for something (partners: by, bye)"],["bye","Short for goodbye (partners: by, buy)"],["for","Meant to be given to (partners: four, fore)"],["four","The number 4 (partners: for, fore)"],["in","Inside (partner: inn)"],["inn","A small hotel (partner: in)"],["eye","The part of the body you see with (partners: I, aye)"],["I","The word you use to talk about yourself (partners: eye, aye)"],["our","Belonging to us (partner: hour)"],["hour","Sixty minutes (partner: our)"],["bear","A big furry animal, or to carry (partner: bare)"],["bare","Not covered (partner: bear)"],["deer","A hoofed animal with antlers (partner: dear)"],["dear","Loved, or a way to start a letter (partner: deer)"],["flower","A blooming plant (partner: flour)"],["flour","A powder used to bake bread (partner: flower)"],["hair","What grows on your head (partner: hare)"],["hare","An animal like a big rabbit (partner: hair)"],["mail","Letters and packages (partner: male)"],["male","A boy or man (partner: mail)"],["meat","Food from animals (partners: meet, mete)"],["meet","To come together with someone (partner: meat)"],["pair","Two things that go together (partners: pare, pear)"],["pear","A sweet fruit (partners: pair, pare)"],["plane","A machine that flies (partner: plain)"],["plain","Simple, or a flat area of land (partner: plane)"],["rain","Water falling from clouds (partners: reign, rein)"],["road","A path for cars (partners: rode, rowed)"],["rode","Past tense of ride (partner: road)"],["sail","To travel on a boat with a cloth (partner: sale)"],["sale","A time when things cost less (partner: sail)"],["tail","The part at the back of an animal (partner: tale)"],["tale","A story (partner: tail)"],["wait","To stay until something happens (partner: weight)"],["weight","How heavy something is (partner: wait)"],["way","A path or method (partners: weigh, whey)"],["weigh","To find how heavy something is (partner: way)"],["week","Seven days (partner: weak)"],["weak","Not strong (partner: week)"],["blue","The color of the sky (partner: blew)"],["blew","Past tense of blow (partner: blue)"],["new","Not old (partner: knew)"],["knew","Past tense of know (partner: new)"],["nose","The part of the face you smell with (partner: knows)"],["knows","Is aware of (partner: nose)"],["not","Word that makes a sentence negative (partner: knot)"],["knot","A tied loop in rope (partner: not)"],["ate","Past tense of eat (partner: eight)"],["eight","The number 8 (partner: ate)"],["or","A word that gives a choice (partners: oar, ore)"],["oar","A paddle for a rowboat (partners: or, ore)"],["tow","To pull behind (partner: toe)"],["toe","A part of your foot (partner: tow)"],["would","Might (partner: wood)"],["wood","What trees are made of (partner: would)"],["ant","A tiny insect (partner: aunt)"],["aunt","Your parent's sister (partner: ant)"],["beat","To hit again and again (partner: beet)"],["beet","A red root vegetable (partner: beat)"],["berry","A small juicy fruit (partner: bury)"],["bury","To put in the ground (partner: berry)"],["cell","A tiny unit of life, or a small room (partner: sell)"],["sell","To trade for money (partner: cell)"],["cent","A coin worth one penny (partners: scent, sent)"],["scent","A smell (partners: cent, sent)"],["sent","Past tense of send (partners: cent, scent)"],["dew","Drops of water on grass at morning (partner: due)"],["due","Expected, or owed (partner: dew)"],["fair","Just, or a carnival (partner: fare)"],["fare","Money paid for a ride (partner: fair)"],["heal","To get better (partner: heel)"],["heel","The back of your foot (partner: heal)"],["hole","An empty space (partner: whole)"],["whole","All of something (partner: hole)"],["lead (metal)","A heavy gray metal, said led (partner: led)"],["led","Past tense of lead (partner: lead)"],["main","Most important (partner: mane)"],["mane","Long hair on a lion's neck (partner: main)"],["peace","A calm time with no fighting (partner: piece)"],["piece","A part of something (partner: peace)"],["pause","A short stop (partner: paws)"],["paws","Animal feet (partner: pause)"],["steal","To take what is not yours (partner: steel)"],["steel","A strong metal (partner: steal)"],["stair","One step in a staircase (partner: stare)"],["stare","To look for a long time (partner: stair)"],["sweet","Tasting like sugar (partner: suite)"],["tea","A hot drink (partner: tee)"],["threw","Past tense of throw (partner: through)"],["through","From one side to the other (partner: threw)"],["wear","To have clothes on (partner: where)"],["where","In what place (partner: wear)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-homophones-hard","id":"la-homophones-hard","title":"Homophones: Tricky Pairs","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Harder homophone pairs and trios, with meanings.","tags":["homophones","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning and its partner","cards":[["accept","To receive (partner: except)"],["except","Leaving out (partner: accept)"],["affect","To influence (a verb, usually) (partner: effect)"],["effect","A result (a noun, usually) (partner: affect)"],["allowed","Permitted (partner: aloud)"],["aloud","Out loud (partner: allowed)"],["altar","A table used in a ceremony (partner: alter)"],["alter","To change (partner: altar)"],["assistance","Help (partner: assistants)"],["assistants","People who help (partner: assistance)"],["bald","Having no hair (partner: bawled)"],["bawled","Cried loudly (partner: bald)"],["band","A group of musicians (partner: banned)"],["banned","Not allowed (partner: band)"],["bazaar","A market (partner: bizarre)"],["bizarre","Very strange (partner: bazaar)"],["bough","A large branch of a tree (partner: bow)"],["bow","To bend at the waist (partner: bough)"],["brake","A device that stops a car (partner: break)"],["break","To crack or split (partner: brake)"],["canvas","Heavy cloth (partner: canvass)"],["canvass","To ask people for votes or opinions (partner: canvas)"],["capital","A city that is the seat of government (partner: capitol)"],["capitol","The building where a legislature meets (partner: capital)"],["cereal","A breakfast food (partner: serial)"],["serial","Happening in a series (partner: cereal)"],["cite","To quote as a source (partners: sight, site)"],["sight","The ability to see (partners: cite, site)"],["site","A place (partners: cite, sight)"],["coarse","Rough (partner: course)"],["course","A path, or a class (partner: coarse)"],["complement","Something that completes (partner: compliment)"],["compliment","A kind remark (partner: complement)"],["council","A group that makes decisions (partner: counsel)"],["counsel","Advice (partner: council)"],["creak","A squeaky noise (partner: creek)"],["creek","A small stream (partner: creak)"],["desert","A dry sandy place (partner: dessert)"],["dessert","A sweet treat after a meal (partner: desert)"],["die","To stop living (partner: dye)"],["dye","Color for cloth (partner: die)"],["discreet","Careful with secrets (partner: discrete)"],["discrete","Separate and distinct (partner: discreet)"],["draft","A rough version, or a current of air (partner: draught)"],["elicit","To draw out (partner: illicit)"],["illicit","Against the law (partner: elicit)"],["ensure","To make certain (partner: insure)"],["insure","To buy insurance (partner: ensure)"],["faint","To pass out, or weak (partner: feint)"],["feint","A fake move (partner: faint)"],["flair","A natural talent (partner: flare)"],["flare","A bright flame or signal (partner: flair)"],["flew","Past tense of fly (partners: flu, flue)"],["flu","An illness (partners: flew, flue)"],["foul","Bad or unfair (partner: fowl)"],["fowl","A bird such as a chicken (partner: foul)"],["gorilla","A large ape (partner: guerrilla)"],["guerrilla","A fighter in a small group (partner: gorilla)"],["grate","To shred; a metal frame (partner: great)"],["great","Very good or large (partner: grate)"],["groan","A low sound of pain (partner: grown)"],["grown","Got bigger (partner: groan)"],["hangar","A building for planes (partner: hanger)"],["hanger","A tool for hanging clothes (partner: hangar)"],["hoarse","Rough-sounding voice (partner: horse)"],["horse","A large animal people ride (partner: hoarse)"],["idle","Not working (partners: idol, idyll)"],["idol","A person you greatly admire (partner: idle)"],["lessen","To make smaller (partner: lesson)"],["lesson","Something you learn in class (partner: lessen)"],["levee","A wall that holds back a river (partner: levy)"],["levy","A tax or fee (partner: levee)"],["loan","Money lent (partner: lone)"],["lone","Alone (partner: loan)"],["medal","An award (partners: meddle, metal)"],["meddle","To butt in (partner: medal)"],["metal","A hard shiny material (partner: medal)"],["miner","A person who digs underground (partner: minor)"],["minor","Younger than an adult, or small in importance (partner: miner)"],["moral","A lesson about right and wrong (partner: morale)"],["morale","The spirit of a group (partner: moral)"],["naval","Of the navy (partner: navel)"],["navel","The belly button (partner: naval)"],["pedal","A foot lever on a bike (partner: peddle)"],["peddle","To sell goods from place to place (partner: pedal)"],["pore","A tiny hole in the skin (partners: pour, poor)"],["pour","To make liquid flow (partners: pore, poor)"],["poor","Having little money (partners: pore, pour)"],["principal","Head of a school, or main (partner: principle)"],["principle","A basic rule or belief (partner: principal)"],["profit","Money gained (partner: prophet)"],["prophet","A person who foretells the future (partner: profit)"],["rap","A quick knock, or a kind of music (partner: wrap)"],["wrap","To cover with paper (partner: rap)"],["rapped","Knocked quickly (partner: wrapped)"],["wrapped","Covered (partner: rapped)"],["raise","To lift up (partners: rays, raze)"],["rays","Beams of light (partner: raise)"],["role","A part in a play (partner: roll)"],["roll","To turn over and over, or a bun (partner: role)"],["root","The underground part of a plant (partner: route)"],["route","A way to get somewhere (partner: root)"],["shear","To cut wool from a sheep (partner: sheer)"],["sheer","Very thin, or steep (partner: shear)"],["stationary","Not moving (partner: stationery)"],["stationery","Paper and envelopes (partner: stationary)"],["tide","The rise and fall of the sea (partner: tied)"],["tied","Fastened with a knot (partner: tide)"],["vain","Too proud of your looks (partners: vane, vein)"],["vane","A pointer that shows wind direction (partners: vain, vein)"],["vein","A tube that carries blood (partners: vain, vane)"],["wail","A long loud cry (partners: whale, wale)"],["whale","A huge sea mammal (partner: wail)"],["waist","The middle of your body (partner: waste)"],["waste","To use badly; garbage (partner: waist)"],["weather","Conditions in the air outside (partner: whether)"],["whether","Word that shows a choice (partner: weather)"],["which","Asks to choose one (partner: witch)"],["witch","A woman in stories who uses magic (partner: which)"],["yoke","A wooden frame joining oxen (partners: yolk)"],["yolk","The yellow part of an egg (partner: yoke)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-idioms-advanced","id":"la-idioms-advanced","title":"Idioms: More Phrases","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"More idioms and what they mean.","tags":["idioms","figurative language"],"frontLabel":"Idiom","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["achilles' heel","A hidden weakness"],["add insult to injury","Make a bad situation worse"],["at the drop of a hat","Right away"],["back to square one","Starting over"],["beat a dead horse","Keep arguing about something already settled"],["bite off more than you can chew","Take on too much"],["blessing in disguise","Something good that seemed bad at first"],["break a leg","Good luck"],["bury the hatchet","Make peace"],["by the skin of your teeth","Barely"],["call the shots","Be in charge"],["catch someone red-handed","Find someone doing something wrong"],["clean slate","A fresh start"],["come rain or shine","No matter what"],["crocodile tears","Fake crying"],["cross that bridge when you come to it","Deal with it when it happens"],["cry wolf","Call for help when it is not needed"],["curiosity killed the cat","Too much curiosity leads to trouble"],["devil's advocate","Someone who argues the other side"],["dime a dozen","Very common"],["down to earth","Practical and humble"],["drop in the bucket","A very small part of what is needed"],["elephant in the room","An obvious problem nobody discusses"],["fall on deaf ears","Be ignored"],["feel under the weather","Feel unwell"],["fit as a fiddle","In very good health"],["flesh and blood","Family"],["get cold feet","Become afraid"],["get your act together","Behave in a better organized way"],["give someone the benefit of the doubt","Believe them without proof"],["go back to the drawing board","Start the plan again"],["go down in flames","Fail spectacularly"],["hit the sack","Go to sleep"],["in a nutshell","In brief"],["in the nick of time","Just in time"],["jump the gun","Start too soon"],["keep your chin up","Stay positive"],["knock on wood","A phrase said for good luck"],["learn the ropes","Learn how to do a job"],["let off steam","Release strong feelings"],["level playing field","Equal chances for all"],["light at the end of the tunnel","Hope after a hard time"],["lion's share","The biggest part"],["loose cannon","Someone unpredictable"],["make ends meet","Earn just enough to pay bills"],["method to the madness","A reason behind odd behavior"],["mum's the word","Keep it secret"],["neck and neck","Very close in a race"],["off the hook","Free from blame"],["on the ball","Alert and quick"],["on thin ice","In a risky position"],["out of the woods","Safe now"],["pass the buck","Blame someone else"],["pie in the sky","An unlikely dream"],["play devil's advocate","Argue against to test an idea"],["pull yourself together","Calm down"],["put all your eggs in one basket","Risk everything on one choice"],["rain on someone's parade","Spoil their fun"],["rub salt in the wound","Make a painful thing worse"],["rock the boat","Cause trouble"],["run out of steam","Lose energy"],["sail through","Do easily"],["sink or swim","Succeed or fail on your own"],["stick to your guns","Hold your position"],["straight from the horse's mouth","From a trusted source"],["take the bull by the horns","Face a problem boldly"],["the writing on the wall","A sign of what will happen"],["throw caution to the wind","Take a big risk"],["tongue in cheek","Said as a joke"],["turn a blind eye","Choose to ignore"],["under the radar","Not noticed"],["water under the bridge","Past and no longer important"],["weather the storm","Get through a hard time"],["wet behind the ears","Inexperienced"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-idioms-easy","id":"la-idioms-easy","title":"Idioms: Everyday Sayings","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Common idioms and what they really mean.","tags":["idioms","figurative language"],"frontLabel":"Idiom","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["a piece of cake","Very easy"],["break the ice","Start a friendly conversation"],["under the weather","Feeling a bit sick"],["once in a blue moon","Very rarely"],["spill the beans","Tell a secret"],["hit the hay","Go to bed"],["cost an arm and a leg","Be very expensive"],["let the cat out of the bag","Tell a secret by accident"],["raining cats and dogs","Raining very hard"],["the ball is in your court","It is your turn to act"],["bite the bullet","Face something hard bravely"],["cut corners","Do a job badly to save time or money"],["pull someone's leg","Tease someone as a joke"],["hold your horses","Wait and be patient"],["sit on the fence","Not choose a side"],["the last straw","The final problem that makes you lose patience"],["actions speak louder than words","What you do matters more than what you say"],["barking up the wrong tree","Making a wrong choice"],["beat around the bush","Avoid getting to the point"],["best of both worlds","Getting two good things at once"],["burn the midnight oil","Work late into the night"],["call it a day","Stop working"],["cry over spilled milk","Be upset over something that cannot be changed"],["cut the mustard","Be good enough"],["don't count your chickens","Don't count on something before it happens"],["get out of hand","Become hard to control"],["give the cold shoulder","Ignore on purpose"],["go the extra mile","Do more than is needed"],["hit the nail on the head","Be exactly right"],["in hot water","In trouble"],["jump on the bandwagon","Join a popular trend"],["keep an eye on","Watch carefully"],["let sleeping dogs lie","Leave a problem alone"],["make a long story short","Tell it quickly"],["miss the boat","Miss a chance"],["on cloud nine","Very happy"],["out of the blue","Suddenly and unexpectedly"],["play it by ear","Decide as things happen"],["put your foot in your mouth","Say something embarrassing"],["read between the lines","Find the hidden meaning"],["rule of thumb","A rough guide"],["see eye to eye","Agree"],["sit tight","Wait where you are"],["speak of the devil","The person we were talking about just showed up"],["steal the show","Get all the attention"],["take it with a grain of salt","Don't believe it completely"],["the whole nine yards","Everything"],["throw in the towel","Give up"],["time flies","Time passes quickly"],["tip of the iceberg","Only a small visible part of a bigger problem"],["under your nose","Right in front of you"],["walk on eggshells","Be very careful not to upset someone"],["when pigs fly","Never"],["you can't judge a book by its cover","Looks do not show what something is really like"],["zip your lip","Stay quiet"],["butterflies in your stomach","Feeling nervous"],["chip on your shoulder","Holding a grudge"],["cold feet","Sudden nervousness before doing something"],["fish out of water","Someone in an unfamiliar place"],["get a taste of your own medicine","Be treated the way you treat others"],["head in the clouds","Daydreaming"],["in the doghouse","In trouble with someone"],["leave no stone unturned","Try every possible way"],["lend a hand","Help"],["piece of work","A difficult or strange person"],["pig out","Eat too much"],["saved by the bell","Rescued just in time"],["sick as a dog","Very ill"],["the apple of my eye","Someone very dear"],["two peas in a pod","Very much alike"],["up in the air","Not decided yet"],["wild goose chase","A useless search"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-latin-roots","id":"la-latin-roots","title":"Latin Roots","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Common Latin word roots with meanings and example words.","tags":["roots","latin","word parts"],"frontLabel":"Root","backLabel":"Meaning and examples","cards":[["aqua","Water: aquarium, aquatic"],["aud","Hear: audience, audible"],["bene","Good: benefit, benevolent"],["cap","Take or seize: capture, capable"],["cede","Go: precede, recede"],["circum","Around: circumference, circumnavigate"],["clam","Shout: exclaim, clamor"],["cogn","Know: recognize, cognition"],["cor","Heart: cordial, courage"],["corp","Body: corporation, corpse"],["cred","Believe: incredible, credit"],["cur","Run: current, occur"],["dict","Say: dictionary, predict"],["duc","Lead: produce, educate"],["fac","Make or do: factory, manufacture"],["fer","Carry: transfer, ferry"],["fid","Faith: confide, fidelity"],["flect","Bend: reflect, flexible"],["form","Shape: transform, uniform"],["fort","Strong: fortress, effort"],["frag","Break: fragment, fragile"],["gen","Birth or kind: generate, generation"],["grad","Step: gradual, graduate"],["jud","Law or judge: judge, judicial"],["junct","Join: junction, conjunction"],["lect","Choose or read: select, lecture"],["leg","Law: legal, legislature"],["loc","Place: locate, location"],["loqu","Speak: eloquent, loquacious"],["luc","Light: lucid, translucent"],["magn","Large: magnify, magnificent"],["mal","Bad: malice, malfunction"],["man","Hand: manual, manufacture"],["mar","Sea: marine, submarine"],["mater","Mother: maternal, matriarch"],["mem","Mindful: memory, memorial"],["mit","Send: submit, transmit"],["mort","Death: mortal, mortuary"],["mov","Move: movement, remove"],["nat","Born: native, nature"],["nov","New: novel, novice"],["omni","All: omnivore, omnipresent"],["pater","Father: paternal, patriarch"],["ped","Foot: pedal, pedestrian"],["pel","Drive or push: propel, repel"],["pend","Hang: pendant, suspend"],["port","Carry: transport, import"],["quer","Ask: query, question"],["rupt","Break: rupture, interrupt"],["scrib","Write: describe, scribble"],["sect","Cut: section, dissect"],["sent","Feel: sentiment, resent"],["spec","Look: spectator, inspect"],["struct","Build: construct, structure"],["tact","Touch: contact, tactile"],["terr","Land: territory, terrain"],["tract","Pull: tractor, attract"],["vac","Empty: vacuum, vacant"],["ven","Come: event, prevent"],["vert","Turn: convert, reverse"],["vid","See: video, evidence"],["voc","Call or voice: vocal, advocate"],["vol","Wish: volunteer, voluntary"],["vor","Eat: carnivore, devour"],["dorm","Sleep: dormitory, dormant"],["lun","Moon: lunar, lunatic"],["sol","Sun or alone: solar, solitary"],["ject","Throw: reject, project"],["mand","Order: command, demand"],["medi","Middle: medium, medieval"],["pop","People: population, popular"],["san","Healthy: sanitary, sanity"],["simil","Like: similar, simile"],["sub","Under: submarine, subway"],["temp","Time: temporary, contemporary"],["turb","Disturb: turbulent, turbine"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-literary-terms","id":"la-literary-terms","title":"Literary Terms","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Terms used to talk about stories, plays, poems and books.","tags":["literary terms","literature"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["plot","The series of events in a story"],["setting","When and where a story takes place"],["character","A person, animal or being in a story"],["protagonist","The main character"],["antagonist","The character or force that opposes the protagonist"],["conflict","The struggle between opposing forces in a story"],["theme","The central message or big idea of a work"],["narrator","The voice that tells the story"],["point of view","The perspective from which a story is told"],["first-person","The narrator is in the story and uses I"],["third-person limited","The narrator tells what one character thinks and feels"],["third-person omniscient","The narrator knows what all characters think"],["second-person","The narrator speaks to you"],["exposition","The part of a story that introduces characters and setting"],["rising action","The events that build tension toward the climax"],["climax","The turning point or most exciting moment"],["falling action","The events after the climax that lead to the end"],["resolution","How the conflict is settled"],["dialogue","The words spoken by characters"],["monologue","A long speech by one character"],["soliloquy","A speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud, alone on stage"],["aside","A remark made to the audience, unheard by others"],["stage directions","Notes in a script about movement and sound"],["act","A major division of a play"],["scene","A smaller division of an act, in one place and time"],["tragedy","A serious story that ends in disaster for the hero"],["comedy","A story with a happy ending, usually funny"],["fable","A short story with animals that teaches a lesson"],["fairy tale","A story with magic and imaginary beings"],["folktale","A story passed down by word of mouth"],["legend","A story about heroes that may be partly true"],["myth","A traditional story explaining nature or beliefs"],["fantasy","A story with magical or impossible elements"],["science fiction","A story based on imagined science and the future"],["historical fiction","A made-up story set in a real past time"],["realistic fiction","A made-up story that could really happen"],["nonfiction","Writing about real people, events and facts"],["biography","The story of a person's life written by someone else"],["autobiography","A person's life story written by that person"],["memoir","A personal account of remembered experiences"],["essay","A short piece of nonfiction on one topic"],["novel","A long fictional story"],["novella","A fictional story shorter than a novel"],["short story","A brief work of fiction"],["genre","A category of literature"],["anecdote","A short true story told to make a point"],["allegory","A story where characters and events stand for deeper ideas"],["motif","A repeated element that supports the theme"],["symbol","A thing that stands for something else"],["foreshadowing","Clues about what will happen later"],["flashback","A scene set in an earlier time"],["suspense","The feeling of wondering what will happen next"],["irony","A difference between what is expected and what happens"],["satire","A work that makes fun of human flaws"],["parody","An imitation for comic effect"],["tone","The author's attitude"],["mood","The feeling created in the reader"],["voice","The writer's unique style"],["diction","The author's word choice"],["syntax","The way words are arranged in sentences"],["characterization","How an author reveals a character"],["direct characterization","The author tells you what a character is like"],["indirect characterization","The author shows traits through actions and words"],["static character","A character who does not change"],["dynamic character","A character who changes during the story"],["flat character","A character with one or two traits"],["round character","A character with many traits"],["foil","A character who contrasts another to highlight traits"],["stereotype","An oversimplified idea of a type of person"],["archetype","A typical pattern that appears in many stories"],["epic","A long poem about a hero's adventures"],["ode","A poem praising something"],["elegy","A poem mourning a loss"],["ballad","A poem or song that tells a story"],["cliffhanger","An ending that leaves the outcome uncertain"],["denouement","The final part where loose ends are tied up"],["epigraph","A short quote at the start of a work"],["prologue","An introduction before the story"],["epilogue","A closing section after the story"],["inference","A conclusion based on clues and what you know"],["summary","A short retelling of the main points"],["paraphrase","Restating in your own words"],["bias","A leaning toward one side"],["audience","The people a work is meant for"],["purpose","The author's reason for writing"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-misspelled-common-1","id":"la-misspelled-common-1","title":"Commonly Misspelled Words (Set 1)","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Words many people spell wrong, each with a tip for getting it right.","tags":["spelling","misspelled"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Spelling tip","cards":[["separate","There is \"a rat\" in sep-a-rate"],["definitely","There is \"finite\" inside definitely"],["necessary","One collar (c) and two sleeves (ss)"],["receive","I before E except after C"],["believe","Never believe a lie: there is a \"lie\" in believe"],["friend","A friend is there to the end: fri-END"],["February","Remember the first r: Feb-RU-ary"],["Wednesday","Say it Wed-nes-day to remember the d"],["library","Lib-RAR-y: the first r counts"],["beautiful","Starts with beau (as in French beauty), then tiful"],["because","Big elephants can always understand small elephants"],["calendar","Ends in -ar, not -er"],["different","Three syllables in writing: diff-er-ent"],["embarrass","Two r's and two s's"],["environment","Don't forget the n before the m: environ-ment"],["government","Remember the n: govern-ment"],["height","Ends with -ght, not -th"],["interesting","Spelled int-er-est-ing"],["knowledge","Starts with a silent k and has a d: know-ledge"],["license","Ends in -ense (in the US)"],["lightning","No e in the middle: light-ning for the flash in the sky"],["maintenance","Main + ten + ance"],["neighbor","Neighbor ends in -bor, with eigh"],["occasion","Two c's and one s"],["occurred","Two c's and two r's"],["personnel","Two n's and one l"],["possession","Two s's twice: poss-ess-ion"],["privilege","No d: priv-i-lege"],["pronunciation","The verb is pronounce, but this noun drops the o: pro-NUN-ciation"],["publicly","Not publically"],["reference","Refer + ence"],["restaurant","Rest + au + rant"],["rhythm","Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move"],["schedule","Starts with sch"],["sincerely","Spelled sin-cere-ly, keep the e"],["success","Two c's and two s's"],["surprise","Remember the first r: su-r-prise"],["tomorrow","One m and two r's"],["truly","Drop the e before -ly"],["until","Only one l at the end"],["weird","An exception: weird breaks the I before E rule"],["which","Starts with wh"],["writing","One t: write drops its e"],["accommodate","Two c's and two m's: big enough for both"],["across","Only one c"],["address","Two d's and two s's"],["argument","Drop the e from argue: argu-ment"],["athlete","Three syllables: ath-lete, no extra e"],["basically","Ends in -ally"],["bicycle","Spelled bi-cy-cle"],["business","Business has \"bus\" at the start, and \"ness\""],["caught","Rhymes with taught: aught is a common ending"],["cemetery","Ends in -ery, with all e's"],["chocolate","Write all three syllables: choc-o-late"],["column","Silent n at the end"],["comfortable","Spelled com-fort-able"],["conscience","Con-science"],["dessert","Two s's: you want more of it"],["disappoint","One s and two p's"],["exercise","Ends with -cise"],["familiar","Ends in -iar"],["fourth","Four + th, so it keeps the u"],["generally","Gener-al-ly"],["grammar","Ends in -ar"],["guard","Silent u"],["guess","Silent u"],["harass","One r and two s's"],["immediately","Immediate + ly, keep the e"],["independent","Ends in -ent"],["jewelry","Jewel + ry"],["judgment","Drop the e: judg-ment"],["laboratory","Lab-or-a-tor-y"],["leisure","Rule exception: e before i"],["millennium","Two l's and two n's"],["mischievous","Mis-chie-vous: only three syllables, no extra i"],["misspell","Two s's: mis + spell"],["noticeable","Keep the e before able"],["parallel","Para-LL-el: the two l's are parallel"],["parliament","Parlia + ment, with an i"],["perseverance","Ends in -ance"],["pursue","Pur-sue"],["questionnaire","Two n's"],["recommend","One c and two m's"],["relevant","Rel-e-vant"],["responsibility","Ends in -ility"],["sergeant","Sounds like SAR-jent but is spelled with an e: ser-geant"],["similar","Ends in -ar"],["special","Ends in -cial"],["strength","Strength has a g and a th"],["temperature","Temper-a-ture: say it with four syllables"],["unnecessary","Un + necessary: both n's"],["vacuum","Two u's together"],["vegetable","Spelled veg-e-ta-ble"],["village","Ends in -age"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-onomatopoeia","id":"la-onomatopoeia","title":"Onomatopoeia: Sound Words","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Words that sound like the noise they name.","tags":["onomatopoeia","sound words","figurative language"],"frontLabel":"Sound word","backLabel":"What makes the sound","cards":[["buzz","A bee or a fly"],["meow","A cat"],["woof","A dog"],["quack","A duck"],["moo","A cow"],["oink","A pig"],["baa","A sheep"],["neigh","A horse"],["hiss","A snake or steam"],["roar","A lion"],["tweet","A small bird"],["chirp","A cricket or bird"],["hoot","An owl"],["croak","A frog"],["squeak","A mouse or a creaky hinge"],["boom","A loud explosion or thunder"],["bang","A sudden loud noise"],["crash","Things falling and breaking"],["splash","Water hitting something"],["drip","A drop of water"],["plop","A small object landing in water"],["sizzle","Food frying"],["pop","A balloon bursting"],["crackle","A fire"],["snap","A twig breaking"],["thud","A heavy object falling"],["clap","Hands hitting together"],["knock","A hand on a door"],["ding","A small bell"],["ring","A phone or bell"],["clang","Metal hitting metal"],["honk","A car horn or goose"],["beep","A machine or horn"],["vroom","A fast engine"],["zoom","Something moving fast"],["whoosh","Air moving quickly"],["swish","A smooth movement through air or water"],["slurp","Drinking noisily"],["gulp","Swallowing quickly"],["burp","Air from the stomach"],["hiccup","A sudden gasp"],["achoo","A sneeze"],["giggle","A silly laugh"],["snore","Breathing loudly in sleep"],["yawn","A tired breath"],["sniff","Smelling with the nose"],["munch","Chewing crunchy food"],["crunch","Biting something crisp"],["smack","A hit or a kiss sound"],["whisper","Soft speech"],["murmur","A low steady sound"],["mumble","Unclear speech"],["rustle","Leaves or paper moving"],["tick","A clock"],["tock","A clock"],["click","A small hard sound"],["clatter","A jumble of noisy hard sounds"],["rattle","Short sharp sounds shaken together"],["jingle","Little bells"],["tinkle","A light ringing sound"],["patter","Rain or little feet"],["splat","Something wet hitting a surface"],["thump","A dull knock"],["bam","A sharp hit"],["zip","Fast movement or a zipper"],["swoosh","A rush of sound"],["flutter","Wings"],["gurgle","Water flowing in a throat or pipe"],["squish","Soft wet mud"],["sputter","A weak spitting sound"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-parts-of-speech","id":"la-parts-of-speech","title":"Parts of Speech","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The eight parts of speech and related grammar words, with examples.","tags":["grammar","parts of speech"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition and examples","cards":[["noun","A person, place, thing or idea: teacher, park, joy"],["common noun","A general name: city, dog"],["proper noun","A specific name, capitalized: Paris, Max"],["concrete noun","A noun you can sense: apple, rain"],["abstract noun","An idea or feeling: freedom, love"],["singular noun","One thing: book"],["plural noun","More than one: books"],["possessive noun","Shows ownership: the dog's bone"],["collective noun","A group named as one: team, flock"],["verb","An action or state word: run, is"],["action verb","Shows doing: jump, write"],["linking verb","Joins the subject to more information: is, seem"],["helping verb","Helps the main verb: can, will, has"],["verb tense","Shows when something happens"],["past tense","Already happened: walked"],["present tense","Happening now: walks"],["future tense","Will happen: will walk"],["present perfect","Happened at an unspecified time or still true: has walked"],["past perfect","Happened before another past event: had walked"],["irregular verb","A verb that does not add -ed for past: go becomes went"],["adjective","Describes a noun: tall, red, three"],["adverb","Describes a verb, adjective or adverb: quickly, very"],["pronoun","Takes the place of a noun: he, they, it"],["subject pronoun","Does the action: I, you, he, she, it, we, they"],["object pronoun","Receives the action: me, him, her, us, them"],["possessive pronoun","Shows ownership: mine, yours, hers, ours"],["reflexive pronoun","Reflects back on the subject: myself, themselves"],["relative pronoun","Introduces a clause: who, which, that"],["demonstrative pronoun","Points to something: this, that, these, those"],["interrogative pronoun","Asks a question: who, what, which"],["antecedent","The noun a pronoun replaces"],["preposition","Shows position or relation: in, on, under, between"],["prepositional phrase","A preposition with its object: under the table"],["conjunction","Joins words or phrases: and, but, or"],["coordinating conjunction","Joins equal parts: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)"],["subordinating conjunction","Starts a dependent clause: because, although, when"],["interjection","A word showing strong feeling: wow, ouch"],["article","A word before a noun: a, an, the"],["definite article","The word the, for a specific noun"],["indefinite article","A or an, for any noun"],["determiner","A word that introduces a noun: this, my, some"],["subject","Who or what the sentence is about"],["predicate","The part that tells what the subject does or is"],["direct object","Receives the action of the verb: She kicked the ball"],["indirect object","Receives the direct object: She gave him the ball"],["complement","A word that completes the meaning of the predicate"],["modifier","A word or phrase that describes another"],["phrase","A group of words without a subject and verb together"],["clause","A group of words with a subject and a verb"],["independent clause","A clause that can stand alone as a sentence"],["dependent clause","A clause that cannot stand alone"],["simple sentence","One independent clause"],["compound sentence","Two independent clauses joined together"],["complex sentence","One independent and one or more dependent clauses"],["compound-complex sentence","Two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause"],["declarative sentence","Makes a statement"],["interrogative sentence","Asks a question"],["imperative sentence","Gives a command"],["exclamatory sentence","Shows strong feeling"],["fragment","An incomplete sentence"],["run-on sentence","Two or more sentences joined wrongly"],["comma splice","Two independent clauses joined only by a comma"],["active voice","The subject does the action: The dog chased the cat"],["passive voice","The subject receives the action: The cat was chased by the dog"],["infinitive","To plus a verb: to run"],["gerund","A verb ending in -ing used as a noun: Swimming is fun"],["participle","A verb form used as an adjective: a broken cup"],["comparative","Compares two: taller, more careful"],["superlative","Compares three or more: tallest, most careful"],["positive degree","The basic form of an adjective: tall"],["mood (grammar)","The verb form that shows the attitude: indicative, imperative, subjunctive"],["subjunctive mood","Used for wishes and unreal conditions: If I were you"],["appositive","A noun phrase that renames another noun: my dog, Rex"],["contraction","Two words joined with an apostrophe: don't"],["possessive","A form showing ownership"],["transitive verb","A verb that takes a direct object"],["intransitive verb","A verb with no direct object"],["double negative","Two negatives in one clause (avoid): I don't have no pencil"],["parallel structure","Using the same pattern for items in a list"],["subject-verb agreement","The verb must match its subject in number"],["pronoun-antecedent agreement","A pronoun must match the noun it replaces"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-phonics-blends","id":"la-phonics-blends","title":"Phonics: Consonant Blends","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2"],"description":"Two or three consonants whose sounds are blended together.","tags":["phonics","blends"],"frontLabel":"Blend","backLabel":"Example words","cards":[["bl","black, blue, blink"],["cl","clap, clock, cloud"],["fl","flag, flip, flower"],["gl","glad, glass, globe"],["pl","plan, plum, plant"],["sl","slow, sled, slide"],["br","bring, brick, bread"],["cr","crab, crop, cry"],["dr","drum, drip, dress"],["fr","frog, free, fruit"],["gr","grass, grin, grape"],["pr","pray, press, prize"],["tr","tree, trip, truck"],["sc","scan, scoop, scarf"],["sk","skip, skate, sky"],["sm","smile, smell, smoke"],["sn","snap, snow, snail"],["sp","spin, spoon, spider"],["st","stop, star, stick"],["sw","swim, swing, sweet"],["tw","twin, twig, twelve"],["scr","scrap, scream, scratch"],["spl","split, splash, splat"],["spr","spring, spray, sprout"],["str","street, string, strong"],["squ","squirt, squid, square"],["thr","three, throw, thread"],["shr","shrimp, shrug, shrink"],["-nd","end blend: hand, pond, sand"],["-nt","end blend: tent, plant, paint"],["-st","end blend: nest, fast, first"],["-mp","end blend: lamp, jump, camp"],["-lk","end blend: milk, silk, walk"],["-ft","end blend: lift, soft, left"],["-ld","end blend: gold, cold, field"],["-sk","end blend: desk, mask, task"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-phonics-digraphs","id":"la-phonics-digraphs","title":"Phonics: Digraphs","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2"],"description":"Two letters that team up to make one new sound.","tags":["phonics","digraphs"],"frontLabel":"Digraph","backLabel":"Sound and example words","cards":[["sh","/sh/ as in ship, fish, shell"],["ch","/ch/ as in chip, lunch, chair"],["th (voiced)","/th/ as in this, that, mother"],["th (unvoiced)","/th/ as in thin, bath, thumb"],["wh","/w/ (or /hw/) as in whale, wheel, white"],["ck","/k/ at the end as in duck, sock, black"],["ph","/f/ as in phone, photo, dolphin"],["gh","/f/ in a few words, as in laugh, cough, enough"],["ng","/ng/ as in ring, song, king"],["nk","/ngk/ as in bank, pink, trunk"],["kn","/n/ (k is silent) as in knee, knife, knock"],["wr","/r/ (w is silent) as in write, wrap, wrist"],["gn","/n/ (g is silent) as in gnat, gnome, sign"],["mb","/m/ (b is silent) as in lamb, thumb, comb"],["tch","/ch/ after a short vowel, as in match, catch, witch"],["dge","/j/ after a short vowel, as in badge, fudge, bridge"],["qu","/kw/ as in queen, quick, quiz"],["ch (k sound)","/k/ in Greek-based words, as in school, chorus, echo"],["ch (sh sound)","/sh/ in French-based words, as in chef, machine, chute"],["ti","/sh/ in word endings, as in nation, station, action"],["ci","/sh/ in word endings, as in special, social, delicious"],["si","/zh/ in word endings, as in vision, television, invasion"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-phonics-letter-sounds","id":"la-phonics-letter-sounds","title":"Phonics: Letter Sounds","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"The most common sound for each letter, with a word that starts with it.","tags":["phonics","letters","sounds"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Sound and example word","cards":[["a","Short a, as in apple"],["b","/b/ as in ball"],["c","/k/ as in cat"],["d","/d/ as in dog"],["e","Short e, as in egg"],["f","/f/ as in fish"],["g","/g/ as in goat"],["h","/h/ as in hat"],["i","Short i, as in igloo"],["j","/j/ as in jam"],["k","/k/ as in kite"],["l","/l/ as in lamp"],["m","/m/ as in moon"],["n","/n/ as in nest"],["o","Short o, as in octopus"],["p","/p/ as in pig"],["q","/kw/ as in queen (q is always followed by u)"],["r","/r/ as in rabbit"],["s","/s/ as in sun"],["t","/t/ as in tiger"],["u","Short u, as in umbrella"],["v","/v/ as in van"],["w","/w/ as in web"],["x","/ks/ as in box"],["y","/y/ as in yo-yo"],["z","/z/ as in zebra"],["Long a","Says its name, as in cake"],["Long e","Says its name, as in tree"],["Long i","Says its name, as in kite"],["Long o","Says its name, as in boat"],["Long u","Says its name, as in cube"],["Soft c","/s/ before e, i or y, as in city"],["Hard c","/k/ before a, o or u, as in cow"],["Soft g","/j/ before e, i or y, as in giant"],["Hard g","/g/ before a, o or u, as in gate"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-phonics-r-controlled","id":"la-phonics-r-controlled","title":"Phonics: R-Controlled Vowels and Rules","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Bossy r, magic e and other spelling patterns that change vowel sounds.","tags":["phonics","spelling rules"],"frontLabel":"Pattern","backLabel":"What it does","cards":[["ar","Says /ar/: car, star, farm"],["or","Says /or/: corn, horse, storm"],["er","Says /er/: her, fern, teacher"],["ir","Says /er/: bird, girl, shirt"],["ur","Says /er/: turn, burn, purple"],["ore","Says /or/: more, store, shore"],["are","Says /air/: care, share, scare"],["ear (air)","Says /air/: bear, wear, pear"],["ear (eer)","Says /eer/: ear, hear, near"],["ear (er)","Says /er/: earth, learn, early"],["air","Says /air/: chair, hair, fair"],["eer","Says /eer/: deer, cheer, steer"],["ier","Says /eer/: pier, tier"],["oar","Says /or/: roar, soar, board"],["our","Says /or/ or /ow-er/: four, hour, sour"],["war","Says /wor/: warm, wart, warn"],["wor","Says /wer/: word, work, world"],["Silent e (magic e)","A silent e at the end makes the vowel say its name: cap becomes cape"],["Closed syllable","Ends in a consonant and has a short vowel: cat, sun, dig"],["Open syllable","Ends in a vowel and has a long vowel: go, me, hi"],["Vowel-consonant-e syllable","Long vowel with silent e: cake, hope, time"],["Vowel team syllable","Two vowels make one sound: rain, boat, tree"],["R-controlled syllable","A vowel plus r changes the sound: car, her, corn"],["Consonant-le syllable","A last syllable like ble, dle, tle: table, candle, little"],["Floss rule","After a short vowel, double f, l, s or z at the end: puff, bell, miss, buzz"],["Soft c and g rule","c and g are soft before e, i or y: cent, city, gem, gym"],["q needs u","The letter q is nearly always followed by u: queen, quit"],["No English word ends in v","Add a silent e after v: have, give, love"],["FLOSS exceptions","Some short words break the floss rule: bus, gas, yes, if"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-phonics-silent-letters","id":"la-phonics-silent-letters","title":"Silent Letters","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Words with letters you write but do not say.","tags":["phonics","silent letters","spelling"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Silent letter","cards":[["knee","Silent k"],["knife","Silent k"],["knight","Silent k and silent gh"],["knock","Silent k"],["know","Silent k"],["knot","Silent k"],["knit","Silent k"],["wrap","Silent w"],["write","Silent w"],["wrist","Silent w"],["wrong","Silent w"],["wrench","Silent w"],["answer","Silent w"],["sword","Silent w"],["two","Silent w"],["lamb","Silent b"],["thumb","Silent b"],["comb","Silent b"],["climb","Silent b"],["crumb","Silent b"],["doubt","Silent b"],["debt","Silent b"],["subtle","Silent b"],["plumber","Silent b"],["numb","Silent b"],["island","Silent s"],["aisle","Silent s"],["debris","Silent s"],["listen","Silent t"],["castle","Silent t"],["fasten","Silent t"],["whistle","Silent t"],["often","Silent t (for many speakers)"],["Christmas","Silent t"],["ballet","Silent t"],["gnat","Silent g"],["gnaw","Silent g"],["gnome","Silent g"],["sign","Silent g"],["design","Silent g"],["foreign","Silent g"],["campaign","Silent g"],["half","Silent l"],["calm","Silent l"],["palm","Silent l"],["walk","Silent l"],["talk","Silent l"],["chalk","Silent l"],["folk","Silent l"],["yolk","Silent l"],["could","Silent l"],["should","Silent l"],["would","Silent l"],["salmon","Silent l"],["honest","Silent h"],["hour","Silent h"],["heir","Silent h"],["honor","Silent h"],["ghost","Silent h"],["rhyme","Silent h"],["rhinoceros","Silent h"],["school","Silent h"],["echo","Silent h"],["night","Silent gh"],["light","Silent gh"],["daughter","Silent gh"],["thought","Silent gh"],["though","Silent gh"],["high","Silent gh"],["neighbor","Silent gh"],["autumn","Silent n"],["column","Silent n"],["hymn","Silent n"],["condemn","Silent n"],["mortgage","Silent t"],["receipt","Silent p"],["psychology","Silent p"],["pneumonia","Silent p"],["raspberry","Silent p"],["cupboard","Silent p"],["pterodactyl","Silent p"],["bomb","Silent b"],["guess","Silent u"],["guitar","Silent u"],["guard","Silent u"],["build","Silent u"],["biscuit","Silent u"],["handsome","Silent d"],["sandwich","Silent d"],["handkerchief","Silent d"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-phonics-vowel-teams","id":"la-phonics-vowel-teams","title":"Phonics: Vowel Teams","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Pairs of vowels (and vowel-consonant teams) and the sounds they make.","tags":["phonics","vowel teams"],"frontLabel":"Vowel team","backLabel":"Sound and example words","cards":[["ai","Long a: rain, train, snail"],["ay","Long a at the end of words: day, play, tray"],["ea (long e)","Long e: beach, leaf, dream"],["ea (short e)","Short e: bread, head, weather"],["ee","Long e: tree, feet, green"],["ie (long e)","Long e: field, chief, piece"],["ie (long i)","Long i at the end: pie, tie, lie"],["oa","Long o: boat, coat, soap"],["ow (long o)","Long o: snow, grow, yellow"],["ow (ou sound)","Like ouch: cow, town, clown"],["ou","Like ouch: house, cloud, mouth"],["oi","/oi/ inside words: coin, soil, point"],["oy","/oi/ at the end: boy, toy, enjoy"],["oo (long)","Long /oo/: moon, spoon, food"],["oo (short)","Short /oo/: book, foot, wood"],["ew","Long /oo/: new, grew, chew"],["ue","Long u or /oo/: blue, clue, true"],["ui","/oo/: fruit, suit, juice"],["au","/aw/: haul, sauce, August"],["aw","/aw/: saw, paw, straw"],["igh","Long i: high, night, light"],["ey","Long e or long a: key, monkey, they"],["ei","Long a: eight, vein, sleigh"],["eigh","Long a: eight, weigh, neighbor"],["eu","Long u: Europe, feud"],["ou (long o)","Long o: soul, though"],["ough","Many sounds: though, through, cough, tough"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-plurals-irregular","id":"la-plurals-irregular","title":"Irregular Plurals","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Nouns that do not just add -s to become plural.","tags":["plurals","spelling","nouns"],"frontLabel":"Singular","backLabel":"Plural","cards":[["child","children"],["man","men"],["woman","women"],["person","people"],["foot","feet"],["tooth","teeth"],["goose","geese"],["mouse","mice"],["louse","lice"],["ox","oxen"],["sheep","sheep"],["deer","deer"],["fish","fish (or fishes for kinds of fish)"],["moose","moose"],["series","series"],["species","species"],["aircraft","aircraft"],["bison","bison"],["salmon","salmon"],["trout","trout"],["shrimp","shrimp (or shrimps)"],["leaf","leaves"],["knife","knives"],["life","lives"],["wife","wives"],["wolf","wolves"],["elf","elves"],["shelf","shelves"],["half","halves"],["calf","calves"],["loaf","loaves"],["thief","thieves"],["self","selves"],["scarf","scarves"],["hoof","hooves"],["dwarf","dwarfs or dwarves"],["roof","roofs"],["chief","chiefs"],["cliff","cliffs"],["belief","beliefs"],["proof","proofs"],["bus","buses"],["box","boxes"],["glass","glasses"],["dish","dishes"],["church","churches"],["fox","foxes"],["watch","watches"],["brush","brushes"],["class","classes"],["tomato","tomatoes"],["potato","potatoes"],["hero","heroes"],["echo","echoes"],["veto","vetoes"],["photo","photos"],["piano","pianos"],["radio","radios"],["zoo","zoos"],["kangaroo","kangaroos"],["studio","studios"],["video","videos"],["solo","solos"],["city","cities"],["baby","babies"],["puppy","puppies"],["fly","flies"],["berry","berries"],["story","stories"],["lady","ladies"],["party","parties"],["country","countries"],["family","families"],["key","keys"],["monkey","monkeys"],["day","days"],["boy","boys"],["toy","toys"],["valley","valleys"],["cactus","cacti or cactuses"],["fungus","fungi"],["nucleus","nuclei"],["radius","radii"],["stimulus","stimuli"],["alumnus","alumni"],["syllabus","syllabi or syllabuses"],["focus","foci or focuses"],["octopus","octopuses"],["crisis","crises"],["analysis","analyses"],["thesis","theses"],["hypothesis","hypotheses"],["diagnosis","diagnoses"],["oasis","oases"],["parenthesis","parentheses"],["axis","axes"],["bacterium","bacteria"],["datum","data"],["medium","media"],["curriculum","curricula"],["memorandum","memoranda"],["phenomenon","phenomena"],["criterion","criteria"],["appendix","appendices or appendixes"],["index","indices or indexes"],["vertex","vertices"],["matrix","matrices"],["formula","formulas or formulae"],["antenna","antennae or antennas"],["alga","algae"],["larva","larvae"],["vertebra","vertebrae"],["passerby","passersby"],["mother-in-law","mothers-in-law"],["brother-in-law","brothers-in-law"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-poetry-forms","id":"la-poetry-forms","title":"Poetry Forms and Terms","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Kinds of poems and the words used to describe how poems are built.","tags":["poetry","forms"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["haiku","A Japanese-style poem in three lines of 5, 7 and 5 syllables"],["tanka","A Japanese poem of five lines with 5, 7, 5, 7, 7 syllables"],["limerick","A funny five-line poem with an AABBA rhyme scheme"],["sonnet","A 14-line poem, often in iambic pentameter"],["Shakespearean sonnet","A sonnet with three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming ABAB CDCD EFEF GG"],["Petrarchan sonnet","A sonnet with an octave and a sestet"],["couplet","Two lines in a row that rhyme"],["tercet","A stanza of three lines"],["quatrain","A stanza of four lines"],["cinquain","A five-line poem with a set pattern of words or syllables"],["diamante","A diamond-shaped seven-line poem"],["acrostic","A poem where the first letters of lines spell a word"],["free verse","A poem without regular rhyme or meter"],["blank verse","Unrhymed poetry in iambic pentameter"],["ballad","A poem or song that tells a story"],["epic","A long poem about a hero's deeds"],["ode","A poem praising a person or thing"],["elegy","A poem of mourning"],["lyric poem","A short poem expressing feelings"],["narrative poem","A poem that tells a story"],["concrete poem","A poem shaped like its subject"],["shape poem","Another name for a concrete poem"],["villanelle","A 19-line poem with two repeating refrains"],["sestina","A 39-line poem with six repeated end words"],["clerihew","A funny four-line poem about a person"],["epigram","A short, witty saying in verse"],["nursery rhyme","A short traditional rhyme for children"],["stanza","A group of lines in a poem"],["verse","One line of a poem, or a stanza"],["line break","Where a line of a poem ends"],["rhyme","Matching end sounds in words"],["rhyme scheme","The pattern of rhymes at the end of lines"],["end rhyme","Rhyme at the ends of lines"],["internal rhyme","Rhyme within a line"],["slant rhyme","Words that almost rhyme"],["rhythm","The beat of the words"],["meter","The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables"],["foot","A unit of meter"],["iamb","A foot with an unstressed then a stressed syllable"],["trochee","A foot with a stressed then an unstressed syllable"],["anapest","A foot with two unstressed then one stressed syllable"],["dactyl","A foot with one stressed then two unstressed syllables"],["pentameter","A line with five feet"],["tetrameter","A line with four feet"],["refrain","A line or phrase repeated in a poem or song"],["speaker","The voice that talks in a poem"],["enjambment","A sentence running over a line break"],["caesura","A pause inside a line"],["alliteration","Repeating beginning sounds"],["onomatopoeia","Words that sound like what they name"],["imagery","Words that create pictures in the mind"],["stanza break","A blank line between stanzas"],["volta","The turn in thought in a sonnet"],["rhyme couplet","A pair of rhyming lines"],["envelope rhyme","ABBA rhyme pattern"],["alexandrine","A line of six iambic feet"],["sprung rhythm","Rhythm based on counting stressed syllables only"],["slam poetry","A poem performed aloud in a competition style"],["spoken word","Poetry written to be performed"],["found poem","A poem made from words found elsewhere"],["list poem","A poem made as a list"],["pantoum","A poem with repeating lines in a set pattern"],["ghazal","A poem of couplets with a repeated word at the end of the second line"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-prefixes","id":"la-prefixes","title":"Prefixes","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Word beginnings that change meaning.","tags":["prefixes","word parts"],"frontLabel":"Prefix","backLabel":"Meaning and examples","cards":[["un-","Not or opposite: unhappy, undo"],["re-","Again: redo, rewrite"],["dis-","Not or opposite: disagree, disappear"],["mis-","Wrongly: misspell, misread"],["pre-","Before: preview, preheat"],["in-","Not (before most letters): inactive, incorrect"],["im-","Not (before b, m, p): impossible, immature"],["il-","Not (before l): illegal, illogical"],["ir-","Not (before r): irregular, irresponsible"],["non-","Not: nonstop, nonfiction"],["over-","Too much: overeat, overdo"],["under-","Too little, or below: underpaid, underground"],["sub-","Under: submarine, subway"],["super-","Above or beyond: superhero, supermarket"],["inter-","Between: international, interact"],["trans-","Across: transport, transatlantic"],["semi-","Half: semicircle, semifinal"],["mid-","Middle: midnight, midway"],["fore-","Before: forecast, foresee"],["out-","Beyond or more than: outrun, outgrow"],["anti-","Against: antifreeze, antisocial"],["auto-","Self: autograph, automatic"],["bi-","Two: bicycle, biweekly"],["tri-","Three: triangle, tricycle"],["uni-","One: unicycle, uniform"],["multi-","Many: multicolor, multiply"],["poly-","Many: polygon, polyglot"],["mono-","One: monorail, monologue"],["de-","Opposite or remove: defrost, deform"],["en-","Make or put in: enlarge, encircle"],["em-","Make or put in: empower, embrace"],["ex-","Out or former: exit, ex-president"],["extra-","Beyond: extraordinary, extraterrestrial"],["hyper-","Over, too much: hyperactive"],["hypo-","Under: hypodermic"],["micro-","Very small: microscope"],["mega-","Very large: megaphone"],["milli-","One thousandth: milliliter"],["kilo-","One thousand: kilometer"],["centi-","One hundredth: centimeter"],["deci-","One tenth: decimeter"],["tele-","Far: telescope"],["photo-","Light: photograph"],["co-","Together: cooperate, coworker"],["con-","With or together: connect, convene"],["counter-","Against: counterclockwise"],["contra-","Against: contradict"],["pro-","For or forward: proceed, pro-peace"],["post-","After: postpone, postgame"],["ante-","Before: antecedent"],["intra-","Within: intrastate, intranet"],["circum-","Around: circumference"],["ambi-","Both: ambidextrous"],["pan-","All: panorama"],["omni-","All: omnivore"],["tetra-","Four: tetrahedron"],["penta-","Five: pentagon"],["hexa-","Six: hexagon"],["octo-","Eight: octopus, octagon"],["deca-","Ten: decade"],["dia-","Through or across: diameter"],["epi-","Upon: epidermis"],["peri-","Around: perimeter"],["a-","Without or not: asleep, amoral"],["mal-","Bad: malfunction"],["bene-","Good: benefit"],["equi-","Equal: equal, equator"],["homo-","Same: homophone"],["hetero-","Different: heterogeneous"],["neo-","New: neoclassical"],["paleo-","Old: paleontology"],["retro-","Backward: retrospect"],["sym-","Together: symphony"],["syn-","Together: synonym"],["vice-","In place of: vice president"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-proverbs","id":"la-proverbs","title":"Proverbs and Their Meanings","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Wise old sayings and what they teach.","tags":["proverbs","sayings"],"frontLabel":"Proverb","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["A stitch in time saves nine","Fix a small problem early so it does not become big"],["Actions speak louder than words","What you do shows more than what you say"],["All that glitters is not gold","Things that look nice may not be valuable"],["A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush","It is better to keep what you have than risk it for more"],["A picture is worth a thousand words","An image can tell a lot"],["Better late than never","It is better to do something late than not at all"],["Birds of a feather flock together","People who are alike stay together"],["Don't count your chickens before they hatch","Do not rely on something that has not happened yet"],["Don't put all your eggs in one basket","Do not risk everything on one thing"],["Don't judge a book by its cover","Do not decide by looks alone"],["Every cloud has a silver lining","There is something good in every bad situation"],["Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise","Good habits help you do well in life"],["Honesty is the best policy","Telling the truth is always the best choice"],["If at first you don't succeed, try, try again","Keep trying until you get it"],["It takes two to tango","Both sides share in a quarrel or effort"],["Look before you leap","Think before you act"],["Many hands make light work","A job is easier with many helpers"],["Necessity is the mother of invention","Need pushes people to invent things"],["No pain, no gain","You must work hard to get results"],["One bad apple spoils the barrel","One bad person can spoil a whole group"],["Practice makes perfect","Doing something often makes you better"],["The early bird catches the worm","The one who starts first has the best chance"],["The pen is mightier than the sword","Words can do more than force"],["There's no place like home","Home is the best place to be"],["Two wrongs don't make a right","Doing bad because of bad does not fix anything"],["Too many cooks spoil the broth","Too many people on a job can ruin it"],["When in Rome, do as the Romans do","Follow the customs of the place you are in"],["You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink","You can offer help, but cannot force someone to take it"],["A friend in need is a friend indeed","A true friend helps you when you need it"],["A rolling stone gathers no moss","People who keep moving do not settle down or get stuck"],["Absence makes the heart grow fonder","Missing people makes you love them more"],["All good things must come to an end","Nothing lasts forever"],["A penny saved is a penny earned","Saving money is as good as making it"],["Beggars can't be choosers","If you need something badly, you cannot be picky"],["Curiosity killed the cat","Too much asking can lead to trouble"],["Do unto others as you would have them do unto you","Treat others how you want to be treated"],["Easy come, easy go","What is gained easily is lost easily"],["Fortune favors the bold","Brave people are often lucky"],["Good things come to those who wait","Patience brings rewards"],["Great minds think alike","Smart people often have the same ideas"],["Haste makes waste","Rushing leads to mistakes"],["He who laughs last laughs best","The final winner is the happiest"],["Home is where the heart is","Home is wherever you feel loved"],["If the shoe fits, wear it","If a criticism fits you, accept it"],["Laughter is the best medicine","Laughing helps you feel better"],["Let bygones be bygones","Forget old arguments"],["Look on the bright side","Think about the good parts"],["Out of sight, out of mind","We forget what we do not see"],["Patience is a virtue","Waiting calmly is a good quality"],["Rome wasn't built in a day","Great things take time"],["The grass is always greener on the other side","Other people's situations seem better than ours"],["The squeaky wheel gets the grease","The one who complains most gets attention"],["There's no smoke without fire","Rumors usually have some truth"],["Slow and steady wins the race","Steady effort beats fast but sloppy work"],["Time is money","Time is valuable, so do not waste it"],["United we stand, divided we fall","Together we are strong"],["Where there's a will, there's a way","If you want it enough, you will find a way"],["You can't teach an old dog new tricks","It is hard to change old habits"],["You reap what you sow","What you do comes back to you"],["A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step","Big goals start with small first steps"],["Knowledge is power","Learning gives you strength"],["Better safe than sorry","Be careful to avoid trouble later"],["Two heads are better than one","Working together gives better ideas"],["Waste not, want not","If you use things wisely, you will have enough"],["Walk a mile in someone's shoes","Try to understand another person's life"],["The best things in life are free","Love, friendship and nature cost nothing"],["Little strokes fell great oaks","Small steady efforts can do great things"],["Don't bite the hand that feeds you","Do not hurt people who help you"],["Don't cry over spilled milk","Do not be upset about what cannot be undone"],["Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me","Learn from being tricked"],["The proof of the pudding is in the eating","You judge something by how it works"],["Beauty is in the eye of the beholder","People see beauty differently"],["Variety is the spice of life","Different things make life interesting"],["A watched pot never boils","Time seems slow when you wait for something"],["Every dog has its day","Everyone gets a turn to shine"],["Out of the frying pan into the fire","From a bad situation to a worse one"],["Strike while the iron is hot","Act at the best moment"],["The apple doesn't fall far from the tree","Children often resemble their parents"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-punctuation-rules","id":"la-punctuation-rules","title":"Punctuation Marks and Rules","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"What each punctuation mark does and when to use it.","tags":["punctuation","writing"],"frontLabel":"Mark or rule","backLabel":"Use","cards":[["period","Ends a statement or command"],["question mark","Ends a question"],["exclamation point","Shows strong feeling or a shout"],["comma in a list","Separate three or more items: red, blue, and green"],["comma after introductory words","After words that begin a sentence: First, wash your hands"],["comma before a conjunction","Join two complete sentences: I ran, and she walked"],["comma in direct address","Separate a name: Maya, come here"],["comma in dates","Between day and year: July 4, 1776"],["comma in addresses","Between city and state: Austin, Texas"],["comma in a letter greeting","After Dear Sam"],["comma after yes or no","Yes, I will"],["comma with quotations","Separate a speaker from the quote: She said, \"Hello\""],["comma with appositive","Sets off a renaming phrase: My dog, Rex, barks"],["semicolon","Joins two closely related complete sentences"],["semicolon in a list","Separates items that already contain commas"],["colon before a list","After a full statement: You need three things: a pen, paper and time"],["colon in time","Separates hours and minutes: 3:30"],["colon after a business greeting","Dear Sir or Madam:"],["apostrophe in a contraction","Shows missing letters: can't"],["apostrophe for possession","Shows ownership: Tom's hat"],["apostrophe never in plurals","Plural of dog is dogs, not dog's"],["quotation marks","Show a speaker's exact words"],["quotation marks for titles","Short works: poems, songs, articles"],["italics or underline","Titles of long works: books, movies, magazines"],["hyphen","Joins words: well-known, twenty-one"],["hyphen at line end","Splits a word between syllables"],["en dash","Shows a range: pages 10-20"],["em dash","A strong break or interruption in a sentence"],["parentheses","Enclose extra information"],["brackets","Enclose added words inside a quote"],["ellipsis","Three dots showing omitted words or a pause"],["slash","Shows alternatives: and/or"],["Capital at start","Every sentence begins with a capital letter"],["Period in abbreviation","Mr., Dr., St."],["Comma splice","Do not join two sentences with only a comma"],["Quotation ending","Periods and commas go inside the closing quotation mark"],["Question inside quotation","Question mark inside if the quote is the question"],["Dialogue paragraphs","Start a new paragraph when a new person speaks"],["Colon vs. semicolon","Colon introduces; semicolon joins"],["Oxford comma","The comma before and in a list: apples, pears, and plums"],["Comma between adjectives","Use when you can swap the order or put and between: a tall, strong tree"],["Comma before a tag question","You are coming, aren't you?"],["Commas with nonessential phrases","Set off extra information: My sister, who is ten, swims"],["Run-on fix","Use a period, semicolon or conjunction"],["Exclamation overuse","Use sparingly so it keeps its power"],["Possessive of plural nouns","Add an apostrophe after the s: the dogs' bowls"],["Possessive of names ending in s","Add 's or just an apostrophe: James's or James'"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-rhyming-families","id":"la-rhyming-families","title":"Rhyming Word Families","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"Word endings that make rhymes, with words that belong to them.","tags":["rhyming","word families","phonics"],"frontLabel":"Word family","backLabel":"Words in the family","cards":[["-at","cat, bat, hat, mat, rat, sat, flat"],["-an","can, fan, man, pan, ran, van, plan"],["-ap","cap, map, nap, tap, lap, clap, trap"],["-ag","bag, tag, wag, rag, flag, drag"],["-am","ham, jam, ram, dam, yam, slam"],["-ad","bad, dad, had, mad, pad, sad"],["-ack","back, black, pack, snack, track, stack"],["-ill","hill, fill, bill, mill, will, spill"],["-ig","big, dig, fig, pig, wig, twig"],["-in","bin, fin, pin, tin, win, spin"],["-ip","dip, hip, lip, rip, ship, trip"],["-it","bit, fit, hit, kit, sit, spit"],["-ick","kick, lick, pick, sick, stick, quick"],["-ing","king, ring, sing, wing, spring, bring"],["-ink","pink, sink, wink, think, drink, blink"],["-ock","clock, dock, lock, rock, sock, block"],["-op","cop, hop, mop, pop, top, stop"],["-ot","cot, dot, hot, not, pot, spot"],["-og","dog, fog, hog, log, frog, jog"],["-ob","cob, job, mob, rob, sob"],["-uck","duck, luck, truck, stuck, buck"],["-ug","bug, hug, mug, rug, jug, plug"],["-un","bun, fun, run, sun, spun, stun"],["-ut","but, cut, hut, nut, shut"],["-ump","bump, jump, lump, pump, stump"],["-unk","bunk, junk, skunk, trunk"],["-est","best, nest, pest, rest, west, chest"],["-et","bet, get, jet, net, pet, wet"],["-ell","bell, tell, sell, well, shell, smell"],["-en","den, hen, men, pen, ten, then"],["-ed","bed, fed, red, led, shed, sled"],["-eck","deck, neck, check, speck"],["-ake","bake, cake, lake, make, take, snake"],["-ate","date, gate, late, plate, skate, state"],["-ame","came, game, name, same, tame, flame"],["-ail","mail, nail, pail, sail, tail, snail"],["-ain","gain, main, pain, rain, train, brain"],["-ay","day, hay, may, play, say, stay"],["-ee","bee, see, tree, free, three"],["-eep","beep, deep, jeep, keep, sleep, sheep"],["-eat","beat, heat, meat, neat, seat, treat"],["-ime","dime, lime, time, climb, crime"],["-ice","dice, mice, nice, rice, twice, slice"],["-ide","hide, ride, side, wide, slide, tide"],["-ine","fine, line, mine, nine, pine, shine"],["-ight","fight, light, might, night, right, sight"],["-ike","bike, hike, like, spike, strike"],["-ow","bow, cow, how, now, wow, brow"],["-ow (long o)","blow, flow, grow, know, show, slow"],["-oat","boat, coat, goat, float, throat"],["-old","bold, cold, fold, gold, hold, told"],["-ose","hose, nose, rose, close, those"],["-ore","bore, core, more, shore, store, wore"],["-ound","found, ground, hound, round, sound"],["-ouse","house, louse, mouse, spouse"],["-ar","bar, car, far, jar, star, scar"],["-air","chair, fair, hair, pair, stair"],["-ear","dear, fear, hear, near, year"],["-ook","book, cook, hook, look, took"],["-ool","cool, fool, pool, school, stool"],["-oon","moon, noon, soon, spoon, balloon"],["-ush","brush, crush, flush, hush, rush"],["-ash","cash, crash, dash, flash, splash"],["-ish","dish, fish, wish"],["-ing (family)","ding, fling, sling, sting, thing"],["-ung","hung, lung, rung, sung, young"],["-ank","bank, drank, sank, tank, thank"],["-ant","ant, can't, pant, plant"],["-and","band, hand, land, sand, stand"],["-ang","bang, gang, hang, rang, sang"],["-all","ball, call, fall, hall, small, tall"],["-alk","chalk, stalk, talk, walk"],["-ew","blew, chew, crew, drew, flew, grew, new"],["-oo","boo, goo, moo, shoe, zoo"],["-ue","blue, clue, glue, true"],["-own","brown, crown, down, gown, town"],["-oy","boy, joy, toy, enjoy"],["-oil","boil, coil, foil, oil, soil"],["-aw","claw, draw, jaw, paw, saw, straw"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-similes-metaphors","id":"la-similes-metaphors","title":"Similes and Metaphors","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Famous comparisons and which figure of speech they use.","tags":["simile","metaphor","figurative language"],"frontLabel":"Comparison","backLabel":"Type and meaning","cards":[["as busy as a bee","Simile: very busy"],["as quiet as a mouse","Simile: very quiet"],["as brave as a lion","Simile: very brave"],["as light as a feather","Simile: very light"],["as slow as a snail","Simile: very slow"],["as cold as ice","Simile: very cold"],["as sly as a fox","Simile: clever and tricky"],["as strong as an ox","Simile: very strong"],["as proud as a peacock","Simile: very proud"],["as blind as a bat","Simile: unable to see well"],["as gentle as a lamb","Simile: very gentle"],["as stubborn as a mule","Simile: very stubborn"],["as sweet as honey","Simile: very sweet"],["as good as gold","Simile: very well behaved"],["as flat as a pancake","Simile: completely flat"],["as hungry as a horse","Simile: very hungry"],["as cool as a cucumber","Simile: very calm"],["as clear as crystal","Simile: easy to understand"],["as dry as a bone","Simile: completely dry"],["as old as the hills","Simile: very old"],["as right as rain","Simile: perfectly fine"],["as bright as the sun","Simile: very bright"],["as fresh as a daisy","Simile: full of energy"],["as happy as a clam","Simile: very content"],["as thin as a rail","Simile: very thin"],["as white as snow","Simile: very white"],["as tough as nails","Simile: very strong or hard"],["as wise as an owl","Simile: very wise"],["as playful as a puppy","Simile: very playful"],["run like the wind","Simile: run very fast"],["sleep like a log","Simile: sleep deeply"],["sing like a bird","Simile: sing beautifully"],["eat like a bird","Simile: eat very little"],["swim like a fish","Simile: swim very well"],["shine like a star","Simile: be very bright or special"],["time is money","Metaphor: time is valuable"],["life is a roller coaster","Metaphor: life has ups and downs"],["the world is a stage","Metaphor: people play roles in life"],["my brother is a pig at dinner","Metaphor: he eats messily"],["the classroom was a zoo","Metaphor: the room was wild and noisy"],["her smile is sunshine","Metaphor: her smile brings happiness"],["the road was a ribbon","Metaphor: the road was long and thin"],["the clouds were cotton balls","Metaphor: clouds looked soft and white"],["he is a rock","Metaphor: he is steady and reliable"],["the moon is a silver coin","Metaphor: the moon looks round and shiny"],["life is a journey","Metaphor: life has many stages and paths"],["books are windows","Metaphor: books show the world"],["laughter is music","Metaphor: laughter is pleasing to hear"],["the snow is a blanket","Metaphor: snow covers the ground"],["her voice is velvet","Metaphor: her voice is soft and smooth"],["my room is a disaster zone","Metaphor: it is very messy"],["the stars are diamonds","Metaphor: stars sparkle in the sky"],["words are weapons","Metaphor: words can hurt or help"],["the city is a jungle","Metaphor: the city is wild and busy"],["the test was a breeze","Metaphor: it was easy"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-story-elements","id":"la-story-elements","title":"Story Elements and Reading Skills","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The parts of a story and the skills readers use to understand it.","tags":["reading","story elements","comprehension"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"What it means","cards":[["character","Who the story is about"],["setting","Where and when the story happens"],["plot","What happens in the story"],["problem","The trouble the characters face"],["solution","How the problem is solved"],["beginning","Where the story introduces characters and setting"],["middle","Where the problem grows"],["end","Where the problem is solved"],["main idea","What a text is mostly about"],["supporting details","Facts that back up the main idea"],["theme","The lesson or message of a story"],["summary","A short retelling of the important parts"],["sequence","The order in which events happen"],["cause","Why something happens"],["effect","What happens as a result"],["compare","To tell how things are alike"],["contrast","To tell how things are different"],["fact","Something that can be proven true"],["opinion","What someone thinks or feels"],["inference","A smart guess from clues"],["prediction","A guess about what will happen next"],["context clues","Hints in the text that help explain a word"],["author's purpose","Why the author wrote it: to inform, persuade or entertain"],["point of view","Who is telling the story"],["visualize","To make a picture in your mind while reading"],["connection","Linking a text to yourself, another text, or the world"],["text feature","A heading, caption or bold word that helps readers"],["heading","A title for a section"],["caption","Words that explain a picture"],["glossary","A mini dictionary at the back of a book"],["index","An alphabetical list of topics at the back with page numbers"],["table of contents","A list of chapters and page numbers at the front"],["bold print","Heavy type that shows an important word"],["diagram","A labeled drawing"],["genre","A type of writing"],["fiction","Made-up stories"],["nonfiction","True information"],["narrator","The one who tells the story"],["dialogue","Characters talking"],["conflict","A struggle between forces"],["climax","The most exciting part"],["resolution","The way the story's problem ends"],["mood","The feeling of the story"],["tone","The attitude of the author"],["evidence","Facts or quotes that prove a point"],["claim","A statement you argue is true"],["reasoning","The logic linking evidence to a claim"],["fluency","Reading smoothly with expression"],["decoding","Using letter sounds to read a word"],["comprehension","Understanding what you read"],["skim","To read quickly for the main idea"],["scan","To look quickly for specific information"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-suffixes","id":"la-suffixes","title":"Suffixes","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Word endings that change meaning or part of speech.","tags":["suffixes","word parts"],"frontLabel":"Suffix","backLabel":"Meaning and examples","cards":[["-s / -es","More than one: cats, boxes"],["-ed","Happened in the past: jumped, walked"],["-ing","Happening now: running, playing"],["-er","One who or more: teacher, taller"],["-est","Most: tallest, fastest"],["-ly","In a way: quickly, gladly"],["-ful","Full of: helpful, joyful"],["-less","Without: hopeless, careless"],["-able","Can be done: readable, washable"],["-ible","Can be done: edible, flexible"],["-ness","State of being: kindness, sadness"],["-ment","Act or result: enjoyment, movement"],["-tion","Act or state: action, invention"],["-sion","Act or state: tension, vision"],["-ation","Act or result: celebration, education"],["-ity","State or quality: ability, activity"],["-ous","Full of: famous, dangerous"],["-ious","Full of: curious, furious"],["-ive","Tending to: active, creative"],["-al","Relating to: musical, national"],["-ial","Relating to: social, special"],["-ic","Relating to: heroic, artistic"],["-y","Characterized by: sunny, rainy"],["-ish","Somewhat like: childish, reddish"],["-en","Make or made of: darken, wooden"],["-ify","Make: simplify, purify"],["-ize","Make or become: modernize, memorize"],["-ate","Make or become: activate, create"],["-ence","State or quality: patience, absence"],["-ance","State or quality: importance, performance"],["-ant","One who or being: assistant, elegant"],["-ent","One who or being: student, different"],["-ism","Belief or practice: heroism, tourism"],["-ist","One who does: artist, scientist"],["-or","One who does: actor, doctor"],["-ee","One who receives: employee, trainee"],["-ship","State or skill: friendship, leadership"],["-hood","State or time of: childhood, neighborhood"],["-dom","State or realm: freedom, kingdom"],["-ward","Direction: backward, homeward"],["-wise","In the manner of: clockwise, otherwise"],["-ology","Study of: biology, geology"],["-phobia","Fear of: claustrophobia"],["-ette","Small: kitchenette, cigarette"],["-let","Small: booklet, piglet"],["-ling","Young or small: duckling, gosling"],["-some","Tending to: awesome, tiresome"],["-ery","Place or practice: bakery, bravery"],["-th","State or number: strength, fourth"],["-ty","Quality: safety, loyalty"],["-cy","State: accuracy, democracy"],["-ure","Action or result: pressure, closure"],["-age","Action or result: package, damage"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-synonyms-advanced","id":"la-synonyms-advanced","title":"Synonyms: Stronger Words","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Richer words that stand in for everyday ones.","tags":["synonyms","vocabulary","word choice"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Stronger synonyms","cards":[["said","declared, stated, remarked"],["walked","strolled, trudged, marched"],["looked","gazed, glanced, peered"],["big","enormous, colossal, immense"],["small","minuscule, petite, compact"],["good","excellent, superb, admirable"],["bad","dreadful, poor, inferior"],["happy","elated, delighted, content"],["sad","sorrowful, mournful, dejected"],["angry","furious, irate, indignant"],["scared","terrified, petrified, alarmed"],["tired","exhausted, drained, weary"],["smart","intelligent, brilliant, astute"],["funny","amusing, comical, hilarious"],["important","significant, vital, crucial"],["interesting","fascinating, intriguing, absorbing"],["hard","arduous, demanding, strenuous"],["easy","effortless, straightforward, simple"],["beautiful","gorgeous, stunning, exquisite"],["ugly","repulsive, unsightly, grotesque"],["help","assist, aid, support"],["show","display, exhibit, reveal"],["think","ponder, consider, reflect"],["use","utilize, employ, apply"],["get","obtain, acquire, receive"],["give","grant, provide, bestow"],["make","create, produce, construct"],["fast","swift, brisk, hasty"],["slow","gradual, leisurely, unhurried"],["brave","valiant, heroic, intrepid"],["afraid","fearful, apprehensive, timid"],["pretty","charming, appealing, lovely"],["rude","impolite, discourteous, crude"],["honest","truthful, sincere, candid"],["lazy","idle, sluggish, lethargic"],["clever","shrewd, ingenious, resourceful"],["calm","serene, tranquil, peaceful"],["nervous","anxious, uneasy, jittery"],["proud","pleased, boastful, triumphant"],["mean","cruel, spiteful, malicious"],["stubborn","obstinate, headstrong, unyielding"],["generous","giving, charitable, lavish"],["rich","affluent, wealthy, prosperous"],["poor","impoverished, needy, destitute"],["strange","peculiar, odd, unusual"],["famous","renowned, celebrated, well-known"],["dangerous","hazardous, perilous, risky"],["careful","cautious, prudent, watchful"],["sudden","abrupt, unexpected, swift"],["huge","tremendous, vast, gigantic"],["brief","short, concise, fleeting"],["begin","commence, initiate, launch"],["finish","conclude, complete, accomplish"],["ask","inquire, question, request"],["answer","respond, reply, retort"],["stop","cease, halt, discontinue"],["choose","select, elect, opt for"],["want","desire, crave, wish for"],["need","require, demand, necessitate"],["explain","clarify, describe, illustrate"],["change","alter, modify, transform"],["keep","retain, preserve, maintain"],["steal","pilfer, swipe, snatch"],["run","sprint, dash, bolt"],["cry","weep, sob, wail"],["laugh","chuckle, giggle, chortle"],["shout","bellow, exclaim, roar"],["eat","consume, devour, nibble"],["guess","speculate, estimate, surmise"],["quiet","hushed, subdued, tranquil"],["shy","bashful, timid, reserved"],["tidy","orderly, neat, spotless"],["odd","bizarre, curious, eccentric"],["fake","counterfeit, bogus, artificial"],["true","genuine, authentic, accurate"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-synonyms-easy","id":"la-synonyms-easy","title":"Synonyms: Words That Mean the Same","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Pairs of words with nearly the same meaning.","tags":["synonyms","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Synonyms","cards":[["big","large, huge, giant"],["small","little, tiny, mini"],["happy","glad, joyful, cheerful"],["sad","unhappy, gloomy, blue"],["fast","quick, speedy, rapid"],["slow","sluggish, unhurried, leisurely"],["smart","clever, bright, wise"],["begin","start, open, launch"],["end","finish, stop, close"],["pretty","lovely, beautiful, attractive"],["ugly","unsightly, plain, hideous"],["look","see, watch, glance"],["walk","stroll, step, wander"],["run","dash, race, sprint"],["talk","speak, chat, say"],["shout","yell, holler, cry out"],["quiet","silent, still, hushed"],["loud","noisy, booming, blaring"],["angry","mad, upset, furious"],["scared","afraid, frightened, fearful"],["hard","difficult, tough, challenging"],["easy","simple, effortless, plain"],["rich","wealthy, well-off, prosperous"],["cold","chilly, cool, freezing"],["hot","warm, boiling, scorching"],["wet","damp, soaked, moist"],["dry","parched, arid, bone-dry"],["clean","spotless, neat, tidy"],["dirty","filthy, grimy, messy"],["nice","kind, pleasant, friendly"],["unkind","cruel, mean, harsh"],["brave","bold, fearless, courageous"],["strong","mighty, powerful, sturdy"],["weak","feeble, frail, delicate"],["old","aged, ancient, elderly"],["new","fresh, modern, recent"],["shiny","bright, gleaming, sparkling"],["jump","leap, hop, spring"],["hurry","rush, hasten, dash"],["choose","pick, select, decide on"],["wrong","incorrect, mistaken, false"],["right","correct, proper, accurate"],["tired","sleepy, weary, worn out"],["close","near, nearby, next to"],["tell","say, inform, announce"],["unhappy","sad, sorrowful, down"],["joke","gag, funny story, jest"],["rest","relax, pause, nap"],["fix","repair, mend, patch"],["mistake","error, slip, blunder"],["shut","close, seal, fasten"],["mad","angry, cross, upset"],["tiny","little, wee, minute"],["boat","ship, vessel, craft"],["car","auto, automobile, vehicle"],["home","house, dwelling, residence"],["kid","child, youngster, youth"],["sofa","couch, settee, divan"],["dinner","supper, meal, feast"],["trip","journey, voyage, outing"],["simple","easy, plain, clear"],["silly","goofy, foolish, funny"],["glad","pleased, happy, delighted"],["sick","ill, unwell, ailing"],["guess","estimate, suppose, predict"],["smell","scent, odor, aroma"],["road","street, path, highway"],["pal","friend, buddy, chum"],["huge","enormous, gigantic, immense"],["stop","halt, cease, quit"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-1-2","id":"la-vocab-grade-1-2","title":"Vocabulary: Grades 1-2","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["k-2"],"description":"Useful words for early readers, with kid-friendly meanings.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 1","grade 2"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["adventure","An exciting trip or event"],["afraid","Feeling fear"],["alone","By yourself"],["angry","Feeling mad"],["beautiful","Very pretty"],["believe","To think something is true"],["borrow","To take something for a short time and give it back"],["brave","Not afraid to do hard things"],["careful","Taking care so nothing goes wrong"],["cheerful","Happy and bright"],["choose","To pick"],["clever","Quick to learn and smart"],["collect","To gather things together"],["comfortable","Feeling relaxed and cozy"],["curious","Wanting to learn or know more"],["decide","To make up your mind"],["describe","To tell what something is like"],["difficult","Not easy"],["discover","To find something new"],["enormous","Very, very big"],["excited","Full of joy and energy"],["explore","To travel to learn about a place"],["famous","Known by many people"],["favorite","The one you like best"],["frighten","To make someone scared"],["gentle","Soft and careful, not rough"],["giant","Very large"],["grateful","Thankful"],["hurry","To move fast"],["imagine","To make a picture in your mind"],["invite","To ask someone to come"],["journey","A long trip"],["kindness","Being nice and caring"],["laughter","The sound of laughing"],["lonely","Sad because you are alone"],["marvelous","Wonderful"],["messy","Not neat"],["mighty","Very strong"],["nervous","Worried about what will happen"],["neighbor","A person who lives near you"],["noisy","Making a lot of sound"],["patient","Able to wait calmly"],["peaceful","Quiet and calm"],["perfect","Without any mistakes"],["polite","Having good manners"],["promise","To say you will surely do something"],["protect","To keep safe"],["puzzle","A game or problem to solve"],["quiet","Making little or no sound"],["remember","To bring back to mind"],["shiny","Bright and sparkly"],["silly","Funny in a goofy way"],["surprise","Something you did not expect"],["tiny","Very small"],["treasure","Gold, jewels or something loved"],["uncomfortable","Not cozy or at ease"],["visit","To go and see someone or somewhere"],["whisper","To speak very softly"],["wonder","To think about and ask questions"],["worried","Thinking something bad may happen"],["young","Not old"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-10","id":"la-vocab-grade-10","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 10","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["9-12"],"description":"Grade 10 words with clear definitions.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 10"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["acquiesce","To agree without protest"],["affable","Friendly and easy to talk to"],["ameliorate","To make better"],["anomaly","Something that does not fit the pattern"],["aplomb","Self-confidence"],["ardent","Passionate"],["ascetic","Living with strict self-denial"],["assiduous","Hardworking"],["audacity","Boldness"],["bellicose","Eager to fight"],["bucolic","Relating to countryside life"],["capricious","Changing mood suddenly"],["caustic","Biting or burning in tone"],["chicanery","Trickery"],["circumvent","To go around"],["clemency","Mercy"],["cohesive","Sticking together well"],["compunction","A pang of guilty feeling"],["copious","In large amounts"],["cursory","Hasty and not thorough"],["daunting","Seeming hard and scary"],["denounce","To publicly condemn"],["derelict","Neglected; abandoned"],["desultory","Lacking a plan"],["diatribe","A bitter verbal attack"],["discrepancy","A difference between things that should match"],["disparage","To speak of as having little value"],["dissuade","To talk someone out of something"],["effervescent","Bubbly"],["egregious","Outstandingly bad"],["empirical","Based on observation"],["enervate","To drain of energy"],["ephemeral","Short-lived"],["equanimity","Calmness under stress"],["exacting","Demanding great care"],["exhort","To strongly urge"],["extol","To praise highly"],["fallacy","A mistaken belief"],["fervent","Showing intense feeling"],["flagrant","Shockingly obvious"],["fledgling","New and inexperienced"],["fractious","Irritable and quarrelsome"],["furtive","Sneaky"],["gregarious","Sociable"],["guile","Sly cunning"],["hackneyed","Overused"],["iconoclast","One who attacks cherished beliefs"],["impetus","A force that starts something moving"],["implacable","Unable to be calmed"],["inclement","Stormy or harsh weather"],["incongruous","Out of place"],["indolent","Lazy"],["inexorable","Impossible to stop"],["insidious","Sneakily harmful"],["intrepid","Fearless"],["irascible","Easily angered"],["laconic","Using few words"],["laud","To praise"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-11","id":"la-vocab-grade-11","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 11","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["9-12"],"description":"Grade 11 words with clear definitions.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 11","college prep"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abstruse","Hard to understand"],["acerbic","Sharp and harsh in tone"],["admonish","To warn gently but firmly"],["anachronism","Something out of its proper time"],["anathema","A thing strongly disliked"],["apocryphal","Of doubtful authenticity"],["appease","To calm by giving in"],["arcane","Known by few; mysterious"],["auspicious","Suggesting a good future"],["avarice","Greed for wealth"],["beguile","To charm or trick"],["bombastic","High-sounding but meaningless"],["cajole","To persuade with flattery"],["censorious","Severely critical"],["charlatan","A person who fakes skill"],["churlish","Rude and bad-tempered"],["cloying","Too sweet"],["conundrum","A confusing problem"],["countenance","A person's face or expression"],["deleterious","Harmful"],["demur","To object politely"],["despot","A ruler with absolute power"],["disabuse","To free from a false belief"],["efficacious","Producing the wanted result"],["enmity","Deep hostility"],["ennui","Boredom"],["ephemeral","Short-lived"],["equivocate","To use unclear words to avoid commitment"],["esoteric","Understood by only a few"],["exculpate","To clear from blame"],["exigent","Urgent"],["extant","Still existing"],["facetious","Joking at the wrong time"],["fatuous","Silly"],["fecund","Fertile"],["fulminate","To protest loudly"],["gainsay","To deny"],["gauche","Awkward socially"],["grandiloquent","Using fancy language"],["hegemony","Leadership or dominance by one group"],["histrionic","Overly dramatic"],["hubris","Excessive pride"],["impecunious","Having little money"],["inchoate","Just begun, not formed"],["ineffable","Too great to be put in words"],["insipid","Lacking flavor or interest"],["inveterate","Long established"],["lachrymose","Tearful"],["loquacious","Talkative"],["lugubrious","Mournful"],["malleable","Easily shaped"],["mendacious","Lying"],["mercurial","Quickly changing in mood"],["misanthrope","One who dislikes people"],["mollify","To soothe"],["obdurate","Stubbornly refusing"],["obsequious","Too eager to please"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-12","id":"la-vocab-grade-12","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 12","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Advanced words for college-bound readers, with clear definitions.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 12","college prep"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["acumen","Sharp judgment, especially in business"],["alacrity","Quick, cheerful eagerness"],["ambiguity","Uncertainty of meaning"],["ameliorate","To make better"],["anomalous","Not following the usual pattern"],["antediluvian","Extremely old-fashioned"],["apotheosis","The perfect example or highest point"],["approbation","Approval"],["ascertain","To find out for certain"],["assuage","To make less severe"],["attenuate","To make thinner or weaker"],["axiom","A statement accepted as true"],["bellwether","A leader or indicator of trends"],["byzantine","Very complicated"],["cacophonous","Harsh-sounding"],["canonical","Accepted as a standard"],["capitulate","To give in"],["cathartic","Bringing emotional release"],["circuitous","Taking a long, roundabout way"],["cognizant","Aware"],["commensurate","In proportion to"],["conflagration","A large destructive fire"],["connotation","An idea suggested by a word beyond its literal meaning"],["consternation","Dismay or alarm"],["cynosure","A center of attention"],["dearth","A scarcity"],["debacle","A total failure"],["decry","To publicly condemn"],["dichotomy","A division into two opposite parts"],["diffident","Shy and lacking confidence"],["dilettante","A person with shallow interest in a subject"],["discursive","Wandering from topic to topic"],["disingenuous","Not sincere"],["dissonance","Harsh clash of sounds or ideas"],["ebullient","Overflowing with enthusiasm"],["effrontery","Shameless boldness"],["elegy","A sad poem for someone who died"],["empirical","Based on evidence"],["epitome","A perfect example"],["equitable","Fair"],["erroneous","Wrong"],["evanescent","Quickly fading"],["exacerbate","To make worse"],["exhaustive","Complete in every detail"],["exigency","An urgent need"],["fastidious","Hard to please"],["fortitude","Strength of mind in hard times"],["gratuitous","Given without good reason"],["harbinger","A sign of what is coming"],["idyllic","Peaceful and charming"],["imperturbable","Unable to be upset"],["indefatigable","Never tiring"],["ingenuous","Innocent and open"],["inimical","Harmful or hostile"],["insurmountable","Too great to overcome"],["juxtapose","To place side by side for contrast"],["lassitude","Weariness"],["magnanimity","Generosity of spirit"],["perfunctory","Done with little care"],["pernicious","Very harmful"],["perspicacious","Having keen insight"],["pithy","Short and full of meaning"],["quixotic","Idealistic but impractical"],["recalcitrant","Stubbornly resisting"],["sanguine","Cheerfully hopeful"],["sycophant","A person who flatters for gain"],["taciturn","Saying very little"],["tenuous","Weak or thin"],["trepidation","Fearful worry"],["vicissitude","A change of circumstances"],["vociferous","Loud and forceful"],["zealous","Full of eager energy"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-3","id":"la-vocab-grade-3","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 3","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5"],"description":"Grade 3 words with plain meanings.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 3"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["ancient","Very, very old"],["announce","To tell something to everyone"],["anxious","Worried or uneasy"],["appear","To come into sight"],["arrange","To put in order"],["attempt","To try"],["awkward","Clumsy or uncomfortable"],["bargain","Something bought for less than usual"],["brilliant","Very bright or very smart"],["cautious","Careful to avoid danger"],["challenge","A hard task that tests you"],["common","Seen or found often"],["compare","To look at how things are alike or different"],["complete","Finished; having all its parts"],["confused","Not able to think clearly"],["consider","To think about carefully"],["courage","Bravery"],["delicate","Easily broken or hurt"],["depart","To leave"],["destroy","To ruin completely"],["determined","Firmly set on doing something"],["distance","How far apart two things are"],["dread","To fear something that will happen"],["eager","Very keen to do something"],["edge","The outside border of something"],["emergency","A sudden dangerous event needing quick help"],["enjoy","To get pleasure from"],["entire","Whole"],["escape","To get free"],["examine","To look at closely"],["expect","To think something will happen"],["fair","Just and equal for all"],["foolish","Lacking good sense"],["fragile","Easy to break"],["gather","To bring together"],["generous","Happy to give and share"],["glance","A quick look"],["guide","To show the way"],["harbor","A safe place for ships"],["hesitate","To pause before doing something"],["huge","Extremely large"],["ignore","To pay no attention to"],["immediately","Right away"],["important","Having great value or meaning"],["inform","To give facts to"],["interrupt","To break in while someone speaks"],["journal","A book where you write daily thoughts"],["local","Close to where you live"],["mention","To speak of briefly"],["mysterious","Strange and hard to explain"],["necessary","Needed"],["observe","To watch carefully"],["ordinary","Plain, not special"],["polite","Having good manners"],["precious","Of great value"],["prepare","To get ready"],["recall","To remember"],["repair","To fix"],["shelter","A place that protects from weather"],["struggle","To try hard against difficulty"],["tremble","To shake from fear or cold"],["valuable","Worth a lot"],["wander","To walk without a goal"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-4","id":"la-vocab-grade-4","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 4","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5"],"description":"Grade 4 words with plain meanings.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 4"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abandon","To leave behind for good"],["absorb","To soak up"],["accurate","Correct and exact"],["achieve","To succeed in doing"],["adapt","To change to fit new conditions"],["admire","To look up to and respect"],["advantage","Something that helps you"],["ambition","A strong wish to achieve something"],["analyze","To study the parts of something"],["astonish","To amaze greatly"],["audience","People who watch or listen"],["average","The usual or middle amount"],["boundary","A line that marks the limit"],["capable","Able to do something well"],["character","A person in a story; your qualities"],["cooperate","To work together"],["courteous","Polite and respectful"],["crisis","A time of great danger or trouble"],["curiosity","The wish to know or learn"],["demonstrate","To show how something works"],["dense","Packed closely together"],["dependable","Able to be trusted"],["despair","A feeling of having no hope"],["detail","A small fact or part"],["disaster","A terrible event that causes harm"],["distinct","Clearly different"],["duty","Something you must do"],["efficient","Working well without waste"],["elegant","Graceful and stylish"],["encounter","To meet unexpectedly"],["endure","To last or to put up with something"],["evidence","Facts that show something is true"],["exhausted","Very, very tired"],["expand","To grow bigger"],["fortunate","Lucky"],["frequent","Happening often"],["genuine","Real, not fake"],["glimpse","A very quick look"],["habitat","The natural home of an animal or plant"],["hazard","A danger"],["hesitant","Slow to act because unsure"],["horizon","The line where the earth and sky seem to meet"],["imitate","To copy"],["independent","Not needing others"],["inspect","To look at closely"],["instruct","To teach or direct"],["massive","Huge and heavy"],["miserable","Very unhappy"],["nature","The living world outside"],["nuisance","A thing that annoys"],["obvious","Easy to see or understand"],["occur","To happen"],["passage","A short part of a text; a narrow way"],["persuade","To get someone to agree"],["reluctant","Unwilling"],["reply","To answer"],["scarce","Hard to find; not enough"],["sensible","Showing good judgment"],["suspect","To think something may be true"],["vanish","To disappear"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-5","id":"la-vocab-grade-5","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 5","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5"],"description":"Grade 5 words with plain meanings.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 5"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abundant","More than enough"],["accomplish","To complete successfully"],["acquire","To get"],["adequate","Enough for what is needed"],["alter","To change"],["ambitious","Eager to succeed"],["analyze","To study closely to understand"],["anticipate","To expect and prepare for"],["apparent","Easy to see or understand"],["appreciate","To value; to be thankful for"],["assemble","To put together"],["assist","To help"],["authentic","Real and true"],["barren","Empty, with nothing growing"],["benefit","An advantage or good result"],["brief","Short"],["captivate","To hold the attention of"],["chronic","Lasting a long time"],["commence","To begin"],["communicate","To share ideas or information"],["compassion","Caring about others who suffer"],["conclude","To end; to decide after thinking"],["conflict","A serious disagreement or struggle"],["consequence","A result of an action"],["constant","Always happening"],["contrast","A difference between things"],["convince","To make someone believe"],["courageous","Brave"],["decade","Ten years"],["defend","To protect from attack"],["deliberate","Done on purpose"],["devastate","To destroy"],["dilemma","A hard choice between two options"],["discourage","To take away hope"],["distinguish","To tell apart"],["diverse","Made of many different kinds"],["eliminate","To get rid of"],["emerge","To come out into view"],["essential","Absolutely needed"],["estimate","A careful guess"],["evaluate","To judge the value of"],["exaggerate","To make something seem bigger than it is"],["fascinate","To hold the interest of"],["fierce","Wild and strong"],["flexible","Able to bend or change"],["fundamental","Basic and important"],["hostile","Unfriendly"],["hypothesis","An idea to be tested"],["illustrate","To make clear with pictures or examples"],["inquire","To ask"],["integrity","Honesty"],["maintain","To keep up"],["migrate","To travel from one region to another"],["modify","To change a little"],["neglect","To fail to take care of"],["obstacle","Something in the way"],["participate","To take part"],["perceive","To notice or understand"],["reliable","Able to be trusted"],["resolve","To settle; to decide firmly"],["sufficient","Enough"],["vital","Very important"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-6","id":"la-vocab-grade-6","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 6","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8"],"description":"Grade 6 words with clear definitions.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 6"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abolish","To officially put an end to"],["accessible","Easy to reach or use"],["accumulate","To pile up gradually"],["acknowledge","To admit or recognize"],["adjacent","Next to"],["advocate","To speak in support of"],["aggressive","Ready to attack or push forward"],["allegiance","Loyalty to a person or cause"],["ambiguous","Having more than one possible meaning"],["apprehensive","Worried about what may happen"],["aspire","To strongly hope to achieve"],["assess","To judge the size or value of"],["bias","An unfair leaning toward one side"],["candid","Honest and direct"],["catastrophe","A sudden disaster"],["cease","To stop"],["coincide","To happen at the same time"],["colleague","A person you work with"],["compel","To force"],["concise","Brief but complete"],["contemplate","To think deeply about"],["controversy","A public argument"],["credible","Believable"],["criteria","Standards for judging"],["deduce","To reach a conclusion by reasoning"],["deteriorate","To grow worse"],["diminish","To make or become smaller"],["discriminate","To treat people unfairly; to tell apart"],["dismal","Gloomy"],["dispute","An argument"],["drastic","Extreme"],["elaborate","Detailed; to add details"],["eloquent","Speaking clearly and with power"],["endeavor","A serious try"],["enhance","To improve"],["envision","To picture in the mind"],["equivalent","Equal in value"],["erode","To wear away"],["exploit","To use fully; to take unfair advantage of"],["feasible","Possible to do"],["fluctuate","To rise and fall unevenly"],["formidable","Hard to deal with because of size or strength"],["hinder","To hold back"],["humble","Not proud"],["impartial","Fair and not taking sides"],["implement","To put into action"],["inevitable","Certain to happen"],["infer","To figure out from clues"],["initiate","To start"],["inquiry","A question or investigation"],["isolate","To set apart"],["legitimate","Lawful or reasonable"],["manipulate","To handle or control skillfully or unfairly"],["mediocre","Only average"],["negotiate","To discuss to reach agreement"],["ominous","Seeming to promise bad things"],["persist","To keep going"],["perspective","A point of view"],["plausible","Seemingly likely to be true"],["prominent","Standing out; famous"],["rational","Based on reason"],["reluctant","Unwilling"],["undermine","To weaken gradually"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-7","id":"la-vocab-grade-7","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 7","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8"],"description":"Grade 7 words with clear definitions.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 7"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abstract","Existing as an idea, not a physical thing"],["adversary","An opponent"],["affluent","Wealthy"],["alleviate","To make less severe"],["altruistic","Caring about others' welfare"],["anecdote","A short, personal story"],["animosity","Strong dislike"],["arbitrary","Based on whim, not reason"],["articulate","To express clearly"],["astute","Clever and sharp in judgment"],["audacious","Boldly daring"],["austere","Plain and severe"],["belligerent","Hostile and eager to fight"],["benevolent","Kind and generous"],["bland","Mild; without flavor or interest"],["blunder","A careless mistake"],["candor","Honesty in speech"],["chronological","Arranged in order of time"],["commemorate","To honor the memory of"],["compatible","Able to exist together"],["condemn","To strongly disapprove of"],["conform","To follow rules or customs"],["conspicuous","Easily seen"],["contradict","To say the opposite of"],["converge","To come together"],["corroborate","To support with evidence"],["cynical","Doubting people's good motives"],["defiant","Boldly resisting"],["deplete","To use up"],["derive","To get from a source"],["detrimental","Harmful"],["diligent","Careful and hardworking"],["discern","To notice or recognize"],["discreet","Careful in what you say or do"],["dubious","Doubtful"],["ephemeral","Lasting a very short time"],["exemplify","To be a good example of"],["extravagant","Spending or using too much"],["futile","Pointless; having no result"],["gregarious","Enjoying company"],["hypocrite","A person who does not do as they say"],["impetuous","Acting quickly without thinking"],["inherent","Built in as a basic part"],["innovative","Introducing new ideas"],["integral","Essential to completeness"],["intricate","Having many small parts"],["meticulous","Very careful about details"],["nostalgia","A longing for the past"],["obsolete","No longer in use"],["paradox","A statement that seems to contradict itself yet may be true"],["pragmatic","Practical and sensible"],["prudent","Wise and careful"],["resilient","Able to recover quickly"],["scrutinize","To examine very closely"],["skeptical","Doubting"],["tenacious","Holding on firmly"],["thrive","To grow strongly"],["vivid","Bright and clear"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-8","id":"la-vocab-grade-8","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 8","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["6-8"],"description":"Grade 8 words with clear definitions.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 8"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["ambivalent","Having mixed feelings"],["apathy","Lack of interest or concern"],["benign","Gentle; not harmful"],["cacophony","A harsh mixture of sounds"],["camaraderie","Friendly trust among companions"],["clandestine","Done in secret"],["cogent","Clear and convincing"],["complacent","Too satisfied with oneself"],["copious","Plentiful"],["credulous","Too ready to believe"],["culminate","To reach the highest point"],["dichotomy","A split into two opposite parts"],["disparity","A great difference"],["disseminate","To spread widely"],["eccentric","Odd or unusual in behavior"],["empathy","Sharing another's feelings"],["exacerbate","To make worse"],["fastidious","Very careful and hard to please"],["frugal","Careful with money"],["gratuitous","Unnecessary and uncalled for"],["hierarchy","A ranking of levels"],["idiosyncrasy","A personal quirk"],["impartial","Fair"],["impede","To get in the way of"],["incessant","Never stopping"],["indifferent","Showing no interest"],["indigenous","Native to a place"],["ingenious","Clever and inventive"],["integrity","Honesty and strong moral principles"],["irrelevant","Not connected to the topic"],["jeopardy","Danger"],["lethargic","Sluggish and without energy"],["lucid","Clear and easy to understand"],["magnanimous","Generous and forgiving"],["mundane","Ordinary and dull"],["nonchalant","Calm and unconcerned"],["novice","A beginner"],["pensive","Deep in thought"],["perpetual","Never ending"],["pertinent","Related to the matter at hand"],["placid","Calm and peaceful"],["profound","Deep in meaning"],["proficient","Skilled"],["prolific","Producing a great deal"],["quandary","A state of doubt about what to do"],["recede","To move back"],["reiterate","To say again"],["repose","Rest"],["reticent","Reserved and quiet"],["sagacious","Wise"],["scrupulous","Very careful to do right"],["serene","Calm and peaceful"],["solitary","Alone"],["spontaneous","Done without planning"],["stagnant","Not flowing or growing"],["stoic","Not showing feelings"],["superfluous","More than needed"],["tangible","Able to be touched"],["trivial","Of little importance"],["ubiquitous","Found everywhere"],["verbose","Using too many words"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-vocab-grade-9","id":"la-vocab-grade-9","title":"Vocabulary: Grade 9","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["9-12"],"description":"Grade 9 words with clear definitions.","tags":["vocabulary","grade 9"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abate","To lessen"],["aberration","A departure from what is normal"],["acrimonious","Bitter in tone"],["adept","Highly skilled"],["adulation","Excessive praise"],["alacrity","Cheerful readiness"],["amicable","Friendly"],["analogous","Similar in some way"],["antagonist","An opponent or enemy"],["apathetic","Not caring"],["archaic","Very old-fashioned"],["assuage","To soothe"],["banal","Dull from overuse"],["bolster","To support"],["brevity","Shortness"],["censure","Strong criticism"],["circumspect","Careful about consequences"],["coalesce","To come together as one"],["conciliatory","Willing to make peace"],["condone","To overlook or allow"],["connoisseur","An expert judge in matters of taste"],["contentious","Likely to cause argument"],["convoluted","Very complicated"],["corpulent","Having a large, heavy body"],["debilitate","To weaken"],["decorum","Proper behavior"],["deference","Polite respect"],["deride","To mock"],["despondent","Very discouraged"],["didactic","Intended to teach"],["digress","To wander from the main topic"],["discord","Disagreement"],["disdain","Scorn"],["docile","Easy to manage"],["dogmatic","Stubbornly insisting"],["dormant","Sleeping or inactive"],["ebb","To flow back"],["eclectic","Drawing from many sources"],["efficacy","Power to produce results"],["elusive","Hard to catch"],["emulate","To copy in order to equal"],["enigma","A mystery"],["equivocal","Having two possible meanings"],["erudite","Having great learning"],["eschew","To avoid"],["exemplary","Serving as a model"],["exonerate","To clear of blame"],["feasible","Possible"],["fortuitous","Happening by lucky chance"],["garrulous","Talking too much"],["haughty","Arrogantly proud"],["hone","To sharpen"],["imminent","About to happen"],["impervious","Not affected by"],["incisive","Sharp and clear"],["innocuous","Harmless"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-writing-vocabulary","id":"la-writing-vocabulary","title":"Writing Vocabulary","category":"language-arts","subject":"English","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Key words for talking about the writing process and kinds of writing.","tags":["writing","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["brainstorm","To come up with many ideas"],["draft","A first version of a piece of writing"],["revise","To change and improve content and ideas"],["edit","To fix spelling, grammar and punctuation"],["proofread","To check for mistakes before finishing"],["publish","To share finished writing with others"],["prewriting","The planning stage before drafting"],["outline","A plan listing main points in order"],["graphic organizer","A chart for planning ideas"],["topic","What your writing is about"],["topic sentence","A sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph"],["thesis statement","A sentence that states the main argument of an essay"],["paragraph","A group of sentences about one idea"],["introduction","The opening of a piece of writing"],["hook","An attention-grabbing opening"],["body","The main part of a piece of writing"],["conclusion","The ending that wraps up the ideas"],["transition","A word or phrase that connects ideas: however, next"],["supporting detail","A fact or example that backs up a point"],["evidence","Information that proves a claim"],["claim","A statement you argue is true"],["counterargument","An opposing view"],["rebuttal","A response that answers a counterargument"],["cite","To name the source of information"],["quote","To copy exact words from a source"],["paraphrase","To restate in your own words"],["plagiarism","Using someone else's work as your own"],["narrative","Writing that tells a story"],["descriptive writing","Writing that paints a picture with words"],["expository writing","Writing that explains or informs"],["persuasive writing","Writing that tries to convince"],["argumentative writing","Writing that supports a claim with evidence"],["opinion piece","Writing that gives your view with reasons"],["informative writing","Writing that teaches about a topic"],["personal narrative","A true story about your own experience"],["fiction","Made-up stories"],["nonfiction","True writing"],["journal","Personal daily writing"],["letter","A message written to someone"],["friendly letter","An informal letter"],["business letter","A formal letter"],["summary","A short account of main points"],["lead","The opening of a story or article"],["voice","The unique personality of your writing"],["word choice","Picking the best, most exact words"],["sentence fluency","How smoothly sentences flow"],["conventions","Spelling, grammar and punctuation rules"],["organization","How ideas are arranged"],["audience","Who will read your writing"],["purpose","Why you are writing"],["tone","The attitude in writing"],["mood","The feeling in writing"],["show, don't tell","Use details and actions instead of just stating feelings"],["sensory details","Details of sight, sound, smell, taste and touch"],["dialogue","Written conversation"],["point of view","Whose eyes the story is told through"],["rubric","A scoring guide"],["peer review","When classmates give feedback"],["feedback","Comments to help improve work"],["heading","A title above a section"],["byline","A line naming the author"],["headline","The title of a news story"],["caption","Text beneath a picture"],["bibliography","A list of sources used"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-arabic","id":"alphabet-arabic","title":"The Arabic Alphabet","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet shown on their own, with their names. Arabic is read right to left.","tags":["arabic","alphabet","script"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Name","cards":[["ا","Alif"],["ب","Ba"],["ت","Ta"],["ث","Tha","like th in think"],["ج","Jim"],["ح","Ha (breathy)","a strong, airy h from the throat"],["خ","Kha","like the ch in loch"],["د","Dal"],["ذ","Dhal","like th in this"],["ر","Ra"],["ز","Zay"],["س","Sin"],["ش","Shin"],["ص","Sad","a heavy s"],["ض","Dad","a heavy d"],["ط","Ta (heavy)","a heavy t"],["ظ","Dha (heavy)","a heavy th as in this"],["ع","Ayn","a deep sound from the throat"],["غ","Ghayn","a gargling sound"],["ف","Fa"],["ق","Qaf","a k made far back in the throat"],["ك","Kaf"],["ل","Lam"],["م","Mim"],["ن","Nun"],["ه","Ha (light)","a soft h as in hat"],["و","Waw"],["ي","Ya"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-cyrillic-russian","id":"alphabet-cyrillic-russian","title":"Russian Cyrillic Alphabet","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and the sound each one makes.","tags":["russian","cyrillic","script"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Sound","cards":[["А","a, like ah"],["Б","b"],["В","v"],["Г","g, as in go"],["Д","d"],["Е","ye, as in yes"],["Ё","yo"],["Ж","zh, like the s in measure"],["З","z"],["И","ee, as in feet"],["Й","y, a short sound as in boy"],["К","k"],["Л","l"],["М","m"],["Н","n","looks like H but sounds like n"],["О","o"],["П","p"],["Р","r, rolled","looks like P but sounds like r"],["С","s","looks like C but sounds like s"],["Т","t"],["У","oo, as in moon"],["Ф","f"],["Х","kh, like the ch in loch"],["Ц","ts, as in cats"],["Ч","ch, as in chair"],["Ш","sh"],["Щ","shch, a long soft sh"],["Ъ","hard sign: no sound of its own, it separates sounds"],["Ы","a sound like ih, said far back in the mouth"],["Ь","soft sign: no sound of its own, it softens the letter before it"],["Э","e, as in end"],["Ю","yu, as in you"],["Я","ya, as in yard"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-devanagari-consonants","id":"alphabet-devanagari-consonants","title":"Devanagari: Consonants","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The 33 main consonants of Devanagari. 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Handy for science and math.","tags":["greek","alphabet","script","math symbols"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Name","cards":[["Α α","Alpha"],["Β β","Beta"],["Γ γ","Gamma"],["Δ δ","Delta"],["Ε ε","Epsilon"],["Ζ ζ","Zeta"],["Η η","Eta"],["Θ θ","Theta"],["Ι ι","Iota"],["Κ κ","Kappa"],["Λ λ","Lambda"],["Μ μ","Mu"],["Ν ν","Nu"],["Ξ ξ","Xi"],["Ο ο","Omicron"],["Π π","Pi","the number 3.14159... in math"],["Ρ ρ","Rho"],["Σ σ","Sigma","small sigma at the end of a word is ς"],["Τ τ","Tau"],["Υ υ","Upsilon"],["Φ φ","Phi"],["Χ χ","Chi","said like kye"],["Ψ ψ","Psi"],["Ω ω","Omega","the last letter of the Greek alphabet"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-hangul-consonants","id":"alphabet-hangul-consonants","title":"Korean Hangul: Basic Consonants","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The 14 basic consonant letters of the Korean alphabet and the sounds they make.","tags":["korean","hangul","consonants","script"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Sound","cards":[["ㄱ","g (k at the end of a syllable)"],["ㄴ","n"],["ㄷ","d (t at the end of a syllable)"],["ㄹ","r or l"],["ㅁ","m"],["ㅂ","b (p at the end of a syllable)"],["ㅅ","s"],["ㅇ","silent at the start of a syllable; ng at the end"],["ㅈ","j"],["ㅊ","ch","a stronger, breathy ch"],["ㅋ","k","a stronger, breathy k"],["ㅌ","t","a stronger, breathy t"],["ㅍ","p","a stronger, breathy p"],["ㅎ","h"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-hangul-vowels","id":"alphabet-hangul-vowels","title":"Korean Hangul: Basic Vowels","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The 10 basic vowel letters of the Korean alphabet plus two common ones, with their sounds.","tags":["korean","hangul","vowels","script"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Sound","cards":[["ㅏ","a","like ah"],["ㅑ","ya"],["ㅓ","eo","like u in cut"],["ㅕ","yeo","like yuh"],["ㅗ","o","like oh"],["ㅛ","yo"],["ㅜ","u","like oo in moon"],["ㅠ","yu"],["ㅡ","eu","like oo said with spread lips"],["ㅣ","i","like ee in feet"],["ㅐ","ae","like e in bed"],["ㅔ","e","sounds almost the same as ㅐ"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-hebrew","id":"alphabet-hebrew","title":"The Hebrew Alphabet","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet (aleph-bet) and their names. Hebrew is read right to left.","tags":["hebrew","alphabet","script"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Name","cards":[["א","Aleph"],["ב","Bet"],["ג","Gimel"],["ד","Dalet"],["ה","He"],["ו","Vav"],["ז","Zayin"],["ח","Chet"],["ט","Tet"],["י","Yod"],["כ","Kaf"],["ל","Lamed"],["מ","Mem"],["נ","Nun"],["ס","Samekh"],["ע","Ayin"],["פ","Pe"],["צ","Tsadi"],["ק","Qof"],["ר","Resh"],["ש","Shin"],["ת","Tav"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-hiragana-basic","id":"alphabet-hiragana-basic","title":"Hiragana: The 46 Basic Characters","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The 46 basic hiragana, the Japanese syllable characters, and how each one sounds in romaji.","tags":["japanese","hiragana","kana","script"],"frontLabel":"Hiragana","backLabel":"Romaji","cards":[["あ","a","like the a in father"],["い","i","like ee in feet"],["う","u","like oo in moon"],["え","e","like e in bed"],["お","o","like o in order"],["か","ka"],["き","ki"],["く","ku"],["け","ke"],["こ","ko"],["さ","sa"],["し","shi","like she"],["す","su"],["せ","se"],["そ","so"],["た","ta"],["ち","chi","like chee"],["つ","tsu","like the ts in cats plus oo"],["て","te"],["と","to"],["な","na"],["に","ni"],["ぬ","nu"],["ね","ne"],["の","no"],["は","ha","as a particle it is read wa"],["ひ","hi"],["ふ","fu","a soft sound between fu and hu"],["へ","he","as a particle it is read e"],["ほ","ho"],["ま","ma"],["み","mi"],["む","mu"],["め","me"],["も","mo"],["や","ya"],["ゆ","yu"],["よ","yo"],["ら","ra","the r is a quick tap, between r and l"],["り","ri"],["る","ru"],["れ","re"],["ろ","ro"],["わ","wa"],["を","wo","read like o; used as a particle"],["ん","n","the only single consonant"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-hiragana-dakuten","id":"alphabet-hiragana-dakuten","title":"Hiragana with Marks (Voiced Sounds)","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Hiragana that carry two small dashes (dakuten) or a small circle (handakuten), which change the sound.","tags":["japanese","hiragana","dakuten","script"],"frontLabel":"Hiragana","backLabel":"Romaji","cards":[["が","ga"],["ぎ","gi"],["ぐ","gu"],["げ","ge"],["ご","go"],["ざ","za"],["じ","ji"],["ず","zu"],["ぜ","ze"],["ぞ","zo"],["だ","da"],["ぢ","ji","sounds the same as じ"],["づ","zu","sounds the same as ず"],["で","de"],["ど","do"],["ば","ba"],["び","bi"],["ぶ","bu"],["べ","be"],["ぼ","bo"],["ぱ","pa","small circle"],["ぴ","pi","small circle"],["ぷ","pu","small circle"],["ぺ","pe","small circle"],["ぽ","po","small circle"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-katakana-basic","id":"alphabet-katakana-basic","title":"Katakana: The 46 Basic Characters","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The 46 basic katakana, used in Japanese for foreign words and names, with their romaji sounds.","tags":["japanese","katakana","kana","script"],"frontLabel":"Katakana","backLabel":"Romaji","cards":[["ア","a"],["イ","i"],["ウ","u"],["エ","e"],["オ","o"],["カ","ka"],["キ","ki"],["ク","ku"],["ケ","ke"],["コ","ko"],["サ","sa"],["シ","shi","like she"],["ス","su"],["セ","se"],["ソ","so"],["タ","ta"],["チ","chi","like chee"],["ツ","tsu"],["テ","te"],["ト","to"],["ナ","na"],["ニ","ni"],["ヌ","nu"],["ネ","ne"],["ノ","no"],["ハ","ha"],["ヒ","hi"],["フ","fu"],["ヘ","he"],["ホ","ho"],["マ","ma"],["ミ","mi"],["ム","mu"],["メ","me"],["モ","mo"],["ヤ","ya"],["ユ","yu"],["ヨ","yo"],["ラ","ra"],["リ","ri"],["ル","ru"],["レ","re"],["ロ","ro"],["ワ","wa"],["ヲ","wo","read like o"],["ン","n"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-katakana-dakuten","id":"alphabet-katakana-dakuten","title":"Katakana with Marks (Voiced Sounds)","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Katakana that carry two small dashes (dakuten) or a small circle (handakuten), which change the sound.","tags":["japanese","katakana","dakuten","script"],"frontLabel":"Katakana","backLabel":"Romaji","cards":[["ガ","ga"],["ギ","gi"],["グ","gu"],["ゲ","ge"],["ゴ","go"],["ザ","za"],["ジ","ji"],["ズ","zu"],["ゼ","ze"],["ゾ","zo"],["ダ","da"],["ヂ","ji","sounds the same as ジ"],["ヅ","zu","sounds the same as ズ"],["デ","de"],["ド","do"],["バ","ba"],["ビ","bi"],["ブ","bu"],["ベ","be"],["ボ","bo"],["パ","pa","small circle"],["ピ","pi","small circle"],["プ","pu","small circle"],["ペ","pe","small circle"],["ポ","po","small circle"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-morse-letters","id":"alphabet-morse-letters","title":"Morse Code: Letters","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Each letter of the alphabet in Morse code. A dot is a short signal and a dash is a long one.","tags":["morse code","dots and dashes","codes"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Morse code","cards":[["A",".-"],["B","-..."],["C","-.-."],["D","-.."],["E","."],["F","..-."],["G","--."],["H","...."],["I",".."],["J",".---"],["K","-.-"],["L",".-.."],["M","--"],["N","-."],["O","---"],["P",".--."],["Q","--.-"],["R",".-."],["S","..."],["T","-"],["U","..-"],["V","...-"],["W",".--"],["X","-..-"],["Y","-.--"],["Z","--.."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-morse-numbers","id":"alphabet-morse-numbers","title":"Morse Code: Numbers","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The digits 0 to 9 in Morse code. Each has five signals, a pattern that is easy to learn.","tags":["morse code","numbers","codes"],"frontLabel":"Number","backLabel":"Morse code","cards":[["1",".----"],["2","..---"],["3","...--"],["4","....-"],["5","....."],["6","-...."],["7","--..."],["8","---.."],["9","----."],["0","-----"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/alphabet-nato-phonetic","id":"alphabet-nato-phonetic","title":"NATO Phonetic Alphabet","category":"world-languages","subject":"Alphabets and Scripts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The code words used to spell letters clearly over radio and phone, from Alfa to Zulu.","tags":["nato","phonetic alphabet","radio","spelling"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Code word","cards":[["A","Alfa"],["B","Bravo"],["C","Charlie"],["D","Delta"],["E","Echo"],["F","Foxtrot"],["G","Golf"],["H","Hotel"],["I","India"],["J","Juliett"],["K","Kilo"],["L","Lima"],["M","Mike"],["N","November"],["O","Oscar"],["P","Papa"],["Q","Quebec"],["R","Romeo"],["S","Sierra"],["T","Tango"],["U","Uniform"],["V","Victor"],["W","Whiskey"],["X","X-ray"],["Y","Yankee"],["Z","Zulu"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ar-animals","id":"ar-animals","title":"Arabic Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Arabic","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Animal names in Arabic.","tags":["arabic","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Arabic","cards":[["Dog","كلب","kalb"],["Cat","قطة","qiṭṭa"],["Bird","طائر","ṭāʾir"],["Fish","سمكة","samaka"],["Horse","حصان","ḥiṣān"],["Cow","بقرة","baqara"],["Sheep","خروف","kharūf"],["Goat","ماعز","māʿiz"],["Chicken","دجاجة","dajāja"],["Duck","بطة","baṭṭa"],["Rabbit","أرنب","arnab"],["Mouse","فأر","faʾr"],["Monkey","قرد","qird"],["Bear","دب","dubb"],["Elephant","فيل","fīl"],["Lion","أسد","asad"],["Tiger","نمر","namir"],["Giraffe","زرافة","zarāfa"],["Camel","جمل","jamal"],["Donkey","حمار","ḥimār"],["Wolf","ذئب","dhiʾb"],["Fox","ثعلب","thaʿlab"],["Deer","غزال","ghazāl"],["Frog","ضفدع","ḍifdaʿ"],["Snake","ثعبان","thuʿbān"],["Turtle","سلحفاة","silḥafāh"],["Butterfly","فراشة","farāsha"],["Bee","نحلة","naḥla"],["Ant","نملة","namla"],["Spider","عنكبوت","ʿankabūt"],["Whale","حوت","ḥūt"],["Dolphin","دلفين","dilfīn"],["Shark","قرش","qirsh"],["Crab","سلطعون","salṭaʿūn"],["Owl","بومة","būma"],["Eagle","نسر","nasr"],["Falcon","صقر","ṣaqr"],["Penguin","بطريق","biṭrīq"],["Pigeon","حمامة","ḥamāma"],["Insect","حشرة","ḥashara"],["Animal","حيوان","ḥayawān"],["Zoo","حديقة الحيوان","ḥadīqat al-ḥayawān"],["Pet","حيوان أليف","ḥayawān alīf"],["Parrot","ببغاء","babbaghāʾ"],["Crocodile","تمساح","timsāḥ"],["Hippopotamus","فرس النهر","faras an-nahr"],["Squirrel","سنجاب","sinjāb"],["Bat","خفاش","khuffāsh"],["Scorpion","عقرب","ʿaqrab"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ar-colors","id":"ar-colors","title":"Arabic Colors and Describing Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"Arabic","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Colors and common adjectives in Arabic (masculine forms).","tags":["arabic","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Arabic","cards":[["Red","أحمر","aḥmar"],["Blue","أزرق","azraq"],["Yellow","أصفر","aṣfar"],["Green","أخضر","akhḍar"],["White","أبيض","abyaḍ"],["Black","أسود","aswad"],["Orange","برتقالي","burtuqālī"],["Pink","وردي","wardī"],["Purple","بنفسجي","banafsajī"],["Brown","بني","bunnī"],["Gray","رمادي","ramādī"],["Gold","ذهبي","dhahabī"],["Silver","فضي","fiḍḍī"],["Color","لون","lawn"],["Big","كبير","kabīr"],["Small","صغير","ṣaghīr"],["Long","طويل","ṭawīl"],["Short","قصير","qaṣīr"],["New","جديد","jadīd"],["Old","قديم","qadīm"],["Hot","حار","ḥārr"],["Cold","بارد","bārid"],["Good","جيد","jayyid"],["Bad","سيئ","sayyiʾ"],["Fast","سريع","sarīʿ"],["Slow","بطيء","baṭīʾ"],["Happy","سعيد","saʿīd"],["Sad","حزين","ḥazīn"],["Beautiful","جميل","jamīl"],["Heavy","ثقيل","thaqīl"],["Light (weight)","خفيف","khafīf"],["Near","قريب","qarīb"],["Far","بعيد","baʿīd"],["Many","كثير","kathīr"],["Few","قليل","qalīl"],["Easy","سهل","sahl"],["Difficult","صعب","ṣaʿb"],["Clean","نظيف","naẓīf"],["Dirty","وسخ","wasikh"],["Strong","قوي","qawī"],["Weak","ضعيف","ḍaʿīf"],["Tall","عالٍ","ʿālin"],["Wide","واسع","wāsiʿ"],["Narrow","ضيق","ḍayyiq"],["Open","مفتوح","maftūḥ"],["Closed","مغلق","mughlaq"],["Circle","دائرة","dāʾira"],["Square","مربع","murabbaʿ"],["Triangle","مثلث","muthallath"],["Star","نجمة","najma"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ar-family","id":"ar-family","title":"Arabic Family and People","category":"world-languages","subject":"Arabic","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Family members and people words in Arabic.","tags":["arabic","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Arabic","cards":[["Family","عائلة","ʿāʾila"],["Mother","أم","umm"],["Mom","ماما","māmā"],["Father","أب","ab"],["Dad","بابا","bābā"],["Brother","أخ","akh"],["Sister","أخت","ukht"],["Son","ابن","ibn"],["Daughter","ابنة","ibna"],["Grandfather","جد","jadd"],["Grandmother","جدة","jadda"],["Uncle (father's brother)","عم","ʿamm"],["Uncle (mother's brother)","خال","khāl"],["Aunt (father's sister)","عمة","ʿamma"],["Aunt (mother's sister)","خالة","khāla"],["Husband","زوج","zawj"],["Wife","زوجة","zawja"],["Child","طفل","ṭifl"],["Boy","ولد","walad"],["Girl","بنت","bint"],["Man","رجل","rajul"],["Woman","امرأة","imraʾa"],["Person","شخص","shakhṣ"],["Friend","صديق","ṣadīq"],["Teacher","معلم","muʿallim"],["Student","طالب","ṭālib"],["Doctor","طبيب","ṭabīb"],["Neighbor","جار","jār"],["I","أنا","anā"],["You (masculine)","أنت","anta"],["You (feminine)","أنتِ","anti"],["He","هو","huwa"],["She","هي","hiya"],["We","نحن","naḥnu"],["They","هم","hum"],["House","بيت","bayt"],["School","مدرسة","madrasa"],["Classroom","فصل","faṣl"],["City","مدينة","madīna"],["Country","بلد","balad"],["Name","اسم","ism"],["Parents","والدان","wālidān"],["Siblings","إخوة","ikhwa"],["Baby","رضيع","raḍīʿ"],["King","ملك","malik"],["Queen","ملكة","malika"],["Everyone","الجميع","al-jamīʿ"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ar-food","id":"ar-food","title":"Arabic Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Arabic","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Foods, drinks and meal words in Arabic.","tags":["arabic","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Arabic","cards":[["Water","ماء","māʾ"],["Tea","شاي","shāy"],["Coffee","قهوة","qahwa"],["Milk","حليب","ḥalīb"],["Juice","عصير","ʿaṣīr"],["Bread","خبز","khubz"],["Rice","أرز","aruzz"],["Egg","بيضة","bayḍa"],["Meat","لحم","laḥm"],["Chicken (meat)","دجاج","dajāj"],["Fish","سمك","samak"],["Vegetables","خضروات","khuḍrawāt"],["Fruit","فاكهة","fākiha"],["Apple","تفاحة","tuffāḥa"],["Banana","موزة","mawza"],["Orange","برتقالة","burtuqāla"],["Grapes","عنب","ʿinab"],["Strawberry","فراولة","farāwla"],["Watermelon","بطيخ","baṭṭīkh"],["Date (fruit)","تمر","tamr"],["Fig","تين","tīn"],["Pomegranate","رمان","rummān"],["Lemon","ليمون","laymūn"],["Potato","بطاطس","baṭāṭis"],["Tomato","طماطم","ṭamāṭim"],["Cucumber","خيار","khiyār"],["Carrot","جزر","jazar"],["Onion","بصل","baṣal"],["Garlic","ثوم","thūm"],["Olive","زيتون","zaytūn"],["Cheese","جبن","jubn"],["Yogurt","لبن","laban"],["Butter","زبدة","zubda"],["Honey","عسل","ʿasal"],["Salt","ملح","milḥ"],["Sugar","سكر","sukkar"],["Soup","شوربة","shūrba"],["Salad","سلطة","salaṭa"],["Chickpeas","حمص","ḥummuṣ"],["Cake","كعكة","kaʿka"],["Ice cream","آيس كريم","āys krīm"],["Chocolate","شوكولاتة","shūkūlāta"],["Breakfast","فطور","futūr"],["Lunch","غداء","ghadāʾ"],["Dinner","عشاء","ʿashāʾ"],["Spoon","ملعقة","milʿaqa"],["Fork","شوكة","shawka"],["Knife","سكين","sikkīn"],["Plate","طبق","ṭabaq"],["Cup","كوب","kūb"],["I'm hungry","أنا جائع","anā jāʾiʿ"],["I'm thirsty","أنا عطشان","anā ʿaṭshān"],["Delicious","لذيذ","ladhīdh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ar-greetings","id":"ar-greetings","title":"Arabic Greetings and Manners","category":"world-languages","subject":"Arabic","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Everyday Modern Standard Arabic greetings and polite words with transliteration.","tags":["arabic","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Arabic","cards":[["Hello (peace be upon you)","السلام عليكم","as-salāmu ʿalaykum"],["Reply: and upon you peace","وعليكم السلام","wa ʿalaykumu s-salām"],["Welcome","أهلاً وسهلاً","ahlan wa sahlan"],["Hello / hi","مرحباً","marḥaban"],["Good morning","صباح الخير","ṣabāḥ al-khayr"],["Reply to good morning","صباح النور","ṣabāḥ an-nūr"],["Good evening","مساء الخير","masāʾ al-khayr"],["Good night","تصبح على خير","tuṣbiḥ ʿalā khayr"],["Goodbye","مع السلامة","maʿa s-salāma"],["See you later","إلى اللقاء","ilā l-liqāʾ"],["Thank you","شكراً","shukran"],["Thank you very much","شكراً جزيلاً","shukran jazīlan"],["You're welcome","عفواً","ʿafwan"],["Please","من فضلك","min faḍlika"],["Sorry","آسف","āsif"],["Excuse me","عذراً","ʿudhran"],["Yes","نعم","naʿam"],["No","لا","lā"],["How are you?","كيف حالك","kayfa ḥāluka"],["I'm fine, thank God","أنا بخير، الحمد لله","anā bi-khayr, al-ḥamdu lillāh"],["Nice to meet you","تشرفنا","tasharrafnā"],["What is your name?","ما اسمك","mā ismuka"],["My name is Sami","اسمي سامي","ismī Sāmī"],["I am from America","أنا من أمريكا","anā min Amrīkā"],["God willing","إن شاء الله","in shāʾ Allāh"],["Congratulations","مبروك","mabrūk"],["Happy holiday","عيد مبارك","ʿīd mubārak"],["Bon appetit (to your health)","بالهناء والشفاء","bi-l-hanāʾ wa sh-shifāʾ"],["I don't understand","لا أفهم","lā afham"],["I understand","أفهم","afham"],["Please repeat","أعد من فضلك","aʿid min faḍlika"],["Do you speak English?","هل تتكلم الإنجليزية","hal tatakallam al-inglīziyya"],["I speak a little Arabic","أتكلم العربية قليلاً","atakallam al-ʿarabiyya qalīlan"],["Where is the bathroom?","أين الحمام","ayna l-ḥammām"],["Very good","جيد جداً","jayyid jiddan"],["Excellent","ممتاز","mumtāz"],["Beautiful","جميل","jamīl"],["Wait a moment","لحظة من فضلك","laḥẓa min faḍlika"],["Please come in","تفضل","tafaḍḍal"],["I love you","أحبك","uḥibbuka"],["Peace","سلام","salām"],["God bless you","بارك الله فيك","bāraka Allāhu fīk"],["In the name of God","بسم الله","bismillāh"],["Praise be to God","الحمد لله","al-ḥamdu lillāh"],["Good luck","حظاً سعيداً","ḥaẓẓan saʿīdan"],["Happy birthday","عيد ميلاد سعيد","ʿīd mīlād saʿīd"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ar-numbers","id":"ar-numbers","title":"Arabic Numbers","category":"world-languages","subject":"Arabic","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Arabic words for numbers 0 to 1,000, with the Eastern Arabic digit in the hint.","tags":["arabic","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Arabic","cards":[["0","صفر","ṣifr (٠)"],["1","واحد","wāḥid (١)"],["2","اثنان","ithnān (٢)"],["3","ثلاثة","thalātha (٣)"],["4","أربعة","arbaʿa (٤)"],["5","خمسة","khamsa (٥)"],["6","ستة","sitta (٦)"],["7","سبعة","sabʿa (٧)"],["8","ثمانية","thamāniya (٨)"],["9","تسعة","tisʿa (٩)"],["10","عشرة","ʿashara (١٠)"],["11","أحد عشر","aḥada ʿashar (١١)"],["12","اثنا عشر","ithnā ʿashar (١٢)"],["13","ثلاثة عشر","thalāthata ʿashar (١٣)"],["14","أربعة عشر","arbaʿata ʿashar (١٤)"],["15","خمسة عشر","khamsata ʿashar (١٥)"],["20","عشرون","ʿishrūn (٢٠)"],["30","ثلاثون","thalāthūn (٣٠)"],["40","أربعون","arbaʿūn (٤٠)"],["50","خمسون","khamsūn (٥٠)"],["60","ستون","sittūn (٦٠)"],["70","سبعون","sabʿūn (٧٠)"],["80","ثمانون","thamānūn (٨٠)"],["90","تسعون","tisʿūn (٩٠)"],["100","مئة","miʾa (١٠٠)"],["200","مئتان","miʾatān (٢٠٠)"],["1,000","ألف","alf (١٠٠٠)"],["First (masculine)","الأول","al-awwal"],["Second (masculine)","الثاني","ath-thānī"],["Third (masculine)","الثالث","ath-thālith"],["Half","نصف","niṣf"],["Quarter","ربع","rubʿ"],["How many?","كم","kam"],["Eastern Arabic digit ٣ is","3","thalātha"],["Eastern Arabic digit ٧ is","7","sabʿa"],["Eastern Arabic digit ٥ is","5","khamsa"],["Eastern Arabic digit ٩ is","9","tisʿa"],["Eastern Arabic digit ٤ is","4","arbaʿa"],["Eastern Arabic digit ٦ is","6","sitta"],["Eastern Arabic digit ٨ is","8","thamāniya"],["Eastern Arabic digit ٢ is","2","ithnān"],["Eastern Arabic digit ١ is","1","wāḥid"],["Eastern Arabic digit ٠ is","0","ṣifr"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ar-phrases","id":"ar-phrases","title":"Arabic Useful Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Arabic","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Helpful Arabic words and question words for daily life.","tags":["arabic","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Arabic","cards":[["What is this?","ما هذا","mā hādhā"],["How much is it?","بكم هذا","bi-kam hādhā"],["Where?","أين","ayna"],["When?","متى","matā"],["Who?","من","man"],["What?","ماذا","mādhā"],["Why?","لماذا","li-mādhā"],["How?","كيف","kayfa"],["This (masculine)","هذا","hādhā"],["That (masculine)","ذلك","dhālika"],["Here","هنا","hunā"],["There","هناك","hunāk"],["Today","اليوم","al-yawm"],["Tomorrow","غداً","ghadan"],["Yesterday","أمس","ams"],["Now","الآن","al-ān"],["Morning","صباح","ṣabāḥ"],["Evening","مساء","masāʾ"],["Night","ليل","layl"],["Day","يوم","yawm"],["Week","أسبوع","usbūʿ"],["Month","شهر","shahr"],["Year","سنة","sana"],["Sunday","الأحد","al-aḥad"],["Monday","الاثنين","al-ithnayn"],["Tuesday","الثلاثاء","ath-thulāthāʾ"],["Wednesday","الأربعاء","al-arbiʿāʾ"],["Thursday","الخميس","al-khamīs"],["Friday","الجمعة","al-jumʿa"],["Saturday","السبت","as-sabt"],["Right","يمين","yamīn"],["Left","يسار","yasār"],["Straight ahead","مباشرة","mubāsharatan"],["Up","فوق","fawq"],["Down","تحت","taḥt"],["Inside","داخل","dākhil"],["Outside","خارج","khārij"],["And","و","wa"],["Or","أو","aw"],["But","لكن","lākin"],["With","مع","maʿa"],["In","في","fī"],["From","من","min"],["To","إلى","ilā"],["Very","جداً","jiddan"],["Also","أيضاً","ayḍan"],["Always","دائماً","dāʾiman"],["Never","أبداً","abadan"],["Sometimes","أحياناً","aḥyānan"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ar-verbs","id":"ar-verbs","title":"Arabic Basic Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Arabic","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common Arabic verbs in the \"he did\" past form, with transliteration.","tags":["arabic","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Arabic","cards":[["He ate","أكل","akala"],["He drank","شرب","shariba"],["He went","ذهب","dhahaba"],["He came","جاء","jāʾa"],["He saw","رأى","raʾā"],["He heard","سمع","samiʿa"],["He said","قال","qāla"],["He read","قرأ","qaraʾa"],["He wrote","كتب","kataba"],["He did / made","فعل","faʿala"],["He bought","اشترى","ishtarā"],["He sold","باع","bāʿa"],["He slept","نام","nāma"],["He played","لعب","laʿiba"],["He swam","سبح","sabaḥa"],["He ran","ركض","rakaḍa"],["He walked","مشى","mashā"],["He studied","درس","darasa"],["He taught","علّم","ʿallama"],["He knew","عرف","ʿarafa"],["He thought","فكّر","fakkara"],["He waited","انتظر","intaẓara"],["He sat","جلس","jalasa"],["He stood","وقف","waqafa"],["He opened","فتح","fataḥa"],["He closed","أغلق","aghlaqa"],["He gave","أعطى","aʿṭā"],["He took","أخذ","akhadha"],["He used","استخدم","istakhdama"],["He sang","غنّى","ghannā"],["He drew","رسم","rasama"],["He laughed","ضحك","ḍaḥika"],["He cried","بكى","bakā"],["He liked / loved","أحب","aḥabba"],["He had / owned","ملك","malaka"],["He met","قابل","qābala"],["He worked","عمل","ʿamila"],["He rested","استراح","istarāḥa"],["He washed","غسل","ghasala"],["He cooked","طبخ","ṭabakha"],["He helped","ساعد","sāʿada"],["He borrowed","استعار","istaʿāra"],["He forgot","نسي","nasiya"],["He remembered","تذكّر","tadhakkara"],["He asked","سأل","saʾala"],["He answered","أجاب","ajāba"],["He found","وجد","wajada"],["He flew","طار","ṭāra"],["He jumped","قفز","qafaza"],["He wore","لبس","labisa"],["He arrived","وصل","waṣala"],["He returned","رجع","rajaʿa"],["He built","بنى","banā"],["He carried","حمل","ḥamala"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/asl-animals","id":"asl-animals","title":"ASL Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"American Sign Language","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"How to sign common animals in ASL, only signs that are widely used.","tags":["american sign language","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"How to sign it","cards":[["Dog","Pat the leg, then snap the fingers, like calling a dog"],["Cat","Pinch and pull at the cheek twice, like whiskers"],["Bird","Index finger and thumb open and close in front of the mouth, like a beak"],["Fish","Flat hand swims forward, wiggling like a fish"],["Horse","Thumb on the temple with two fingers flapping down, like horse ears"],["Cow","Thumb of a Y hand twists at the side of the forehead, like a horn"],["Pig","Flat hand under the chin flops down twice"],["Rabbit","Two fingers at the side of the head bend like rabbit ears"],["Mouse","Index finger brushes the nose twice, like a twitching nose"],["Monkey","Both hands scratch the sides of the chest, like a monkey"],["Elephant","Hand makes a trunk, moving out from the nose in a curve"],["Lion","Fingers sweep back over the head like a mane"],["Bear","Cross both arms and scratch the chest with clawed hands"],["Turtle","Fist for the head pokes out from under the other cupped hand, the shell"],["Butterfly","Hands cross at the thumbs and the fingers flap like wings"],["Duck","Fingers and thumb snap open and shut at the mouth, like a bill"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/asl-family","id":"asl-family","title":"ASL Family and People","category":"world-languages","subject":"American Sign Language","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"How to sign family members and people in ASL.","tags":["american sign language","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"How to sign it","cards":[["Mother","Thumb of an open 5 hand taps the chin"],["Father","Thumb of an open 5 hand taps the forehead"],["Grandmother","Sign \"mother,\" then bounce the hand forward in two small arcs"],["Grandfather","Sign \"father,\" then bounce the hand forward in two small arcs"],["Baby","Rock both arms as if holding a baby"],["Boy","Hand at the forehead opens and closes like the brim of a cap"],["Girl","Thumb traces along the jawline, near the chin"],["Man","Sign \"boy\" at the forehead, then move down to the chest"],["Woman","Sign \"girl\" at the chin, then move down to the chest"],["Me","Point to your chest with the index finger"],["You","Point to the other person with the index finger"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/asl-feelings","id":"asl-feelings","title":"ASL Feelings and Actions","category":"world-languages","subject":"American Sign Language","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"How to sign emotions and everyday actions in ASL.","tags":["american sign language","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"How to sign it","cards":[["Angry","Fingers claw up the front of the face and curl into a fist"],["Scared","Both fists open quickly and shake in front of the chest"],["Tired","Both bent hands rest on the chest and drop down"],["Sleep","Open hand closes over the face from forehead to chin"],["Wake up","Fingers at the eyes open like eyes opening"],["Like","Thumb and middle finger pull out from the chest"],["Want","Both claw hands pull toward the body"],["Need","X hand bends down twice"],["Play","Y hands shake side to side"],["Read","V fingers move down the flat palm like eyes reading"],["Write","Index and thumb pinch write across the flat palm"],["Draw","Little finger traces a wavy line across the flat palm"],["Walk","Two flat hands move forward alternately like feet"],["Sit","Two bent fingers sit on two other fingers"],["Stand","Inverted V stands on the flat palm"],["Look","V hand points from the eyes forward"],["Listen","Cupped hand at the ear"],["Think","Index finger touches the forehead"],["Know","Fingers tap the forehead"],["Learn","Hand picks up from the palm and brings it to the forehead"],["Give","Both hands move forward with a flat O shape, like handing something"],["Open","Two flat hands touch and swing open like a book"],["Close","Two flat hands move toward each other and meet"],["Cry","Index fingers trace down the cheeks from the eyes"],["Book","Palms together, then open like a book"],["Snow","Fingers flutter downward, then brush the hands"],["Cold","Both fists shiver in front of the chest"],["Hot","Claw hand at the mouth turns outward and away"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/asl-fingerspelling","id":"asl-fingerspelling","title":"ASL Fingerspelling Alphabet","category":"world-languages","subject":"American Sign Language","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"How to make each letter of the American Manual Alphabet with one hand.","tags":["american sign language","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"How to sign it","cards":[["A","Fist with the thumb resting along the side of the index finger, thumb pointing up","fist, thumb beside"],["B","Flat hand, fingers straight up and together, thumb folded across the palm"],["C","Hand curved into the shape of the letter C"],["D","Index finger points up; the other fingers and thumb touch to make a small circle"],["E","Fingers bent down so the tips touch the thumb, like a small claw"],["F","Thumb and index finger touch in a circle; the other three fingers stand up and spread"],["G","Index finger and thumb point sideways, parallel, like a small pinch pointing to the side"],["H","Index and middle fingers extended together pointing sideways, thumb tucked in"],["I","Fist with the little finger pointing up"],["J","Make an I, then draw a J in the air with the little finger"],["K","Index and middle fingers up in a V with the thumb touching the middle finger"],["L","Index finger up and thumb out, making an L shape"],["M","Thumb tucked under the first three fingers, which are folded down over it"],["N","Thumb tucked under the first two fingers, which are folded down over it"],["O","All fingertips curve to touch the thumb, making an O shape"],["P","Like K, but the hand points down"],["Q","Like G, but the hand points down"],["R","Index and middle fingers crossed, pointing up"],["S","Fist with the thumb folded across the front of the fingers"],["T","Fist with the thumb tucked between the index and middle fingers"],["U","Index and middle fingers up and together, thumb holding the other fingers down"],["V","Index and middle fingers up and spread apart in a V"],["W","Index, middle and ring fingers up and spread, thumb holding the little finger"],["X","Index finger bent into a hook, other fingers in a fist"],["Y","Thumb and little finger stick out, other fingers folded"],["Z","Index finger draws the letter Z in the air"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/asl-food","id":"asl-food","title":"ASL Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"American Sign Language","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"How to sign foods and drinks in ASL.","tags":["american sign language","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"How to sign it","cards":[["Eat","Fingertips tap the lips"],["Drink","Hand shaped like holding a cup tips toward the mouth"],["Water","W hand taps the chin twice"],["Milk","Hand squeezes open and closed like milking a cow"],["Bread","One hand slices down the back of the other hand"],["Apple","Knuckle of the bent index finger twists on the cheek"],["Banana","One hand peels a banana held by the other hand"],["Cookie","Cupped hand twists onto the other palm, like a cookie cutter"],["Ice cream","Fist licks like holding a cone and licking"],["Hungry","C hand moves down the chest, like food going into the stomach"],["Thirsty","Index finger traces down the throat"],["More","Both flat O hands tap fingertips together"],["All done","Both open hands start palm-in and flip palm-out"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/asl-greetings","id":"asl-greetings","title":"ASL Greetings and Manners","category":"world-languages","subject":"American Sign Language","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"How to sign common greetings and polite words in ASL.","tags":["american sign language","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"How to sign it","cards":[["Hello","Flat hand at the forehead, then move it outward like a salute"],["Goodbye","Wave the open hand, bending the fingers up and down"],["Thank you","Flat fingertips touch the chin, then move forward and down toward the other person"],["Please","Flat hand rubs in a circle on the chest"],["Sorry","Fist in letter A shape rubs in a circle on the chest"],["Yes","Fist nods up and down like a head nodding"],["No","Index and middle finger tap the thumb, like a mouth closing"],["Good","Flat hand at the chin moves down into the other palm"],["Bad","Flat hand at the chin moves away and flips down"],["Love","Cross both fists over the chest like a hug"],["Friend","Hook the index fingers together, then reverse the hooks"],["Help","Fist with thumb up rests on the other flat palm, both lift together"],["Name","Two H hands tap together in an X shape"],["Meet","Two index fingers pointing up come together"],["I love you","Thumb, index finger and little finger extended at once"],["Happy","Flat hands brush up the chest twice with a smile"],["Sad","Both open hands move down in front of the face"],["Understand","Index finger flicks up near the forehead"],["Please repeat (again)","Bent hand lands in the other palm, repeating"],["Eat","Fingertips tap the lips"],["Drink","Hand shaped like holding a cup tips toward the mouth"],["Stop","Edge of flat hand chops down onto the other flat palm"],["Come","Both index fingers beckon toward the body"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/asl-numbers","id":"asl-numbers","title":"ASL Numbers 1 to 10","category":"world-languages","subject":"American Sign Language","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"How to sign the numbers one to ten in American Sign Language.","tags":["american sign language","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Number","backLabel":"How to sign it","cards":[["1","Index finger points up, other fingers folded, palm facing out"],["2","Index and middle fingers up and spread, palm facing out"],["3","Thumb, index and middle fingers extended, palm facing out"],["4","Four fingers up and spread, thumb folded in, palm facing out"],["5","All five fingers spread, palm facing out"],["6","Thumb touches the little finger; other three fingers up"],["7","Thumb touches the ring finger; other fingers up"],["8","Thumb touches the middle finger; other fingers up"],["9","Thumb touches the index finger; other fingers up"],["10","Fist with the thumb up, then shake the hand slightly"],["0","Fingers and thumb form an O shape"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-adjectives-questions","id":"de-adjectives-questions","title":"German Adjectives and Question Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Describing words and the question words who, what, where, when, why and how.","tags":["german","adjectives","questions"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["Who?","Wer?","vair"],["What?","Was?","vahs"],["Where?","Wo?","voh"],["Where to?","Wohin?","voh-HIN"],["Where from?","Woher?","voh-HAIR"],["When?","Wann?","vahn"],["Why?","Warum?","vah-ROOM"],["How?","Wie?","vee"],["How much?","Wie viel?","vee FEEL"],["How many?","Wie viele?","vee FEE-leh"],["Which?","Welcher?","VEL-kher"],["Whose?","Wessen?","VES-sen"],["because","weil","vile"],["big / tall","groß","grohss"],["small","klein","kline"],["short (height)","klein","kline"],["long","lang","lahng"],["short (length)","kurz","koorts"],["fat","dick","dik"],["thin","dünn","dewn"],["new","neu","noy"],["old","alt","ahlt"],["young","jung","yoong"],["good","gut","goot"],["bad","schlecht","shlekht"],["better","besser","BES-ser"],["beautiful","schön","shurn"],["pretty","hübsch","hewpsh"],["ugly","hässlich","HES-likh"],["happy","glücklich","GLEWK-likh"],["sad","traurig","TROW-rikh"],["angry","wütend","VEW-tent"],["scared","ängstlich","ENGST-likh"],["tired","müde","MEW-deh"],["hungry","hungrig","HOONG-rikh"],["sick","krank","krahnk"],["healthy","gesund","geh-ZOONT"],["funny","lustig","LOOS-tikh"],["serious","ernst","airnst"],["smart","klug","kloog"],["silly","albern","AHL-bern"],["kind","freundlich","FROYNT-likh"],["brave","mutig","MOO-tikh"],["shy","schüchtern","SHEWKH-tern"],["lazy","faul","fowl"],["fast","schnell","shnel"],["slow","langsam","LAHNG-zahm"],["hot","heiß","hice"],["cold","kalt","kahlt"],["warm","warm","vahrm"],["cool","kühl","kewl"],["hard","hart","hart"],["soft","weich","vykh"],["easy","leicht","lykht"],["difficult","schwierig","SHVEE-rikh"],["heavy","schwer","shvair"],["light (weight)","leicht","lykht"],["full","voll","fol"],["empty","leer","lair"],["open","offen","OF-fen"],["closed","geschlossen","geh-SHLOS-sen"],["clean","sauber","ZOW-ber"],["dirty","schmutzig","SHMOOT-tsikh"],["wet","nass","nahss"],["dry","trocken","TROK-ken"],["rich","reich","rykh"],["poor","arm","arm"],["expensive","teuer","TOY-er"],["cheap","billig","BIL-likh"],["strong","stark","shtark"],["weak","schwach","shvahkh"],["loud","laut","lowt"],["quiet","leise","LY-zeh"],["near","nah","nah"],["far","weit","vite"],["many","viele","FEE-leh"],["a little / few","wenig","VAY-nikh"],["all","alle","AHL-leh"],["same","gleich","glykh"],["different","anders","AHN-ders"],["important","wichtig","VIKH-tikh"],["special","besonders","beh-ZON-ders"],["true","wahr","vahr"],["false","falsch","fahlsh"],["ready","fertig","FAIR-tikh"],["free","frei","fry"],["busy","beschäftigt","beh-SHEF-tikht"],["dangerous","gefährlich","geh-FAIR-likh"],["delicious","lecker","LEK-ker"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-animals","id":"de-animals","title":"German Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Pets, farm animals, wild animals, birds, sea life and bugs in German, with der, die or das.","tags":["german","animals","pets"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["dog","der Hund","dair HOONT"],["cat","die Katze","dee KAHT-tseh"],["bird","der Vogel","dair FOH-gel"],["fish","der Fisch","dair FISH"],["horse","das Pferd","dahs PFAIRT"],["cow","die Kuh","dee KOO"],["pig","das Schwein","dahs SHVINE"],["sheep","das Schaf","dahs SHAHF"],["goat","die Ziege","dee TSEE-geh"],["chicken","das Huhn","dahs HOON"],["rooster","der Hahn","dair HAHN"],["duck","die Ente","dee EN-teh"],["goose","die Gans","dee GAHNS"],["rabbit","das Kaninchen","dahs kah-NEEN-khen"],["mouse","die Maus","dee MOWSS"],["turkey","der Truthahn","dair TROOT-hahn"],["donkey","der Esel","dair AY-zel"],["lion","der Löwe","dair LUR-veh"],["tiger","der Tiger","dair TEE-ger"],["bear","der Bär","dair BAIR"],["elephant","der Elefant","dair ay-leh-FAHNT"],["giraffe","die Giraffe","dee gee-RAH-feh"],["monkey","der Affe","dair AHF-feh"],["zebra","das Zebra","dahs TSAY-brah"],["wolf","der Wolf","dair VOLF"],["fox","der Fuchs","dair FOOKS"],["deer","das Reh","dahs RAY"],["hippopotamus","das Nilpferd","dahs NEEL-pfairt"],["rhinoceros","das Nashorn","dahs NAHS-horn"],["kangaroo","das Känguru","dahs KENG-goo-roo"],["squirrel","das Eichhörnchen","dahs YKH-hurn-khen"],["bat","die Fledermaus","dee FLAY-der-mowss"],["camel","das Kamel","dahs kah-MAYL"],["gorilla","der Gorilla","dair goh-RIL-lah"],["whale","der Wal","dair VAHL"],["dolphin","der Delfin","dair del-FEEN"],["shark","der Hai","dair HYE"],["octopus","der Tintenfisch","dair TIN-ten-fish"],["turtle","die Schildkröte","dee SHILT-krur-teh"],["crab","die Krabbe","dee KRAHB-beh"],["seal","die Robbe","dee ROB-beh"],["jellyfish","die Qualle","dee KVAHL-leh"],["frog","der Frosch","dair FROSH"],["snake","die Schlange","dee SHLAHNG-eh"],["lizard","die Eidechse","dee Y-dek-seh"],["crocodile","das Krokodil","dahs kroh-koh-DEEL"],["butterfly","der Schmetterling","dair SHMET-ter-ling"],["bee","die Biene","dee BEE-neh"],["ant","die Ameise","dee AH-my-zeh"],["spider","die Spinne","dee SHPIN-neh"],["fly","die Fliege","dee FLEE-geh"],["ladybug","der Marienkäfer","dair mah-REE-en-kay-fer"],["worm","der Wurm","dair VOORM"],["snail","die Schnecke","dee SHNEK-keh"],["mosquito","die Mücke","dee MEWK-keh"],["beetle","der Käfer","dair KAY-fer"],["eagle","der Adler","dair AHD-ler"],["owl","die Eule","dee OY-leh"],["parrot","der Papagei","dair pah-pah-GYE"],["penguin","der Pinguin","dair PING-gwin"],["swan","der Schwan","dair SHVAHN"],["dove","die Taube","dee TOW-beh"],["puppy","der Welpe","dair VEL-peh"],["kitten","das Kätzchen","dahs KETS-khen"],["animal","das Tier","dahs TEER"],["hedgehog","der Igel","dair EE-gel"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-body-clothes","id":"de-body-clothes","title":"German Body Parts and Clothes","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of the body, feeling sick, and the clothes you wear in German.","tags":["german","body","clothes"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["head","der Kopf","dair KOPF"],["hair","das Haar","dahs HAHR"],["face","das Gesicht","dahs geh-ZIKHT"],["eye","das Auge","dahs OW-geh"],["ear","das Ohr","dahs OHR"],["nose","die Nase","dee NAH-zeh"],["mouth","der Mund","dair MOONT"],["tooth","der Zahn","dair TSAHN"],["tongue","die Zunge","dee TSOONG-eh"],["lip","die Lippe","dee LIP-peh"],["cheek","die Wange","dee VAHNG-eh"],["chin","das Kinn","dahs KIN"],["neck","der Hals","dair HAHLS"],["shoulder","die Schulter","dee SHOOL-ter"],["arm","der Arm","dair ARM"],["elbow","der Ellbogen","dair EL-boh-gen"],["hand","die Hand","dee HAHNT"],["finger","der Finger","dair FING-er"],["thumb","der Daumen","dair DOW-men"],["fingernail","der Fingernagel","dair FING-er-nah-gel"],["chest","die Brust","dee BROOST"],["back","der Rücken","dair REW-ken"],["stomach / belly","der Bauch","dair BOWKH"],["leg","das Bein","dahs BINE"],["knee","das Knie","dahs KNEE"],["foot","der Fuß","dair FOOSS"],["toe","der Zeh","dair TSAY"],["ankle","der Knöchel","dair KNUR-khel"],["heart","das Herz","dahs HERTS"],["brain","das Gehirn","dahs geh-HIRN"],["bone","der Knochen","dair KNOKH-en"],["skin","die Haut","dee HOWT"],["body","der Körper","dair KUR-per"],["I have a headache","Ich habe Kopfschmerzen","ikh HAH-beh KOPF-shmer-tsen"],["My stomach hurts","Mein Bauch tut weh","mine BOWKH toot VAY"],["I am sick","Ich bin krank","ikh bin KRAHNK"],["doctor","der Arzt","dair ARTST"],["clothes","die Kleidung","dee KLY-doong"],["shirt","das Hemd","dahs HEMT"],["T-shirt","das T-Shirt","dahs TEE-shirt"],["pants","die Hose","dee HOH-zeh"],["shorts","die kurze Hose","dee KOOR-tseh HOH-zeh"],["jeans","die Jeans","dee JEENS"],["skirt","der Rock","dair ROK"],["dress","das Kleid","dahs KLITE"],["sweater","der Pullover","dair pool-OH-ver"],["jacket","die Jacke","dee YAHK-keh"],["coat","der Mantel","dair MAHN-tel"],["hoodie","der Kapuzenpulli","dair kah-POO-tsen-pool-lee"],["socks","die Socken","dee ZOK-ken"],["shoes","die Schuhe","dee SHOO-eh"],["sneakers","die Turnschuhe","dee TOORN-shoo-eh"],["boots","die Stiefel","dee SHTEE-fel"],["sandals","die Sandalen","dee zahn-DAH-len"],["hat","der Hut","dair HOOT"],["cap","die Mütze","dee MEW-tseh"],["gloves","die Handschuhe","dee HAHNT-shoo-eh"],["scarf","der Schal","dair SHAHL"],["belt","der Gürtel","dair GEWR-tel"],["pajamas","der Schlafanzug","dair SHLAHF-ahn-tsook"],["underwear","die Unterwäsche","dee OON-ter-vesh-eh"],["swimsuit","der Badeanzug","dair BAH-deh-ahn-tsook"],["umbrella","der Regenschirm","dair RAY-gen-shirm"],["glasses","die Brille","dee BRIL-leh"],["backpack","der Rucksack","dair ROOK-zahk"],["pocket","die Tasche","dee TAH-sheh"],["button","der Knopf","dair KNOPF"],["zipper","der Reißverschluss","dair RICE-fer-shloos"],["tie","die Krawatte","dee krah-VAHT-teh"],["ring","der Ring","dair RING"],["watch","die Armbanduhr","dee ARM-bahnt-oor"],["purse","die Handtasche","dee HAHNT-tah-sheh"],["to get dressed","sich anziehen","zikh AHN-tsee-en"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-colors-family","id":"de-colors-family","title":"German Colors, Shapes and Family","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Colors, basic shapes and the words for family members in German, with der, die or das.","tags":["german","colors","shapes","family"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["red","rot","roht"],["blue","blau","blow"],["yellow","gelb","gelp"],["green","grün","grewn"],["orange","orange","oh-RAHN-zheh"],["purple","lila","LEE-lah"],["pink","rosa","ROH-zah"],["brown","braun","brown"],["black","schwarz","shvarts"],["white","weiß","vice"],["gray","grau","grow"],["gold","golden","GOL-den"],["silver","silbern","ZIL-bern"],["dark","dunkel","DOON-kel"],["light (color)","hell","hel"],["color","die Farbe","dee FAR-beh"],["rainbow","der Regenbogen","dair RAY-gen-boh-gen"],["circle","der Kreis","dair KRICE"],["square","das Quadrat","dahs kvah-DRAHT"],["triangle","das Dreieck","dahs DRY-ek"],["rectangle","das Rechteck","dahs REKHT-ek"],["star","der Stern","dair SHTERN"],["heart","das Herz","dahs HERTS"],["oval","das Oval","dahs oh-VAHL"],["line","die Linie","dee LEEN-yeh"],["family","die Familie","dee fah-MEEL-yeh"],["mother","die Mutter","dee MOOT-ter"],["father","der Vater","dair FAH-ter"],["mom","die Mama","dee MAH-mah"],["dad","der Papa","dair PAH-pah"],["parents","die Eltern","dee EL-tern"],["son","der Sohn","dair ZOHN"],["daughter","die Tochter","dee TOKH-ter"],["child","das Kind","dahs KINT"],["children","die Kinder","dee KIN-der"],["brother","der Bruder","dair BROO-der"],["sister","die Schwester","dee SHVES-ter"],["siblings","die Geschwister","dee geh-SHVIS-ter"],["grandmother","die Großmutter","dee GROHSS-moot-ter"],["grandfather","der Großvater","dair GROHSS-fah-ter"],["grandma","die Oma","dee OH-mah"],["grandpa","der Opa","dair OH-pah"],["grandparents","die Großeltern","dee GROHSS-el-tern"],["grandson","der Enkel","dair EN-kel"],["granddaughter","die Enkelin","dee EN-keh-lin"],["uncle","der Onkel","dair ON-kel"],["aunt","die Tante","dee TAHN-teh"],["cousin (boy)","der Cousin","dair koo-ZAN"],["cousin (girl)","die Cousine","dee koo-ZEE-neh"],["nephew","der Neffe","dair NEF-feh"],["niece","die Nichte","dee NIKH-teh"],["husband","der Ehemann","dair AY-eh-mahn"],["wife","die Ehefrau","dee AY-eh-frow"],["baby","das Baby","dahs BAY-bee"],["boy","der Junge","dair YOONG-eh"],["girl","das Mädchen","dahs MAYD-khen"],["man","der Mann","dair MAHN"],["woman","die Frau","dee FROW"],["friend (boy)","der Freund","dair FROYNT"],["friend (girl)","die Freundin","dee FROYN-din"],["neighbor","der Nachbar","dair NAHKH-bar"],["twin","der Zwilling","dair TSVIL-ling"],["people","die Leute","dee LOY-teh"],["pet","das Haustier","dahs HOWS-teer"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-conjugation-grammar","id":"de-conjugation-grammar","title":"German Irregular Verbs (Present) and Basic Grammar","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Present-tense forms of twelve key German verbs (ich, du, er/sie, wir, sie) and a few basic grammar rules.","tags":["german","conjugation","grammar","irregular verbs"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["I am (sein)","ich bin","ikh bin"],["you are (sein)","du bist","doo bist"],["he/she is (sein)","er/sie ist","air/zee ist"],["we are (sein)","wir sind","veer zint"],["they are (sein)","sie sind","zee zint"],["I have (haben)","ich habe","ikh HAH-beh"],["you have (haben)","du hast","doo hahst"],["he/she has (haben)","er/sie hat","air/zee haht"],["we have (haben)","wir haben","veer HAH-ben"],["they have (haben)","sie haben","zee HAH-ben"],["I become (werden)","ich werde","ikh VAIR-deh"],["you become (werden)","du wirst","doo virst"],["he/she becomes (werden)","er/sie wird","air/zee virt"],["we become (werden)","wir werden","veer VAIR-den"],["they become (werden)","sie werden","zee VAIR-den"],["I drive / go by vehicle (fahren)","ich fahre","ikh FAH-reh"],["you drive (fahren)","du fährst","doo fairst"],["he/she drives (fahren)","er/sie fährt","air/zee fairt"],["we drive (fahren)","wir fahren","veer FAH-ren"],["they drive (fahren)","sie fahren","zee FAH-ren"],["I eat (essen)","ich esse","ikh ES-seh"],["you eat (essen)","du isst","doo isst"],["he/she eats (essen)","er/sie isst","air/zee isst"],["we eat (essen)","wir essen","veer ES-sen"],["they eat (essen)","sie essen","zee ES-sen"],["I see (sehen)","ich sehe","ikh ZAY-eh"],["you see (sehen)","du siehst","doo zeest"],["he/she sees (sehen)","er/sie sieht","air/zee zeet"],["we see (sehen)","wir sehen","veer ZAY-en"],["they see (sehen)","sie sehen","zee ZAY-en"],["I speak (sprechen)","ich spreche","ikh SHPREKH-eh"],["you speak (sprechen)","du sprichst","doo shprikhst"],["he/she speaks (sprechen)","er/sie spricht","air/zee shprikht"],["we speak (sprechen)","wir sprechen","veer SHPREKH-en"],["they speak (sprechen)","sie sprechen","zee SHPREKH-en"],["I take (nehmen)","ich nehme","ikh NAY-meh"],["you take (nehmen)","du nimmst","doo nimst"],["he/she takes (nehmen)","er/sie nimmt","air/zee nimt"],["we take (nehmen)","wir nehmen","veer NAY-men"],["they take (nehmen)","sie nehmen","zee NAY-men"],["I know a fact (wissen)","ich weiß","ikh vice"],["you know a fact (wissen)","du weißt","doo vysst"],["he/she knows a fact (wissen)","er/sie weiß","air/zee vice"],["we know a fact (wissen)","wir wissen","veer VIS-sen"],["they know a fact (wissen)","sie wissen","zee VIS-sen"],["I can (können)","ich kann","ikh kahn"],["you can (können)","du kannst","doo kahnst"],["he/she can (können)","er/sie kann","air/zee kahn"],["we can (können)","wir können","veer KUR-nen"],["they can (können)","sie können","zee KUR-nen"],["I want (wollen)","ich will","ikh vil"],["you want (wollen)","du willst","doo vilst"],["he/she wants (wollen)","er/sie will","air/zee vil"],["we want (wollen)","wir wollen","veer VOL-len"],["they want (wollen)","sie wollen","zee VOL-len"],["I must (müssen)","ich muss","ikh mooss"],["you must (müssen)","du musst","doo moost"],["he/she must (müssen)","er/sie muss","air/zee mooss"],["we must (müssen)","wir müssen","veer MEW-ssen"],["they must (müssen)","sie müssen","zee MEW-ssen"],["the (masculine)","der","dair"],["the (feminine)","die","dee"],["the (neuter)","das","dahs"],["the (plural)","die","dee"],["a (masculine or neuter)","ein","ine"],["a (feminine)","eine","I-neh"],["you (informal)","du","doo"],["you (formal)","Sie","zee"],["you all (informal)","ihr","eer"],["How are German nouns written?","With a capital letter (der Hund)","Every noun starts with a capital"],["What is the verb position in a normal statement?","Second (Ich esse Brot)","The verb is always the second idea"],["How do you make a sentence negative?","Use nicht or kein","Ich bin nicht müde; Ich habe kein Auto"],["How many genders does German have?","Three: der, die, das","Masculine, feminine, neuter"],["How do you say \"my\"?","mein (mein Hund, meine Katze)","Add -e for feminine and plural"],["How do you make a yes-or-no question?","Put the verb first (Hast du Hunger?)","Do you have hunger?"],["What is the plural of der Hund?","die Hunde","Most nouns add -e, -en, -er or change a vowel"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-food-drink","id":"de-food-drink","title":"German Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Fruits, vegetables, meals, snacks and drinks, plus words for ordering at a restaurant.","tags":["german","food","drink","restaurant"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["food","das Essen","dahs ES-sen"],["water","das Wasser","dahs VAHS-ser"],["milk","die Milch","dee MILKH"],["juice","der Saft","dair ZAHFT"],["coffee","der Kaffee","dair KAH-fay"],["tea","der Tee","dair TAY"],["soda","die Limonade","dee lee-moh-NAH-deh"],["hot chocolate","die heiße Schokolade","dee HY-seh shoh-koh-LAH-deh"],["bread","das Brot","dahs BROHT"],["bread roll","das Brötchen","dahs BRURT-khen"],["butter","die Butter","dee BOOT-ter"],["cheese","der Käse","dair KAY-zeh"],["egg","das Ei","dahs Y"],["rice","der Reis","dair RICE"],["beans","die Bohnen","dee BOH-nen"],["soup","die Suppe","dee ZOOP-peh"],["salad","der Salat","dair zah-LAHT"],["sandwich","das Sandwich","dahs SAND-vitch"],["pizza","die Pizza","dee PIT-tsah"],["noodles / pasta","die Nudeln","dee NOO-deln"],["meat","das Fleisch","dahs FLYSH"],["chicken (meat)","das Hähnchen","dahs HAYN-khen"],["beef","das Rindfleisch","dahs RINT-flysh"],["pork","das Schweinefleisch","dahs SHVY-neh-flysh"],["ham","der Schinken","dair SHIN-ken"],["sausage","die Wurst","dee VOORST"],["fish (food)","der Fisch","dair FISH"],["french fries","die Pommes","dee POM-mes"],["hamburger","der Hamburger","dair HAM-boor-ger"],["pretzel","die Brezel","dee BRAY-tsel"],["pancake","der Pfannkuchen","dair PFAHN-koo-khen"],["breakfast","das Frühstück","dahs FREW-shtewk"],["lunch","das Mittagessen","dahs MIT-tahk-es-sen"],["dinner","das Abendessen","dahs AH-bent-es-sen"],["snack","der Imbiss","dair IM-biss"],["dessert","der Nachtisch","dair NAHKH-tish"],["apple","der Apfel","dair AHP-fel"],["banana","die Banane","dee bah-NAH-neh"],["orange (fruit)","die Orange","dee oh-RAHN-zheh"],["strawberry","die Erdbeere","dee AIRT-bay-reh"],["grapes","die Trauben","dee TROW-ben"],["watermelon","die Wassermelone","dee VAHS-ser-meh-loh-neh"],["pineapple","die Ananas","dee AH-nah-nahs"],["lemon","die Zitrone","dee tsi-TROH-neh"],["peach","der Pfirsich","dair PFIR-zikh"],["pear","die Birne","dee BIR-neh"],["cherry","die Kirsche","dee KIR-sheh"],["blueberry","die Heidelbeere","dee HY-del-bay-reh"],["raspberry","die Himbeere","dee HIM-bay-reh"],["fruit","das Obst","dahs OHPST"],["vegetable","das Gemüse","dahs geh-MEW-zeh"],["potato","die Kartoffel","dee kar-TOF-fel"],["tomato","die Tomate","dee toh-MAH-teh"],["carrot","die Karotte","dee kah-ROT-teh"],["onion","die Zwiebel","dee TSVEE-bel"],["lettuce","der Kopfsalat","dair KOPF-zah-laht"],["corn","der Mais","dair MICE"],["peas","die Erbsen","dee AIRP-sen"],["cucumber","die Gurke","dee GOOR-keh"],["garlic","der Knoblauch","dair KNOHB-lowkh"],["mushroom","der Pilz","dair PILTS"],["cabbage","der Kohl","dair KOHL"],["cake","der Kuchen","dair KOO-khen"],["cookie","der Keks","dair KAYKS"],["ice cream","das Eis","dahs ICE"],["candy","die Süßigkeiten","dee ZEW-ssikh-ky-ten"],["chocolate","die Schokolade","dee shoh-koh-LAH-deh"],["sugar","der Zucker","dair TSOOK-ker"],["salt","das Salz","dahs ZAHLTS"],["pepper (spice)","der Pfeffer","dair PFEF-fer"],["honey","der Honig","dair HOH-nikh"],["jam","die Marmelade","dee mar-meh-LAH-deh"],["plate","der Teller","dair TEL-ler"],["fork","die Gabel","dee GAH-bel"],["knife","das Messer","dahs MES-ser"],["spoon","der Löffel","dair LUR-fel"],["cup","die Tasse","dee TAHS-seh"],["glass","das Glas","dahs GLAHSS"],["napkin","die Serviette","dee zer-VYET-teh"],["bowl","die Schüssel","dee SHEW-ssel"],["menu","die Speisekarte","dee SHPY-zeh-kar-teh"],["The check, please","Die Rechnung, bitte","dee REKH-noong BIT-teh"],["I would like...","Ich hätte gern...","ikh HET-teh gairn"],["It's delicious","Es schmeckt lecker","es shmekt LEK-ker"],["I am vegetarian","Ich bin Vegetarier","ikh bin veh-geh-TAH-ree-er"],["waiter","der Kellner","dair KEL-ner"],["restaurant","das Restaurant","dahs res-toh-RAHNG"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-greetings-phrases","id":"de-greetings-phrases","title":"German Greetings, Manners and Common Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Hello, please, thank you and the everyday phrases you need on day one of German.","tags":["german","greetings","phrases","manners"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["Hello","Hallo","HAH-loh"],["Good morning","Guten Morgen","GOO-ten MOR-gen"],["Good day","Guten Tag","GOO-ten TAHK"],["Good evening","Guten Abend","GOO-ten AH-bent"],["Good night","Gute Nacht","GOO-teh NAHKHT"],["Goodbye","Auf Wiedersehen","owf VEE-der-zay-en"],["Bye (casual)","Tschüss","CHEWSS"],["See you later","Bis später","biss SHPAY-ter"],["See you tomorrow","Bis morgen","biss MOR-gen"],["See you soon","Bis bald","biss BAHLT"],["Hi (casual)","Hi","hye"],["Please","Bitte","BIT-teh"],["Thank you","Danke","DAHN-keh"],["Thank you very much","Vielen Dank","FEE-len DAHNK"],["You're welcome","Bitte schön","BIT-teh SHURN"],["Excuse me","Entschuldigung","ent-SHOOL-dee-goong"],["I'm sorry","Es tut mir leid","es toot meer LITE"],["Yes","Ja","YAH"],["No","Nein","NINE"],["Maybe","Vielleicht","fee-LYKHT"],["How are you? (informal)","Wie geht's?","vee GAYTS"],["How are you? (formal)","Wie geht es Ihnen?","vee gayt es EE-nen"],["I am fine","Mir geht es gut","meer gayt es GOOT"],["Very well, thank you","Sehr gut, danke","zayr GOOT DAHN-keh"],["So-so","Es geht","es GAYT"],["Not good","Nicht gut","nikht GOOT"],["And you?","Und dir?","oont DEER"],["What is your name?","Wie heißt du?","vee HYSST doo"],["My name is...","Ich heiße...","ikh HY-seh"],["Nice to meet you","Freut mich","froyt MIKH"],["Where are you from?","Woher kommst du?","voh-HAIR komst doo"],["I am from...","Ich komme aus...","ikh KOM-meh ows"],["How old are you?","Wie alt bist du?","vee AHLT bist doo"],["I am ten years old","Ich bin zehn Jahre alt","ikh bin TSAYN YAH-reh ahlt"],["Do you speak English?","Sprichst du Englisch?","shprikhst doo ENG-lish"],["I speak a little German","Ich spreche ein bisschen Deutsch","ikh SHPRE-kheh ine BISS-khen DOYTCH"],["I don't understand","Ich verstehe nicht","ikh fer-SHTAY-eh nikht"],["I understand","Ich verstehe","ikh fer-SHTAY-eh"],["I don't know","Ich weiß nicht","ikh VYSS nikht"],["Can you repeat that?","Kannst du das wiederholen?","kahnst doo dahs vee-der-HOH-len"],["More slowly, please","Langsamer, bitte","LAHNG-zah-mer BIT-teh"],["How do you say...?","Wie sagt man...?","vee zahkt mahn"],["Help!","Hilfe!","HIL-feh"],["Welcome","Willkommen","vil-KOM-men"],["Congratulations","Herzlichen Glückwunsch","HERTS-likh-en GLEWK-voonsh"],["Happy birthday","Alles Gute zum Geburtstag","AHL-les GOO-teh tsoom geh-BOORTS-tahk"],["Merry Christmas","Frohe Weihnachten","FROH-eh VY-nakh-ten"],["Happy New Year","Frohes neues Jahr","FROH-es NOY-es YAHR"],["Good luck","Viel Glück","feel GLEWK"],["Cheers!","Prost!","PROHST"],["Bless you (after a sneeze)","Gesundheit","geh-ZOONT-hite"],["Have a good day","Einen schönen Tag noch","I-nen SHUR-nen TAHK nokh"],["Enjoy your meal","Guten Appetit","GOO-ten ah-peh-TEET"],["Sweet dreams","Schlaf gut","SHLAHF goot"],["Come in","Komm herein","kom her-INE"],["Sit down","Setz dich","zets DIKH"],["Wait a moment","Einen Moment","I-nen moh-MENT"],["I'm hungry","Ich habe Hunger","ikh HAH-beh HOONG-er"],["I'm thirsty","Ich habe Durst","ikh HAH-beh DOORST"],["I'm tired","Ich bin müde","ikh bin MEW-deh"],["I'm cold","Mir ist kalt","meer ist KAHLT"],["I'm hot","Mir ist heiß","meer ist HICE"],["I love you","Ich liebe dich","ikh LEE-beh dikh"],["I like it","Es gefällt mir","es geh-FELT meer"],["I don't like it","Es gefällt mir nicht","es geh-FELT meer nikht"],["I want...","Ich möchte...","ikh MURKH-teh"],["I need...","Ich brauche...","ikh BROW-kheh"],["Of course","Natürlich","nah-TEWR-likh"],["It's okay","Das ist in Ordnung","dahs ist in ORD-noong"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-numbers","id":"de-numbers","title":"German Numbers 0 to 100","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Count in German from zero to one hundred. Note that German says the ones before the tens (21 is one-and-twenty).","tags":["german","numbers","counting"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["0","null","nool"],["1","eins","ines"],["2","zwei","tsvy"],["3","drei","dry"],["4","vier","feer"],["5","fünf","fewnf"],["6","sechs","zeks"],["7","sieben","ZEE-ben"],["8","acht","ahkht"],["9","neun","noyn"],["10","zehn","tsayn"],["11","elf","elf"],["12","zwölf","tsvurlf"],["13","dreizehn","DRY-tsayn"],["14","vierzehn","FEER-tsayn"],["15","fünfzehn","FEWNF-tsayn"],["16","sechzehn","ZEKH-tsayn"],["17","siebzehn","ZEEB-tsayn"],["18","achtzehn","AHKH-tsayn"],["19","neunzehn","NOYN-tsayn"],["20","zwanzig","TSVAHN-tsikh"],["21","einundzwanzig","INE-oont-tsvahn-tsikh"],["22","zweiundzwanzig","TSVY-oont-tsvahn-tsikh"],["23","dreiundzwanzig","DRY-oont-tsvahn-tsikh"],["24","vierundzwanzig","FEER-oont-tsvahn-tsikh"],["25","fünfundzwanzig","FEWNF-oont-tsvahn-tsikh"],["26","sechsundzwanzig","ZEKS-oont-tsvahn-tsikh"],["27","siebenundzwanzig","ZEE-ben-oont-tsvahn-tsikh"],["28","achtundzwanzig","AHKHT-oont-tsvahn-tsikh"],["29","neunundzwanzig","NOYN-oont-tsvahn-tsikh"],["30","dreißig","DRY-sikh"],["31","einunddreißig","INE-oont-dry-sikh"],["40","vierzig","FEER-tsikh"],["50","fünfzig","FEWNF-tsikh"],["60","sechzig","ZEKH-tsikh"],["70","siebzig","ZEEB-tsikh"],["80","achtzig","AHKH-tsikh"],["90","neunzig","NOYN-tsikh"],["100","hundert","HOON-dert"],["45","fünfundvierzig","FEWNF-oont-feer-tsikh"],["58","achtundfünfzig","AHKHT-oont-fewnf-tsikh"],["67","siebenundsechzig","ZEE-ben-oont-zekh-tsikh"],["73","dreiundsiebzig","DRY-oont-zeeb-tsikh"],["99","neunundneunzig","NOYN-oont-noyn-tsikh"],["101","hunderteins","HOON-dert-ines"],["200","zweihundert","TSVY-hoon-dert"],["1,000","tausend","TOW-zent"],["1,000,000","eine Million","I-neh mil-YOHN"],["first","erste","AYR-steh"],["second","zweite","TSVY-teh"],["third","dritte","DRIT-teh"],["fourth","vierte","FEER-teh"],["fifth","fünfte","FEWNF-teh"],["tenth","zehnte","TSAYN-teh"],["half","halb","hahlp"],["a dozen","ein Dutzend","ine DOOT-tsent"],["a pair","ein Paar","ine PAHR"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-places-travel","id":"de-places-travel","title":"German Places, Travel and Directions","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Places in town, getting around, directions and what to say when you travel.","tags":["german","travel","places","directions"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["city","die Stadt","dee SHTAHT"],["village","das Dorf","dahs DORF"],["street","die Straße","dee SHTRAH-sseh"],["store","das Geschäft","dahs geh-SHEFT"],["supermarket","der Supermarkt","dair ZOO-per-markt"],["market","der Markt","dair MARKT"],["bakery","die Bäckerei","dee bek-ker-Y"],["restaurant","das Restaurant","dahs res-toh-RAHNG"],["hospital","das Krankenhaus","dahs KRAHNG-ken-howss"],["pharmacy","die Apotheke","dee ah-poh-TAY-keh"],["bank","die Bank","dee BAHNK"],["post office","die Post","dee POST"],["church","die Kirche","dee KEER-kheh"],["museum","das Museum","dahs moo-ZAY-oom"],["park","der Park","dair PARK"],["zoo","der Zoo","dair TSOH"],["movie theater","das Kino","dahs KEE-noh"],["beach","der Strand","dair SHTRAHNT"],["mountain","der Berg","dair BAIRK"],["river","der Fluss","dair FLOOSS"],["lake","der See","dair ZAY"],["sea","das Meer","dahs MAIR"],["forest","der Wald","dair VAHLT"],["desert","die Wüste","dee VEW-steh"],["island","die Insel","dee IN-zel"],["farm","der Bauernhof","dair BOW-ern-hohf"],["bridge","die Brücke","dee BREW-keh"],["airport","der Flughafen","dair FLOOK-hah-fen"],["train station","der Bahnhof","dair BAHN-hohf"],["bus stop","die Bushaltestelle","dee BOOSS-hahl-teh-shtel-leh"],["hotel","das Hotel","dahs hoh-TEL"],["airplane","das Flugzeug","dahs FLOOK-tsoyk"],["train","der Zug","dair TSOOK"],["bus","der Bus","dair BOOSS"],["car","das Auto","dahs OW-toh"],["bicycle","das Fahrrad","dahs FAR-raht"],["boat","das Boot","dahs BOHT"],["ship","das Schiff","dahs SHIF"],["taxi","das Taxi","dahs TAHK-see"],["subway","die U-Bahn","dee OO-bahn"],["tram","die Straßenbahn","dee SHTRAH-ssen-bahn"],["motorcycle","das Motorrad","dahs MOH-tor-raht"],["ticket","die Fahrkarte","dee FAR-kar-teh"],["passport","der Reisepass","dair RY-zeh-pahss"],["suitcase","der Koffer","dair KOF-fer"],["trip","die Reise","dee RY-zeh"],["vacation","der Urlaub","dair OOR-lowp"],["country","das Land","dahs LAHNT"],["Where is...?","Wo ist...?","voh ist"],["Where is the bathroom?","Wo ist die Toilette?","voh ist dee toy-LET-teh"],["to the right","nach rechts","nahkh REKHTS"],["to the left","nach links","nahkh LINKS"],["straight ahead","geradeaus","geh-RAH-deh-ows"],["here","hier","heer"],["there","dort","dort"],["next to","neben","NAY-ben"],["in front of","vor","for"],["behind","hinter","HIN-ter"],["between","zwischen","TSVISH-en"],["on","auf","owf"],["under","unter","OON-ter"],["inside","drinnen","DRIN-nen"],["outside","draußen","DROW-ssen"],["corner","die Ecke","dee EK-keh"],["How much does it cost?","Wie viel kostet das?","vee FEEL KOS-tet dahs"],["I am lost","Ich habe mich verlaufen","ikh HAH-beh mikh fer-LOW-fen"],["I need help","Ich brauche Hilfe","ikh BROW-kheh HIL-feh"],["a room for two","ein Zimmer für zwei","ine TSIM-mer fewr TSVY"],["north","der Norden","dair NOR-den"],["south","der Süden","dair ZEW-den"],["east","der Osten","dair OS-ten"],["west","der Westen","dair VES-ten"],["money","das Geld","dahs GELT"],["gift","das Geschenk","dahs geh-SHENK"],["camera","die Kamera","dee KAH-meh-rah"],["castle","das Schloss","dahs SHLOSS"],["police","die Polizei","dee pol-ee-TSY"],["fire department","die Feuerwehr","dee FOY-er-vair"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-school-home","id":"de-school-home","title":"German School and Home","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Classroom objects, school subjects, rooms of the house and furniture in German.","tags":["german","school","home","house"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["school","die Schule","dee SHOO-leh"],["classroom","das Klassenzimmer","dahs KLAHS-sen-tsim-mer"],["teacher (man)","der Lehrer","dair LAIR-er"],["teacher (woman)","die Lehrerin","dee LAIR-er-in"],["student / pupil (boy)","der Schüler","dair SHEW-ler"],["student / pupil (girl)","die Schülerin","dee SHEW-ler-in"],["book","das Buch","dahs BOOKH"],["notebook","das Heft","dahs HEFT"],["pencil","der Bleistift","dair BLY-shtift"],["pen","der Kugelschreiber","dair KOO-gel-shry-ber"],["eraser","der Radiergummi","dair rah-DEER-goom-mee"],["ruler","das Lineal","dahs lee-neh-AHL"],["scissors","die Schere","dee SHAY-reh"],["glue","der Klebstoff","dair KLAYP-shtof"],["paper","das Papier","dahs pah-PEER"],["marker","der Filzstift","dair FILTS-shtift"],["backpack","der Schulranzen","dair SHOOL-rahn-tsen"],["desk","der Schreibtisch","dair SHRYP-tish"],["chair","der Stuhl","dair SHTOOL"],["table","der Tisch","dair TISH"],["board","die Tafel","dee TAH-fel"],["computer","der Computer","dair kom-PYOO-ter"],["homework","die Hausaufgaben","dee HOWSS-owf-gah-ben"],["test","die Prüfung","dee PREW-foong"],["lesson","die Stunde","dee SHTOON-deh"],["break / recess","die Pause","dee POW-zeh"],["library","die Bibliothek","dee bib-lee-oh-TAYK"],["map","die Karte","dee KAR-teh"],["subject","das Fach","dahs FAHKH"],["math","die Mathematik","dee mah-teh-mah-TEEK"],["science","die Naturwissenschaft","dee nah-TOOR-vis-sen-shahft"],["history","die Geschichte","dee geh-SHIKH-teh"],["art","die Kunst","dee KOONST"],["music","die Musik","dee moo-ZEEK"],["gym / physical education","der Sportunterricht","dair SHPORT-oon-ter-rikht"],["German (language)","Deutsch","DOYTCH"],["English (language)","Englisch","ENG-lish"],["reading","das Lesen","dahs LAY-zen"],["question","die Frage","dee FRAH-geh"],["answer","die Antwort","dee AHNT-vort"],["Raise your hand","Heb die Hand","hayp dee HAHNT"],["Open your book","Öffne dein Buch","URF-neh dine BOOKH"],["Listen","Hör zu","hur TSOO"],["house","das Haus","dahs HOWSS"],["apartment","die Wohnung","dee VOH-noong"],["room","das Zimmer","dahs TSIM-mer"],["bedroom","das Schlafzimmer","dahs SHLAHF-tsim-mer"],["bathroom","das Badezimmer","dahs BAH-deh-tsim-mer"],["kitchen","die Küche","dee KEW-kheh"],["living room","das Wohnzimmer","dahs VOHN-tsim-mer"],["dining room","das Esszimmer","dahs ES-tsim-mer"],["garage","die Garage","dee gah-RAH-zheh"],["garden","der Garten","dair GAR-ten"],["door","die Tür","dee TEWR"],["window","das Fenster","dahs FEN-ster"],["wall","die Wand","dee VAHNT"],["floor","der Boden","dair BOH-den"],["ceiling","die Decke","dee DEK-keh"],["stairs","die Treppe","dee TREP-peh"],["roof","das Dach","dahs DAHKH"],["bed","das Bett","dahs BET"],["pillow","das Kissen","dahs KIS-sen"],["blanket","die Decke","dee DEK-keh"],["sofa","das Sofa","dahs ZOH-fah"],["lamp","die Lampe","dee LAHM-peh"],["television","der Fernseher","dair FERN-zay-er"],["refrigerator","der Kühlschrank","dair KEWL-shrahnk"],["stove","der Herd","dair HAIRT"],["oven","der Backofen","dair BAHK-oh-fen"],["sink","das Waschbecken","dahs VAHSH-bek-ken"],["bathtub","die Badewanne","dee BAH-deh-vah-neh"],["shower","die Dusche","dee DOO-sheh"],["toilet","die Toilette","dee toy-LET-teh"],["mirror","der Spiegel","dair SHPEE-gel"],["clock","die Uhr","dee OOR"],["key","der Schlüssel","dair SHLEW-ssel"],["toy","das Spielzeug","dahs SHPEEL-tsoyk"],["ball","der Ball","dair BAHL"],["doll","die Puppe","dee POOP-peh"],["towel","das Handtuch","dahs HAHNT-tookh"],["soap","die Seife","dee ZY-feh"],["toothbrush","die Zahnbürste","dee TSAHN-bewr-steh"],["trash can","der Mülleimer","dair MEWL-y-mer"],["shelf","das Regal","dahs ray-GAHL"],["curtain","der Vorhang","dair FOR-hahng"],["carpet","der Teppich","dair TEP-pikh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-verbs","id":"de-verbs","title":"Common German Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"One hundred of the most useful German verbs in the infinitive.","tags":["german","verbs","infinitive"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["to be","sein","zine"],["to have","haben","HAH-ben"],["to become","werden","VAIR-den"],["to do / to make","machen","MAHKH-en"],["to go","gehen","GAY-en"],["to come","kommen","KOM-men"],["to say","sagen","ZAH-gen"],["to speak","sprechen","SHPREKH-en"],["to tell","erzählen","air-TSAY-len"],["to give","geben","GAY-ben"],["to see","sehen","ZAY-en"],["to know (a fact)","wissen","VIS-sen"],["to know (a person)","kennen","KEN-nen"],["to want","wollen","VOL-len"],["to be able to / can","können","KUR-nen"],["to have to / must","müssen","MEW-ssen"],["to be allowed to","dürfen","DEWR-fen"],["to put (upright)","stellen","SHTEL-len"],["to put (lay down)","legen","LAY-gen"],["to take","nehmen","NAY-men"],["to leave","verlassen","fer-LAHS-sen"],["to eat","essen","ES-sen"],["to drink","trinken","TRING-ken"],["to sleep","schlafen","SHLAH-fen"],["to live","leben","LAY-ben"],["to live (reside)","wohnen","VOH-nen"],["to listen","hören","HUR-en"],["to look at / to watch","schauen","SHOW-en"],["to read","lesen","LAY-zen"],["to write","schreiben","SHRY-ben"],["to learn","lernen","LAIR-nen"],["to study","studieren","shtoo-DEER-en"],["to teach","unterrichten","OON-ter-rikh-ten"],["to understand","verstehen","fer-SHTAY-en"],["to think","denken","DENG-ken"],["to believe","glauben","GLOW-ben"],["to remember","sich erinnern","zikh air-IN-nern"],["to forget","vergessen","fer-GES-sen"],["to ask","fragen","FRAH-gen"],["to answer","antworten","AHNT-vor-ten"],["to call","rufen","ROO-fen"],["to walk","gehen / laufen","GAY-en / LOW-fen"],["to run","rennen","REN-nen"],["to jump","springen","SHPRING-en"],["to swim","schwimmen","SHVIM-men"],["to dance","tanzen","TAHN-tsen"],["to sing","singen","ZING-en"],["to play","spielen","SHPEE-len"],["to work","arbeiten","AR-by-ten"],["to help","helfen","HEL-fen"],["to love","lieben","LEE-ben"],["to like","mögen","MUR-gen"],["to carry","tragen","TRAH-gen"],["to bring","bringen","BRING-en"],["to buy","kaufen","KOW-fen"],["to sell","verkaufen","fer-KOW-fen"],["to pay","bezahlen","beh-TSAH-len"],["to cost","kosten","KOS-ten"],["to open","öffnen","URF-nen"],["to close","schließen","SHLEE-ssen"],["to begin","anfangen","AHN-fahng-en"],["to finish","beenden","beh-EN-den"],["to stop","aufhören","OWF-hur-en"],["to wait","warten","VAR-ten"],["to find","finden","FIN-den"],["to look for","suchen","ZOO-khen"],["to lose","verlieren","fer-LEER-en"],["to win","gewinnen","geh-VIN-nen"],["to try","versuchen","fer-ZOO-khen"],["to use","benutzen","beh-NOOT-tsen"],["to cook","kochen","KOKH-en"],["to clean","putzen","POOT-tsen"],["to wash","waschen","VAH-shen"],["to cut","schneiden","SHNY-den"],["to draw","zeichnen","TSYKH-nen"],["to paint","malen","MAH-len"],["to build","bauen","BOW-en"],["to fall","fallen","FAHL-len"],["to climb","klettern","KLET-tern"],["to enter","eintreten","INE-tray-ten"],["to return","zurückkehren","tsoo-REWK-kay-ren"],["to arrive","ankommen","AHN-kom-men"],["to depart","abfahren","AHP-fah-ren"],["to travel","reisen","RY-zen"],["to drive","fahren","FAH-ren"],["to fly","fliegen","FLEE-gen"],["to sit","sitzen","ZIT-tsen"],["to stand","stehen","SHTAY-en"],["to get up","aufstehen","OWF-shtay-en"],["to wake up","aufwachen","OWF-vahkh-en"],["to laugh","lachen","LAHKH-en"],["to cry","weinen","VY-nen"],["to smile","lächeln","LEKH-eln"],["to share","teilen","TY-len"],["to send","schicken","SHIK-ken"],["to receive","bekommen","beh-KOM-men"],["to choose","wählen","VAY-len"],["to follow","folgen","FOL-gen"],["to hope","hoffen","HOF-fen"],["to stay","bleiben","BLY-ben"],["to change","ändern","EN-dern"],["to need","brauchen","BROW-khen"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/de-weather-time","id":"de-weather-time","title":"German Weather, Seasons, Days, Months and Time","category":"world-languages","subject":"German","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Talk about the weather, name the days and months, and tell time in German.","tags":["german","weather","days","months","time"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"German","cards":[["Monday","Montag","MOHN-tahk"],["Tuesday","Dienstag","DEENS-tahk"],["Wednesday","Mittwoch","MIT-vokh"],["Thursday","Donnerstag","DON-ners-tahk"],["Friday","Freitag","FRY-tahk"],["Saturday","Samstag","ZAHMS-tahk"],["Sunday","Sonntag","ZON-tahk"],["week","die Woche","dee VOKH-eh"],["weekend","das Wochenende","dahs VOKH-en-en-deh"],["January","Januar","YAHN-oo-ar"],["February","Februar","FAY-broo-ar"],["March","März","MAIRTS"],["April","April","ah-PRIL"],["May","Mai","MY"],["June","Juni","YOO-nee"],["July","Juli","YOO-lee"],["August","August","ow-GOOST"],["September","September","zep-TEM-ber"],["October","Oktober","ok-TOH-ber"],["November","November","noh-VEM-ber"],["December","Dezember","day-TSEM-ber"],["month","der Monat","dair MOH-naht"],["year","das Jahr","dahs YAHR"],["spring","der Frühling","dair FREW-ling"],["summer","der Sommer","dair ZOM-mer"],["fall / autumn","der Herbst","dair HAIRPST"],["winter","der Winter","dair VIN-ter"],["season","die Jahreszeit","dee YAH-res-tsite"],["today","heute","HOY-teh"],["yesterday","gestern","GES-tern"],["tomorrow","morgen","MOR-gen"],["now","jetzt","YETST"],["later","später","SHPAY-ter"],["always","immer","IM-mer"],["never","nie","NEE"],["sometimes","manchmal","MAHNKH-mahl"],["morning","der Morgen","dair MOR-gen"],["afternoon","der Nachmittag","dair NAHKH-mit-tahk"],["evening","der Abend","dair AH-bent"],["night","die Nacht","dee NAHKHT"],["day","der Tag","dair TAHK"],["hour","die Stunde","dee SHTOON-deh"],["minute","die Minute","dee mee-NOO-teh"],["second","die Sekunde","dee zeh-KOON-deh"],["What time is it?","Wie spät ist es?","vee SHPAYT ist es"],["It is one o'clock","Es ist ein Uhr","es ist ine OOR"],["It is three o'clock","Es ist drei Uhr","es ist dry OOR"],["half past (half to the next hour)","halb","hahlp"],["quarter past","Viertel nach","FEER-tel nahkh"],["quarter to","Viertel vor","FEER-tel for"],["noon","der Mittag","dair MIT-tahk"],["midnight","die Mitternacht","dee MIT-ter-nahkht"],["early","früh","FREW"],["late","spät","SHPAYT"],["birthday","der Geburtstag","dair geh-BOORTS-tahk"],["calendar","der Kalender","dair kah-LEN-der"],["weather","das Wetter","dahs VET-ter"],["What is the weather like?","Wie ist das Wetter?","vee ist dahs VET-ter"],["It is sunny","Es ist sonnig","es ist ZON-nikh"],["It is hot","Es ist heiß","es ist HICE"],["It is cold","Es ist kalt","es ist KAHLT"],["It is windy","Es ist windig","es ist VIN-dikh"],["It is cloudy","Es ist bewölkt","es ist beh-VURLKT"],["It is raining","Es regnet","es RAYG-net"],["It is snowing","Es schneit","es SHNITE"],["rain","der Regen","dair RAY-gen"],["snow","der Schnee","dair SHNAY"],["sun","die Sonne","dee ZON-neh"],["moon","der Mond","dair MOHNT"],["star","der Stern","dair SHTERN"],["sky","der Himmel","dair HIM-mel"],["cloud","die Wolke","dee VOL-keh"],["wind","der Wind","dair VINT"],["storm","der Sturm","dair SHTOORM"],["thunder","der Donner","dair DON-ner"],["lightning","der Blitz","dair BLITS"],["fog","der Nebel","dair NAY-bel"],["ice","das Eis","dahs ICE"],["temperature","die Temperatur","dee tem-per-ah-TOOR"],["rainbow","der Regenbogen","dair RAY-gen-boh-gen"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-adjectives-questions","id":"es-adjectives-questions","title":"Spanish Adjectives and Question Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Describing words (masculine form) and the question words who, what, where, when, why and how.","tags":["spanish","adjectives","questions"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["Who?","¿Quién?","kee-EHN"],["What?","¿Qué?","keh"],["Where?","¿Dónde?","DOHN-deh"],["When?","¿Cuándo?","KWAHN-doh"],["Why?","¿Por qué?","pohr KEH"],["How?","¿Cómo?","KOH-moh"],["How much?","¿Cuánto?","KWAHN-toh"],["How many?","¿Cuántos?","KWAHN-tohs"],["Which?","¿Cuál?","kwahl"],["Where to?","¿Adónde?","ah-DOHN-deh"],["From where?","¿De dónde?","deh DOHN-deh"],["Whose?","¿De quién?","deh kee-EHN"],["because","porque","POHR-keh"],["big","grande","GRAHN-deh"],["small","pequeño","peh-KEH-nyoh"],["tall","alto","AHL-toh"],["short (height)","bajo","BAH-hoh"],["long","largo","LAR-goh"],["short (length)","corto","KOHR-toh"],["fat / thick","gordo","GOHR-doh"],["thin","delgado","dehl-GAH-doh"],["new","nuevo","NWEH-voh"],["old","viejo","vee-EH-hoh"],["young","joven","HOH-vehn"],["good","bueno","BWEH-noh"],["bad","malo","MAH-loh"],["better","mejor","meh-HOHR"],["worse","peor","peh-OHR"],["beautiful","bonito","boh-NEE-toh"],["pretty","lindo","LEEN-doh"],["ugly","feo","FEH-oh"],["happy","feliz","feh-LEES"],["sad","triste","TREE-steh"],["angry","enojado","eh-noh-HAH-doh"],["scared","asustado","ah-soo-STAH-doh"],["tired","cansado","kahn-SAH-doh"],["hungry","hambriento","ahm-bree-EHN-toh"],["sick","enfermo","ehn-FEHR-moh"],["healthy","sano","SAH-noh"],["funny","gracioso","grah-see-OH-soh"],["serious","serio","SEH-ree-oh"],["smart","inteligente","een-teh-lee-HEHN-teh"],["silly","tonto","TOHN-toh"],["kind","amable","ah-MAH-bleh"],["brave","valiente","vah-lee-EHN-teh"],["shy","tímido","TEE-mee-doh"],["lazy","perezoso","peh-reh-SOH-soh"],["hardworking","trabajador","trah-bah-hah-DOHR"],["fast","rápido","RAH-pee-doh"],["slow","lento","LEHN-toh"],["hot","caliente","kah-lee-EHN-teh"],["cold","frío","FREE-oh"],["warm","tibio","TEE-bee-oh"],["hard","duro","DOO-roh"],["soft","suave","SWAH-veh"],["easy","fácil","FAH-seel"],["difficult","difícil","dee-FEE-seel"],["heavy","pesado","peh-SAH-doh"],["light (weight)","ligero","lee-HEH-roh"],["full","lleno","YEH-noh"],["empty","vacío","vah-SEE-oh"],["open","abierto","ah-bee-EHR-toh"],["closed","cerrado","seh-RRAH-doh"],["clean","limpio","LEEM-pee-oh"],["dirty","sucio","SOO-see-oh"],["wet","mojado","moh-HAH-doh"],["dry","seco","SEH-koh"],["rich","rico","RREE-koh"],["poor","pobre","POH-breh"],["expensive","caro","KAH-roh"],["cheap","barato","bah-RAH-toh"],["strong","fuerte","FWEHR-teh"],["weak","débil","DEH-beel"],["loud","ruidoso","rwee-DOH-soh"],["quiet","tranquilo","trahn-KEE-loh"],["near","cerca","SEHR-kah"],["far","lejos","LEH-hohs"],["many / a lot","mucho","MOO-choh"],["few / a little","poco","POH-koh"],["all","todo","TOH-doh"],["same","igual","ee-GWAHL"],["different","diferente","dee-feh-REHN-teh"],["important","importante","eem-pohr-TAHN-teh"],["special","especial","eh-speh-see-AHL"],["true","verdadero","vehr-dah-DEH-roh"],["false","falso","FAHL-soh"],["ready","listo","LEE-stoh"],["free","libre","LEE-breh"],["busy","ocupado","oh-koo-PAH-doh"],["dangerous","peligroso","peh-lee-GROH-soh"],["delicious","delicioso","deh-lee-see-OH-soh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-animals","id":"es-animals","title":"Spanish Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Pets, farm animals, wild animals, birds, sea life and bugs in Spanish.","tags":["spanish","animals","pets"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["dog","el perro","ehl PEH-rroh"],["cat","el gato","ehl GAH-toh"],["bird","el pájaro","ehl PAH-hah-roh"],["fish","el pez","ehl PEHS"],["horse","el caballo","ehl kah-BAH-yoh"],["cow","la vaca","lah VAH-kah"],["pig","el cerdo","ehl SEHR-doh"],["sheep","la oveja","lah oh-VEH-hah"],["goat","la cabra","lah KAH-brah"],["chicken","la gallina","lah gah-YEE-nah"],["rooster","el gallo","ehl GAH-yoh"],["duck","el pato","ehl PAH-toh"],["rabbit","el conejo","ehl koh-NEH-hoh"],["mouse","el ratón","ehl rah-TOHN"],["turkey","el pavo","ehl PAH-voh"],["donkey","el burro","ehl BOO-rroh"],["lion","el león","ehl leh-OHN"],["tiger","el tigre","ehl TEE-greh"],["bear","el oso","ehl OH-soh"],["elephant","el elefante","ehl eh-leh-FAHN-teh"],["giraffe","la jirafa","lah hee-RAH-fah"],["monkey","el mono","ehl MOH-noh"],["zebra","la cebra","lah SEH-brah"],["wolf","el lobo","ehl LOH-boh"],["fox","el zorro","ehl SOH-rroh"],["deer","el ciervo","ehl see-EHR-voh"],["hippopotamus","el hipopótamo","ehl ee-poh-POH-tah-moh"],["rhinoceros","el rinoceronte","ehl ree-noh-seh-ROHN-teh"],["kangaroo","el canguro","ehl kahn-GOO-roh"],["panda","el oso panda","ehl OH-soh PAHN-dah"],["squirrel","la ardilla","lah ar-DEE-yah"],["bat","el murciélago","ehl moor-see-EH-lah-goh"],["camel","el camello","ehl kah-MEH-yoh"],["gorilla","el gorila","ehl goh-REE-lah"],["whale","la ballena","lah bah-YEH-nah"],["dolphin","el delfín","ehl dehl-FEEN"],["shark","el tiburón","ehl tee-boo-ROHN"],["octopus","el pulpo","ehl POOL-poh"],["turtle","la tortuga","lah tohr-TOO-gah"],["crab","el cangrejo","ehl kahn-GREH-hoh"],["seal","la foca","lah FOH-kah"],["jellyfish","la medusa","lah meh-DOO-sah"],["starfish","la estrella de mar","lah eh-STREH-yah deh mar"],["frog","la rana","lah RAH-nah"],["snake","la serpiente","lah sehr-pee-EHN-teh"],["lizard","la lagartija","lah lah-gar-TEE-hah"],["crocodile","el cocodrilo","ehl koh-koh-DREE-loh"],["butterfly","la mariposa","lah mah-ree-POH-sah"],["bee","la abeja","lah ah-BEH-hah"],["ant","la hormiga","lah ohr-MEE-gah"],["spider","la araña","lah ah-RAH-nyah"],["fly","la mosca","lah MOH-skah"],["ladybug","la mariquita","lah mah-ree-KEE-tah"],["worm","el gusano","ehl goo-SAH-noh"],["snail","el caracol","ehl kah-rah-KOHL"],["mosquito","el mosquito","ehl moh-SKEE-toh"],["eagle","el águila","ehl AH-gee-lah"],["owl","el búho","ehl BOO-oh"],["parrot","el loro","ehl LOH-roh"],["penguin","el pingüino","ehl peen-GWEE-noh"],["swan","el cisne","ehl SEES-neh"],["dove","la paloma","lah pah-LOH-mah"],["puppy","el cachorro","ehl kah-CHOH-rroh"],["kitten","el gatito","ehl gah-TEE-toh"],["animal","el animal","ehl ah-nee-MAHL"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-body-clothes","id":"es-body-clothes","title":"Spanish Body Parts and Clothes","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of the body, feeling sick, and the clothes you wear in Spanish.","tags":["spanish","body","clothes"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["head","la cabeza","lah kah-BEH-sah"],["hair","el pelo","ehl PEH-loh"],["face","la cara","lah KAH-rah"],["eye","el ojo","ehl OH-hoh"],["ear","la oreja","lah oh-REH-hah"],["nose","la nariz","lah nah-REES"],["mouth","la boca","lah BOH-kah"],["tooth","el diente","ehl dee-EHN-teh"],["tongue","la lengua","lah LEHN-gwah"],["lip","el labio","ehl LAH-bee-oh"],["cheek","la mejilla","lah meh-HEE-yah"],["chin","la barbilla","lah bar-BEE-yah"],["neck","el cuello","ehl KWEH-yoh"],["shoulder","el hombro","ehl OHM-broh"],["arm","el brazo","ehl BRAH-soh"],["elbow","el codo","ehl KOH-doh"],["hand","la mano","lah MAH-noh"],["finger","el dedo","ehl DEH-doh"],["thumb","el pulgar","ehl pool-GAHR"],["fingernail","la uña","lah OO-nyah"],["chest","el pecho","ehl PEH-choh"],["back","la espalda","lah eh-SPAHL-dah"],["stomach","el estómago","ehl eh-STOH-mah-goh"],["belly","la barriga","lah bah-RREE-gah"],["leg","la pierna","lah pee-EHR-nah"],["knee","la rodilla","lah roh-DEE-yah"],["foot","el pie","ehl pee-EH"],["toe","el dedo del pie","ehl DEH-doh dehl pee-EH"],["ankle","el tobillo","ehl toh-BEE-yoh"],["heart","el corazón","ehl koh-rah-SOHN"],["brain","el cerebro","ehl seh-REH-broh"],["bone","el hueso","ehl WEH-soh"],["skin","la piel","lah pee-EHL"],["body","el cuerpo","ehl KWEHR-poh"],["I have a headache","Me duele la cabeza","meh DWEH-leh lah kah-BEH-sah"],["My stomach hurts","Me duele el estómago","meh DWEH-leh ehl eh-STOH-mah-goh"],["I am sick","Estoy enfermo","eh-STOY ehn-FEHR-moh"],["doctor","el médico","ehl MEH-dee-koh"],["clothes","la ropa","lah ROH-pah"],["shirt","la camisa","lah kah-MEE-sah"],["T-shirt","la camiseta","lah kah-mee-SEH-tah"],["pants","los pantalones","lohs pahn-tah-LOH-nehs"],["shorts","los pantalones cortos","lohs pahn-tah-LOH-nehs KOR-tohs"],["jeans","los vaqueros","lohs vah-KEH-rohs"],["skirt","la falda","lah FAHL-dah"],["dress","el vestido","ehl veh-STEE-doh"],["sweater","el suéter","ehl SWEH-tehr"],["jacket","la chaqueta","lah chah-KEH-tah"],["coat","el abrigo","ehl ah-BREE-goh"],["hoodie","la sudadera","lah soo-dah-DEH-rah"],["socks","los calcetines","lohs kahl-seh-TEE-nehs"],["shoes","los zapatos","lohs sah-PAH-tohs"],["sneakers","los tenis","lohs TEH-nees"],["boots","las botas","lahs BOH-tahs"],["sandals","las sandalias","lahs sahn-DAH-lee-ahs"],["hat","el sombrero","ehl sohm-BREH-roh"],["cap","la gorra","lah GOH-rrah"],["gloves","los guantes","lohs GWAHN-tehs"],["scarf","la bufanda","lah boo-FAHN-dah"],["belt","el cinturón","ehl seen-too-ROHN"],["pajamas","la piyama","lah pee-YAH-mah"],["underwear","la ropa interior","lah ROH-pah een-teh-ree-OHR"],["swimsuit","el traje de baño","ehl TRAH-heh deh BAH-nyoh"],["umbrella","el paraguas","ehl pah-RAH-gwahs"],["glasses","las gafas","lahs GAH-fahs"],["backpack","la mochila","lah moh-CHEE-lah"],["pocket","el bolsillo","ehl bohl-SEE-yoh"],["button","el botón","ehl boh-TOHN"],["zipper","la cremallera","lah kreh-mah-YEH-rah"],["tie","la corbata","lah kohr-BAH-tah"],["ring","el anillo","ehl ah-NEE-yoh"],["watch","el reloj","ehl reh-LOHH"],["purse","el bolso","ehl BOHL-soh"],["to get dressed","vestirse","veh-STEER-seh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-colors-family","id":"es-colors-family","title":"Spanish Colors, Shapes and Family","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Colors, basic shapes and the words for family members in Spanish.","tags":["spanish","colors","shapes","family"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["red","rojo","ROH-hoh"],["blue","azul","ah-SOOL"],["yellow","amarillo","ah-mah-REE-yoh"],["green","verde","VEHR-deh"],["orange","naranja","nah-RAHN-hah"],["purple","morado","moh-RAH-doh"],["pink","rosa","ROH-sah"],["brown","marrón","mah-RROHN"],["black","negro","NEH-groh"],["white","blanco","BLAHN-koh"],["gray","gris","GREES"],["gold","dorado","doh-RAH-doh"],["silver","plateado","plah-teh-AH-doh"],["light blue","celeste","seh-LEHS-teh"],["dark","oscuro","oh-SKOO-roh"],["light (color)","claro","KLAH-roh"],["color","el color","ehl koh-LOHR"],["rainbow","el arcoíris","ehl ar-koh-EE-rees"],["circle","el círculo","ehl SEER-koo-loh"],["square","el cuadrado","ehl kwah-DRAH-doh"],["triangle","el triángulo","ehl tree-AHN-goo-loh"],["rectangle","el rectángulo","ehl rehk-TAHN-goo-loh"],["star","la estrella","lah eh-STREH-yah"],["heart","el corazón","ehl koh-rah-SOHN"],["oval","el óvalo","ehl OH-vah-loh"],["line","la línea","lah LEE-neh-ah"],["family","la familia","lah fah-MEE-lee-ah"],["mother","la madre","lah MAH-dreh"],["father","el padre","ehl PAH-dreh"],["mom","la mamá","lah mah-MAH"],["dad","el papá","ehl pah-PAH"],["parents","los padres","lohs PAH-drehs"],["son","el hijo","ehl EE-hoh"],["daughter","la hija","lah EE-hah"],["children (sons and daughters)","los hijos","lohs EE-hohs"],["brother","el hermano","ehl ehr-MAH-noh"],["sister","la hermana","lah ehr-MAH-nah"],["grandmother","la abuela","lah ah-BWEH-lah"],["grandfather","el abuelo","ehl ah-BWEH-loh"],["grandparents","los abuelos","lohs ah-BWEH-lohs"],["grandson","el nieto","ehl nee-EH-toh"],["granddaughter","la nieta","lah nee-EH-tah"],["uncle","el tío","ehl TEE-oh"],["aunt","la tía","lah TEE-ah"],["cousin (boy)","el primo","ehl PREE-moh"],["cousin (girl)","la prima","lah PREE-mah"],["nephew","el sobrino","ehl soh-BREE-noh"],["niece","la sobrina","lah soh-BREE-nah"],["husband","el esposo","ehl eh-SPOH-soh"],["wife","la esposa","lah eh-SPOH-sah"],["baby","el bebé","ehl beh-BEH"],["boy","el niño","ehl NEE-nyoh"],["girl","la niña","lah NEE-nyah"],["man","el hombre","ehl OHM-breh"],["woman","la mujer","lah moo-HEHR"],["friend (boy)","el amigo","ehl ah-MEE-goh"],["friend (girl)","la amiga","lah ah-MEE-gah"],["neighbor","el vecino","ehl veh-SEE-noh"],["stepfather","el padrastro","ehl pah-DRAH-stroh"],["stepmother","la madrastra","lah mah-DRAH-strah"],["twin","el gemelo","ehl heh-MEH-loh"],["godfather","el padrino","ehl pah-DREE-noh"],["godmother","la madrina","lah mah-DREE-nah"],["teenager","el adolescente","ehl ah-doh-leh-SEHN-teh"],["people","la gente","lah HEHN-teh"],["pet","la mascota","lah mah-SKOH-tah"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-conjugation-grammar","id":"es-conjugation-grammar","title":"Spanish Irregular Verbs (Present) and Basic Grammar","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Present-tense forms of twelve key Spanish verbs (yo, tú, él/ella, nosotros, ellos) and a few basic grammar rules.","tags":["spanish","conjugation","grammar","irregular verbs"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["I am (ser)","yo soy","SOY"],["you are (ser)","tú eres","EH-rehs"],["he/she is (ser)","él/ella es","ehs"],["we are (ser)","nosotros somos","SOH-mohs"],["they are (ser)","ellos son","sohn"],["I am (estar)","yo estoy","eh-STOY"],["you are (estar)","tú estás","eh-STAHS"],["he/she is (estar)","él/ella está","eh-STAH"],["we are (estar)","nosotros estamos","eh-STAH-mohs"],["they are (estar)","ellos están","eh-STAHN"],["I have (tener)","yo tengo","TEHN-goh"],["you have (tener)","tú tienes","tee-EH-nehs"],["he/she has (tener)","él/ella tiene","tee-EH-neh"],["we have (tener)","nosotros tenemos","teh-NEH-mohs"],["they have (tener)","ellos tienen","tee-EH-nehn"],["I go (ir)","yo voy","VOY"],["you go (ir)","tú vas","VAHS"],["he/she goes (ir)","él/ella va","VAH"],["we go (ir)","nosotros vamos","VAH-mohs"],["they go (ir)","ellos van","VAHN"],["I do / make (hacer)","yo hago","AH-goh"],["you do / make (hacer)","tú haces","AH-sehs"],["he/she does / makes (hacer)","él/ella hace","AH-seh"],["we do / make (hacer)","nosotros hacemos","ah-SEH-mohs"],["they do / make (hacer)","ellos hacen","AH-sehn"],["I can (poder)","yo puedo","PWEH-doh"],["you can (poder)","tú puedes","PWEH-dehs"],["he/she can (poder)","él/ella puede","PWEH-deh"],["we can (poder)","nosotros podemos","poh-DEH-mohs"],["they can (poder)","ellos pueden","PWEH-dehn"],["I want (querer)","yo quiero","kee-EH-roh"],["you want (querer)","tú quieres","kee-EH-rehs"],["he/she wants (querer)","él/ella quiere","kee-EH-reh"],["we want (querer)","nosotros queremos","keh-REH-mohs"],["they want (querer)","ellos quieren","kee-EH-rehn"],["I say (decir)","yo digo","DEE-goh"],["you say (decir)","tú dices","DEE-sehs"],["he/she says (decir)","él/ella dice","DEE-seh"],["we say (decir)","nosotros decimos","deh-SEE-mohs"],["they say (decir)","ellos dicen","DEE-sehn"],["I come (venir)","yo vengo","VEHN-goh"],["you come (venir)","tú vienes","vee-EH-nehs"],["he/she comes (venir)","él/ella viene","vee-EH-neh"],["we come (venir)","nosotros venimos","veh-NEE-mohs"],["they come (venir)","ellos vienen","vee-EH-nehn"],["I see (ver)","yo veo","VEH-oh"],["you see (ver)","tú ves","VEHS"],["he/she sees (ver)","él/ella ve","VEH"],["we see (ver)","nosotros vemos","VEH-mohs"],["they see (ver)","ellos ven","VEHN"],["I give (dar)","yo doy","DOY"],["you give (dar)","tú das","DAHS"],["he/she gives (dar)","él/ella da","DAH"],["we give (dar)","nosotros damos","DAH-mohs"],["they give (dar)","ellos dan","DAHN"],["I know a fact (saber)","yo sé","SEH"],["you know a fact (saber)","tú sabes","SAH-behs"],["he/she knows a fact (saber)","él/ella sabe","SAH-beh"],["we know a fact (saber)","nosotros sabemos","sah-BEH-mohs"],["they know a fact (saber)","ellos saben","SAH-behn"],["the (masculine singular)","el","ehl"],["the (feminine singular)","la","lah"],["the (masculine plural)","los","lohs"],["the (feminine plural)","las","lahs"],["a (masculine)","un","oon"],["a (feminine)","una","OO-nah"],["I (pronoun)","yo","yoh"],["you (informal)","tú","too"],["you (formal)","usted","oos-TEHD"],["we","nosotros","noh-SOH-trohs"],["they (masculine or mixed)","ellos","EH-yohs"],["How do you make a Spanish noun plural if it ends in a vowel?","Add -s (casa → casas)","Ends in a consonant? Add -es: papel → papeles"],["How do you say a question in writing?","Put ¿ at the start and ? at the end","Exclamations use ¡ and !"],["Where do most adjectives go?","After the noun (el perro grande)","The big dog = the dog big"],["Do adjectives agree with the noun?","Yes: gato negro, gata negra","They match gender and number"],["What do verbs ending in -ar, -er, -ir do?","They change their endings for each person","hablo, hablas, habla..."],["Do you need the subject pronoun?","Usually no: Hablo español","The verb ending shows who"],["How do you make a sentence negative?","Put no before the verb","No hablo francés"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-food-drink","id":"es-food-drink","title":"Spanish Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Fruits, vegetables, meals, snacks and drinks, plus words for ordering at a restaurant.","tags":["spanish","food","drink","restaurant"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["food","la comida","lah koh-MEE-dah"],["water","el agua","ehl AH-gwah"],["milk","la leche","lah LEH-cheh"],["juice","el jugo","ehl HOO-goh"],["coffee","el café","ehl kah-FEH"],["tea","el té","ehl TEH"],["soda","el refresco","ehl reh-FREH-skoh"],["hot chocolate","el chocolate caliente","ehl choh-koh-LAH-teh kah-lee-EHN-teh"],["bread","el pan","ehl PAHN"],["butter","la mantequilla","lah mahn-teh-KEE-yah"],["cheese","el queso","ehl KEH-soh"],["egg","el huevo","ehl WEH-voh"],["rice","el arroz","ehl ah-RROHS"],["beans","los frijoles","lohs free-HOH-lehs"],["soup","la sopa","lah SOH-pah"],["salad","la ensalada","lah ehn-sah-LAH-dah"],["sandwich","el sándwich","ehl SAHND-weech"],["pizza","la pizza","lah PEE-sah"],["pasta","la pasta","lah PAH-stah"],["meat","la carne","lah KAR-neh"],["chicken (meat)","el pollo","ehl POH-yoh"],["beef","la carne de res","lah KAR-neh deh REHS"],["pork","el cerdo","ehl SEHR-doh"],["ham","el jamón","ehl hah-MOHN"],["sausage","la salchicha","lah sahl-CHEE-chah"],["fish (food)","el pescado","ehl peh-SKAH-doh"],["shrimp","el camarón","ehl kah-mah-ROHN"],["french fries","las papas fritas","lahs PAH-pahs FREE-tahs"],["hamburger","la hamburguesa","lah ahm-boor-GEH-sah"],["hot dog","el perro caliente","ehl PEH-rroh kah-lee-EHN-teh"],["tortilla","la tortilla","lah tohr-TEE-yah"],["breakfast","el desayuno","ehl deh-sah-YOO-noh"],["lunch","el almuerzo","ehl ahl-MWEHR-soh"],["dinner","la cena","lah SEH-nah"],["snack","la merienda","lah meh-ree-EHN-dah"],["dessert","el postre","ehl POH-streh"],["apple","la manzana","lah mahn-SAH-nah"],["banana","el plátano","ehl PLAH-tah-noh"],["orange (fruit)","la naranja","lah nah-RAHN-hah"],["strawberry","la fresa","lah FREH-sah"],["grapes","las uvas","lahs OO-vahs"],["watermelon","la sandía","lah sahn-DEE-ah"],["pineapple","la piña","lah PEE-nyah"],["lemon","el limón","ehl lee-MOHN"],["peach","el durazno","ehl doo-RAHS-noh"],["pear","la pera","lah PEH-rah"],["cherry","la cereza","lah seh-REH-sah"],["mango","el mango","ehl MAHN-goh"],["blueberry","el arándano","ehl ah-RAHN-dah-noh"],["coconut","el coco","ehl KOH-koh"],["fruit","la fruta","lah FROO-tah"],["vegetable","la verdura","lah vehr-DOO-rah"],["potato","la papa","lah PAH-pah"],["tomato","el tomate","ehl toh-MAH-teh"],["carrot","la zanahoria","lah sah-nah-OH-ree-ah"],["onion","la cebolla","lah seh-BOH-yah"],["lettuce","la lechuga","lah leh-CHOO-gah"],["corn","el maíz","ehl mah-EES"],["peas","los guisantes","lohs gee-SAHN-tehs"],["broccoli","el brócoli","ehl BROH-koh-lee"],["cucumber","el pepino","ehl peh-PEE-noh"],["garlic","el ajo","ehl AH-hoh"],["mushroom","el champiñón","ehl chahm-pee-NYOHN"],["pepper (vegetable)","el pimiento","ehl pee-mee-EHN-toh"],["avocado","el aguacate","ehl ah-gwah-KAH-teh"],["cake","el pastel","ehl pah-STEHL"],["cookie","la galleta","lah gah-YEH-tah"],["ice cream","el helado","ehl eh-LAH-doh"],["candy","el dulce","ehl DOOL-seh"],["chocolate","el chocolate","ehl choh-koh-LAH-teh"],["sugar","el azúcar","ehl ah-SOO-kahr"],["salt","la sal","lah SAHL"],["pepper (spice)","la pimienta","lah pee-mee-EHN-tah"],["honey","la miel","lah mee-EHL"],["jam","la mermelada","lah mehr-meh-LAH-dah"],["cereal","el cereal","ehl seh-reh-AHL"],["nuts","las nueces","lahs NWEH-sehs"],["popcorn","las palomitas","lahs pah-loh-MEE-tahs"],["plate","el plato","ehl PLAH-toh"],["fork","el tenedor","ehl teh-neh-DOHR"],["knife","el cuchillo","ehl koo-CHEE-yoh"],["spoon","la cuchara","lah koo-CHAH-rah"],["cup","la taza","lah TAH-sah"],["glass","el vaso","ehl VAH-soh"],["napkin","la servilleta","lah sehr-vee-YEH-tah"],["bowl","el tazón","ehl tah-SOHN"],["menu","el menú","ehl meh-NOO"],["The check, please","La cuenta, por favor","lah KWEHN-tah pohr fah-VOHR"],["I would like...","Quisiera...","kee-see-EH-rah"],["It's delicious","Está delicioso","eh-STAH deh-lee-see-OH-soh"],["I am vegetarian","Soy vegetariano","SOY veh-heh-tah-ree-AH-noh"],["waiter","el mesero","ehl meh-SEH-roh"],["restaurant","el restaurante","ehl reh-stow-RAHN-teh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-greetings-phrases","id":"es-greetings-phrases","title":"Spanish Greetings, Manners and Common Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Hello, please, thank you and the everyday phrases you need on day one of Spanish.","tags":["spanish","greetings","phrases","manners"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["Hello","Hola","OH-lah (the h is silent)"],["Good morning","Buenos días","BWEH-nohs DEE-ahs"],["Good afternoon","Buenas tardes","BWEH-nahs TAR-dehs"],["Good evening / Good night","Buenas noches","BWEH-nahs NOH-chehs"],["Goodbye","Adiós","ah-dee-OHS"],["See you later","Hasta luego","AH-stah LWEH-goh"],["See you tomorrow","Hasta mañana","AH-stah mah-NYAH-nah"],["See you soon","Hasta pronto","AH-stah PROHN-toh"],["Bye (casual)","Chao","CHOW"],["Please","Por favor","pohr fah-VOHR"],["Thank you","Gracias","GRAH-see-ahs"],["Thank you very much","Muchas gracias","MOO-chahs GRAH-see-ahs"],["You're welcome","De nada","deh NAH-dah"],["Excuse me (to get attention)","Perdón","pehr-DOHN"],["Excuse me (to pass by)","Con permiso","kohn pehr-MEE-soh"],["I'm sorry","Lo siento","loh see-EHN-toh"],["Yes","Sí","SEE"],["No","No","NOH"],["Maybe","Quizás","kee-SAHS"],["How are you? (informal)","¿Cómo estás?","KOH-moh eh-STAHS"],["How are you? (formal)","¿Cómo está usted?","KOH-moh eh-STAH oos-TEHD"],["I am fine","Estoy bien","eh-STOY bee-EHN"],["Very well, thank you","Muy bien, gracias","mwee bee-EHN GRAH-see-ahs"],["So-so","Así así","ah-SEE ah-SEE"],["Not good","Mal","MAHL"],["And you?","¿Y tú?","ee TOO"],["What is your name?","¿Cómo te llamas?","KOH-moh teh YAH-mahs"],["My name is...","Me llamo...","meh YAH-moh"],["Nice to meet you","Mucho gusto","MOO-choh GOO-stoh"],["Pleased to meet you","Encantado / Encantada","ehn-kahn-TAH-doh / -dah"],["Where are you from?","¿De dónde eres?","deh DOHN-deh EH-rehs"],["I am from...","Soy de...","SOY deh"],["How old are you?","¿Cuántos años tienes?","KWAHN-tohs AH-nyohs tee-EH-nehs"],["I am ten years old","Tengo diez años","TEHN-goh dee-EHS AH-nyohs"],["Do you speak English?","¿Hablas inglés?","AH-blahs een-GLEHS"],["I speak a little Spanish","Hablo un poco de español","AH-bloh oon POH-koh deh eh-spah-NYOHL"],["I don't understand","No entiendo","noh ehn-tee-EHN-doh"],["I understand","Entiendo","ehn-tee-EHN-doh"],["I don't know","No sé","noh SEH"],["Can you repeat that?","¿Puedes repetir?","PWEH-dehs reh-peh-TEER"],["More slowly, please","Más despacio, por favor","mahs dehs-PAH-see-oh pohr fah-VOHR"],["What does it mean?","¿Qué significa?","keh seeg-nee-FEE-kah"],["How do you say...?","¿Cómo se dice...?","KOH-moh seh DEE-seh"],["Help!","¡Ayuda!","ah-YOO-dah"],["Welcome","Bienvenido","bee-ehn-veh-NEE-doh"],["Congratulations","Felicidades","feh-lee-see-DAH-dehs"],["Happy birthday","Feliz cumpleaños","feh-LEES koom-pleh-AH-nyohs"],["Merry Christmas","Feliz Navidad","feh-LEES nah-vee-DAHD"],["Happy New Year","Feliz Año Nuevo","feh-LEES AH-nyoh NWEH-voh"],["Good luck","Buena suerte","BWEH-nah SWEHR-teh"],["Cheers! (to your health)","¡Salud!","sah-LOOD"],["Bless you (after a sneeze)","Salud","sah-LOOD"],["Have a good day","Que tengas un buen día","keh TEHN-gahs oon bwehn DEE-ah"],["Enjoy your meal","Buen provecho","bwehn proh-VEH-choh"],["Sweet dreams","Dulces sueños","DOOL-sehs SWEH-nyohs"],["Come in","Pasa","PAH-sah"],["Sit down","Siéntate","see-EHN-tah-teh"],["Wait a moment","Un momento","oon moh-MEHN-toh"],["I'm hungry","Tengo hambre","TEHN-goh AHM-breh"],["I'm thirsty","Tengo sed","TEHN-goh SEHD"],["I'm tired","Estoy cansado / cansada","eh-STOY kahn-SAH-doh"],["I'm cold","Tengo frío","TEHN-goh FREE-oh"],["I'm hot","Tengo calor","TEHN-goh kah-LOHR"],["I love you","Te quiero","teh kee-EH-roh"],["I like it","Me gusta","meh GOO-stah"],["I don't like it","No me gusta","noh meh GOO-stah"],["I want...","Quiero...","kee-EH-roh"],["I need...","Necesito...","neh-seh-SEE-toh"],["Of course","Claro que sí","KLAH-roh keh SEE"],["It's okay","Está bien","eh-STAH bee-EHN"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-numbers","id":"es-numbers","title":"Spanish Numbers 0 to 100","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Count in Spanish from zero to one hundred, plus ordinals.","tags":["spanish","numbers","counting"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["0","cero","SEH-roh"],["1","uno","OO-noh"],["2","dos","DOHS"],["3","tres","TREHS"],["4","cuatro","KWAH-troh"],["5","cinco","SEEN-koh"],["6","seis","SEHS"],["7","siete","see-EH-teh"],["8","ocho","OH-choh"],["9","nueve","NWEH-veh"],["10","diez","dee-EHS"],["11","once","OHN-seh"],["12","doce","DOH-seh"],["13","trece","TREH-seh"],["14","catorce","kah-TOHR-seh"],["15","quince","KEEN-seh"],["16","dieciséis","dee-eh-see-SEHS"],["17","diecisiete","dee-eh-see-see-EH-teh"],["18","dieciocho","dee-eh-see-OH-choh"],["19","diecinueve","dee-eh-see-NWEH-veh"],["20","veinte","VEYN-teh"],["21","veintiuno","veyn-tee-OO-noh"],["22","veintidós","veyn-tee-DOHS"],["23","veintitrés","veyn-tee-TREHS"],["24","veinticuatro","veyn-tee-KWAH-troh"],["25","veinticinco","veyn-tee-SEEN-koh"],["26","veintiséis","veyn-tee-SEHS"],["27","veintisiete","veyn-tee-see-EH-teh"],["28","veintiocho","veyn-tee-OH-choh"],["29","veintinueve","veyn-tee-NWEH-veh"],["30","treinta","TREYN-tah"],["31","treinta y uno","TREYN-tah ee OO-noh"],["40","cuarenta","kwah-REHN-tah"],["50","cincuenta","seen-KWEHN-tah"],["60","sesenta","seh-SEHN-tah"],["70","setenta","seh-TEHN-tah"],["80","ochenta","oh-CHEHN-tah"],["90","noventa","noh-VEHN-tah"],["100","cien","see-EHN"],["45","cuarenta y cinco","kwah-REHN-tah ee SEEN-koh"],["58","cincuenta y ocho","seen-KWEHN-tah ee OH-choh"],["67","sesenta y siete","seh-SEHN-tah ee see-EH-teh"],["73","setenta y tres","seh-TEHN-tah ee TREHS"],["99","noventa y nueve","noh-VEHN-tah ee NWEH-veh"],["101","ciento uno","see-EHN-toh OO-noh"],["200","doscientos","dohs-see-EHN-tohs"],["500","quinientos","kee-nee-EHN-tohs"],["1,000","mil","MEEL"],["1,000,000","un millón","oon mee-YOHN"],["first","primero","pree-MEH-roh"],["second","segundo","seh-GOON-doh"],["third","tercero","tehr-SEH-roh"],["fourth","cuarto","KWAR-toh"],["fifth","quinto","KEEN-toh"],["tenth","décimo","DEH-see-moh"],["half","la mitad","lah mee-TAHD"],["a pair","un par","oon PAHR"],["a dozen","una docena","OO-nah doh-SEH-nah"],["none (not one)","ninguno","neen-GOO-noh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-places-travel","id":"es-places-travel","title":"Spanish Places, Travel and Directions","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Places in town, getting around, directions and what to say when you travel.","tags":["spanish","travel","places","directions"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["city","la ciudad","lah see-oo-DAHD"],["town","el pueblo","ehl PWEH-bloh"],["street","la calle","lah KAH-yeh"],["store","la tienda","lah tee-EHN-dah"],["supermarket","el supermercado","ehl soo-pehr-mehr-KAH-doh"],["market","el mercado","ehl mehr-KAH-doh"],["bakery","la panadería","lah pah-nah-deh-REE-ah"],["restaurant","el restaurante","ehl reh-stow-RAHN-teh"],["hospital","el hospital","ehl oh-spee-TAHL"],["pharmacy","la farmacia","lah far-MAH-see-ah"],["bank","el banco","ehl BAHN-koh"],["post office","el correo","ehl koh-RREH-oh"],["church","la iglesia","lah ee-GLEH-see-ah"],["museum","el museo","ehl moo-SEH-oh"],["park","el parque","ehl PAR-keh"],["zoo","el zoológico","ehl soh-oh-LOH-hee-koh"],["movie theater","el cine","ehl SEE-neh"],["beach","la playa","lah PLAH-yah"],["mountain","la montaña","lah mohn-TAH-nyah"],["river","el río","ehl RREE-oh"],["lake","el lago","ehl LAH-goh"],["sea / ocean","el mar","ehl MAR"],["forest","el bosque","ehl BOH-skeh"],["desert","el desierto","ehl deh-see-EHR-toh"],["island","la isla","lah EES-lah"],["farm","la granja","lah GRAHN-hah"],["bridge","el puente","ehl PWEHN-teh"],["airport","el aeropuerto","ehl ah-eh-roh-PWEHR-toh"],["train station","la estación de tren","lah eh-stah-see-OHN deh trehn"],["bus stop","la parada de autobús","lah pah-RAH-dah deh ow-toh-BOOS"],["hotel","el hotel","ehl oh-TEHL"],["airplane","el avión","ehl ah-vee-OHN"],["train","el tren","ehl TREHN"],["bus","el autobús","ehl ow-toh-BOOS"],["car","el coche","ehl KOH-cheh"],["bicycle","la bicicleta","lah bee-see-KLEH-tah"],["boat","el barco","ehl BAR-koh"],["taxi","el taxi","ehl TAHK-see"],["subway","el metro","ehl MEH-troh"],["motorcycle","la motocicleta","lah moh-toh-see-KLEH-tah"],["ticket","el boleto","ehl boh-LEH-toh"],["passport","el pasaporte","ehl pah-sah-POHR-teh"],["suitcase","la maleta","lah mah-LEH-tah"],["map","el mapa","ehl MAH-pah"],["trip","el viaje","ehl vee-AH-heh"],["vacation","las vacaciones","lahs vah-kah-see-OH-nehs"],["country","el país","ehl pah-EES"],["Where is...?","¿Dónde está...?","DOHN-deh eh-STAH"],["Where is the bathroom?","¿Dónde está el baño?","DOHN-deh eh-STAH ehl BAH-nyoh"],["to the right","a la derecha","ah lah deh-REH-chah"],["to the left","a la izquierda","ah lah ees-kee-EHR-dah"],["straight ahead","todo recto","TOH-doh RREHK-toh"],["Turn","Gira","HEE-rah"],["here","aquí","ah-KEE"],["there","allí","ah-YEE"],["near","cerca","SEHR-kah"],["far","lejos","LEH-hohs"],["next to","al lado de","ahl LAH-doh deh"],["in front of","delante de","deh-LAHN-teh deh"],["behind","detrás de","deh-TRAHS deh"],["between","entre","EHN-treh"],["on / on top of","sobre","SOH-breh"],["under","debajo de","deh-BAH-hoh deh"],["inside","dentro","DEHN-troh"],["outside","fuera","FWEH-rah"],["corner","la esquina","lah eh-SKEE-nah"],["How much does it cost?","¿Cuánto cuesta?","KWAHN-toh KWEH-stah"],["I am lost","Estoy perdido","eh-STOY pehr-DEE-doh"],["I need help","Necesito ayuda","neh-seh-SEE-toh ah-YOO-dah"],["a room for two","una habitación para dos","OO-nah ah-bee-tah-see-OHN PAH-rah dohs"],["north","el norte","ehl NOHR-teh"],["south","el sur","ehl SOOR"],["east","el este","ehl EH-steh"],["west","el oeste","ehl oh-EH-steh"],["money","el dinero","ehl dee-NEH-roh"],["gift","el regalo","ehl reh-GAH-loh"],["camera","la cámara","lah KAH-mah-rah"],["camping tent","la tienda de campaña","lah tee-EHN-dah deh kahm-PAH-nyah"],["fire station","la estación de bomberos","lah eh-stah-see-OHN deh bohm-BEH-rohs"],["police","la policía","lah poh-lee-SEE-ah"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-school-home","id":"es-school-home","title":"Spanish School and Home","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Classroom objects, school subjects, rooms of the house and furniture in Spanish.","tags":["spanish","school","home","house"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["school","la escuela","lah eh-SKWEH-lah"],["classroom","el salón de clases","ehl sah-LOHN deh KLAH-sehs"],["teacher (man)","el maestro","ehl mah-EH-stroh"],["teacher (woman)","la maestra","lah mah-EH-strah"],["student","el estudiante","ehl eh-stoo-dee-AHN-teh"],["book","el libro","ehl LEE-broh"],["notebook","el cuaderno","ehl kwah-DEHR-noh"],["pencil","el lápiz","ehl LAH-pees"],["pen","el bolígrafo","ehl boh-LEE-grah-foh"],["eraser","la goma de borrar","lah GOH-mah deh boh-RRAR"],["ruler","la regla","lah REH-glah"],["scissors","las tijeras","lahs tee-HEH-rahs"],["glue","el pegamento","ehl peh-gah-MEHN-toh"],["paper","el papel","ehl pah-PEHL"],["crayon","el crayón","ehl krah-YOHN"],["marker","el marcador","ehl mar-kah-DOHR"],["backpack","la mochila","lah moh-CHEE-lah"],["desk","el pupitre","ehl poo-PEE-treh"],["chair","la silla","lah SEE-yah"],["table","la mesa","lah MEH-sah"],["board","la pizarra","lah pee-SAH-rrah"],["computer","la computadora","lah kohm-poo-tah-DOH-rah"],["homework","la tarea","lah tah-REH-ah"],["test","el examen","ehl ehk-SAH-mehn"],["lesson","la lección","lah lehk-see-OHN"],["recess","el recreo","ehl reh-KREH-oh"],["library","la biblioteca","lah bee-blee-oh-TEH-kah"],["map","el mapa","ehl MAH-pah"],["subject","la materia","lah mah-TEH-ree-ah"],["math","las matemáticas","lahs mah-teh-MAH-tee-kahs"],["science","las ciencias","lahs see-EHN-see-ahs"],["history","la historia","lah ee-STOH-ree-ah"],["art","el arte","ehl AR-teh"],["music","la música","lah MOO-see-kah"],["gym / physical education","la educación física","lah eh-doo-kah-see-OHN FEE-see-kah"],["Spanish (language)","el español","ehl eh-spah-NYOHL"],["English (language)","el inglés","ehl een-GLEHS"],["reading","la lectura","lah lehk-TOO-rah"],["question","la pregunta","lah preh-GOON-tah"],["answer","la respuesta","lah reh-SPWEH-stah"],["Raise your hand","Levanta la mano","leh-VAHN-tah lah MAH-noh"],["Open your book","Abre tu libro","AH-breh too LEE-broh"],["Listen","Escucha","eh-SKOO-chah"],["house","la casa","lah KAH-sah"],["apartment","el apartamento","ehl ah-par-tah-MEHN-toh"],["room","el cuarto","ehl KWAR-toh"],["bedroom","el dormitorio","ehl dohr-mee-TOH-ree-oh"],["bathroom","el baño","ehl BAH-nyoh"],["kitchen","la cocina","lah koh-SEE-nah"],["living room","la sala","lah SAH-lah"],["dining room","el comedor","ehl koh-meh-DOHR"],["garage","el garaje","ehl gah-RAH-heh"],["garden","el jardín","ehl har-DEEN"],["yard","el patio","ehl PAH-tee-oh"],["door","la puerta","lah PWEHR-tah"],["window","la ventana","lah vehn-TAH-nah"],["wall","la pared","lah pah-REHD"],["floor","el piso","ehl PEE-soh"],["ceiling","el techo","ehl TEH-choh"],["stairs","las escaleras","lahs eh-skah-LEH-rahs"],["roof","el techo","ehl TEH-choh"],["bed","la cama","lah KAH-mah"],["pillow","la almohada","lah ahl-moh-AH-dah"],["blanket","la cobija","lah koh-BEE-hah"],["sofa","el sofá","ehl soh-FAH"],["lamp","la lámpara","lah LAHM-pah-rah"],["television","la televisión","lah teh-leh-vee-see-OHN"],["refrigerator","el refrigerador","ehl reh-free-heh-rah-DOHR"],["stove","la estufa","lah eh-STOO-fah"],["oven","el horno","ehl OHR-noh"],["sink","el lavabo","ehl lah-VAH-boh"],["bathtub","la bañera","lah bah-NYEH-rah"],["shower","la ducha","lah DOO-chah"],["toilet","el inodoro","ehl ee-noh-DOH-roh"],["mirror","el espejo","ehl eh-SPEH-hoh"],["clock","el reloj","ehl reh-LOHH"],["key","la llave","lah YAH-veh"],["toy","el juguete","ehl hoo-GEH-teh"],["ball","la pelota","lah peh-LOH-tah"],["doll","la muñeca","lah moo-NYEH-kah"],["towel","la toalla","lah toh-AH-yah"],["soap","el jabón","ehl hah-BOHN"],["toothbrush","el cepillo de dientes","ehl seh-PEE-yoh deh dee-EHN-tehs"],["trash can","el bote de basura","ehl BOH-teh deh bah-SOO-rah"],["shelf","el estante","ehl eh-STAHN-teh"],["curtain","la cortina","lah kohr-TEE-nah"],["carpet","la alfombra","lah ahl-FOHM-brah"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-verbs","id":"es-verbs","title":"Common Spanish Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"One hundred of the most useful Spanish verbs in the infinitive.","tags":["spanish","verbs","infinitive"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["to be (permanent)","ser","sehr"],["to be (state, place)","estar","eh-STAR"],["to have","tener","teh-NEHR"],["to do / to make","hacer","ah-SEHR"],["to go","ir","eer"],["to come","venir","veh-NEER"],["to say / to tell","decir","deh-SEER"],["to give","dar","dar"],["to see","ver","vehr"],["to know (a fact)","saber","sah-BEHR"],["to know (a person or place)","conocer","koh-noh-SEHR"],["to want","querer","keh-REHR"],["to be able to / can","poder","poh-DEHR"],["to put","poner","poh-NEHR"],["to leave / to go out","salir","sah-LEER"],["to eat","comer","koh-MEHR"],["to drink","beber","beh-BEHR"],["to sleep","dormir","dohr-MEER"],["to live","vivir","vee-VEER"],["to speak","hablar","ah-BLAR"],["to listen","escuchar","eh-skoo-CHAR"],["to look at / to watch","mirar","mee-RAR"],["to hear","oír","oh-EER"],["to read","leer","leh-EHR"],["to write","escribir","eh-skree-BEER"],["to learn","aprender","ah-prehn-DEHR"],["to study","estudiar","eh-stoo-dee-AR"],["to teach","enseñar","ehn-seh-NYAR"],["to understand","entender","ehn-tehn-DEHR"],["to think","pensar","pehn-SAR"],["to remember","recordar","reh-kohr-DAR"],["to forget","olvidar","ohl-vee-DAR"],["to ask (a question)","preguntar","preh-goon-TAR"],["to answer","responder","reh-spohn-DEHR"],["to call","llamar","yah-MAR"],["to walk","caminar","kah-mee-NAR"],["to run","correr","koh-RREHR"],["to jump","saltar","sahl-TAR"],["to swim","nadar","nah-DAR"],["to dance","bailar","bye-LAR"],["to sing","cantar","kahn-TAR"],["to play (a game)","jugar","hoo-GAR"],["to play (an instrument)","tocar","toh-KAR"],["to work","trabajar","trah-bah-HAR"],["to help","ayudar","ah-yoo-DAR"],["to need","necesitar","neh-seh-see-TAR"],["to like (it pleases)","gustar","goo-STAR"],["to love","amar","ah-MAR"],["to take / to drink / to grab","tomar","toh-MAR"],["to carry / to wear","llevar","yeh-VAR"],["to bring","traer","trah-EHR"],["to buy","comprar","kohm-PRAR"],["to sell","vender","vehn-DEHR"],["to pay","pagar","pah-GAR"],["to cost","costar","koh-STAR"],["to open","abrir","ah-BREER"],["to close","cerrar","seh-RRAR"],["to begin","empezar","ehm-peh-SAR"],["to finish","terminar","tehr-mee-NAR"],["to stop","parar","pah-RAR"],["to wait for","esperar","eh-speh-RAR"],["to find","encontrar","ehn-kohn-TRAR"],["to look for","buscar","boo-SKAR"],["to lose","perder","pehr-DEHR"],["to win","ganar","gah-NAR"],["to try / to taste","probar","proh-BAR"],["to try / to attempt","intentar","een-tehn-TAR"],["to use","usar","oo-SAR"],["to cook","cocinar","koh-see-NAR"],["to clean","limpiar","leem-pee-AR"],["to wash","lavar","lah-VAR"],["to cut","cortar","kohr-TAR"],["to draw","dibujar","dee-boo-HAR"],["to paint","pintar","peen-TAR"],["to build","construir","kohns-troo-EER"],["to fall","caer","kah-EHR"],["to climb","subir","soo-BEER"],["to go down","bajar","bah-HAR"],["to enter","entrar","ehn-TRAR"],["to return","volver","vohl-VEHR"],["to arrive","llegar","yeh-GAR"],["to travel","viajar","vee-ah-HAR"],["to drive","conducir","kohn-doo-SEER"],["to ride / to go up","montar","mohn-TAR"],["to fly","volar","voh-LAR"],["to sit","sentarse","sehn-TAR-seh"],["to get up","levantarse","leh-vahn-TAR-seh"],["to wake up","despertarse","dehs-pehr-TAR-seh"],["to shower / bathe","bañarse","bah-NYAR-seh"],["to laugh","reír","reh-EER"],["to cry","llorar","yoh-RAR"],["to smile","sonreír","sohn-reh-EER"],["to share","compartir","kohm-par-TEER"],["to send","enviar","ehn-vee-AR"],["to receive","recibir","reh-see-BEER"],["to choose","elegir","eh-leh-HEER"],["to follow","seguir","seh-GEER"],["to ask for (a thing)","pedir","peh-DEER"],["to believe","creer","kreh-EHR"],["to wish / to hope","esperar","eh-speh-RAR"],["to happen","pasar","pah-SAR"],["to stay","quedarse","keh-DAR-seh"],["to catch","atrapar","ah-trah-PAR"],["to move","mover","moh-VEHR"],["to change","cambiar","kahm-bee-AR"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/es-weather-time","id":"es-weather-time","title":"Spanish Weather, Seasons, Days, Months and Time","category":"world-languages","subject":"Spanish","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Talk about the weather, name the days and months, and tell time in Spanish.","tags":["spanish","weather","days","months","time"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Spanish","cards":[["Monday","lunes","LOO-nehs"],["Tuesday","martes","MAR-tehs"],["Wednesday","miércoles","mee-EHR-koh-lehs"],["Thursday","jueves","HWEH-vehs"],["Friday","viernes","vee-EHR-nehs"],["Saturday","sábado","SAH-bah-doh"],["Sunday","domingo","doh-MEEN-goh"],["week","la semana","lah seh-MAH-nah"],["weekend","el fin de semana","ehl feen deh seh-MAH-nah"],["January","enero","eh-NEH-roh"],["February","febrero","feh-BREH-roh"],["March","marzo","MAR-soh"],["April","abril","ah-BREEL"],["May","mayo","MAH-yoh"],["June","junio","HOO-nee-oh"],["July","julio","HOO-lee-oh"],["August","agosto","ah-GOH-stoh"],["September","septiembre","sehp-tee-EHM-breh"],["October","octubre","ohk-TOO-breh"],["November","noviembre","noh-vee-EHM-breh"],["December","diciembre","dee-see-EHM-breh"],["month","el mes","ehl MEHS"],["year","el año","ehl AH-nyoh"],["spring","la primavera","lah pree-mah-VEH-rah"],["summer","el verano","ehl veh-RAH-noh"],["fall / autumn","el otoño","ehl oh-TOH-nyoh"],["winter","el invierno","ehl een-vee-EHR-noh"],["season","la estación","lah eh-stah-see-OHN"],["today","hoy","OY"],["yesterday","ayer","ah-YEHR"],["tomorrow","mañana","mah-NYAH-nah"],["now","ahora","ah-OH-rah"],["later","después","dehs-PWEHS"],["always","siempre","see-EHM-preh"],["never","nunca","NOON-kah"],["sometimes","a veces","ah VEH-sehs"],["morning","la mañana","lah mah-NYAH-nah"],["afternoon","la tarde","lah TAR-deh"],["night","la noche","lah NOH-cheh"],["day","el día","ehl DEE-ah"],["hour","la hora","lah OH-rah"],["minute","el minuto","ehl mee-NOO-toh"],["second","el segundo","ehl seh-GOON-doh"],["What time is it?","¿Qué hora es?","keh OH-rah ehs"],["It is one o'clock","Es la una","ehs lah OO-nah"],["It is three o'clock","Son las tres","sohn lahs TREHS"],["half past (and thirty)","y media","ee MEH-dee-ah"],["quarter past (and fifteen)","y cuarto","ee KWAR-toh"],["noon","el mediodía","ehl meh-dee-oh-DEE-ah"],["midnight","la medianoche","lah meh-dee-ah-NOH-cheh"],["early","temprano","tehm-PRAH-noh"],["late","tarde","TAR-deh"],["birthday","el cumpleaños","ehl koom-pleh-AH-nyohs"],["calendar","el calendario","ehl kah-lehn-DAH-ree-oh"],["weather","el tiempo","ehl tee-EHM-poh"],["What is the weather like?","¿Qué tiempo hace?","keh tee-EHM-poh AH-seh"],["It is sunny","Hace sol","AH-seh SOHL"],["It is hot","Hace calor","AH-seh kah-LOHR"],["It is cold","Hace frío","AH-seh FREE-oh"],["It is windy","Hace viento","AH-seh vee-EHN-toh"],["It is nice weather","Hace buen tiempo","AH-seh bwehn tee-EHM-poh"],["It is raining","Llueve","YWEH-veh"],["It is snowing","Nieva","nee-EH-vah"],["rain","la lluvia","lah YOO-vee-ah"],["snow","la nieve","lah nee-EH-veh"],["sun","el sol","ehl SOHL"],["moon","la luna","lah LOO-nah"],["star","la estrella","lah eh-STREH-yah"],["sky","el cielo","ehl see-EH-loh"],["cloud","la nube","lah NOO-beh"],["cloudy","nublado","noo-BLAH-doh"],["wind","el viento","ehl vee-EHN-toh"],["storm","la tormenta","lah tohr-MEHN-tah"],["thunder","el trueno","ehl TRWEH-noh"],["lightning","el relámpago","ehl reh-LAHM-pah-goh"],["fog","la niebla","lah nee-EH-blah"],["ice","el hielo","ehl ee-EH-loh"],["temperature","la temperatura","lah tehm-peh-rah-TOO-rah"],["rainbow","el arcoíris","ehl ar-koh-EE-rees"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-adjectives-questions","id":"fr-adjectives-questions","title":"French Adjectives and Question Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Describing words (masculine form) and the question words who, what, where, when, why and how.","tags":["french","adjectives","questions"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["Who?","Qui ?","kee"],["What?","Quoi ? / Que ?","kwah / kuh"],["Where?","Où ?","oo"],["When?","Quand ?","kahn"],["Why?","Pourquoi ?","poor-KWAH"],["How?","Comment ?","koh-MAHN"],["How much?","Combien ?","kohm-BYAN"],["Which?","Quel ?","kel"],["Is it that...? (starts a question)","Est-ce que... ?","es-kuh"],["because","parce que","pars-kuh"],["big / tall","grand","grahn"],["small","petit","puh-TEE"],["short (height)","court","koor"],["long","long","lohn"],["fat","gros","groh"],["thin","mince","mans"],["new","nouveau","noo-VOH"],["old","vieux","vyuh"],["young","jeune","zhuhn"],["good","bon","bohn"],["bad","mauvais","moh-VAY"],["better","meilleur","may-YUR"],["beautiful","beau","boh"],["pretty","joli","zhoh-LEE"],["ugly","laid","lay"],["happy","heureux","uh-RUH"],["sad","triste","treest"],["angry","fâché","fah-SHAY"],["scared","effrayé","eh-fray-YAY"],["tired","fatigué","fah-tee-GAY"],["sick","malade","mah-LAD"],["funny","drôle","drohl"],["serious","sérieux","say-RYUH"],["smart","intelligent","an-tel-ee-ZHAHN"],["silly","bête","bet"],["kind","gentil","zhahn-TEE"],["brave","courageux","koo-rah-ZHUH"],["shy","timide","tee-MEED"],["lazy","paresseux","pah-reh-SUH"],["fast","rapide","rah-PEED"],["slow","lent","lahn"],["hot","chaud","shoh"],["cold","froid","frwah"],["warm","tiède","tyed"],["hard","dur","dewr"],["soft","doux","doo"],["easy","facile","fah-SEEL"],["difficult","difficile","dee-fee-SEEL"],["heavy","lourd","loor"],["light (weight)","léger","lay-ZHAY"],["full","plein","plan"],["empty","vide","veed"],["open","ouvert","oo-VAIR"],["closed","fermé","fair-MAY"],["clean","propre","PROH-pruh"],["dirty","sale","sal"],["wet","mouillé","moo-YAY"],["dry","sec","sek"],["rich","riche","reesh"],["poor","pauvre","POH-vruh"],["expensive","cher","shair"],["cheap","bon marché","bohn mar-SHAY"],["strong","fort","for"],["weak","faible","FEH-bluh"],["loud","bruyant","brwee-YAHN"],["quiet","calme","kalm"],["near","près","pray"],["far","loin","lwan"],["many / a lot","beaucoup","boh-KOO"],["few / a little","peu","puh"],["all","tout","too"],["same","même","mem"],["different","différent","dee-fay-RAHN"],["important","important","an-por-TAHN"],["special","spécial","spay-SYAL"],["true","vrai","vray"],["false","faux","foh"],["ready","prêt","pray"],["free","libre","LEE-bruh"],["busy","occupé","oh-kew-PAY"],["dangerous","dangereux","dahn-zhuh-RUH"],["delicious","délicieux","day-lee-SYUH"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-animals","id":"fr-animals","title":"French Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Pets, farm animals, wild animals, birds, sea life and bugs in French.","tags":["french","animals","pets"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["dog","le chien","luh shyan"],["cat","le chat","luh shah"],["bird","l'oiseau","lwah-ZOH"],["fish","le poisson","luh pwah-SOHN"],["horse","le cheval","luh shuh-VAL"],["cow","la vache","lah vash"],["pig","le cochon","luh koh-SHOHN"],["sheep","le mouton","luh moo-TOHN"],["goat","la chèvre","lah SHEV-ruh"],["chicken","la poule","lah pool"],["rooster","le coq","luh kok"],["duck","le canard","luh kah-NAR"],["rabbit","le lapin","luh lah-PAN"],["mouse","la souris","lah soo-REE"],["turkey","la dinde","lah dand"],["donkey","l'âne","LAHN"],["lion","le lion","luh lyohn"],["tiger","le tigre","luh TEE-gruh"],["bear","l'ours","loors"],["elephant","l'éléphant","lay-lay-FAHN"],["giraffe","la girafe","lah zhee-RAF"],["monkey","le singe","luh sanzh"],["zebra","le zèbre","luh ZEB-ruh"],["wolf","le loup","luh loo"],["fox","le renard","luh ruh-NAR"],["deer","le cerf","luh sair"],["hippopotamus","l'hippopotame","lee-poh-poh-TAHM"],["rhinoceros","le rhinocéros","luh ree-noh-say-ROHS"],["kangaroo","le kangourou","luh kahn-goo-ROO"],["squirrel","l'écureuil","lay-kew-RUH-yuh"],["bat","la chauve-souris","lah shohv-soo-REE"],["camel","le chameau","luh shah-MOH"],["gorilla","le gorille","luh goh-REE-yuh"],["whale","la baleine","lah bah-LEN"],["dolphin","le dauphin","luh doh-FAN"],["shark","le requin","luh ruh-KAN"],["octopus","la pieuvre","lah PYUH-vruh"],["turtle","la tortue","lah tor-TEW"],["crab","le crabe","luh krab"],["seal","le phoque","luh fok"],["jellyfish","la méduse","lah may-DEWZ"],["starfish","l'étoile de mer","lay-TWAHL duh mair"],["frog","la grenouille","lah gruh-NOO-yuh"],["snake","le serpent","luh sair-PAHN"],["lizard","le lézard","luh lay-ZAR"],["crocodile","le crocodile","luh kroh-koh-DEEL"],["butterfly","le papillon","luh pah-pee-YOHN"],["bee","l'abeille","lah-BAY"],["ant","la fourmi","lah foor-MEE"],["spider","l'araignée","lah-ren-YAY"],["fly","la mouche","lah moosh"],["ladybug","la coccinelle","lah kok-see-NEL"],["worm","le ver","luh vair"],["snail","l'escargot","less-kar-GOH"],["mosquito","le moustique","luh moo-STEEK"],["eagle","l'aigle","LEG-luh"],["owl","le hibou","luh ee-BOO"],["parrot","le perroquet","luh pair-oh-KAY"],["penguin","le pingouin","luh pan-GWAN"],["swan","le cygne","luh SEEN-yuh"],["dove","la colombe","lah koh-LOHMB"],["puppy","le chiot","luh SHYOH"],["kitten","le chaton","luh shah-TOHN"],["animal","l'animal","lah-nee-MAL"],["wild boar","le sanglier","luh sahn-GLYAY"],["hedgehog","le hérisson","luh ay-ree-SOHN"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-body-clothes","id":"fr-body-clothes","title":"French Body Parts and Clothes","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of the body, feeling sick, and the clothes you wear in French.","tags":["french","body","clothes"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["head","la tête","lah tet"],["hair","les cheveux","lay shuh-VUH"],["face","le visage","luh vee-ZAHZH"],["eye","l'œil","LUH-yuh"],["eyes","les yeux","lay-ZYUH"],["ear","l'oreille","loh-RAY"],["nose","le nez","luh nay"],["mouth","la bouche","lah boosh"],["tooth","la dent","lah dahn"],["tongue","la langue","lah lahng"],["lip","la lèvre","lah LEV-ruh"],["cheek","la joue","lah zhoo"],["chin","le menton","luh mahn-TOHN"],["neck","le cou","luh koo"],["shoulder","l'épaule","lay-POHL"],["arm","le bras","luh brah"],["elbow","le coude","luh kood"],["hand","la main","lah man"],["finger","le doigt","luh dwah"],["thumb","le pouce","luh pooss"],["fingernail","l'ongle","LOHN-gluh"],["chest","la poitrine","lah pwah-TREEN"],["back","le dos","luh doh"],["stomach","le ventre","luh VAHN-truh"],["leg","la jambe","lah zhahmb"],["knee","le genou","luh zhuh-NOO"],["foot","le pied","luh pyay"],["toe","l'orteil","lor-TAY"],["ankle","la cheville","lah shuh-VEE-yuh"],["heart","le cœur","luh KUR"],["brain","le cerveau","luh sair-VOH"],["bone","l'os","LOSS"],["skin","la peau","lah poh"],["body","le corps","luh kor"],["I have a headache","J'ai mal à la tête","zhay mal ah lah TET"],["My stomach hurts","J'ai mal au ventre","zhay mal oh VAHN-truh"],["I am sick","Je suis malade","zhuh swee mah-LAD"],["doctor","le médecin","luh mayd-SAN"],["clothes","les vêtements","lay vet-MAHN"],["shirt","la chemise","lah shuh-MEEZ"],["T-shirt","le tee-shirt","luh tee-SHURT"],["pants","le pantalon","luh pahn-tah-LOHN"],["shorts","le short","luh short"],["jeans","le jean","luh jeen"],["skirt","la jupe","lah zhewp"],["dress","la robe","lah rob"],["sweater","le pull","luh pewl"],["jacket","la veste","lah vest"],["coat","le manteau","luh mahn-TOH"],["hoodie","le sweat à capuche","luh swet ah kah-POOSH"],["socks","les chaussettes","lay shoh-SET"],["shoes","les chaussures","lay shoh-SEWR"],["sneakers","les baskets","lay bas-KET"],["boots","les bottes","lay bot"],["sandals","les sandales","lay sahn-DAL"],["hat","le chapeau","luh shah-POH"],["cap","la casquette","lah kas-KET"],["gloves","les gants","lay gahn"],["scarf","l'écharpe","lay-SHARP"],["belt","la ceinture","lah san-TEWR"],["pajamas","le pyjama","luh pee-zhah-MAH"],["underwear","les sous-vêtements","lay soo-vet-MAHN"],["swimsuit","le maillot de bain","luh my-OH duh BAN"],["umbrella","le parapluie","luh pah-rah-PLWEE"],["glasses","les lunettes","lay lew-NET"],["backpack","le sac à dos","luh sak ah DOH"],["pocket","la poche","lah posh"],["button","le bouton","luh boo-TOHN"],["zipper","la fermeture éclair","lah fair-muh-TEWR ay-KLAIR"],["tie","la cravate","lah krah-VAT"],["ring","la bague","lah bag"],["watch","la montre","lah MOHN-truh"],["purse","le sac à main","luh sak ah MAN"],["to get dressed","s'habiller","sah-bee-YAY"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-colors-family","id":"fr-colors-family","title":"French Colors, Shapes and Family","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Colors, basic shapes and the words for family members in French.","tags":["french","colors","shapes","family"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["red","rouge","roozh"],["blue","bleu","bluh"],["yellow","jaune","zhohn"],["green","vert","vair"],["orange","orange","oh-RAHNZH"],["purple","violet","vee-oh-LAY"],["pink","rose","rohz"],["brown","marron","mah-ROHN"],["black","noir","nwahr"],["white","blanc","blahn"],["gray","gris","gree"],["gold","doré","doh-RAY"],["silver","argenté","ar-zhahn-TAY"],["dark","foncé","fohn-SAY"],["light (color)","clair","klair"],["color","la couleur","lah koo-LUR"],["rainbow","l'arc-en-ciel","lark-ahn-SYEL"],["circle","le cercle","luh SAIR-kluh"],["square","le carré","luh kah-RAY"],["triangle","le triangle","luh tree-AHN-gluh"],["rectangle","le rectangle","luh rek-TAHN-gluh"],["star","l'étoile","lay-TWAHL"],["heart","le cœur","luh KUR"],["oval","l'ovale","loh-VAHL"],["line","la ligne","lah LEEN-yuh"],["family","la famille","lah fah-MEE-yuh"],["mother","la mère","lah MAIR"],["father","le père","luh PAIR"],["mom","maman","mah-MAHN"],["dad","papa","pah-PAH"],["parents","les parents","lay pah-RAHN"],["son","le fils","luh FEES"],["daughter","la fille","lah FEE-yuh"],["brother","le frère","luh FRAIR"],["sister","la sœur","lah SUR"],["grandmother","la grand-mère","lah grahn-MAIR"],["grandfather","le grand-père","luh grahn-PAIR"],["grandparents","les grands-parents","lay grahn-pah-RAHN"],["grandson","le petit-fils","luh puh-tee-FEES"],["granddaughter","la petite-fille","lah puh-teet-FEE-yuh"],["uncle","l'oncle","LOHN-kluh"],["aunt","la tante","lah tahnt"],["cousin (boy)","le cousin","luh koo-ZAN"],["cousin (girl)","la cousine","lah koo-ZEEN"],["nephew","le neveu","luh nuh-VUH"],["niece","la nièce","lah NYES"],["husband","le mari","luh mah-REE"],["wife","la femme","lah fam"],["baby","le bébé","luh bay-BAY"],["boy","le garçon","luh gar-SOHN"],["girl","la fille","lah FEE-yuh"],["man","l'homme","LUM"],["woman","la femme","lah fam"],["child","l'enfant","lahn-FAHN"],["friend (boy)","l'ami","lah-MEE"],["friend (girl)","l'amie","lah-MEE"],["neighbor","le voisin","luh vwah-ZAN"],["stepfather","le beau-père","luh boh-PAIR"],["stepmother","la belle-mère","lah bel-MAIR"],["twin","le jumeau","luh zhew-MOH"],["godfather","le parrain","luh pah-RAN"],["godmother","la marraine","lah mah-REN"],["people","les gens","lay ZHAHN"],["pet","l'animal de compagnie","lah-nee-MAHL duh kohm-pah-NYEE"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-conjugation-grammar","id":"fr-conjugation-grammar","title":"French Irregular Verbs (Present) and Basic Grammar","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Present-tense forms of twelve key French verbs (je, tu, il/elle, nous, ils) and a few basic grammar rules.","tags":["french","conjugation","grammar","irregular verbs"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["I am (être)","je suis","zhuh swee"],["you are (être)","tu es","tew eh"],["he/she is (être)","il/elle est","eel/el eh"],["we are (être)","nous sommes","noo sum"],["they are (être)","ils sont","eel sohn"],["I have (avoir)","j'ai","zhay"],["you have (avoir)","tu as","tew ah"],["he/she has (avoir)","il/elle a","eel/el ah"],["we have (avoir)","nous avons","noo zah-VOHN"],["they have (avoir)","ils ont","eel zohn"],["I go (aller)","je vais","zhuh vay"],["you go (aller)","tu vas","tew vah"],["he/she goes (aller)","il/elle va","eel/el vah"],["we go (aller)","nous allons","noo zah-LOHN"],["they go (aller)","ils vont","eel vohn"],["I do / make (faire)","je fais","zhuh fay"],["you do / make (faire)","tu fais","tew fay"],["he/she does / makes (faire)","il/elle fait","eel/el fay"],["we do / make (faire)","nous faisons","noo fuh-ZOHN"],["they do / make (faire)","ils font","eel fohn"],["I can (pouvoir)","je peux","zhuh puh"],["you can (pouvoir)","tu peux","tew puh"],["he/she can (pouvoir)","il/elle peut","eel/el puh"],["we can (pouvoir)","nous pouvons","noo poo-VOHN"],["they can (pouvoir)","ils peuvent","eel puhv"],["I want (vouloir)","je veux","zhuh vuh"],["you want (vouloir)","tu veux","tew vuh"],["he/she wants (vouloir)","il/elle veut","eel/el vuh"],["we want (vouloir)","nous voulons","noo voo-LOHN"],["they want (vouloir)","ils veulent","eel vuhl"],["I come (venir)","je viens","zhuh vyan"],["you come (venir)","tu viens","tew vyan"],["he/she comes (venir)","il/elle vient","eel/el vyan"],["we come (venir)","nous venons","noo vuh-NOHN"],["they come (venir)","ils viennent","eel vyen"],["I say (dire)","je dis","zhuh dee"],["you say (dire)","tu dis","tew dee"],["he/she says (dire)","il/elle dit","eel/el dee"],["we say (dire)","nous disons","noo dee-ZOHN"],["they say (dire)","ils disent","eel deez"],["I see (voir)","je vois","zhuh vwah"],["you see (voir)","tu vois","tew vwah"],["he/she sees (voir)","il/elle voit","eel/el vwah"],["we see (voir)","nous voyons","noo vwah-YOHN"],["they see (voir)","ils voient","eel vwah"],["I know a fact (savoir)","je sais","zhuh say"],["you know a fact (savoir)","tu sais","tew say"],["he/she knows a fact (savoir)","il/elle sait","eel/el say"],["we know a fact (savoir)","nous savons","noo sah-VOHN"],["they know a fact (savoir)","ils savent","eel sav"],["I take (prendre)","je prends","zhuh prahn"],["you take (prendre)","tu prends","tew prahn"],["he/she takes (prendre)","il/elle prend","eel/el prahn"],["we take (prendre)","nous prenons","noo pruh-NOHN"],["they take (prendre)","ils prennent","eel pren"],["I must (devoir)","je dois","zhuh dwah"],["you must (devoir)","tu dois","tew dwah"],["he/she must (devoir)","il/elle doit","eel/el dwah"],["we must (devoir)","nous devons","noo duh-VOHN"],["they must (devoir)","ils doivent","eel dwahv"],["the (masculine)","le","luh"],["the (feminine)","la","lah"],["the (plural)","les","lay"],["a (masculine)","un","uhn"],["a (feminine)","une","ewn"],["some","des","day"],["you (informal)","tu","tew"],["you (formal or plural)","vous","voo"],["we","nous","noo"],["How do you usually make a French noun plural?","Add -s (livre → livres)","The s is usually silent"],["Where do most adjectives go?","After the noun (un chat noir)","Short common ones like grand, petit, bon, beau go before"],["Do adjectives agree with the noun?","Yes: petit, petite, petits, petites","Feminine often adds -e"],["How do you make a sentence negative?","Put ne...pas around the verb","Je ne parle pas"],["What happens to le or la before a vowel?","It becomes l' (l'ami)","Le and la drop their vowel"],["How do you say \"my\" with a feminine noun?","ma (ma mère)","mon for masculine, mes for plural"],["How do you say \"in the\" or \"to the\" before a masculine noun?","au (au parc)","à + le = au; à + les = aux"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-food-drink","id":"fr-food-drink","title":"French Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Fruits, vegetables, meals, snacks and drinks, plus words for ordering at a restaurant.","tags":["french","food","drink","restaurant"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["food","la nourriture","lah noo-ree-TEWR"],["water","l'eau","loh"],["milk","le lait","luh LAY"],["juice","le jus","luh zhew"],["coffee","le café","luh kah-FAY"],["tea","le thé","luh tay"],["soda","la boisson gazeuse","lah bwah-SOHN gah-ZUHZ"],["hot chocolate","le chocolat chaud","luh shoh-koh-LAH shoh"],["bread","le pain","luh pan"],["baguette","la baguette","lah bah-GET"],["butter","le beurre","luh bur"],["cheese","le fromage","luh froh-MAHZH"],["egg","l'œuf","LUHF"],["rice","le riz","luh ree"],["beans","les haricots","lay ah-ree-KOH"],["soup","la soupe","lah soop"],["salad","la salade","lah sah-LAD"],["sandwich","le sandwich","luh sahnd-WEECH"],["pizza","la pizza","lah peed-ZAH"],["pasta","les pâtes","lay paht"],["meat","la viande","lah vyahnd"],["chicken (meat)","le poulet","luh poo-LAY"],["beef","le bœuf","luh BUHF"],["pork","le porc","luh por"],["ham","le jambon","luh zhahm-BOHN"],["sausage","la saucisse","lah soh-SEES"],["fish (food)","le poisson","luh pwah-SOHN"],["shrimp","la crevette","lah kruh-VET"],["french fries","les frites","lay freet"],["hamburger","le hamburger","luh ahm-boor-GAIR"],["pancake / crêpe","la crêpe","lah krep"],["croissant","le croissant","luh krwah-SAHN"],["breakfast","le petit déjeuner","luh puh-TEE day-zhuh-NAY"],["lunch","le déjeuner","luh day-zhuh-NAY"],["dinner","le dîner","luh dee-NAY"],["snack","le goûter","luh goo-TAY"],["dessert","le dessert","luh deh-SAIR"],["apple","la pomme","lah pum"],["banana","la banane","lah bah-NAN"],["orange (fruit)","l'orange","loh-RAHNZH"],["strawberry","la fraise","lah frez"],["grapes","le raisin","luh ray-ZAN"],["watermelon","la pastèque","lah pas-TEK"],["pineapple","l'ananas","lah-nah-NAH"],["lemon","le citron","luh see-TROHN"],["peach","la pêche","lah pesh"],["pear","la poire","lah pwahr"],["cherry","la cerise","lah suh-REEZ"],["raspberry","la framboise","lah frahm-BWAHZ"],["coconut","la noix de coco","lah nwah duh koh-KOH"],["fruit","le fruit","luh frwee"],["vegetable","le légume","luh lay-GEWM"],["potato","la pomme de terre","lah pum duh TAIR"],["tomato","la tomate","lah toh-MAT"],["carrot","la carotte","lah kah-ROT"],["onion","l'oignon","loh-NYOHN"],["lettuce","la laitue","lah lay-TEW"],["corn","le maïs","luh mah-EES"],["peas","les petits pois","lay puh-tee PWAH"],["cucumber","le concombre","luh kohn-KOHM-bruh"],["garlic","l'ail","LIE"],["mushroom","le champignon","luh shahm-pee-NYOHN"],["pepper (vegetable)","le poivron","luh pwah-VROHN"],["cake","le gâteau","luh gah-TOH"],["cookie","le biscuit","luh bee-SKWEE"],["ice cream","la glace","lah glas"],["candy","le bonbon","luh bohn-BOHN"],["chocolate","le chocolat","luh shoh-koh-LAH"],["sugar","le sucre","luh SEW-kruh"],["salt","le sel","luh sel"],["pepper (spice)","le poivre","luh PWAH-vruh"],["honey","le miel","luh myel"],["jam","la confiture","lah kohn-fee-TEWR"],["plate","l'assiette","lah-SYET"],["fork","la fourchette","lah foor-SHET"],["knife","le couteau","luh koo-TOH"],["spoon","la cuillère","lah kwee-YAIR"],["cup","la tasse","lah tas"],["glass","le verre","luh vair"],["napkin","la serviette","lah sair-VYET"],["bowl","le bol","luh bol"],["menu","le menu","luh muh-NEW"],["The check, please","L'addition, s'il vous plaît","lah-dee-SYOHN seel voo PLEH"],["I would like...","Je voudrais...","zhuh voo-DRAY"],["It's delicious","C'est délicieux","seh day-lee-SYUH"],["I am vegetarian","Je suis végétarien","zhuh swee vay-zhay-tah-RYAN"],["waiter","le serveur","luh sair-VUR"],["restaurant","le restaurant","luh res-toh-RAHN"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-greetings-phrases","id":"fr-greetings-phrases","title":"French Greetings, Manners and Common Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Hello, please, thank you and the everyday phrases you need on day one of French.","tags":["french","greetings","phrases","manners"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["Hello","Bonjour","bohn-ZHOOR"],["Hi (casual)","Salut","sah-LOO"],["Good evening","Bonsoir","bohn-SWAHR"],["Good night","Bonne nuit","bun NWEE"],["Goodbye","Au revoir","oh ruh-VWAHR"],["See you later","À bientôt","ah byan-TOH"],["See you tomorrow","À demain","ah duh-MAN"],["Bye (casual)","Ciao","chow"],["Please","S'il vous plaît","seel voo PLEH"],["Please (to a friend)","S'il te plaît","seel tuh PLEH"],["Thank you","Merci","mehr-SEE"],["Thank you very much","Merci beaucoup","mehr-SEE boh-KOO"],["You're welcome","De rien","duh RYAN"],["Excuse me","Excusez-moi","ek-skew-zay MWAH"],["I'm sorry","Je suis désolé","zhuh swee day-zoh-LAY"],["Pardon","Pardon","par-DOHN"],["Yes","Oui","WEE"],["No","Non","NOHN"],["Maybe","Peut-être","puh-TET-ruh"],["How are you? (informal)","Ça va ?","sah VAH"],["How are you? (formal)","Comment allez-vous ?","koh-mahn tah-lay VOO"],["I am fine","Je vais bien","zhuh vay BYAN"],["Very well, thank you","Très bien, merci","tray BYAN mehr-SEE"],["So-so","Comme ci, comme ça","kum SEE kum SAH"],["Not good","Pas bien","pah BYAN"],["And you?","Et toi ?","ay TWAH"],["What is your name?","Comment tu t'appelles ?","koh-mahn too tah-PEL"],["My name is...","Je m'appelle...","zhuh mah-PEL"],["Nice to meet you","Enchanté","ahn-shahn-TAY"],["Where are you from?","D'où viens-tu ?","doo VYAN too"],["I am from...","Je viens de...","zhuh VYAN duh"],["How old are you?","Quel âge as-tu ?","kel AHZH ah TOO"],["I am ten years old","J'ai dix ans","zhay dees AHN"],["Do you speak English?","Parlez-vous anglais ?","par-lay voo ahn-GLAY"],["I speak a little French","Je parle un peu français","zhuh PARL uhn puh frahn-SAY"],["I don't understand","Je ne comprends pas","zhuh nuh kohm-PRAHN pah"],["I understand","Je comprends","zhuh kohm-PRAHN"],["I don't know","Je ne sais pas","zhuh nuh SAY pah"],["Can you repeat that?","Pouvez-vous répéter ?","poo-vay voo ray-pay-TAY"],["More slowly, please","Plus lentement, s'il vous plaît","ploo lahnt-MAHN seel voo PLEH"],["How do you say...?","Comment dit-on... ?","koh-mahn dee-TOHN"],["Help!","Au secours !","oh suh-KOOR"],["Welcome","Bienvenue","byan-vuh-NOO"],["Congratulations","Félicitations","fay-lee-see-tah-SYOHN"],["Happy birthday","Joyeux anniversaire","zhwah-yuh ah-nee-vehr-SAIR"],["Merry Christmas","Joyeux Noël","zhwah-yuh noh-EL"],["Happy New Year","Bonne année","bun ah-NAY"],["Good luck","Bonne chance","bun SHAHNS"],["Cheers!","Santé !","sahn-TAY"],["Have a good day","Bonne journée","bun zhoor-NAY"],["Enjoy your meal","Bon appétit","bohn ah-pay-TEE"],["Sweet dreams","Fais de beaux rêves","fay duh boh REV"],["Come in","Entrez","ahn-TRAY"],["Sit down","Assieds-toi","ah-SYAY twah"],["Wait a moment","Un moment","uhn moh-MAHN"],["I'm hungry","J'ai faim","zhay FAN"],["I'm thirsty","J'ai soif","zhay SWAHF"],["I'm tired","Je suis fatigué","zhuh swee fah-tee-GAY"],["I'm cold","J'ai froid","zhay FRWAH"],["I'm hot","J'ai chaud","zhay SHOH"],["I love you","Je t'aime","zhuh TEM"],["I like it","J'aime ça","zhem SAH"],["I don't like it","Je n'aime pas ça","zhuh nem pah SAH"],["I want...","Je veux...","zhuh VUH"],["I need...","J'ai besoin de...","zhay buh-ZWAN duh"],["Of course","Bien sûr","byan SEWR"],["It's okay","D'accord","dah-KOR"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-numbers","id":"fr-numbers","title":"French Numbers 0 to 100","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Count in French from zero to one hundred, including the tricky seventies, eighties and nineties.","tags":["french","numbers","counting"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["0","zéro","zay-ROH"],["1","un","uhn"],["2","deux","duh"],["3","trois","trwah"],["4","quatre","KAT-ruh"],["5","cinq","sank"],["6","six","sees"],["7","sept","set"],["8","huit","weet"],["9","neuf","nuhf"],["10","dix","dees"],["11","onze","ohnz"],["12","douze","dooz"],["13","treize","trez"],["14","quatorze","kah-TORZ"],["15","quinze","kanz"],["16","seize","sez"],["17","dix-sept","dee-SET"],["18","dix-huit","dee-ZWEET"],["19","dix-neuf","deez-NUHF"],["20","vingt","van"],["21","vingt et un","van tay UHN"],["22","vingt-deux","van-DUH"],["23","vingt-trois","van-TRWAH"],["24","vingt-quatre","van-KAT-ruh"],["25","vingt-cinq","van-SANK"],["26","vingt-six","van-SEES"],["27","vingt-sept","van-SET"],["28","vingt-huit","van-WEET"],["29","vingt-neuf","van-NUHF"],["30","trente","trahnt"],["31","trente et un","trahn tay UHN"],["40","quarante","kah-RAHNT"],["50","cinquante","san-KAHNT"],["60","soixante","swah-SAHNT"],["70","soixante-dix","swah-sahnt-DEES"],["71","soixante et onze","swah-sahnt ay OHNZ"],["72","soixante-douze","swah-sahnt-DOOZ"],["80","quatre-vingts","kat-ruh-VAN"],["81","quatre-vingt-un","kat-ruh-van-UHN"],["90","quatre-vingt-dix","kat-ruh-van-DEES"],["91","quatre-vingt-onze","kat-ruh-van-OHNZ"],["100","cent","sahn"],["45","quarante-cinq","kah-rahnt-SANK"],["58","cinquante-huit","san-kahnt-WEET"],["67","soixante-sept","swah-sahnt-SET"],["99","quatre-vingt-dix-neuf","kat-ruh-van-deez-NUHF"],["200","deux cents","duh SAHN"],["1,000","mille","meel"],["1,000,000","un million","uhn mee-LYOHN"],["first","premier","pruh-MYAY"],["second","deuxième","duh-ZYEM"],["third","troisième","trwah-ZYEM"],["fourth","quatrième","kat-ree-YEM"],["fifth","cinquième","san-KYEM"],["tenth","dixième","dee-ZYEM"],["half","la moitié","lah mwah-TYAY"],["a dozen","une douzaine","ewn doo-ZEN"],["a pair","une paire","ewn PAIR"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-places-travel","id":"fr-places-travel","title":"French Places, Travel and Directions","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Places in town, getting around, directions and what to say when you travel.","tags":["french","travel","places","directions"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["city","la ville","lah veel"],["village","le village","luh vee-LAHZH"],["street","la rue","lah rew"],["store","le magasin","luh mah-gah-ZAN"],["supermarket","le supermarché","luh sew-pair-mar-SHAY"],["market","le marché","luh mar-SHAY"],["bakery","la boulangerie","lah boo-lahn-zhuh-REE"],["pastry shop","la pâtisserie","lah pah-tee-SREE"],["restaurant","le restaurant","luh res-toh-RAHN"],["hospital","l'hôpital","loh-pee-TAL"],["pharmacy","la pharmacie","lah far-mah-SEE"],["bank","la banque","lah bahnk"],["post office","la poste","lah post"],["church","l'église","lay-GLEEZ"],["museum","le musée","luh mew-ZAY"],["park","le parc","luh park"],["zoo","le zoo","luh zoh"],["movie theater","le cinéma","luh see-nay-MAH"],["beach","la plage","lah plahzh"],["mountain","la montagne","lah mohn-TAHN-yuh"],["river","la rivière","lah ree-VYAIR"],["lake","le lac","luh lak"],["sea","la mer","lah mair"],["forest","la forêt","lah foh-RAY"],["desert","le désert","luh day-ZAIR"],["island","l'île","LEEL"],["farm","la ferme","lah fairm"],["bridge","le pont","luh pohn"],["airport","l'aéroport","lah-ay-roh-POR"],["train station","la gare","lah gar"],["bus stop","l'arrêt de bus","lah-RAY duh bews"],["hotel","l'hôtel","loh-TEL"],["airplane","l'avion","lah-VYOHN"],["train","le train","luh tran"],["bus","le bus","luh bews"],["car","la voiture","lah vwah-TEWR"],["bicycle","le vélo","luh vay-LOH"],["boat","le bateau","luh bah-TOH"],["taxi","le taxi","luh tak-SEE"],["subway","le métro","luh may-TROH"],["motorcycle","la moto","lah moh-TOH"],["ticket","le billet","luh bee-YAY"],["passport","le passeport","luh pas-POR"],["suitcase","la valise","lah vah-LEEZ"],["trip","le voyage","luh vwah-YAHZH"],["vacation","les vacances","lay vah-KAHNS"],["country","le pays","luh pay-EE"],["Where is...?","Où est... ?","oo eh"],["Where is the bathroom?","Où sont les toilettes ?","oo sohn lay twah-LET"],["to the right","à droite","ah DRWAHT"],["to the left","à gauche","ah GOHSH"],["straight ahead","tout droit","too DRWAH"],["here","ici","ee-SEE"],["there","là","lah"],["next to","à côté de","ah koh-TAY duh"],["in front of","devant","duh-VAHN"],["behind","derrière","dair-YAIR"],["between","entre","AHN-truh"],["on","sur","sewr"],["under","sous","soo"],["inside","dedans","duh-DAHN"],["outside","dehors","duh-OR"],["corner","le coin","luh kwan"],["How much does it cost?","Combien ça coûte ?","kohm-BYAN sah KOOT"],["I am lost","Je suis perdu","zhuh swee pair-DEW"],["I need help","J'ai besoin d'aide","zhay buh-ZWAN dayd"],["a room for two","une chambre pour deux","ewn SHAHM-bruh poor DUH"],["north","le nord","luh nor"],["south","le sud","luh sewd"],["east","l'est","lest"],["west","l'ouest","lwest"],["money","l'argent","lar-ZHAHN"],["gift","le cadeau","luh kah-DOH"],["camera","l'appareil photo","lah-pah-RAY foh-TOH"],["castle","le château","luh shah-TOH"],["police","la police","lah poh-LEES"],["fire station","la caserne de pompiers","lah kah-ZAIRN duh pohm-PYAY"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-school-home","id":"fr-school-home","title":"French School and Home","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Classroom objects, school subjects, rooms of the house and furniture in French.","tags":["french","school","home","house"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["school","l'école","lay-KOL"],["classroom","la salle de classe","lah sal duh klas"],["teacher (man)","le professeur","luh proh-feh-SUR"],["teacher (woman)","la professeure","lah proh-feh-SUR"],["student (boy)","l'élève","lay-LEV"],["book","le livre","luh LEE-vruh"],["notebook","le cahier","luh kah-YAY"],["pencil","le crayon","luh kray-YOHN"],["pen","le stylo","luh stee-LOH"],["eraser","la gomme","lah gum"],["ruler","la règle","lah REG-luh"],["scissors","les ciseaux","lay see-ZOH"],["glue","la colle","lah kol"],["paper","le papier","luh pah-PYAY"],["marker","le feutre","luh FUH-truh"],["backpack","le cartable","luh kar-TAH-bluh"],["desk","le bureau","luh bew-ROH"],["chair","la chaise","lah shez"],["table","la table","lah TAH-bluh"],["board","le tableau","luh tah-BLOH"],["computer","l'ordinateur","lor-dee-nah-TUR"],["homework","les devoirs","lay duh-VWAHR"],["test","l'examen","leg-zah-MAN"],["lesson","la leçon","lah luh-SOHN"],["recess","la récréation","lah ray-kray-ah-SYOHN"],["library","la bibliothèque","lah bee-blee-oh-TEK"],["map","la carte","lah kart"],["subject","la matière","lah mah-TYAIR"],["math","les maths","lay mat"],["science","les sciences","lay SYAHNS"],["history","l'histoire","lees-TWAHR"],["art","l'art","LAR"],["music","la musique","lah mew-ZEEK"],["gym / physical education","l'éducation physique","lay-dew-kah-SYOHN fee-ZEEK"],["French (language)","le français","luh frahn-SAY"],["English (language)","l'anglais","lahn-GLAY"],["reading","la lecture","lah lek-TEWR"],["question","la question","lah kes-TYOHN"],["answer","la réponse","lah ray-POHNS"],["Raise your hand","Lève la main","lev lah MAN"],["Open your book","Ouvre ton livre","OO-vruh tohn LEE-vruh"],["Listen","Écoute","ay-KOOT"],["house","la maison","lah may-ZOHN"],["apartment","l'appartement","lah-par-tuh-MAHN"],["room","la pièce","lah pyes"],["bedroom","la chambre","lah SHAHM-bruh"],["bathroom","la salle de bains","lah sal duh BAN"],["kitchen","la cuisine","lah kwee-ZEEN"],["living room","le salon","luh sah-LOHN"],["dining room","la salle à manger","lah sal ah mahn-ZHAY"],["garage","le garage","luh gah-RAZH"],["garden","le jardin","luh zhar-DAN"],["door","la porte","lah port"],["window","la fenêtre","lah fuh-NET-ruh"],["wall","le mur","luh mewr"],["floor","le sol","luh sol"],["ceiling","le plafond","luh plah-FOHN"],["stairs","l'escalier","les-kah-LYAY"],["roof","le toit","luh twah"],["bed","le lit","luh lee"],["pillow","l'oreiller","loh-ray-YAY"],["blanket","la couverture","lah koo-vair-TEWR"],["sofa","le canapé","luh kah-nah-PAY"],["lamp","la lampe","lah lahmp"],["television","la télévision","lah tay-lay-vee-ZYOHN"],["refrigerator","le réfrigérateur","luh ray-free-zhay-rah-TUR"],["stove","la cuisinière","lah kwee-zee-NYAIR"],["oven","le four","luh foor"],["sink","l'évier","lay-VYAY"],["bathtub","la baignoire","lah ben-YWAHR"],["shower","la douche","lah doosh"],["toilet","les toilettes","lay twah-LET"],["mirror","le miroir","luh meer-WAHR"],["clock","l'horloge","lor-LOZH"],["key","la clé","lah klay"],["toy","le jouet","luh zhoo-AY"],["ball","le ballon","luh bah-LOHN"],["doll","la poupée","lah poo-PAY"],["towel","la serviette de bain","lah sair-VYET duh BAN"],["soap","le savon","luh sah-VOHN"],["toothbrush","la brosse à dents","lah bros ah DAHN"],["trash can","la poubelle","lah poo-BEL"],["shelf","l'étagère","lay-tah-ZHAIR"],["curtain","le rideau","luh ree-DOH"],["carpet","le tapis","luh tah-PEE"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-verbs","id":"fr-verbs","title":"Common French Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"One hundred of the most useful French verbs in the infinitive.","tags":["french","verbs","infinitive"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["to be","être","ET-ruh"],["to have","avoir","ah-VWAHR"],["to do / to make","faire","fair"],["to go","aller","ah-LAY"],["to come","venir","vuh-NEER"],["to say / to tell","dire","deer"],["to give","donner","doh-NAY"],["to see","voir","vwahr"],["to know (a fact)","savoir","sah-VWAHR"],["to know (a person or place)","connaître","koh-NET-ruh"],["to want","vouloir","voo-LWAHR"],["to be able to / can","pouvoir","poo-VWAHR"],["to have to / must","devoir","duh-VWAHR"],["to put","mettre","MET-ruh"],["to take","prendre","PRAHN-druh"],["to leave / to go out","sortir","sor-TEER"],["to leave (a place)","partir","par-TEER"],["to eat","manger","mahn-ZHAY"],["to drink","boire","bwahr"],["to sleep","dormir","dor-MEER"],["to live","vivre","VEE-vruh"],["to speak","parler","par-LAY"],["to listen","écouter","ay-koo-TAY"],["to look at / to watch","regarder","ruh-gar-DAY"],["to hear","entendre","ahn-TAHN-druh"],["to read","lire","leer"],["to write","écrire","ay-KREER"],["to learn","apprendre","ah-PRAHN-druh"],["to study","étudier","ay-tew-DYAY"],["to teach","enseigner","ahn-sen-YAY"],["to understand","comprendre","kohm-PRAHN-druh"],["to think","penser","pahn-SAY"],["to remember","se souvenir","suh soov-NEER"],["to forget","oublier","oo-blee-AY"],["to ask","demander","duh-mahn-DAY"],["to answer","répondre","ray-POHN-druh"],["to call","appeler","ah-puh-LAY"],["to walk","marcher","mar-SHAY"],["to run","courir","koo-REER"],["to jump","sauter","soh-TAY"],["to swim","nager","nah-ZHAY"],["to dance","danser","dahn-SAY"],["to sing","chanter","shahn-TAY"],["to play","jouer","zhoo-AY"],["to work","travailler","trah-vy-YAY"],["to help","aider","ay-DAY"],["to like / to love","aimer","ay-MAY"],["to carry / to wear","porter","por-TAY"],["to bring (a thing)","apporter","ah-por-TAY"],["to buy","acheter","ahsh-TAY"],["to sell","vendre","VAHN-druh"],["to pay","payer","pay-YAY"],["to cost","coûter","koo-TAY"],["to open","ouvrir","oo-VREER"],["to close","fermer","fair-MAY"],["to begin","commencer","koh-mahn-SAY"],["to finish","finir","fee-NEER"],["to stop","arrêter","ah-reh-TAY"],["to wait for","attendre","ah-TAHN-druh"],["to find","trouver","troo-VAY"],["to look for","chercher","shair-SHAY"],["to lose","perdre","PAIR-druh"],["to win","gagner","gahn-YAY"],["to try / to taste","essayer","eh-say-YAY"],["to use","utiliser","ew-tee-lee-ZAY"],["to cook","cuisiner","kwee-zee-NAY"],["to clean","nettoyer","net-wah-YAY"],["to wash","laver","lah-VAY"],["to cut","couper","koo-PAY"],["to draw","dessiner","deh-see-NAY"],["to paint","peindre","PAN-druh"],["to build","construire","kohn-STRWEER"],["to fall","tomber","tohm-BAY"],["to climb","monter","mohn-TAY"],["to go down","descendre","day-SAHN-druh"],["to enter","entrer","ahn-TRAY"],["to return","revenir","ruh-vuh-NEER"],["to give back","rendre","RAHN-druh"],["to arrive","arriver","ah-ree-VAY"],["to travel","voyager","vwah-yah-ZHAY"],["to drive","conduire","kohn-DWEER"],["to fly","voler","voh-LAY"],["to sit down","s'asseoir","sah-SWAHR"],["to get up","se lever","suh luh-VAY"],["to wake up","se réveiller","suh ray-vay-YAY"],["to wash oneself","se laver","suh lah-VAY"],["to laugh","rire","reer"],["to cry","pleurer","pluh-RAY"],["to smile","sourire","soo-REER"],["to share","partager","par-tah-ZHAY"],["to send","envoyer","ahn-vwah-YAY"],["to receive","recevoir","ruh-suh-VWAHR"],["to choose","choisir","shwah-ZEER"],["to follow","suivre","SWEE-vruh"],["to believe","croire","krwahr"],["to hope","espérer","es-pay-RAY"],["to happen","arriver","ah-ree-VAY"],["to stay","rester","res-TAY"],["to change","changer","shahn-ZHAY"],["to need","avoir besoin de","ah-VWAHR buh-ZWAN duh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fr-weather-time","id":"fr-weather-time","title":"French Weather, Seasons, Days, Months and Time","category":"world-languages","subject":"French","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Talk about the weather, name the days and months, and tell time in French.","tags":["french","weather","days","months","time"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"French","cards":[["Monday","lundi","lun-DEE"],["Tuesday","mardi","mar-DEE"],["Wednesday","mercredi","mair-kruh-DEE"],["Thursday","jeudi","zhuh-DEE"],["Friday","vendredi","vahn-druh-DEE"],["Saturday","samedi","sam-DEE"],["Sunday","dimanche","dee-MAHNSH"],["week","la semaine","lah suh-MEN"],["weekend","le week-end","luh wee-KEND"],["January","janvier","zhahn-VYAY"],["February","février","fay-vree-AY"],["March","mars","mars"],["April","avril","ah-VREEL"],["May","mai","may"],["June","juin","zhwan"],["July","juillet","zhwee-YAY"],["August","août","oot"],["September","septembre","sep-TAHM-bruh"],["October","octobre","ok-TOH-bruh"],["November","novembre","noh-VAHM-bruh"],["December","décembre","day-SAHM-bruh"],["month","le mois","luh mwah"],["year","l'an / l'année","lahn / lah-NAY"],["spring","le printemps","luh pran-TAHN"],["summer","l'été","lay-TAY"],["fall / autumn","l'automne","loh-TUN"],["winter","l'hiver","lee-VAIR"],["season","la saison","lah say-ZOHN"],["today","aujourd'hui","oh-zhoor-DWEE"],["yesterday","hier","yair"],["tomorrow","demain","duh-MAN"],["now","maintenant","man-tuh-NAHN"],["later","plus tard","plew TAR"],["always","toujours","too-ZHOOR"],["never","jamais","zhah-MAY"],["sometimes","parfois","par-FWAH"],["morning","le matin","luh mah-TAN"],["afternoon","l'après-midi","lah-pray-mee-DEE"],["evening","le soir","luh swahr"],["night","la nuit","lah nwee"],["day","le jour","luh zhoor"],["hour","l'heure","LUR"],["minute","la minute","lah mee-NEWT"],["second","la seconde","lah suh-GOHND"],["What time is it?","Quelle heure est-il ?","kel UR eh-TEEL"],["It is one o'clock","Il est une heure","eel eh ewn UR"],["It is three o'clock","Il est trois heures","eel eh trwah ZUR"],["half past","et demie","ay duh-MEE"],["quarter past","et quart","ay KAR"],["noon","midi","mee-DEE"],["midnight","minuit","mee-NWEE"],["early","tôt","toh"],["late","tard","tar"],["birthday","l'anniversaire","lah-nee-vair-SAIR"],["calendar","le calendrier","luh kah-lahn-dree-AY"],["weather","le temps","luh tahn"],["What is the weather like?","Quel temps fait-il ?","kel tahn fay-TEEL"],["It is sunny","Il fait du soleil","eel fay dew soh-LAY"],["It is hot","Il fait chaud","eel fay SHOH"],["It is cold","Il fait froid","eel fay FRWAH"],["It is windy","Il y a du vent","eel ee ah dew VAHN"],["It is nice weather","Il fait beau","eel fay BOH"],["It is bad weather","Il fait mauvais","eel fay moh-VAY"],["It is raining","Il pleut","eel PLUH"],["It is snowing","Il neige","eel NEZH"],["rain","la pluie","lah plwee"],["snow","la neige","lah nezh"],["sun","le soleil","luh soh-LAY"],["moon","la lune","lah lewn"],["star","l'étoile","lay-TWAHL"],["sky","le ciel","luh syel"],["cloud","le nuage","luh new-AHZH"],["cloudy","nuageux","new-ah-ZHUH"],["wind","le vent","luh vahn"],["storm","l'orage","loh-RAHZH"],["thunder","le tonnerre","luh toh-NAIR"],["lightning","l'éclair","lay-KLAIR"],["fog","le brouillard","luh broo-YAR"],["ice","la glace","lah glas"],["temperature","la température","lah tahm-pay-rah-TEWR"],["rainbow","l'arc-en-ciel","lark-ahn-SYEL"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/grc-basic-words","id":"grc-basic-words","title":"Ancient Greek Basic Nouns","category":"world-languages","subject":"Ancient Greek","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common Ancient Greek nouns with transliteration and the English word each gave us.","tags":["ancient greek","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Ancient Greek","cards":[["Person / human","ἄνθρωπος","anthrōpos (anthropology)"],["Man (male)","ἀνήρ","anēr (androgynous)"],["Woman","γυνή","gynē (gynecology)"],["Child","παῖς","pais (pediatrics)"],["Friend","φίλος","philos (philosophy)"],["God","θεός","theos (theology)"],["Word / reason","λόγος","logos (logic)"],["Life","βίος","bios (biology)"],["Love (selfless)","ἀγάπη","agapē"],["War","πόλεμος","polemos (polemic)"],["Peace","εἰρήνη","eirēnē (Irene)"],["City","πόλις","polis (politics)"],["House","οἶκος","oikos (economy)"],["Land / earth","γῆ","gē (geography)"],["Sea","θάλασσα","thalassa"],["Sun","ἥλιος","hēlios (helium)"],["Moon","σελήνη","selēnē (Selena)"],["Star","ἀστήρ","astēr (astronomy)"],["Water","ὕδωρ","hydōr (hydrant)"],["Fire","πῦρ","pyr (pyre)"],["Wind","ἄνεμος","anemos (anemometer)"],["Tree","δένδρον","dendron (rhododendron)"],["Horse","ἵππος","hippos (hippopotamus: river horse)"],["Dog","κύων","kyōn (cynic)"],["Lion","λέων","leōn (Leo)"],["Bird","ὄρνις","ornis (ornithology)"],["Fish","ἰχθύς","ichthys (ichthyology)"],["Book","βιβλίον","biblion (Bible, bibliography)"],["Letter (written)","ἐπιστολή","epistolē (epistle)"],["Name","ὄνομα","onoma (anonymous)"],["Time","χρόνος","chronos (chronology)"],["Day","ἡμέρα","hēmera (ephemeral)"],["Night","νύξ","nyx"],["Light","φῶς","phōs (photograph)"],["Voice / sound","φωνή","phōnē (telephone)"],["Hand","χείρ","cheir (chiropractor)"],["Foot","πούς","pous (octopus: eight feet)"],["Head","κεφαλή","kephalē (encephalon)"],["Heart","καρδία","kardia (cardiac)"],["Eye","ὀφθαλμός","ophthalmos (ophthalmologist)"],["Ear","οὖς","ous (otitis)"],["Bone","ὀστέον","osteon (osteoporosis)"],["Stone","λίθος","lithos (monolith)"],["Gold","χρυσός","chrysos (chrysanthemum: golden flower)"],["Teacher","διδάσκαλος","didaskalos"],["Soldier","στρατιώτης","stratiōtēs (strategy: army-leading)"],["King","βασιλεύς","basileus"],["Island","νῆσος","nēsos (Polynesia: many islands)"],["Mountain","ὄρος","oros (orology)"],["Road / way","ὁδός","hodos (period: a way around)"],["Music","μουσική","mousikē (from the Muses)"],["Law / custom","νόμος","nomos (astronomy: star law)"],["Number","ἀριθμός","arithmos (arithmetic)"],["Truth","ἀλήθεια","alētheia"],["Wisdom","σοφία","sophia (philosophy, Sophie)"],["Hope","ἐλπίς","elpis"],["Dream","ὄνειρος","oneiros"],["Medicine","ἰατρική","iatrikē (pediatrician: child doctor)"],["Earthquake","σεισμός","seismos (seismograph)"],["Circle","κύκλος","kyklos (cycle)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/grc-numbers","id":"grc-numbers","title":"Ancient Greek Numbers","category":"world-languages","subject":"Ancient Greek","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Ancient Greek number words from one to a thousand.","tags":["ancient greek","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Ancient 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Greek","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Greetings, small words and famous sayings in Ancient Greek.","tags":["ancient greek","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Ancient Greek","cards":[["Hello / rejoice","χαῖρε","chaire"],["Hello (to several)","χαίρετε","chairete"],["Farewell","ἔρρωσο","errōso"],["Yes","ναί","nai"],["No","οὐ","ou"],["Not (with commands)","μή","mē"],["And","καί","kai"],["But","ἀλλά","alla"],["Or","ἤ","ē"],["For / because","γάρ","gar"],["In / on","ἐν","en"],["To / toward","πρός","pros"],["From / out of","ἐκ","ek"],["With","σύν","syn"],["I","ἐγώ","egō"],["You","σύ","sy"],["He / that one","αὐτός","autos"],["We","ἡμεῖς","hēmeis"],["Who?","τίς","tis"],["What?","τί","ti"],["Where?","ποῦ","pou"],["Why?","διὰ τί","dia ti"],["Good","ἀγαθός","agathos"],["Bad","κακός","kakos"],["Beautiful","καλός","kalos"],["Big","μέγας","megas"],["Small","μικρός","mikros"],["Many","πολύς","polys"],["New","νέος","neos"],["Old","παλαιός","palaios"],["All","πᾶς","pas"],["Always","ἀεί","aei"],["Never","οὐδέποτε","oudepote"],["Now","νῦν","nyn"],["Know thyself","γνῶθι σεαυτόν","gnōthi seauton (inscription at Delphi)"],["Nothing too much","μηδὲν ἄγαν","mēden agan (inscription at Delphi)"],["I found it!","εὕρηκα","heurēka (Archimedes: Eureka)"],["Everything flows","πάντα ῥεῖ","panta rhei (Heraclitus)"],["Help, or at least do no harm","ὠφελεῖν ἢ μὴ βλάπτειν","ōphelein ē mē blaptein (Hippocratic saying)"],["Love of wisdom","φιλοσοφία","philosophia"],["Good luck","εὐτυχία","eutychia"],["Come here","δεῦρο","deuro"],["Be quiet","σίγα","siga"],["Let us go","ἴωμεν","iōmen"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/grc-verbs","id":"grc-verbs","title":"Ancient Greek Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Ancient 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rule","ἄρχω","archō"],["I wait","μένω","menō"],["I live","ζάω","zaō"],["I die","ἀποθνῄσκω","apothnēskō"],["I eat","ἐσθίω","esthiō"],["I drink","πίνω","pinō"],["I sleep","καθεύδω","katheudō"],["I play","παίζω","paizō"],["I sing","ἄδω","adō"],["I speak","φημί","phēmi"],["I do / make","ποιέω","poieō"],["I build","οἰκοδομέω","oikodomeō"],["I open","ἀνοίγω","anoigō"],["I throw","βάλλω","ballō"],["I stand","ἵστημι","histēmi"],["I put","τίθημι","tithēmi"],["I believe / trust","πιστεύω","pisteuō"],["I laugh","γελάω","gelaō"],["I weep","δακρύω","dakryō"],["I look at","βλέπω","blepō"],["I save","σῴζω","sōzō"],["I free","ἐλευθερόω","eleutheroō"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/grc-word-roots","id":"grc-word-roots","title":"Greek Roots in English Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"Ancient Greek","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Greek roots (in letters and sound) that build English science and school words.","tags":["ancient 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(πούς)","tripod, podiatrist"],["Hand","chiro- (χείρ)","chiropractor"],["Many","poly- (πολύς)","polygon, polyglot"],["One","mono- (μόνος)","monorail, monologue"],["Two","di- (δύο)","dioxide, diploma"],["Three","tri- (τρεῖς)","triangle, tricycle"],["Four","tetra- (τέτταρες)","tetrahedron"],["Five","penta- (πέντε)","pentagon"],["Six","hexa- (ἕξ)","hexagon"],["Eight","octo- (ὀκτώ)","octopus, octagon"],["Ten","deca- (δέκα)","decade, decathlon"],["Hundred","hecto- (ἑκατόν)","hectare"],["Thousand","kilo- (χίλιοι)","kilometer, kilogram"],["Small","micro- (μικρός)","microscope"],["Big / great","mega- (μέγας)","megaphone"],["Same","homo- (ὁμός)","homonym"],["Different","hetero- (ἕτερος)","heterogeneous"],["New","neo- (νέος)","neon, neonatal"],["Old","paleo- (παλαιός)","paleontology"],["People","demo- (δῆμος)","democracy"],["Power / rule","-cracy (κράτος)","democracy, autocracy"],["Self","auto- (αὐτός)","automatic, autograph"],["Love","phil- (φίλος)","philosophy, Philadelphia"],["Fear","-phobia (φόβος)","claustrophobia, arachnophobia"],["Measure","metro- (μέτρον)","meter, thermometer"],["Heat","thermo- (θερμός)","thermometer, thermos"],["Time","chrono- (χρόνος)","chronology"],["Wind / breath","pneumo- (πνεῦμα)","pneumonia"],["Word","-nym (ὄνομα)","synonym, antonym"],["Against","anti- (ἀντί)","antibiotic"],["Around","peri- (περί)","perimeter"],["Together","syn- / sym- (σύν)","synonym, symphony"],["Under","hypo- (ὑπό)","hypothermia"],["Over / above","hyper- (ὑπέρ)","hyperactive"],["Circle","cyclo- (κύκλος)","bicycle"],["Rock / stone","litho- (λίθος)","monolith, lithosphere"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/hi-animals","id":"hi-animals","title":"Hindi Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Hindi","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Animal names in 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(weight)","हल्का","halkā"],["Near","पास","pās"],["Far","दूर","dūr"],["Many","बहुत","bahut"],["Few","कम","kam"],["Easy","आसान","āsān"],["Difficult","मुश्किल","mushkil"],["Clean","साफ़","sāf"],["Dirty","गंदा","gandā"],["Strong","मज़बूत","mazbūt"],["Sweet","मीठा","mīṭhā"],["Sour","खट्टा","khaṭṭā"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/hi-family","id":"hi-family","title":"Hindi Family and People","category":"world-languages","subject":"Hindi","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Family members and people words in Hindi.","tags":["hindi","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Hindi","cards":[["Family","परिवार","parivār"],["Mother","माँ","māñ"],["Father","पिता","pitā"],["Dad","पापा","pāpā"],["Older brother","भैया","bhaiyā"],["Brother","भाई","bhāī"],["Older sister","दीदी","dīdī"],["Sister","बहन","bahan"],["Grandfather (father's father)","दादा","dādā"],["Grandmother (father's mother)","दादी","dādī"],["Grandfather (mother's father)","नाना","nānā"],["Grandmother (mother's mother)","नानी","nānī"],["Father's brother (uncle)","चाचा","chāchā"],["Father's sister (aunt)","बुआ","buā"],["Mother's brother (uncle)","मामा","māmā"],["Mother's sister (aunt)","मौसी","mausī"],["Husband","पति","pati"],["Wife","पत्नी","patnī"],["Son","बेटा","beṭā"],["Daughter","बेटी","beṭī"],["Child","बच्चा","bachchā"],["Baby","शिशु","shishu"],["Boy","लड़का","laṛkā"],["Girl","लड़की","laṛkī"],["Man","आदमी","ādmī"],["Woman","औरत","aurat"],["Person","व्यक्ति","vyakti"],["Friend","दोस्त","dost"],["Teacher","शिक्षक","shikṣak"],["Student","विद्यार्थी","vidyārthī"],["Doctor","डॉक्टर","ḍākṭar"],["Neighbor","पड़ोसी","paṛosī"],["I","मैं","maiñ"],["You (respectful)","आप","āp"],["You (friendly)","तुम","tum"],["He / she / this","यह","yah"],["We","हम","ham"],["They","वे","ve"],["Parents","माता-पिता","mātā-pitā"],["House","घर","ghar"],["School","स्कूल","skūl"],["Class","कक्षा","kakṣā"],["City","शहर","shahar"],["Village","गाँव","gāñv"],["Country","देश","desh"],["India","भारत","Bhārat"],["Name","नाम","nām"],["Everyone","सब लोग","sab log"],["King","राजा","rājā"],["Queen","रानी","rānī"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/hi-food","id":"hi-food","title":"Hindi Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Hindi","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Foods, drinks and meal words in Hindi.","tags":["hindi","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Hindi","cards":[["Water","पानी","pānī"],["Tea","चाय","chāy"],["Coffee","कॉफ़ी","kofī"],["Milk","दूध","dūdh"],["Juice","रस","ras"],["Bread (flatbread)","रोटी","roṭī"],["Bread (loaf)","डबलरोटी","ḍabalroṭī"],["Rice","चावल","chāval"],["Lentils","दाल","dāl"],["Egg","अंडा","aṇḍā"],["Meat","मांस","māṃs"],["Fish","मछली","machhalī"],["Vegetables","सब्ज़ी","sabzī"],["Fruit","फल","phal"],["Apple","सेब","seb"],["Banana","केला","kelā"],["Mango","आम","ām"],["Orange","संतरा","santarā"],["Grapes","अंगूर","angūr"],["Watermelon","तरबूज़","tarbūz"],["Pomegranate","अनार","anār"],["Guava","अमरूद","amrūd"],["Potato","आलू","ālū"],["Tomato","टमाटर","ṭamāṭar"],["Onion","प्याज़","pyāz"],["Carrot","गाजर","gājar"],["Peas","मटर","maṭar"],["Cauliflower","फूलगोभी","phūlgobhī"],["Spinach","पालक","pālak"],["Garlic","लहसुन","lahasun"],["Ginger","अदरक","adarak"],["Cheese (paneer)","पनीर","panīr"],["Yogurt","दही","dahī"],["Butter","मक्खन","makkhan"],["Salt","नमक","namak"],["Sugar","चीनी","chīnī"],["Honey","शहद","shahad"],["Spice","मसाला","masālā"],["Pepper (chili)","मिर्च","mirch"],["Sweets","मिठाई","miṭhāī"],["Cake","केक","kek"],["Ice cream","आइसक्रीम","āisakrīm"],["Snack","नाश्ता","nāshtā"],["Breakfast","सुबह का नाश्ता","subah kā nāshtā"],["Lunch","दोपहर का खाना","dopahar kā khānā"],["Dinner","रात का खाना","rāt kā khānā"],["Food","खाना","khānā"],["Spoon","चम्मच","chammach"],["Plate","थाली","thālī"],["Cup","कप","kap"],["I'm hungry","मुझे भूख लगी है","mujhe bhūkh lagī hai"],["I'm thirsty","मुझे प्यास लगी है","mujhe pyās lagī hai"],["Delicious","स्वादिष्ट","svādiṣṭ"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/hi-greetings","id":"hi-greetings","title":"Hindi Greetings and Manners","category":"world-languages","subject":"Hindi","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Everyday Hindi greetings and polite words in Devanagari with transliteration.","tags":["hindi","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Hindi","cards":[["Hello / greetings","नमस्ते","namaste"],["Hello (formal)","नमस्कार","namaskār"],["Goodbye","अलविदा","alvidā"],["See you again","फिर मिलेंगे","phir milenge"],["Good morning","सुप्रभात","suprabhāt"],["Good night","शुभ रात्रि","shubh rātri"],["Thank you","धन्यवाद","dhanyavād"],["Thanks (casual)","शुक्रिया","shukriyā"],["You're welcome","आपका स्वागत है","āpkā svāgat hai"],["Please","कृपया","kripayā"],["Sorry","माफ़ कीजिए","māf kījiye"],["Excuse me","सुनिए","suniye"],["Yes","हाँ","hāñ"],["No","नहीं","nahīñ"],["How are you?","आप कैसे हैं","āp kaise haiñ"],["I'm fine","मैं ठीक हूँ","maiñ ṭhīk hūñ"],["And you?","और आप","aur āp"],["Nice to meet you","आपसे मिलकर खुशी हुई","āpse milkar khushī huī"],["What is your name?","आपका नाम क्या है","āpkā nām kyā hai"],["My name is Ravi","मेरा नाम रवि है","merā nām Ravi hai"],["I am from America","मैं अमेरिका से हूँ","maiñ Amerikā se hūñ"],["Welcome","स्वागत है","svāgat hai"],["Happy birthday","जन्मदिन मुबारक","janmadin mubārak"],["Congratulations","बधाई हो","badhāī ho"],["Happy Diwali","दिवाली की शुभकामनाएँ","divālī kī shubhkāmnāeñ"],["Cheers","चियर्स","chiyars"],["I understand","मैं समझता हूँ","maiñ samajhtā hūñ"],["I don't understand","मुझे समझ नहीं आया","mujhe samajh nahīñ āyā"],["Please say it again","कृपया फिर से कहिए","kripayā phir se kahiye"],["Please speak slowly","कृपया धीरे बोलिए","kripayā dhīre boliye"],["Do you speak English?","क्या आप अंग्रेज़ी बोलते हैं","kyā āp angrezī bolte haiñ"],["I speak a little Hindi","मैं थोड़ी हिंदी बोलता हूँ","maiñ thoṛī hindī boltā hūñ"],["Where is the bathroom?","शौचालय कहाँ है","shauchālay kahāñ hai"],["Very good","बहुत अच्छा","bahut achchhā"],["Wonderful","शानदार","shāndār"],["Come in","अंदर आइए","andar āiye"],["Sit down","बैठिए","baiṭhiye"],["Wait a moment","एक मिनट रुकिए","ek minaṭ rukiye"],["Let's go","चलिए","chaliye"],["Okay","ठीक है","ṭhīk hai"],["Take care","अपना ध्यान रखना","apnā dhyān rakhnā"],["I love you","मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ","maiñ tumse pyār kartā hūñ"],["What?","क्या","kyā"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/hi-numbers","id":"hi-numbers","title":"Hindi Numbers","category":"world-languages","subject":"Hindi","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Hindi numbers from zero to a hundred, with the Devanagari digit.","tags":["hindi","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Hindi","cards":[["0","शून्य","shūnya (०)"],["1","एक","ek (१)"],["2","दो","do (२)"],["3","तीन","tīn (३)"],["4","चार","chār (४)"],["5","पाँच","pāñch (५)"],["6","छह","chhah (६)"],["7","सात","sāt (७)"],["8","आठ","āṭh (८)"],["9","नौ","nau (९)"],["10","दस","das (१०)"],["11","ग्यारह","gyārah (११)"],["12","बारह","bārah (१२)"],["13","तेरह","terah (१३)"],["14","चौदह","chaudah (१४)"],["15","पंद्रह","pandrah (१५)"],["16","सोलह","solah (१६)"],["17","सत्रह","satrah (१७)"],["18","अठारह","aṭhārah (१८)"],["19","उन्नीस","unnīs (१९)"],["20","बीस","bīs (२०)"],["30","तीस","tīs (३०)"],["40","चालीस","chālīs (४०)"],["50","पचास","pachās (५०)"],["60","साठ","sāṭh (६०)"],["70","सत्तर","sattar (७०)"],["80","अस्सी","assī (८०)"],["90","नब्बे","nabbe (९०)"],["100","सौ","sau (१००)"],["1,000","हज़ार","hazār (१०००)"],["100,000","लाख","lākh (१,००,०००)"],["10,000,000","करोड़","karoṛ (१,००,००,०००)"],["First","पहला","pahlā"],["Second","दूसरा","dūsrā"],["Third","तीसरा","tīsrā"],["Half","आधा","ādhā"],["Quarter","चौथाई","chauthāī"],["How many?","कितने","kitne"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/hi-phrases","id":"hi-phrases","title":"Hindi Useful Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Hindi","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Helpful Hindi words, days and question words.","tags":["hindi","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Hindi","cards":[["What is this?","यह क्या है","yah kyā hai"],["How much is it?","यह कितने का है","yah kitne kā hai"],["Where?","कहाँ","kahāñ"],["When?","कब","kab"],["Who?","कौन","kaun"],["Why?","क्यों","kyoñ"],["How?","कैसे","kaise"],["Which?","कौन सा","kaun sā"],["This","यह","yah"],["That","वह","vah"],["Here","यहाँ","yahāñ"],["There","वहाँ","vahāñ"],["Today","आज","āj"],["Tomorrow / yesterday","कल","kal"],["Now","अभी","abhī"],["Morning","सुबह","subah"],["Afternoon","दोपहर","dopahar"],["Evening","शाम","shām"],["Night","रात","rāt"],["Day","दिन","din"],["Week","सप्ताह","saptāh"],["Month","महीना","mahīnā"],["Year","साल","sāl"],["Monday","सोमवार","somvār"],["Tuesday","मंगलवार","mangalvār"],["Wednesday","बुधवार","budhvār"],["Thursday","गुरुवार","guruvār"],["Friday","शुक्रवार","shukravār"],["Saturday","शनिवार","shanivār"],["Sunday","रविवार","ravivār"],["Right","दाएँ","dāeñ"],["Left","बाएँ","bāeñ"],["Straight ahead","सीधे","sīdhe"],["Up","ऊपर","ūpar"],["Down","नीचे","nīche"],["Inside","अंदर","andar"],["Outside","बाहर","bāhar"],["And","और","aur"],["Or","या","yā"],["But","लेकिन","lekin"],["Very","बहुत","bahut"],["Also","भी","bhī"],["Always","हमेशा","hameshā"],["Never","कभी नहीं","kabhī nahīñ"],["Sometimes","कभी-कभी","kabhī-kabhī"],["I like cats","मुझे बिल्लियाँ पसंद हैं","mujhe billiyāñ pasand haiñ"],["I have a dog","मेरे पास एक कुत्ता है","mere pās ek kuttā hai"],["I want water","मुझे पानी चाहिए","mujhe pānī chāhiye"],["What time is it?","कितने बजे हैं","kitne baje haiñ"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/hi-verbs","id":"hi-verbs","title":"Hindi Basic Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Hindi","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Common Hindi verbs in the infinitive (-nā form).","tags":["hindi","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Hindi","cards":[["To eat","खाना","khānā"],["To drink","पीना","pīnā"],["To go","जाना","jānā"],["To come","आना","ānā"],["To see","देखना","dekhnā"],["To listen","सुनना","sunnā"],["To speak","बोलना","bolnā"],["To say","कहना","kahnā"],["To read","पढ़ना","paṛhnā"],["To write","लिखना","likhnā"],["To do","करना","karnā"],["To buy","खरीदना","kharīdnā"],["To sell","बेचना","bechnā"],["To sleep","सोना","sonā"],["To wake up","जागना","jāgnā"],["To play","खेलना","khelnā"],["To swim","तैरना","tairnā"],["To run","दौड़ना","dauṛnā"],["To walk","चलना","chalnā"],["To study","पढ़ाई करना","paṛhāī karnā"],["To teach","पढ़ाना","paṛhānā"],["To know","जानना","jānnā"],["To think","सोचना","sochnā"],["To wait","इंतज़ार करना","intazār karnā"],["To sit","बैठना","baiṭhnā"],["To stand","खड़े होना","khaṛe honā"],["To open","खोलना","kholnā"],["To close","बंद करना","band karnā"],["To give","देना","denā"],["To take","लेना","lenā"],["To use","इस्तेमाल करना","istemāl karnā"],["To sing","गाना","gānā"],["To dance","नाचना","nāchnā"],["To draw","चित्र बनाना","chitra banānā"],["To laugh","हँसना","hañsnā"],["To cry","रोना","ronā"],["To love","प्यार करना","pyār karnā"],["To like","पसंद करना","pasand karnā"],["To be","होना","honā"],["To meet","मिलना","milnā"],["To work","काम करना","kām karnā"],["To rest","आराम करना","ārām karnā"],["To wash","धोना","dhonā"],["To cook","पकाना","pakānā"],["To help","मदद करना","madad karnā"],["To forget","भूलना","bhūlnā"],["To remember","याद रखना","yād rakhnā"],["To ask","पूछना","pūchhnā"],["To answer","जवाब देना","javāb denā"],["To find","ढूँढ़ना","ḍhūñḍhnā"],["To fly","उड़ना","uṛnā"],["To jump","कूदना","kūdnā"],["To wear","पहनना","pahannā"],["To arrive","पहुँचना","pahuñchnā"],["To return","लौटना","lauṭnā"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/it-adjectives-questions-places","id":"it-adjectives-questions-places","title":"Italian Adjectives, Question Words, Places and Travel","category":"world-languages","subject":"Italian","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Describing words (masculine form), question words, places in town and phrases for travel and directions.","tags":["italian","adjectives","questions","travel","places"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Italian","cards":[["Who?","Chi?","kee"],["What?","Che cosa?","keh KOH-zah"],["Where?","Dove?","DOH-veh"],["When?","Quando?","KWAHN-doh"],["Why?","Perché?","pair-KEH"],["How?","Come?","KOH-meh"],["How much?","Quanto?","KWAHN-toh"],["How many?","Quanti?","KWAHN-tee"],["Which?","Quale?","KWAH-leh"],["because","perché","pair-KEH"],["big","grande","GRAHN-deh"],["small","piccolo","PEEK-koh-loh"],["tall","alto","AHL-toh"],["short (height)","basso","BAHS-soh"],["long","lungo","LOON-goh"],["short (length)","corto","KOR-toh"],["thin","magro","MAH-groh"],["new","nuovo","NWOH-voh"],["old","vecchio","VEK-kyoh"],["young","giovane","JOH-vah-neh"],["good","buono","BWOH-noh"],["bad","cattivo","kaht-TEE-voh"],["beautiful","bello","BEL-loh"],["ugly","brutto","BROOT-toh"],["happy","felice","feh-LEE-cheh"],["sad","triste","TREES-teh"],["angry","arrabbiato","ar-rahb-BYAH-toh"],["scared","spaventato","spah-ven-TAH-toh"],["tired","stanco","STAHN-koh"],["hungry","affamato","af-fah-MAH-toh"],["sick","malato","mah-LAH-toh"],["funny","divertente","dee-vair-TEN-teh"],["serious","serio","SEH-ryoh"],["smart","intelligente","een-tel-lee-JEN-teh"],["kind","gentile","jen-TEE-leh"],["brave","coraggioso","koh-rahd-JOH-zoh"],["shy","timido","TEE-mee-doh"],["lazy","pigro","PEE-groh"],["fast","veloce","veh-LOH-cheh"],["slow","lento","LEN-toh"],["hot","caldo","KAHL-doh"],["cold","freddo","FRED-doh"],["hard","duro","DOO-roh"],["soft","morbido","MOR-bee-doh"],["easy","facile","FAH-chee-leh"],["difficult","difficile","deef-FEE-chee-leh"],["heavy","pesante","peh-ZAHN-teh"],["light (weight)","leggero","led-JEH-roh"],["full","pieno","PYEH-noh"],["empty","vuoto","VWOH-toh"],["open","aperto","ah-PAIR-toh"],["closed","chiuso","KYOO-zoh"],["clean","pulito","poo-LEE-toh"],["dirty","sporco","SPOR-koh"],["wet","bagnato","bahn-YAH-toh"],["dry","asciutto","ah-SHOOT-toh"],["expensive","caro","KAH-roh"],["cheap","economico","eh-koh-NOH-mee-koh"],["strong","forte","FOR-teh"],["weak","debole","DEH-boh-leh"],["loud","rumoroso","roo-moh-ROH-zoh"],["quiet","tranquillo","trahn-KWEEL-loh"],["near","vicino","vee-CHEE-noh"],["far","lontano","lon-TAH-noh"],["many","molto","MOL-toh"],["few / a little","poco","POH-koh"],["all","tutto","TOOT-toh"],["same","uguale","oo-GWAH-leh"],["different","diverso","dee-VAIR-soh"],["important","importante","eem-por-TAHN-teh"],["true","vero","VEH-roh"],["false","falso","FAHL-soh"],["ready","pronto","PRON-toh"],["free","libero","LEE-beh-roh"],["busy","occupato","ok-koo-PAH-toh"],["dangerous","pericoloso","peh-ree-koh-LOH-zoh"],["delicious","delizioso","deh-lee-TSYOH-zoh"],["city","la città","lah cheet-TAH"],["street","la strada","lah STRAH-dah"],["square (plaza)","la piazza","lah PYAHT-tsah"],["store","il negozio","eel neh-GOHT-syoh"],["supermarket","il supermercato","eel soo-pair-mair-KAH-toh"],["market","il mercato","eel mair-KAH-toh"],["hospital","l'ospedale","los-peh-DAH-leh"],["pharmacy","la farmacia","lah far-mah-CHEE-ah"],["bank","la banca","lah BAHN-kah"],["post office","l'ufficio postale","loof-FEE-choh pos-TAH-leh"],["church","la chiesa","lah KYEH-zah"],["museum","il museo","eel moo-ZEH-oh"],["park","il parco","eel PAR-koh"],["school","la scuola","lah SKWOH-lah"],["beach","la spiaggia","lah SPYAHD-jah"],["mountain","la montagna","lah mon-TAHN-yah"],["river","il fiume","eel FYOO-meh"],["lake","il lago","eel LAH-goh"],["sea","il mare","eel MAH-reh"],["island","l'isola","LEE-zoh-lah"],["airport","l'aeroporto","lah-eh-roh-POR-toh"],["train station","la stazione","lah staht-SYOH-neh"],["hotel","l'albergo","lahl-BAIR-goh"],["airplane","l'aereo","lah-EH-reh-oh"],["train","il treno","eel TREH-noh"],["bus","l'autobus","LOW-toh-boos"],["car","la macchina","lah MAHK-kee-nah"],["bicycle","la bicicletta","lah bee-chee-KLET-tah"],["boat","la barca","lah BAR-kah"],["ticket","il biglietto","eel beel-YET-toh"],["passport","il passaporto","eel pahs-sah-POR-toh"],["suitcase","la valigia","lah vah-LEE-jah"],["Where is...?","Dov'è...?","doh-VEH"],["Where is the bathroom?","Dov'è il bagno?","doh-VEH eel BAHN-yoh"],["to the right","a destra","ah DES-trah"],["to the left","a sinistra","ah see-NEES-trah"],["straight ahead","sempre dritto","SEM-preh DREET-toh"],["here","qui","kwee"],["there","lì","lee"],["How much does it cost?","Quanto costa?","KWAHN-toh KOS-tah"],["I am lost","Mi sono perso","mee SOH-noh PAIR-soh"],["I need help","Ho bisogno di aiuto","oh bee-ZOHN-yoh dee ah-YOO-toh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/it-animals","id":"it-animals","title":"Italian Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Italian","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Pets, farm animals, wild animals, birds, sea life and bugs in Italian.","tags":["italian","animals","pets"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Italian","cards":[["dog","il cane","eel KAH-neh"],["cat","il gatto","eel GAHT-toh"],["bird","l'uccello","loot-CHEL-loh"],["fish","il pesce","eel PEH-sheh"],["horse","il cavallo","eel kah-VAHL-loh"],["cow","la mucca","lah MOOK-kah"],["pig","il maiale","eel mah-YAH-leh"],["sheep","la pecora","lah PEH-koh-rah"],["goat","la capra","lah KAH-prah"],["chicken","la gallina","lah gahl-LEE-nah"],["rooster","il gallo","eel GAHL-loh"],["duck","l'anatra","LAH-nah-trah"],["rabbit","il coniglio","eel koh-NEEL-yoh"],["mouse","il topo","eel TOH-poh"],["turkey","il tacchino","eel tahk-KEE-noh"],["donkey","l'asino","LAH-zee-noh"],["lion","il leone","eel leh-OH-neh"],["tiger","la tigre","lah TEE-greh"],["bear","l'orso","LOR-soh"],["elephant","l'elefante","leh-leh-FAHN-teh"],["giraffe","la giraffa","lah jee-RAHF-fah"],["monkey","la scimmia","lah SHEEM-myah"],["zebra","la zebra","lah DZEH-brah"],["wolf","il lupo","eel LOO-poh"],["fox","la volpe","lah VOL-peh"],["deer","il cervo","eel CHAIR-voh"],["hippopotamus","l'ippopotamo","leep-poh-POH-tah-moh"],["rhinoceros","il rinoceronte","eel ree-noh-cheh-ROHN-teh"],["kangaroo","il canguro","eel kahn-GOO-roh"],["squirrel","lo scoiattolo","loh skoy-AHT-toh-loh"],["bat","il pipistrello","eel pee-pees-TREL-loh"],["camel","il cammello","eel kahm-MEL-loh"],["whale","la balena","lah bah-LEH-nah"],["dolphin","il delfino","eel del-FEE-noh"],["shark","lo squalo","loh SKWAH-loh"],["octopus","il polpo","eel POL-poh"],["turtle","la tartaruga","lah tar-tah-ROO-gah"],["crab","il granchio","eel GRAHN-kyoh"],["seal","la foca","lah FOH-kah"],["jellyfish","la medusa","lah meh-DOO-zah"],["frog","la rana","lah RAH-nah"],["snake","il serpente","eel sair-PEN-teh"],["lizard","la lucertola","lah loo-CHAIR-toh-lah"],["crocodile","il coccodrillo","eel kok-koh-DREEL-loh"],["butterfly","la farfalla","lah far-FAHL-lah"],["bee","l'ape","LAH-peh"],["ant","la formica","lah for-MEE-kah"],["spider","il ragno","eel RAHN-yoh"],["fly","la mosca","lah MOS-kah"],["ladybug","la coccinella","lah kot-chee-NEL-lah"],["worm","il verme","eel VAIR-meh"],["snail","la lumaca","lah loo-MAH-kah"],["mosquito","la zanzara","lah dzahn-DZAH-rah"],["eagle","l'aquila","LAH-kwee-lah"],["owl","il gufo","eel GOO-foh"],["parrot","il pappagallo","eel pahp-pah-GAHL-loh"],["penguin","il pinguino","eel peen-GWEE-noh"],["swan","il cigno","eel CHEEN-yoh"],["dove","la colomba","lah koh-LOM-bah"],["puppy","il cucciolo","eel KOOT-choh-loh"],["kitten","il gattino","eel gaht-TEE-noh"],["animal","l'animale","lah-nee-MAH-leh"],["hedgehog","il riccio","eel REET-choh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/it-body-clothes","id":"it-body-clothes","title":"Italian Body Parts and Clothes","category":"world-languages","subject":"Italian","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of the body, feeling sick, and the clothes you wear in Italian.","tags":["italian","body","clothes"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Italian","cards":[["head","la testa","lah TES-tah"],["hair","i capelli","ee kah-PEL-lee"],["face","la faccia","lah FAHT-chah"],["eye","l'occhio","LOK-kyoh"],["ear","l'orecchio","loh-REK-kyoh"],["nose","il naso","eel NAH-zoh"],["mouth","la bocca","lah BOK-kah"],["tooth","il dente","eel DEN-teh"],["tongue","la lingua","lah LEEN-gwah"],["lip","il labbro","eel LAHB-broh"],["cheek","la guancia","lah GWAHN-chah"],["chin","il mento","eel MEN-toh"],["neck","il collo","eel KOL-loh"],["shoulder","la spalla","lah SPAHL-lah"],["arm","il braccio","eel BRAHT-choh"],["elbow","il gomito","eel GOH-mee-toh"],["hand","la mano","lah MAH-noh"],["finger","il dito","eel DEE-toh"],["thumb","il pollice","eel POL-lee-cheh"],["chest","il petto","eel PET-toh"],["back","la schiena","lah SKYEH-nah"],["stomach / belly","la pancia","lah PAHN-chah"],["leg","la gamba","lah GAHM-bah"],["knee","il ginocchio","eel jee-NOK-kyoh"],["foot","il piede","eel PYEH-deh"],["toe","il dito del piede","eel DEE-toh del PYEH-deh"],["heart","il cuore","eel KWOH-reh"],["brain","il cervello","eel chair-VEL-loh"],["bone","l'osso","LOS-soh"],["skin","la pelle","lah PEL-leh"],["body","il corpo","eel KOR-poh"],["I have a headache","Ho mal di testa","oh mahl dee TES-tah"],["My stomach hurts","Ho mal di pancia","oh mahl dee PAHN-chah"],["I am sick","Sono malato","SOH-noh mah-LAH-toh"],["doctor","il dottore","eel dot-TOH-reh"],["clothes","i vestiti","ee ves-TEE-tee"],["shirt","la camicia","lah kah-MEE-chah"],["T-shirt","la maglietta","lah mahl-YET-tah"],["pants","i pantaloni","ee pahn-tah-LOH-nee"],["shorts","i pantaloncini","ee pahn-tah-lon-CHEE-nee"],["jeans","i jeans","ee jeens"],["skirt","la gonna","lah GON-nah"],["dress","il vestito","eel ves-TEE-toh"],["sweater","il maglione","eel mahl-YOH-neh"],["jacket","la giacca","lah JAHK-kah"],["coat","il cappotto","eel kahp-POT-toh"],["socks","i calzini","ee kahl-TSEE-nee"],["shoes","le scarpe","leh SKAR-peh"],["sneakers","le scarpe da ginnastica","leh SKAR-peh dah jeen-NAH-stee-kah"],["boots","gli stivali","lyee stee-VAH-lee"],["sandals","i sandali","ee SAHN-dah-lee"],["hat","il cappello","eel kahp-PEL-loh"],["gloves","i guanti","ee GWAHN-tee"],["scarf","la sciarpa","lah SHAR-pah"],["belt","la cintura","lah cheen-TOO-rah"],["pajamas","il pigiama","eel pee-JAH-mah"],["swimsuit","il costume da bagno","eel kos-TOO-meh dah BAHN-yoh"],["umbrella","l'ombrello","lom-BREL-loh"],["glasses","gli occhiali","lyee ok-KYAH-lee"],["backpack","lo zaino","loh DZAH-ee-noh"],["pocket","la tasca","lah TAH-skah"],["button","il bottone","eel bot-TOH-neh"],["tie","la cravatta","lah krah-VAHT-tah"],["ring","l'anello","lah-NEL-loh"],["watch","l'orologio","loh-roh-LOH-joh"],["purse","la borsa","lah BOR-sah"],["to get dressed","vestirsi","ves-TEER-see"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/it-colors-family","id":"it-colors-family","title":"Italian Colors, Shapes and Family","category":"world-languages","subject":"Italian","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Colors, basic shapes and the words for family members in Italian.","tags":["italian","colors","shapes","family"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Italian","cards":[["red","rosso","ROS-soh"],["blue","blu","bloo"],["light blue","azzurro","ad-DZOOR-roh"],["yellow","giallo","JAHL-loh"],["green","verde","VAIR-deh"],["orange","arancione","ah-rahn-CHOH-neh"],["purple","viola","VYOH-lah"],["pink","rosa","ROH-zah"],["brown","marrone","mar-ROH-neh"],["black","nero","NEH-roh"],["white","bianco","BYAHN-koh"],["gray","grigio","GREE-joh"],["gold","oro","OH-roh"],["silver","argento","ar-JEN-toh"],["dark","scuro","SKOO-roh"],["light (color)","chiaro","KYAH-roh"],["color","il colore","eel koh-LOH-reh"],["rainbow","l'arcobaleno","lar-koh-bah-LEH-noh"],["circle","il cerchio","eel CHAIR-kyoh"],["square","il quadrato","eel kwah-DRAH-toh"],["triangle","il triangolo","eel tree-AHN-goh-loh"],["rectangle","il rettangolo","eel ret-TAHN-goh-loh"],["star","la stella","lah STEL-lah"],["heart","il cuore","eel KWOH-reh"],["oval","l'ovale","loh-VAH-leh"],["line","la linea","lah LEE-neh-ah"],["family","la famiglia","lah fah-MEEL-yah"],["mother","la madre","lah MAH-dreh"],["father","il padre","eel PAH-dreh"],["mom","la mamma","lah MAHM-mah"],["dad","il papà","eel pah-PAH"],["parents","i genitori","ee jeh-nee-TOH-ree"],["son","il figlio","eel FEEL-yoh"],["daughter","la figlia","lah FEEL-yah"],["brother","il fratello","eel frah-TEL-loh"],["sister","la sorella","lah soh-REL-lah"],["grandmother","la nonna","lah NON-nah"],["grandfather","il nonno","eel NON-noh"],["grandparents","i nonni","ee NON-nee"],["grandson","il nipote","eel nee-POH-teh"],["granddaughter","la nipote","lah nee-POH-teh"],["uncle","lo zio","loh DZEE-oh"],["aunt","la zia","lah DZEE-ah"],["cousin (boy)","il cugino","eel koo-JEE-noh"],["cousin (girl)","la cugina","lah koo-JEE-nah"],["husband","il marito","eel mah-REE-toh"],["wife","la moglie","lah MOHL-yeh"],["baby","il bambino","eel bahm-BEE-noh"],["boy","il ragazzo","eel rah-GAHT-tsoh"],["girl","la ragazza","lah rah-GAHT-tsah"],["child","il bambino / la bambina","eel bahm-BEE-noh"],["man","l'uomo","LWOH-moh"],["woman","la donna","lah DON-nah"],["friend (boy)","l'amico","lah-MEE-koh"],["friend (girl)","l'amica","lah-MEE-kah"],["neighbor","il vicino","eel vee-CHEE-noh"],["twin","il gemello","eel jeh-MEL-loh"],["people","la gente","lah JEN-teh"],["pet","l'animale domestico","lah-nee-MAH-leh doh-MES-tee-koh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/it-food-drink","id":"it-food-drink","title":"Italian Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Italian","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Fruits, vegetables, meals, snacks and drinks, plus words for ordering at a restaurant.","tags":["italian","food","drink","restaurant"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Italian","cards":[["food","il cibo","eel CHEE-boh"],["water","l'acqua","LAHK-kwah"],["milk","il latte","eel LAHT-teh"],["juice","il succo","eel SOOK-koh"],["coffee","il caffè","eel kahf-FEH"],["tea","il tè","eel TEH"],["soda","la bibita","lah BEE-bee-tah"],["hot chocolate","la cioccolata calda","lah chok-koh-LAH-tah KAHL-dah"],["bread","il pane","eel PAH-neh"],["butter","il burro","eel BOOR-roh"],["cheese","il formaggio","eel for-MAHD-joh"],["egg","l'uovo","LWOH-voh"],["rice","il riso","eel REE-zoh"],["beans","i fagioli","ee fah-JOH-lee"],["soup","la zuppa","lah DZOOP-pah"],["salad","l'insalata","leen-sah-LAH-tah"],["sandwich","il panino","eel pah-NEE-noh"],["pizza","la pizza","lah PEET-tsah"],["pasta","la pasta","lah PAH-stah"],["spaghetti","gli spaghetti","lyee spah-GET-tee"],["meat","la carne","lah KAR-neh"],["chicken (meat)","il pollo","eel POL-loh"],["beef","il manzo","eel MAHN-dzoh"],["pork","il maiale","eel mah-YAH-leh"],["ham","il prosciutto","eel proh-SHOOT-toh"],["sausage","la salsiccia","lah sahl-SEET-chah"],["fish (food)","il pesce","eel PEH-sheh"],["shrimp","il gambero","eel GAHM-beh-roh"],["french fries","le patatine fritte","leh pah-tah-TEE-neh FREET-teh"],["breakfast","la colazione","lah koh-laht-SYOH-neh"],["lunch","il pranzo","eel PRAHN-dzoh"],["dinner","la cena","lah CHEH-nah"],["snack","lo spuntino","loh spoon-TEE-noh"],["dessert","il dolce","eel DOL-cheh"],["apple","la mela","lah MEH-lah"],["banana","la banana","lah bah-NAH-nah"],["orange (fruit)","l'arancia","lah-RAHN-chah"],["strawberry","la fragola","lah FRAH-goh-lah"],["grapes","l'uva","LOO-vah"],["watermelon","l'anguria","lahn-GOO-ryah"],["lemon","il limone","eel lee-MOH-neh"],["peach","la pesca","lah PES-kah"],["pear","la pera","lah PEH-rah"],["cherry","la ciliegia","lah chee-LYEH-jah"],["fig","il fico","eel FEE-koh"],["fruit","la frutta","lah FROOT-tah"],["vegetable","la verdura","lah vair-DOO-rah"],["potato","la patata","lah pah-TAH-tah"],["tomato","il pomodoro","eel poh-moh-DOH-roh"],["carrot","la carota","lah kah-ROH-tah"],["onion","la cipolla","lah chee-POL-lah"],["lettuce","la lattuga","lah laht-TOO-gah"],["corn","il mais","eel MAH-ees"],["peas","i piselli","ee pee-ZEL-lee"],["cucumber","il cetriolo","eel cheh-tree-OH-loh"],["garlic","l'aglio","LAHL-yoh"],["mushroom","il fungo","eel FOON-goh"],["cake","la torta","lah TOR-tah"],["cookie","il biscotto","eel bees-KOT-toh"],["ice cream","il gelato","eel jeh-LAH-toh"],["candy","la caramella","lah kah-rah-MEL-lah"],["chocolate","il cioccolato","eel chok-koh-LAH-toh"],["sugar","lo zucchero","loh DZOOK-keh-roh"],["salt","il sale","eel SAH-leh"],["pepper (spice)","il pepe","eel PEH-peh"],["honey","il miele","eel MYEH-leh"],["jam","la marmellata","lah mar-mel-LAH-tah"],["olive oil","l'olio d'oliva","LOH-lyoh doh-LEE-vah"],["plate","il piatto","eel PYAHT-toh"],["fork","la forchetta","lah for-KET-tah"],["knife","il coltello","eel kol-TEL-loh"],["spoon","il cucchiaio","eel kook-KYAH-yoh"],["cup","la tazza","lah TAHT-tsah"],["glass","il bicchiere","eel beek-KYEH-reh"],["napkin","il tovagliolo","eel toh-vahl-YOH-loh"],["menu","il menù","eel meh-NOO"],["The check, please","Il conto, per favore","eel KON-toh pair fah-VOH-reh"],["I would like...","Vorrei...","vor-RAY"],["It's delicious","È delizioso","eh deh-lee-TSYOH-zoh"],["I am vegetarian","Sono vegetariano","SOH-noh veh-jeh-tah-RYAH-noh"],["waiter","il cameriere","eel kah-meh-RYEH-reh"],["restaurant","il ristorante","eel ree-stoh-RAHN-teh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/it-greetings-phrases","id":"it-greetings-phrases","title":"Italian Greetings, Manners and Common Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Italian","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Hello, please, thank you and the everyday phrases you need on day one of Italian.","tags":["italian","greetings","phrases","manners"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Italian","cards":[["Hello / Hi / Bye (casual)","Ciao","CHOW"],["Good morning / Good day","Buongiorno","bwon-JOR-noh"],["Good evening","Buonasera","bwoh-nah-SAY-rah"],["Good night","Buonanotte","bwoh-nah-NOT-teh"],["Goodbye","Arrivederci","ar-ree-veh-DAIR-chee"],["Goodbye (formal)","ArrivederLa","ar-ree-veh-DAIR-lah"],["See you later","A dopo","ah DOH-poh"],["See you tomorrow","A domani","ah doh-MAH-nee"],["See you soon","A presto","ah PRES-toh"],["Please","Per favore","pair fah-VOH-reh"],["Thank you","Grazie","GRAHT-see-eh"],["Thank you very much","Grazie mille","GRAHT-see-eh MEEL-leh"],["You're welcome","Prego","PRAY-goh"],["Excuse me","Scusi","SKOO-zee"],["Excuse me (to a friend)","Scusa","SKOO-zah"],["I'm sorry","Mi dispiace","mee dees-PYAH-cheh"],["Yes","Sì","SEE"],["No","No","noh"],["Maybe","Forse","FOR-seh"],["How are you? (informal)","Come stai?","KOH-meh STAH-ee"],["How are you? (formal)","Come sta?","KOH-meh STAH"],["I am fine","Sto bene","stoh BEH-neh"],["Very well, thank you","Molto bene, grazie","MOHL-toh BEH-neh GRAHT-see-eh"],["So-so","Così così","koh-ZEE koh-ZEE"],["Not good","Non bene","non BEH-neh"],["And you?","E tu?","eh TOO"],["What is your name?","Come ti chiami?","KOH-meh tee KYAH-mee"],["My name is...","Mi chiamo...","mee KYAH-moh"],["Nice to meet you","Piacere","pyah-CHAY-reh"],["Where are you from?","Di dove sei?","dee DOH-veh SEH-ee"],["I am from...","Sono di...","SOH-noh dee"],["How old are you?","Quanti anni hai?","KWAHN-tee AHN-nee AH-ee"],["I am ten years old","Ho dieci anni","oh DYEH-chee AHN-nee"],["Do you speak English?","Parli inglese?","PAR-lee een-GLAY-zeh"],["I speak a little Italian","Parlo un po' di italiano","PAR-loh oon poh dee ee-tah-LYAH-noh"],["I don't understand","Non capisco","non kah-PEES-koh"],["I understand","Capisco","kah-PEES-koh"],["I don't know","Non lo so","non loh SOH"],["Can you repeat that?","Puoi ripetere?","PWOY ree-PEH-teh-reh"],["More slowly, please","Più lentamente, per favore","pyoo len-tah-MEN-teh pair fah-VOH-reh"],["How do you say...?","Come si dice...?","KOH-meh see DEE-cheh"],["Help!","Aiuto!","ah-YOO-toh"],["Welcome","Benvenuto","ben-veh-NOO-toh"],["Congratulations","Congratulazioni","kon-grah-too-laht-SYOH-nee"],["Happy birthday","Buon compleanno","bwon kom-pleh-AHN-noh"],["Merry Christmas","Buon Natale","bwon nah-TAH-leh"],["Happy New Year","Buon anno","bwon AHN-noh"],["Good luck","Buona fortuna","BWOH-nah for-TOO-nah"],["Cheers!","Salute!","sah-LOO-teh"],["Have a good day","Buona giornata","BWOH-nah jor-NAH-tah"],["Enjoy your meal","Buon appetito","bwon ap-peh-TEE-toh"],["Sweet dreams","Sogni d'oro","SOHN-yee DOH-roh"],["Come in","Entra","EN-trah"],["Sit down","Siediti","SYEH-dee-tee"],["Wait a moment","Un momento","oon moh-MEN-toh"],["I'm hungry","Ho fame","oh FAH-meh"],["I'm thirsty","Ho sete","oh SEH-teh"],["I'm tired","Sono stanco","SOH-noh STAHN-koh"],["I'm cold","Ho freddo","oh FRED-doh"],["I'm hot","Ho caldo","oh KAHL-doh"],["I love you","Ti voglio bene","tee VOHL-yoh BEH-neh"],["I like it","Mi piace","mee PYAH-cheh"],["I don't like it","Non mi piace","non mee PYAH-cheh"],["I want...","Voglio...","VOHL-yoh"],["I need...","Ho bisogno di...","oh bee-ZOHN-yoh dee"],["Of course","Certo","CHAIR-toh"],["It's okay","Va bene","vah BEH-neh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/it-numbers","id":"it-numbers","title":"Italian Numbers 0 to 100","category":"world-languages","subject":"Italian","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Count in Italian from zero to one hundred, plus ordinals.","tags":["italian","numbers","counting"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Italian","cards":[["0","zero","DZEH-roh"],["1","uno","OO-noh"],["2","due","DOO-eh"],["3","tre","treh"],["4","quattro","KWAHT-troh"],["5","cinque","CHEEN-kweh"],["6","sei","SEH-ee"],["7","sette","SET-teh"],["8","otto","OT-toh"],["9","nove","NOH-veh"],["10","dieci","DYEH-chee"],["11","undici","OON-dee-chee"],["12","dodici","DOH-dee-chee"],["13","tredici","TREH-dee-chee"],["14","quattordici","kwaht-TOR-dee-chee"],["15","quindici","KWEEN-dee-chee"],["16","sedici","SEH-dee-chee"],["17","diciassette","dee-chahs-SET-teh"],["18","diciotto","dee-CHOT-toh"],["19","diciannove","dee-chahn-NOH-veh"],["20","venti","VEN-tee"],["21","ventuno","ven-TOO-noh"],["22","ventidue","ven-tee-DOO-eh"],["23","ventitré","ven-tee-TREH"],["24","ventiquattro","ven-tee-KWAHT-troh"],["25","venticinque","ven-tee-CHEEN-kweh"],["26","ventisei","ven-tee-SEH-ee"],["27","ventisette","ven-tee-SET-teh"],["28","ventotto","ven-TOT-toh"],["29","ventinove","ven-tee-NOH-veh"],["30","trenta","TREN-tah"],["31","trentuno","tren-TOO-noh"],["40","quaranta","kwah-RAHN-tah"],["50","cinquanta","cheen-KWAHN-tah"],["60","sessanta","ses-SAHN-tah"],["70","settanta","set-TAHN-tah"],["80","ottanta","ot-TAHN-tah"],["90","novanta","noh-VAHN-tah"],["100","cento","CHEN-toh"],["45","quarantacinque","kwah-rahn-tah-CHEEN-kweh"],["58","cinquantotto","cheen-kwahn-TOT-toh"],["67","sessantasette","ses-sahn-tah-SET-teh"],["73","settantatré","set-tahn-tah-TREH"],["99","novantanove","noh-vahn-tah-NOH-veh"],["101","centouno","chen-toh-OO-noh"],["200","duecento","doo-eh-CHEN-toh"],["1,000","mille","MEEL-leh"],["2,000","duemila","doo-eh-MEE-lah"],["1,000,000","un milione","oon mee-LYOH-neh"],["first","primo","PREE-moh"],["second","secondo","seh-KON-doh"],["third","terzo","TAIR-tsoh"],["fourth","quarto","KWAR-toh"],["fifth","quinto","KWEEN-toh"],["tenth","decimo","DEH-chee-moh"],["half","la metà","lah meh-TAH"],["a dozen","una dozzina","OO-nah dod-DZEE-nah"],["a pair","un paio","oon PAH-yoh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/it-verbs","id":"it-verbs","title":"Common Italian Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Italian","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Ninety of the most useful Italian verbs in the infinitive.","tags":["italian","verbs","infinitive"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Italian","cards":[["to be","essere","ES-seh-reh"],["to have","avere","ah-VEH-reh"],["to do / to make","fare","FAH-reh"],["to go","andare","ahn-DAH-reh"],["to come","venire","veh-NEE-reh"],["to say / to tell","dire","DEE-reh"],["to give","dare","DAH-reh"],["to see","vedere","veh-DEH-reh"],["to know (a fact)","sapere","sah-PEH-reh"],["to know (a person or place)","conoscere","koh-NOSH-sheh-reh"],["to want","volere","voh-LEH-reh"],["to be able to / can","potere","poh-TEH-reh"],["to have to / must","dovere","doh-VEH-reh"],["to put","mettere","MET-teh-reh"],["to take","prendere","PREN-deh-reh"],["to leave / to go out","uscire","oo-SHEE-reh"],["to leave (depart)","partire","par-TEE-reh"],["to eat","mangiare","mahn-JAH-reh"],["to drink","bere","BEH-reh"],["to sleep","dormire","dor-MEE-reh"],["to live","vivere","VEE-veh-reh"],["to speak","parlare","par-LAH-reh"],["to listen","ascoltare","ahs-kol-TAH-reh"],["to look at / to watch","guardare","gwar-DAH-reh"],["to hear","sentire","sen-TEE-reh"],["to read","leggere","LED-jeh-reh"],["to write","scrivere","SKREE-veh-reh"],["to learn","imparare","eem-pah-RAH-reh"],["to study","studiare","stoo-DYAH-reh"],["to teach","insegnare","een-sen-YAH-reh"],["to understand","capire","kah-PEE-reh"],["to think","pensare","pen-SAH-reh"],["to remember","ricordare","ree-kor-DAH-reh"],["to forget","dimenticare","dee-men-tee-KAH-reh"],["to ask","chiedere","KYEH-deh-reh"],["to answer","rispondere","rees-PON-deh-reh"],["to call","chiamare","kyah-MAH-reh"],["to walk","camminare","kahm-mee-NAH-reh"],["to run","correre","KOR-reh-reh"],["to jump","saltare","sahl-TAH-reh"],["to swim","nuotare","nwoh-TAH-reh"],["to dance","ballare","bahl-LAH-reh"],["to sing","cantare","kahn-TAH-reh"],["to play","giocare","joh-KAH-reh"],["to work","lavorare","lah-voh-RAH-reh"],["to help","aiutare","ah-yoo-TAH-reh"],["to love","amare","ah-MAH-reh"],["to like (it pleases)","piacere","pyah-CHEH-reh"],["to carry","portare","por-TAH-reh"],["to bring","portare","por-TAH-reh"],["to buy","comprare","kom-PRAH-reh"],["to sell","vendere","VEN-deh-reh"],["to pay","pagare","pah-GAH-reh"],["to cost","costare","kos-TAH-reh"],["to open","aprire","ah-PREE-reh"],["to close","chiudere","KYOO-deh-reh"],["to begin","cominciare","koh-meen-CHAH-reh"],["to finish","finire","fee-NEE-reh"],["to stop","fermare","fair-MAH-reh"],["to wait","aspettare","ahs-pet-TAH-reh"],["to find","trovare","troh-VAH-reh"],["to look for","cercare","chair-KAH-reh"],["to lose","perdere","PAIR-deh-reh"],["to win","vincere","VEEN-cheh-reh"],["to try","provare","proh-VAH-reh"],["to use","usare","oo-ZAH-reh"],["to cook","cucinare","koo-chee-NAH-reh"],["to clean","pulire","poo-LEE-reh"],["to wash","lavare","lah-VAH-reh"],["to cut","tagliare","tahl-YAH-reh"],["to draw","disegnare","dee-sen-YAH-reh"],["to paint","dipingere","dee-PEEN-jeh-reh"],["to build","costruire","kos-troo-EE-reh"],["to fall","cadere","kah-DEH-reh"],["to climb","salire","sah-LEE-reh"],["to go down","scendere","SHEN-deh-reh"],["to enter","entrare","en-TRAH-reh"],["to return","tornare","tor-NAH-reh"],["to arrive","arrivare","ar-ree-VAH-reh"],["to travel","viaggiare","vyahd-JAH-reh"],["to drive","guidare","gwee-DAH-reh"],["to fly","volare","voh-LAH-reh"],["to sit","sedersi","seh-DAIR-see"],["to wake up","svegliarsi","zvel-YAR-see"],["to laugh","ridere","REE-deh-reh"],["to cry","piangere","PYAHN-jeh-reh"],["to smile","sorridere","sor-REE-deh-reh"],["to share","condividere","kon-dee-VEE-deh-reh"],["to send","mandare","mahn-DAH-reh"],["to receive","ricevere","ree-CHEH-veh-reh"],["to choose","scegliere","SHEL-yeh-reh"],["to follow","seguire","seh-GWEE-reh"],["to believe","credere","KREH-deh-reh"],["to hope","sperare","speh-RAH-reh"],["to stay","restare","res-TAH-reh"],["to change","cambiare","kahm-BYAH-reh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/it-weather-time","id":"it-weather-time","title":"Italian Weather, Seasons, Days, Months and Time","category":"world-languages","subject":"Italian","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Talk about the weather, name the days and months, and tell time in Italian.","tags":["italian","weather","days","months","time"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Italian","cards":[["Monday","lunedì","loo-neh-DEE"],["Tuesday","martedì","mar-teh-DEE"],["Wednesday","mercoledì","mair-koh-leh-DEE"],["Thursday","giovedì","joh-veh-DEE"],["Friday","venerdì","veh-nair-DEE"],["Saturday","sabato","SAH-bah-toh"],["Sunday","domenica","doh-MEH-nee-kah"],["week","la settimana","lah set-tee-MAH-nah"],["weekend","il fine settimana","eel FEE-neh set-tee-MAH-nah"],["January","gennaio","jen-NAH-yoh"],["February","febbraio","feb-BRAH-yoh"],["March","marzo","MAR-tsoh"],["April","aprile","ah-PREE-leh"],["May","maggio","MAHD-joh"],["June","giugno","JOON-yoh"],["July","luglio","LOOL-yoh"],["August","agosto","ah-GOS-toh"],["September","settembre","set-TEM-breh"],["October","ottobre","ot-TOH-breh"],["November","novembre","noh-VEM-breh"],["December","dicembre","dee-CHEM-breh"],["month","il mese","eel MEH-zeh"],["year","l'anno","LAHN-noh"],["spring","la primavera","lah pree-mah-VEH-rah"],["summer","l'estate","les-TAH-teh"],["fall / autumn","l'autunno","low-TOON-noh"],["winter","l'inverno","leen-VAIR-noh"],["season","la stagione","lah stah-JOH-neh"],["today","oggi","OD-jee"],["yesterday","ieri","YEH-ree"],["tomorrow","domani","doh-MAH-nee"],["now","adesso","ah-DES-soh"],["later","dopo","DOH-poh"],["always","sempre","SEM-preh"],["never","mai","MAH-ee"],["sometimes","a volte","ah VOL-teh"],["morning","la mattina","lah maht-TEE-nah"],["afternoon","il pomeriggio","eel poh-meh-REED-joh"],["evening","la sera","lah SEH-rah"],["night","la notte","lah NOT-teh"],["day","il giorno","eel JOR-noh"],["hour","l'ora","LOH-rah"],["minute","il minuto","eel mee-NOO-toh"],["second","il secondo","eel seh-KON-doh"],["What time is it?","Che ora è? / Che ore sono?","keh OH-rah EH"],["It is one o'clock","È l'una","eh LOO-nah"],["It is three o'clock","Sono le tre","SOH-noh leh TREH"],["half past","e mezza","eh MED-dzah"],["quarter past","e un quarto","eh oon KWAR-toh"],["noon","mezzogiorno","med-dzoh-JOR-noh"],["midnight","mezzanotte","med-dzah-NOT-teh"],["early","presto","PRES-toh"],["late","tardi","TAR-dee"],["birthday","il compleanno","eel kom-pleh-AHN-noh"],["calendar","il calendario","eel kah-len-DAH-ryoh"],["weather","il tempo","eel TEM-poh"],["What is the weather like?","Che tempo fa?","keh TEM-poh FAH"],["It is sunny","C'è il sole","cheh eel SOH-leh"],["It is hot","Fa caldo","fah KAHL-doh"],["It is cold","Fa freddo","fah FRED-doh"],["It is windy","C'è vento","cheh VEN-toh"],["It is nice weather","Fa bel tempo","fah bel TEM-poh"],["It is raining","Piove","PYOH-veh"],["It is snowing","Nevica","NEH-vee-kah"],["rain","la pioggia","lah PYOD-jah"],["snow","la neve","lah NEH-veh"],["sun","il sole","eel SOH-leh"],["moon","la luna","lah LOO-nah"],["star","la stella","lah STEL-lah"],["sky","il cielo","eel CHEH-loh"],["cloud","la nuvola","lah NOO-voh-lah"],["wind","il vento","eel VEN-toh"],["storm","la tempesta","lah tem-PES-tah"],["thunder","il tuono","eel TWOH-noh"],["lightning","il fulmine","eel FOOL-mee-neh"],["fog","la nebbia","lah NEB-byah"],["ice","il ghiaccio","eel GYAHT-choh"],["rainbow","l'arcobaleno","lar-koh-bah-LEH-noh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ja-animals","id":"ja-animals","title":"Japanese Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Japanese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Animal names in Japanese.","tags":["japanese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Japanese","cards":[["Dog","いぬ","inu (犬)"],["Cat","ねこ","neko (猫)"],["Bird","とり","tori (鳥)"],["Fish","さかな","sakana (魚)"],["Horse","うま","uma (馬)"],["Cow","うし","ushi (牛)"],["Pig","ぶた","buta (豚)"],["Sheep","ひつじ","hitsuji (羊)"],["Chicken","にわとり","niwatori (鶏)"],["Rabbit","うさぎ","usagi (兎)"],["Mouse","ねずみ","nezumi (鼠)"],["Monkey","さる","saru (猿)"],["Bear","くま","kuma (熊)"],["Elephant","ぞう","zō (象)"],["Lion","ライオン","raion"],["Tiger","とら","tora (虎)"],["Giraffe","キリン","kirin"],["Panda","パンダ","panda"],["Frog","かえる","kaeru (蛙)"],["Snake","へび","hebi (蛇)"],["Turtle","かめ","kame (亀)"],["Butterfly","ちょう","chō (蝶)"],["Bee","はち","hachi (蜂)"],["Ant","あり","ari (蟻)"],["Spider","くも","kumo (蜘蛛)"],["Whale","くじら","kujira (鯨)"],["Dolphin","イルカ","iruka"],["Shark","サメ","same"],["Octopus","たこ","tako (蛸)"],["Crab","かに","kani (蟹)"],["Duck","あひる","ahiru"],["Owl","ふくろう","fukurō"],["Wolf","おおかみ","ōkami (狼)"],["Fox","きつね","kitsune (狐)"],["Deer","しか","shika (鹿)"],["Squirrel","りす","risu"],["Dragon","りゅう","ryū (竜)"],["Penguin","ペンギン","pengin"],["Kangaroo","カンガルー","kangarū"],["Goat","やぎ","yagi (山羊)"],["Insect / bug","むし","mushi (虫)"],["Dinosaur","きょうりゅう","kyōryū (恐竜)"],["Crow","からす","karasu (烏)"],["Goldfish","きんぎょ","kingyo (金魚)"],["Beetle","かぶとむし","kabutomushi (兜虫)"],["Dragonfly","とんぼ","tonbo"],["Animal","どうぶつ","dōbutsu (動物)"],["Tanuki (raccoon dog)","たぬき","tanuki"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ja-colors","id":"ja-colors","title":"Japanese Colors and Shapes","category":"world-languages","subject":"Japanese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Color words and basic shapes in Japanese.","tags":["japanese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Japanese","cards":[["Red","あか","aka (赤)"],["Blue","あお","ao (青)"],["Yellow","きいろ","kiiro (黄色)"],["Green","みどり","midori (緑)"],["White","しろ","shiro (白)"],["Black","くろ","kuro (黒)"],["Orange","オレンジ","orenji"],["Pink","ピンク","pinku"],["Purple","むらさき","murasaki (紫)"],["Brown","ちゃいろ","chairo (茶色)"],["Gray","はいいろ","haiiro (灰色)"],["Gold","きん","kin (金)"],["Silver","ぎん","gin (銀)"],["Light blue","みずいろ","mizuiro (水色)"],["Color","いろ","iro (色)"],["Red (adjective)","あかい","akai (赤い)"],["Blue (adjective)","あおい","aoi (青い)"],["White (adjective)","しろい","shiroi (白い)"],["Black (adjective)","くろい","kuroi (黒い)"],["Yellow (adjective)","きいろい","kiiroi (黄色い)"],["Circle","まる","maru (丸)"],["Triangle","さんかく","sankaku (三角)"],["Square","しかく","shikaku (四角)"],["Star","ほし","hoshi (星)"],["Heart","ハート","hāto"],["Big","おおきい","ōkii (大きい)"],["Small","ちいさい","chiisai (小さい)"],["Long","ながい","nagai (長い)"],["Short","みじかい","mijikai (短い)"],["Tall / high","たかい","takai (高い)"],["Low","ひくい","hikui (低い)"],["New","あたらしい","atarashii (新しい)"],["Old (things)","ふるい","furui (古い)"],["Hot (weather)","あつい","atsui (暑い)"],["Cold (weather)","さむい","samui (寒い)"],["Hot (to touch)","あつい","atsui (熱い)"],["Cold (to touch)","つめたい","tsumetai (冷たい)"],["Good","いい","ii (良い)"],["Bad","わるい","warui (悪い)"],["Fast","はやい","hayai (早い)"],["Slow","おそい","osoi (遅い)"],["Cute","かわいい","kawaii"],["Fun","たのしい","tanoshii (楽しい)"],["Delicious","おいしい","oishii"],["Heavy","おもい","omoi (重い)"],["Light (weight)","かるい","karui (軽い)"],["Bright","あかるい","akarui (明るい)"],["Dark","くらい","kurai (暗い)"],["Wide","ひろい","hiroi (広い)"],["Narrow / cramped","せまい","semai (狭い)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ja-family","id":"ja-family","title":"Japanese Family and People","category":"world-languages","subject":"Japanese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Words for family members and people in Japanese, including the polite and plain forms.","tags":["japanese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Japanese","cards":[["Family","かぞく","kazoku (家族)"],["Mother (my own)","はは","haha (母)"],["Father (my own)","ちち","chichi (父)"],["Mother (someone else's / polite)","おかあさん","okāsan (お母さん)"],["Father (someone else's / polite)","おとうさん","otōsan (お父さん)"],["Older brother (my own)","あに","ani (兄)"],["Older sister (my own)","あね","ane (姉)"],["Younger brother","おとうと","otōto (弟)"],["Younger sister","いもうと","imōto (妹)"],["Older brother (polite)","おにいさん","onīsan (お兄さん)"],["Older sister (polite)","おねえさん","onēsan (お姉さん)"],["Grandmother","おばあさん","obāsan (お祖母さん)"],["Grandfather","おじいさん","ojīsan (お祖父さん)"],["Aunt","おば","oba (叔母 / 伯母)"],["Uncle","おじ","oji (叔父 / 伯父)"],["Cousin","いとこ","itoko (従兄弟)"],["Child","こども","kodomo (子供)"],["Baby","あかちゃん","akachan (赤ちゃん)"],["Boy","おとこのこ","otoko no ko (男の子)"],["Girl","おんなのこ","onna no ko (女の子)"],["Man","おとこ","otoko (男)"],["Woman","おんな","onna (女)"],["Person","ひと","hito (人)"],["Friend","ともだち","tomodachi (友達)"],["Teacher","せんせい","sensei (先生)"],["Student","がくせい","gakusei (学生)"],["Doctor","いしゃ","isha (医者)"],["Me / I","わたし","watashi (私)"],["You","あなた","anata"],["He / boyfriend","かれ","kare (彼)"],["She / girlfriend","かのじょ","kanojo (彼女)"],["We","わたしたち","watashitachi (私たち)"],["Husband","おっと","otto (夫)"],["Wife","つま","tsuma (妻)"],["Parents","りょうしん","ryōshin (両親)"],["Siblings","きょうだい","kyōdai (兄弟)"],["Pet","ペット","petto"],["Neighbor","となり","tonari (隣)"],["Classmate","クラスメート","kurasumēto"],["School","がっこう","gakkō (学校)"],["Class","クラス","kurasu"],["Home / house","いえ","ie (家)"],["Country","くに","kuni (国)"],["Name","なまえ","namae (名前)"],["Age","とし","toshi (年)"],["Everyone","みんな","minna"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ja-food","id":"ja-food","title":"Japanese Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Japanese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Food, drink and meal words in Japanese.","tags":["japanese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Japanese","cards":[["Rice (cooked)","ごはん","gohan"],["Water","みず","mizu (水)"],["Tea","おちゃ","ocha (お茶)"],["Milk","ぎゅうにゅう","gyūnyū (牛乳)"],["Juice","ジュース","jūsu"],["Bread","パン","pan"],["Egg","たまご","tamago (卵)"],["Meat","にく","niku (肉)"],["Fish (as food)","さかな","sakana (魚)"],["Vegetables","やさい","yasai (野菜)"],["Fruit","くだもの","kudamono (果物)"],["Apple","りんご","ringo"],["Banana","バナナ","banana"],["Strawberry","いちご","ichigo"],["Orange (fruit)","みかん","mikan"],["Grapes","ぶどう","budō"],["Watermelon","すいか","suika"],["Peach","もも","momo"],["Potato","じゃがいも","jagaimo"],["Tomato","トマト","tomato"],["Carrot","にんじん","ninjin"],["Onion","たまねぎ","tamanegi"],["Cucumber","きゅうり","kyūri"],["Noodles","めん","men (麺)"],["Ramen","ラーメン","rāmen"],["Udon","うどん","udon"],["Soba","そば","soba"],["Sushi","すし","sushi"],["Rice ball","おにぎり","onigiri"],["Miso soup","みそしる","misoshiru"],["Soy sauce","しょうゆ","shōyu"],["Salt","しお","shio (塩)"],["Sugar","さとう","satō (砂糖)"],["Cake","ケーキ","kēki"],["Ice cream","アイスクリーム","aisukurīmu"],["Candy","あめ","ame"],["Chocolate","チョコレート","chokorēto"],["Cookie","クッキー","kukkī"],["Pizza","ピザ","piza"],["Hamburger","ハンバーガー","hanbāgā"],["Soup","スープ","sūpu"],["Tofu","とうふ","tōfu (豆腐)"],["Seaweed","のり","nori"],["Breakfast","あさごはん","asagohan (朝ご飯)"],["Lunch","ひるごはん","hirugohan (昼ご飯)"],["Dinner","ばんごはん","bangohan (晩ご飯)"],["Chopsticks","はし","hashi (箸)"],["Spoon","スプーン","supūn"],["Delicious!","おいしい","oishii"],["I'm hungry","おなかがすきました","onaka ga sukimashita"],["I'm thirsty","のどがかわきました","nodo ga kawakimashita"],["Lunch box","おべんとう","obentō (お弁当)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ja-greetings","id":"ja-greetings","title":"Japanese Greetings and Manners","category":"world-languages","subject":"Japanese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Everyday Japanese greetings and polite words, with kana and romaji.","tags":["japanese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Japanese","cards":[["Hello (daytime)","こんにちは","konnichiwa"],["Good morning","おはよう","ohayō (polite: ohayō gozaimasu)"],["Good morning (polite)","おはようございます","ohayō gozaimasu"],["Good evening","こんばんは","konbanwa"],["Good night","おやすみなさい","oyasumi nasai"],["Goodbye","さようなら","sayōnara"],["See you later","またね","mata ne"],["See you tomorrow","また明日","mata ashita"],["Thank you","ありがとう","arigatō"],["Thank you very much","ありがとうございます","arigatō gozaimasu"],["You're welcome","どういたしまして","dō itashimashite"],["Excuse me / Sorry","すみません","sumimasen"],["I'm sorry","ごめんなさい","gomen nasai"],["Please (go ahead / please do)","どうぞ","dōzo"],["Please (I request)","おねがいします","onegai shimasu"],["Yes","はい","hai"],["No","いいえ","iie"],["Nice to meet you","はじめまして","hajimemashite"],["Please treat me well","よろしくおねがいします","yoroshiku onegai shimasu"],["How are you?","お元気ですか","ogenki desu ka"],["I'm fine","元気です","genki desu"],["I'm home","ただいま","tadaima"],["Welcome home","おかえりなさい","okaeri nasai"],["I'm leaving (and will be back)","いってきます","ittekimasu"],["Take care / go and come back","いってらっしゃい","itterasshai"],["Let's eat (before meal)","いただきます","itadakimasu"],["Thanks for the meal","ごちそうさまでした","gochisōsama deshita"],["Welcome (to a shop)","いらっしゃいませ","irasshaimase"],["Congratulations","おめでとう","omedetō"],["Happy birthday","お誕生日おめでとう","otanjōbi omedetō"],["Cheers!","かんぱい","kanpai"],["Good luck / do your best","がんばって","ganbatte"],["Excuse me (entering a room)","しつれいします","shitsurei shimasu"],["Long time no see","おひさしぶりです","ohisashiburi desu"],["What is your name?","お名前は何ですか","onamae wa nan desu ka"],["My name is Ken","わたしはケンです","watashi wa Ken desu"],["I am from America","アメリカから来ました","Amerika kara kimashita"],["Nice weather today","いい天気ですね","ii tenki desu ne"],["It's cold","さむいです","samui desu"],["It's hot","あついです","atsui desu"],["Wait a moment","ちょっと待ってください","chotto matte kudasai"],["I understand","わかりました","wakarimashita"],["I don't understand","わかりません","wakarimasen"],["Please say it again","もういちどおねがいします","mō ichido onegai shimasu"],["Excuse me, where is the toilet?","トイレはどこですか","toire wa doko desu ka"],["Do you speak English?","英語を話せますか","eigo o hanasemasu ka"],["Take care of yourself","おだいじに","odaijini"],["Good job / thanks for your work","おつかれさま","otsukaresama"],["Hello (on the phone)","もしもし","moshi moshi"],["Is that so?","そうですか","sō desu ka"],["That's right","そうです","sō desu"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ja-numbers","id":"ja-numbers","title":"Japanese Numbers 0 to 100","category":"world-languages","subject":"Japanese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Count in Japanese from zero to one hundred and beyond.","tags":["japanese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Japanese","cards":[["0","ゼロ / れい","zero / rei"],["1","いち","ichi (一)"],["2","に","ni (二)"],["3","さん","san (三)"],["4","よん / し","yon / shi (四)"],["5","ご","go (五)"],["6","ろく","roku (六)"],["7","なな / しち","nana / shichi (七)"],["8","はち","hachi (八)"],["9","きゅう / く","kyū / ku (九)"],["10","じゅう","jū (十)"],["11","じゅういち","jū-ichi (十一)"],["12","じゅうに","jū-ni (十二)"],["13","じゅうさん","jū-san (十三)"],["14","じゅうよん","jū-yon (十四)"],["15","じゅうご","jū-go (十五)"],["16","じゅうろく","jū-roku (十六)"],["17","じゅうなな","jū-nana (十七)"],["18","じゅうはち","jū-hachi (十八)"],["19","じゅうきゅう","jū-kyū (十九)"],["20","にじゅう","ni-jū (二十)"],["21","にじゅういち","ni-jū-ichi (二十一)"],["25","にじゅうご","ni-jū-go (二十五)"],["30","さんじゅう","san-jū (三十)"],["40","よんじゅう","yon-jū (四十)"],["50","ごじゅう","go-jū (五十)"],["60","ろくじゅう","roku-jū (六十)"],["70","ななじゅう","nana-jū (七十)"],["80","はちじゅう","hachi-jū (八十)"],["90","きゅうじゅう","kyū-jū (九十)"],["99","きゅうじゅうきゅう","kyū-jū-kyū (九十九)"],["100","ひゃく","hyaku (百)"],["200","にひゃく","ni-hyaku (二百)"],["300","さんびゃく","san-byaku (三百)"],["500","ごひゃく","go-hyaku (五百)"],["600","ろっぴゃく","roppyaku (六百)"],["800","はっぴゃく","happyaku (八百)"],["1,000","せん","sen (千)"],["3,000","さんぜん","san-zen (三千)"],["8,000","はっせん","hassen (八千)"],["10,000","いちまん","ichi-man (一万)"],["100,000","じゅうまん","jū-man (十万)"],["1,000,000","ひゃくまん","hyaku-man (百万)"],["First","はじめ / いちばん","hajime / ichiban"],["Half","はんぶん","hanbun (半分)"],["How many?","いくつ","ikutsu"],["One thing","ひとつ","hitotsu (一つ)"],["Two things","ふたつ","futatsu (二つ)"],["Three things","みっつ","mittsu (三つ)"],["Four things","よっつ","yottsu (四つ)"],["Five things","いつつ","itsutsu (五つ)"],["Six things","むっつ","muttsu (六つ)"],["Seven things","ななつ","nanatsu (七つ)"],["Eight things","やっつ","yattsu (八つ)"],["Nine things","ここのつ","kokonotsu (九つ)"],["Ten things","とお","tō (十)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ja-phrases","id":"ja-phrases","title":"Japanese Useful Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Japanese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Helpful sentences for school, travel and everyday life.","tags":["japanese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Japanese","cards":[["I like cats","ねこがすきです","neko ga suki desu"],["I do not like carrots","にんじんはすきじゃないです","ninjin wa suki janai desu"],["What is this?","これはなんですか","kore wa nan desu ka"],["How much is it?","いくらですか","ikura desu ka"],["Where is the station?","えきはどこですか","eki wa doko desu ka"],["I want water","みずがほしいです","mizu ga hoshii desu"],["Please give me this","これをください","kore o kudasai"],["I am a student","わたしはがくせいです","watashi wa gakusei desu"],["I am ten years old","わたしは十さいです","watashi wa jussai desu"],["Let's go","いきましょう","ikimashō"],["Let's play","あそびましょう","asobimashō"],["It's fun","たのしいです","tanoshii desu"],["It's difficult","むずかしいです","muzukashii desu"],["It's easy","かんたんです","kantan desu"],["I can swim","およげます","oyogemasu"],["I can't swim","およげません","oyogemasen"],["I have a dog","いぬがいます","inu ga imasu"],["There is a book","ほんがあります","hon ga arimasu"],["What time is it?","いま何時ですか","ima nanji desu ka"],["What day is it today?","今日は何曜日ですか","kyō wa nan'yōbi desu ka"],["Today","きょう","kyō (今日)"],["Tomorrow","あした","ashita (明日)"],["Yesterday","きのう","kinō (昨日)"],["Now","いま","ima (今)"],["Morning","あさ","asa (朝)"],["Noon / daytime","ひる","hiru (昼)"],["Night","よる","yoru (夜)"],["Monday","げつようび","getsuyōbi (月曜日)"],["Tuesday","かようび","kayōbi (火曜日)"],["Wednesday","すいようび","suiyōbi (水曜日)"],["Thursday","もくようび","mokuyōbi (木曜日)"],["Friday","きんようび","kin'yōbi (金曜日)"],["Saturday","どようび","doyōbi (土曜日)"],["Sunday","にちようび","nichiyōbi (日曜日)"],["Right","みぎ","migi (右)"],["Left","ひだり","hidari (左)"],["Straight ahead","まっすぐ","massugu"],["Up / above","うえ","ue (上)"],["Down / below","した","shita (下)"],["Inside","なか","naka (中)"],["Here","ここ","koko"],["There","そこ","soko"],["Over there","あそこ","asoko"],["Who?","だれ","dare"],["What?","なに","nani"],["When?","いつ","itsu"],["Where?","どこ","doko"],["Why?","なぜ / どうして","naze / dōshite"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ja-verbs","id":"ja-verbs","title":"Japanese Basic Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Japanese","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Common verbs with the dictionary form, polite form and romaji.","tags":["japanese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Japanese","cards":[["To eat","たべる","taberu (polite: tabemasu) 食べる"],["To drink","のむ","nomu (polite: nomimasu) 飲む"],["To go","いく","iku (polite: ikimasu) 行く"],["To come","くる","kuru (polite: kimasu) 来る"],["To see / look","みる","miru (polite: mimasu) 見る"],["To listen / hear","きく","kiku (polite: kikimasu) 聞く"],["To speak","はなす","hanasu (polite: hanashimasu) 話す"],["To read","よむ","yomu (polite: yomimasu) 読む"],["To write","かく","kaku (polite: kakimasu) 書く"],["To do","する","suru (polite: shimasu)"],["To buy","かう","kau (polite: kaimasu) 買う"],["To sleep","ねる","neru (polite: nemasu) 寝る"],["To wake up","おきる","okiru (polite: okimasu) 起きる"],["To play","あそぶ","asobu (polite: asobimasu) 遊ぶ"],["To swim","およぐ","oyogu (polite: oyogimasu) 泳ぐ"],["To run","はしる","hashiru (polite: hashirimasu) 走る"],["To walk","あるく","aruku (polite: arukimasu) 歩く"],["To study","べんきょうする","benkyō suru 勉強する"],["To learn","ならう","narau (polite: naraimasu) 習う"],["To teach","おしえる","oshieru (polite: oshiemasu) 教える"],["To know","しる","shiru (polite: shirimasu) 知る"],["To understand","わかる","wakaru (polite: wakarimasu)"],["To think","おもう","omou (polite: omoimasu) 思う"],["To wait","まつ","matsu (polite: machimasu) 待つ"],["To sit","すわる","suwaru (polite: suwarimasu) 座る"],["To stand","たつ","tatsu (polite: tachimasu) 立つ"],["To open","あける","akeru (polite: akemasu) 開ける"],["To close","しめる","shimeru (polite: shimemasu) 閉める"],["To give","あげる","ageru (polite: agemasu)"],["To receive","もらう","morau (polite: moraimasu)"],["To make","つくる","tsukuru (polite: tsukurimasu) 作る"],["To use","つかう","tsukau (polite: tsukaimasu) 使う"],["To sing","うたう","utau (polite: utaimasu) 歌う"],["To draw","かく","kaku (polite: kakimasu) 描く"],["To laugh","わらう","warau (polite: waraimasu) 笑う"],["To cry","なく","naku (polite: nakimasu) 泣く"],["To like (be fond of)","すき","suki (adjective: suki desu) 好き"],["To return home","かえる","kaeru (polite: kaerimasu) 帰る"],["To enter","はいる","hairu (polite: hairimasu) 入る"],["To exit / go out","でる","deru (polite: demasu) 出る"],["To meet","あう","au (polite: aimasu) 会う"],["To work","はたらく","hataraku (polite: hatarakimasu) 働く"],["To rest","やすむ","yasumu (polite: yasumimasu) 休む"],["To wash","あらう","arau (polite: araimasu) 洗う"],["To cook","りょうりする","ryōri suru 料理する"],["To help","てつだう","tetsudau (polite: tetsudaimasu) 手伝う"],["To lend","かす","kasu (polite: kashimasu) 貸す"],["To borrow","かりる","kariru (polite: karimasu) 借りる"],["To remember","おぼえる","oboeru (polite: oboemasu) 覚える"],["To forget","わすれる","wasureru (polite: wasuremasu) 忘れる"],["To exist (living things)","いる","iru (polite: imasu)"],["To exist (things)","ある","aru (polite: arimasu)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ko-animals","id":"ko-animals","title":"Korean Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Korean","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Animal names in Korean.","tags":["korean","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Korean","cards":[["Dog","개","gae"],["Puppy","강아지","gangaji"],["Cat","고양이","goyangi"],["Bird","새","sae"],["Fish","물고기","mulgogi"],["Horse","말","mal"],["Cow","소","so"],["Pig","돼지","dwaeji"],["Sheep","양","yang"],["Chicken","닭","dak"],["Duck","오리","ori"],["Rabbit","토끼","tokki"],["Mouse","쥐","jwi"],["Monkey","원숭이","wonsungi"],["Bear","곰","gom"],["Panda","판다","panda"],["Elephant","코끼리","kokkiri"],["Lion","사자","saja"],["Tiger","호랑이","horangi"],["Giraffe","기린","girin"],["Zebra","얼룩말","eollungmal"],["Wolf","늑대","neukdae"],["Fox","여우","yeou"],["Deer","사슴","saseum"],["Frog","개구리","gaeguri"],["Snake","뱀","baem"],["Turtle","거북이","geobugi"],["Butterfly","나비","nabi"],["Bee","벌","beol"],["Ant","개미","gaemi"],["Spider","거미","geomi"],["Whale","고래","gorae"],["Dolphin","돌고래","dolgorae"],["Shark","상어","sangeo"],["Octopus","문어","munneo"],["Crab","게","ge"],["Owl","부엉이","bueongi"],["Squirrel","다람쥐","daramjwi"],["Dragon","용","yong"],["Penguin","펭귄","penggwin"],["Kangaroo","캥거루","kaenggeoru"],["Camel","낙타","nakta"],["Insect","벌레","beolle"],["Dinosaur","공룡","gongnyong"],["Crow","까마귀","kkamagwi"],["Goldfish","금붕어","geumbungeo"],["Dragonfly","잠자리","jamjari"],["Animal","동물","dongmul"],["Zoo","동물원","dongmurwon"],["Magpie","까치","kkachi"],["Eagle","독수리","doksuri"],["Swan","백조","baekjo"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ko-colors","id":"ko-colors","title":"Korean Colors and Describing Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"Korean","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Colors, shapes and adjectives in Korean.","tags":["korean","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Korean","cards":[["Red","빨간색","ppalgansaek"],["Blue","파란색","paransaek"],["Yellow","노란색","noransaek"],["Green","초록색","choroksaek"],["White","하얀색","hayansaek"],["Black","검은색","geomeunsaek"],["Orange","주황색","juhwangsaek"],["Pink","분홍색","bunhongsaek"],["Purple","보라색","borasaek"],["Brown","갈색","galsaek"],["Gray","회색","hoesaek"],["Gold","금색","geumsaek"],["Silver","은색","eunsaek"],["Color","색","saek"],["Circle","동그라미","donggeurami"],["Square","네모","nemo"],["Triangle","세모","semo"],["Star","별","byeol"],["Heart","하트","hateu"],["Big","크다","keuda"],["Small","작다","jakda"],["Long","길다","gilda"],["Short (length)","짧다","jjalda"],["Tall / high","높다","nopda"],["Low","낮다","natda"],["New","새롭다","saeropda"],["Old (things)","오래되다","oraedoeda"],["Hot (weather)","덥다","deopda"],["Cold (weather)","춥다","chupda"],["Good","좋다","jota"],["Bad","나쁘다","nappeuda"],["Fast","빠르다","ppareuda"],["Slow","느리다","neurida"],["Happy","행복하다","haengbokada"],["Sad","슬프다","seulpeuda"],["Pretty","예쁘다","yeppeuda"],["Cute","귀엽다","gwiyeopda"],["Delicious","맛있다","masitda"],["Heavy","무겁다","mugeopda"],["Light (weight)","가볍다","gabyeopda"],["Bright","밝다","bakda"],["Dark","어둡다","eodupda"],["Near","가깝다","gakkapda"],["Far","멀다","meolda"],["Many","많다","manta"],["Few","적다","jeokda"],["Easy","쉽다","swipda"],["Difficult","어렵다","eoryeopda"],["Fun","재미있다","jaemiitda"],["Clean","깨끗하다","kkaekkeutada"],["Dirty","더럽다","deoreopda"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ko-family","id":"ko-family","title":"Korean Family and People","category":"world-languages","subject":"Korean","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Family members and people words in Korean.","tags":["korean","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Korean","cards":[["Family","가족","gajok"],["Mother","어머니","eomeoni"],["Mom","엄마","eomma"],["Father","아버지","abeoji"],["Dad","아빠","appa"],["Older brother (said by a boy)","형","hyeong"],["Older brother (said by a girl)","오빠","oppa"],["Older sister (said by a boy)","누나","nuna"],["Older sister (said by a girl)","언니","eonni"],["Younger sibling","동생","dongsaeng"],["Grandfather","할아버지","harabeoji"],["Grandmother","할머니","halmeoni"],["Husband","남편","nampyeon"],["Wife","아내","anae"],["Son","아들","adeul"],["Daughter","딸","ttal"],["Child","아이","ai"],["Baby","아기","agi"],["Boy","소년","sonyeon"],["Girl","소녀","sonyeo"],["Man","남자","namja"],["Woman","여자","yeoja"],["Person","사람","saram"],["Friend","친구","chingu"],["Teacher","선생님","seonsaengnim"],["Student","학생","haksaeng"],["Doctor","의사","uisa"],["Classmate","반 친구","ban chingu"],["I (polite)","저","jeo"],["I (plain)","나","na"],["You","너","neo"],["We","우리","uri"],["He","그","geu"],["She","그녀","geunyeo"],["Parents","부모님","bumonim"],["Siblings","형제자매","hyeongjejamae"],["Uncle (father's brother)","삼촌","samchon"],["Aunt (mother's sister)","이모","imo"],["Aunt (father's sister)","고모","gomo"],["Cousin","사촌","sachon"],["Neighbor","이웃","iut"],["Country","나라","nara"],["Korea","한국","Hanguk"],["America","미국","Miguk"],["School","학교","hakgyo"],["Classroom","교실","gyosil"],["House","집","jip"],["Pet","반려동물","banryeodongmul"],["Name","이름","ireum"],["Everyone","모두","modu"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ko-food","id":"ko-food","title":"Korean Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Korean","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Foods, drinks and meal words in Korean.","tags":["korean","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Korean","cards":[["Rice (cooked)","밥","bap"],["Water","물","mul"],["Tea","차","cha"],["Milk","우유","uyu"],["Juice","주스","juseu"],["Coffee","커피","keopi"],["Bread","빵","ppang"],["Egg","계란","gyeran"],["Meat","고기","gogi"],["Beef","소고기","sogogi"],["Pork","돼지고기","dwaejigogi"],["Chicken (meat)","닭고기","dakgogi"],["Fish (food)","생선","saengseon"],["Vegetables","채소","chaeso"],["Fruit","과일","gwail"],["Apple","사과","sagwa"],["Banana","바나나","banana"],["Orange","오렌지","orenji"],["Grapes","포도","podo"],["Strawberry","딸기","ttalgi"],["Watermelon","수박","subak"],["Peach","복숭아","boksunga"],["Pear","배","bae"],["Potato","감자","gamja"],["Tomato","토마토","tomato"],["Carrot","당근","danggeun"],["Corn","옥수수","oksusu"],["Onion","양파","yangpa"],["Cabbage","배추","baechu"],["Noodles","국수","guksu"],["Kimchi","김치","gimchi"],["Seaweed (dried laver)","김","gim"],["Seaweed rice roll","김밥","gimbap"],["Mixed rice bowl","비빔밥","bibimbap"],["Grilled marinated beef","불고기","bulgogi"],["Dumplings","만두","mandu"],["Rice cake","떡","tteok"],["Stir-fried rice cakes","떡볶이","tteokbokki"],["Soup","국","guk"],["Stew","찌개","jjigae"],["Tofu","두부","dubu"],["Salt","소금","sogeum"],["Sugar","설탕","seoltang"],["Candy","사탕","satang"],["Cake","케이크","keikeu"],["Ice cream","아이스크림","aiseukrim"],["Cookie","쿠키","kuki"],["Chocolate","초콜릿","chokollit"],["Breakfast","아침 식사","achim siksa"],["Lunch","점심 식사","jeomsim siksa"],["Dinner","저녁 식사","jeonyeok siksa"],["Chopsticks","젓가락","jeotgarak"],["Spoon","숟가락","sutgarak"],["Bowl","그릇","geureut"],["I'm hungry","배고파요","baegopayo"],["I'm thirsty","목말라요","mongmallayo"],["Delicious","맛있어요","masisseoyo"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ko-greetings","id":"ko-greetings","title":"Korean Greetings and Manners","category":"world-languages","subject":"Korean","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Everyday Korean greetings and polite words in hangul with romanization.","tags":["korean","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Korean","cards":[["Hello","안녕하세요","annyeonghaseyo"],["Hi / bye (casual)","안녕","annyeong"],["Goodbye (to someone leaving)","안녕히 가세요","annyeonghi gaseyo"],["Goodbye (to someone staying)","안녕히 계세요","annyeonghi gyeseyo"],["Thank you","감사합니다","gamsahamnida"],["Thanks (casual)","고마워요","gomawoyo"],["You're welcome","천만에요","cheonmaneyo"],["I'm sorry","죄송합니다","joesonghamnida"],["Sorry (casual)","미안해요","mianhaeyo"],["Excuse me","실례합니다","sillyehamnida"],["Please (give me)","주세요","juseyo"],["Yes","네","ne"],["No","아니요","aniyo"],["Nice to meet you","만나서 반갑습니다","mannaseo bangapseumnida"],["How are you?","잘 지내세요","jal jinaeseyo"],["I'm fine","잘 지내요","jal jinaeyo"],["Good morning","좋은 아침이에요","joeun achimieyo"],["Good night","안녕히 주무세요","annyeonghi jumuseyo"],["Good night (casual)","잘 자요","jal jayo"],["Happy birthday","생일 축하해요","saengil chukahaeyo"],["Congratulations","축하합니다","chukahamnida"],["Happy New Year","새해 복 많이 받으세요","saehae bok mani badeuseyo"],["Cheers","건배","geonbae"],["Welcome","어서 오세요","eoseo oseyo"],["Enjoy your meal","맛있게 드세요","masitge deuseyo"],["I will eat well","잘 먹겠습니다","jal meokgetseumnida"],["I ate well","잘 먹었습니다","jal meogeotseumnida"],["What is your name?","이름이 뭐예요","ireumi mwoyeyo"],["My name is Jin","제 이름은 진이에요","je ireumeun jinieyo"],["I am American","저는 미국 사람이에요","jeoneun miguk saramieyo"],["I understand","알겠어요","algesseoyo"],["I don't understand","모르겠어요","moreugesseoyo"],["Please say it again","다시 말해 주세요","dasi malhae juseyo"],["Please speak slowly","천천히 말해 주세요","cheoncheonhi malhae juseyo"],["Do you speak English?","영어 할 수 있어요","yeongeo hal su isseoyo"],["Where is the bathroom?","화장실이 어디예요","hwajangsiri eodiyeyo"],["I like it","좋아요","joayo"],["It's okay","괜찮아요","gwaenchanayo"],["Really?","정말요","jeongmaryo"],["Wow / Amazing","대박","daebak"],["Let's go","가요","gayo"],["Fighting! (cheer)","파이팅","paiting"],["Be well / take care","건강하세요","geonganghaseyo"],["I'm home","다녀왔습니다","danyeowasseumnida"],["I'm going out","다녀오겠습니다","danyeoogetseumnida"],["Please wait","잠깐만요","jamkkanmanyo"],["Very good","아주 좋아요","aju joayo"],["I love you","사랑해요","saranghaeyo"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ko-numbers","id":"ko-numbers","title":"Korean Numbers","category":"world-languages","subject":"Korean","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Both Korean number systems: Sino-Korean (for dates, money, phone numbers) and native Korean (for counting things and age).","tags":["korean","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Korean","cards":[["1 (Sino-Korean)","일","il"],["2 (Sino-Korean)","이","i"],["3 (Sino-Korean)","삼","sam"],["4 (Sino-Korean)","사","sa"],["5 (Sino-Korean)","오","o"],["6 (Sino-Korean)","육","yuk"],["7 (Sino-Korean)","칠","chil"],["8 (Sino-Korean)","팔","pal"],["9 (Sino-Korean)","구","gu"],["10 (Sino-Korean)","십","sip"],["11 (Sino-Korean)","십일","sibil"],["12 (Sino-Korean)","십이","sibi"],["15 (Sino-Korean)","십오","sibo"],["20 (Sino-Korean)","이십","isip"],["30 (Sino-Korean)","삼십","samsip"],["40 (Sino-Korean)","사십","sasip"],["50 (Sino-Korean)","오십","osip"],["60 (Sino-Korean)","육십","yuksip"],["70 (Sino-Korean)","칠십","chilsip"],["80 (Sino-Korean)","팔십","palsip"],["90 (Sino-Korean)","구십","gusip"],["100 (Sino-Korean)","백","baek"],["1,000 (Sino-Korean)","천","cheon"],["10,000 (Sino-Korean)","만","man"],["Zero","영","yeong"],["Zero (phone numbers)","공","gong"],["1 (native Korean)","하나","hana"],["2 (native Korean)","둘","dul"],["3 (native Korean)","셋","set"],["4 (native Korean)","넷","net"],["5 (native Korean)","다섯","daseot"],["6 (native Korean)","여섯","yeoseot"],["7 (native Korean)","일곱","ilgop"],["8 (native Korean)","여덟","yeodeol"],["9 (native Korean)","아홉","ahop"],["10 (native Korean)","열","yeol"],["11 (native Korean)","열하나","yeolhana"],["12 (native Korean)","열둘","yeoldul"],["20 (native Korean)","스물","seumul"],["30 (native Korean)","서른","seoreun"],["40 (native Korean)","마흔","maheun"],["50 (native Korean)","쉰","swin"],["60 (native Korean)","예순","yesun"],["70 (native Korean)","일흔","ilheun"],["80 (native Korean)","여든","yeodeun"],["90 (native Korean)","아흔","aheun"],["How many?","몇 개","myeot gae"],["Three apples (native number)","사과 세 개","sagwa se gae"],["Month: March (Sino)","삼월","samwol"],["Won: 1,000 won","천 원","cheon won"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ko-phrases","id":"ko-phrases","title":"Korean Useful Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Korean","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Helpful Korean sentences and question words for school, travel and daily life.","tags":["korean","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Korean","cards":[["What is this?","이게 뭐예요","ige mwoyeyo"],["How much is it?","얼마예요","eolmayeyo"],["Where is the school?","학교가 어디예요","hakgyoga eodiyeyo"],["I want water","물을 주세요","mureul juseyo"],["I like cats","저는 고양이를 좋아해요","jeoneun goyangireul joahaeyo"],["I don't like carrots","저는 당근을 안 좋아해요","jeoneun danggeuneul an joahaeyo"],["I am a student","저는 학생이에요","jeoneun haksaengieyo"],["I have a dog","저는 개가 있어요","jeoneun gaega isseoyo"],["I don't have","없어요","eopseoyo"],["What time is it?","지금 몇 시예요","jigeum myeot siyeyo"],["Today","오늘","oneul"],["Tomorrow","내일","naeil"],["Yesterday","어제","eoje"],["Now","지금","jigeum"],["Morning","아침","achim"],["Afternoon","오후","ohu"],["Evening","저녁","jeonyeok"],["Night","밤","bam"],["Monday","월요일","woryoil"],["Tuesday","화요일","hwayoil"],["Wednesday","수요일","suyoil"],["Thursday","목요일","mogyoil"],["Friday","금요일","geumyoil"],["Saturday","토요일","toyoil"],["Sunday","일요일","iryoil"],["Week","주","ju"],["Month","달","dal"],["Year","해","hae"],["Day","날","nal"],["Left","왼쪽","oenjjok"],["Right","오른쪽","oreunjjok"],["Straight ahead","직진","jikjin"],["Up","위","wi"],["Down","아래","arae"],["Inside","안","an"],["Outside","밖","bak"],["Here","여기","yeogi"],["There","거기","geogi"],["Who?","누구","nugu"],["What?","무엇","mueot"],["When?","언제","eonje"],["Where?","어디","eodi"],["Why?","왜","wae"],["How?","어떻게","eotteoke"],["This","이것","igeot"],["That","그것","geugeot"],["And","그리고","geurigo"],["Very","아주","aju"],["Also","또한","ttohan"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ko-verbs","id":"ko-verbs","title":"Korean Basic Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Korean","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Common Korean verbs in their dictionary form.","tags":["korean","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Korean","cards":[["To eat","먹다","meokda"],["To drink","마시다","masida"],["To go","가다","gada"],["To come","오다","oda"],["To see / look","보다","boda"],["To listen","듣다","deutda"],["To speak","말하다","malhada"],["To read","읽다","ikda"],["To write","쓰다","sseuda"],["To do","하다","hada"],["To buy","사다","sada"],["To sell","팔다","palda"],["To sleep","자다","jada"],["To wake up","일어나다","ireonada"],["To play","놀다","nolda"],["To swim","수영하다","suyeonghada"],["To run","달리다","dallida"],["To walk","걷다","geotda"],["To study","공부하다","gongbuhada"],["To teach","가르치다","gareuchida"],["To know","알다","alda"],["To think","생각하다","saenggakada"],["To wait","기다리다","gidarida"],["To sit","앉다","anda"],["To stand","서다","seoda"],["To open","열다","yeolda"],["To close","닫다","datda"],["To give","주다","juda"],["To receive","받다","batda"],["To use","쓰다","sseuda"],["To sing","노래하다","noraehada"],["To dance","춤추다","chumchuda"],["To draw","그리다","geurida"],["To laugh","웃다","utda"],["To cry","울다","ulda"],["To like","좋아하다","joahada"],["To love","사랑하다","saranghada"],["To have / exist","있다","itda"],["To not exist / not have","없다","eopda"],["To meet","만나다","mannada"],["To work","일하다","ilhada"],["To rest","쉬다","swida"],["To wash","씻다","ssitda"],["To cook","요리하다","yorihada"],["To help","돕다","dopda"],["To borrow","빌리다","billida"],["To forget","잊다","itda"],["To ask","묻다","mutda"],["To answer","대답하다","daedapada"],["To find","찾다","chatda"],["To fly","날다","nalda"],["To jump","뛰다","ttwida"],["To wear (clothes)","입다","ipda"],["To arrive","도착하다","dochakada"],["To return","돌아오다","doraoda"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-animals","id":"la-animals","title":"Latin Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Latin","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Animal names in Latin, many of which became science words.","tags":["latin","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Latin","cards":[["Dog","canis","canis (m./f.)"],["Cat","fēlēs","fēlis (f.)"],["Horse","equus","equī (m.)"],["Cow / ox","bōs","bovis (m./f.)"],["Pig","porcus","porcī (m.)"],["Sheep","ovis","ovis (f.)"],["Goat","capra","caprae (f.)"],["Wolf","lupus","lupī (m.)"],["Bear","ursus","ursī (m.)"],["Lion","leō","leōnis (m.)"],["Tiger","tigris","tigris (m./f.)"],["Elephant","elephantus","elephantī (m.)"],["Fox","vulpēs","vulpis (f.)"],["Deer","cervus","cervī (m.)"],["Rabbit","cunīculus","cunīculī (m.)"],["Mouse","mūs","mūris (m.)"],["Bird","avis","avis (f.)"],["Eagle","aquila","aquilae (f.)"],["Owl","strix","strigis (f.)"],["Chicken / hen","gallīna","gallīnae (f.)"],["Rooster","gallus","gallī (m.)"],["Goose","ānser","ānseris (m.)"],["Fish","piscis","piscis (m.)"],["Snake","serpēns","serpentis (f.)"],["Frog","rāna","rānae (f.)"],["Bee","apis","apis (f.)"],["Ant","formīca","formīcae (f.)"],["Fly","musca","muscae (f.)"],["Butterfly","pāpiliō","pāpiliōnis (m.)"],["Spider","arānea","arāneae (f.)"],["Worm","vermis","vermis (m.)"],["Monkey","sīmia","sīmiae (f.)"],["Dolphin","delphīnus","delphīnī (m.)"],["Whale","cētus","cētī (m.)"],["Crab","cancer","cancrī (m.)"],["Turtle","testūdō","testūdinis (f.)"],["Camel","camēlus","camēlī (m.)"],["Donkey","asinus","asinī (m.)"],["Bull","taurus","taurī (m.)"],["Lamb","agnus","agnī (m.)"],["Dragon","dracō","dracōnis (m.)"],["Crow","corvus","corvī (m.)"],["Dove","columba","columbae (f.)"],["Swan","olor","olōris (m.)"],["Sparrow","passer","passeris (m.)"],["Squirrel","sciūrus","sciūrī (m.)"],["Beast / animal","animal","animālis (n.)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-everyday-words","id":"la-everyday-words","title":"Latin Everyday Nouns","category":"world-languages","subject":"Latin","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common Latin nouns with their genitive form in the hint (the form you need to decline them).","tags":["latin","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Latin","cards":[["Water","aqua","aquae (f.)"],["Fire","ignis","ignis (m.)"],["Earth / land","terra","terrae (f.)"],["Air","āēr","āeris (m.)"],["Sun","sōl","sōlis (m.)"],["Moon","lūna","lūnae (f.)"],["Star","stella","stellae (f.)"],["Sky","caelum","caelī (n.)"],["Sea","mare","maris (n.)"],["River","flūmen","flūminis (n.)"],["Mountain","mōns","montis (m.)"],["Forest","silva","silvae (f.)"],["Tree","arbor","arboris (f.)"],["Flower","flōs","flōris (m.)"],["Stone","saxum","saxī (n.)"],["Road","via","viae (f.)"],["House","domus","domūs (f.)"],["City","urbs","urbis (f.)"],["Town / city","oppidum","oppidī (n.)"],["Field","ager","agrī (m.)"],["Farmer","agricola","agricolae (m.)"],["Garden","hortus","hortī (m.)"],["Door","iānua","iānuae (f.)"],["Wall","mūrus","mūrī (m.)"],["Book","liber","librī (m.)"],["Letter (of alphabet)","littera","litterae (f.)"],["Word","verbum","verbī (n.)"],["Name","nōmen","nōminis (n.)"],["Time","tempus","temporis (n.)"],["Day","diēs","diēī (m./f.)"],["Night","nox","noctis (f.)"],["Year","annus","annī (m.)"],["Light","lūx","lūcis (f.)"],["Life","vīta","vītae (f.)"],["Death","mors","mortis (f.)"],["Love","amor","amōris (m.)"],["Peace","pāx","pācis (f.)"],["War","bellum","bellī (n.)"],["Friend","amīcus","amīcī (m.)"],["Enemy","inimīcus","inimīcī (m.)"],["Man","vir","virī (m.)"],["Woman","fēmina","fēminae (f.)"],["Child","puer","puerī (m. boy)"],["Girl","puella","puellae (f.)"],["King","rēx","rēgis (m.)"],["Queen","rēgīna","rēgīnae (f.)"],["Teacher","magister","magistrī (m.)"],["Student","discipulus","discipulī (m.)"],["Soldier","mīles","mīlitis (m.)"],["Citizen","cīvis","cīvis (m./f.)"],["God","deus","deī (m.)"],["Goddess","dea","deae (f.)"],["Home / homeland","patria","patriae (f.)"],["Father","pater","patris (m.)"],["Mother","māter","mātris (f.)"],["Brother","frāter","frātris (m.)"],["Sister","soror","sorōris (f.)"],["Son","fīlius","fīliī (m.)"],["Daughter","fīlia","fīliae (f.)"],["Body","corpus","corporis (n.)"],["Hand","manus","manūs (f.)"],["Head","caput","capitis (n.)"],["Heart","cor","cordis (n.)"],["Eye","oculus","oculī (m.)"],["Mind / spirit","animus","animī (m.)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-numbers","id":"la-numbers","title":"Latin Numbers","category":"world-languages","subject":"Latin","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Latin numbers 1 to 1000 and the Roman numerals that go with them.","tags":["latin","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Latin","cards":[["1","ūnus","I"],["2","duo","II"],["3","trēs","III"],["4","quattuor","IV"],["5","quīnque","V"],["6","sex","VI"],["7","septem","VII"],["8","octō","VIII"],["9","novem","IX"],["10","decem","X"],["11","ūndecim","XI"],["12","duodecim","XII"],["13","trēdecim","XIII"],["14","quattuordecim","XIV"],["15","quīndecim","XV"],["16","sēdecim","XVI"],["17","septendecim","XVII"],["18","duodēvīgintī","XVIII"],["19","ūndēvīgintī","XIX"],["20","vīgintī","XX"],["30","trīgintā","XXX"],["40","quadrāgintā","XL"],["50","quīnquāgintā","L"],["60","sexāgintā","LX"],["70","septuāgintā","LXX"],["80","octōgintā","LXXX"],["90","nōnāgintā","XC"],["100","centum","C"],["200","ducentī","CC"],["300","trecentī","CCC"],["400","quadringentī","CD"],["500","quīngentī","D"],["600","sescentī","DC"],["900","nōngentī","CM"],["1,000","mīlle","M"],["First","prīmus","prīma, prīmum"],["Second","secundus","secunda, secundum"],["Third","tertius","tertia, tertium"],["Fourth","quārtus","quārta, quārtum"],["Fifth","quīntus","quīnta, quīntum"],["Tenth","decimus","decima, decimum"],["Once","semel","one time"],["Twice","bis","two times"],["Three times","ter","thrice"],["Half","dīmidium","dīmidiī (n.)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-phrases","id":"la-phrases","title":"Latin Phrases and Mottos","category":"world-languages","subject":"Latin","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Famous Latin phrases and mottos still used today.","tags":["latin","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Latin","cards":[["Seize the day","Carpe diem","Horace"],["I think, therefore I am","Cogito, ergo sum","Descartes"],["The die is cast","Alea iacta est","said to be Caesar's words"],["I came, I saw, I conquered","Veni, vidi, vici","Caesar"],["Out of many, one","E pluribus unum","on US coins"],["Always faithful","Semper fidelis","US Marine Corps motto"],["Always prepared","Semper paratus","US Coast Guard motto"],["Knowledge is power","Scientia potentia est","Francis Bacon"],["To err is human","Errare humanum est","proverb"],["Practice makes perfect (lit. use makes mastery)","Usus magister est optimus","proverb"],["Fortune favors the bold","Audentēs fortūna iuvat","Virgil"],["Let the buyer beware","Caveat emptor","trade saying"],["Time flies","Tempus fugit","Virgil"],["Among other things","Inter alia","legal phrase"],["And so on","Et cetera","etc."],["For example","Exempli gratia","e.g."],["That is","Id est","i.e."],["After noon","Post meridiem","p.m."],["Before noon","Ante meridiem","a.m."],["Note well","Nota bene","N.B."],["Thank God","Deo gratias","Latin thanks"],["A healthy mind in a healthy body","Mens sana in corpore sano","Juvenal"],["Love conquers all","Omnia vincit amor","Virgil"],["Hello","Salvē","to one person"],["Hello (to several people)","Salvēte","plural"],["Goodbye","Valē","to one person"],["Goodbye (to several)","Valēte","plural"],["Thank you","Gratiās tibi agō","lit. I give thanks to you"],["Please","Sī placet","lit. if it pleases"],["How are you?","Quid agis?","lit. what are you doing"],["I am well","Bene valeō","lit. I am strong in health"],["My name is...","Nōmen mihi est","lit. a name is to me"],["What is your name?","Quod nōmen tibi est?","question"],["Yes","Ita vērō","lit. so truly"],["No","Minimē","lit. least of all"],["Good night","Bonam noctem","lit. good night"],["Cheers!","Prōsit","lit. may it benefit"],["Happy birthday","Fēlīx diēs nātālis","lit. happy birthday"],["With the greatest praise","Summa cum laude","graduation honor"],["With praise","Cum laude","graduation honor"],["Alma mater","Alma mater","nourishing mother; one's school"],["From start to finish (lit. from egg to apples)","Ab ovo usque ad mala","Roman dinner idiom"],["Per year","Per annum","each year"],["In the year of the Lord","Anno Domini","A.D."],["Behold the man","Ecce homo","phrase"],["I am","Sum","the verb \"to be\""],["Out of nothing, nothing","Ex nihilo nihil fit","old philosophy saying"],["Truth","Vēritās","motto of Harvard"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-school-words","id":"la-school-words","title":"Latin Adjectives and Small Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"Latin","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common Latin adjectives, adverbs and small words.","tags":["latin","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Latin","cards":[["Good","bonus","bona, bonum"],["Bad","malus","mala, malum"],["Big","magnus","magna, magnum"],["Small","parvus","parva, parvum"],["New","novus","nova, novum"],["Old","vetus","veteris"],["Beautiful","pulcher","pulchra, pulchrum"],["Long","longus","longa, longum"],["Short","brevis","breve"],["Many","multī","multae, multa"],["Few","paucī","paucae, pauca"],["All","omnis","omne"],["Happy","laetus","laeta, laetum"],["Sad","trīstis","trīste"],["Brave","fortis","forte"],["Wise","sapiēns","sapientis"],["Strong","validus","valida, validum"],["Free","līber","lībera, līberum"],["Dear / beloved","cārus","cāra, cārum"],["Fast","celer","celeris, celere"],["Slow","lentus","lenta, lentum"],["High","altus","alta, altum"],["Deep","altus","alta, altum (same word as high)"],["Easy","facilis","facile"],["Difficult","difficilis","difficile"],["Another","alius","alia, aliud"],["Same","īdem","eadem, idem"],["Whole","tōtus","tōta, tōtum"],["Here","hīc","adverb"],["There","ibi","adverb"],["Now","nunc","adverb"],["Then","tum","adverb"],["Always","semper","adverb"],["Never","numquam","adverb"],["Often","saepe","adverb"],["Very","valdē","adverb"],["Well","bene","adverb"],["Badly","male","adverb"],["And","et","conjunction"],["Or","aut","conjunction"],["But","sed","conjunction"],["Because","quia","conjunction"],["Not","nōn","adverb"],["In / on","in","+ ablative (place), + accusative (into)"],["To / toward","ad","+ accusative"],["From / out of","ex","+ ablative"],["With","cum","+ ablative"],["Without","sine","+ ablative"],["Who / what?","quis / quid","interrogative"],["Where?","ubi","question word"],["Why?","cūr","question word"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/la-verbs","id":"la-verbs","title":"Latin Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Latin","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common Latin verbs: first principal part (I...), then the infinitive in the hint.","tags":["latin","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Latin","cards":[["I love","amō","amāre"],["I call","vocō","vocāre"],["I walk","ambulō","ambulāre"],["I give","dō","dare"],["I stand","stō","stāre"],["I help","iuvō","iuvāre"],["I work","labōrō","labōrāre"],["I praise","laudō","laudāre"],["I carry","portō","portāre"],["I save","servō","servāre"],["I fight","pugnō","pugnāre"],["I see","videō","vidēre"],["I have","habeō","habēre"],["I hold","teneō","tenēre"],["I sit","sedeō","sedēre"],["I warn / advise","moneō","monēre"],["I fear","timeō","timēre"],["I teach","doceō","docēre"],["I move","moveō","movēre"],["I remain","maneō","manēre"],["I answer","respondeō","respondēre"],["I laugh","rideō","ridēre"],["I lead","dūcō","dūcere"],["I read","legō","legere"],["I write","scrībō","scrībere"],["I say","dīcō","dīcere"],["I do / make","faciō","facere"],["I take","capiō","capere"],["I run","currō","currere"],["I live","vīvō","vīvere"],["I put","pōnō","pōnere"],["I send","mittō","mittere"],["I ask","petō","petere"],["I defend","dēfendō","dēfendere"],["I close","claudō","claudere"],["I carry / bring","ferō","ferre"],["I conquer","vincō","vincere"],["I know","sciō","scīre"],["I hear","audiō","audīre"],["I sleep","dormiō","dormīre"],["I come","veniō","venīre"],["I build","aedificō","aedificāre"],["I am","sum","esse"],["I can","possum","posse"],["I want","volō","velle"],["I go","eō","īre"],["I find","inveniō","invenīre"],["I drink","bibō","bibere"],["I eat","edō","edere"],["I look at","spectō","spectāre"],["I think","cōgitō","cōgitāre"],["I learn","discō","discere"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/pt-adjectives-questions-places","id":"pt-adjectives-questions-places","title":"Portuguese Adjectives, Question Words, Places and Travel","category":"world-languages","subject":"Portuguese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Describing words (masculine form), question words, places in town and phrases for travel and directions.","tags":["portuguese","adjectives","questions","travel","places"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Portuguese","cards":[["Who?","Quem?","kayn"],["What?","O quê?","oo KEH"],["Where?","Onde?","OHN-jee"],["When?","Quando?","KWAHN-doo"],["Why?","Por quê?","pohr KEH"],["How?","Como?","KOH-moo"],["How much?","Quanto?","KWAHN-too"],["How many?","Quantos?","KWAHN-toos"],["Which?","Qual?","kwahl"],["because","porque","pohr-KEH"],["big","grande","GRAHN-jee"],["small","pequeno","peh-KEH-noo"],["tall","alto","AHL-too"],["short (height)","baixo","BY-shoo"],["long","comprido","kohm-PREE-doo"],["short (length)","curto","KOOR-too"],["fat","gordo","GOHR-doo"],["thin","magro","MAH-groo"],["new","novo","NOH-voo"],["old","velho","VEHL-yoo"],["young","jovem","ZHOH-vayn"],["good","bom","bohm"],["bad","mau","MOW"],["better","melhor","mehl-YOHR"],["beautiful","bonito","boh-NEE-too"],["pretty","lindo","LEEN-doo"],["ugly","feio","FAY-oo"],["happy","feliz","feh-LEES"],["sad","triste","TREES-chee"],["angry","bravo","BRAH-voo"],["scared","assustado","ah-soos-TAH-doo"],["tired","cansado","kahn-SAH-doo"],["hungry","faminto","fah-MEEN-too"],["sick","doente","doh-EHN-chee"],["funny","engraçado","ehn-grah-SAH-doo"],["serious","sério","SEH-ree-oo"],["smart","inteligente","een-teh-lee-ZHEHN-chee"],["kind","gentil","zhehn-CHEEL"],["brave","corajoso","koh-rah-ZHOH-zoo"],["shy","tímido","CHEE-mee-doo"],["lazy","preguiçoso","preh-gee-SOH-zoo"],["fast","rápido","HAH-pee-doo"],["slow","devagar","jee-vah-GAR"],["hot","quente","KEHN-chee"],["cold","frio","FREE-oo"],["hard","duro","DOO-roo"],["soft","macio","mah-SEE-oo"],["easy","fácil","FAH-seel"],["difficult","difícil","jee-FEE-seel"],["heavy","pesado","peh-ZAH-doo"],["light (weight)","leve","LEH-vee"],["full","cheio","SHAY-oo"],["empty","vazio","vah-ZEE-oo"],["open","aberto","ah-BEHR-too"],["closed","fechado","feh-SHAH-doo"],["clean","limpo","LEEM-poo"],["dirty","sujo","SOO-zhoo"],["wet","molhado","mohl-YAH-doo"],["dry","seco","SEH-koo"],["rich","rico","HEE-koo"],["poor","pobre","POH-bree"],["expensive","caro","KAH-roo"],["cheap","barato","bah-RAH-too"],["strong","forte","FOHR-chee"],["weak","fraco","FRAH-koo"],["loud","barulhento","bah-rool-YEHN-too"],["quiet","quieto","kee-EH-too"],["near","perto","PEHR-too"],["far","longe","LOHN-zhee"],["a lot of","muito","MOOY-too"],["a little","pouco","POH-koo"],["all","todo","TOH-doo"],["same","igual","ee-GWAHL"],["different","diferente","jee-feh-REHN-chee"],["important","importante","eem-pohr-TAHN-chee"],["true","verdadeiro","vehr-dah-DAY-roo"],["false","falso","FAHL-soo"],["ready","pronto","PROHN-too"],["free","livre","LEE-vree"],["busy","ocupado","oh-koo-PAH-doo"],["dangerous","perigoso","peh-ree-GOH-zoo"],["delicious","delicioso","deh-lee-see-OH-zoo"],["city","a cidade","ah see-DAH-jee"],["street","a rua","ah HOO-ah"],["store","a loja","ah LOH-zhah"],["supermarket","o supermercado","oo soo-pehr-mehr-KAH-doo"],["market","o mercado","oo mehr-KAH-doo"],["bakery","a padaria","ah pah-dah-REE-ah"],["hospital","o hospital","oo ohs-pee-TAHL"],["pharmacy","a farmácia","ah far-MAH-see-ah"],["bank","o banco","oo BAHN-koo"],["post office","o correio","oo koh-HAY-oo"],["church","a igreja","ah ee-GREH-zhah"],["museum","o museu","oo moo-ZEH-oo"],["park","o parque","oo PAR-kee"],["school","a escola","ah ehs-KOH-lah"],["beach","a praia","ah PRY-ah"],["mountain","a montanha","ah mohn-TAHN-yah"],["river","o rio","oo HEE-oo"],["lake","o lago","oo LAH-goo"],["sea","o mar","oo MAR"],["forest","a floresta","ah floh-REHS-tah"],["island","a ilha","ah EEL-yah"],["airport","o aeroporto","oo ah-eh-roh-POHR-too"],["bus station","a rodoviária","ah hoh-doh-vee-AH-ree-ah"],["hotel","o hotel","oo oh-TEHL"],["airplane","o avião","oo ah-vee-OWM"],["train","o trem","oo trayn"],["bus","o ônibus","oo OH-nee-boos"],["car","o carro","oo KAH-hoo"],["bicycle","a bicicleta","ah bee-see-KLEH-tah"],["boat","o barco","oo BAR-koo"],["ticket","a passagem","ah pah-SAH-zhayn"],["passport","o passaporte","oo pah-sah-POHR-chee"],["suitcase","a mala","ah MAH-lah"],["Where is...?","Onde fica...?","OHN-jee FEE-kah"],["Where is the bathroom?","Onde fica o banheiro?","OHN-jee FEE-kah oo bahn-YAY-roo"],["to the right","à direita","ah jee-RAY-tah"],["to the left","à esquerda","ah ehs-KEHR-dah"],["straight ahead","em frente","ayn FREHN-chee"],["here","aqui","ah-KEE"],["there","ali","ah-LEE"],["How much does it cost?","Quanto custa?","KWAHN-too KOOS-tah"],["I am lost","Estou perdido","ehs-TOH pehr-JEE-doo"],["I need help","Preciso de ajuda","preh-SEE-zoo jee ah-ZHOO-dah"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/pt-animals","id":"pt-animals","title":"Portuguese Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Portuguese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Pets, farm animals, wild animals, birds, sea life and bugs in Portuguese.","tags":["portuguese","animals","pets"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Portuguese","cards":[["dog","o cachorro","oo kah-SHOH-hoo"],["cat","o gato","oo GAH-too"],["bird","o pássaro","oo PAH-sah-roo"],["fish","o peixe","oo PAY-shee"],["horse","o cavalo","oo kah-VAH-loo"],["cow","a vaca","ah VAH-kah"],["pig","o porco","oo POHR-koo"],["sheep","a ovelha","ah oh-VEHL-yah"],["goat","a cabra","ah KAH-brah"],["chicken","a galinha","ah gah-LEEN-yah"],["rooster","o galo","oo GAH-loo"],["duck","o pato","oo PAH-too"],["rabbit","o coelho","oo koh-EHL-yoo"],["mouse","o rato","oo HAH-too"],["turkey","o peru","oo peh-ROO"],["donkey","o burro","oo BOO-hoo"],["lion","o leão","oo leh-OWM"],["tiger","o tigre","oo CHEE-gree"],["bear","o urso","oo OOR-soo"],["elephant","o elefante","oo eh-leh-FAHN-chee"],["giraffe","a girafa","ah zhee-RAH-fah"],["monkey","o macaco","oo mah-KAH-koo"],["zebra","a zebra","ah ZEH-brah"],["wolf","o lobo","oo LOH-boo"],["fox","a raposa","ah hah-POH-zah"],["deer","o veado","oo vee-AH-doo"],["hippopotamus","o hipopótamo","oo ee-poh-POH-tah-moo"],["rhinoceros","o rinoceronte","oo hee-noh-seh-ROHN-chee"],["kangaroo","o canguru","oo kahn-goo-ROO"],["squirrel","o esquilo","oo ehs-KEE-loo"],["bat","o morcego","oo mohr-SEH-goo"],["camel","o camelo","oo kah-MEH-loo"],["whale","a baleia","ah bah-LAY-ah"],["dolphin","o golfinho","oo gohl-FEEN-yoo"],["shark","o tubarão","oo too-bah-ROWM"],["octopus","o polvo","oo POHL-voo"],["turtle","a tartaruga","ah tar-tah-ROO-gah"],["crab","o caranguejo","oo kah-rahn-GAY-zhoo"],["seal","a foca","ah FOH-kah"],["jellyfish","a água-viva","ah AH-gwah VEE-vah"],["frog","o sapo","oo SAH-poo"],["snake","a cobra","ah KOH-brah"],["lizard","o lagarto","oo lah-GAR-too"],["crocodile","o crocodilo","oo kroh-koh-JEE-loo"],["butterfly","a borboleta","ah bohr-boh-LEH-tah"],["bee","a abelha","ah ah-BEHL-yah"],["ant","a formiga","ah fohr-MEE-gah"],["spider","a aranha","ah ah-RAHN-yah"],["fly","a mosca","ah MOHS-kah"],["ladybug","a joaninha","ah zhoh-ah-NEEN-yah"],["worm","a minhoca","ah meen-YOH-kah"],["snail","o caracol","oo kah-rah-KOHL"],["mosquito","o mosquito","oo mohs-KEE-too"],["eagle","a águia","ah AH-gee-ah"],["owl","a coruja","ah koh-ROO-zhah"],["parrot","o papagaio","oo pah-pah-GY-oo"],["penguin","o pinguim","oo peen-GWEEM"],["swan","o cisne","oo SEEZ-nee"],["dove","a pomba","ah POHM-bah"],["puppy","o filhote","oo feel-YOH-chee"],["kitten","o gatinho","oo gah-CHEEN-yoo"],["animal","o animal","oo ah-nee-MAHL"],["jaguar","a onça","ah OHN-sah"],["sloth","a preguiça","ah preh-GEE-sah"],["toucan","o tucano","oo too-KAH-noo"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/pt-body-clothes","id":"pt-body-clothes","title":"Portuguese Body Parts and Clothes","category":"world-languages","subject":"Portuguese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of the body, feeling sick, and the clothes you wear in Portuguese.","tags":["portuguese","body","clothes"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Portuguese","cards":[["head","a cabeça","ah kah-BEH-sah"],["hair","o cabelo","oo kah-BEH-loo"],["face","o rosto","oo HOHS-too"],["eye","o olho","oo OHL-yoo"],["ear","a orelha","ah oh-REHL-yah"],["nose","o nariz","oo nah-REES"],["mouth","a boca","ah BOH-kah"],["tooth","o dente","oo DEHN-chee"],["tongue","a língua","ah LEEN-gwah"],["lip","o lábio","oo LAH-bee-oo"],["cheek","a bochecha","ah boh-SHEH-shah"],["chin","o queixo","oo KAY-shoo"],["neck","o pescoço","oo pehs-KOH-soo"],["shoulder","o ombro","oo OHM-broo"],["arm","o braço","oo BRAH-soo"],["elbow","o cotovelo","oo koh-toh-VEH-loo"],["hand","a mão","ah MOWM"],["finger","o dedo","oo DEH-doo"],["thumb","o polegar","oo poh-leh-GAR"],["fingernail","a unha","ah OON-yah"],["chest","o peito","oo PAY-too"],["back","as costas","ahs KOHS-tahs"],["stomach / belly","a barriga","ah bah-HEE-gah"],["leg","a perna","ah PEHR-nah"],["knee","o joelho","oo zhoh-EHL-yoo"],["foot","o pé","oo PEH"],["toe","o dedo do pé","oo DEH-doo doo PEH"],["ankle","o tornozelo","oo tohr-noh-ZEH-loo"],["heart","o coração","oo koh-rah-SOWM"],["brain","o cérebro","oo SEH-reh-broo"],["bone","o osso","oo OH-soo"],["skin","a pele","ah PEH-lee"],["body","o corpo","oo KOHR-poo"],["I have a headache","Estou com dor de cabeça","ehs-TOH kohm dohr jee kah-BEH-sah"],["My stomach hurts","Estou com dor de barriga","ehs-TOH kohm dohr jee bah-HEE-gah"],["I am sick","Estou doente","ehs-TOH doh-EHN-chee"],["doctor","o médico","oo MEH-jee-koo"],["clothes","as roupas","ahs HOH-pahs"],["shirt","a camisa","ah kah-MEE-zah"],["T-shirt","a camiseta","ah kah-mee-ZEH-tah"],["pants","a calça","ah KAHL-sah"],["shorts","o short","oo SHOHR-chee"],["jeans","o jeans","oo JEENS"],["skirt","a saia","ah SY-ah"],["dress","o vestido","oo vehs-CHEE-doo"],["sweater","o suéter","oo SWEH-tehr"],["jacket","a jaqueta","ah zhah-KEH-tah"],["coat","o casaco","oo kah-ZAH-koo"],["socks","as meias","ahs MAY-ahs"],["shoes","os sapatos","oos sah-PAH-toos"],["sneakers","o tênis","oo TEH-nees"],["boots","as botas","ahs BOH-tahs"],["sandals","as sandálias","ahs sahn-DAHL-yahs"],["flip-flops","o chinelo","oo shee-NEH-loo"],["hat","o chapéu","oo shah-PEH-oo"],["cap","o boné","oo boh-NEH"],["gloves","as luvas","ahs LOO-vahs"],["scarf","o cachecol","oo kah-sheh-KOHL"],["belt","o cinto","oo SEEN-too"],["pajamas","o pijama","oo pee-ZHAH-mah"],["underwear","a roupa íntima","ah HOH-pah EEN-chee-mah"],["swimsuit","o maiô","oo my-OH"],["umbrella","o guarda-chuva","oo GWAR-dah SHOO-vah"],["glasses","os óculos","oos OH-koo-loos"],["backpack","a mochila","ah moh-SHEE-lah"],["pocket","o bolso","oo BOHL-soo"],["button","o botão","oo boh-TOWM"],["zipper","o zíper","oo ZEE-pehr"],["tie","a gravata","ah grah-VAH-tah"],["ring","o anel","oo ah-NEHL"],["watch","o relógio","oo heh-LOH-zhee-oo"],["purse","a bolsa","ah BOHL-sah"],["to get dressed","vestir-se","vehs-CHEER-see"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/pt-colors-family","id":"pt-colors-family","title":"Portuguese Colors, Shapes and Family","category":"world-languages","subject":"Portuguese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Colors, basic shapes and the words for family members in Portuguese.","tags":["portuguese","colors","shapes","family"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Portuguese","cards":[["red","vermelho","vehr-MEHL-yoo"],["blue","azul","ah-ZOOL"],["yellow","amarelo","ah-mah-REH-loo"],["green","verde","VEHR-jee"],["orange","laranja","lah-RAHN-zhah"],["purple","roxo","HOH-shoo"],["pink","rosa","HOH-zah"],["brown","marrom","mah-HOHM"],["black","preto","PREH-too"],["white","branco","BRAHN-koo"],["gray","cinza","SEEN-zah"],["gold","dourado","doh-RAH-doo"],["silver","prateado","prah-chee-AH-doo"],["dark","escuro","ehs-KOO-roo"],["light (color)","claro","KLAH-roo"],["color","a cor","ah KOHR"],["rainbow","o arco-íris","oo AR-koo EE-rees"],["circle","o círculo","oo SEER-koo-loo"],["square","o quadrado","oo kwah-DRAH-doo"],["triangle","o triângulo","oo tree-AHN-goo-loo"],["rectangle","o retângulo","oo heh-TAHN-goo-loo"],["star","a estrela","ah ehs-TREH-lah"],["heart","o coração","oo koh-rah-SOWM"],["oval","o oval","oo oh-VAHL"],["line","a linha","ah LEEN-yah"],["family","a família","ah fah-MEEL-yah"],["mother","a mãe","ah MY"],["father","o pai","oo PY"],["parents","os pais","oos PYS"],["son","o filho","oo FEEL-yoo"],["daughter","a filha","ah FEEL-yah"],["children","os filhos","oos FEEL-yoos"],["brother","o irmão","oo eer-MOWM"],["sister","a irmã","ah eer-MAH"],["grandmother","a avó","ah ah-VOH"],["grandfather","o avô","oo ah-VOH"],["grandparents","os avós","oos ah-VOHS"],["grandson","o neto","oo NEH-too"],["granddaughter","a neta","ah NEH-tah"],["uncle","o tio","oo CHEE-oo"],["aunt","a tia","ah CHEE-ah"],["cousin (boy)","o primo","oo PREE-moo"],["cousin (girl)","a prima","ah PREE-mah"],["nephew","o sobrinho","oo soh-BREEN-yoo"],["niece","a sobrinha","ah soh-BREEN-yah"],["husband","o marido","oo mah-REE-doo"],["wife","a esposa","ah ehs-POH-zah"],["baby","o bebê","oo beh-BEH"],["boy","o menino","oo meh-NEE-noo"],["girl","a menina","ah meh-NEE-nah"],["man","o homem","oo OH-mehn"],["woman","a mulher","ah mool-YEHR"],["friend (boy)","o amigo","oo ah-MEE-goo"],["friend (girl)","a amiga","ah ah-MEE-gah"],["neighbor","o vizinho","oo vee-ZEEN-yoo"],["twin","o gêmeo","oo ZHEH-meh-oo"],["godfather","o padrinho","oo pah-DREEN-yoo"],["godmother","a madrinha","ah mah-DREEN-yah"],["people","as pessoas","ahs peh-SOH-ahs"],["pet","o animal de estimação","oo ah-nee-MAHL jee ehs-chee-mah-SOWM"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/pt-food-drink","id":"pt-food-drink","title":"Portuguese Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Portuguese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Fruits, vegetables, meals, snacks and drinks, plus words for ordering at a restaurant.","tags":["portuguese","food","drink","restaurant"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Portuguese","cards":[["food","a comida","ah koh-MEE-dah"],["water","a água","ah AH-gwah"],["milk","o leite","oo LAY-chee"],["juice","o suco","oo SOO-koo"],["coffee","o café","oo kah-FEH"],["tea","o chá","oo SHAH"],["soda","o refrigerante","oo heh-free-zheh-RAHN-chee"],["hot chocolate","o chocolate quente","oo shoh-koh-LAH-chee KEHN-chee"],["bread","o pão","oo POWM"],["butter","a manteiga","ah mahn-TAY-gah"],["cheese","o queijo","oo KAY-zhoo"],["egg","o ovo","oo OH-voo"],["rice","o arroz","oo ah-HOHS"],["beans","o feijão","oo fay-ZHOWM"],["soup","a sopa","ah SOH-pah"],["salad","a salada","ah sah-LAH-dah"],["sandwich","o sanduíche","oo sahn-DWEE-shee"],["pizza","a pizza","ah PEET-zah"],["pasta","o macarrão","oo mah-kah-HOWM"],["meat","a carne","ah KAR-nee"],["chicken (meat)","o frango","oo FRAHN-goo"],["beef","a carne de vaca","ah KAR-nee jee VAH-kah"],["pork","a carne de porco","ah KAR-nee jee POHR-koo"],["ham","o presunto","oo preh-ZOON-too"],["sausage","a salsicha","ah sahl-SEE-shah"],["fish (food)","o peixe","oo PAY-shee"],["shrimp","o camarão","oo kah-mah-ROWM"],["french fries","as batatas fritas","ahs bah-TAH-tahs FREE-tahs"],["hamburger","o hambúrguer","oo ahm-BOOR-gehr"],["cheese bread (Brazilian snack)","o pão de queijo","oo powm jee KAY-zhoo"],["breakfast","o café da manhã","oo kah-FEH dah mahn-YAH"],["lunch","o almoço","oo ahl-MOH-soo"],["dinner","o jantar","oo zhahn-TAR"],["snack","o lanche","oo LAHN-shee"],["dessert","a sobremesa","ah soh-bree-MEH-zah"],["apple","a maçã","ah mah-SAH"],["banana","a banana","ah bah-NAH-nah"],["orange (fruit)","a laranja","ah lah-RAHN-zhah"],["strawberry","o morango","oo moh-RAHN-goo"],["grapes","as uvas","ahs OO-vahs"],["watermelon","a melancia","ah meh-lahn-SEE-ah"],["pineapple","o abacaxi","oo ah-bah-kah-SHEE"],["lemon","o limão","oo lee-MOWM"],["peach","o pêssego","oo PEH-seh-goo"],["pear","a pera","ah PEH-rah"],["mango","a manga","ah MAHN-gah"],["papaya","o mamão","oo mah-MOWM"],["coconut","o coco","oo KOH-koo"],["fruit","a fruta","ah FROO-tah"],["vegetable","o legume","oo leh-GOO-mee"],["potato","a batata","ah bah-TAH-tah"],["tomato","o tomate","oo toh-MAH-chee"],["carrot","a cenoura","ah seh-NOH-rah"],["onion","a cebola","ah seh-BOH-lah"],["lettuce","a alface","ah ahl-FAH-see"],["corn","o milho","oo MEEL-yoo"],["peas","as ervilhas","ahs ehr-VEEL-yahs"],["cucumber","o pepino","oo peh-PEE-noo"],["garlic","o alho","oo AHL-yoo"],["mushroom","o cogumelo","oo koh-goo-MEH-loo"],["cake","o bolo","oo BOH-loo"],["cookie","o biscoito","oo bees-KOY-too"],["ice cream","o sorvete","oo sohr-VEH-chee"],["candy","o doce","oo DOH-see"],["chocolate","o chocolate","oo shoh-koh-LAH-chee"],["sugar","o açúcar","oo ah-SOO-kar"],["salt","o sal","oo SAHL"],["pepper (spice)","a pimenta","ah pee-MEHN-tah"],["honey","o mel","oo MEHL"],["jam","a geleia","ah zheh-LAY-ah"],["plate","o prato","oo PRAH-too"],["fork","o garfo","oo GAR-foo"],["knife","a faca","ah FAH-kah"],["spoon","a colher","ah kohl-YEHR"],["cup","a xícara","ah SHEE-kah-rah"],["glass","o copo","oo KOH-poo"],["napkin","o guardanapo","oo gwar-dah-NAH-poo"],["bowl","a tigela","ah chee-ZHEH-lah"],["menu","o cardápio","oo kar-DAH-pee-oo"],["The check, please","A conta, por favor","ah KOHN-tah pohr fah-VOHR"],["I would like...","Eu gostaria de...","eh-oo gohs-tah-REE-ah jee"],["It's delicious","Está delicioso","ehs-TAH deh-lee-see-OH-zoo"],["I am vegetarian","Eu sou vegetariano","eh-oo soh veh-zheh-tah-ree-AH-noo"],["waiter","o garçom","oo gar-SOHM"],["restaurant","o restaurante","oo hehs-tow-RAHN-chee"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/pt-greetings-phrases","id":"pt-greetings-phrases","title":"Portuguese Greetings, Manners and Common Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Portuguese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Hello, please, thank you and the everyday phrases you need on day one of Portuguese (Brazilian style).","tags":["portuguese","greetings","phrases","manners"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Portuguese","cards":[["Hello","Olá","oh-LAH"],["Hi (casual)","Oi","OY"],["Good morning","Bom dia","bohm JEE-ah"],["Good afternoon","Boa tarde","BOH-ah TAR-jee"],["Good evening / Good night","Boa noite","BOH-ah NOY-chee"],["Goodbye","Tchau","chow"],["See you later","Até logo","ah-TEH LOH-goh"],["See you tomorrow","Até amanhã","ah-TEH ah-mah-NYAH"],["See you soon","Até breve","ah-TEH BREH-vee"],["Please","Por favor","pohr fah-VOHR"],["Thank you (said by a boy)","Obrigado","oh-bree-GAH-doo"],["Thank you (said by a girl)","Obrigada","oh-bree-GAH-dah"],["Thank you very much","Muito obrigado","MOOY-too oh-bree-GAH-doo"],["You're welcome","De nada","jee NAH-dah"],["Excuse me","Com licença","kohm lee-SEHN-sah"],["I'm sorry","Desculpe","dehs-KOOL-pee"],["Yes","Sim","SEEM"],["No","Não","NOWM"],["Maybe","Talvez","tahl-VEHS"],["How are you?","Como vai você?","KOH-moh vye voh-SEH"],["How are you? (casual)","Tudo bem?","TOO-doo behm"],["I am fine","Estou bem","ehs-TOH behm"],["Everything is fine","Tudo bem","TOO-doo behm"],["Very well, thank you","Muito bem, obrigado","MOOY-too behm oh-bree-GAH-doo"],["So-so","Mais ou menos","mize oh MEH-noos"],["Not good","Mal","MAHL"],["And you?","E você?","ee voh-SEH"],["What is your name?","Qual é o seu nome?","kwahl eh oo seh-oo NOH-mee"],["My name is...","Meu nome é...","meh-oo NOH-mee eh"],["Nice to meet you","Prazer","prah-ZEHR"],["Where are you from?","De onde você é?","jee OHN-jee voh-SEH eh"],["I am from...","Eu sou de...","eh-oo soh jee"],["How old are you?","Quantos anos você tem?","KWAHN-toos AH-noos voh-SEH tayn"],["I am ten years old","Eu tenho dez anos","eh-oo TEH-nyoo dehs AH-noos"],["Do you speak English?","Você fala inglês?","voh-SEH FAH-lah een-GLEHS"],["I speak a little Portuguese","Eu falo um pouco de português","eh-oo FAH-loo oom POH-koo jee pohr-too-GEHS"],["I don't understand","Não entendo","nowm ehn-TEHN-doo"],["I understand","Eu entendo","eh-oo ehn-TEHN-doo"],["I don't know","Não sei","nowm SAY"],["Can you repeat that?","Pode repetir?","POH-jee heh-peh-CHEER"],["More slowly, please","Mais devagar, por favor","mize jee-vah-GAR pohr fah-VOHR"],["How do you say...?","Como se diz...?","KOH-moo see JEES"],["Help!","Socorro!","soh-KOH-hoo"],["Welcome","Bem-vindo","behm-VEEN-doo"],["Congratulations","Parabéns","pah-rah-BEHNS"],["Happy birthday","Feliz aniversário","feh-LEES ah-nee-vehr-SAH-ree-oo"],["Merry Christmas","Feliz Natal","feh-LEES nah-TAHL"],["Happy New Year","Feliz Ano Novo","feh-LEES AH-noo NOH-voo"],["Good luck","Boa sorte","BOH-ah SOHR-chee"],["Cheers!","Saúde!","sah-OO-jee"],["Have a good day","Tenha um bom dia","TEH-nyah oom bohm JEE-ah"],["Enjoy your meal","Bom apetite","bohm ah-peh-CHEE-chee"],["Sweet dreams","Bons sonhos","bohns SOH-nyoos"],["Come in","Entre","EHN-tree"],["Sit down","Sente-se","SEHN-chee-see"],["Wait a moment","Um momento","oom moh-MEHN-too"],["I'm hungry","Estou com fome","ehs-TOH kohm FOH-mee"],["I'm thirsty","Estou com sede","ehs-TOH kohm SEH-jee"],["I'm tired","Estou cansado","ehs-TOH kahn-SAH-doo"],["I'm cold","Estou com frio","ehs-TOH kohm FREE-oo"],["I'm hot","Estou com calor","ehs-TOH kohm kah-LOHR"],["I love you","Eu te amo","eh-oo chee AH-moo"],["I like it","Eu gosto","eh-oo GOHS-too"],["I don't like it","Eu não gosto","eh-oo nowm GOHS-too"],["I want...","Eu quero...","eh-oo KEH-roo"],["I need...","Eu preciso de...","eh-oo preh-SEE-zoo jee"],["Of course","Claro","KLAH-roo"],["It's okay","Tudo bem","TOO-doo behm"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/pt-numbers","id":"pt-numbers","title":"Portuguese Numbers 0 to 100","category":"world-languages","subject":"Portuguese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Count in Portuguese from zero to one hundred, plus ordinals (Brazilian spellings).","tags":["portuguese","numbers","counting"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Portuguese","cards":[["0","zero","ZEH-roo"],["1","um","oom"],["2","dois","doys"],["3","três","trehs"],["4","quatro","KWAH-troo"],["5","cinco","SEEN-koo"],["6","seis","says"],["7","sete","SEH-chee"],["8","oito","OY-too"],["9","nove","NOH-vee"],["10","dez","dehs"],["11","onze","OHN-zee"],["12","doze","DOH-zee"],["13","treze","TREH-zee"],["14","catorze","kah-TOHR-zee"],["15","quinze","KEEN-zee"],["16","dezesseis","deh-zeh-SAYS"],["17","dezessete","deh-zeh-SEH-chee"],["18","dezoito","deh-ZOY-too"],["19","dezenove","deh-zeh-NOH-vee"],["20","vinte","VEEN-chee"],["21","vinte e um","VEEN-chee ee oom"],["22","vinte e dois","VEEN-chee ee doys"],["23","vinte e três","VEEN-chee ee trehs"],["24","vinte e quatro","VEEN-chee ee KWAH-troo"],["25","vinte e cinco","VEEN-chee ee SEEN-koo"],["26","vinte e seis","VEEN-chee ee says"],["27","vinte e sete","VEEN-chee ee SEH-chee"],["28","vinte e oito","VEEN-chee ee OY-too"],["29","vinte e nove","VEEN-chee ee NOH-vee"],["30","trinta","TREEN-tah"],["31","trinta e um","TREEN-tah ee oom"],["40","quarenta","kwah-REHN-tah"],["50","cinquenta","seen-KWEHN-tah"],["60","sessenta","seh-SEHN-tah"],["70","setenta","seh-TEHN-tah"],["80","oitenta","oy-TEHN-tah"],["90","noventa","noh-VEHN-tah"],["100","cem","sehn"],["45","quarenta e cinco","kwah-REHN-tah ee SEEN-koo"],["58","cinquenta e oito","seen-KWEHN-tah ee OY-too"],["67","sessenta e sete","seh-SEHN-tah ee SEH-chee"],["73","setenta e três","seh-TEHN-tah ee trehs"],["99","noventa e nove","noh-VEHN-tah ee NOH-vee"],["101","cento e um","SEHN-too ee oom"],["200","duzentos","doo-ZEHN-toos"],["500","quinhentos","keen-YEHN-toos"],["1,000","mil","meel"],["1,000,000","um milhão","oom meel-YOWM"],["first","primeiro","pree-MAY-roo"],["second","segundo","seh-GOON-doo"],["third","terceiro","tehr-SAY-roo"],["fourth","quarto","KWAR-too"],["fifth","quinto","KEEN-too"],["tenth","décimo","DEH-see-moo"],["half","a metade","ah meh-TAH-jee"],["a dozen","uma dúzia","OO-mah DOO-zee-ah"],["a pair","um par","oom PAR"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/pt-verbs","id":"pt-verbs","title":"Common Portuguese Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Portuguese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Ninety of the most useful Portuguese verbs in the infinitive.","tags":["portuguese","verbs","infinitive"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Portuguese","cards":[["to be (permanent)","ser","sehr"],["to be (state, place)","estar","ehs-TAR"],["to have","ter","tehr"],["to do / to make","fazer","fah-ZEHR"],["to go","ir","eer"],["to come","vir","veer"],["to say / to tell","dizer","jee-ZEHR"],["to give","dar","dar"],["to see","ver","vehr"],["to know (a fact)","saber","sah-BEHR"],["to know (a person or place)","conhecer","kohn-yeh-SEHR"],["to want","querer","keh-REHR"],["to be able to / can","poder","poh-DEHR"],["to put","pôr","pohr"],["to leave / to go out","sair","sah-EER"],["to eat","comer","koh-MEHR"],["to drink","beber","beh-BEHR"],["to sleep","dormir","dohr-MEER"],["to live","viver","vee-VEHR"],["to speak","falar","fah-LAR"],["to listen","escutar","ehs-koo-TAR"],["to look at / to watch","olhar","ohl-YAR"],["to hear","ouvir","oh-VEER"],["to read","ler","lehr"],["to write","escrever","ehs-kreh-VEHR"],["to learn","aprender","ah-prehn-DEHR"],["to study","estudar","ehs-too-DAR"],["to teach","ensinar","ehn-see-NAR"],["to understand","entender","ehn-tehn-DEHR"],["to think","pensar","pehn-SAR"],["to remember","lembrar","lehm-BRAR"],["to forget","esquecer","ehs-keh-SEHR"],["to ask","perguntar","pehr-goon-TAR"],["to answer","responder","hehs-pohn-DEHR"],["to call","chamar","shah-MAR"],["to walk","andar","ahn-DAR"],["to run","correr","koh-HEHR"],["to jump","pular","poo-LAR"],["to swim","nadar","nah-DAR"],["to dance","dançar","dahn-SAR"],["to sing","cantar","kahn-TAR"],["to play","brincar","breen-KAR"],["to work","trabalhar","trah-bahl-YAR"],["to help","ajudar","ah-zhoo-DAR"],["to love","amar","ah-MAR"],["to like","gostar","gohs-TAR"],["to carry","carregar","kah-heh-GAR"],["to bring","trazer","trah-ZEHR"],["to buy","comprar","kohm-PRAR"],["to sell","vender","vehn-DEHR"],["to pay","pagar","pah-GAR"],["to cost","custar","koos-TAR"],["to open","abrir","ah-BREER"],["to close","fechar","feh-SHAR"],["to begin","começar","koh-meh-SAR"],["to finish","terminar","tehr-mee-NAR"],["to stop","parar","pah-RAR"],["to wait","esperar","ehs-peh-RAR"],["to find","encontrar","ehn-kohn-TRAR"],["to look for","procurar","proh-koo-RAR"],["to lose","perder","pehr-DEHR"],["to win","ganhar","gahn-YAR"],["to try","tentar","tehn-TAR"],["to use","usar","oo-ZAR"],["to cook","cozinhar","koh-zeen-YAR"],["to clean","limpar","leem-PAR"],["to wash","lavar","lah-VAR"],["to cut","cortar","kohr-TAR"],["to draw","desenhar","deh-zehn-YAR"],["to paint","pintar","peen-TAR"],["to build","construir","kohns-troo-EER"],["to fall","cair","kah-EER"],["to climb","subir","soo-BEER"],["to go down","descer","deh-SEHR"],["to enter","entrar","ehn-TRAR"],["to return","voltar","vohl-TAR"],["to arrive","chegar","sheh-GAR"],["to travel","viajar","vee-ah-ZHAR"],["to drive","dirigir","jee-ree-ZHEER"],["to fly","voar","voh-AR"],["to sit","sentar-se","sehn-TAR-see"],["to wake up","acordar","ah-kohr-DAR"],["to laugh","rir","heer"],["to cry","chorar","shoh-RAR"],["to smile","sorrir","soh-HEER"],["to share","compartilhar","kohm-par-cheel-YAR"],["to send","enviar","ehn-vee-AR"],["to receive","receber","heh-seh-BEHR"],["to choose","escolher","ehs-kohl-YEHR"],["to follow","seguir","seh-GEER"],["to believe","acreditar","ah-kreh-jee-TAR"],["to hope","esperar","ehs-peh-RAR"],["to stay","ficar","fee-KAR"],["to change","mudar","moo-DAR"],["to need","precisar","preh-see-ZAR"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/pt-weather-time","id":"pt-weather-time","title":"Portuguese Weather, Seasons, Days, Months and Time","category":"world-languages","subject":"Portuguese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Talk about the weather, name the days and months, and tell time in Portuguese.","tags":["portuguese","weather","days","months","time"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Portuguese","cards":[["Monday","segunda-feira","seh-GOON-dah FAY-rah"],["Tuesday","terça-feira","TEHR-sah FAY-rah"],["Wednesday","quarta-feira","KWAR-tah FAY-rah"],["Thursday","quinta-feira","KEEN-tah FAY-rah"],["Friday","sexta-feira","SEHS-tah FAY-rah"],["Saturday","sábado","SAH-bah-doo"],["Sunday","domingo","doh-MEEN-goo"],["week","a semana","ah seh-MAH-nah"],["weekend","o fim de semana","oo feem jee seh-MAH-nah"],["January","janeiro","zhah-NAY-roo"],["February","fevereiro","feh-veh-RAY-roo"],["March","março","MAR-soo"],["April","abril","ah-BREEL"],["May","maio","MY-oo"],["June","junho","ZHOON-yoo"],["July","julho","ZHOOL-yoo"],["August","agosto","ah-GOHS-too"],["September","setembro","seh-TEHM-broo"],["October","outubro","oh-TOO-broo"],["November","novembro","noh-VEHM-broo"],["December","dezembro","deh-ZEHM-broo"],["month","o mês","oo MEHS"],["year","o ano","oo AH-noo"],["spring","a primavera","ah pree-mah-VEH-rah"],["summer","o verão","oo veh-ROWM"],["fall / autumn","o outono","oo oh-TOH-noo"],["winter","o inverno","oo een-VEHR-noo"],["season","a estação","ah ehs-tah-SOWM"],["today","hoje","OH-zhee"],["yesterday","ontem","OHN-tayn"],["tomorrow","amanhã","ah-mahn-YAH"],["now","agora","ah-GOH-rah"],["later","depois","deh-POYS"],["always","sempre","SEHM-pree"],["never","nunca","NOON-kah"],["sometimes","às vezes","ahs VEH-zees"],["morning","a manhã","ah mahn-YAH"],["afternoon","a tarde","ah TAR-jee"],["night","a noite","ah NOY-chee"],["day","o dia","oo JEE-ah"],["hour","a hora","ah OH-rah"],["minute","o minuto","oo mee-NOO-too"],["second","o segundo","oo seh-GOON-doo"],["What time is it?","Que horas são?","keh OH-rahs sowm"],["It is one o'clock","É uma hora","eh OO-mah OH-rah"],["It is three o'clock","São três horas","sowm trehs OH-rahs"],["half past","e meia","ee MAY-ah"],["quarter past","e quinze","ee KEEN-zee"],["noon","o meio-dia","oo MAY-oo JEE-ah"],["midnight","a meia-noite","ah MAY-ah NOY-chee"],["early","cedo","SEH-doo"],["late","tarde","TAR-jee"],["birthday","o aniversário","oo ah-nee-vehr-SAH-ree-oo"],["calendar","o calendário","oo kah-lehn-DAH-ree-oo"],["weather","o tempo","oo TEHM-poo"],["What is the weather like?","Como está o tempo?","KOH-moo ehs-TAH oo TEHM-poo"],["It is sunny","Está ensolarado","ehs-TAH ehn-soh-lah-RAH-doo"],["It is hot","Faz calor","fahs kah-LOHR"],["It is cold","Faz frio","fahs FREE-oo"],["It is windy","Está ventando","ehs-TAH vehn-TAHN-doo"],["It is cloudy","Está nublado","ehs-TAH noo-BLAH-doo"],["It is raining","Está chovendo","ehs-TAH shoh-VEHN-doo"],["It is snowing","Está nevando","ehs-TAH neh-VAHN-doo"],["rain","a chuva","ah SHOO-vah"],["snow","a neve","ah NEH-vee"],["sun","o sol","oo SOHL"],["moon","a lua","ah LOO-ah"],["star","a estrela","ah ehs-TREH-lah"],["sky","o céu","oo SEH-oo"],["cloud","a nuvem","ah NOO-vayn"],["wind","o vento","oo VEHN-too"],["storm","a tempestade","ah tehm-pehs-TAH-jee"],["thunder","o trovão","oo troh-VOWM"],["lightning","o relâmpago","oo heh-LAHM-pah-goo"],["fog","a névoa","ah NEH-voh-ah"],["ice","o gelo","oo ZHEH-loo"],["rainbow","o arco-íris","oo AR-koo EE-rees"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ru-animals","id":"ru-animals","title":"Russian Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Russian","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Animal names in Russian.","tags":["russian","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Russian","cards":[["Dog","собака","sobaka"],["Cat","кошка","koshka"],["Bird","птица","ptitsa"],["Fish","рыба","ryba"],["Horse","лошадь","loshad'"],["Cow","корова","korova"],["Pig","свинья","svin'ya"],["Sheep","овца","ovtsa"],["Goat","коза","koza"],["Chicken","курица","kuritsa"],["Duck","утка","utka"],["Goose","гусь","gus'"],["Rabbit","кролик","krolik"],["Mouse","мышь","mysh'"],["Monkey","обезьяна","obez'yana"],["Bear","медведь","medved'"],["Elephant","слон","slon"],["Lion","лев","lev"],["Tiger","тигр","tigr"],["Giraffe","жираф","zhiraf"],["Camel","верблюд","verblyud"],["Wolf","волк","volk"],["Fox","лиса","lisa"],["Deer","олень","olen'"],["Hare","заяц","zayats"],["Squirrel","белка","belka"],["Hedgehog","ёж","yozh"],["Frog","лягушка","lyagushka"],["Snake","змея","zmeya"],["Turtle","черепаха","cherepakha"],["Butterfly","бабочка","babochka"],["Bee","пчела","pchela"],["Ant","муравей","muravey"],["Spider","паук","pauk"],["Whale","кит","kit"],["Dolphin","дельфин","del'fin"],["Shark","акула","akula"],["Crab","краб","krab"],["Owl","сова","sova"],["Eagle","орёл","oryol"],["Crow","ворона","vorona"],["Swan","лебедь","lebed'"],["Penguin","пингвин","pingvin"],["Seal","тюлень","tyulen'"],["Insect","насекомое","nasekomoye"],["Animal","животное","zhivotnoye"],["Zoo","зоопарк","zoopark"],["Dinosaur","динозавр","dinozavr"],["Crocodile","крокодил","krokodil"],["Parrot","попугай","popugay"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ru-colors","id":"ru-colors","title":"Russian Colors and Describing Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"Russian","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Colors and common adjectives in Russian (masculine form).","tags":["russian","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Russian","cards":[["Red","красный","krasnyy"],["Blue (dark)","синий","siniy"],["Light blue","голубой","goluboy"],["Yellow","жёлтый","zhyoltyy"],["Green","зелёный","zelyonyy"],["White","белый","belyy"],["Black","чёрный","chyornyy"],["Orange","оранжевый","oranzhevyy"],["Pink","розовый","rozovyy"],["Purple","фиолетовый","fioletovyy"],["Brown","коричневый","korichnevyy"],["Gray","серый","seryy"],["Gold","золотой","zolotoy"],["Silver","серебряный","serebryanyy"],["Color","цвет","tsvet"],["Big","большой","bol'shoy"],["Small","маленький","malen'kiy"],["Long","длинный","dlinnyy"],["Short","короткий","korotkiy"],["Tall","высокий","vysokiy"],["Low","низкий","nizkiy"],["New","новый","novyy"],["Old","старый","staryy"],["Hot","горячий","goryachiy"],["Cold","холодный","kholodnyy"],["Good","хороший","khoroshiy"],["Bad","плохой","plokhoy"],["Fast","быстрый","bystryy"],["Slow","медленный","medlennyy"],["Happy","счастливый","schastlivyy"],["Sad","грустный","grustnyy"],["Beautiful","красивый","krasivyy"],["Heavy","тяжёлый","tyazhelyy"],["Light (weight)","лёгкий","lyogkiy"],["Near","близкий","blizkiy"],["Far","далёкий","dalyokiy"],["Easy","лёгкий","lyogkiy"],["Difficult","трудный","trudnyy"],["Clean","чистый","chistyy"],["Dirty","грязный","gryaznyy"],["Strong","сильный","sil'nyy"],["Weak","слабый","slabyy"],["Wide","широкий","shirokiy"],["Narrow","узкий","uzkiy"],["Circle","круг","krug"],["Square","квадрат","kvadrat"],["Triangle","треугольник","treugol'nik"],["Star","звезда","zvezda"],["Heart","сердце","serdtse"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ru-family","id":"ru-family","title":"Russian Family and People","category":"world-languages","subject":"Russian","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Family members and people words in Russian.","tags":["russian","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Russian","cards":[["Family","семья","sem'ya"],["Mother","мама","mama"],["Father","папа","papa"],["Parents","родители","roditeli"],["Brother","брат","brat"],["Sister","сестра","sestra"],["Son","сын","syn"],["Daughter","дочь","doch'"],["Grandfather","дедушка","dedushka"],["Grandmother","бабушка","babushka"],["Uncle","дядя","dyadya"],["Aunt","тётя","tyotya"],["Cousin (male)","двоюродный брат","dvoyurodnyy brat"],["Husband","муж","muzh"],["Wife","жена","zhena"],["Child","ребёнок","rebyonok"],["Children","дети","deti"],["Baby","малыш","malysh"],["Boy","мальчик","mal'chik"],["Girl","девочка","devochka"],["Man","мужчина","muzhchina"],["Woman","женщина","zhenshchina"],["Person","человек","chelovek"],["Friend","друг","drug"],["Friend (female)","подруга","podruga"],["Teacher","учитель","uchitel'"],["Student","ученик","uchenik"],["Doctor","врач","vrach"],["Neighbor","сосед","sosed"],["I","я","ya"],["You (informal)","ты","ty"],["You (polite / plural)","вы","vy"],["He","он","on"],["She","она","ona"],["It","оно","ono"],["We","мы","my"],["They","они","oni"],["House","дом","dom"],["Apartment","квартира","kvartira"],["School","школа","shkola"],["Class","класс","klass"],["City","город","gorod"],["Country","страна","strana"],["Name","имя","imya"],["Everyone","все","vse"],["King","король","korol'"],["Queen","королева","koroleva"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ru-food","id":"ru-food","title":"Russian Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Russian","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Foods, drinks and meal words in Russian.","tags":["russian","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Russian","cards":[["Water","вода","voda"],["Tea","чай","chay"],["Coffee","кофе","kofe"],["Milk","молоко","moloko"],["Juice","сок","sok"],["Bread","хлеб","khleb"],["Rice","рис","ris"],["Egg","яйцо","yaytso"],["Meat","мясо","myaso"],["Chicken (meat)","курица","kuritsa"],["Fish","рыба","ryba"],["Vegetables","овощи","ovoshchi"],["Fruit","фрукты","frukty"],["Apple","яблоко","yabloko"],["Banana","банан","banan"],["Orange","апельсин","apel'sin"],["Grapes","виноград","vinograd"],["Strawberry","клубника","klubnika"],["Watermelon","арбуз","arbuz"],["Pear","груша","grusha"],["Lemon","лимон","limon"],["Potato","картофель","kartofel'"],["Tomato","помидор","pomidor"],["Cucumber","огурец","ogurets"],["Carrot","морковь","morkov'"],["Onion","лук","luk"],["Cabbage","капуста","kapusta"],["Beet","свёкла","svyokla"],["Cheese","сыр","syr"],["Butter","масло","maslo"],["Sour cream","сметана","smetana"],["Honey","мёд","myod"],["Salt","соль","sol'"],["Sugar","сахар","sakhar"],["Soup","суп","sup"],["Beet soup (borscht)","борщ","borshch"],["Porridge","каша","kasha"],["Pancakes (thin)","блины","bliny"],["Dumplings","пельмени","pel'meni"],["Cake","торт","tort"],["Ice cream","мороженое","morozhenoye"],["Candy","конфета","konfeta"],["Chocolate","шоколад","shokolad"],["Breakfast","завтрак","zavtrak"],["Lunch","обед","obed"],["Dinner","ужин","uzhin"],["Spoon","ложка","lozhka"],["Fork","вилка","vilka"],["Knife","нож","nozh"],["Plate","тарелка","tarelka"],["Cup","чашка","chashka"],["I'm hungry","Я голоден","ya goloden"],["I'm thirsty","Я хочу пить","ya khochu pit'"],["Delicious","вкусно","vkusno"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ru-greetings","id":"ru-greetings","title":"Russian Greetings and Manners","category":"world-languages","subject":"Russian","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Everyday Russian greetings and polite words in Cyrillic with transliteration.","tags":["russian","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Russian","cards":[["Hello","Здравствуйте","zdravstvuyte"],["Hi (casual)","Привет","privet"],["Good morning","Доброе утро","dobroye utro"],["Good afternoon","Добрый день","dobryy den'"],["Good evening","Добрый вечер","dobryy vecher"],["Good night","Спокойной ночи","spokoynoy nochi"],["Goodbye","До свидания","do svidaniya"],["Bye (casual)","Пока","poka"],["See you soon","До скорой встречи","do skoroy vstrechi"],["See you tomorrow","До завтра","do zavtra"],["Thank you","Спасибо","spasibo"],["Thank you very much","Большое спасибо","bol'shoye spasibo"],["You're welcome","Пожалуйста","pozhaluysta"],["Please","Пожалуйста","pozhaluysta"],["Sorry","Извините","izvinite"],["Excuse me","Простите","prostite"],["Yes","Да","da"],["No","Нет","net"],["How are you?","Как дела?","kak dela"],["I'm fine","Хорошо","khorosho"],["Not bad","Неплохо","neplokho"],["And you?","А у вас?","a u vas"],["Nice to meet you","Очень приятно","ochen' priyatno"],["What is your name?","Как вас зовут?","kak vas zovut"],["My name is Anna","Меня зовут Анна","menya zovut Anna"],["I am from America","Я из Америки","ya iz Ameriki"],["Happy birthday","С днём рождения","s dnyom rozhdeniya"],["Happy New Year","С Новым годом","s Novym godom"],["Congratulations","Поздравляю","pozdravlyayu"],["Cheers","За здоровье","za zdorov'ye"],["Welcome","Добро пожаловать","dobro pozhalovat'"],["Bon appetit","Приятного аппетита","priyatnogo appetita"],["Good luck","Удачи","udachi"],["Be healthy (after a sneeze)","Будь здоров","bud' zdorov"],["I understand","Я понимаю","ya ponimayu"],["I don't understand","Я не понимаю","ya ne ponimayu"],["Please repeat","Повторите, пожалуйста","povtorite, pozhaluysta"],["Please speak slowly","Говорите медленно, пожалуйста","govorite medlenno, pozhaluysta"],["Do you speak English?","Вы говорите по-английски?","vy govorite po-angliyski"],["I speak a little Russian","Я немного говорю по-русски","ya nemnogo govoryu po-russki"],["Where is the toilet?","Где туалет?","gde tualet"],["I don't know","Я не знаю","ya ne znayu"],["Of course","Конечно","konechno"],["Maybe","Может быть","mozhet byt'"],["Very good","Очень хорошо","ochen' khorosho"],["Wonderful","Замечательно","zamechatel'no"],["I love you","Я тебя люблю","ya tebya lyublyu"],["Wait a moment","Минутку","minutku"],["Come in","Входите","vkhodite"],["Sit down","Садитесь","sadites'"],["Let's go","Пойдёмте","poydyomte"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ru-numbers","id":"ru-numbers","title":"Russian Numbers","category":"world-languages","subject":"Russian","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Count in Russian from zero to a thousand.","tags":["russian","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Russian","cards":[["0","ноль","nol'"],["1","один","odin"],["2","два","dva"],["3","три","tri"],["4","четыре","chetyre"],["5","пять","pyat'"],["6","шесть","shest'"],["7","семь","sem'"],["8","восемь","vosem'"],["9","девять","devyat'"],["10","десять","desyat'"],["11","одиннадцать","odinnadtsat'"],["12","двенадцать","dvenadtsat'"],["13","тринадцать","trinadtsat'"],["14","четырнадцать","chetyrnadtsat'"],["15","пятнадцать","pyatnadtsat'"],["16","шестнадцать","shestnadtsat'"],["17","семнадцать","semnadtsat'"],["18","восемнадцать","vosemnadtsat'"],["19","девятнадцать","devyatnadtsat'"],["20","двадцать","dvadtsat'"],["21","двадцать один","dvadtsat' odin"],["30","тридцать","tridtsat'"],["40","сорок","sorok"],["50","пятьдесят","pyat'desyat"],["60","шестьдесят","shest'desyat"],["70","семьдесят","sem'desyat"],["80","восемьдесят","vosem'desyat"],["90","девяносто","devyanosto"],["100","сто","sto"],["200","двести","dvesti"],["300","триста","trista"],["400","четыреста","chetyresta"],["500","пятьсот","pyat'sot"],["600","шестьсот","shest'sot"],["700","семьсот","sem'sot"],["800","восемьсот","vosem'sot"],["900","девятьсот","devyat'sot"],["1,000","тысяча","tysyacha"],["1,000,000","миллион","million"],["First","первый","pervyy"],["Second","второй","vtoroy"],["Third","третий","tretiy"],["Half","половина","polovina"],["How many?","сколько","skol'ko"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ru-phrases","id":"ru-phrases","title":"Russian Useful Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Russian","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Helpful Russian words, days and question words.","tags":["russian","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Russian","cards":[["What is this?","Что это?","chto eto"],["How much is it?","Сколько это стоит?","skol'ko eto stoit"],["Where?","где","gde"],["When?","когда","kogda"],["Who?","кто","kto"],["What?","что","chto"],["Why?","почему","pochemu"],["How?","как","kak"],["This","это","eto"],["Here","здесь","zdes'"],["There","там","tam"],["Today","сегодня","segodnya"],["Tomorrow","завтра","zavtra"],["Yesterday","вчера","vchera"],["Now","сейчас","seychas"],["Morning","утро","utro"],["Day","день","den'"],["Evening","вечер","vecher"],["Night","ночь","noch'"],["Week","неделя","nedelya"],["Month","месяц","mesyats"],["Year","год","god"],["Monday","понедельник","ponedel'nik"],["Tuesday","вторник","vtornik"],["Wednesday","среда","sreda"],["Thursday","четверг","chetverg"],["Friday","пятница","pyatnitsa"],["Saturday","суббота","subbota"],["Sunday","воскресенье","voskresen'ye"],["Right","направо","napravo"],["Left","налево","nalevo"],["Straight ahead","прямо","pryamo"],["Up","вверх","vverkh"],["Down","вниз","vniz"],["Inside","внутри","vnutri"],["Outside","снаружи","snaruzhi"],["And","и","i"],["Or","или","ili"],["But","но","no"],["With","с","s"],["In","в","v"],["Very","очень","ochen'"],["Also","тоже","tozhe"],["Always","всегда","vsegda"],["Never","никогда","nikogda"],["Sometimes","иногда","inogda"],["I like cats","Мне нравятся кошки","mne nravyatsya koshki"],["I have a dog","У меня есть собака","u menya yest' sobaka"],["I want water","Я хочу воды","ya khochu vody"],["I am a student","Я ученик","ya uchenik"],["What time is it?","Который час?","kotoryy chas"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ru-verbs","id":"ru-verbs","title":"Russian Basic Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Russian","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common Russian verbs in the infinitive.","tags":["russian","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Russian","cards":[["To eat","есть","yest'"],["To drink","пить","pit'"],["To go (on foot)","идти","idti"],["To go (by vehicle)","ехать","yekhat'"],["To come","приходить","prikhodit'"],["To see","видеть","videt'"],["To look","смотреть","smotret'"],["To hear","слышать","slyshat'"],["To speak","говорить","govorit'"],["To read","читать","chitat'"],["To write","писать","pisat'"],["To do","делать","delat'"],["To buy","покупать","pokupat'"],["To sell","продавать","prodavat'"],["To sleep","спать","spat'"],["To play","играть","igrat'"],["To swim","плавать","plavat'"],["To run","бежать","bezhat'"],["To study","учиться","uchit'sya"],["To teach","учить","uchit'"],["To know","знать","znat'"],["To think","думать","dumat'"],["To wait","ждать","zhdat'"],["To sit","сидеть","sidet'"],["To stand","стоять","stoyat'"],["To open","открывать","otkryvat'"],["To close","закрывать","zakryvat'"],["To give","давать","davat'"],["To take","брать","brat'"],["To use","использовать","ispol'zovat'"],["To sing","петь","pet'"],["To dance","танцевать","tantsevat'"],["To draw","рисовать","risovat'"],["To laugh","смеяться","smeyat'sya"],["To cry","плакать","plakat'"],["To love","любить","lyubit'"],["To want","хотеть","khotet'"],["To be able (can)","мочь","moch'"],["To have","иметь","imet'"],["To meet","встречать","vstrechat'"],["To work","работать","rabotat'"],["To rest","отдыхать","otdykhat'"],["To wash","мыть","myt'"],["To cook","готовить","gotovit'"],["To help","помогать","pomogat'"],["To forget","забывать","zabyvat'"],["To remember","помнить","pomnit'"],["To ask","спрашивать","sprashivat'"],["To answer","отвечать","otvechat'"],["To find","находить","nakhodit'"],["To fly","летать","letat'"],["To jump","прыгать","prygat'"],["To live","жить","zhit'"],["To build","строить","stroit'"],["To wear","носить","nosit'"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sw-animals","id":"sw-animals","title":"Swahili Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Swahili","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Animal names in Swahili, with many East African animals.","tags":["swahili","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Swahili","cards":[["Dog","mbwa","M-bwa"],["Cat","paka","PA-ka"],["Bird","ndege","N-de-ge"],["Fish","samaki","sa-MA-ki"],["Horse","farasi","fa-RA-si"],["Cow","ng'ombe","n-GOM-be"],["Pig","nguruwe","n-goo-ROO-we"],["Sheep","kondoo","kon-DO-o"],["Goat","mbuzi","m-BOO-zi"],["Chicken","kuku","KOO-koo"],["Duck","bata","BA-ta"],["Rabbit","sungura","soon-GOO-ra"],["Mouse","panya","PA-nya"],["Monkey","tumbili","toom-BEE-li"],["Gorilla","sokwe","SOK-we"],["Elephant","tembo","TEM-bo"],["Lion","simba","SEEM-ba"],["Leopard","chui","CHOO-ee"],["Cheetah","duma","DOO-ma"],["Giraffe","twiga","TWEE-ga"],["Zebra","pundamilia","poon-da-mee-LEE-a"],["Hippopotamus","kiboko","kee-BO-ko"],["Rhinoceros","kifaru","kee-FA-roo"],["Buffalo","nyati","NYA-ti"],["Antelope","swala","SWA-la"],["Wildebeest","nyumbu","NYOOM-boo"],["Warthog","ngiri","n-GEE-ri"],["Hyena","fisi","FEE-si"],["Camel","ngamia","n-ga-MEE-a"],["Donkey","punda","POON-da"],["Wolf","mbwa mwitu","M-bwa MWEE-too"],["Fox","mbweha","m-BWE-ha"],["Deer","kulungu","koo-LOON-goo"],["Bear","dubu","DOO-boo"],["Frog","chura","CHOO-ra"],["Snake","nyoka","NYO-ka"],["Crocodile","mamba","MAM-ba"],["Turtle","kobe","KO-be"],["Butterfly","kipepeo","kee-pe-PE-o"],["Bee","nyuki","NYOO-ki"],["Ant","chungu","CHOON-goo"],["Spider","buibui","boo-ee-BOO-ee"],["Fly","nzi","N-zee"],["Mosquito","mbu","M-boo"],["Whale","nyangumi","nyan-GOO-mi"],["Dolphin","pomboo","pom-BO-o"],["Shark","papa","PA-pa"],["Crab","kaa","KA-a"],["Owl","bundi","BOON-di"],["Eagle","tai","TA-ee"],["Ostrich","mbuni","m-BOO-ni"],["Flamingo","heroe","he-RO-e"],["Parrot","kasuku","ka-SOO-koo"],["Crow","kunguru","koon-GOO-roo"],["Insect","mdudu","m-DOO-doo"],["Animal","mnyama","m-NYA-ma"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sw-colors","id":"sw-colors","title":"Swahili Colors and Describing Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"Swahili","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Colors and describing words in Swahili (noun-class agreement changes the endings; these are the common forms).","tags":["swahili","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Swahili","cards":[["Red","nyekundu","nye-KOON-doo"],["Blue","buluu","boo-LOO"],["Yellow","njano","n-JA-no"],["Green","kijani","kee-JA-ni"],["White","nyeupe","nye-OO-pe"],["Black","nyeusi","nye-OO-si"],["Orange","rangi ya machungwa","RAN-gi ya ma-CHOONG-wa"],["Pink","waridi","wa-REE-di"],["Purple","zambarau","zam-ba-RA-oo"],["Brown","kahawia","ka-ha-WEE-a"],["Gray","kijivu","kee-JEE-voo"],["Color","rangi","RAN-gi"],["Big","kubwa","KOOB-wa"],["Small","ndogo","n-DO-go"],["Long","refu","RE-foo"],["Short","fupi","FOO-pi"],["New","mpya","M-pya"],["Old","-kongwe","KON-gwe"],["Hot","moto","MO-to"],["Cold","baridi","ba-REE-di"],["Good","nzuri","n-ZOO-ri"],["Bad","mbaya","m-BA-ya"],["Fast","haraka","ha-RA-ka"],["Slow","polepole","po-le-PO-le"],["Happy","furaha","foo-RA-ha"],["Sad","huzuni","hoo-ZOO-ni"],["Beautiful","-zuri","ZOO-ri"],["Delicious","tamu","TA-moo"],["Heavy","-zito","ZEE-to"],["Light (weight)","-epesi","e-PE-si"],["Near","karibu","ka-REE-boo"],["Far","mbali","M-ba-li"],["Many","-ingi","EEN-gi"],["Few","-chache","CHA-che"],["Easy","rahisi","ra-HEE-si"],["Difficult","ngumu","n-GOO-moo"],["Clean","safi","SA-fi"],["Dirty","chafu","CHA-foo"],["Strong","nguvu","n-GOO-voo"],["Circle","duara","doo-A-ra"],["Square","mraba","m-RA-ba"],["Triangle","pembetatu","pem-be-TA-too"],["Star","nyota","NYO-ta"],["Brave","jasiri","ja-SEE-ri"],["Smart","mwerevu","mwe-RE-voo"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sw-family","id":"sw-family","title":"Swahili Family and People","category":"world-languages","subject":"Swahili","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Family members and people words in Swahili.","tags":["swahili","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Swahili","cards":[["Family","familia","fa-MEE-lee-a"],["Mother","mama","MA-ma"],["Father","baba","BA-ba"],["Parents","wazazi","wa-ZA-zi"],["Brother","kaka","KA-ka"],["Sister","dada","DA-da"],["Brother or sister (sibling)","ndugu","n-DOO-goo"],["Younger sibling","mdogo wangu","m-DO-go WAN-goo"],["Son","mwana wa kiume","MWA-na wa kee-OO-me"],["Daughter","mwana wa kike","MWA-na wa KEE-ke"],["Grandfather","babu","BA-boo"],["Grandmother","bibi","BEE-bi"],["Uncle (mother's brother)","mjomba","m-JOM-ba"],["Uncle (father's brother)","baba mdogo / baba mkubwa","younger / older than your father"],["Aunt (father's sister)","shangazi","shan-GA-zi"],["Aunt (mother's sister)","mama mdogo / mama mkubwa","younger / older than your mother"],["Husband","mume","MOO-me"],["Wife","mke","M-ke"],["Child","mtoto","m-TO-to"],["Children","watoto","wa-TO-to"],["Baby","mtoto mchanga","m-TO-to m-CHAN-ga"],["Boy","mvulana","m-voo-LA-na"],["Girl","msichana","m-see-CHA-na"],["Man","mwanamume","mwa-na-MOO-me"],["Woman","mwanamke","mwa-na-M-ke"],["Person","mtu","m-TOO"],["People","watu","WA-too"],["Friend","rafiki","ra-FEE-ki"],["Teacher","mwalimu","mwa-LEE-moo"],["Student","mwanafunzi","mwa-na-FOON-zi"],["Doctor","daktari","dak-TA-ri"],["Neighbor","jirani","jee-RA-ni"],["I / me","mimi","MEE-mi"],["You","wewe","WE-we"],["He / she","yeye","YE-ye"],["We","sisi","SEE-si"],["You (plural)","ninyi","NEEN-yi"],["They","wao","WA-o"],["House","nyumba","NYOOM-ba"],["Home","nyumbani","nyoom-BA-ni"],["School","shule","SHOO-le"],["Class","darasa","da-RA-sa"],["Village","kijiji","kee-JEE-jee"],["City","mji","m-JEE"],["Country","nchi","N-chee"],["Kenya","Kenya","KEN-ya"],["Tanzania","Tanzania","tan-za-NEE-a"],["Name","jina","JEE-na"],["Everyone","kila mtu","KEE-la m-TOO"],["Chief / leader","chifu","CHEE-foo"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sw-food","id":"sw-food","title":"Swahili Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Swahili","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Foods, drinks and meal words in Swahili.","tags":["swahili","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Swahili","cards":[["Water","maji","MA-jee"],["Tea","chai","CHA-ee"],["Coffee","kahawa","ka-HA-wa"],["Milk","maziwa","ma-ZEE-wa"],["Juice","juisi","joo-EE-si"],["Bread","mkate","m-KA-te"],["Rice (cooked)","wali","WA-li"],["Rice (uncooked)","mchele","m-CHE-le"],["Egg","yai","YA-ee"],["Meat","nyama","NYA-ma"],["Beef","nyama ya ng'ombe","NYA-ma ya n-GOM-be"],["Chicken (meat)","kuku","KOO-koo"],["Fish (food)","samaki","sa-MA-ki"],["Vegetables","mboga","M-bo-ga"],["Fruit","matunda","ma-TOON-da"],["Apple","tufaha","too-FA-ha"],["Banana","ndizi","n-DEE-zi"],["Orange","chungwa","CHOONG-wa"],["Mango","embe","EM-be"],["Pineapple","nanasi","na-NA-si"],["Watermelon","tikiti maji","tee-KEE-ti MA-jee"],["Coconut","nazi","NA-zi"],["Lemon","limau","lee-MA-oo"],["Avocado","parachichi","pa-ra-CHEE-chi"],["Potato","kiazi","kee-A-zi"],["Sweet potato","kiazi kitamu","kee-A-zi kee-TA-moo"],["Tomato","nyanya","NYA-nya"],["Onion","kitunguu","kee-toon-GOO"],["Carrot","karoti","ka-RO-ti"],["Cabbage","kabichi","ka-BEE-chi"],["Corn / maize","mahindi","ma-HEEN-di"],["Beans","maharage","ma-ha-RA-ge"],["Cassava","muhogo","moo-HO-go"],["Cornmeal porridge (ugali)","ugali","oo-GA-li"],["Porridge","uji","OO-jee"],["Flatbread (chapati)","chapati","cha-PA-ti"],["Pilau rice","pilau","pee-LA-oo"],["Soup","supu","SOO-poo"],["Salt","chumvi","CHOOM-vi"],["Sugar","sukari","soo-KA-ri"],["Honey","asali","a-SA-li"],["Peanuts","karanga","ka-RAN-ga"],["Cake","keki","KE-ki"],["Ice cream","aiskrimu","a-ees-KREE-moo"],["Candy","pipi","PEE-pi"],["Breakfast","kifungua kinywa","kee-foon-GOO-a kee-NYWA"],["Lunch","chakula cha mchana","cha-KOO-la cha m-CHA-na"],["Dinner","chakula cha jioni","cha-KOO-la cha jee-O-ni"],["Food","chakula","cha-KOO-la"],["Spoon","kijiko","kee-JEE-ko"],["Plate","sahani","sa-HA-ni"],["Cup","kikombe","kee-KOM-be"],["I'm hungry","Nina njaa","NEE-na N-ja-a"],["I'm thirsty","Nina kiu","NEE-na KEE-oo"],["Delicious","tamu","TA-moo"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sw-greetings","id":"sw-greetings","title":"Swahili Greetings and Manners","category":"world-languages","subject":"Swahili","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Everyday Swahili greetings and polite words from East Africa.","tags":["swahili","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Swahili","cards":[["Hello","Habari","HA-ba-ri (lit. news)"],["Hello (to an elder, respectful)","Shikamoo","shee-ka-MO-o"],["Reply to shikamoo","Marahaba","ma-ra-HA-ba"],["Hi (casual)","Jambo","JAM-bo"],["Hello (reply to jambo)","Jambo","JAM-bo"],["How are you?","Hujambo?","hoo-JAM-bo"],["I'm fine (reply)","Sijambo","see-JAM-bo"],["Fine","Nzuri","n-ZOO-ri"],["Very fine","Nzuri sana","n-ZOO-ri SA-na"],["Good morning","Habari za asubuhi","ha-BA-ri za a-soo-BOO-hee"],["Good afternoon","Habari za mchana","ha-BA-ri za m-CHA-na"],["Good evening","Habari za jioni","ha-BA-ri za jee-O-ni"],["Good night","Usiku mwema","oo-SEE-koo MWE-ma"],["Goodbye","Kwaheri","kwa-HE-ri"],["Goodbye (to many)","Kwaherini","kwa-he-REE-ni"],["See you later","Tutaonana baadaye","too-ta-o-NA-na ba-a-DA-ye"],["See you tomorrow","Tutaonana kesho","too-ta-o-NA-na KE-sho"],["Thank you","Asante","a-SAN-te"],["Thank you very much","Asante sana","a-SAN-te SA-na"],["You're welcome","Karibu","ka-REE-boo"],["Welcome","Karibu","ka-REE-boo"],["Please","Tafadhali","ta-fa-DHA-li"],["Sorry","Pole","PO-le"],["Excuse me","Samahani","sa-ma-HA-ni"],["Yes","Ndiyo","n-DEE-yo"],["No","Hapana","ha-PA-na"],["Nice to meet you","Nimefurahi kukutana nawe","ni-me-foo-RA-hi koo-koo-TA-na NA-we"],["What is your name?","Jina lako nani?","JEE-na LA-ko NA-ni"],["My name is Amani","Jina langu ni Amani","JEE-na LAN-goo ni a-MA-ni"],["I am from America","Mimi ni kutoka Marekani","MEE-mi ni koo-TO-ka ma-re-KA-ni"],["Happy birthday","Siku ya kuzaliwa njema","SEE-koo ya koo-za-LEE-wa N-je-ma"],["Congratulations","Hongera","hon-GE-ra"],["Happy New Year","Heri ya mwaka mpya","HE-ri ya MWA-ka M-pya"],["Cheers","Afya","A-fya (lit. health)"],["No problem","Hakuna matata","ha-KOO-na ma-TA-ta"],["Take care","Jihadhari","jee-ha-DHA-ri"],["Good luck","Bahati njema","ba-HA-ti N-je-ma"],["I understand","Naelewa","na-e-LE-wa"],["I don't understand","Sielewi","si-e-LE-wi"],["Please say it again","Tafadhali rudia","ta-fa-DHA-li roo-DEE-a"],["Do you speak English?","Unazungumza Kiingereza?","oo-na-zoon-GOO-m-za kee-een-ge-RE-za"],["I speak a little Swahili","Ninaongea Kiswahili kidogo","ni-na-on-GE-a kee-swa-HEE-li kee-DO-go"],["Where is the toilet?","Choo kiko wapi?","CHO-o KEE-ko WA-pi"],["I don't know","Sijui","see-JOO-ee"],["Wait a moment","Subiri kidogo","soo-BEE-ri kee-DO-go"],["Let's go","Twende","TWEN-de"],["Very good","Vizuri sana","vee-ZOO-ri SA-na"],["Okay","Sawa","SA-wa"],["I love you","Nakupenda","na-koo-PEN-da"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sw-numbers","id":"sw-numbers","title":"Swahili Numbers","category":"world-languages","subject":"Swahili","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Count in Swahili from 1 to 1,000.","tags":["swahili","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Swahili","cards":[["1","moja","MO-ja"],["2","mbili","M-bee-li"],["3","tatu","TA-too"],["4","nne","N-ne"],["5","tano","TA-no"],["6","sita","SEE-ta"],["7","saba","SA-ba"],["8","nane","NA-ne"],["9","tisa","TEE-sa"],["10","kumi","KOO-mi"],["11","kumi na moja","koo-mi na MO-ja"],["12","kumi na mbili","koo-mi na M-bee-li"],["13","kumi na tatu","koo-mi na TA-too"],["14","kumi na nne","koo-mi na N-ne"],["15","kumi na tano","koo-mi na TA-no"],["16","kumi na sita","koo-mi na SEE-ta"],["17","kumi na saba","koo-mi na SA-ba"],["18","kumi na nane","koo-mi na NA-ne"],["19","kumi na tisa","koo-mi na TEE-sa"],["20","ishirini","ee-shee-REE-ni"],["21","ishirini na moja","ee-shee-REE-ni na MO-ja"],["30","thelathini","the-la-THEE-ni"],["40","arobaini","a-ro-ba-EE-ni"],["50","hamsini","ham-SEE-ni"],["60","sitini","see-TEE-ni"],["70","sabini","sa-BEE-ni"],["80","themanini","the-ma-NEE-ni"],["90","tisini","tee-SEE-ni"],["100","mia moja","MEE-a MO-ja"],["200","mia mbili","MEE-a M-bee-li"],["500","mia tano","MEE-a TA-no"],["1,000","elfu moja","EL-foo MO-ja"],["2,000","elfu mbili","EL-foo M-bee-li"],["10,000","elfu kumi","EL-foo KOO-mi"],["1,000,000","milioni moja","mee-lee-O-ni MO-ja"],["Zero","sifuri","see-FOO-ri"],["First","wa kwanza","wa KWAN-za"],["Second","wa pili","wa PEE-li"],["Third","wa tatu","wa TA-too"],["Half","nusu","NOO-soo"],["How many?","ngapi","N-ga-pi"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sw-phrases","id":"sw-phrases","title":"Swahili Useful Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Swahili","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Helpful Swahili words, days and question words.","tags":["swahili","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Swahili","cards":[["What is this?","Hii ni nini?","hee ni NEE-ni"],["How much is it?","Ni bei gani?","ni BE-ee GA-ni"],["Where?","wapi","WA-pi"],["When?","lini","LEE-ni"],["Who?","nani","NA-ni"],["What?","nini","NEE-ni"],["Why?","kwa nini","kwa NEE-ni"],["How?","vipi","VEE-pi"],["Which?","gani","GA-ni"],["Here","hapa","HA-pa"],["There","pale","PA-le"],["Today","leo","LE-o"],["Tomorrow","kesho","KE-sho"],["Yesterday","jana","JA-na"],["Now","sasa","SA-sa"],["Morning","asubuhi","a-soo-BOO-hee"],["Afternoon","mchana","m-CHA-na"],["Evening","jioni","jee-O-ni"],["Night","usiku","oo-SEE-koo"],["Day","siku","SEE-koo"],["Week","wiki","WEE-ki"],["Month","mwezi","MWE-zi"],["Year","mwaka","MWA-ka"],["Monday","Jumatatu","joo-ma-TA-too (day 3 of the week counting from Saturday)"],["Tuesday","Jumanne","joo-MA-n-ne"],["Wednesday","Jumatano","joo-ma-TA-no"],["Thursday","Alhamisi","al-ha-MEE-si"],["Friday","Ijumaa","ee-joo-MA-a"],["Saturday","Jumamosi","joo-ma-MO-si"],["Sunday","Jumapili","joo-ma-PEE-li"],["Right","kulia","koo-LEE-a"],["Left","kushoto","koo-SHO-to"],["Straight ahead","moja kwa moja","MO-ja kwa MO-ja"],["Up","juu","JOO"],["Down","chini","CHEE-ni"],["Inside","ndani","n-DA-ni"],["Outside","nje","N-je"],["And","na","na"],["Or","au","A-oo"],["But","lakini","la-KEE-ni"],["With","na","na"],["Very","sana","SA-na"],["Also","pia","PEE-a"],["Always","daima","da-EE-ma"],["Never","kamwe","KAM-we"],["Sometimes","wakati mwingine","wa-KA-ti mween-GEE-ne"],["I like cats","Ninapenda paka","ni-na-PEN-da PA-ka"],["I have a dog","Nina mbwa","NEE-na M-bwa"],["I want water","Nataka maji","na-TA-ka MA-jee"],["What time is it?","Saa ngapi?","SA-a N-ga-pi"],["Swahili language","Kiswahili","kee-swa-HEE-li"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sw-verbs","id":"sw-verbs","title":"Swahili Basic Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Swahili","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Common Swahili verbs in the infinitive (ku- form).","tags":["swahili","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Swahili","cards":[["To eat","kula","KOO-la"],["To drink","kunywa","KOON-wa"],["To go","kwenda","KWEN-da"],["To come","kuja","KOO-ja"],["To see","kuona","koo-O-na"],["To look","kutazama","koo-ta-ZA-ma"],["To hear","kusikia","koo-see-KEE-a"],["To speak","kusema","koo-SE-ma"],["To read","kusoma","koo-SO-ma"],["To write","kuandika","koo-an-DEE-ka"],["To do / make","kufanya","koo-FA-nya"],["To buy","kununua","koo-noo-NOO-a"],["To sell","kuuza","koo-OO-za"],["To sleep","kulala","koo-LA-la"],["To wake up","kuamka","koo-AM-ka"],["To play","kucheza","koo-CHE-za"],["To swim","kuogelea","koo-o-ge-LE-a"],["To run","kukimbia","koo-keem-BEE-a"],["To walk","kutembea","koo-tem-BE-a"],["To study / learn","kujifunza","koo-jee-FOON-za"],["To teach","kufundisha","koo-foon-DEE-sha"],["To know","kujua","koo-JOO-a"],["To think","kufikiri","koo-fee-KEE-ri"],["To wait","kungoja","koon-GO-ja"],["To sit","kukaa","koo-KA-a"],["To stand","kusimama","koo-see-MA-ma"],["To open","kufungua","koo-foon-GOO-a"],["To close","kufunga","koo-FOON-ga"],["To give","kutoa","koo-TO-a"],["To take","kuchukua","koo-choo-KOO-a"],["To use","kutumia","koo-too-MEE-a"],["To sing","kuimba","koo-EEM-ba"],["To dance","kucheza ngoma","koo-CHE-za N-go-ma"],["To draw","kuchora","koo-CHO-ra"],["To laugh","kucheka","koo-CHE-ka"],["To cry","kulia","koo-LEE-a"],["To love","kupenda","koo-PEN-da"],["To want","kutaka","koo-TA-ka"],["To have","kuwa na","koo-WA na"],["To be","kuwa","koo-WA"],["To meet","kukutana","koo-koo-TA-na"],["To work","kufanya kazi","koo-FA-nya KA-zi"],["To rest","kupumzika","koo-poom-ZEE-ka"],["To wash","kuosha","koo-O-sha"],["To cook","kupika","koo-PEE-ka"],["To help","kusaidia","koo-sa-ee-DEE-a"],["To forget","kusahau","koo-sa-HA-oo"],["To remember","kukumbuka","koo-koom-BOO-ka"],["To ask","kuuliza","koo-oo-LEE-za"],["To answer","kujibu","koo-JEE-boo"],["To find","kupata","koo-PA-ta"],["To fly","kuruka","koo-ROO-ka"],["To jump","kuruka","koo-ROO-ka (same word as fly)"],["To wear","kuvaa","koo-VA-a"],["To arrive","kufika","koo-FEE-ka"],["To return","kurudi","koo-ROO-di"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/zh-animals","id":"zh-animals","title":"Mandarin Animals","category":"world-languages","subject":"Mandarin Chinese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Animal names in Mandarin.","tags":["mandarin chinese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Mandarin Chinese","cards":[["Dog","狗","gǒu"],["Cat","猫","māo"],["Bird","鸟","niǎo"],["Fish","鱼","yú"],["Horse","马","mǎ"],["Cow","牛","niú"],["Pig","猪","zhū"],["Sheep","羊","yáng"],["Chicken","鸡","jī"],["Duck","鸭","yā"],["Goose","鹅","é"],["Rabbit","兔子","tùzi"],["Mouse","老鼠","lǎoshǔ"],["Monkey","猴子","hóuzi"],["Bear","熊","xióng"],["Panda","熊猫","xióngmāo"],["Elephant","大象","dàxiàng"],["Lion","狮子","shīzi"],["Tiger","老虎","lǎohǔ"],["Giraffe","长颈鹿","chángjǐnglù"],["Zebra","斑马","bānmǎ"],["Wolf","狼","láng"],["Fox","狐狸","húli"],["Deer","鹿","lù"],["Frog","青蛙","qīngwā"],["Snake","蛇","shé"],["Turtle","乌龟","wūguī"],["Butterfly","蝴蝶","húdié"],["Bee","蜜蜂","mìfēng"],["Ant","蚂蚁","mǎyǐ"],["Spider","蜘蛛","zhīzhū"],["Whale","鲸鱼","jīngyú"],["Dolphin","海豚","hǎitún"],["Shark","鲨鱼","shāyú"],["Octopus","章鱼","zhāngyú"],["Crab","螃蟹","pángxiè"],["Owl","猫头鹰","māotóuyīng"],["Squirrel","松鼠","sōngshǔ"],["Dragon","龙","lóng"],["Penguin","企鹅","qǐ'é"],["Kangaroo","袋鼠","dàishǔ"],["Camel","骆驼","luòtuo"],["Donkey","驴","lǘ"],["Insect","虫子","chóngzi"],["Dinosaur","恐龙","kǒnglóng"],["Crow","乌鸦","wūyā"],["Goldfish","金鱼","jīnyú"],["Dragonfly","蜻蜓","qīngtíng"],["Animal","动物","dòngwù"],["Zoo","动物园","dòngwùyuán"],["Rooster","公鸡","gōngjī"],["Swan","天鹅","tiān'é"],["Eagle","鹰","yīng"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/zh-colors","id":"zh-colors","title":"Mandarin Colors and Describing Words","category":"world-languages","subject":"Mandarin Chinese","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Colors, shapes and adjectives in Mandarin.","tags":["mandarin chinese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Mandarin Chinese","cards":[["Red","红色","hóngsè"],["Blue","蓝色","lánsè"],["Yellow","黄色","huángsè"],["Green","绿色","lǜsè"],["White","白色","báisè"],["Black","黑色","hēisè"],["Orange","橙色","chéngsè"],["Pink","粉红色","fěnhóngsè"],["Purple","紫色","zǐsè"],["Brown","棕色","zōngsè"],["Gray","灰色","huīsè"],["Gold","金色","jīnsè"],["Silver","银色","yínsè"],["Color","颜色","yánsè"],["Circle","圆形","yuánxíng"],["Square","正方形","zhèngfāngxíng"],["Triangle","三角形","sānjiǎoxíng"],["Rectangle","长方形","chángfāngxíng"],["Star","星星","xīngxing"],["Heart","心形","xīnxíng"],["Big","大","dà"],["Small","小","xiǎo"],["Long","长","cháng"],["Short","短","duǎn"],["Tall","高","gāo"],["Short (height)","矮","ǎi"],["New","新","xīn"],["Old","旧","jiù"],["Hot","热","rè"],["Cold","冷","lěng"],["Good","好","hǎo"],["Bad","坏","huài"],["Fast","快","kuài"],["Slow","慢","màn"],["Happy","高兴","gāoxìng"],["Sad","难过","nánguò"],["Beautiful","漂亮","piàoliang"],["Delicious","好吃","hǎochī"],["Heavy","重","zhòng"],["Light (weight)","轻","qīng"],["Bright","亮","liàng"],["Dark","暗","àn"],["Near","近","jìn"],["Far","远","yuǎn"],["Many","多","duō"],["Few","少","shǎo"],["Easy","容易","róngyì"],["Difficult","难","nán"],["Clean","干净","gānjìng"],["Dirty","脏","zāng"],["Open (adj. / verb)","开","kāi"],["Closed / to close","关","guān"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/zh-family","id":"zh-family","title":"Mandarin Family and People","category":"world-languages","subject":"Mandarin Chinese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Family members and people words in Mandarin.","tags":["mandarin chinese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Mandarin Chinese","cards":[["Family","家人","jiārén"],["Home / family","家","jiā"],["Mother","妈妈","māma"],["Father","爸爸","bàba"],["Older brother","哥哥","gēge"],["Older sister","姐姐","jiějie"],["Younger brother","弟弟","dìdi"],["Younger sister","妹妹","mèimei"],["Grandfather (father's father)","爷爷","yéye"],["Grandmother (father's mother)","奶奶","nǎinai"],["Grandfather (mother's father)","外公","wàigōng"],["Grandmother (mother's mother)","外婆","wàipó"],["Husband","丈夫","zhàngfu"],["Wife","妻子","qīzi"],["Son","儿子","érzi"],["Daughter","女儿","nǚ'ér"],["Child","孩子","háizi"],["Baby","宝宝","bǎobao"],["Boy","男孩","nánhái"],["Girl","女孩","nǚhái"],["Man","男人","nánrén"],["Woman","女人","nǚrén"],["Person","人","rén"],["Friend","朋友","péngyou"],["Teacher","老师","lǎoshī"],["Student","学生","xuésheng"],["Doctor","医生","yīshēng"],["Classmate","同学","tóngxué"],["I / me","我","wǒ"],["You","你","nǐ"],["He / him","他","tā"],["She / her","她","tā"],["It","它","tā"],["We","我们","wǒmen"],["You (plural)","你们","nǐmen"],["They","他们","tāmen"],["Uncle (father's younger brother)","叔叔","shūshu"],["Aunt (father's sister)","姑姑","gūgu"],["Cousin (father's brother's child, older male)","堂哥","tánggē"],["Parents","父母","fùmǔ"],["Name","名字","míngzi"],["Age (years old)","岁","suì"],["Neighbor","邻居","línjū"],["Country","国家","guójiā"],["China","中国","Zhōngguó"],["America","美国","Měiguó"],["School","学校","xuéxiào"],["Classroom","教室","jiàoshì"],["House / room","房子","fángzi"],["Pet","宠物","chǒngwù"],["Everyone","大家","dàjiā"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/zh-food","id":"zh-food","title":"Mandarin Food and Drink","category":"world-languages","subject":"Mandarin Chinese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Foods, drinks and meal words in Mandarin.","tags":["mandarin chinese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Mandarin Chinese","cards":[["Rice (cooked)","米饭","mǐfàn"],["Water","水","shuǐ"],["Tea","茶","chá"],["Milk","牛奶","niúnǎi"],["Juice","果汁","guǒzhī"],["Coffee","咖啡","kāfēi"],["Bread","面包","miànbāo"],["Egg","鸡蛋","jīdàn"],["Meat","肉","ròu"],["Beef","牛肉","niúròu"],["Pork","猪肉","zhūròu"],["Chicken (meat)","鸡肉","jīròu"],["Fish (food)","鱼","yú"],["Vegetables","蔬菜","shūcài"],["Fruit","水果","shuǐguǒ"],["Apple","苹果","píngguǒ"],["Banana","香蕉","xiāngjiāo"],["Orange","橙子","chéngzi"],["Grapes","葡萄","pútao"],["Strawberry","草莓","cǎoméi"],["Watermelon","西瓜","xīguā"],["Peach","桃子","táozi"],["Pear","梨","lí"],["Lemon","柠檬","níngméng"],["Mango","芒果","mángguǒ"],["Potato","土豆","tǔdòu"],["Tomato","西红柿","xīhóngshì"],["Carrot","胡萝卜","húluóbo"],["Corn","玉米","yùmǐ"],["Onion","洋葱","yángcōng"],["Cabbage","白菜","báicài"],["Noodles","面条","miàntiáo"],["Dumplings","饺子","jiǎozi"],["Steamed bun","包子","bāozi"],["Soup","汤","tāng"],["Fried rice","炒饭","chǎofàn"],["Tofu","豆腐","dòufu"],["Salt","盐","yán"],["Sugar","糖","táng"],["Candy","糖果","tángguǒ"],["Cake","蛋糕","dàngāo"],["Ice cream","冰淇淋","bīngqílín"],["Cookie","饼干","bǐnggān"],["Chocolate","巧克力","qiǎokèlì"],["Breakfast","早饭","zǎofàn"],["Lunch","午饭","wǔfàn"],["Dinner","晚饭","wǎnfàn"],["Chopsticks","筷子","kuàizi"],["Bowl","碗","wǎn"],["Spoon","勺子","sháozi"],["Knife","刀","dāo"],["I'm hungry","我饿了","wǒ è le"],["I'm thirsty","我渴了","wǒ kě le"],["I want to eat","我想吃","wǒ xiǎng chī"],["Delicious","好吃","hǎochī"],["Full (I'm full)","我吃饱了","wǒ chī bǎo le"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/zh-greetings","id":"zh-greetings","title":"Mandarin Greetings and Manners","category":"world-languages","subject":"Mandarin Chinese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Everyday Mandarin greetings and polite words in simplified characters with pinyin.","tags":["mandarin chinese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Mandarin Chinese","cards":[["Hello","你好","nǐ hǎo"],["Hello (to many people / polite)","您好","nín hǎo"],["Good morning","早上好","zǎoshang hǎo"],["Good morning (short)","早安","zǎo ān"],["Good evening","晚上好","wǎnshang hǎo"],["Good night","晚安","wǎn ān"],["Goodbye","再见","zàijiàn"],["See you tomorrow","明天见","míngtiān jiàn"],["Thank you","谢谢","xièxie"],["You're welcome","不客气","bú kèqi"],["Sorry","对不起","duìbuqǐ"],["It's okay / no problem","没关系","méi guānxi"],["Excuse me","打扰一下","dǎrǎo yíxià"],["Please","请","qǐng"],["Yes / correct","对","duì"],["Yes (it is)","是","shì"],["No (it is not)","不是","bú shì"],["No / not","不","bù"],["How are you?","你好吗","nǐ hǎo ma"],["I'm fine","我很好","wǒ hěn hǎo"],["And you?","你呢","nǐ ne"],["Nice to meet you","很高兴认识你","hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ"],["What is your name?","你叫什么名字","nǐ jiào shénme míngzi"],["My name is Mei","我叫美","wǒ jiào Měi"],["I am American","我是美国人","wǒ shì Měiguó rén"],["Happy birthday","生日快乐","shēngrì kuàilè"],["Happy New Year","新年快乐","xīnnián kuàilè"],["Congratulations and prosperity","恭喜发财","gōngxǐ fācái"],["Cheers","干杯","gānbēi"],["Welcome","欢迎","huānyíng"],["Take care","保重","bǎozhòng"],["Come on! / Keep going","加油","jiāyóu"],["Please sit","请坐","qǐng zuò"],["Please come in","请进","qǐng jìn"],["Please wait","请等一下","qǐng děng yíxià"],["I understand","我懂","wǒ dǒng"],["I don't understand","我不懂","wǒ bù dǒng"],["Please say it again","请再说一遍","qǐng zài shuō yí biàn"],["Please speak slowly","请说慢一点","qǐng shuō màn yìdiǎn"],["Do you speak English?","你会说英语吗","nǐ huì shuō Yīngyǔ ma"],["I speak a little Chinese","我会说一点中文","wǒ huì shuō yìdiǎn Zhōngwén"],["Where is the bathroom?","洗手间在哪里","xǐshǒujiān zài nǎlǐ"],["I don't know","我不知道","wǒ bù zhīdào"],["I know","我知道","wǒ zhīdào"],["Really?","真的吗","zhēn de ma"],["Very good","很好","hěn hǎo"],["Great!","太好了","tài hǎo le"],["Let's go","我们走吧","wǒmen zǒu ba"],["Have a good trip","一路平安","yílù píng'ān"],["Hello (on the phone)","喂","wéi"],["Sleep well","睡个好觉","shuì ge hǎo jiào"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/zh-numbers","id":"zh-numbers","title":"Mandarin Numbers","category":"world-languages","subject":"Mandarin Chinese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Count from zero to a million in Mandarin.","tags":["mandarin chinese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Mandarin Chinese","cards":[["0","零","líng"],["1","一","yī"],["2","二","èr (for counting; liǎng 两 before measure words)"],["3","三","sān"],["4","四","sì"],["5","五","wǔ"],["6","六","liù"],["7","七","qī"],["8","八","bā"],["9","九","jiǔ"],["10","十","shí"],["11","十一","shí yī"],["12","十二","shí èr"],["13","十三","shí sān"],["14","十四","shí sì"],["15","十五","shí wǔ"],["16","十六","shí liù"],["17","十七","shí qī"],["18","十八","shí bā"],["19","十九","shí jiǔ"],["20","二十","èr shí"],["21","二十一","èr shí yī"],["25","二十五","èr shí wǔ"],["30","三十","sān shí"],["40","四十","sì shí"],["50","五十","wǔ shí"],["60","六十","liù shí"],["70","七十","qī shí"],["80","八十","bā shí"],["90","九十","jiǔ shí"],["99","九十九","jiǔ shí jiǔ"],["100","一百","yì bǎi"],["101","一百零一","yì bǎi líng yī"],["200","两百","liǎng bǎi"],["500","五百","wǔ bǎi"],["1,000","一千","yì qiān"],["2,000","两千","liǎng qiān"],["10,000","一万","yí wàn"],["100,000","十万","shí wàn"],["1,000,000","一百万","yì bǎi wàn"],["100,000,000","一亿","yí yì"],["Half","一半","yíbàn"],["First","第一","dì yī"],["Second (ordinal)","第二","dì èr"],["Third","第三","dì sān"],["How many?","几个","jǐ ge"],["How much?","多少","duōshao"],["Zero (alternative)","〇","líng"],["Many","很多","hěn duō"],["A few","几个","jǐ ge"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/zh-phrases","id":"zh-phrases","title":"Mandarin Useful Phrases","category":"world-languages","subject":"Mandarin Chinese","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Helpful Mandarin sentences and question words for school, travel and daily life.","tags":["mandarin chinese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Mandarin Chinese","cards":[["What is this?","这是什么","zhè shì shénme"],["How much is it?","多少钱","duōshao qián"],["Where is the school?","学校在哪里","xuéxiào zài nǎlǐ"],["I want water","我想要水","wǒ xiǎng yào shuǐ"],["I like cats","我喜欢猫","wǒ xǐhuan māo"],["I don't like carrots","我不喜欢胡萝卜","wǒ bù xǐhuan húluóbo"],["I am ten years old","我十岁","wǒ shí suì"],["I am a student","我是学生","wǒ shì xuésheng"],["I have a dog","我有一只狗","wǒ yǒu yì zhī gǒu"],["I don't have","我没有","wǒ méiyǒu"],["What time is it?","现在几点","xiànzài jǐ diǎn"],["Today","今天","jīntiān"],["Tomorrow","明天","míngtiān"],["Yesterday","昨天","zuótiān"],["Now","现在","xiànzài"],["Morning","早上","zǎoshang"],["Afternoon","下午","xiàwǔ"],["Evening","晚上","wǎnshang"],["Monday","星期一","xīngqī yī"],["Tuesday","星期二","xīngqī èr"],["Wednesday","星期三","xīngqī sān"],["Thursday","星期四","xīngqī sì"],["Friday","星期五","xīngqī wǔ"],["Saturday","星期六","xīngqī liù"],["Sunday","星期天","xīngqī tiān"],["Week","星期","xīngqī"],["Month","月","yuè"],["Year","年","nián"],["Day","天","tiān"],["Left","左","zuǒ"],["Right","右","yòu"],["Straight ahead","往前走","wǎng qián zǒu"],["Up","上","shàng"],["Down","下","xià"],["Inside","里面","lǐmiàn"],["Outside","外面","wàimiàn"],["Here","这里","zhèlǐ"],["There","那里","nàlǐ"],["Who?","谁","shéi"],["What?","什么","shénme"],["When?","什么时候","shénme shíhou"],["Where?","哪里","nǎlǐ"],["Why?","为什么","wèishénme"],["How?","怎么","zěnme"],["This","这","zhè"],["That","那","nà"],["And","和","hé"],["Very","很","hěn"],["Also","也","yě"],["Can / know how to","会","huì"],["Want","想","xiǎng"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/zh-verbs","id":"zh-verbs","title":"Mandarin Basic Verbs","category":"world-languages","subject":"Mandarin Chinese","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Common Mandarin verbs in simplified characters.","tags":["mandarin chinese","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"English","backLabel":"Mandarin Chinese","cards":[["To eat","吃","chī"],["To drink","喝","hē"],["To go","去","qù"],["To come","来","lái"],["To see / look","看","kàn"],["To listen","听","tīng"],["To speak","说","shuō"],["To read","读","dú"],["To write","写","xiě"],["To do","做","zuò"],["To buy","买","mǎi"],["To sell","卖","mài"],["To sleep","睡觉","shuìjiào"],["To get up","起床","qǐchuáng"],["To play","玩","wán"],["To swim","游泳","yóuyǒng"],["To run","跑","pǎo"],["To walk","走","zǒu"],["To study","学习","xuéxí"],["To teach","教","jiāo"],["To know (a fact)","知道","zhīdào"],["To think","想","xiǎng"],["To wait","等","děng"],["To sit","坐","zuò"],["To stand","站","zhàn"],["To open","开","kāi"],["To close","关","guān"],["To give","给","gěi"],["To take","拿","ná"],["To use","用","yòng"],["To sing","唱歌","chànggē"],["To dance","跳舞","tiàowǔ"],["To draw","画","huà"],["To laugh","笑","xiào"],["To cry","哭","kū"],["To like","喜欢","xǐhuan"],["To love","爱","ài"],["To have","有","yǒu"],["To be","是","shì"],["To meet","见面","jiànmiàn"],["To work","工作","gōngzuò"],["To rest","休息","xiūxi"],["To wash","洗","xǐ"],["To cook","做饭","zuòfàn"],["To help","帮助","bāngzhù"],["To borrow","借","jiè"],["To remember","记得","jìde"],["To forget","忘","wàng"],["To ask","问","wèn"],["To answer","回答","huídá"],["To find","找","zhǎo"],["To drive","开车","kāichē"],["To fly","飞","fēi"],["To jump","跳","tiào"],["To call / be called","叫","jiào"],["To wear (clothes)","穿","chuān"],["To arrive","到","dào"],["To return","回","huí"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/anthropology-intro-terms","id":"anthropology-intro-terms","title":"Anthropology: Intro Terms","category":"social-studies","subject":"Anthropology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Key terms from introductory anthropology: culture, fieldwork, human origins and kinship.","tags":["anthropology","culture","archaeology","human evolution"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["Anthropology","The study of humans, past and present, including biology and culture"],["Four fields","Cultural, biological (physical), archaeological and linguistic anthropology"],["Cultural anthropology","Study of human societies and cultures"],["Biological anthropology","Study of human biology, evolution and primates"],["Archaeology","Study of the human past through material remains"],["Linguistic anthropology","Study of language in its social and cultural context"],["Culture","Learned, shared beliefs, values and behaviors of a group"],["Society","A group of people who share territory and culture"],["Ethnography","A detailed written study of a culture, based on fieldwork"],["Fieldwork","Research done by living among and observing people"],["Participant observation","Learning about a group by taking part in its daily life"],["Informant","A person who teaches a researcher about their culture"],["Emic perspective","Understanding a culture from the insider's point of view"],["Etic perspective","Describing a culture from an outsider's, more objective viewpoint"],["Ethnocentrism","Judging other cultures by the standards of your own"],["Cultural relativism","Understanding a culture on its own terms without judging it by outside standards"],["Enculturation","The process of learning your culture"],["Acculturation","Change when cultures come into contact"],["Cultural diffusion","Spread of cultural traits from one society to another"],["Material culture","Physical objects made by a culture"],["Nonmaterial culture","Ideas, beliefs and values"],["Norm","A shared expectation about behavior"],["Value","A shared belief about what is good or important"],["Ritual","A repeated, symbolic action"],["Rite of passage","Ritual marking a change in status, like adulthood"],["Symbol","Something that stands for something else"],["Kinship","Relationships based on blood, marriage or adoption"],["Nuclear family","Parents and their children"],["Extended family","Family that includes other relatives"],["Descent","How people trace family ties"],["Patrilineal descent","Tracing descent through the father's line"],["Matrilineal descent","Tracing descent through the mother's line"],["Marriage","A socially recognized union, with different forms across cultures"],["Exogamy","Marrying outside one's group"],["Endogamy","Marrying within one's group"],["Band","Small, mobile group of hunter-gatherers"],["Tribe","Group of related bands or clans with shared culture"],["Chiefdom","Society led by a chief with inherited rank"],["State","Society with centralized government and social classes"],["Hunter-gatherers","People who live by hunting animals and gathering plants"],["Pastoralism","Livelihood based on herding animals"],["Horticulture","Small-scale farming with simple tools"],["Agriculture","Large-scale farming"],["Neolithic Revolution","Shift to farming about 10,000 years ago"],["Reciprocity","Exchange of goods and favors based on mutual obligation"],["Potlatch","Feast with gift-giving practiced on the Northwest Coast"],["Kula ring","Exchange system among islands near Papua New Guinea studied by Malinowski"],["Bronislaw Malinowski","Anthropologist who pioneered fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands"],["Franz Boas","Father of American anthropology; stressed cultural relativism"],["Margaret Mead","Anthropologist who studied adolescence in Samoa"],["Ruth Benedict","Anthropologist who wrote Patterns of Culture"],["Claude Levi-Strauss","French anthropologist who studied myth and kinship"],["Clifford Geertz","Anthropologist who described culture as webs of meaning"],["Hominin","Humans and their extinct close relatives"],["Australopithecus","Early bipedal hominins that lived in Africa millions of years ago"],["Lucy","A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton found in Ethiopia in 1974"],["Homo habilis","Early Homo species associated with stone tools"],["Homo erectus","Early human relative that used fire and spread out of Africa"],["Neanderthals","Close human relatives who lived in Europe and Asia until about 40,000 years ago"],["Homo sapiens","Modern humans, who first appeared in Africa about 300,000 years ago"],["Bipedalism","Walking on two legs"],["Primate","Group of mammals including monkeys, apes and humans"],["Out of Africa","Evidence that modern humans originated in Africa and spread worldwide"],["Paleolithic","Old Stone Age"],["Artifact","An object made or used by people in the past"],["Excavation","Careful digging at an archaeological site"],["Stratigraphy","Layers of earth that help date finds"],["Radiocarbon dating","Method that measures carbon-14 to date organic remains"],["Linguistic relativity","Idea that language influences thought (Sapir-Whorf)"],["Globalization","Growing connections among cultures worldwide"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights","id":"civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights","title":"Citizenship Test: Democracy, Rights and Duties","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"Practice questions on democratic principles, rights and responsibilities, based on the topics of the US naturalization civics test (our own wording).","tags":["citizenship","naturalization","civics test","democracy"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What is the supreme law of the United States?","The Constitution"],["What does the Constitution do?","It sets up the government, defines its powers and protects basic rights"],["What are the first three words of the Constitution?","We the People"],["What does 'We the People' show about the government?","That the government's power comes from the people"],["What is an amendment?","A change or addition to the Constitution"],["What do we call the first ten amendments?","The Bill of Rights"],["How many amendments does the Constitution have?","Twenty-seven (27)"],["What did the Declaration of Independence do?","Announced that the colonies were free from Great Britain"],["Who wrote most of the Declaration of Independence?","Thomas Jefferson"],["On what date was the Declaration of Independence adopted?","July 4, 1776"],["Name two rights listed in the Declaration of Independence.","Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"],["What is freedom of religion?","You may practice any religion, or none"],["What is the economic system of the United States?","A capitalist or market economy"],["What is the rule of law?","Everyone, including leaders, must obey the law, and no one is above it"],["Name one right guaranteed by the First Amendment.","Speech, religion, assembly, press, or petitioning the government"],["What is freedom of the press?","The right to publish news and opinions without government control"],["What is the right to petition?","The right to ask the government to fix a problem"],["Who can vote in federal elections?","US citizens aged 18 and older"],["Name one right only for US citizens.","Voting in federal elections, or running for federal office"],["What rights do all people living in the US have?","Freedom of speech, religion, assembly and others in the Bill of Rights"],["What does a person promise in the Oath of Allegiance?","To give up loyalty to other countries, defend the Constitution and obey the laws"],["Name two promises in the Oath of Allegiance.","Obey the laws, serve in the military or do work of national importance if needed"],["Name one duty of every citizen.","Obeying laws, paying taxes, or serving on a jury when called"],["Name one responsibility only for citizens.","Serving on a jury, or voting in federal elections"],["How old must you be to vote?","Eighteen"],["What is a jury?","A group of citizens who decide the facts in a trial"],["What do Americans do on Election Day?","Vote for leaders and on issues"],["When is Election Day for federal offices?","In November"],["What must men register for at age 18?","Selective Service, the military draft registration system"],["Why is paying taxes a duty?","Taxes fund roads, schools, defense and other public services"],["When are federal income taxes due?","April 15, in most years"],["What is a political party?","A group of people with similar ideas who work to elect leaders"],["Name the two major political parties in the US.","Democratic and Republican"],["What is a citizen?","A full member of a country with rights and responsibilities"],["What is naturalization?","The process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen"],["What does 'equal justice under law' mean?","The law applies the same way to everyone"],["What is due process?","Fair legal procedures before the government takes life, liberty or property"],["What is the right to a speedy and public trial?","A defendant is tried promptly and in the open, guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment"],["What does the Fifth Amendment protect?","The right not to testify against yourself and to due process"],["What does the Fourth Amendment protect?","People from unreasonable searches and seizures"],["What is the right to bear arms?","The Second Amendment right to keep and carry weapons, subject to laws"],["What does the Eighth Amendment forbid?","Cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail"],["What is freedom of assembly?","The right to gather peacefully in groups"],["What is freedom of speech?","The right to express ideas without government punishment, with limits"],["What is a constitutional right?","A right protected by the Constitution"],["What is a civil right?","A right to equal treatment, such as voting and equal protection"],["What is a civic duty?","Something citizens should do to help the community and country"],["What is volunteering?","Giving your time to help others without pay"],["What is the pursuit of happiness?","The freedom to seek a good life in your own way"],["Why do we have a Constitution?","To create a lasting government with limited power and protected rights"],["Who has the final say in a democracy?","The people, by voting"],["What does 'limited government' mean?","The government can only do what the Constitution and laws allow"],["What is representative democracy?","People elect representatives to make laws for them"],["What is the Pledge of Allegiance?","A promise of loyalty to the flag and the republic"],["What is a patriot?","Someone who loves and supports their country"],["What is the Preamble?","The opening statement of the Constitution that states its purposes"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/civics-citizenship-government","id":"civics-citizenship-government","title":"Citizenship Test: How the Government Works","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"Practice questions on Congress, the president, the courts, states and federal powers, in the style of the US naturalization civics test (our own wording).","tags":["citizenship","congress","president","supreme court"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Name the three branches of the federal government.","Legislative, executive and judicial"],["What is the legislative branch?","Congress, which makes the laws"],["What is the executive branch?","The president and agencies that carry out the laws"],["What is the judicial branch?","The courts, which interpret the laws"],["What keeps one branch from becoming too powerful?","Separation of powers and checks and balances"],["What is a check and balance?","A way for one branch to limit the power of another"],["Who is in charge of the executive branch?","The president"],["Who makes federal laws?","Congress"],["What are the two parts of Congress?","The Senate and the House of Representatives"],["How many US senators are there?","One hundred (100)"],["How many senators does each state have?","Two"],["How long is a senator's term?","Six years"],["How many voting members are in the House of Representatives?","Four hundred thirty-five (435)"],["How long is a House member's term?","Two years"],["Why do some states have more House members than others?","Seats are based on each state's population"],["Who does a senator represent?","All the people of their state"],["Who does a House member represent?","The people of their district"],["Who leads the House of Representatives?","The Speaker of the House"],["Who presides over the Senate?","The vice president, who votes only to break a tie"],["How long is a president's term?","Four years"],["How many terms can a president serve?","Two elected terms"],["Which amendment limited presidents to two terms?","The 22nd Amendment"],["In what month do we vote for president?","November"],["What is the Electoral College?","The system of electors who formally choose the president"],["How many electoral votes does a candidate need to win?","At least 270"],["What is the minimum age to be president?","Thirty-five"],["What must a president be, by birth?","A natural-born citizen"],["Who takes over if the president can no longer serve?","The vice president"],["If both president and vice president cannot serve, who is next?","The Speaker of the House"],["Who is the commander in chief of the military?","The president"],["Who signs bills into law?","The president"],["Who can veto a bill?","The president"],["Can Congress override a veto?","Yes, with a two-thirds vote in both houses"],["What does the cabinet do?","Advises the president; its members head major departments"],["Name one cabinet department.","State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Education, Labor and others"],["Who nominates Supreme Court justices?","The president"],["Who confirms the president's nominees for the Supreme Court?","The Senate"],["What does the judicial branch do?","Interprets laws, settles disputes and decides if laws follow the Constitution"],["What is the highest court in the US?","The Supreme Court"],["How many justices are on the Supreme Court?","Nine"],["How long do federal judges serve?","For life, unless they resign or are removed"],["What is judicial review?","The courts' power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution"],["Who declares war?","Congress"],["Who makes treaties?","The president, with Senate approval"],["Who coins and prints money?","The federal government"],["Name one power of the federal government.","Print money, declare war, create an army, make treaties, regulate trade between states"],["Name one power of state governments.","Run schools, issue driver's licenses, hold elections, provide police"],["What is federalism?","Sharing power between the national government and states"],["What does the Tenth Amendment say?","Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or the people"],["Who is the head of a state's government?","The governor"],["What is the head of a city government often called?","The mayor"],["What is a county?","A region within a state with its own local government"],["What is a state capital?","The city where a state's government meets"],["What is the capital of the United States?","Washington, DC"],["Who gets to vote in a state election?","Citizens who are registered and old enough, with state rules"],["What is a census?","A count of the population taken every ten years"],["What is the purpose of the census?","To divide House seats and plan public services"],["What is a bill?","A proposed law"],["What is a law?","A rule made by the government and enforced by courts"],["What is a tax?","Money collected by the government for public services"],["What does the Senate do with treaties?","Approves them by a two-thirds vote"],["Who can impeach a federal official?","The House brings charges; the Senate holds the trial"],["What is an appeal?","Asking a higher court to review a decision"],["What does the vice president do?","Takes over if the president cannot serve, and presides over the Senate"],["What is the Library of Congress?","The nation's largest library, in Washington, DC"],["What is the Capitol?","The building where Congress meets"],["What is the White House?","Home and office of the president"],["What is the Pentagon?","Headquarters of the Department of Defense"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols","id":"civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols","title":"Citizenship Test: History, Geography and Symbols","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"Practice questions on American history, geography, symbols and holidays, in the style of the US naturalization civics test (our own wording).","tags":["citizenship","american history","symbols","holidays"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Who lived in America before Europeans arrived?","Native American peoples"],["Name one reason colonists came to America.","Freedom, religious freedom, economic opportunity, or to escape persecution"],["Who was brought to America by force from Africa?","Enslaved Africans"],["Who fought for American independence from Britain?","Colonists, called Patriots, led by the Continental Army"],["Why did colonists fight the British?","High taxes without representation, and no say in laws"],["What was the main purpose of the Declaration of Independence?","To tell the world why the colonies were separating from Britain"],["Who was the first president?","George Washington"],["Who commanded the Continental Army?","George Washington"],["What did Benjamin Franklin invent or do?","Invented bifocals and the lightning rod, was a diplomat, and helped write founding documents"],["Who is called the Father of Our Country?","George Washington"],["What was the Constitutional Convention?","The 1787 meeting where the Constitution was written"],["Why were the Federalist Papers written?","To persuade states to ratify the Constitution"],["Name one author of the Federalist Papers.","Alexander Hamilton, James Madison or John Jay"],["What territory did the US buy from France in 1803?","The Louisiana Territory"],["Name one war fought by the US in the 1800s.","War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, or Spanish-American War"],["Name the war between the North and the South.","The Civil War"],["Name one problem that led to the Civil War.","Slavery, economic differences, or states' rights"],["What was one important thing Abraham Lincoln did?","Freed enslaved people (Emancipation Proclamation), saved the Union, or led during the Civil War"],["What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?","Declared freedom for enslaved people in rebelling states"],["What did Susan B. Anthony do?","Fought for women's rights and the right to vote"],["Name one war fought by the US in the 1900s.","World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War or Gulf War"],["Who was president during World War I?","Woodrow Wilson"],["Who was president during the Great Depression and World War II?","Franklin Roosevelt"],["Who did the US fight in World War II?","Japan, Germany and Italy"],["Before he was president, Eisenhower was a general. In which war?","World War II"],["What was the main concern of the US during the Cold War?","The spread of communism"],["What movement did Martin Luther King Jr. lead?","The civil rights movement"],["What did Martin Luther King Jr. do?","Fought for civil rights and equality for all Americans using nonviolence"],["What major event happened on September 11, 2001?","Terrorists attacked the United States"],["Name one American Indian tribe in the US.","Cherokee, Navajo, Sioux, Apache, Iroquois, Pueblo and many others"],["Name one of the two longest rivers in the US.","The Missouri River or the Mississippi River"],["What ocean is on the West Coast?","The Pacific Ocean"],["What ocean is on the East Coast?","The Atlantic Ocean"],["Name one US territory.","Puerto Rico, Guam, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa or Northern Mariana Islands"],["Name one state that borders Canada.","Maine, New York, Montana, Washington, Alaska and others"],["Name one state that borders Mexico.","California, Arizona, New Mexico or Texas"],["What is the capital of the US?","Washington, DC"],["Where is the Statue of Liberty?","New York Harbor, near Liberty Island"],["Why does the flag have 13 stripes?","They stand for the original 13 colonies"],["Why does the flag have 50 stars?","One for each state"],["What is the name of the national anthem?","The Star-Spangled Banner"],["Who wrote the words to the national anthem?","Francis Scott Key"],["When do we celebrate Independence Day?","July 4"],["Name two national US holidays.","New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Juneteenth, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas"],["What is Memorial Day?","A holiday honoring those who died serving in the military, on the last Monday in May"],["What is Veterans Day?","A holiday honoring all who served in the military, on November 11"],["What is Labor Day?","A holiday honoring workers, on the first Monday in September"],["What is Thanksgiving?","A holiday in late November to give thanks, on the fourth Thursday"],["What is Juneteenth?","A holiday on June 19 marking the end of slavery"],["What are the colors of the US flag?","Red, white and blue"],["What is the nickname of the US flag?","The Stars and Stripes"],["What is the bald eagle?","The national bird of the United States"],["What is E Pluribus Unum?","Latin for 'Out of many, one,' a national motto"],["What is the Liberty Bell?","A bell in Philadelphia, a symbol of freedom"],["How many states are in the US?","Fifty"],["Which cities served as the nation's capital before Washington, DC?","New York City and Philadelphia"],["Which state is the largest by area?","Alaska"],["Which state is the smallest by area?","Rhode Island"],["Which state has the most people?","California"],["Which was the last state to join?","Hawaii, in 1959"],["Who were the Pilgrims?","English settlers who founded Plymouth in 1620"],["What was the Underground Railroad?","A secret network that helped enslaved people escape to freedom"],["Who led people on the Underground Railroad?","Harriet Tubman is the best known"],["What was the Great Depression?","A severe economic downturn in the 1930s"],["What happened at Pearl Harbor?","Japan attacked the US naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941"],["What is the Fourth of July also called?","Independence Day"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/civics-vocabulary","id":"civics-vocabulary","title":"Civics Vocabulary","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Key words for understanding government, citizenship and laws.","tags":["vocabulary","civics","government"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Government","The people and system that make and enforce laws for a community or nation"],["Citizen","A legal member of a country"],["Citizenship","Being a member of a country with rights and duties"],["Democracy","Government by the people, usually through voting"],["Republic","A government with elected representatives and a constitution"],["Monarchy","Rule by a king or queen"],["Dictatorship","Rule by one person with total power"],["Constitution","The basic plan and laws of a government"],["Law","A rule made by the government that everyone must follow"],["Right","Something you are free to do or have"],["Responsibility","Something you should do"],["Duty","A task you are required to do"],["Liberty","Freedom"],["Justice","Fair treatment under the law"],["Equality","Being treated the same under the law"],["Authority","The power to make decisions and be obeyed"],["Power","The ability to make things happen"],["Rule of law","Everyone follows the same laws, including leaders"],["Legislature","A group that makes laws"],["Executive","The part of government that carries out laws"],["Judiciary","The courts"],["Federal","National, as opposed to state or local"],["State","One of the 50 divisions of the US with its own government"],["Local government","City, town or county government"],["Mayor","Head of a city government"],["Governor","Head of a state government"],["Council","A group of officials who make local laws"],["Representative","A person elected to speak and act for others"],["Senator","A member of the Senate"],["Ambassador","Official sent to represent a country abroad"],["Candidate","Person running for office"],["Campaign","Efforts to win an election"],["Election","A vote to choose leaders or decide an issue"],["Ballot","The paper or screen used to cast a vote"],["Vote","A choice made in an election"],["Voter registration","Signing up to vote"],["Polling place","Where people go to vote"],["Primary election","A vote to choose a party's candidate"],["General election","A vote to choose among candidates from different parties"],["Majority","More than half"],["Minority","Less than half; also a smaller group"],["Referendum","A direct vote by citizens on a law or issue"],["Initiative","A way for citizens to propose a law by gathering signatures"],["Political party","A group that organizes to win elections and shape government"],["Platform","A party's list of goals and positions"],["Interest group","A group that tries to influence government decisions"],["Lobbying","Trying to influence lawmakers"],["Media","News sources that inform the public"],["Public opinion","What most people think about issues"],["Poll","A survey of people's opinions"],["Petition","A written request signed by many people"],["Protest","A public demonstration of disagreement"],["Boycott","Refusing to buy something as a protest"],["Civil rights","Rights to equal treatment under the law"],["Civil liberties","Basic freedoms protected from government action"],["Discrimination","Unfair treatment because of identity"],["Segregation","Forced separation of groups"],["Suffrage","The right to vote"],["Amendment","A change to a constitution"],["Ratify","To approve formally"],["Veto","To reject a bill"],["Impeach","To charge an official with wrongdoing"],["Override","To pass a bill despite a veto"],["Treaty","An agreement between nations"],["Diplomacy","Handling relations between countries peacefully"],["Sovereignty","A nation's right to govern itself"],["Immigrant","Person who moves to a new country to live"],["Naturalization","Process of becoming a citizen"],["Tax","Money paid to the government"],["Budget","A plan for earning and spending money"],["Public service","Work done for the community"],["Volunteer","Person who works without pay to help others"],["Jury","Citizens who decide a verdict"],["Verdict","Decision of a jury or judge"],["Defendant","Person accused in court"],["Plaintiff","Person who brings a lawsuit"],["Prosecutor","Lawyer who brings charges for the government"],["Judge","Official who runs a court"],["Testify","To give evidence in court"],["Common good","What benefits everyone in a community"],["Compromise","Each side gives up something to agree"],["Consensus","General agreement"],["Civic engagement","Taking part in community and public life"],["Bipartisan","Involving two political parties"],["Constituent","A voter represented by an official"],["Term","The length of time an official serves"],["Incumbent","Person currently holding an office"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/community-helpers","id":"community-helpers","title":"Community Helpers","category":"social-studies","subject":"Community","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"People in our community who help us, and what they do.","tags":["community helpers","jobs","k-2"],"frontLabel":"Helper","backLabel":"What they do","cards":[["Firefighter","Puts out fires and rescues people","Wears a helmet and rides a fire truck"],["Police officer","Keeps people safe and helps follow the rules","Call 911 in an emergency"],["Doctor","Helps people who are sick or hurt feel better"],["Nurse","Cares for patients and helps doctors"],["Dentist","Takes care of our teeth","Brush twice a day"],["Teacher","Helps students learn"],["Librarian","Helps people find books and information"],["Mail carrier","Delivers letters and packages"],["Bus driver","Drives people safely to places like school"],["Farmer","Grows food like fruits, vegetables and grains"],["Baker","Makes bread, cakes and cookies"],["Grocery store worker","Sells food and helps shoppers"],["Chef","Cooks food in a restaurant"],["Server","Brings food to customers in a restaurant"],["Garbage collector","Takes away trash and keeps the town clean"],["Recycling worker","Sorts materials so they can be used again"],["Construction worker","Builds houses, roads and bridges"],["Carpenter","Builds with wood"],["Plumber","Fixes pipes and water problems"],["Electrician","Installs and fixes wires and lights"],["Mechanic","Fixes cars and other machines"],["Veterinarian","Doctor for animals"],["Pharmacist","Prepares medicine from a doctor's order"],["Paramedic","Gives emergency care and rides in an ambulance"],["Crossing guard","Helps children cross the street safely"],["Pilot","Flies airplanes"],["Flight attendant","Helps passengers on a plane"],["Train conductor","Takes tickets and helps run a train"],["Taxi driver","Drives people where they want to go"],["Scientist","Learns about the world by testing ideas"],["Engineer","Designs things like bridges, machines and apps"],["Architect","Designs buildings"],["Artist","Makes paintings, drawings and sculptures"],["Musician","Plays or sings music"],["Writer","Writes stories, news or books"],["Journalist","Finds and shares news"],["Judge","Leads a court and makes sure the law is followed"],["Lawyer","Helps people with legal problems"],["Mayor","Leader of a town or city"],["Soldier","Member of the military who protects the country"],["Lifeguard","Watches swimmers and keeps them safe"],["Barber or hair stylist","Cuts and styles hair"],["Photographer","Takes pictures"],["Dentist hygienist","Cleans teeth"],["Optometrist","Checks eyes and helps people see well"],["Park ranger","Takes care of parks and teaches visitors"],["Zookeeper","Cares for animals in a zoo"],["Florist","Arranges and sells flowers"],["Tailor","Sews and fixes clothes"],["Shoemaker","Makes and repairs shoes"],["Coach","Teaches and trains a sports team"],["Therapist","Helps people feel better in body or mind"],["Custodian","Cleans and takes care of a building like a school"],["School principal","Leader of a school"],["School counselor","Helps students with feelings and school choices"],["Cashier","Takes payment at a store"],["Delivery driver","Brings packages and food to homes"],["Truck driver","Moves goods from place to place"],["Window washer","Cleans windows on tall buildings"],["Gardener","Takes care of plants and lawns"],["Locksmith","Makes keys and fixes locks"],["Painter","Paints walls, houses or pictures"],["Utility worker","Keeps electricity, gas and water running"],["Lineworker","Fixes power lines"],["Why community helpers matter","They do jobs that keep our community safe, clean and healthy"],["Emergency number","Dial 911"],["Tools of a firefighter","Hose, ladder, helmet and fire truck"],["Tools of a doctor","Stethoscope and thermometer"],["Tools of a teacher","Books, markers and a whiteboard"],["Tools of a mail carrier","Mailbag and truck"],["Tools of a builder","Hammer, saw and hard hat"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/cultures-and-customs","id":"cultures-and-customs","title":"Cultures, Customs and Traditions","category":"social-studies","subject":"World Cultures","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"What culture is, and examples of food, clothing, greetings, music and customs from different parts of the world.","tags":["culture","customs","traditions","world"],"frontLabel":"Term or custom","backLabel":"About it","cards":[["Culture","The shared way of life of a group: language, food, clothing, beliefs, art and customs"],["Custom","A way of acting that a group has followed for a long time"],["Tradition","A custom passed from one generation to the next"],["Heritage","Traditions and history inherited from the past"],["Ethnic group","People who share a common culture, language or ancestry"],["Language","A system of words used to communicate"],["Dialect","A regional or social form of a language"],["Bilingual","Able to speak two languages"],["Cuisine","A style of cooking"],["Folktale","A traditional story passed down by telling"],["Folk music","Traditional music of a people"],["Folk dance","Traditional dance of a region"],["Festival","A celebration with special events"],["Ceremony","A formal event marking something important"],["Rite of passage","A ritual that marks moving to a new stage of life"],["Namaste","A greeting in India, with hands pressed together"],["Bowing","A common greeting in Japan and Korea"],["Handshake","A common greeting in many Western countries"],["Kiss on the cheek","A common greeting among friends in many European and Latin American countries"],["Hongi","A traditional Maori greeting of pressing noses"],["Salaam","Arabic greeting meaning peace"],["Sushi","Japanese dish of rice with fish or vegetables"],["Pasta","Italian staple made from wheat dough"],["Tortilla","Flatbread of corn or wheat used in Mexican food"],["Injera","Spongy flatbread of Ethiopia and Eritrea"],["Curry","Spiced dish common in South Asia"],["Dim sum","Small Chinese dishes served with tea"],["Baguette","Long French bread"],["Paella","Spanish rice dish"],["Kimchi","Korean fermented cabbage dish"],["Tagine","North African stew cooked in a clay pot"],["Pho","Vietnamese noodle soup"],["Falafel","Fried chickpea balls from the Middle East"],["Jollof rice","West African rice dish"],["Kimono","Traditional Japanese robe"],["Sari","Long cloth draped as a dress in India and South Asia"],["Kilt","Traditional Scottish knee-length garment"],["Poncho","Cloth garment worn in the Andes and Latin America"],["Dashiki","Colorful West African shirt"],["Hanbok","Traditional Korean clothing"],["Sombrero","Wide-brimmed Mexican hat"],["Turban","Wrapped headcloth worn in several cultures"],["Hijab","Head covering worn by some Muslim women"],["Kippah (yarmulke)","Skullcap worn by many Jewish men"],["Totem pole","Carved pole from Native peoples of the Northwest coast"],["Mask","Face covering used in ceremonies in many cultures"],["Didgeridoo","Wind instrument of Aboriginal Australians"],["Sitar","Stringed instrument of India"],["Bagpipes","Wind instrument associated with Scotland"],["Samba","Lively music and dance style from Brazil"],["Flamenco","Spanish music and dance with guitars and clapping"],["Kabuki","Japanese theater with elaborate costumes"],["Taiko drums","Large Japanese drums"],["Steel drum","Instrument from Trinidad and Tobago"],["Origami","Japanese art of paper folding"],["Calligraphy","Art of beautiful writing, important in East Asia and the Middle East"],["Batik","Cloth dyed with wax patterns, from Indonesia"],["Mosaic","Pictures made from small pieces of tile or glass"],["Henna","Plant dye used for body art in South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa"],["Tea ceremony","Formal serving of tea in Japan"],["Chopsticks","Eating tools used in East Asia"],["Eating with hands","Common in many places, such as India and Ethiopia; use the right hand"],["Removing shoes","Common in homes in Japan, Korea and many other countries"],["Siesta","Midday rest in Spain and Latin America"],["Fika","Swedish coffee break with a pastry"],["Hospitality","Welcoming guests; very important in many cultures"],["Elders","Older people, often respected for wisdom"],["Extended family","Family including grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins"],["Cultural diffusion","Spread of customs, ideas or goods from one culture to another"],["Assimilation","Adopting the culture of a new place"],["Multicultural","Having many cultures present"],["Stereotype","An oversimplified belief about a group; it is often wrong"],["Respect for differences","Learning about other cultures helps us understand and appreciate each other"],["Cultural landmark","A place of cultural importance, like the Taj Mahal"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/economics-concepts-high-school","id":"economics-concepts-high-school","title":"Economics: Micro and Macro Concepts","category":"social-studies","subject":"Economics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Concepts from introductory microeconomics and macroeconomics, in plain wording.","tags":["microeconomics","macroeconomics","fiscal policy","monetary policy"],"frontLabel":"Concept","backLabel":"Explanation","cards":[["Microeconomics","The study of individual consumers, firms and markets"],["Macroeconomics","The study of the whole economy: growth, inflation and jobs"],["Marginal analysis","Weighing the added benefit and added cost of one more unit"],["Marginal cost","The extra cost of producing one more unit"],["Marginal benefit","The extra satisfaction from one more unit"],["Diminishing returns","Adding more of one input eventually adds less output"],["Economies of scale","Average costs fall as output grows"],["Price elasticity of demand","How much quantity demanded changes when price changes"],["Elastic demand","Buyers respond strongly to price changes"],["Inelastic demand","Buyers respond little to price changes, like necessities"],["Substitute goods","Goods that can replace each other, like butter and margarine"],["Complementary goods","Goods used together, like printers and ink"],["Normal good","A good you buy more of when income rises"],["Inferior good","A good you buy less of when income rises"],["Determinants of demand","Income, tastes, prices of related goods, expectations and number of buyers"],["Determinants of supply","Input costs, technology, taxes and number of sellers"],["Price ceiling","A legal maximum price"],["Price floor","A legal minimum price, like a minimum wage"],["Deadweight loss","Lost value when a market does not trade at the efficient level"],["Consumer surplus","The difference between what buyers would pay and what they do pay"],["Producer surplus","The difference between the price received and the lowest price a seller would accept"],["Perfect competition","Many sellers, identical products and no control over price"],["Oligopoly","A market with a few large firms"],["Monopolistic competition","Many firms with differentiated products"],["Natural monopoly","An industry where one firm can serve the market at the lowest cost"],["Antitrust law","Laws that promote competition and limit monopolies"],["Public good","Non-excludable and non-rival, like national defense"],["Free rider","A person who benefits from a good without paying for it"],["Externality","A cost or benefit that affects people who are not part of a transaction"],["Gross domestic product","Total market value of goods and services produced in a country in a year"],["Real GDP","GDP adjusted for inflation"],["Economic growth","Increase in real GDP over time"],["Business cycle","Recurring phases of expansion, peak, contraction and trough"],["Recession","A significant decline in economic activity"],["Unemployment rate","Percent of the labor force without a job but looking for one"],["Frictional unemployment","Short-term joblessness while changing jobs"],["Structural unemployment","Job loss because skills do not match available jobs"],["Cyclical unemployment","Job loss caused by an economic downturn"],["Inflation","A general rise in the price level"],["Consumer Price Index","A measure of the average change in prices consumers pay"],["Fiscal policy","Government spending and taxation to influence the economy"],["Monetary policy","Central bank actions that influence interest rates and money supply"],["Federal Reserve","The US central bank, created in 1913"],["Federal funds rate","The interest rate banks charge each other overnight, a key policy tool"],["Stimulus","Government action to boost the economy"],["Budget deficit","When spending exceeds revenue in a year"],["National debt","The total of past deficits the government owes"],["Progressive tax","Higher earners pay a higher percentage"],["Regressive tax","Lower earners pay a larger share of income"],["Aggregate demand","Total demand for all goods and services in an economy"],["Aggregate supply","Total goods and services producers will supply"],["Multiplier effect","An initial spending change leads to larger changes in income"],["Comparative advantage","Producing something at a lower opportunity cost than others"],["Absolute advantage","Producing more of something with the same resources"],["Trade deficit","Imports exceed exports"],["Exchange rate","The price of one currency in terms of another"],["World Trade Organization","International body that sets rules for trade"],["Gold standard","Money tied to a fixed amount of gold"],["Adam Smith","Author of The Wealth of Nations (1776), who described the 'invisible hand' of markets"],["Invisible hand","Smith's idea that self-interested trading can benefit society"],["John Maynard Keynes","Economist who argued governments should spend to fight depressions"],["Milton Friedman","Economist who stressed the money supply and free markets"],["Karl Marx","Writer who criticized capitalism and wrote Das Kapital"],["Human capital","Skills and knowledge workers have"],["Labor force","People working or looking for work"],["Minimum wage","Lowest hourly pay allowed by law"],["Labor union","Workers' group that bargains for pay and conditions"],["Productivity growth","Rising output per worker, which raises living standards"],["Gig economy","Short-term, flexible work done through apps and platforms"],["Supply chain","The steps that move a product from raw materials to customers"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/economics-vocabulary","id":"economics-vocabulary","title":"Economics Vocabulary","category":"social-studies","subject":"Economics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Core economics words: scarcity, supply, demand, markets, money, trade, and the economy.","tags":["economics","supply and demand","markets"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["Economics","The study of how people make choices about limited resources"],["Scarcity","Not having enough resources to meet everyone's wants"],["Resources","Land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship used to make goods and services"],["Natural resources","Materials from nature, like water, oil and soil"],["Labor","Human work, both physical and mental"],["Capital","Tools, machines and buildings used to make goods"],["Entrepreneur","A person who starts a business and takes risks"],["Needs","Things required to live, like food and shelter"],["Wants","Things we desire but do not need"],["Goods","Physical products that satisfy wants"],["Services","Work done for others"],["Consumer","A person who buys and uses goods and services"],["Producer","A person or business that makes goods or services"],["Opportunity cost","The next best thing you give up when you make a choice"],["Trade-off","Giving up one thing to get another"],["Incentive","Something that motivates people to act"],["Supply","How much of a good sellers are willing to offer at each price"],["Demand","How much of a good buyers are willing to buy at each price"],["Law of demand","When price rises, quantity demanded falls"],["Law of supply","When price rises, quantity supplied rises"],["Equilibrium price","The price where supply equals demand"],["Shortage","When demand is greater than supply"],["Surplus","When supply is greater than demand"],["Price","The amount of money asked for something"],["Market","Place or system where buyers and sellers trade"],["Competition","Businesses trying to win customers by offering better prices or quality"],["Monopoly","When only one business sells a product"],["Profit","Money left after paying all costs"],["Revenue","Money a business takes in from sales"],["Cost","What it takes to make or buy something"],["Fixed cost","A cost that stays the same, like rent"],["Variable cost","A cost that changes with output, like materials"],["Wage","Pay for work"],["Salary","Fixed pay for a job, usually yearly"],["Income","Money received by a person or household"],["Budget","A plan for earning, saving and spending money"],["Saving","Setting money aside for later"],["Investment","Putting money into something expecting it to grow"],["Interest","Money paid for borrowing, or earned on savings"],["Credit","Borrowing money or buying now to pay later"],["Debt","Money that is owed"],["Loan","Money borrowed that must be repaid"],["Bank","Business that holds money and makes loans"],["Inflation","A general rise in prices over time"],["Deflation","A general fall in prices"],["Recession","A period when the economy shrinks"],["Depression","A very severe, long economic downturn"],["GDP","Gross domestic product: total value of goods and services a country produces in a year"],["Unemployment","When people who want jobs cannot find them"],["Tax","Money paid to the government"],["Tariff","A tax on imported goods"],["Trade","Exchange of goods and services"],["Import","A good bought from another country"],["Export","A good sold to another country"],["Barter","Trading goods directly without money"],["Specialization","Focusing on producing one thing"],["Division of labor","Splitting work into tasks"],["Productivity","Output per worker or per hour"],["Free market","Economy where buyers and sellers decide what to produce and at what price"],["Command economy","Government makes most economic decisions"],["Mixed economy","Combination of private choice and government action"],["Traditional economy","Decisions based on custom and habit"],["Capitalism","System based on private ownership and profit"],["Socialism","System where the community or government owns major industries"],["Private property","Goods and land owned by individuals"],["Public goods","Things everyone shares, like roads and parks"],["Externality","A side effect of an activity that affects others, like pollution"],["Subsidy","Government money to help support an industry"],["Regulation","Government rules for businesses"],["Stock","A share of ownership in a company"],["Bond","A loan to a company or government that pays interest"],["Stock market","Place where shares in companies are bought and sold"],["Entrepreneurship","Starting and running a business"],["Standard of living","How well people live based on goods, services and money"],["Global economy","Trade and money flows connecting countries"],["Globalization","Increasing connections among economies worldwide"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/elections-and-voting","id":"elections-and-voting","title":"Elections and Voting","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"How Americans choose leaders: voting rights history, parties, campaigns and the Electoral College.","tags":["elections","voting","electoral college","suffrage"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Election","A process where voters choose officials or decide questions"],["Voter","A person who casts a vote"],["Voting age","18 in the United States"],["Voter registration","Signing up in order to vote; rules vary by state"],["Ballot","Form or screen where voters mark their choices"],["Secret ballot","Voting privately so no one knows your choice"],["Polling place","Location where people vote on Election Day"],["Absentee ballot","A ballot sent by mail to someone who cannot vote in person"],["Early voting","Voting before Election Day"],["Election Day","Tuesday after the first Monday in November for federal elections"],["Presidential term","Four years"],["Midterm election","Election in the middle of a president's term"],["Primary","Election to choose each party's candidate"],["Caucus","A meeting where party members choose candidates"],["National convention","Meeting where a party nominates its presidential candidate"],["Running mate","A presidential candidate's choice for vice president"],["Campaign","The effort to win votes"],["Debate","Event where candidates discuss issues"],["Platform","A party's goals"],["Swing state","A state where either party could win"],["Electoral College","538 electors who formally choose the president"],["Electoral votes needed","270 of 538"],["Elector","A person chosen by a state to cast electoral votes"],["Winner-take-all","In most states, the candidate who wins the state gets all its electoral votes"],["Popular vote","The total number of votes cast by individual voters"],["Inauguration","Ceremony when a new president takes office, January 20"],["Oath of office","Promise taken by officials when they start their jobs"],["Two-party system","Politics dominated by two main parties"],["Democratic Party","One of the two major US parties, founded in the 1820s-1830s"],["Republican Party","One of the two major US parties, founded in 1854"],["Third party","A smaller party outside the two major ones"],["Independent","A voter or candidate not tied to a party"],["Gerrymandering","Drawing district lines to give one group an advantage"],["Redistricting","Redrawing voting districts after each census"],["District","An area represented by one official"],["Census","Count of all people, every ten years"],["Reapportionment","Reassigning House seats among states after the census"],["Suffrage","The right to vote"],["1789","Early voting was limited mostly to property-owning white men in many states"],["15th Amendment (1870)","Said race could not deny the right to vote"],["19th Amendment (1920)","Women gained the right to vote nationwide"],["Suffragists","People who worked for women's right to vote"],["Seneca Falls (1848)","First women's rights convention"],["Susan B. Anthony","Suffrage leader who was arrested for voting in 1872"],["Alice Paul","Suffragist who led marches and picketing for the 19th Amendment"],["Indian Citizenship Act (1924)","Made Native Americans citizens; some states still blocked voting for years"],["Poll tax","Fee for voting, used to keep poor and Black voters away"],["24th Amendment (1964)","Banned poll taxes in federal elections"],["Literacy test","Reading test used to keep Black citizens from voting"],["Voting Rights Act (1965)","Protected voting rights and ended many barriers"],["Selma marches","1965 marches for voting rights in Alabama"],["26th Amendment (1971)","Lowered the voting age to 18"],["Motor Voter Act (1993)","Let people register while getting a driver's license"],["Ballot measure","A question put to voters directly"],["Recall","A vote to remove an official before their term ends, in some states"],["Exit poll","Survey of voters leaving polling places"],["Election observer","Person who watches voting to make sure it is fair"],["Turnout","Percent of eligible voters who vote"],["Incumbent","Person currently holding office"],["Term limits","Laws limiting how many terms someone can serve"],["Campaign finance","How candidates raise and spend money"],["Why vote?","Elections let citizens choose leaders and influence laws"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/families-and-communities-k2","id":"families-and-communities-k2","title":"Families, Neighborhoods and Communities","category":"social-studies","subject":"Community","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"Words and ideas about families, rules, needs and wants, neighborhoods and getting along.","tags":["family","community","neighborhood","rules"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"What it means","cards":[["Family","A group of people who care for each other"],["Parent","A mom or dad who cares for a child"],["Grandparent","The mother or father of your parent"],["Sibling","A brother or sister"],["Aunt and uncle","The sister or brother of your parent"],["Cousin","The child of your aunt or uncle"],["Guardian","A grown-up who takes care of a child"],["Families are different","Some families are big, some small; all families care for each other"],["Family tradition","Something a family does again and again, like a holiday meal"],["Chore","A small job to help at home"],["Home","A place where people live"],["Neighborhood","The area around where you live"],["Community","A group of people who live, work and play in the same place"],["Town","A community with homes, stores and a government"],["City","A large community with many people and buildings"],["Rural","Countryside with farms and open land"],["Urban","A busy city area"],["Suburb","A community near a city with many homes"],["Neighbor","A person who lives near you"],["Map","A drawing that shows where places are"],["Map key","Shows what the symbols on a map mean"],["Globe","A round model of Earth"],["Compass rose","Shows north, south, east and west on a map"],["Rule","Something that tells us what we should do"],["Law","A rule for everyone in a community"],["Why we have rules","To keep us safe and treat everyone fairly"],["Fair","Treating everyone the same way"],["Share","Let others use or have some of what you have"],["Take turns","Each person gets a chance, one after another"],["Respect","Treating people and things with care"],["Kindness","Being friendly and helpful"],["Honest","Telling the truth"],["Responsible","Doing what you are supposed to do"],["Citizen","A member of a community or country"],["Good citizen","Someone who follows rules, helps others and cares for the community"],["Vote","Make a choice by marking a ballot or raising a hand"],["Leader","A person who guides a group"],["President","Leader of the United States"],["Mayor","Leader of a town or city"],["Flag","A symbol of a country or group"],["Pledge of Allegiance","A promise we say to honor our flag"],["Need","Something you must have to live, like food, water, clothing and shelter"],["Want","Something you would like but do not need, like a toy"],["Goods","Things you can buy or use, like shoes"],["Services","Jobs people do for others, like haircuts"],["Job","Work that a person does"],["Money","What we use to buy things"],["Save","Keep money for later"],["Spend","Use money to buy something"],["Earn","Get money for working"],["Store","A place where we buy things"],["Market","A place where people buy and sell food and goods"],["Farm","A place where food is grown"],["Factory","A place where things are made"],["School","A place where children learn"],["Library","A place where you borrow books"],["Hospital","A place where sick or hurt people get care"],["Fire station","Where firefighters work"],["Post office","Where mail is sent and received"],["Park","A place to play outside"],["Museum","A place to see art, history or science"],["Bridge","A structure that lets people cross water or roads"],["Road","A path for cars, buses and bikes"],["Past","Things that already happened"],["Present","Now"],["Future","Things that will happen later"],["History","The story of the past"],["Long ago","A time many years before now"],["Timeline","A line that shows events in order"],["Holiday","A special day that people celebrate"],["Culture","The way a group of people live, including food, music and customs"],["Custom","A way of doing things that people share"],["Immigrant","Someone who moves to a new country"],["Tradition","A custom passed down over time"],["Resolve conflict","Solve a problem with words and kindness"],["Safe","Not in danger"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/holidays-around-the-world","id":"holidays-around-the-world","title":"Holidays and Celebrations Around the World","category":"social-studies","subject":"World Cultures","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Festivals and holidays celebrated in many countries, with when and why people celebrate.","tags":["holidays","festivals","world cultures"],"frontLabel":"Holiday","backLabel":"About it","cards":[["Lunar New Year","Celebrated in China and many Asian countries in January or February, with family meals and lion dances"],["Diwali","Festival of lights celebrated in India and by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains in autumn"],["Holi","Spring festival of colors in India and Nepal"],["Eid al-Fitr","Muslim celebration after the month of Ramadan ends"],["Eid al-Adha","Muslim holiday during the time of the Hajj pilgrimage"],["Hanukkah","Eight-day Jewish festival of lights in late autumn or winter"],["Passover","Jewish spring holiday remembering the exodus from Egypt"],["Rosh Hashanah","Jewish New Year, often in September"],["Christmas","Christian holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus, December 25 in most places"],["Easter","Christian spring holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus"],["Orthodox Christmas","Celebrated on January 7 in several Orthodox churches"],["Kwanzaa","Seven-day celebration of African American culture, December 26 to January 1"],["Day of the Dead (Dia de los Muertos)","Mexican holiday on November 1-2 to remember loved ones with altars and flowers"],["Cinco de Mayo","May 5 remembers a Mexican victory at Puebla in 1862, celebrated widely in the US"],["Mexican Independence Day","September 16, marks the start of the independence movement in 1810"],["Carnival","Pre-Lent festival with parades, especially in Brazil"],["Mardi Gras","Carnival season ending on Fat Tuesday, famous in New Orleans"],["Oktoberfest","Bavarian autumn festival in Munich, Germany"],["Bastille Day","July 14, France's national day"],["St. Patrick's Day","March 17, honoring the patron saint of Ireland"],["Halloween","October 31, a night of costumes and treats in many countries"],["Thanksgiving (US)","Fourth Thursday in November, a day for gratitude and family meals"],["Thanksgiving (Canada)","Second Monday in October"],["Independence Day (US)","July 4, marks the Declaration of Independence"],["Canada Day","July 1, marks Canada's confederation in 1867"],["Australia Day","January 26, Australia's national day"],["Anzac Day","April 25 in Australia and New Zealand, honoring those who served"],["Waitangi Day","February 6, New Zealand's national day marking a 1840 treaty"],["Songkran","Thai New Year in April, with water splashing"],["Loy Krathong","Thai festival with floating lanterns on water"],["Chuseok","Korean harvest festival in autumn"],["Seollal","Korean New Year"],["Obon","Japanese summer festival honoring ancestors"],["Tanabata","Japanese star festival on July 7"],["Setsubun","Japanese festival marking the start of spring"],["Hinamatsuri","Japanese Girls' Day on March 3 with display dolls"],["Children's Day (Japan)","May 5, with carp streamers"],["Mid-Autumn Festival","Celebrated in China and Vietnam with mooncakes and lanterns"],["Dragon Boat Festival","Chinese festival with boat races, in late spring or early summer"],["Lantern Festival","Marks the end of Lunar New Year celebrations"],["Vesak","Buddhist festival honoring the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and passing"],["Nowruz","Persian New Year at the spring equinox, celebrated in Iran and Central Asia"],["Navratri","Hindu festival of nine nights"],["Raksha Bandhan","Indian festival celebrating the bond between brothers and sisters"],["Pongal","Tamil harvest festival in January"],["Onam","Harvest festival in Kerala, India"],["Ganesh Chaturthi","Hindu festival honoring Ganesha"],["Vaisakhi","Sikh and Punjabi harvest festival in April"],["Hogmanay","Scottish New Year's Eve celebration"],["Bonfire Night","November 5 in Britain with fireworks"],["Burns Night","January 25, Scots celebrate poet Robert Burns"],["Guy Fawkes Night","Another name for Bonfire Night"],["La Tomatina","Spanish tomato-throwing festival in August"],["Running of the bulls","Spanish festival in Pamplona in July"],["Midsummer","Celebrated in Sweden and across Northern Europe near the June solstice"],["St. Lucia Day","December 13, celebrated in Sweden with candles"],["Sinterklaas","Dutch gift-giving tradition in early December"],["Epiphany (Three Kings Day)","January 6, celebrated in Spain and Latin America"],["Las Posadas","Mexican pre-Christmas processions"],["Inti Raymi","Inca festival of the sun, celebrated in Peru"],["Juneteenth","June 19, US holiday marking the end of slavery"],["Martin Luther King Jr. Day","US holiday on the third Monday in January"],["Yom Kippur","Jewish Day of Atonement"],["Ramadan","Muslim month of fasting"],["Lent","Christian season before Easter"],["Sukkot","Jewish harvest festival of booths"],["Purim","Jewish holiday with costumes and stories"],["Earth Day","April 22, a day to protect the environment, observed worldwide"],["International Women's Day","March 8"],["Human Rights Day","December 10"],["Pi Day","March 14, celebrating the number pi (3.14)"],["Groundhog Day","February 2, a North American tradition about predicting spring"],["Arbor Day","Tree planting holiday celebrated in many countries"],["Winter solstice","Shortest day of the year, marked by festivals like Yule and Dongzhi"],["Holidays follow calendars","Many holidays follow lunar or religious calendars, so dates change each year"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/how-a-bill-becomes-a-law","id":"how-a-bill-becomes-a-law","title":"How a Bill Becomes a Law","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The steps from an idea to a federal law, in order, with the key words.","tags":["bill","law","congress","legislation"],"frontLabel":"Step or term","backLabel":"What happens","cards":[["Step 1: An idea","A citizen, group or lawmaker has an idea for a law"],["Step 2: Sponsor","A member of Congress agrees to introduce the bill"],["Step 3: Introduction","The bill is introduced in the House or the Senate and given a number"],["Step 4: Committee","A small group of members studies the bill"],["Step 5: Hearings","Committees listen to experts and the public"],["Step 6: Markup","The committee debates and may change the bill"],["Step 7: Committee vote","If the committee approves, the bill goes to the full chamber"],["Step 8: Floor debate","All members of that chamber discuss and may amend the bill"],["Step 9: Vote","A majority must vote yes for the bill to pass that chamber"],["Step 10: Other chamber","The bill goes through the same process in the other chamber"],["Step 11: Conference committee","If versions differ, members from both chambers work out one version"],["Step 12: Final vote","Both chambers must pass the same version"],["Step 13: President","The bill goes to the president"],["President signs","The bill becomes law"],["President vetoes","The bill is rejected and sent back to Congress"],["Veto override","Two-thirds of both houses can pass it anyway"],["Pocket veto","If Congress adjourns and the president does not sign within ten days, the bill dies"],["No action by president","After ten days (not counting Sundays) it becomes law if Congress is in session"],["Bill","A proposed law"],["Sponsor","The lawmaker who introduces a bill"],["Cosponsor","A lawmaker who joins in supporting a bill"],["Act","A bill that has passed both houses"],["Statute","A law passed by a legislature"],["Committee","A smaller group of lawmakers who study certain subjects"],["Subcommittee","A smaller group within a committee"],["Hearing","A meeting where experts and citizens give opinions on a bill"],["Amendment (to a bill)","A change proposed to the text of a bill"],["Floor","The main meeting space where all members debate and vote"],["Majority","More than half of the votes"],["Quorum","Number of members needed to hold a vote"],["Roll call vote","A vote where each member's answer is recorded"],["Voice vote","Members shout yes or no and the presiding officer decides"],["Filibuster","Long speeches used to delay a Senate vote"],["Cloture","A Senate vote to end debate; needs three-fifths (60) of senators"],["Conference committee","House and Senate members who combine different versions of a bill"],["Revenue bills","Bills for raising money must begin in the House"],["Who can introduce a bill?","Only members of Congress, though anyone can suggest an idea"],["Where do bills start?","In either the House or Senate, except revenue bills"],["Rider","An unrelated provision added to a bill"],["Omnibus bill","A very large bill that covers many topics"],["Appropriations","Bills that provide money for government programs"],["Resolution","A statement of Congress's opinion that does not become law"],["Joint resolution","Passed by both houses and signed by the president; has the force of law"],["Public law","A law that applies to everyone"],["Private law","A law that applies to a specific person or group"],["Federal Register","Daily publication of rules and notices from federal agencies"],["Regulations","Detailed rules made by agencies to carry out laws"],["Constituent","A voter represented by a lawmaker; they can contact their representatives"],["How you can help","Contact lawmakers, vote, testify at hearings, join groups or write letters"],["Congress.gov","Official website to follow bills"],["Law enforcement","Executive branch carries out the laws"],["Courts and laws","Courts interpret laws and can strike them down if unconstitutional"],["State laws","State legislatures follow similar steps, with a governor signing instead of the president"],["Local laws (ordinances)","Passed by city or county councils"],["Three readings","Many legislatures read a bill several times before passing it"],["Enacted","Officially made into law"],["Supermajority","A vote higher than a simple majority, like two-thirds"],["Simple majority","Half plus one of those voting"],["Tie vote in the Senate","The vice president casts the deciding vote"],["Bill number","H.R. means a House bill; S. means a Senate bill"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/kids-economics-goods-and-trade","id":"kids-economics-goods-and-trade","title":"Economics for Kids: Choices, Goods and Trade","category":"social-studies","subject":"Economics","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Needs and wants, goods and services, producers and consumers, trade, and making smart choices.","tags":["economics","needs and wants","trade","jobs"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Need","Something you must have to live, like food, water, clothes and a home"],["Want","Something you would like to have but can live without"],["Is food a need or a want?","A need"],["Is a video game a need or a want?","A want"],["Is a coat in winter a need or a want?","A need"],["Good","A thing you can see and touch that people buy, like a ball"],["Service","Work someone does for you, like a haircut"],["Is a teacher's lesson a good or a service?","A service"],["Is a bike a good or a service?","A good"],["Producer","A person or business that makes goods or services"],["Consumer","A person who buys and uses goods and services"],["Resource","Something used to make goods or services"],["Natural resource","Something from nature, like water, trees or soil"],["Human resource","People and the work they do"],["Capital resource","Tools and machines used to make things"],["Scarcity","Not enough of something for everyone to have all they want"],["Choice","Picking one thing over another"],["Opportunity cost","What you give up when you choose something else"],["Trade-off","Giving up one thing to get another"],["Trade","Exchanging goods or services"],["Barter","Trading things without money"],["Money","Coins and bills used to pay for things"],["Price","How much something costs"],["Buy","Pay money to get something"],["Sell","Give something in exchange for money"],["Earn","Get money for doing work"],["Spend","Use money to buy"],["Save","Keep money for later"],["Budget","A plan for how to use your money"],["Profit","Money a business has left after paying its costs"],["Business","An organization that sells goods or services"],["Entrepreneur","Someone who starts a business"],["Lemonade stand","A simple business where kids sell drinks"],["Customer","A person who buys from a business"],["Worker","A person who does a job"],["Job","Work that people do to earn money"],["Income","Money you receive"],["Wage","Pay for work"],["Tax","Money people pay to the government for things like roads and schools"],["Bank","A place that keeps your money safe"],["Market","A place where people buy and sell"],["Supply","How much of something is available to buy"],["Demand","How much people want something"],["When many people want something that is hard to get","The price may go up"],["Import","A good brought into a country from another country"],["Export","A good sent out to another country"],["Factory","Place where goods are made"],["Farm","Where food is grown"],["Where does a banana come from?","From farms in warm places, then shipped to stores"],["Specialize","Focus on doing one kind of job well"],["Why trade?","People trade because no one can make everything they need"],["Fair trade","Trade that pays workers fairly"],["Advertising","Messages that try to get you to buy something"],["Coupon","A paper or code that gives a discount"],["Sale","A time when prices are lower"],["Donate","Give something to help others"],["Charity","A group that helps people in need"],["Allowance","Money kids may get regularly"],["Interest","Extra money a bank pays when you save"],["Loan","Money borrowed that must be paid back"],["Debt","Money you owe"],["Compare prices","Look at different prices to find the best deal"],["Smart shopper","Someone who plans, compares prices and saves"],["Piggy bank","A container for saving coins"],["Wealth","Having many valuable things"],["Cost","What you pay or give up to get something"],["Benefit","A good result from a choice"],["Decision-making steps","Name the problem, list choices, weigh pros and cons, choose, then think about how it went"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/money-and-banking-basics","id":"money-and-banking-basics","title":"Money and Banking Basics","category":"social-studies","subject":"Economics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"What money is, US coins and bills, saving, banks and borrowing.","tags":["money","banking","saving","coins"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Money","Something people accept in trade for goods and services"],["Barter","Trading goods without using money"],["Three uses of money","A way to pay, a way to measure value and a way to save"],["Currency","The paper bills and coins used in a country"],["Penny","A coin worth 1 cent"],["Nickel","A coin worth 5 cents"],["Dime","A coin worth 10 cents"],["Quarter","A coin worth 25 cents"],["Half dollar","A coin worth 50 cents"],["Dollar coin","A coin worth 100 cents"],["How many cents in a dollar?","One hundred"],["How many nickels make a quarter?","Five"],["How many dimes make a dollar?","Ten"],["How many quarters make a dollar?","Four"],["How many pennies make a dime?","Ten"],["Whose picture is on a penny?","Abraham Lincoln"],["Whose picture is on a nickel?","Thomas Jefferson"],["Whose picture is on a dime?","Franklin D. Roosevelt"],["Whose picture is on a quarter?","George Washington"],["Whose picture is on the $1 bill?","George Washington"],["Whose picture is on the $5 bill?","Abraham Lincoln"],["Whose picture is on the $10 bill?","Alexander Hamilton"],["Whose picture is on the $20 bill?","Andrew Jackson"],["Whose picture is on the $50 bill?","Ulysses S. Grant"],["Whose picture is on the $100 bill?","Benjamin Franklin"],["US Mint","Government agency that makes coins"],["Bureau of Engraving and Printing","Government agency that prints paper bills"],["Federal Reserve","The central bank of the United States"],["Counterfeit","Fake money"],["Earning","Receiving money for work"],["Allowance","Money given regularly to a child"],["Saving","Keeping money to use later"],["Spending","Using money to buy something"],["Giving","Donating money to help others"],["Budget","A plan for how to use money"],["Piggy bank","A container where children save coins"],["Goal","Something you want to work toward, like saving for a toy"],["Bank","A business that keeps money safe and makes loans"],["Credit union","A member-owned bank-like organization"],["Savings account","Bank account that earns interest"],["Checking account","Bank account used to pay bills and spend money"],["Deposit","Putting money into an account"],["Withdrawal","Taking money out of an account"],["Balance","The amount of money in an account"],["Interest","Money the bank pays you for saving, or you pay for borrowing"],["Compound interest","Earning interest on both your money and past interest"],["ATM","Machine where you can withdraw cash or make deposits"],["Debit card","Card that takes money directly from your account"],["Credit card","Card that lets you borrow money to pay later"],["Loan","Money borrowed that must be paid back"],["Debt","Money you owe"],["Mortgage","Loan to buy a home"],["Credit score","A number that shows how well you repay debts"],["Insurance","Protection where you pay a fee to be covered for big losses"],["FDIC","Government program that insures bank deposits"],["Tax","Money paid to the government"],["Sales tax","Extra money added when you buy things"],["Income tax","Tax on what you earn"],["Paycheck","Payment for work"],["Gross pay","Pay before taxes are taken out"],["Net pay","Pay after taxes and other deductions"],["Profit","Money left after costs are paid"],["Price","How much something costs"],["Sale","A lower price for a limited time"],["Coupon","A voucher that gives a discount"],["Compare prices","Check different stores to find a better deal"],["Unit price","Cost per ounce, pound or item to compare products"],["Entrepreneur","Person who starts a business"],["Lemonade stand","A common first business for kids"],["Donation","A gift to help a cause"],["Charity","Organization that helps people in need"],["Stock","A small piece of ownership in a company"],["Cryptocurrency","Digital money that uses computer code; its value can change a lot"],["Dollar sign","The symbol $ for dollars"],["Cent sign","The symbol ¢ for cents"],["Change","Money given back when you pay more than the price"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/psychology-intro-terms","id":"psychology-intro-terms","title":"Psychology: Intro Terms","category":"social-studies","subject":"Psychology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Key terms from introductory psychology: the brain, learning, memory, development, emotion and social behavior.","tags":["psychology","brain","learning","memory"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["Psychology","The scientific study of behavior and mental processes"],["Wilhelm Wundt","Founded the first psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig"],["William James","American pioneer who wrote Principles of Psychology"],["Sigmund Freud","Founder of psychoanalysis; emphasized the unconscious"],["B.F. Skinner","Behaviorist known for operant conditioning"],["Ivan Pavlov","Discovered classical conditioning with dogs"],["Jean Piaget","Described stages of cognitive development in children"],["Lev Vygotsky","Stressed the role of social interaction in learning"],["Carl Rogers","Humanistic psychologist who emphasized acceptance and growth"],["Abraham Maslow","Proposed a hierarchy of human needs"],["Behaviorism","Approach that studies observable behavior"],["Cognitive psychology","Study of thinking, memory and problem solving"],["Humanistic psychology","Approach focused on personal growth and potential"],["Neuroscience","Study of the brain and nervous system"],["Neuron","A nerve cell that sends signals"],["Synapse","The gap where neurons communicate"],["Neurotransmitter","Chemical messenger between neurons, like dopamine"],["Brain stem","Controls basic life functions like breathing"],["Cerebellum","Helps with balance and coordination"],["Cerebral cortex","Outer layer of the brain involved in thinking"],["Frontal lobe","Involved in planning and decision-making"],["Hippocampus","Brain region important for forming new memories"],["Amygdala","Brain region involved in emotion, especially fear"],["Nature vs nurture","Debate about how much genes versus experience shape behavior"],["Hypothesis","A testable prediction"],["Experiment","A study that changes one variable to see its effect"],["Independent variable","The factor the researcher changes"],["Dependent variable","The outcome that is measured"],["Control group","Group that does not receive the treatment, for comparison"],["Correlation","A relationship between two variables"],["Placebo","A harmless treatment with no active ingredient"],["Random sample","A sample chosen by chance"],["Sensation","Detecting stimuli with the senses"],["Perception","Interpreting sensory information"],["Attention","Focusing mental resources on something"],["Consciousness","Awareness of yourself and your surroundings"],["REM sleep","Sleep stage with rapid eye movement and vivid dreams"],["Circadian rhythm","The body's roughly 24-hour clock"],["Classical conditioning","Learning by linking two stimuli"],["Operant conditioning","Learning from the consequences of behavior"],["Reinforcement","Something that increases a behavior"],["Punishment","Something that decreases a behavior"],["Observational learning","Learning by watching others, studied by Albert Bandura"],["Memory","The process of storing and retrieving information"],["Encoding","Putting information into memory"],["Storage","Keeping information over time"],["Retrieval","Getting information out of memory"],["Short-term memory","Holds a small amount of information briefly"],["Working memory","Mental workspace for handling information"],["Long-term memory","Lasting storage of knowledge and experiences"],["Forgetting curve","Hermann Ebbinghaus's finding that memory fades quickly without review"],["Spaced practice","Studying over time rather than all at once"],["Mnemonic","A memory aid"],["Cognition","Mental activities like thinking and knowing"],["Heuristic","A mental shortcut for making decisions"],["Bias","A systematic error in thinking"],["Intelligence","Ability to learn, reason and adapt"],["Developmental psychology","Study of how people change across life"],["Attachment","Emotional bond between a child and caregiver"],["Erikson's stages","Eight stages of psychosocial development across life"],["Adolescence","Period of development between childhood and adulthood"],["Emotion","A feeling with physical, mental and behavioral parts"],["Motivation","The drive to act toward goals"],["Maslow's hierarchy","Needs from basic (food, safety) to love, esteem and self-actualization"],["Personality","Lasting patterns of thinking, feeling and acting"],["Big Five","Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism"],["Stress","Response to demands or threats"],["Coping","Ways of managing stress"],["Psychological disorder","A pattern of thoughts or behaviors that causes distress or difficulty"],["Therapy","Treatment to help with mental health concerns"],["Social psychology","Study of how people influence each other"],["Conformity","Changing behavior to match a group"],["Bystander effect","People are less likely to help when others are present"],["Cognitive dissonance","Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or actions"],["Stereotype","Overgeneralized belief about a group"],["Prejudice","Negative attitude toward a group"],["Altruism","Helping others without expecting rewards"],["Growth mindset","Belief that abilities can grow with effort"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sociology-intro-terms","id":"sociology-intro-terms","title":"Sociology: Intro Terms","category":"social-studies","subject":"Sociology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Key terms from introductory sociology: society, groups, roles, socialization, institutions and inequality.","tags":["sociology","society","groups","socialization"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["Sociology","The scientific study of society and social behavior"],["Society","A group of people who share a territory and culture"],["Sociological imagination","C. Wright Mills's idea of linking personal troubles to larger social issues"],["Auguste Comte","Coined the word sociology; called the father of sociology"],["Emile Durkheim","Studied social facts, solidarity and suicide rates"],["Max Weber","Studied bureaucracy and the Protestant ethic"],["Karl Marx","Focused on class conflict"],["W.E.B. Du Bois","Early American sociologist who studied race and The Philadelphia Negro"],["Jane Addams","Social reformer whose work with Hull House shaped early sociology"],["Harriet Martineau","Early sociologist who translated Comte and studied American society"],["Structural functionalism","View that society is a system of parts that work together"],["Conflict theory","View that society is shaped by competition over resources and power"],["Symbolic interactionism","View that society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings"],["Macrosociology","Study of large-scale social patterns"],["Microsociology","Study of small groups and face-to-face interaction"],["Culture","Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group"],["Norms","Rules for behavior in a group"],["Folkways","Everyday customs, like table manners"],["Mores","Norms with strong moral importance"],["Laws","Formal norms enforced by government"],["Values","Ideas about what is good, right and important"],["Sanction","A reward or punishment that enforces norms"],["Deviance","Behavior that violates norms"],["Social control","Ways society encourages conformity"],["Conformity","Following the norms of a group"],["Socialization","The lifelong process of learning culture and roles"],["Agents of socialization","Family, school, peers, media and religion"],["Primary socialization","Early learning in the family"],["Peer group","People of similar age and interests"],["Hidden curriculum","Lessons schools teach without saying so, like punctuality"],["Social structure","Patterns of relationships that organize society"],["Status","A position in society"],["Ascribed status","Status given at birth or involuntarily"],["Achieved status","Status earned by effort"],["Role","Behavior expected of someone in a status"],["Role conflict","Tension between roles, such as student and employee"],["Primary group","Small, close group, like family"],["Secondary group","Larger, goal-oriented group, like a company"],["In-group","A group you identify with"],["Out-group","A group you do not identify with"],["Reference group","Group used to evaluate yourself"],["Social network","A web of connections among people"],["Social institution","Established system meeting basic needs, like family, education and government"],["Bureaucracy","Organization with rules, ranks and specialized jobs"],["Social stratification","Ranking of people in layers by wealth, power or prestige"],["Social class","A group with similar economic position"],["Socioeconomic status","Combination of income, education and occupation"],["Social mobility","Moving between social classes"],["Poverty","Lacking resources for basic needs"],["Inequality","Unequal sharing of wealth, power or opportunity"],["Prejudice","Unfair attitudes toward a group"],["Discrimination","Unfair treatment based on group membership"],["Stereotype","Oversimplified belief about a group"],["Race","A social category based on perceived physical traits"],["Ethnicity","Shared cultural heritage"],["Minority group","A group with less power than the dominant group"],["Gender","Social and cultural roles linked to being male or female"],["Gender roles","Expected behaviors for men and women"],["Demography","Study of population size and change"],["Birth rate","Number of births per 1,000 people per year"],["Migration","Movement of people from one place to another"],["Urbanization","Growth of cities"],["Social movement","Organized effort for or against social change"],["Collective behavior","Spontaneous group actions, like crowds"],["Social change","Changes in culture and institutions over time"],["Technology and society","New technologies change how people work and relate"],["Globalization","Increasing connection among societies"],["Sample","A smaller group studied to learn about a larger one"],["Survey","Questions asked of many people"],["Correlation","A relationship between two variables, which does not prove one causes the other"],["Hypothesis","A testable prediction"],["Variable","A factor that can change"],["Ethnography","In-depth study through observation"],["Anomie","Durkheim's term for feeling of normlessness"],["Looking-glass self","Charles Cooley's idea that we form self-image from how others see us"],["Generalized other","George Herbert Mead's term for society's expectations"],["Dramaturgy","Erving Goffman's view of life as a performance with front and back stages"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/state-and-local-government","id":"state-and-local-government","title":"State and Local Government","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"How states, counties, cities and towns are run and what they do for us.","tags":["state government","local government","mayor","governor"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["State government","The government of one of the 50 states"],["Governor","The head of a state's executive branch"],["State legislature","The group of elected people who make state laws"],["State capital","City where the state government meets"],["State capitol","The building where the legislature meets"],["State constitution","Each state's own written plan of government"],["State supreme court","The highest court in most states"],["Local government","Government of a city, town, village or county"],["City government","Runs services for a city, led by a mayor and council"],["Mayor","Elected head of a city or town"],["City council","Group that makes local laws called ordinances"],["Ordinance","A law made by a city or county government"],["County","A region within a state with its own government"],["County seat","The town where a county's government is located"],["Sheriff","Elected law officer for a county"],["Town meeting","A gathering where townspeople vote on local issues"],["School board","Elected group that oversees local public schools"],["Superintendent","Head of a school district"],["Special district","A local government for one purpose, like water or parks"],["Public services","Services governments provide: schools, roads, police, fire, libraries, parks"],["Police department","Works to keep the community safe and enforce laws"],["Fire department","Fights fires and responds to emergencies"],["Public library","Free place to borrow books and learn"],["Public works","Departments that maintain roads, water and sewers"],["Public transportation","Buses, trains and subways that serve the community"],["Taxes (local)","Property and sales taxes help pay for local services"],["Property tax","A tax on land and buildings"],["Sales tax","A tax added to the price of items you buy"],["Income tax","A tax on money people earn"],["License","Official permission, like a driver's license"],["Zoning","Rules about how land can be used"],["Building permit","Permission to build or change a building"],["Election (local)","Voters choose mayors, council members, school boards and judges"],["Zoning board","Group that decides how land may be used"],["Federalism","Power shared between national and state governments"],["Powers of states","Run schools, hold elections, regulate businesses and set driving rules"],["Powers of the federal government","Print money, declare war, make treaties, run the military"],["Shared powers","Taxing, building roads and making laws are done by both"],["Statehood","A territory becomes a state when Congress approves"],["Territory","Land belonging to the US that is not a state"],["Home rule","Local authority to run its own affairs"],["City charter","A city's founding document and rules for its government"],["Township","A form of local government in some states"],["Tribal government","Federally recognized Native nations govern themselves"],["Municipality","A city, town or village with local government"],["Urban","City area"],["Rural","Countryside area"],["Suburb","Community near a city"],["District attorney","Local lawyer who prosecutes crimes for the government"],["Local judge","Judge in a municipal or county court"],["Public hearing","Meeting where citizens speak about a proposed rule"],["Petition (local)","Citizens collect signatures to ask the government to act"],["Public comment","Time at meetings for people to speak"],["Volunteer fire company","Local firefighters who serve without pay in many towns"],["Emergency services","911 services for fire, medical and police needs"],["911","Number to call in an emergency in the US"],["Recycling program","Local service that collects and processes recyclable materials"],["Parks department","Maintains parks and playgrounds"],["Health department","Works to protect public health, like checking restaurants"],["Community center","Place that offers classes and activities"],["Budget (local)","Plan for how a city or county will spend money"],["Why local government matters","It handles many things you use every day"],["Governor's powers","Signs or vetoes bills and leads the state's executive branch"],["Lieutenant governor","Second in command in many states"],["Attorney general (state)","The state's chief lawyer"],["Secretary of state (state)","Official who often oversees elections and records"],["National Guard","Military units that can serve under the governor or the president"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-bill-of-rights","id":"us-bill-of-rights","title":"The Bill of Rights","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The first ten amendments to the Constitution, what each protects, and key related ideas.","tags":["bill of rights","amendments","freedoms"],"frontLabel":"Amendment or term","backLabel":"What it protects","cards":[["Bill of Rights","The first ten amendments, ratified in 1791"],["Why add a bill of rights?","Many people wanted written protection from a strong national government"],["First Amendment","Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition"],["Freedom of religion","Government cannot set up an official church or stop you from practicing your faith"],["Establishment Clause","Government may not establish an official religion"],["Free Exercise Clause","You may practice your religion freely"],["Freedom of speech","You may express your ideas without government punishment, within limits"],["Freedom of the press","News outlets may publish without government censorship"],["Freedom of assembly","People may gather peacefully"],["Right to petition","People may ask the government to fix problems"],["Second Amendment","The right to keep and bear arms, with a militia purpose stated"],["Third Amendment","Soldiers cannot be forced to live in your home in peacetime"],["Fourth Amendment","Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures"],["Search warrant","Court order that lets police search a place, based on probable cause"],["Probable cause","Good reason to believe a crime happened"],["Fifth Amendment","Grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, due process, fair payment for property taken"],["Double jeopardy","You cannot be tried twice for the same crime"],["Self-incrimination","No one can be forced to testify against themselves"],["Pleading the fifth","Refusing to answer questions that could incriminate you"],["Due process","Fair procedures before the government takes life, liberty or property"],["Eminent domain","Government may take private land for public use if it pays fairly"],["Grand jury","Group that decides whether there is enough evidence to bring charges"],["Sixth Amendment","Speedy public trial, an impartial jury, a lawyer, and facing your accusers"],["Right to counsel","Right to have a lawyer"],["Impartial jury","Jurors who are fair and have not decided in advance"],["Seventh Amendment","Jury trials in many civil cases"],["Civil case","A legal dispute between people or groups, often about money"],["Criminal case","Government charges someone with breaking a law"],["Eighth Amendment","No excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment"],["Bail","Money paid to be free while waiting for trial"],["Ninth Amendment","People have other rights besides those listed"],["Tenth Amendment","Powers not given to the national government belong to the states or the people"],["Reserved powers","Powers the Tenth Amendment leaves to the states"],["James Madison","Wrote the Bill of Rights in Congress in 1789"],["George Mason","Virginian who urged a bill of rights and wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights"],["Anti-Federalists","Opponents of the Constitution who demanded a bill of rights"],["Federalists","Supporters of the Constitution who promised to add one"],["Ratification of Bill of Rights","Completed December 15, 1791"],["Bill of Rights Day","December 15, marking ratification"],["Magna Carta influence","England's 1215 charter influenced ideas of due process"],["English Bill of Rights","1689 document that influenced American rights"],["Virginia Declaration of Rights","1776 state document, a model for the national Bill of Rights"],["Selective incorporation","Courts applying the Bill of Rights to the states through the 14th Amendment"],["Fourteenth Amendment","Guarantees equal protection and due process from state governments"],["Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)","Students keep free speech rights at school if they do not disrupt learning"],["Miranda v. Arizona (1966)","Police must tell suspects of their rights before questioning"],["Miranda rights","You have the right to remain silent and to have a lawyer"],["Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)","The state must provide a lawyer to defendants who cannot afford one"],["Mapp v. Ohio (1961)","Evidence taken by illegal search cannot be used in state court"],["New York Times v. United States (1971)","Upheld press freedom in the Pentagon Papers case"],["Engel v. Vitale (1962)","Public schools cannot sponsor official prayer"],["West Virginia v. Barnette (1943)","Students cannot be forced to salute the flag"],["Libel and slander","False statements that harm someone's reputation; not protected speech"],["Censorship","Government control of what can be said or published"],["Peaceful protest","Gathering to express views, protected by the First Amendment"],["Search and seizure","Looking through property and taking items"],["Jury of peers","A group of ordinary citizens who decide a trial"],["Unreasonable search","A search without a good reason or warrant"],["Witness","Person who testifies about what they saw or know"],["Defendant","Person accused of a crime or sued in court"],["Rights vs responsibilities","Rights come with duties, like respecting others' rights"],["Amendments 11-27","Later amendments, such as ending slavery, granting voting rights, and others"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-constitution-basics","id":"us-constitution-basics","title":"The US Constitution","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"What the Constitution is, how it is organized, and the big ideas behind it.","tags":["constitution","preamble","articles","federalism"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Constitution","The written plan for the US government and the nation's highest law"],["Year written","1787, in Philadelphia"],["Year in effect","1789, after nine states ratified it in 1788"],["Constitutional Convention","Meeting of state delegates in 1787 that wrote the Constitution"],["Framers","The delegates who wrote the Constitution"],["James Madison","Called the Father of the Constitution"],["George Washington","President of the Constitutional Convention"],["Preamble","The introduction that begins 'We the People'"],["Purposes in the Preamble","Form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure peace, provide defense, promote welfare, secure liberty"],["Article I","Describes Congress, the legislative branch"],["Article II","Describes the president, the executive branch"],["Article III","Describes the courts, the judicial branch"],["Article IV","Describes the relationship of states to each other and the nation"],["Article V","Explains how to amend the Constitution"],["Article VI","Says the Constitution is the supreme law of the land"],["Article VII","Explains how the Constitution would be ratified"],["Supremacy Clause","Federal law is above state law when they conflict"],["Popular sovereignty","Government's power comes from the people"],["Limited government","The government has only the powers the Constitution gives it"],["Separation of powers","Power is divided among three branches"],["Checks and balances","Each branch can limit the other two"],["Federalism","Power shared between national and state governments"],["Republicanism","People elect representatives to govern for them"],["Individual rights","Basic freedoms protected from government interference"],["Great Compromise","Gave states equal votes in the Senate and population-based seats in the House"],["Roger Sherman","Delegate from Connecticut who helped craft the Great Compromise"],["Three-Fifths Compromise","Counted three-fifths of enslaved people for representation; later ended"],["Virginia Plan","Proposal for representation based on population"],["New Jersey Plan","Proposal for equal representation for each state"],["Federalists","People who supported ratifying the Constitution"],["Anti-Federalists","People who opposed it without a bill of rights"],["Ratify","To formally approve"],["Amendment","A formal change to the Constitution"],["How to propose an amendment","Two-thirds of both houses of Congress, or a convention called by two-thirds of states"],["How to ratify an amendment","Three-fourths of the states must approve"],["Number of amendments","Twenty-seven"],["Bill of Rights","First ten amendments, ratified in 1791"],["Necessary and Proper Clause","Lets Congress make laws needed to carry out its powers"],["Commerce Clause","Gives Congress power to regulate trade between states and with other nations"],["Enumerated powers","Powers specifically listed for Congress in Article I"],["Implied powers","Powers not listed but suggested by the listed ones"],["Reserved powers","Powers left to the states under the Tenth Amendment"],["Concurrent powers","Powers shared by federal and state governments, like taxing"],["Elastic clause","Another name for the Necessary and Proper Clause"],["Bicameral","Having two chambers, like the House and Senate"],["Qualifications for president","Natural-born citizen, at least 35, 14 years a resident"],["Qualifications for senator","At least 30, a citizen for nine years, lives in the state"],["Qualifications for representative","At least 25, a citizen for seven years, lives in the state"],["Impeachment","House charges and Senate tries an official for serious misconduct"],["Veto","President's rejection of a bill"],["Veto override","Two-thirds of both houses can pass a bill over a veto"],["Judicial review","Courts can decide that laws violate the Constitution (Marbury v. Madison, 1803)"],["Electoral College","Electors chosen by states formally select the president"],["Habeas corpus","Right to be brought before a court to challenge imprisonment"],["Ex post facto law","A law that punishes an act that was legal when it was done; banned by the Constitution"],["Bill of attainder","A law that declares someone guilty without a trial; banned"],["Treason","Betraying the country, defined narrowly in the Constitution"],["Full Faith and Credit","States must respect each other's public acts and court rulings"],["Extradition","Returning a person accused of a crime to the state where it happened"],["Oath of office","Promise by officials to support the Constitution"],["National Archives","Washington, DC building where the Constitution is displayed"],["Constitution Day","September 17, marking the 1787 signing"],["Signers","Thirty-nine delegates signed the Constitution"],["Benjamin Franklin","Oldest delegate at the Convention"],["Gouverneur Morris","Wrote much of the final Constitution's wording"],["Elbridge Gerry","Delegate who refused to sign because it lacked a bill of rights"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-constitutional-amendments","id":"us-constitutional-amendments","title":"All 27 Amendments","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"What each of the 27 amendments to the Constitution says, with the year of ratification.","tags":["amendments","constitution","rights"],"frontLabel":"Amendment","backLabel":"What it does","cards":[["1st Amendment (1791)","Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition"],["2nd Amendment (1791)","The right to keep and bear arms"],["3rd Amendment (1791)","Limits quartering soldiers in private homes"],["4th Amendment (1791)","Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures"],["5th Amendment (1791)","Due process, no double jeopardy, no forced self-incrimination"],["6th Amendment (1791)","Rights of the accused: speedy public trial, jury, lawyer"],["7th Amendment (1791)","Right to a jury trial in many civil cases"],["8th Amendment (1791)","No excessive bail or fines; no cruel and unusual punishment"],["9th Amendment (1791)","Rights not listed are still kept by the people"],["10th Amendment (1791)","Powers not given to the federal government belong to states or the people"],["11th Amendment (1795)","Limits suing a state in federal court by citizens of other states"],["12th Amendment (1804)","Electors vote separately for president and vice president"],["13th Amendment (1865)","Ended slavery in the United States"],["14th Amendment (1868)","Citizenship for all born in the US; equal protection and due process for all persons"],["15th Amendment (1870)","Voting rights cannot be denied because of race"],["16th Amendment (1913)","Allows Congress to collect an income tax"],["17th Amendment (1913)","Senators are elected directly by the people"],["18th Amendment (1919)","Prohibited making and selling alcohol"],["19th Amendment (1920)","Women have the right to vote"],["20th Amendment (1933)","Sets the start dates for presidents' and Congress's terms; the 'lame duck' amendment"],["21st Amendment (1933)","Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition"],["22nd Amendment (1951)","Limits a president to two elected terms"],["23rd Amendment (1961)","Gives Washington, DC electoral votes for president"],["24th Amendment (1964)","Bans poll taxes in federal elections"],["25th Amendment (1967)","Explains what happens if a president cannot serve, and fills vice presidential vacancies"],["26th Amendment (1971)","Lowered the voting age to 18"],["27th Amendment (1992)","Congress's pay changes cannot take effect until after the next election"],["Which amendments ended slavery and protected rights after the Civil War?","The 13th, 14th and 15th, called the Reconstruction Amendments"],["Which amendments expand voting rights?","15th (race), 19th (women), 23rd (DC), 24th (no poll tax), 26th (age 18)"],["Which amendment created the income tax?","The 16th"],["Which amendment is Prohibition?","The 18th (it was repealed by the 21st)"],["Which is the only amendment that repealed another?","The 21st repealed the 18th"],["Which amendment lowered the voting age?","The 26th"],["Which amendment gave women the vote?","The 19th"],["Which amendment has the Due Process Clause for states?","The 14th"],["Which amendment limits the president to two terms?","The 22nd"],["Which amendments make up the Bill of Rights?","The first ten"],["How long did the 27th Amendment take to ratify?","Over 200 years: proposed in 1789, ratified in 1992"],["How many amendments were proposed by Congress and ratified?","Twenty-seven have been ratified"],["Who proposes amendments?","Two-thirds of Congress, or a convention requested by two-thirds of states"],["Who ratifies amendments?","Three-fourths of the states"],["Does the president sign amendments?","No; the president has no formal role in ratifying them"],["Equal protection clause","Part of the 14th Amendment requiring states to treat people equally under the law"],["Birthright citizenship","The 14th Amendment says people born in the US are citizens"],["Direct election","Voters choose a leader without electors, as with senators after 1913"],["Poll tax","A fee to vote, banned in federal elections by the 24th Amendment"],["Lame duck","An official whose term is ending after an election; the 20th Amendment shortened that period"],["Inauguration date","January 20, set by the 20th Amendment"],["Electoral votes for DC","Three, granted by the 23rd Amendment"],["Suffrage","The right to vote"],["Prohibition","National ban on alcohol, 1920-1933"],["Repeal","To cancel a law or amendment"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-symbols-and-landmarks","id":"us-symbols-and-landmarks","title":"US Symbols, Landmarks and Holidays","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"The flag, songs, monuments, famous places and national holidays of the United States.","tags":["symbols","landmarks","flag","holidays"],"frontLabel":"Symbol or place","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["American flag","Called the Stars and Stripes; red, white and blue"],["Stars on the flag","Fifty, one for each state"],["Stripes on the flag","Thirteen, for the original colonies"],["Colors of the flag","Red, white and blue"],["Pledge of Allegiance","A promise of loyalty to the flag and the nation"],["The Star-Spangled Banner","The national anthem"],["Francis Scott Key","Wrote the anthem's words in 1814"],["Bald eagle","National bird and a symbol of the United States"],["Great Seal","Official emblem used on documents, shown on the back of the dollar bill"],["E Pluribus Unum","Latin for 'Out of many, one'"],["In God We Trust","National motto adopted in 1956"],["Uncle Sam","Cartoon figure who stands for the US government"],["Liberty Bell","Cracked bell in Philadelphia that stands for freedom"],["Statue of Liberty","Gift from France in 1886, in New York Harbor"],["Ellis Island","Where millions of immigrants arrived in New York"],["Independence Hall","Philadelphia building where the Declaration and Constitution were signed"],["White House","Home of the president, in Washington, DC"],["US Capitol","Building where Congress meets"],["Supreme Court building","Home of the nation's highest court"],["Lincoln Memorial","Monument to Abraham Lincoln on the National Mall"],["Washington Monument","Tall obelisk honoring George Washington"],["Jefferson Memorial","Domed monument to Thomas Jefferson"],["National Mall","Long park in Washington, DC with monuments and museums"],["Vietnam Veterans Memorial","Black granite wall with the names of those lost in the war"],["Arlington National Cemetery","Burial place for many who served in the military"],["Tomb of the Unknown Soldier","Honors unnamed fallen soldiers, in Arlington"],["Mount Rushmore","Mountain carving of four presidents in South Dakota"],["Four faces on Mount Rushmore","Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Lincoln"],["Golden Gate Bridge","Red suspension bridge in San Francisco"],["Grand Canyon","Huge canyon in Arizona carved by the Colorado River"],["Niagara Falls","Waterfalls on the border of New York and Canada"],["Yellowstone","First US national park, in 1872"],["Old Faithful","Famous geyser in Yellowstone"],["Alamo","Texas mission, a symbol of the fight for Texas independence"],["Gateway Arch","Tall arch in St. Louis, Missouri"],["Space Needle","Tower in Seattle"],["Empire State Building","Famous New York skyscraper"],["Hoover Dam","Dam on the Colorado River between Nevada and Arizona"],["Mississippi River","Major river that flows to the Gulf of Mexico"],["Rocky Mountains","Mountain range in western North America"],["Appalachian Mountains","Mountain range in the eastern United States"],["Great Lakes","Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario"],["Independence Day","July 4, the birthday of the nation"],["Memorial Day","Last Monday in May, honors those who died serving"],["Veterans Day","November 11, honors all who served"],["Labor Day","First Monday in September, honors workers"],["Thanksgiving","Fourth Thursday in November"],["Martin Luther King Jr. Day","Third Monday in January"],["Presidents Day","Third Monday in February, honors presidents"],["Flag Day","June 14 honors the flag"],["Constitution Day","September 17"],["Juneteenth","June 19, marks the end of slavery"],["Columbus Day","Second Monday in October; some places celebrate Indigenous Peoples' Day"],["Pledge words 'one nation'","The Pledge says 'one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all'"],["Penny","Shows Abraham Lincoln"],["Dollar bill","Shows George Washington"],["Capital of the US","Washington, DC"],["How many states?","Fifty"],["Number of original colonies","Thirteen"],["Betsy Ross","Said by tradition to have sewn an early flag; the story is not proven"],["Flag etiquette","Treat the flag with respect; do not let it touch the ground"],["Smokey Bear","Symbol for preventing wildfires"],["Apple pie and baseball","Often thought of as American traditions"],["Yankee Doodle","Song from the Revolution era"],["America the Beautiful","Patriotic song written by Katharine Lee Bates"],["This Land Is Your Land","Folk song by Woody Guthrie about the American landscape"],["My Country, 'Tis of Thee","Patriotic song also called America"],["National park","Land protected by the nation for its beauty or history"],["National Park Service","Agency that cares for national parks, created in 1916"],["Smithsonian","Group of museums in Washington, DC"],["Library of Congress","Largest library in the world"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-three-branches-of-government","id":"us-three-branches-of-government","title":"The Three Branches of Government","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"What Congress, the president and the courts do, and how they check each other.","tags":["branches","congress","president","courts"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Legislative branch","Congress; makes the laws"],["Executive branch","The president and agencies; carry out the laws"],["Judicial branch","The courts; interpret the laws"],["Congress","The Senate and the House of Representatives together"],["Senate","Part of Congress with 100 members, two from each state"],["House of Representatives","Part of Congress with 435 voting members, based on state population"],["Senator's term","Six years"],["Representative's term","Two years"],["President's term","Four years"],["Vice president","Takes over if the president cannot serve and presides over the Senate"],["Cabinet","Advisers who lead major departments"],["Federal agency","Part of the executive branch that does a specific job, like the FDA or NASA"],["Supreme Court","The nation's highest court, with nine justices"],["Federal judge","Judge appointed by the president and approved by the Senate; serves for life"],["Justice","A member of the Supreme Court"],["Chief Justice","The leader of the Supreme Court"],["Bill","A proposed law"],["Law","A rule made by government"],["Veto","President says no to a bill"],["Override","Congress passes a bill again over a veto with a two-thirds vote"],["Separation of powers","Splitting government power among three branches"],["Checks and balances","Each branch has ways to limit the others"],["Congress checks the president","By passing laws, controlling funds and impeaching officials"],["President checks Congress","By vetoing bills"],["Courts check Congress and the president","By ruling that laws or actions are unconstitutional"],["Senate checks the president","By confirming nominees and approving treaties"],["President checks the courts","By nominating judges"],["Congress checks the courts","By approving judges, creating lower courts and proposing amendments"],["Impeach","To charge an official with serious wrongdoing"],["Confirm","To approve a nominee, which the Senate does"],["Nominate","To propose someone for a job"],["Treaty","Agreement with another nation, made by the president with Senate approval"],["Commander in chief","The president as head of the military"],["Declare war","Power given to Congress"],["Pass a budget","Congress decides how federal money is spent"],["Regulate trade","Congress can set rules for trade between states and with other countries"],["Interpret laws","Courts decide what laws mean"],["Judicial review","Courts can decide a law goes against the Constitution"],["Appeals court","Court that reviews decisions of lower courts"],["District court","Federal trial court"],["Executive order","Directive from the president to run the executive branch"],["Pardon","President's power to forgive a federal crime"],["Speaker of the House","Leader of the House of Representatives"],["Majority leader","Senate or House leader of the largest party"],["Committee","Small group of members who study bills in detail"],["Filibuster","Using long speeches to delay a vote in the Senate"],["Quorum","Minimum number of members needed to do business"],["Term limit","Limit on how long someone may hold an office"],["Constituent","A person represented by an elected official"],["Lobbyist","Person who tries to influence lawmakers on behalf of a group"],["Federal budget","Plan for how the national government will spend and raise money"],["Capitol","Building in Washington, DC where Congress meets"],["White House","Residence and office of the president"],["Supreme Court building","In Washington, DC, with the words 'Equal Justice Under Law'"],["Marbury v. Madison","1803 case that established judicial review"],["Number of justices","Nine; the number is set by Congress"],["Why three branches?","So no single group has too much power"],["Executive departments","Fifteen major departments such as State, Treasury, Defense and Education"],["Secretary of State","Cabinet member who handles foreign relations"],["Attorney General","Head of the Justice Department"],["Independent agency","Federal agency not part of a cabinet department"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-religions-basics","id":"world-religions-basics","title":"World Religions: Basic Facts","category":"social-studies","subject":"World Cultures","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Neutral, descriptive facts about the beliefs, texts, places and practices of major world religions.","tags":["religions","christianity","islam","judaism","hinduism","buddhism"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Description","cards":[["Religion","A system of beliefs and practices about the sacred, often shared by a community"],["Monotheism","Belief in one God"],["Polytheism","Belief in many gods"],["Faith","Trust or belief in a religion's teachings"],["Judaism","One of the oldest monotheistic religions, began in the Middle East about 4,000 years ago"],["Torah","The first five books of the Hebrew Bible; central text of Judaism"],["Synagogue","Jewish house of worship and community"],["Rabbi","Jewish teacher and leader"],["Sabbath (Shabbat)","Jewish weekly day of rest from Friday evening to Saturday evening"],["Passover","Jewish spring festival remembering the Israelites' freedom from slavery in Egypt"],["Hanukkah","Jewish festival of lights in winter"],["Yom Kippur","Jewish Day of Atonement, a day of fasting and prayer"],["Rosh Hashanah","Jewish New Year"],["Bar and bat mitzvah","Ceremonies marking a Jewish young person's religious responsibility"],["Christianity","Religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth; the largest religion in the world"],["Bible","Holy book of Christianity, with the Old and New Testaments"],["Church","Christian house of worship"],["Christmas","Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus, on December 25 in most churches"],["Easter","Christian celebration of the resurrection of Jesus"],["Trinity","Christian teaching of God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit"],["Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant","The three main branches of Christianity"],["Islam","Religion founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad; followers are called Muslims"],["Quran","Holy book of Islam, believed by Muslims to be God's word"],["Mosque","Muslim house of worship"],["Five Pillars of Islam","Faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage"],["Ramadan","Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset"],["Eid al-Fitr","Festival marking the end of Ramadan"],["Eid al-Adha","Festival of sacrifice at the time of the Hajj"],["Hajj","Pilgrimage to Mecca"],["Mecca","Holy city in Saudi Arabia that Muslims face when praying"],["Imam","Leader of prayer in a mosque"],["Hinduism","Ancient religion of India with many gods and traditions"],["Vedas","Oldest sacred texts of Hinduism"],["Bhagavad Gita","Hindu scripture about duty and devotion"],["Temple (mandir)","Hindu house of worship"],["Brahman","The supreme reality in Hindu thought"],["Karma","The idea that actions have consequences, in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain thought"],["Reincarnation","Belief that the soul is reborn after death"],["Diwali","Hindu festival of lights, also observed by Sikhs and Jains"],["Holi","Hindu spring festival of colors"],["Ganges River","River considered sacred by Hindus"],["Buddhism","Religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha"],["Buddha","Means 'awakened one'"],["Four Noble Truths","Buddhist teachings about suffering and how to end it"],["Eightfold Path","Buddhist guide to ethical living and meditation"],["Nirvana","Buddhist goal of freedom from suffering"],["Meditation","A practice of focused attention and calm"],["Monk","A man who lives a religious life in a monastery"],["Wesak (Vesak)","Festival marking the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death"],["Sikhism","Monotheistic religion founded in Punjab by Guru Nanak in the 1400s"],["Guru Granth Sahib","Sikh holy scripture"],["Gurdwara","Sikh house of worship"],["Five Ks","Articles of faith worn by initiated Sikhs"],["Jainism","Indian religion stressing nonviolence toward all living things"],["Confucianism","Chinese philosophy based on Confucius that stresses respect, learning and family"],["Daoism","Chinese tradition of living in harmony with the Dao, or Way"],["Shinto","Japan's native tradition honoring kami, or spirits"],["Bahá'í Faith","Religion founded in the 1800s that teaches the unity of humanity"],["Indigenous religions","Traditions of native peoples, often tied to land and ancestors"],["Animism","Belief that natural things have spirits"],["Zoroastrianism","Ancient Persian religion with the prophet Zoroaster"],["Humanism","A non-religious outlook focused on human values and reason"],["Atheism","Lack of belief in a god or gods"],["Agnosticism","The view that the existence of God cannot be known"],["Secular","Not connected to religion"],["Interfaith","Involving people of different religions"],["Religious freedom","The right to follow your own beliefs"],["Scripture","Sacred writings"],["Pilgrimage","Journey to a holy place"],["Prayer","Communication with the divine"],["Ritual","A set of actions performed for a religious purpose"],["Clergy","Religious leaders"],["Place of worship","Church, synagogue, mosque, temple, gurdwara or shrine"],["Golden Rule","Many traditions teach to treat others as you want to be treated"],["Number of followers (approx.)","Christianity and Islam are the two largest; Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism follow in various order"],["Respect","Learning about faiths helps people understand and respect each other"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-africa-countries-regions","id":"geo-africa-countries-regions","title":"Countries of Africa by Region","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Which part of Africa each country is in: north, west, central, east or southern.","tags":["africa","countries","regions"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Region of Africa","cards":[["Algeria","North Africa"],["Egypt","North Africa"],["Libya","North Africa"],["Morocco","North Africa"],["Sudan","North Africa"],["Tunisia","North Africa"],["Benin","West Africa"],["Burkina Faso","West Africa"],["Cabo Verde","West Africa"],["Côte d'Ivoire","West Africa"],["The Gambia","West Africa"],["Ghana","West Africa"],["Guinea","West Africa"],["Guinea-Bissau","West Africa"],["Liberia","West Africa"],["Mali","West Africa"],["Mauritania","West Africa"],["Niger","West Africa"],["Nigeria","West Africa"],["Senegal","West Africa"],["Sierra Leone","West Africa"],["Togo","West Africa"],["Angola","Central Africa"],["Cameroon","Central Africa"],["Central African Republic","Central Africa"],["Chad","Central Africa"],["Republic of the Congo","Central Africa"],["Democratic Republic of the Congo","Central Africa"],["Equatorial Guinea","Central Africa"],["Gabon","Central Africa"],["São Tomé and Príncipe","Central Africa"],["Burundi","East Africa"],["Comoros","East Africa"],["Djibouti","East Africa"],["Eritrea","East Africa"],["Ethiopia","East Africa"],["Kenya","East Africa"],["Madagascar","East Africa"],["Malawi","East Africa"],["Mauritius","East Africa"],["Mozambique","East Africa"],["Rwanda","East Africa"],["Seychelles","East Africa"],["Somalia","East Africa"],["South Sudan","East Africa"],["Tanzania","East Africa"],["Uganda","East Africa"],["Zambia","East Africa"],["Zimbabwe","East Africa"],["Botswana","Southern Africa"],["Eswatini","Southern Africa"],["Lesotho","Southern Africa"],["Namibia","Southern Africa"],["South Africa","Southern Africa"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-americas-countries-regions","id":"geo-americas-countries-regions","title":"Countries of the Americas by Region","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Is each country in North America, Central America, the Caribbean or South America?","tags":["americas","countries","regions"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Region","cards":[["Canada","North America"],["United States","North America"],["Mexico","North America"],["Belize","Central America"],["Costa Rica","Central America"],["El Salvador","Central America"],["Guatemala","Central America"],["Honduras","Central America"],["Nicaragua","Central America"],["Panama","Central America"],["Antigua and Barbuda","Caribbean"],["The Bahamas","Caribbean"],["Barbados","Caribbean"],["Cuba","Caribbean"],["Dominica","Caribbean"],["Dominican Republic","Caribbean"],["Grenada","Caribbean"],["Haiti","Caribbean"],["Jamaica","Caribbean"],["Saint Kitts and Nevis","Caribbean"],["Saint Lucia","Caribbean"],["Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Caribbean"],["Trinidad and Tobago","Caribbean"],["Argentina","South America"],["Bolivia","South America"],["Brazil","South America"],["Chile","South America"],["Colombia","South America"],["Ecuador","South America"],["Guyana","South America"],["Paraguay","South America"],["Peru","South America"],["Suriname","South America"],["Uruguay","South America"],["Venezuela","South America"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-americas-neighbors","id":"geo-americas-neighbors","title":"Who Borders Whom in the Americas","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Land neighbors of countries in North, Central and South America.","tags":["americas","borders","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Land neighbors","cards":[["Canada","The United States only (including Alaska)"],["United States","Canada and Mexico"],["Mexico","United States, Guatemala and Belize"],["Belize","Mexico and Guatemala"],["Guatemala","Mexico, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador"],["El Salvador","Guatemala and Honduras"],["Honduras","Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua"],["Nicaragua","Honduras and Costa Rica"],["Costa Rica","Nicaragua and Panama"],["Panama","Costa Rica and Colombia"],["Haiti","The Dominican Republic"],["Dominican Republic","Haiti"],["Colombia","Panama, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador"],["Venezuela","Colombia, Brazil and Guyana"],["Guyana","Venezuela, Brazil and Suriname"],["Suriname","Guyana, Brazil and French Guiana"],["Brazil","Every South American country except Chile and Ecuador"],["Ecuador","Colombia and Peru"],["Peru","Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and Chile"],["Bolivia","Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile and Peru"],["Chile","Peru, Bolivia and Argentina"],["Argentina","Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil and Uruguay"],["Paraguay","Bolivia, Brazil and Argentina"],["Uruguay","Brazil and Argentina"],["Which two South American countries do not border Brazil?","Chile and Ecuador"],["Which South American countries are landlocked?","Bolivia and Paraguay"],["Which country connects Central America and South America?","Panama"],["Which Central American country has no Caribbean coast?","El Salvador"],["Which Central American country has coasts on both oceans?","Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala"],["Which Central American country uses English as its official language?","Belize"],["Which South American country uses English as its official language?","Guyana"],["Which South American country speaks Dutch?","Suriname"],["Which South American country speaks Portuguese?","Brazil"],["Which territory in South America belongs to France?","French Guiana"],["Which country has Tierra del Fuego shared with Chile?","Argentina"],["Which two countries share Lake Titicaca?","Peru and Bolivia"],["Which two countries share Iguazú Falls?","Argentina and Brazil"],["Which two countries share the island of Hispaniola?","Haiti and the Dominican Republic"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-asia-countries-regions","id":"geo-asia-countries-regions","title":"Countries of Asia by Region","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Which part of Asia each country is in: east, southeast, south, central or west.","tags":["asia","countries","regions"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Region of Asia","cards":[["China","East Asia"],["Japan","East Asia"],["Mongolia","East Asia"],["North Korea","East Asia"],["South Korea","East Asia"],["Brunei","Southeast Asia"],["Cambodia","Southeast Asia"],["Indonesia","Southeast Asia"],["Laos","Southeast Asia"],["Malaysia","Southeast Asia"],["Myanmar","Southeast Asia"],["Philippines","Southeast Asia"],["Singapore","Southeast Asia"],["Thailand","Southeast Asia"],["Timor-Leste","Southeast Asia"],["Vietnam","Southeast Asia"],["Afghanistan","South Asia"],["Bangladesh","South Asia"],["Bhutan","South Asia"],["India","South Asia"],["Maldives","South Asia"],["Nepal","South Asia"],["Pakistan","South Asia"],["Sri Lanka","South Asia"],["Kazakhstan","Central Asia"],["Kyrgyzstan","Central Asia"],["Tajikistan","Central Asia"],["Turkmenistan","Central Asia"],["Uzbekistan","Central Asia"],["Armenia","West Asia (Caucasus)"],["Azerbaijan","West Asia (Caucasus)"],["Georgia","West Asia (Caucasus)"],["Bahrain","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Iran","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Iraq","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Israel","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Jordan","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Kuwait","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Lebanon","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Oman","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Qatar","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Saudi Arabia","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Syria","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Turkey","West Asia (Middle East)"],["United Arab Emirates","West Asia (Middle East)"],["Yemen","West Asia (Middle East)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-asia-neighbors","id":"geo-asia-neighbors","title":"Who Borders Whom in Asia and Africa","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Land neighbors of well-known countries in Asia and Africa.","tags":["asia","africa","borders","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Land neighbors","cards":[["India","Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar"],["China","Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and North Korea"],["Japan","None; it is an island nation"],["South Korea","North Korea"],["North Korea","South Korea, China and Russia"],["Thailand","Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia"],["Vietnam","China, Laos and Cambodia"],["Cambodia","Thailand, Laos and Vietnam"],["Laos","China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar"],["Myanmar","India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand"],["Malaysia","Thailand, Indonesia and Brunei; Singapore is across a narrow strait"],["Pakistan","India, China, Afghanistan and Iran"],["Afghanistan","Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China"],["Iran","Iraq, Türkiye, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan"],["Iraq","Türkiye, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria"],["Saudi Arabia","Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Oman and Yemen"],["Israel","Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt"],["Türkiye","Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria"],["Mongolia","Russia and China"],["Kazakhstan","Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan"],["Nepal","India and China"],["Bangladesh","India and Myanmar"],["Egypt","Libya, Sudan, Israel and the Gaza Strip"],["Libya","Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Algeria and Tunisia"],["Algeria","Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania and Western Sahara"],["Morocco","Algeria and Mauritania (and Western Sahara)"],["Nigeria","Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon"],["Ghana","Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Togo"],["Ethiopia","Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan"],["Kenya","Ethiopia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania and Somalia"],["Tanzania","Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique"],["South Africa","Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho"],["Democratic Republic of the Congo","Republic of the Congo, CAR, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia and Angola"],["Namibia","Angola, Zambia, Botswana and South Africa"],["Zambia","DR Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Angola"],["Sudan","Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea"],["Mali","Algeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal and Mauritania"],["Senegal","Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and The Gambia"],["The Gambia","Senegal only (it is surrounded by Senegal)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-australia-states-places","id":"geo-australia-states-places","title":"Australia: States, Capitals and Places","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Australian states and territories, their capitals, and famous places.","tags":["australia","states","capitals"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Capital of New South Wales","Sydney"],["Capital of Victoria","Melbourne"],["Capital of Queensland","Brisbane"],["Capital of South Australia","Adelaide"],["Capital of Western Australia","Perth"],["Capital of Tasmania","Hobart"],["Capital of the Northern Territory","Darwin"],["Capital of Australia","Canberra"],["Which state is the largest in area?","Western Australia"],["Which state is an island south of the mainland?","Tasmania"],["Which red rock in the Northern Territory is sacred to the Anangu people?","Uluru (Ayers Rock)"],["Which huge coral reef lies off Queensland?","The Great Barrier Reef"],["Which sea lies between Australia and New Zealand?","The Tasman Sea"],["Which city has the Sydney Opera House?","Sydney"],["Which long river system is Australia's most important?","The Murray–Darling river system"],["Which mountain range runs down the east coast?","The Great Dividing Range"],["What is the highest mountain on mainland Australia?","Mount Kosciuszko"],["What is the dry, empty middle of Australia called?","The Outback"],["Which ocean is west of Australia?","The Indian Ocean"],["Which ocean is east of Australia?","The Pacific Ocean"],["Which strait separates Tasmania from the mainland?","Bass Strait"],["Which strait separates Australia from Papua New Guinea?","Torres Strait"],["Which Australian city is the capital of Queensland and sits on a river?","Brisbane"],["Which city is in the territory set up to be the national capital?","Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory"],["Which Australian animals carry babies in a pouch and hop?","Kangaroos"],["What is Australia's currency?","The Australian dollar"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-biomes","id":"geo-biomes","title":"Biomes of the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The major habitats of Earth, their climate, plants and where they are found.","tags":["biomes","ecosystems","climate"],"frontLabel":"Biome","backLabel":"Description","cards":[["Tropical rainforest","Hot and wet all year, tall trees and the most kinds of life; found in the Amazon, Congo and Southeast Asia"],["Savanna","Warm grassland with scattered trees and wet and dry seasons; found in East Africa and northern Australia"],["Desert","Gets very little rain, with plants like cacti; the Sahara is an example"],["Temperate deciduous forest","Four seasons and trees that lose their leaves in fall; found in the eastern United States, Europe and East Asia"],["Temperate grassland","Wide open grass with hot summers and cold winters; includes the prairies, steppes and pampas"],["Taiga (boreal forest)","A cold forest of evergreen trees, the largest land biome; found in Canada, Alaska and Russia"],["Tundra","Very cold, windy and treeless with frozen ground; found near the Arctic"],["Alpine tundra","Cold, treeless land high on mountains"],["Chaparral (Mediterranean scrub)","Hot dry summers, mild wet winters and shrubs; found in California and around the Mediterranean"],["Coral reef","Warm, shallow ocean habitat built by tiny animals called corals"],["Open ocean","Deep salt water habitat that covers most of the Earth"],["Freshwater biome","Rivers, lakes and ponds with little salt in the water"],["Wetland","Land covered with water for much of the year, like marshes and swamps"],["Mangrove forest","Salt-tolerant trees growing in shallow water along tropical coasts"],["Estuary","A place where a river meets the sea and fresh and salt water mix"],["Polar ice","Land and sea covered with ice year-round at the poles"],["Which biome is the Amazon?","Tropical rainforest"],["Which biome is the Serengeti?","Savanna"],["Which biome is the Sahara?","Desert"],["Which biome has permafrost?","Tundra"],["Which biome has the most biodiversity on land?","Tropical rainforest"],["Which biome has pines, spruces and firs across northern Canada and Russia?","Taiga"],["Which biome is the Great Plains of North America?","Temperate grassland"],["What are the grasslands of Eurasia called?","Steppes"],["What are the grasslands of South America called?","Pampas"],["What are the grasslands of North America called?","Prairies"],["What are the layers of a rainforest, from top to bottom?","Emergent layer, canopy, understory, forest floor"],["What is a biome?","A large region with a similar climate and similar plants and animals"],["Which biome has polar bears?","Arctic tundra and polar ice"],["Which biome has camels, cacti and lizards?","Desert"],["Which biome has lions, zebras and giraffes?","Savanna"],["Which biome has moose, wolves and spruce trees?","Taiga"],["Which biome has monkeys, toucans and orchids?","Tropical rainforest"],["Which biome has deer, squirrels and oak trees?","Temperate deciduous forest"],["What kind of biome is the Great Barrier Reef?","Coral reef (a marine biome)"],["What kind of biome is the Everglades?","Wetland"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-bridges-towers-buildings","id":"geo-bridges-towers-buildings","title":"Famous Bridges, Towers, Dams and Buildings","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Landmarks built by people and the cities they are in.","tags":["landmarks","bridges","towers","cities"],"frontLabel":"Structure","backLabel":"City and country","cards":[["Golden Gate Bridge","San Francisco, USA"],["Brooklyn Bridge","New York City, USA"],["Tower Bridge","London, England"],["Sydney Harbour Bridge","Sydney, Australia"],["Ponte Vecchio","Florence, Italy"],["Rialto Bridge","Venice, Italy"],["Bridge of Sighs","Venice, Italy"],["Charles Bridge","Prague, Czechia"],["Chain Bridge","Budapest, Hungary"],["Stari Most","Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina"],["Øresund Bridge","Between Copenhagen, Denmark and Malmö, Sweden"],["Akashi Kaikyō Bridge","Japan"],["Millau Viaduct","France"],["Confederation Bridge","Canada; joins Prince Edward Island to the mainland"],["Mackinac Bridge","Michigan, USA"],["Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge","New York City, USA"],["Eiffel Tower","Paris, France"],["CN Tower","Toronto, Canada"],["Space Needle","Seattle, USA"],["Empire State Building","New York City, USA"],["One World Trade Center","New York City, USA"],["Willis Tower","Chicago, USA"],["Burj Khalifa","Dubai, UAE"],["Petronas Towers","Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],["Taipei 101","Taipei, Taiwan"],["Tokyo Skytree","Tokyo, Japan"],["Shanghai Tower","Shanghai, China"],["Canton Tower","Guangzhou, China"],["Sky Tower","Auckland, New Zealand"],["Eureka Tower","Melbourne, Australia"],["The Shard","London, England"],["Big Ben","London, England"],["Leaning Tower","Pisa, Italy"],["Galata Tower","Istanbul, Türkiye"],["Ostankino Tower","Moscow, Russia"],["Berlin TV Tower","Berlin, Germany"],["Atomium","Brussels, Belgium"],["Hoover Dam","On the Colorado River, Nevada and Arizona, USA"],["Grand Coulee Dam","On the Columbia River, Washington, USA"],["Aswan High Dam","On the Nile, Egypt"],["Three Gorges Dam","On the Yangtze, China"],["Itaipu Dam","On the Paraná, between Brazil and Paraguay"],["Panama Canal Locks","Panama"],["Sydney Opera House","Sydney, Australia"],["Guggenheim Museum Bilbao","Bilbao, Spain"],["Louvre Pyramid","Paris, France"],["Pentagon","Arlington, Virginia, USA"],["Kremlin","Moscow, Russia"],["Westminster Abbey","London, England"],["St. Paul's Cathedral","London, England"],["Notre-Dame","Paris, France"],["Sacré-Cœur","Paris, France"],["La Sagrada Família","Barcelona, Spain"],["Cologne Cathedral","Cologne, Germany"],["St. Peter's Basilica","Vatican City"],["St. Basil's Cathedral","Moscow, Russia"],["Blue Mosque","Istanbul, Türkiye"],["Hagia Sophia","Istanbul, Türkiye"],["Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque","Abu Dhabi, UAE"],["Lotus Temple","New Delhi, India"],["Marina Bay Sands","Singapore"],["Christ the Redeemer","Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],["Hollywood Sign","Los Angeles, USA"],["Fisherman's Bastion","Budapest, Hungary"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-canada-cities-provinces","id":"geo-canada-cities-provinces","title":"Canadian Cities and Their Provinces","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Well-known Canadian cities matched to the province or territory they are in.","tags":["canada","cities","provinces"],"frontLabel":"City","backLabel":"Province or territory","cards":[["Toronto","Ontario"],["Ottawa","Ontario"],["Hamilton","Ontario"],["London (Canada)","Ontario"],["Windsor","Ontario"],["Kingston","Ontario"],["Niagara Falls (city)","Ontario"],["Thunder Bay","Ontario"],["Montreal","Quebec"],["Quebec City","Quebec"],["Laval","Quebec"],["Gatineau","Quebec"],["Sherbrooke","Quebec"],["Vancouver","British Columbia"],["Victoria","British Columbia"],["Kelowna","British Columbia"],["Whistler","British Columbia"],["Calgary","Alberta"],["Edmonton","Alberta"],["Banff","Alberta"],["Jasper","Alberta"],["Regina","Saskatchewan"],["Saskatoon","Saskatchewan"],["Winnipeg","Manitoba"],["Brandon","Manitoba"],["Churchill","Manitoba"],["Halifax","Nova Scotia"],["Sydney (Canada)","Nova Scotia"],["Fredericton","New Brunswick"],["Moncton","New Brunswick"],["Saint John","New Brunswick"],["Charlottetown","Prince Edward Island"],["St. John's","Newfoundland and Labrador"],["Gander","Newfoundland and Labrador"],["Whitehorse","Yukon"],["Dawson City","Yukon"],["Yellowknife","Northwest Territories"],["Iqaluit","Nunavut"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-canada-facts","id":"geo-canada-facts","title":"Canada: Cities, Places and Facts","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Big cities, famous places, waters and borders of Canada.","tags":["canada","cities","landmarks"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Which city is Canada's capital?","Ottawa"],["Which province has the most people, and holds Toronto?","Ontario"],["Which province is mostly French-speaking?","Quebec"],["In which province is Vancouver?","British Columbia"],["In which province is Calgary?","Alberta"],["In which province is Montreal?","Quebec"],["In which province is Winnipeg?","Manitoba"],["In which province is Halifax?","Nova Scotia"],["Which Canadian province is an island, known for Anne of Green Gables?","Prince Edward Island"],["Which waterfalls are on the border of Ontario and New York?","Niagara Falls"],["What is the tallest mountain in Canada?","Mount Logan","In the Yukon"],["Which mountain range runs through Alberta and British Columbia?","The Canadian Rockies"],["Which ocean is on Canada's west coast?","The Pacific Ocean"],["Which ocean is on Canada's east coast?","The Atlantic Ocean"],["Which ocean lies to Canada's north?","The Arctic Ocean"],["Which large bay is in the middle of northern Canada?","Hudson Bay"],["Which river runs from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic past Montreal and Quebec City?","The St. Lawrence River"],["Which is the longest river in Canada?","The Mackenzie River","It flows to the Arctic Ocean"],["Which country shares a land border with Canada?","The United States"],["What is the world's longest border shared by two countries?","The Canada–United States border"],["Which territory is Canada's largest by area?","Nunavut"],["Which Canadian territory is famous for the Klondike Gold Rush?","Yukon"],["Which is Canada's newest territory, created in 1999?","Nunavut"],["What is the Canadian national symbol leaf?","The maple leaf"],["Which Great Lake lies entirely within the United States?","Lake Michigan"],["Which island off British Columbia holds the capital Victoria?","Vancouver Island"],["Which large island is mostly in Nunavut and is Canada's biggest island?","Baffin Island"],["Which Canadian city has the CN Tower?","Toronto"],["Which Canadian city is known for the Calgary Stampede?","Calgary"],["Which Canadian province is farthest east?","Newfoundland and Labrador"],["Which Canadian prairie provinces are between Alberta and Ontario?","Saskatchewan and Manitoba"],["Which Canadian province is between Quebec and Nova Scotia?","New Brunswick"],["Which Canadian city has the Parliament Hill buildings?","Ottawa"],["What two official languages does Canada have at the national level?","English and French"],["What are Canada's flag colors?","Red and white, with a red maple leaf"],["What is the Canadian currency?","The Canadian dollar"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-canada-provinces-capitals","id":"geo-canada-provinces-capitals","title":"Canada: Provinces, Territories and Capitals","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Canada's ten provinces and three territories and their capital cities.","tags":["canada","provinces","capitals"],"frontLabel":"Province or territory","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Alberta","Edmonton"],["British Columbia","Victoria"],["Manitoba","Winnipeg"],["New Brunswick","Fredericton"],["Newfoundland and Labrador","St. John's"],["Nova Scotia","Halifax"],["Ontario","Toronto"],["Prince Edward Island","Charlottetown"],["Quebec","Quebec City"],["Saskatchewan","Regina"],["Northwest Territories","Yellowknife"],["Nunavut","Iqaluit"],["Yukon","Whitehorse"],["Canada (the country)","Ottawa","It sits in Ontario beside the Quebec border"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-capital-to-country","id":"geo-capital-to-country","title":"Which Country Has This Capital?","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Start from the capital city and name its country.","tags":["capitals","countries","world"],"frontLabel":"Capital","backLabel":"Country","cards":[["Ottawa","Canada"],["Washington, D.C.","United States"],["Mexico City","Mexico"],["Havana","Cuba"],["Kingston","Jamaica"],["Nassau","The Bahamas"],["Port-au-Prince","Haiti"],["San José","Costa Rica"],["Panama City","Panama"],["Bogotá","Colombia"],["Caracas","Venezuela"],["Quito","Ecuador"],["Lima","Peru"],["La Paz","Bolivia (seat of government)"],["Brasília","Brazil"],["Buenos Aires","Argentina"],["Santiago","Chile"],["Montevideo","Uruguay"],["Asunción","Paraguay"],["London","United Kingdom"],["Dublin","Ireland"],["Paris","France"],["Madrid","Spain"],["Lisbon","Portugal"],["Rome","Italy"],["Berlin","Germany"],["Vienna","Austria"],["Bern","Switzerland"],["Brussels","Belgium"],["Amsterdam","Netherlands"],["Copenhagen","Denmark"],["Oslo","Norway"],["Stockholm","Sweden"],["Helsinki","Finland"],["Reykjavík","Iceland"],["Warsaw","Poland"],["Prague","Czechia"],["Budapest","Hungary"],["Bucharest","Romania"],["Sofia","Bulgaria"],["Athens","Greece"],["Belgrade","Serbia"],["Zagreb","Croatia"],["Kyiv","Ukraine"],["Minsk","Belarus"],["Moscow","Russia"],["Vilnius","Lithuania"],["Riga","Latvia"],["Tallinn","Estonia"],["Ankara","Türkiye"],["Cairo","Egypt"],["Tripoli","Libya"],["Tunis","Tunisia"],["Algiers","Algeria"],["Rabat","Morocco"],["Dakar","Senegal"],["Accra","Ghana"],["Abuja","Nigeria"],["Addis Ababa","Ethiopia"],["Nairobi","Kenya"],["Kampala","Uganda"],["Dodoma","Tanzania"],["Lusaka","Zambia"],["Harare","Zimbabwe"],["Maputo","Mozambique"],["Antananarivo","Madagascar"],["Windhoek","Namibia"],["Gaborone","Botswana"],["Luanda","Angola"],["Kinshasa","Democratic Republic of the Congo"],["Khartoum","Sudan"],["Mogadishu","Somalia"],["Kigali","Rwanda"],["Riyadh","Saudi Arabia"],["Baghdad","Iraq"],["Tehran","Iran"],["Kabul","Afghanistan"],["Islamabad","Pakistan"],["New Delhi","India"],["Dhaka","Bangladesh"],["Kathmandu","Nepal"],["Colombo / Kotte","Sri Lanka"],["Beijing","China"],["Ulaanbaatar","Mongolia"],["Tokyo","Japan"],["Seoul","South Korea"],["Pyongyang","North Korea"],["Hanoi","Vietnam"],["Bangkok","Thailand"],["Phnom Penh","Cambodia"],["Vientiane","Laos"],["Kuala Lumpur","Malaysia"],["Jakarta","Indonesia"],["Manila","Philippines"],["Canberra","Australia"],["Wellington","New Zealand"],["Suva","Fiji"],["Port Moresby","Papua New Guinea"],["Tashkent","Uzbekistan"],["Astana","Kazakhstan"],["Tbilisi","Georgia"],["Yerevan","Armenia"],["Baku","Azerbaijan"],["Damascus","Syria"],["Beirut","Lebanon"],["Amman","Jordan"],["Doha","Qatar"],["Muscat","Oman"],["Abu Dhabi","United Arab Emirates"],["Kuwait City","Kuwait"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-capitals-africa","id":"geo-capitals-africa","title":"Capitals of Africa","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The capital city of each of Africa's 54 countries.","tags":["capitals","africa","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Algeria","Algiers"],["Angola","Luanda"],["Benin","Porto-Novo","Cotonou is the biggest city, but Porto-Novo is the capital"],["Botswana","Gaborone"],["Burkina Faso","Ouagadougou","Say it: WAH-gah-DOO-goo"],["Burundi","Gitega"],["Cabo Verde","Praia"],["Cameroon","Yaoundé"],["Central African Republic","Bangui"],["Chad","N'Djamena"],["Comoros","Moroni"],["Democratic Republic of the Congo","Kinshasa"],["Republic of the Congo","Brazzaville"],["Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)","Yamoussoukro","Abidjan is the biggest city"],["Djibouti","Djibouti (city)"],["Egypt","Cairo"],["Equatorial Guinea","Malabo"],["Eritrea","Asmara"],["Eswatini","Mbabane","Formerly called Swaziland"],["Ethiopia","Addis Ababa"],["Gabon","Libreville"],["The Gambia","Banjul"],["Ghana","Accra"],["Guinea","Conakry"],["Guinea-Bissau","Bissau"],["Kenya","Nairobi"],["Lesotho","Maseru"],["Liberia","Monrovia"],["Libya","Tripoli"],["Madagascar","Antananarivo"],["Malawi","Lilongwe"],["Mali","Bamako"],["Mauritania","Nouakchott"],["Mauritius","Port Louis"],["Morocco","Rabat"],["Mozambique","Maputo"],["Namibia","Windhoek"],["Niger","Niamey"],["Nigeria","Abuja","Lagos is bigger, but Abuja is the capital"],["Rwanda","Kigali"],["São Tomé and Príncipe","São Tomé"],["Senegal","Dakar"],["Seychelles","Victoria"],["Sierra Leone","Freetown"],["Somalia","Mogadishu"],["South Africa","Pretoria (executive), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial)","It has three capitals"],["South Sudan","Juba"],["Sudan","Khartoum"],["Tanzania","Dodoma","Dar es Salaam is the biggest city"],["Togo","Lomé"],["Tunisia","Tunis"],["Uganda","Kampala"],["Zambia","Lusaka"],["Zimbabwe","Harare"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-capitals-asia","id":"geo-capitals-asia","title":"Capitals of Asia","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The capital city of the countries of Asia, including the Middle East.","tags":["capitals","asia","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Afghanistan","Kabul"],["Armenia","Yerevan"],["Azerbaijan","Baku"],["Bahrain","Manama"],["Bangladesh","Dhaka"],["Bhutan","Thimphu"],["Brunei","Bandar Seri Begawan"],["Cambodia","Phnom Penh"],["China","Beijing"],["Georgia","Tbilisi"],["India","New Delhi"],["Indonesia","Jakarta","A new capital, Nusantara, is being built"],["Iran","Tehran"],["Iraq","Baghdad"],["Israel","Jerusalem"],["Japan","Tokyo"],["Jordan","Amman"],["Kazakhstan","Astana"],["Kuwait","Kuwait City"],["Kyrgyzstan","Bishkek"],["Laos","Vientiane"],["Lebanon","Beirut"],["Malaysia","Kuala Lumpur"],["Maldives","Malé"],["Mongolia","Ulaanbaatar"],["Myanmar (Burma)","Naypyidaw"],["Nepal","Kathmandu"],["North Korea","Pyongyang"],["Oman","Muscat"],["Pakistan","Islamabad"],["Philippines","Manila"],["Qatar","Doha"],["Saudi Arabia","Riyadh"],["Singapore","Singapore"],["South Korea","Seoul"],["Sri Lanka","Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte","Colombo is the largest city"],["Syria","Damascus"],["Tajikistan","Dushanbe"],["Thailand","Bangkok"],["Timor-Leste (East Timor)","Dili"],["Turkey (Türkiye)","Ankara","Istanbul is bigger, but Ankara is the capital"],["Turkmenistan","Ashgabat"],["United Arab Emirates","Abu Dhabi"],["Uzbekistan","Tashkent"],["Vietnam","Hanoi"],["Yemen","Sana'a"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-capitals-europe","id":"geo-capitals-europe","title":"Capitals of Europe","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The capital city of the countries of Europe.","tags":["capitals","europe","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Albania","Tirana"],["Andorra","Andorra la Vella"],["Austria","Vienna"],["Belarus","Minsk"],["Belgium","Brussels"],["Bosnia and Herzegovina","Sarajevo"],["Bulgaria","Sofia"],["Croatia","Zagreb"],["Cyprus","Nicosia"],["Czechia (Czech Republic)","Prague"],["Denmark","Copenhagen"],["Estonia","Tallinn"],["Finland","Helsinki"],["France","Paris"],["Germany","Berlin"],["Greece","Athens"],["Hungary","Budapest"],["Iceland","Reykjavík"],["Ireland","Dublin"],["Italy","Rome"],["Kosovo","Pristina"],["Latvia","Riga"],["Liechtenstein","Vaduz"],["Lithuania","Vilnius"],["Luxembourg","Luxembourg City"],["Malta","Valletta"],["Moldova","Chișinău"],["Monaco","Monaco"],["Montenegro","Podgorica"],["Netherlands","Amsterdam","The government sits in The Hague"],["North Macedonia","Skopje"],["Norway","Oslo"],["Poland","Warsaw"],["Portugal","Lisbon"],["Romania","Bucharest"],["Russia","Moscow"],["San Marino","San Marino"],["Serbia","Belgrade"],["Slovakia","Bratislava"],["Slovenia","Ljubljana"],["Spain","Madrid"],["Sweden","Stockholm"],["Switzerland","Bern"],["Ukraine","Kyiv"],["United Kingdom","London"],["Vatican City","Vatican City"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-capitals-north-america","id":"geo-capitals-north-america","title":"Capitals of North America, Central America and the Caribbean","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Capital cities of the countries of North America, Central America and the Caribbean.","tags":["capitals","north america","caribbean","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Antigua and Barbuda","St. John's"],["The Bahamas","Nassau"],["Barbados","Bridgetown"],["Belize","Belmopan"],["Canada","Ottawa"],["Costa Rica","San José"],["Cuba","Havana"],["Dominica","Roseau"],["Dominican Republic","Santo Domingo"],["El Salvador","San Salvador"],["Grenada","St. George's"],["Guatemala","Guatemala City"],["Haiti","Port-au-Prince"],["Honduras","Tegucigalpa"],["Jamaica","Kingston"],["Mexico","Mexico City"],["Nicaragua","Managua"],["Panama","Panama City"],["Saint Kitts and Nevis","Basseterre"],["Saint Lucia","Castries"],["Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","Kingstown"],["Trinidad and Tobago","Port of Spain"],["United States","Washington, D.C."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-capitals-oceania","id":"geo-capitals-oceania","title":"Capitals of Oceania","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Capital cities of Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific island countries.","tags":["capitals","oceania","pacific","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Australia","Canberra","Not Sydney or Melbourne"],["Fiji","Suva"],["Kiribati","South Tarawa"],["Marshall Islands","Majuro"],["Micronesia (Federated States of)","Palikir"],["Nauru","Yaren (de facto)"],["New Zealand","Wellington"],["Palau","Ngerulmud"],["Papua New Guinea","Port Moresby"],["Samoa","Apia"],["Solomon Islands","Honiara"],["Tonga","Nukuʻalofa"],["Tuvalu","Funafuti"],["Vanuatu","Port Vila"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-capitals-south-america","id":"geo-capitals-south-america","title":"Capitals of South America","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"The capital cities of the twelve countries of South America.","tags":["capitals","south america","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Argentina","Buenos Aires"],["Bolivia","Sucre (official), La Paz (seat of government)"],["Brazil","Brasília","Not Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo"],["Chile","Santiago"],["Colombia","Bogotá"],["Ecuador","Quito"],["Guyana","Georgetown"],["Paraguay","Asunción"],["Peru","Lima"],["Suriname","Paramaribo"],["Uruguay","Montevideo"],["Venezuela","Caracas"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-capitals-world-famous","id":"geo-capitals-world-famous","title":"World Capitals: Must-Know Mix","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Capital cities from every continent, the ones everybody should know.","tags":["capitals","world","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["United States","Washington, D.C."],["Canada","Ottawa"],["Mexico","Mexico City"],["Brazil","Brasília"],["Argentina","Buenos Aires"],["Chile","Santiago"],["Peru","Lima"],["Colombia","Bogotá"],["Cuba","Havana"],["Jamaica","Kingston"],["United Kingdom","London"],["Ireland","Dublin"],["France","Paris"],["Spain","Madrid"],["Portugal","Lisbon"],["Italy","Rome"],["Germany","Berlin"],["Netherlands","Amsterdam"],["Belgium","Brussels"],["Switzerland","Bern"],["Austria","Vienna"],["Poland","Warsaw"],["Czechia","Prague"],["Hungary","Budapest"],["Greece","Athens"],["Norway","Oslo"],["Sweden","Stockholm"],["Denmark","Copenhagen"],["Finland","Helsinki"],["Iceland","Reykjavík"],["Russia","Moscow"],["Ukraine","Kyiv"],["Turkey (Türkiye)","Ankara"],["Egypt","Cairo"],["Morocco","Rabat"],["Nigeria","Abuja"],["Ghana","Accra"],["Kenya","Nairobi"],["Ethiopia","Addis Ababa"],["Tanzania","Dodoma"],["South Africa","Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein","Three capitals"],["Madagascar","Antananarivo"],["Saudi Arabia","Riyadh"],["Israel","Jerusalem"],["Iraq","Baghdad"],["Iran","Tehran"],["Afghanistan","Kabul"],["Pakistan","Islamabad"],["India","New Delhi"],["Bangladesh","Dhaka"],["Nepal","Kathmandu"],["China","Beijing"],["Mongolia","Ulaanbaatar"],["Japan","Tokyo"],["South Korea","Seoul"],["Vietnam","Hanoi"],["Thailand","Bangkok"],["Philippines","Manila"],["Malaysia","Kuala Lumpur"],["Indonesia","Jakarta"],["Singapore","Singapore"],["Australia","Canberra"],["New Zealand","Wellington"],["Fiji","Suva"],["Papua New Guinea","Port Moresby"],["Kazakhstan","Astana"],["United Arab Emirates","Abu Dhabi"],["Venezuela","Caracas"],["Ecuador","Quito"],["Bolivia","Sucre (official), La Paz (seat of government)"],["Uruguay","Montevideo"],["Panama","Panama City"],["Costa Rica","San José"],["Guatemala","Guatemala City"],["Haiti","Port-au-Prince"],["Dominican Republic","Santo Domingo"],["Algeria","Algiers"],["Libya","Tripoli"],["Sudan","Khartoum"],["Senegal","Dakar"],["Zimbabwe","Harare"],["Zambia","Lusaka"],["Uganda","Kampala"],["Rwanda","Kigali"],["Angola","Luanda"],["Namibia","Windhoek"],["Croatia","Zagreb"],["Serbia","Belgrade"],["Romania","Bucharest"],["Bulgaria","Sofia"],["Slovakia","Bratislava"],["Lithuania","Vilnius"],["Latvia","Riga"],["Estonia","Tallinn"],["Cambodia","Phnom Penh"],["Sri Lanka","Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte"],["Myanmar","Naypyidaw"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-caribbean-islands","id":"geo-caribbean-islands","title":"The Caribbean Islands","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Island countries and territories of the Caribbean Sea, their capitals and languages.","tags":["caribbean","islands","capitals"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Largest island in the Caribbean?","Cuba"],["Which island is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic?","Hispaniola"],["Capital of Cuba?","Havana"],["Capital of Jamaica?","Kingston"],["Capital of Haiti?","Port-au-Prince"],["Capital of the Dominican Republic?","Santo Domingo"],["Capital of The Bahamas?","Nassau"],["Capital of Barbados?","Bridgetown"],["Capital of Trinidad and Tobago?","Port of Spain"],["Capital of Saint Lucia?","Castries"],["Capital of Grenada?","St. George's"],["Capital of Antigua and Barbuda?","St. John's"],["Capital of Dominica?","Roseau"],["Capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis?","Basseterre"],["Capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines?","Kingstown"],["Capital of Puerto Rico (U.S. territory)?","San Juan"],["What language is spoken in Cuba?","Spanish"],["What language is spoken in Jamaica?","English (with Jamaican Patois)"],["What language is spoken in Haiti?","French and Haitian Creole"],["What language is spoken in the Dominican Republic?","Spanish"],["What language is spoken in The Bahamas?","English"],["Which Caribbean island is a U.S. territory with San Juan?","Puerto Rico"],["Which islands make up the Greater Antilles?","Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico"],["What are the smaller islands that curve toward South America called?","The Lesser Antilles"],["Which island nation has two main islands and is near Venezuela?","Trinidad and Tobago"],["Which Caribbean country is made of over 700 islands in the Atlantic?","The Bahamas"],["Which Caribbean island is famous for its Pitons?","Saint Lucia"],["Which Caribbean island is known as the 'Nature Island'?","Dominica"],["Which Caribbean island is famous for reggae music?","Jamaica"],["Which Caribbean island is the easternmost of the Lesser Antilles?","Barbados"],["Which U.S. territory in the Caribbean includes St. Thomas?","The U.S. Virgin Islands"],["Which Caribbean sea is bordered by Mexico, Central America and South America?","The Caribbean Sea"],["Which strait separates Cuba from Florida?","The Straits of Florida"],["Which Caribbean country first won independence from France in a slave revolt in 1804?","Haiti"],["What is the Caribbean region's usual weather season for storms?","Hurricane season, from June to November"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-cities-and-countries","id":"geo-cities-and-countries","title":"World Cities and Their Countries","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Well-known cities that are not capitals, matched to their countries.","tags":["cities","countries","world"],"frontLabel":"City","backLabel":"Country","cards":[["Toronto","Canada"],["Vancouver","Canada"],["Montreal","Canada"],["Calgary","Canada"],["Rio de Janeiro","Brazil"],["São Paulo","Brazil"],["Salvador","Brazil"],["Manaus","Brazil"],["Córdoba","Argentina"],["Mendoza","Argentina"],["Cusco","Peru"],["Cartagena","Colombia"],["Medellín","Colombia"],["Valparaíso","Chile"],["Guayaquil","Ecuador"],["Santa Cruz de la Sierra","Bolivia"],["Guadalajara","Mexico"],["Monterrey","Mexico"],["Cancún","Mexico"],["Tijuana","Mexico"],["Acapulco","Mexico"],["Montego Bay","Jamaica"],["Santiago de Cuba","Cuba"],["Barcelona","Spain"],["Seville","Spain"],["Valencia","Spain"],["Bilbao","Spain"],["Porto","Portugal"],["Milan","Italy"],["Venice","Italy"],["Florence","Italy"],["Naples","Italy"],["Turin","Italy"],["Marseille","France"],["Lyon","France"],["Nice","France"],["Bordeaux","France"],["Strasbourg","France"],["Munich","Germany"],["Hamburg","Germany"],["Frankfurt","Germany"],["Cologne","Germany"],["Zurich","Switzerland"],["Geneva","Switzerland"],["Salzburg","Austria"],["Edinburgh","Scotland, United Kingdom"],["Glasgow","Scotland, United Kingdom"],["Manchester","England, United Kingdom"],["Liverpool","England, United Kingdom"],["Birmingham","England, United Kingdom"],["Cardiff","Wales, United Kingdom"],["Belfast","Northern Ireland, United Kingdom"],["Cork","Ireland"],["Galway","Ireland"],["Rotterdam","Netherlands"],["Antwerp","Belgium"],["Bruges","Belgium"],["Gothenburg","Sweden"],["Bergen","Norway"],["Kraków","Poland"],["Gdańsk","Poland"],["Saint Petersburg","Russia"],["Vladivostok","Russia"],["Novosibirsk","Russia"],["Odesa","Ukraine"],["Istanbul","Turkey"],["Izmir","Turkey"],["Thessaloniki","Greece"],["Dubrovnik","Croatia"],["Alexandria","Egypt"],["Luxor","Egypt"],["Aswan","Egypt"],["Casablanca","Morocco"],["Marrakech","Morocco"],["Fez","Morocco"],["Lagos","Nigeria"],["Kumasi","Ghana"],["Timbuktu","Mali"],["Johannesburg","South Africa"],["Cape Town","South Africa"],["Durban","South Africa"],["Mombasa","Kenya"],["Dar es Salaam","Tanzania"],["Zanzibar City","Tanzania"],["Dubai","United Arab Emirates"],["Jeddah","Saudi Arabia"],["Mecca","Saudi Arabia"],["Tel Aviv","Israel"],["Haifa","Israel"],["Mumbai","India"],["Kolkata","India"],["Chennai","India"],["Bengaluru","India"],["Jaipur","India"],["Agra","India"],["Varanasi","India"],["Karachi","Pakistan"],["Lahore","Pakistan"],["Chittagong","Bangladesh"],["Colombo","Sri Lanka"],["Shanghai","China"],["Guangzhou","China"],["Shenzhen","China"],["Chengdu","China"],["Hong Kong","China (a special administrative region)"],["Macau","China (a special administrative region)"],["Osaka","Japan"],["Kyoto","Japan"],["Hiroshima","Japan"],["Nagoya","Japan"],["Sapporo","Japan"],["Busan","South Korea"],["Incheon","South Korea"],["Ho Chi Minh City","Vietnam"],["Da Nang","Vietnam"],["Chiang Mai","Thailand"],["Phuket","Thailand"],["Siem Reap","Cambodia"],["Luang Prabang","Laos"],["Cebu","Philippines"],["Davao","Philippines"],["Surabaya","Indonesia"],["Penang","Malaysia"],["Yangon","Myanmar"],["Sydney","Australia"],["Melbourne","Australia"],["Brisbane","Australia"],["Perth","Australia"],["Adelaide","Australia"],["Auckland","New Zealand"],["Christchurch","New Zealand"],["Queenstown","New Zealand"],["Samarkand","Uzbekistan"],["Almaty","Kazakhstan"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-cities-on-rivers","id":"geo-cities-on-rivers","title":"Cities on Famous Rivers","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Which famous river flows through each city.","tags":["cities","rivers","world"],"frontLabel":"City","backLabel":"River","cards":[["London","Thames"],["Paris","Seine"],["Rome","Tiber"],["Berlin","Spree"],["Vienna","Danube"],["Budapest","Danube"],["Belgrade","Danube and Sava"],["Bratislava","Danube"],["Prague","Vltava"],["Warsaw","Vistula"],["Kraków","Vistula"],["Moscow","Moskva"],["Saint Petersburg","Neva"],["Kyiv","Dnieper"],["Cologne","Rhine"],["Basel","Rhine"],["Hamburg","Elbe"],["Dresden","Elbe"],["Lyon","Rhône and Saône"],["Bordeaux","Garonne"],["Florence","Arno"],["Pisa","Arno"],["Turin","Po"],["Lisbon","Tagus"],["Madrid","Manzanares"],["Seville","Guadalquivir"],["Dublin","Liffey"],["Glasgow","Clyde"],["Cairo","Nile"],["Khartoum","Nile"],["Luxor","Nile"],["Baghdad","Tigris"],["Mosul","Tigris"],["Delhi","Yamuna"],["Varanasi","Ganges"],["Patna","Ganges"],["Kolkata","Hooghly"],["Lahore","Ravi"],["Shanghai","Huangpu, near the Yangtze"],["Wuhan","Yangtze"],["Chongqing","Yangtze"],["Bangkok","Chao Phraya"],["Phnom Penh","Mekong"],["Vientiane","Mekong"],["Hanoi","Red River"],["Seoul","Han"],["Yangon","Yangon River, near the Irrawaddy delta"],["Washington, D.C.","Potomac"],["New York City","Hudson"],["Pittsburgh","Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio"],["St. Louis","Mississippi"],["Minneapolis","Mississippi"],["Memphis","Mississippi"],["New Orleans","Mississippi"],["Kansas City","Missouri"],["Omaha","Missouri"],["Cincinnati","Ohio"],["Louisville","Ohio"],["Portland, Oregon","Willamette and Columbia"],["Sacramento","Sacramento River"],["Austin","Colorado River (Texas)"],["Montreal","St. Lawrence"],["Quebec City","St. Lawrence"],["Ottawa","Ottawa River"],["Winnipeg","Red and Assiniboine"],["Edmonton","North Saskatchewan"],["Buenos Aires","Río de la Plata"],["Asunción","Paraguay River"],["Manaus","Rio Negro and Amazon"],["Belém","Amazon delta (Pará River)"],["Iquitos","Amazon"],["Brisbane","Brisbane River"],["Melbourne","Yarra"],["Perth","Swan"],["Bamako","Niger"],["Niamey","Niger"],["Kinshasa","Congo"],["Brazzaville","Congo"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-continents-oceans","id":"geo-continents-oceans","title":"Continents and Oceans","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"The seven continents, five oceans, and the big facts about them.","tags":["continents","oceans","basics"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["How many continents are there?","Seven"],["Name the seven continents.","Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia (Oceania), Europe, North America, South America"],["How many oceans are there?","Five"],["Name the five oceans.","Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic) and Arctic"],["Which is the largest continent?","Asia"],["Which is the smallest continent?","Australia (Oceania)"],["Which continent is the coldest and covered by ice?","Antarctica"],["Which continent has the most countries?","Africa"],["Which continent has the most people?","Asia"],["Which continent has the Amazon rainforest?","South America"],["Which continent has the Sahara Desert?","Africa"],["Which continent has the Alps?","Europe"],["Which continent has the Himalayas?","Asia"],["Which continent has the Great Barrier Reef?","Australia (Oceania)"],["Which continent has the Andes mountains?","South America"],["Which continent has the Rocky Mountains?","North America"],["Which is the largest ocean?","The Pacific Ocean"],["Which ocean is the smallest and shallowest?","The Arctic Ocean"],["Which ocean lies between Africa and Australia, south of Asia?","The Indian Ocean"],["Which ocean separates North America and Europe?","The Atlantic Ocean"],["Which ocean lies around Antarctica?","The Southern Ocean"],["Which ocean touches the North Pole?","The Arctic Ocean"],["Which continent is also a single country?","Australia"],["Which two continents are joined by the Isthmus of Panama?","North America and South America"],["Which two continents are joined by the Sinai Peninsula region?","Africa and Asia"],["Which continent do we live on if we live in Mexico?","North America"],["Which continent is Brazil on?","South America"],["Which continent is Egypt mostly on?","Africa"],["Which continent is Japan on?","Asia"],["Which continent is France on?","Europe"],["Which continent is New Zealand part of?","Oceania"],["Which is the second largest continent?","Africa"],["Which is the driest continent?","Antarctica","It gets very little snow"],["Which is the deepest ocean?","The Pacific Ocean"],["Which is the deepest part of the ocean, in the Pacific?","The Mariana Trench"],["Which continent has no permanent human population?","Antarctica"],["Which continent is north of Africa across the Mediterranean?","Europe"],["What do we call a huge body of salt water that covers most of the Earth?","An ocean"],["About how much of Earth's surface is covered by water?","About 71 percent (roughly 7/10)"],["Which hemisphere has more land: northern or southern?","The Northern Hemisphere"],["Which is the largest island continent?","Australia"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-country-languages","id":"geo-country-languages","title":"Languages Spoken Around the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The main language or languages of countries around the world.","tags":["languages","countries","culture"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Main language(s)","cards":[["Brazil","Portuguese"],["Portugal","Portuguese"],["Angola","Portuguese"],["Mozambique","Portuguese"],["Mexico","Spanish"],["Spain","Spanish"],["Argentina","Spanish"],["Colombia","Spanish"],["Peru","Spanish"],["Chile","Spanish"],["Cuba","Spanish"],["Costa Rica","Spanish"],["Equatorial Guinea","Spanish (also French and Portuguese)"],["France","French"],["Haiti","French and Haitian Creole"],["Senegal","French"],["Ivory Coast","French"],["Belgium","Dutch, French and German"],["Switzerland","German, French, Italian and Romansh"],["Canada","English and French"],["Germany","German"],["Austria","German"],["Italy","Italian"],["Netherlands","Dutch"],["Suriname","Dutch"],["Sweden","Swedish"],["Norway","Norwegian"],["Denmark","Danish"],["Finland","Finnish and Swedish"],["Iceland","Icelandic"],["Poland","Polish"],["Czechia","Czech"],["Hungary","Hungarian"],["Romania","Romanian"],["Greece","Greek"],["Turkey","Turkish"],["Russia","Russian"],["Ukraine","Ukrainian"],["United States","English (no official national language by law, but English is most used)"],["United Kingdom","English (plus Welsh and Scottish Gaelic in places)"],["Ireland","Irish (Gaelic) and English"],["Australia","English"],["New Zealand","English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language"],["Jamaica","English (with Patois)"],["Nigeria","English"],["Ghana","English"],["Kenya","Swahili and English"],["Tanzania","Swahili and English"],["Ethiopia","Amharic"],["Egypt","Arabic"],["Saudi Arabia","Arabic"],["Morocco","Arabic and Amazigh (Berber)"],["Iraq","Arabic and Kurdish"],["Iran","Persian (Farsi)"],["Israel","Hebrew and Arabic"],["Pakistan","Urdu and English"],["Afghanistan","Dari and Pashto"],["India","Hindi and English, plus many regional languages"],["Bangladesh","Bengali (Bangla)"],["Nepal","Nepali"],["Sri Lanka","Sinhala and Tamil"],["China","Mandarin Chinese"],["Japan","Japanese"],["South Korea","Korean"],["Mongolia","Mongolian"],["Vietnam","Vietnamese"],["Thailand","Thai"],["Cambodia","Khmer"],["Laos","Lao"],["Myanmar","Burmese"],["Indonesia","Indonesian"],["Malaysia","Malay"],["Philippines","Filipino and English"],["Singapore","English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil"],["South Africa","Eleven official languages, including Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans and English"],["Madagascar","Malagasy and French"],["Somalia","Somali and Arabic"],["Kazakhstan","Kazakh and Russian"],["Uzbekistan","Uzbek"],["Georgia","Georgian"],["Armenia","Armenian"],["Albania","Albanian"],["Bulgaria","Bulgarian"],["Serbia","Serbian"],["Croatia","Croatian"],["Lithuania","Lithuanian"],["Latvia","Latvian"],["Estonia","Estonian"],["Malta","Maltese and English"],["Luxembourg","Luxembourgish, French and German"],["Paraguay","Spanish and Guaraní"],["Bolivia","Spanish and many Indigenous languages, including Quechua and Aymara"],["Guyana","English"],["Papua New Guinea","English, Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu, plus hundreds of local languages"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-country-to-continent","id":"geo-country-to-continent","title":"Which Continent Is This Country On?","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Match countries from all over the world to their continents.","tags":["countries","continents","basics"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Continent","cards":[["United States","North America"],["Canada","North America"],["Mexico","North America"],["Cuba","North America (Caribbean)"],["Guatemala","North America (Central America)"],["Panama","North America (Central America)"],["Brazil","South America"],["Argentina","South America"],["Peru","South America"],["Colombia","South America"],["Chile","South America"],["Venezuela","South America"],["Ecuador","South America"],["Bolivia","South America"],["Uruguay","South America"],["United Kingdom","Europe"],["France","Europe"],["Germany","Europe"],["Italy","Europe"],["Spain","Europe"],["Portugal","Europe"],["Greece","Europe"],["Poland","Europe"],["Ukraine","Europe"],["Sweden","Europe"],["Norway","Europe"],["Finland","Europe"],["Switzerland","Europe"],["Ireland","Europe"],["Iceland","Europe"],["Netherlands","Europe"],["Egypt","Africa"],["Nigeria","Africa"],["Kenya","Africa"],["Ethiopia","Africa"],["South Africa","Africa"],["Morocco","Africa"],["Ghana","Africa"],["Tanzania","Africa"],["Madagascar","Africa"],["Algeria","Africa"],["Senegal","Africa"],["Congo (DR)","Africa"],["Uganda","Africa"],["Zimbabwe","Africa"],["China","Asia"],["Japan","Asia"],["India","Asia"],["South Korea","Asia"],["Thailand","Asia"],["Vietnam","Asia"],["Indonesia","Asia"],["Philippines","Asia"],["Saudi Arabia","Asia"],["Iran","Asia"],["Iraq","Asia"],["Israel","Asia"],["Pakistan","Asia"],["Afghanistan","Asia"],["Nepal","Asia"],["Mongolia","Asia"],["Kazakhstan","Asia"],["Malaysia","Asia"],["Bangladesh","Asia"],["Sri Lanka","Asia"],["Australia","Australia (Oceania)"],["New Zealand","Oceania"],["Fiji","Oceania"],["Papua New Guinea","Oceania"],["Samoa","Oceania"],["Turkey","Asia and Europe (mostly Asia)"],["Russia","Europe and Asia (spans both)"],["Singapore","Asia"],["Jamaica","North America (Caribbean)"],["Honduras","North America (Central America)"],["Costa Rica","North America (Central America)"],["Paraguay","South America"],["Guyana","South America"],["Suriname","South America"],["Austria","Europe"],["Hungary","Europe"],["Romania","Europe"],["Czechia","Europe"],["Denmark","Europe"],["Belgium","Europe"],["Croatia","Europe"],["Lebanon","Asia"],["Jordan","Asia"],["Cambodia","Asia"],["Myanmar","Asia"],["Libya","Africa"],["Sudan","Africa"],["Angola","Africa"],["Namibia","Africa"],["Zambia","Africa"],["Mali","Africa"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-currencies","id":"geo-currencies","title":"Currencies of the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The money used in countries around the world. These are long-standing currencies.","tags":["currency","money","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Currency","cards":[["United States","U.S. dollar"],["Canada","Canadian dollar"],["Mexico","Mexican peso"],["Brazil","Real"],["Argentina","Argentine peso"],["Chile","Chilean peso"],["Colombia","Colombian peso"],["Peru","Sol"],["Cuba","Cuban peso"],["Jamaica","Jamaican dollar"],["Guatemala","Quetzal"],["Costa Rica","Colón"],["United Kingdom","Pound sterling"],["France","Euro"],["Germany","Euro"],["Italy","Euro"],["Spain","Euro"],["Ireland","Euro"],["Greece","Euro"],["Switzerland","Swiss franc"],["Sweden","Swedish krona"],["Norway","Norwegian krone"],["Denmark","Danish krone"],["Iceland","Icelandic króna"],["Poland","Złoty"],["Czechia","Czech koruna"],["Hungary","Forint"],["Romania","Romanian leu"],["Ukraine","Hryvnia"],["Russia","Ruble"],["Turkey","Turkish lira"],["Egypt","Egyptian pound"],["Morocco","Moroccan dirham"],["Nigeria","Naira"],["Ghana","Cedi"],["Kenya","Kenyan shilling"],["Tanzania","Tanzanian shilling"],["Ethiopia","Birr"],["South Africa","Rand"],["Botswana","Pula"],["Zambia","Kwacha"],["Saudi Arabia","Saudi riyal"],["United Arab Emirates","UAE dirham"],["Israel","New shekel"],["Jordan","Jordanian dinar"],["Kuwait","Kuwaiti dinar"],["Iran","Iranian rial"],["India","Indian rupee"],["Pakistan","Pakistani rupee"],["Bangladesh","Taka"],["Sri Lanka","Sri Lankan rupee"],["Nepal","Nepalese rupee"],["China","Yuan (renminbi)"],["Japan","Yen"],["South Korea","Won"],["Mongolia","Tögrög"],["Thailand","Baht"],["Vietnam","Dong"],["Cambodia","Riel"],["Laos","Kip"],["Myanmar","Kyat"],["Indonesia","Rupiah"],["Malaysia","Ringgit"],["Singapore","Singapore dollar"],["Philippines","Philippine peso"],["Australia","Australian dollar"],["New Zealand","New Zealand dollar"],["Fiji","Fijian dollar"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-deserts-world","id":"geo-deserts-world","title":"Deserts of the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous deserts and where to find them.","tags":["deserts","physical geography"],"frontLabel":"Desert","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Sahara","Northern Africa; the largest hot desert"],["Antarctic Desert","Antarctica; the largest desert of all, a cold desert"],["Arctic Desert","Around the North Pole; a cold desert with little snowfall"],["Arabian Desert","Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia and neighbors"],["Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter)","Southern Arabian Peninsula; a huge sand sea"],["Syrian Desert","Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia"],["Negev","Southern Israel"],["Gobi","Mongolia and northern China"],["Taklamakan","Northwest China; a big sandy desert"],["Thar Desert","India and Pakistan"],["Karakum","Turkmenistan, in Central Asia"],["Kyzylkum","Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, in Central Asia"],["Kalahari","Botswana, Namibia and South Africa"],["Namib","Namibia; one of the oldest deserts, along the Atlantic coast"],["Nubian Desert","Northeastern Sudan"],["Danakil Desert","Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti; one of the hottest places on Earth"],["Atacama","Chile; one of the driest places on Earth"],["Patagonian Desert","Argentina and Chile; the largest desert in the Americas"],["Mojave Desert","California, Nevada, Arizona and Utah"],["Sonoran Desert","Arizona, California and Mexico; has saguaro cacti"],["Chihuahuan Desert","Mexico, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona"],["Great Basin Desert","Nevada and Utah; the largest desert in the United States"],["Colorado Desert","Southeastern California"],["Painted Desert","Arizona; colorful striped badlands"],["Death Valley","California; one of the hottest, driest places in North America"],["Great Victoria Desert","Australia; the largest desert in Australia"],["Great Sandy Desert","Western Australia"],["Gibson Desert","Western Australia"],["Simpson Desert","Central Australia; has long red dunes"],["Tanami Desert","Northern Territory, Australia"],["Sturt Stony Desert","Australia"],["Black Rock Desert","Nevada"],["White Sands","New Mexico; a desert of white gypsum dunes"],["Lut Desert","Iran"],["Dasht-e Kavir","Iran; a great salt desert"],["Ordos Desert","Inner Mongolia, China"],["Monte Desert","Argentina"],["Sechura Desert","Peru"],["Joshua Tree National Park","Southern California, where the Mojave and Colorado deserts meet"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-europe-countries-regions","id":"geo-europe-countries-regions","title":"Countries of Europe by Region","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Which part of Europe each country is in: northern, western, eastern or southern.","tags":["europe","countries","regions"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Region of Europe","cards":[["Denmark","Northern Europe"],["Estonia","Northern Europe"],["Finland","Northern Europe"],["Iceland","Northern Europe"],["Ireland","Northern Europe"],["Latvia","Northern Europe"],["Lithuania","Northern Europe"],["Norway","Northern Europe"],["Sweden","Northern Europe"],["United Kingdom","Northern Europe"],["Austria","Western Europe"],["Belgium","Western Europe"],["France","Western Europe"],["Germany","Western Europe"],["Liechtenstein","Western Europe"],["Luxembourg","Western Europe"],["Monaco","Western Europe"],["Netherlands","Western Europe"],["Switzerland","Western Europe"],["Belarus","Eastern Europe"],["Bulgaria","Eastern Europe"],["Czechia","Eastern Europe"],["Hungary","Eastern Europe"],["Moldova","Eastern Europe"],["Poland","Eastern Europe"],["Romania","Eastern Europe"],["Russia","Eastern Europe"],["Slovakia","Eastern Europe"],["Ukraine","Eastern Europe"],["Albania","Southern Europe"],["Andorra","Southern Europe"],["Bosnia and Herzegovina","Southern Europe"],["Croatia","Southern Europe"],["Greece","Southern Europe"],["Italy","Southern Europe"],["Kosovo","Southern Europe"],["Malta","Southern Europe"],["Montenegro","Southern Europe"],["North Macedonia","Southern Europe"],["Portugal","Southern Europe"],["San Marino","Southern Europe"],["Serbia","Southern Europe"],["Slovenia","Southern Europe"],["Spain","Southern Europe"],["Vatican City","Southern Europe"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-europe-neighbors","id":"geo-europe-neighbors","title":"Who Borders Whom in Europe","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Land neighbors of European countries, a map-reading workout.","tags":["europe","borders","countries"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Land neighbors","cards":[["France","Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Spain and Andorra"],["Germany","Denmark, Poland, Czechia, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands"],["Spain","Portugal, France, Andorra (and Gibraltar)"],["Portugal","Spain only"],["Italy","France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City"],["Switzerland","Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein"],["Austria","Germany, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland and Liechtenstein"],["Poland","Germany, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Russia (Kaliningrad)"],["Hungary","Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia"],["Romania","Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Serbia and Hungary"],["Greece","Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Türkiye"],["Norway","Sweden, Finland and Russia"],["Sweden","Norway and Finland"],["Finland","Sweden, Norway and Russia"],["Denmark","Germany"],["Netherlands","Belgium and Germany"],["Belgium","Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France"],["Luxembourg","Belgium, Germany and France"],["Ireland","The United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)"],["United Kingdom","Ireland (by land, in Northern Ireland)"],["Czechia","Germany, Poland, Slovakia and Austria"],["Slovakia","Czechia, Poland, Ukraine, Hungary and Austria"],["Ukraine","Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Belarus and Russia"],["Belarus","Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Ukraine"],["Estonia","Latvia and Russia"],["Latvia","Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus and Russia"],["Lithuania","Latvia, Belarus, Poland and Russia (Kaliningrad)"],["Croatia","Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro"],["Serbia","Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia"],["Bulgaria","Romania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece and Türkiye"],["Albania","Montenegro, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Greece"],["Slovenia","Italy, Austria, Hungary and Croatia"],["Bosnia and Herzegovina","Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro"],["Montenegro","Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo and Albania"],["North Macedonia","Kosovo, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Albania"],["Moldova","Romania and Ukraine"],["Liechtenstein","Switzerland and Austria"],["Andorra","France and Spain"],["San Marino","Italy"],["Vatican City","Italy"],["Monaco","France"],["Russia","Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and more in Asia"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-flags-americas-europe","id":"geo-flags-americas-europe","title":"Flags: Americas and Europe","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"What the flags of countries in the Americas and Europe look like, described in words.","tags":["flags","americas","europe"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Flag","cards":[["United States","13 red and white stripes; white stars on a blue box in the corner (50 stars)"],["Canada","Red, white, red vertical bands with a red maple leaf in the middle"],["Mexico","Green, white, red vertical bands with an eagle on a cactus in the white band"],["Cuba","Blue and white stripes with a red triangle holding a white star"],["Jamaica","A gold diagonal cross with green triangles top and bottom, black triangles at the sides"],["Haiti","Blue band over a red band with a small coat of arms in the center"],["Dominican Republic","A white cross dividing blue and red boxes"],["Guatemala","Light blue, white, light blue vertical bands with a coat of arms with a bird in the middle"],["Honduras","Blue, white, blue horizontal bands with five blue stars in the middle"],["Costa Rica","Blue, white, wide red, white, blue horizontal bands"],["Panama","Four boxes: white with blue star, red, white, blue with red star"],["Brazil","Green field with a yellow diamond and a blue circle with stars and a band"],["Argentina","Light blue, white, light blue stripes with a yellow sun in the middle"],["Chile","White over red with a blue box and a white star in the corner"],["Peru","Red, white, red vertical bands"],["Colombia","Yellow band (double size), then blue, then red"],["Venezuela","Yellow, blue and red stripes with an arc of white stars on the blue"],["Ecuador","Yellow (double size), blue and red stripes with a coat of arms in the middle"],["Bolivia","Red, yellow and green horizontal stripes"],["Uruguay","White and blue stripes with a sun in the corner"],["Paraguay","Red, white and blue horizontal stripes with a seal in the middle"],["United Kingdom","The Union Jack: red and white crosses on blue"],["Ireland","Green, white, orange vertical bands"],["Scotland","A white diagonal cross on blue"],["Wales","A red dragon on white over green"],["France","Blue, white, red vertical bands"],["Italy","Green, white, red vertical bands"],["Germany","Black, red, gold horizontal bands"],["Spain","Red, yellow (double size), red horizontal bands with a coat of arms"],["Portugal","Green and red vertical sections with a shield and a ring of gold in the middle"],["Netherlands","Red, white, blue horizontal bands"],["Belgium","Black, yellow, red vertical bands"],["Switzerland","A white cross on a red square"],["Austria","Red, white, red horizontal bands"],["Sweden","A yellow cross on a blue field"],["Norway","A blue cross with a white outline on red"],["Denmark","A white cross on a red field"],["Finland","A blue cross on a white field"],["Iceland","A red cross with a white outline on blue"],["Poland","A white band over a red band"],["Ukraine","A blue band over a yellow band"],["Russia","White, blue, red horizontal bands"],["Greece","Blue and white stripes with a white cross on blue in the corner"],["Czechia","White over red with a blue triangle at the hoist"],["Hungary","Red, white, green horizontal bands"],["Romania","Blue, yellow, red vertical bands"],["Bulgaria","White, green, red horizontal bands"],["Estonia","Blue, black, white horizontal bands"],["Lithuania","Yellow, green, red horizontal bands"],["Latvia","Dark red with a thin white stripe in the middle"],["Malta","White and red halves with a small cross in the corner"],["Croatia","Red, white, blue stripes with a red-and-white checkerboard shield"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania","id":"geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania","title":"Flags: Asia, Africa and Oceania","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"What the flags of countries in Asia, Africa and Oceania look like, described in words.","tags":["flags","asia","africa","oceania"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Flag","cards":[["Japan","A white field with a red circle in the middle"],["China","Red with a big yellow star and four small yellow stars in the corner"],["South Korea","White with a red-and-blue circle in the middle and four black bars in the corners"],["India","Saffron, white and green bands with a blue wheel in the white band"],["Pakistan","Green with a white stripe at the hoist and a white crescent and star"],["Bangladesh","Dark green with a red circle"],["Nepal","Two stacked triangle-shaped pennants, crimson with a blue border"],["Bhutan","Yellow and orange halves split diagonally with a white dragon"],["Vietnam","Red with a yellow star in the middle"],["Thailand","Red, white, wide blue, white, red horizontal bands"],["Philippines","Blue and red bands with a white triangle holding a sun and three stars"],["Indonesia","A red band over a white band"],["Singapore","Red over white, with a white crescent and five stars in the corner"],["Mongolia","Red, blue, red vertical bands with a gold symbol on the left"],["Kazakhstan","Sky blue with a gold sun and an eagle"],["Turkey","Red with a white crescent and star"],["Saudi Arabia","Green with white Arabic writing and a sword"],["Israel","White with two blue stripes and a blue six-pointed star"],["Lebanon","Red, white, red horizontal bands with a green cedar tree in the middle"],["Australia","Blue with the Union Jack, a large white star and the Southern Cross stars"],["New Zealand","Blue with the Union Jack and four red stars with white borders"],["Egypt","Red, white, black horizontal bands with a gold eagle in the middle"],["South Africa","A sideways Y of green, with red and blue bands, black, yellow and white triangles"],["Nigeria","Green, white, green vertical bands"],["Kenya","Black, red, green bands with white edges and a Maasai shield and two spears"],["Ghana","Red, yellow, green horizontal bands with a black star"],["Ethiopia","Green, yellow, red horizontal bands with a blue circle and star"],["Senegal","Green, yellow, red vertical bands with a green star"],["Mali","Green, yellow, red vertical bands"],["Cameroon","Green, red, yellow vertical bands with a yellow star in the red"],["Côte d'Ivoire","Orange, white, green vertical bands"],["Morocco","Red with a green five-pointed star outline in the middle"],["Algeria","Green and white halves with a red crescent and star"],["Tunisia","Red with a white circle holding a red crescent and star"],["Madagascar","A white stripe at the hoist with red over green stripes"],["Somalia","Light blue with a white five-pointed star"],["Tanzania","Green and blue triangles split by a diagonal black band with yellow edges"],["Libya","Red, black and green horizontal bands with a white crescent and star"],["Fiji","Light blue with the Union Jack and a shield"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-great-lakes","id":"geo-great-lakes","title":"The Great Lakes","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The five Great Lakes, the states and provinces around them, and the cities on their shores.","tags":["great lakes","lakes","united states","canada"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Name the five Great Lakes.","Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario"],["What word helps you remember the Great Lakes?","HOMES: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior"],["Which Great Lake is the largest by area?","Lake Superior"],["Which Great Lake is the smallest by area?","Lake Ontario"],["Which Great Lake is the shallowest?","Lake Erie"],["Which Great Lake is the deepest?","Lake Superior"],["Which Great Lake is entirely inside the United States?","Lake Michigan"],["Which Great Lakes does the U.S.–Canada border run through?","Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario"],["Which Great Lake is farthest west?","Lake Superior"],["Which Great Lake is farthest east?","Lake Ontario"],["Which Great Lake is the only one that borders Indiana?","Lake Michigan"],["Which Great Lake borders Ohio?","Lake Erie"],["Which Great Lake borders Minnesota?","Lake Superior"],["Which Great Lake does Chicago sit on?","Lake Michigan"],["Which Great Lake does Milwaukee sit on?","Lake Michigan"],["Which Great Lake does Cleveland sit on?","Lake Erie"],["Which Great Lake does Buffalo sit on?","Lake Erie"],["Which Great Lake does Toronto sit on?","Lake Ontario"],["Which Great Lake does Duluth sit on?","Lake Superior"],["Which Great Lake does Detroit sit near (via the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair)?","Lake Erie, to the south"],["Which Great Lake is Rochester, New York on?","Lake Ontario"],["Which Great Lake is Green Bay, Wisconsin on?","Lake Michigan (via Green Bay)"],["Which Great Lake has Mackinac Island in it?","Lake Huron"],["Which state is bordered by the most Great Lakes?","Michigan (four of the five)"],["Which U.S. states touch Lake Superior?","Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan"],["Which U.S. states touch Lake Michigan?","Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan"],["Which U.S. states touch Lake Erie?","Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York"],["Which U.S. state touches Lake Huron?","Michigan"],["Which U.S. state touches Lake Ontario?","New York"],["Which Canadian province touches the most Great Lakes?","Ontario"],["Which waterfall is between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario?","Niagara Falls"],["Which river flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario?","The Niagara River"],["Which river carries Great Lakes water to the Atlantic Ocean?","The St. Lawrence River"],["Which strait connects Lake Michigan and Lake Huron?","The Straits of Mackinac"],["Which locks let ships pass between Lake Superior and Lake Huron?","The Soo Locks"],["About how much of the world's surface fresh water do the Great Lakes hold?","About one-fifth"],["Which Great Lake is the fourth-largest?","Lake Erie"],["Which is the second largest Great Lake?","Lake Huron (by area; Michigan is the third largest in area)"],["Which two Great Lakes are really one big lake joined at the Straits of Mackinac?","Lake Michigan and Lake Huron"],["Which peninsula separates Lake Michigan from Lake Huron?","Michigan's Lower Peninsula"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-india-states-capitals","id":"geo-india-states-capitals","title":"India: States and Capitals","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Many of India's states and their capital cities, plus Delhi and Ladakh.","tags":["india","states","capitals"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Arunachal Pradesh","Itanagar"],["Assam","Dispur"],["Bihar","Patna"],["Chhattisgarh","Raipur"],["Goa","Panaji"],["Gujarat","Gandhinagar"],["Haryana","Chandigarh","Shared with Punjab"],["Himachal Pradesh","Shimla"],["Jharkhand","Ranchi"],["Karnataka","Bengaluru"],["Kerala","Thiruvananthapuram"],["Madhya Pradesh","Bhopal"],["Maharashtra","Mumbai"],["Manipur","Imphal"],["Meghalaya","Shillong"],["Mizoram","Aizawl"],["Nagaland","Kohima"],["Odisha","Bhubaneswar"],["Punjab","Chandigarh","Shared with Haryana"],["Rajasthan","Jaipur"],["Sikkim","Gangtok"],["Tamil Nadu","Chennai"],["Telangana","Hyderabad"],["Tripura","Agartala"],["Uttar Pradesh","Lucknow"],["Uttarakhand","Dehradun"],["West Bengal","Kolkata"],["Delhi (union territory)","New Delhi"],["Ladakh (union territory)","Leh"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-island-and-landlocked-countries","id":"geo-island-and-landlocked-countries","title":"Island Nations and Landlocked Countries","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Is the country an island nation or landlocked (no ocean coast)? Plus the sea it is near.","tags":["countries","landlocked","islands"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Island or landlocked","cards":[["Japan","Island nation, in the Pacific"],["Philippines","Island nation, in the Pacific"],["Indonesia","Island nation, between the Indian and Pacific oceans"],["Sri Lanka","Island nation, in the Indian Ocean"],["Madagascar","Island nation, off the east coast of Africa"],["Cuba","Island nation, in the Caribbean"],["Jamaica","Island nation, in the Caribbean"],["The Bahamas","Island nation, in the Atlantic"],["Iceland","Island nation, in the North Atlantic"],["Ireland","Occupies most of an island, in the North Atlantic"],["New Zealand","Island nation, in the South Pacific"],["Fiji","Island nation, in the South Pacific"],["Papua New Guinea","Eastern half of New Guinea plus islands"],["Malta","Island nation, in the Mediterranean"],["Cyprus","Island nation, in the Mediterranean"],["Singapore","Island city-state at the tip of the Malay Peninsula"],["Maldives","Island nation of coral atolls in the Indian Ocean"],["Mauritius","Island nation, in the Indian Ocean"],["Seychelles","Island nation, in the Indian Ocean"],["Comoros","Island nation, in the Indian Ocean"],["Cabo Verde","Island nation, in the Atlantic Ocean off West Africa"],["Samoa","Island nation, in the Pacific"],["Tonga","Island nation, in the Pacific"],["Tuvalu","Island nation of small atolls in the Pacific"],["Barbados","Island nation, in the Caribbean"],["Trinidad and Tobago","Island nation near Venezuela"],["Haiti","Shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic"],["Bahrain","Island nation in the Persian Gulf"],["Mongolia","Landlocked in Asia"],["Kazakhstan","Landlocked in Asia (the largest landlocked country)"],["Uzbekistan","Doubly landlocked in Central Asia"],["Afghanistan","Landlocked in Asia"],["Nepal","Landlocked, in the Himalayas"],["Bhutan","Landlocked, in the Himalayas"],["Laos","Landlocked in Southeast Asia"],["Armenia","Landlocked in the Caucasus"],["Switzerland","Landlocked in Europe"],["Austria","Landlocked in Europe"],["Czechia","Landlocked in Europe"],["Slovakia","Landlocked in Europe"],["Hungary","Landlocked in Europe"],["Serbia","Landlocked in Europe"],["North Macedonia","Landlocked in Europe"],["Luxembourg","Landlocked in Europe"],["Liechtenstein","Doubly landlocked in Europe"],["Andorra","Landlocked in the Pyrenees"],["San Marino","Landlocked, surrounded by Italy"],["Vatican City","Landlocked, surrounded by Rome, Italy"],["Belarus","Landlocked in Europe"],["Moldova","Landlocked in Europe"],["Bolivia","Landlocked in South America"],["Paraguay","Landlocked in South America"],["Ethiopia","Landlocked in Africa"],["Uganda","Landlocked in Africa"],["Rwanda","Landlocked in Africa"],["Burundi","Landlocked in Africa"],["Zambia","Landlocked in Africa"],["Zimbabwe","Landlocked in Africa"],["Malawi","Landlocked in Africa"],["Botswana","Landlocked in Africa"],["Lesotho","Landlocked, surrounded entirely by South Africa"],["Eswatini","Landlocked in southern Africa"],["Mali","Landlocked in West Africa"],["Niger","Landlocked in West Africa"],["Chad","Landlocked in Central Africa"],["Burkina Faso","Landlocked in West Africa"],["South Sudan","Landlocked in Africa"],["Central African Republic","Landlocked in Africa"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-islands-world","id":"geo-islands-world","title":"Famous Islands of the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Big and famous islands and where they are.","tags":["islands","physical geography"],"frontLabel":"Island","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Greenland","North Atlantic; the largest island in the world, part of Denmark's realm"],["New Guinea","Pacific; second-largest island, shared by Indonesia and Papua New Guinea"],["Borneo","Southeast Asia; shared by Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei"],["Madagascar","Off southeast Africa; home to lemurs"],["Baffin Island","Nunavut, Canada; Canada's largest island"],["Sumatra","Indonesia; large island in Southeast Asia"],["Honshu","Japan's largest island, with Tokyo"],["Great Britain","Europe; the island of England, Scotland and Wales"],["Victoria Island","Canadian Arctic"],["Ellesmere Island","Nunavut, Canada; near Greenland"],["Sulawesi","Indonesia; shaped like a letter K"],["Java","Indonesia; the most populated island on Earth, with Jakarta"],["Cuba","Caribbean; the largest island in the Caribbean"],["Hispaniola","Caribbean; shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic"],["Jamaica","Caribbean; south of Cuba"],["Puerto Rico","Caribbean; a U.S. territory"],["Ireland","Europe; west of Great Britain"],["Iceland","North Atlantic; an island of volcanoes and glaciers"],["Sri Lanka","Off the southern tip of India"],["Hokkaido","Northern island of Japan"],["Kyushu","Southern main island of Japan"],["Shikoku","A main island of Japan, smallest of the four big ones"],["Newfoundland","Eastern Canada"],["Vancouver Island","British Columbia, Canada"],["Tasmania","An Australian state south of the mainland"],["South Island","New Zealand's larger island"],["North Island","New Zealand; has Wellington and Auckland"],["Sicily","Italy; the largest island in the Mediterranean"],["Sardinia","Italy; west of the Italian mainland"],["Corsica","France; north of Sardinia"],["Crete","Greece; the largest Greek island"],["Cyprus","Eastern Mediterranean; its own country"],["Malta","Mediterranean; an island nation south of Sicily"],["Mallorca","Spain; the largest of the Balearic Islands"],["Zanzibar","Off the coast of Tanzania, East Africa"],["Mauritius","Indian Ocean island nation"],["Seychelles","Indian Ocean island nation"],["Maldives","Indian Ocean island nation of low coral islands"],["Bali","Indonesia; a popular island with temples"],["Singapore","A small island nation at the tip of the Malay Peninsula"],["Taiwan","Island off the southeast coast of China"],["Luzon","The largest island of the Philippines, with Manila"],["Hawaii (Big Island)","The largest island in the Hawaiian chain"],["Oahu","The Hawaiian island with Honolulu and Pearl Harbor"],["Maui","Hawaiian island, home of Haleakalā volcano"],["Kodiak Island","Alaska; the largest island in the United States after the Big Island of Hawaii"],["Long Island","New York State; holds Brooklyn and Queens"],["Manhattan","New York City island between the Hudson and East rivers"],["Nantucket","Massachusetts island south of Cape Cod"],["Martha's Vineyard","Massachusetts island off Cape Cod"],["Galápagos Islands","Pacific; owned by Ecuador, famous for unusual animals"],["Easter Island","Pacific; part of Chile, known for giant stone heads"],["Tierra del Fuego","Southern tip of South America, shared by Chile and Argentina"],["Falkland Islands","South Atlantic, off Argentina"],["Fiji","South Pacific island nation"],["Tahiti","French Polynesia in the South Pacific"],["Guam","Western Pacific; a U.S. territory"],["Isle of Wight","England's south coast"],["Isle of Skye","Scotland; one of the Inner Hebrides"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-lakes-world","id":"geo-lakes-world","title":"Famous Lakes of the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Big and famous lakes and where they are.","tags":["lakes","physical geography"],"frontLabel":"Lake","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Caspian Sea","Between Europe and Asia; the world's largest lake by area (salty)"],["Lake Superior","North America; the largest of the Great Lakes, between the U.S. and Canada"],["Lake Victoria","East Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania; Africa's largest lake"],["Lake Huron","Great Lakes; between Michigan and Ontario"],["Lake Michigan","Great Lakes; the only one completely inside the United States"],["Lake Erie","Great Lakes; the shallowest, with Niagara River leaving it"],["Lake Ontario","Great Lakes; the smallest by area, east of Erie"],["Lake Tanganyika","East Africa; very long and deep"],["Lake Malawi","Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania"],["Lake Chad","Central Africa; has shrunk a lot"],["Lake Turkana","Kenya; the largest desert lake"],["Lake Nasser","Egypt and Sudan; made by the Aswan High Dam"],["Lake Baikal","Siberia, Russia; the deepest lake in the world"],["Aral Sea","Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan; mostly dried up"],["Dead Sea","Israel, Jordan and the West Bank; a super salty lake, the lowest land on Earth"],["Sea of Galilee","Israel; a freshwater lake"],["Lake Titicaca","Peru and Bolivia; the highest large navigable lake"],["Lake Maracaibo","Venezuela"],["Great Bear Lake","Northwest Territories, Canada"],["Great Slave Lake","Northwest Territories, Canada; very deep"],["Lake Winnipeg","Manitoba, Canada"],["Lake Athabasca","Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada"],["Great Salt Lake","Utah; a big salty lake"],["Lake Tahoe","California and Nevada; a clear mountain lake"],["Crater Lake","Oregon; the deepest lake in the United States, in an old volcano"],["Lake Okeechobee","Florida; the largest freshwater lake in the state"],["Lake Champlain","Vermont, New York and Quebec"],["Lake Pontchartrain","Louisiana, next to New Orleans"],["Lake Mead","Nevada and Arizona; made by Hoover Dam"],["Lake Powell","Utah and Arizona; made by Glen Canyon Dam"],["Lake of the Woods","Minnesota, Ontario and Manitoba"],["Finger Lakes","New York State; a group of long narrow lakes"],["Lake Geneva","Switzerland and France"],["Lake Constance","Germany, Austria and Switzerland"],["Lake Como","Italy; in the foothills of the Alps"],["Lake Garda","Italy; the largest lake in Italy"],["Loch Ness","Scotland; the legend of a monster"],["Lake Windermere","England; the largest lake in England, in the Lake District"],["Lake Ladoga","Russia; the largest lake in Europe"],["Lake Vänern","Sweden; the largest lake in the European Union"],["Lake Taupō","New Zealand's North Island; the largest lake in New Zealand"],["Lake Eyre","South Australia; a huge salt lake that is usually dry"],["Lake Toba","Sumatra, Indonesia; a big volcanic lake"],["Qinghai Lake","China; the largest lake in China"],["Lake Biwa","Japan; the largest lake in Japan"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-landforms-vocabulary","id":"geo-landforms-vocabulary","title":"Landforms and Bodies of Water","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Words for the shapes of the land and water on Earth.","tags":["landforms","vocabulary","water"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Mountain","A very high, steep piece of land that rises above the land around it"],["Hill","A rounded piece of land higher than the land around it, but lower than a mountain"],["Valley","Low land between hills or mountains"],["Plain","A large, flat area of land"],["Plateau","A high, flat area of land"],["Mesa","A flat-topped hill with steep sides, found in dry places"],["Butte","A small, steep hill with a flat top, narrower than a mesa"],["Canyon","A deep valley with steep rock sides, often cut by a river"],["Gorge","A narrow, steep-sided valley"],["Cliff","A high, steep rock face"],["Cave","A hollow place in rock or a hillside"],["Volcano","A mountain with an opening where hot melted rock can erupt"],["Crater","A bowl-shaped hole at the top of a volcano or made by an impact"],["Glacier","A huge, slow-moving river of ice"],["Iceberg","A large piece of ice floating in the sea"],["Desert","A very dry place that gets little rain"],["Dune","A hill of sand built by the wind"],["Oasis","A place in a desert where water lets plants grow"],["Prairie","A large grassland with few trees"],["Tundra","A cold, treeless land where the ground below the top is frozen"],["Savanna","A grassland with scattered trees in a warm place"],["Forest","A large area covered with trees"],["Rainforest","A thick forest in a warm place with lots of rain"],["Swamp","Wet land covered with water and trees"],["Marsh","Wet, soft land with grasses and reeds"],["Wetland","Land that is soaked with water much of the year"],["Peninsula","Land almost surrounded by water, joined to the mainland on one side"],["Island","Land completely surrounded by water"],["Archipelago","A group or chain of islands"],["Isthmus","A narrow strip of land joining two larger land areas"],["Cape","A point of land that sticks out into the sea"],["Coast","Land along the edge of the sea"],["Beach","A sandy or pebbly shore by the water"],["Bay","Part of the sea that curves into the land"],["Gulf","A large bay, partly closed in by land"],["Strait","A narrow waterway that joins two larger bodies of water"],["Channel","A wide strait or a deep path for water or ships"],["Fjord","A long, narrow sea inlet with steep cliffs on both sides"],["Harbor","A sheltered place where ships can stay safe"],["Delta","Land formed where a river drops mud and sand as it reaches the sea"],["Estuary","The wide mouth of a river where fresh water meets the sea"],["Lake","A large body of water surrounded by land"],["Pond","A small body of still water"],["River","A large stream of water that flows to a lake or sea"],["Stream","A small, narrow river"],["Waterfall","Water falling from a high place over a cliff"],["Spring","A place where water flows naturally out of the ground"],["Source (of a river)","The place where a river starts"],["Mouth (of a river)","The place where a river ends and flows into a sea or lake"],["Tributary","A smaller river or stream that flows into a bigger river"],["Watershed","Land where all the water drains into one river or lake"],["Basin","A low area of land, often drained by a river"],["Reef","A ridge of rock or coral near the surface of the sea"],["Atoll","A ring-shaped coral island around a lagoon"],["Lagoon","A shallow body of water cut off from the sea by a reef or sand bar"],["Geyser","A hot spring that shoots water and steam into the air"],["Foothills","Low hills at the bottom of a mountain range"],["Mountain range","A long row of connected mountains"],["Summit","The very top of a mountain"],["Slope","A surface that is higher at one end than the other"],["Badlands","Dry land worn by wind and water into strange shapes"],["Continental divide","A ridge that sends rivers to opposite sides of a continent"],["Sea level","The height of the ocean's surface, used as zero for measuring height"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-landmarks-americas","id":"geo-landmarks-americas","title":"Landmarks of the Americas","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous landmarks of North, Central and South America and where they stand.","tags":["landmarks","united states","canada","latin america"],"frontLabel":"Landmark","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Statue of Liberty","New York Harbor, New York"],["Empire State Building","New York City"],["Brooklyn Bridge","New York City"],["Times Square","New York City"],["Central Park","New York City"],["Niagara Falls","Border of New York and Ontario"],["Liberty Bell","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],["Independence Hall","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],["Lincoln Memorial","Washington, D.C."],["Washington Monument","Washington, D.C."],["The White House","Washington, D.C."],["U.S. Capitol","Washington, D.C."],["Smithsonian museums","Washington, D.C."],["Gettysburg battlefield","Pennsylvania"],["Mount Vernon","Virginia; George Washington's home"],["Monticello","Virginia; Thomas Jefferson's home"],["Colonial Williamsburg","Virginia"],["Kitty Hawk","North Carolina; where the Wright brothers flew"],["Kennedy Space Center","Cape Canaveral, Florida"],["Walt Disney World","Near Orlando, Florida"],["Everglades","Southern Florida"],["Gateway Arch","St. Louis, Missouri"],["Mount Rushmore","South Dakota"],["Grand Canyon","Arizona"],["Hoover Dam","On the Nevada–Arizona border"],["Golden Gate Bridge","San Francisco, California"],["Alcatraz Island","San Francisco Bay, California"],["Hollywood sign","Los Angeles, California"],["Yosemite Valley","California"],["Space Needle","Seattle, Washington"],["Pike Place Market","Seattle, Washington"],["Las Vegas Strip","Las Vegas, Nevada"],["The Alamo","San Antonio, Texas"],["Johnson Space Center","Houston, Texas"],["French Quarter","New Orleans, Louisiana"],["Graceland","Memphis, Tennessee"],["Mammoth Cave","Kentucky; the longest known cave system"],["Cedar Point","Sandusky, Ohio"],["Willis Tower (Sears Tower)","Chicago, Illinois"],["Cloud Gate (The Bean)","Chicago, Illinois"],["Pearl Harbor","Oahu, Hawaii"],["Denali","Alaska"],["Old Faithful","Yellowstone, Wyoming"],["Devils Tower","Wyoming"],["Arches National Park Delicate Arch","Utah"],["Monument Valley","Border of Utah and Arizona"],["Mesa Verde cliff dwellings","Colorado"],["Plymouth Rock","Plymouth, Massachusetts"],["Freedom Trail","Boston, Massachusetts"],["CN Tower","Toronto, Canada"],["Chateau Frontenac","Quebec City, Canada"],["Parliament Hill","Ottawa, Canada"],["Banff National Park","Alberta, Canada"],["Lake Louise","Banff National Park, Alberta"],["Chichén Itzá","Yucatán, Mexico; a Maya pyramid city"],["Teotihuacan pyramids","Near Mexico City, Mexico"],["Tulum","Quintana Roo, Mexico; Maya ruins by the sea"],["Copper Canyon","Chihuahua, Mexico"],["Tikal","Guatemala; Maya pyramids in the jungle"],["Panama Canal","Panama"],["Arenal Volcano","Costa Rica"],["Machu Picchu","Peru; Inca city high in the Andes"],["Nazca Lines","Peru; giant drawings in the desert"],["Cusco","Peru; old capital of the Inca empire"],["Christ the Redeemer","Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],["Sugarloaf Mountain","Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],["Iguazú Falls","Border of Argentina and Brazil"],["Angel Falls","Venezuela; the highest waterfall in the world"],["Perito Moreno Glacier","Patagonia, Argentina"],["Torres del Paine","Patagonia, Chile"],["Salar de Uyuni","Bolivia; the world's largest salt flat"],["Galápagos Islands","Ecuador"],["Amazon rainforest","Mostly Brazil, in South America"],["Havana's Malecón","Havana, Cuba"],["Pitons","Saint Lucia; two tall volcanic peaks"],["Citadelle Laferrière","Haiti; a mountaintop fortress"],["Dunn's River Falls","Jamaica"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-landmarks-asia-oceania","id":"geo-landmarks-asia-oceania","title":"Landmarks of Asia and Oceania","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous landmarks of Asia, Australia and the Pacific, with their locations.","tags":["landmarks","asia","oceania"],"frontLabel":"Landmark","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Great Wall of China","Northern China"],["Forbidden City","Beijing, China"],["Terracotta Army","Xi'an, China"],["Tiananmen Square","Beijing, China"],["Temple of Heaven","Beijing, China"],["Potala Palace","Lhasa, Tibet, China"],["Li River and Guilin karst hills","Guangxi, China"],["Three Gorges Dam","Yangtze River, China"],["Oriental Pearl Tower","Shanghai, China"],["Victoria Harbour","Hong Kong"],["Mount Fuji","Honshu, Japan"],["Tokyo Skytree","Tokyo, Japan"],["Fushimi Inari Shrine","Kyoto, Japan; thousands of red gates"],["Himeji Castle","Hyōgo, Japan"],["Itsukushima floating torii gate","Miyajima Island, Japan"],["Hiroshima Peace Memorial","Hiroshima, Japan"],["Gyeongbokgung Palace","Seoul, South Korea"],["Namsan Tower","Seoul, South Korea"],["Angkor Wat","Siem Reap, Cambodia"],["Ha Long Bay","Vietnam; limestone islands in the sea"],["Temple of Literature","Hanoi, Vietnam"],["Grand Palace","Bangkok, Thailand"],["Wat Arun","Bangkok, Thailand"],["Phi Phi Islands","Thailand"],["Petronas Twin Towers","Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],["Marina Bay Sands and Gardens by the Bay","Singapore"],["Borobudur","Java, Indonesia; a giant Buddhist temple"],["Komodo National Park","Indonesia; home of Komodo dragons"],["Chocolate Hills","Bohol, Philippines"],["Rice terraces of Banaue","Luzon, Philippines"],["Shwedagon Pagoda","Yangon, Myanmar"],["Bagan temples","Myanmar"],["Taj Mahal","Agra, India"],["Red Fort","Delhi, India"],["India Gate","New Delhi, India"],["Hawa Mahal","Jaipur, India"],["Golden Temple","Amritsar, India"],["Varanasi ghats","Along the Ganges, India"],["Gateway of India","Mumbai, India"],["Mount Everest Base Camp","Nepal"],["Pashupatinath Temple","Kathmandu, Nepal"],["Tiger's Nest Monastery","Paro, Bhutan"],["Sigiriya rock fortress","Sri Lanka"],["Ancient city of Mohenjo-daro","Pakistan"],["Registan Square","Samarkand, Uzbekistan"],["Petra","Jordan; a city carved into rose-red rock"],["Wadi Rum","Jordan; a desert valley of red sand"],["Dome of the Rock","Jerusalem"],["Western Wall","Jerusalem"],["Masada","Israel; a fortress on a mountaintop"],["Burj Khalifa","Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],["Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque","Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],["Persepolis","Iran; ruins of an ancient Persian capital"],["Mecca's Kaaba","Mecca, Saudi Arabia"],["Sydney Opera House","Sydney, Australia"],["Sydney Harbour Bridge","Sydney, Australia"],["Uluru","Northern Territory, Australia"],["Great Barrier Reef","Off Queensland, Australia"],["Twelve Apostles","Victoria, Australia; sea stacks"],["Bondi Beach","Sydney, Australia"],["Milford Sound","South Island, New Zealand"],["Hobbiton Movie Set","Matamata, New Zealand"],["Sky Tower","Auckland, New Zealand"],["Moai statues","Easter Island, Chile"],["Bora Bora","French Polynesia"],["Waikiki and Diamond Head","Honolulu, Hawaii"],["Pearl Harbor","Oahu, Hawaii"],["Nan Madol","Pohnpei, Micronesia; ancient stone city"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-landmarks-europe-africa","id":"geo-landmarks-europe-africa","title":"Landmarks of Europe and Africa","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous landmarks and the city and country where they stand.","tags":["landmarks","europe","africa"],"frontLabel":"Landmark","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Eiffel Tower","Paris, France"],["Louvre Museum","Paris, France"],["Notre-Dame Cathedral","Paris, France"],["Arc de Triomphe","Paris, France"],["Palace of Versailles","Versailles, near Paris, France"],["Mont-Saint-Michel","Normandy, France; an abbey on a tidal island"],["Big Ben (Elizabeth Tower)","London, England"],["Tower of London","London, England"],["Buckingham Palace","London, England"],["Tower Bridge","London, England"],["Stonehenge","Wiltshire, England"],["Edinburgh Castle","Edinburgh, Scotland"],["Giant's Causeway","Northern Ireland"],["Cliffs of Moher","County Clare, Ireland"],["Colosseum","Rome, Italy"],["Trevi Fountain","Rome, Italy"],["Pantheon","Rome, Italy"],["Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica","Rome, surrounded by Italy"],["Leaning Tower of Pisa","Pisa, Italy"],["Grand Canal","Venice, Italy"],["Pompeii","Near Naples, Italy; an ancient city buried by Mount Vesuvius"],["Duomo of Florence","Florence, Italy"],["Sagrada Família","Barcelona, Spain"],["Alhambra","Granada, Spain"],["Brandenburg Gate","Berlin, Germany"],["Neuschwanstein Castle","Bavaria, Germany"],["Cologne Cathedral","Cologne, Germany"],["Acropolis and Parthenon","Athens, Greece"],["Meteora monasteries","Thessaly, Greece; built on tall rock pillars"],["Santorini","Greece; a Greek island with white and blue buildings"],["Hagia Sophia","Istanbul, Turkey"],["Blue Mosque","Istanbul, Turkey"],["Cappadocia fairy chimneys","Central Turkey"],["Charles Bridge","Prague, Czechia"],["Prague Castle","Prague, Czechia"],["Schönbrunn Palace","Vienna, Austria"],["Matterhorn","Swiss and Italian Alps"],["Parliament Building on the Danube","Budapest, Hungary"],["Atomium","Brussels, Belgium"],["Manneken Pis","Brussels, Belgium"],["Little Mermaid statue","Copenhagen, Denmark"],["Tivoli Gardens","Copenhagen, Denmark"],["Vasa Museum","Stockholm, Sweden"],["Blue Lagoon","Near Reykjavík, Iceland"],["Red Square and St. Basil's Cathedral","Moscow, Russia"],["Kremlin","Moscow, Russia"],["Hermitage Museum","Saint Petersburg, Russia"],["Kinderdijk windmills","Netherlands"],["Rijksmuseum","Amsterdam, Netherlands"],["Belém Tower","Lisbon, Portugal"],["Great Pyramid of Giza","Giza, near Cairo, Egypt"],["Great Sphinx","Giza, Egypt"],["Valley of the Kings","Near Luxor, Egypt"],["Abu Simbel temples","Southern Egypt"],["Karnak Temple","Luxor, Egypt"],["Mount Kilimanjaro","Tanzania"],["Serengeti National Park","Tanzania"],["Ngorongoro Crater","Tanzania"],["Maasai Mara National Reserve","Kenya"],["Victoria Falls","Between Zambia and Zimbabwe"],["Table Mountain","Cape Town, South Africa"],["Robben Island","Off Cape Town, South Africa"],["Kruger National Park","South Africa"],["Okavango Delta","Botswana"],["Sossusvlei sand dunes","Namib Desert, Namibia"],["Lalibela rock-hewn churches","Ethiopia"],["Great Mosque of Djenné","Mali; built of mud brick"],["Marrakech's Jemaa el-Fnaa","Marrakech, Morocco; a big market square"],["Chefchaouen blue city","Morocco"],["Carthage ruins","Near Tunis, Tunisia"],["Timgad ruins","Algeria; a Roman city"],["Lake Retba (Pink Lake)","Senegal, near Dakar"],["Great Zimbabwe","Zimbabwe; ancient stone ruins"],["Gorée Island","Off Dakar, Senegal"],["Bwindi Impenetrable Forest","Uganda; home to mountain gorillas"],["Pyramids of Meroë","Sudan"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-largest-city-not-capital","id":"geo-largest-city-not-capital","title":"Big City vs. Capital Around the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Countries where the biggest or best-known city is not the capital.","tags":["capitals","cities","countries","tricky"],"frontLabel":"Country","backLabel":"Capital (and the big city people often guess)","cards":[["Australia","Canberra, not Sydney or Melbourne"],["Brazil","Brasília, not Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo"],["Canada","Ottawa, not Toronto"],["Turkey (Türkiye)","Ankara, not Istanbul"],["New Zealand","Wellington, not Auckland"],["Switzerland","Bern, not Zurich or Geneva"],["Nigeria","Abuja, not Lagos"],["Tanzania","Dodoma, not Dar es Salaam"],["Morocco","Rabat, not Casablanca"],["India","New Delhi, not Mumbai"],["Pakistan","Islamabad, not Karachi"],["Vietnam","Hanoi, not Ho Chi Minh City"],["Myanmar","Naypyidaw, not Yangon"],["Kazakhstan","Astana, not Almaty"],["Côte d'Ivoire","Yamoussoukro, not Abidjan"],["Belize","Belmopan, not Belize City"],["Benin","Porto-Novo, not Cotonou"],["Bolivia","Sucre is official, La Paz is the government seat; Santa Cruz is the largest city"],["Ecuador","Quito, not Guayaquil"],["Sri Lanka","Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, not Colombo"],["Israel","Jerusalem, while Tel Aviv is a famous large city"],["Netherlands","Amsterdam, but the government sits in The Hague"],["South Africa","Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein; Johannesburg is the biggest city"],["Malaysia","Kuala Lumpur, but the government offices are in Putrajaya"],["Germany","Berlin, not Bonn (the old West German capital)"],["United States","Washington, D.C., not New York"],["Scotland","Edinburgh, not Glasgow"],["Cameroon","Yaoundé, not Douala"],["Mexico","Mexico City, which is also the biggest city"],["Japan","Tokyo, also the biggest city"],["France","Paris, also the biggest city"],["Egypt","Cairo, also the biggest city"],["Russia","Moscow, also the biggest city"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-major-rivers-world","id":"geo-major-rivers-world","title":"Major Rivers of the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous rivers and where they flow.","tags":["rivers","physical geography"],"frontLabel":"River","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Nile","Africa; flows north through Egypt into the Mediterranean Sea"],["Amazon","South America; flows through Brazil into the Atlantic; carries the most water of any river"],["Yangtze","China; the longest river in Asia, flows into the East China Sea"],["Mississippi","United States; flows south into the Gulf of Mexico"],["Missouri","United States; the longest river in North America, joins the Mississippi"],["Congo","Central Africa; flows into the Atlantic Ocean"],["Niger","West Africa; flows through Mali, Niger and Nigeria into the Gulf of Guinea"],["Zambezi","Southern Africa; has Victoria Falls on it"],["Limpopo","Southern Africa; flows into the Indian Ocean through Mozambique"],["Orange River","Southern Africa; flows west to the Atlantic along Namibia's border"],["Ganges","India; sacred river that flows into the Bay of Bengal"],["Indus","Pakistan; flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea"],["Brahmaputra","Flows from Tibet through India and Bangladesh"],["Mekong","Southeast Asia; flows through six countries to Vietnam and the South China Sea"],["Yellow River (Huang He)","China; flows into the Bohai Sea; cradle of early Chinese civilization"],["Irrawaddy","Myanmar; flows into the Andaman Sea"],["Tigris","Flows through Turkey and Iraq; Mesopotamia's river"],["Euphrates","Flows through Turkey, Syria and Iraq; Mesopotamia's other river"],["Jordan River","Flows through the Middle East into the Dead Sea"],["Amur","Forms part of the border between Russia and China"],["Ob","Russia; flows north through Siberia to the Arctic Ocean"],["Lena","Russia; flows through Siberia to the Arctic Ocean"],["Volga","Russia; longest river in Europe, flows into the Caspian Sea"],["Danube","Europe; flows through many countries to the Black Sea"],["Rhine","Europe; flows from the Alps through Germany to the North Sea"],["Seine","France; flows through Paris"],["Loire","France; the longest river in France"],["Thames","England; flows through London"],["Elbe","Czechia and Germany; flows through Dresden and Hamburg to the North Sea"],["Po","Italy; the longest river in Italy"],["Tiber","Italy; flows through Rome"],["Rhône","Flows from Switzerland through France to the Mediterranean"],["Dnieper","Flows through Russia, Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea"],["Colorado River","Western United States; carved the Grand Canyon"],["Rio Grande","Forms part of the border between Texas and Mexico"],["Columbia River","Northwestern United States; flows to the Pacific between Oregon and Washington"],["Ohio River","United States; flows into the Mississippi"],["Hudson River","New York State; flows past New York City"],["Potomac","Flows past Washington, D.C."],["St. Lawrence","Canada and U.S.; flows from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic"],["Mackenzie","Northwest Territories, Canada; flows to the Arctic Ocean"],["Yukon River","Flows from Canada through Alaska to the Bering Sea"],["Orinoco","Venezuela; flows into the Atlantic"],["Paraná","South America; flows through Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina"],["Río de la Plata","A wide estuary between Argentina and Uruguay"],["Murray River","Australia; the longest river in the country"],["Snake River","Flows through Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon and Washington"],["Arkansas River","Flows through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-map-skills-vocabulary","id":"geo-map-skills-vocabulary","title":"Map Skills Vocabulary","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Words you need to read maps and globes: equator, hemisphere, latitude, compass rose and more.","tags":["maps","vocabulary","latitude","longitude"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Map","A flat drawing that shows where places are"],["Globe","A model of the Earth shaped like a ball"],["Atlas","A book of maps"],["Compass rose","A symbol on a map that shows the directions north, south, east and west"],["Cardinal directions","North, south, east and west"],["Intermediate directions","Northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest"],["Map key (legend)","A box that explains what the symbols and colors on a map mean"],["Map scale","Shows how distance on the map matches real distance"],["Symbol","A small picture or mark on a map that stands for a real thing"],["Title","Tells what the map shows"],["Grid","Crossing lines on a map used to find places"],["Equator","The imaginary line around the middle of the Earth at 0 degrees latitude"],["Prime Meridian","The imaginary line at 0 degrees longitude that runs through Greenwich, England"],["Latitude","Lines that run east and west and measure distance north or south of the equator"],["Longitude","Lines that run north and south and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian"],["Parallels","Another name for lines of latitude"],["Meridians","Another name for lines of longitude"],["Hemisphere","Half of the Earth"],["Northern Hemisphere","The half of the Earth north of the equator"],["Southern Hemisphere","The half of the Earth south of the equator"],["Eastern Hemisphere","The half of the Earth east of the Prime Meridian, including Asia and Australia"],["Western Hemisphere","The half of the Earth west of the Prime Meridian, including the Americas"],["Tropic of Cancer","The line of latitude 23.5 degrees north of the equator"],["Tropic of Capricorn","The line of latitude 23.5 degrees south of the equator"],["Arctic Circle","The line of latitude about 66.5 degrees north"],["Antarctic Circle","The line of latitude about 66.5 degrees south"],["North Pole","The point farthest north on Earth, at 90 degrees north"],["South Pole","The point farthest south on Earth, at 90 degrees south"],["Degree","A unit used to measure latitude and longitude, shown as °"],["Coordinates","Numbers (latitude and longitude) that name an exact place"],["Political map","A map that shows borders of countries, states and cities"],["Physical map","A map that shows landforms like mountains and rivers"],["Topographic map","A map that uses lines to show the height and shape of the land"],["Contour line","A line on a map joining places of the same height"],["Elevation","How high a place is above sea level"],["Road map","A map that shows roads and highways"],["Thematic map","A map about one topic, such as rainfall or population"],["Population density","How many people live in a certain area"],["Border (boundary)","A line that shows where one country, state or area ends and another begins"],["Continent","One of Earth's seven huge land areas"],["Capital","The city where a country's or state's government is based"],["Region","An area with something in common, like climate or culture"],["Relative location","Where a place is compared with other places, such as 'north of the river'"],["Absolute location","The exact spot of a place, often given in latitude and longitude"],["Projection","A way of flattening the round Earth onto a flat map"],["Mercator projection","A common map style that stretches areas near the poles"],["Inset map","A small map placed on a bigger map to show a detail"],["Sea level","The average height of the ocean's surface, used as zero for measuring height"],["Cartographer","A person who makes maps"],["GPS","Global Positioning System: uses satellites to find where you are"],["Bird's-eye view","A view looking straight down from above"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-mexico-states-capitals","id":"geo-mexico-states-capitals","title":"Mexico: States and Capitals","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The states of Mexico, Mexico City, and their capital cities.","tags":["mexico","states","capitals"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Aguascalientes","Aguascalientes"],["Baja California","Mexicali"],["Baja California Sur","La Paz"],["Campeche","Campeche"],["Chiapas","Tuxtla Gutiérrez"],["Chihuahua","Chihuahua"],["Coahuila","Saltillo"],["Colima","Colima"],["Durango","Durango"],["Guanajuato","Guanajuato"],["Guerrero","Chilpancingo"],["Hidalgo","Pachuca"],["Jalisco","Guadalajara"],["State of Mexico (Estado de México)","Toluca"],["Michoacán","Morelia"],["Morelos","Cuernavaca"],["Nayarit","Tepic"],["Nuevo León","Monterrey"],["Oaxaca","Oaxaca de Juárez"],["Puebla","Puebla"],["Querétaro","Santiago de Querétaro"],["Quintana Roo","Chetumal","Cancún is in this state"],["San Luis Potosí","San Luis Potosí"],["Sinaloa","Culiacán"],["Sonora","Hermosillo"],["Tabasco","Villahermosa"],["Tamaulipas","Ciudad Victoria"],["Tlaxcala","Tlaxcala"],["Veracruz","Xalapa"],["Yucatán","Mérida"],["Zacatecas","Zacatecas"],["Mexico City (Ciudad de México)","It is its own capital district and the nation's capital"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-middle-east-central-asia","id":"geo-middle-east-central-asia","title":"Middle East and Central Asia","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Geography of the Middle East and Central Asia: seas, rivers, deserts and capitals.","tags":["middle east","central asia","geography"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Capital of Saudi Arabia?","Riyadh"],["Capital of Iraq?","Baghdad"],["Capital of Iran?","Tehran"],["Capital of Jordan?","Amman"],["Capital of Lebanon?","Beirut"],["Capital of Syria?","Damascus"],["Capital of Yemen?","Sana'a"],["Capital of Oman?","Muscat"],["Capital of Kuwait?","Kuwait City"],["Capital of Qatar?","Doha"],["Capital of Bahrain?","Manama"],["Capital of the United Arab Emirates?","Abu Dhabi"],["Capital of Turkey?","Ankara"],["Capital of Kazakhstan?","Astana"],["Capital of Uzbekistan?","Tashkent"],["Capital of Turkmenistan?","Ashgabat"],["Capital of Kyrgyzstan?","Bishkek"],["Capital of Tajikistan?","Dushanbe"],["Capital of Afghanistan?","Kabul"],["Which two rivers flow through ancient Mesopotamia?","The Tigris and the Euphrates"],["Which sea is the saltiest place on land and the lowest?","The Dead Sea"],["Which gulf lies between Iran and Saudi Arabia?","The Persian Gulf"],["Which narrow waterway leads out of the Persian Gulf?","The Strait of Hormuz"],["Which peninsula holds Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman?","The Arabian Peninsula"],["Which large empty sand desert is in southern Arabia?","Rub' al Khali (the Empty Quarter)"],["Which sea lies between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula?","The Red Sea"],["Which canal joins the Red Sea to the Mediterranean?","The Suez Canal"],["Which strait divides Istanbul between Europe and Asia?","The Bosporus"],["Which sea is the largest inland body of water, lying east of the Caucasus?","The Caspian Sea"],["Which sea in Central Asia has mostly dried up?","The Aral Sea"],["Which mountain range lies between the Caspian and the Black Sea?","The Caucasus"],["Which mountains form the southern edge of Central Asia?","The Pamir and Hindu Kush"],["Which long trading route linked China and the Mediterranean?","The Silk Road"],["Which Central Asian city was a famous Silk Road stop with beautiful tiled buildings?","Samarkand, in Uzbekistan"],["Which is the largest country in Central Asia?","Kazakhstan"],["Which ancient city carved in rock is in Jordan?","Petra"],["Which tall tower is in Dubai?","The Burj Khalifa"],["Which waterway joins the Black Sea and the Aegean via Istanbul?","The Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles"],["What is the main language of Iran?","Persian (Farsi)"],["What is the main language of Türkiye?","Turkish"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-mountain-peaks","id":"geo-mountain-peaks","title":"Famous Mountains and Peaks","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous mountains and where to find them.","tags":["mountains","physical geography"],"frontLabel":"Mountain","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Mount Everest","Nepal and China (Tibet); the highest mountain above sea level, 8,849 m"],["K2","Pakistan and China; the second-highest mountain"],["Kangchenjunga","Nepal and India; third-highest mountain"],["Lhotse","Nepal and China; next to Everest"],["Annapurna","Nepal; one of the world's highest peaks"],["Denali","Alaska; the highest mountain in North America"],["Mount Logan","Yukon, Canada; Canada's highest mountain"],["Mount Whitney","California; the highest peak in the lower 48 states"],["Mount Rainier","Washington State; a huge volcano near Seattle"],["Mount St. Helens","Washington State; a volcano that erupted in 1980"],["Pikes Peak","Colorado; known as America's Mountain"],["Grand Teton","Wyoming; the tallest peak in the Teton Range"],["Mount Mitchell","North Carolina; the highest peak east of the Mississippi"],["Mount Washington","New Hampshire; the highest peak in the Northeast"],["Mauna Kea","Hawaii; measured from the ocean floor it is taller than Everest"],["Kilimanjaro","Tanzania; the highest mountain in Africa"],["Mount Kenya","Kenya; second-highest mountain in Africa"],["Table Mountain","Cape Town, South Africa; a flat-topped mountain"],["Aconcagua","Argentina; the highest mountain in South America"],["Cotopaxi","Ecuador; a tall active volcano in the Andes"],["Mont Blanc","France and Italy; the highest peak in the Alps"],["Matterhorn","Switzerland and Italy; a pointed peak in the Alps"],["Mount Elbrus","Russia, in the Caucasus; the highest peak in Europe"],["Mount Olympus","Greece; the tallest mountain in Greece, home of the gods in myth"],["Ben Nevis","Scotland; the highest mountain in the UK"],["Mount Etna","Sicily, Italy; one of Europe's most active volcanoes"],["Mount Vesuvius","Italy; the volcano that buried Pompeii"],["Mount Fuji","Japan; the tallest mountain in Japan, a famous volcano"],["Mount Ararat","Turkey; where Noah's ark is said to have landed"],["Mount Kosciuszko","Australia; the highest mountain on mainland Australia"],["Mount Vinson","Antarctica; the highest mountain on the continent"],["Puncak Jaya","Indonesia (New Guinea); the highest peak in Oceania"],["Mount Cook (Aoraki)","New Zealand; the highest peak in New Zealand"],["Popocatépetl","Mexico; an active volcano near Mexico City"],["Mount Sinai","Egypt, Sinai Peninsula; where the Ten Commandments are said to have been given"],["Krakatoa","Indonesia; a volcanic island that exploded in 1883"],["Mount Rushmore","South Dakota; has the carved faces of four presidents"],["Mount Hood","Oregon; the tallest peak in Oregon"],["Mount Shasta","California; a big volcano in the north of the state"],["Half Dome","California's Yosemite Valley; a famous granite cliff"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-mountain-ranges","id":"geo-mountain-ranges","title":"Mountain Ranges of the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Major mountain ranges and the continents or countries they are in.","tags":["mountains","ranges","physical geography"],"frontLabel":"Range","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Himalayas","Asia: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China, Pakistan; highest mountains on Earth"],["Karakoram","Pakistan, India and China; home of K2"],["Hindu Kush","Afghanistan and Pakistan"],["Tian Shan","Central Asia, in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and China"],["Altai","Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan meet"],["Ural Mountains","Russia; traditional border between Europe and Asia"],["Caucasus","Between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia"],["Zagros","Iran and Iraq"],["Western Ghats","Along the west coast of India"],["Alps","Europe: France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia"],["Pyrenees","Between France and Spain"],["Carpathians","Eastern Europe: Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania"],["Apennines","Run down the middle of Italy"],["Balkan Mountains","Bulgaria"],["Scandinavian Mountains","Norway and Sweden"],["Dolomites","Northern Italy; a part of the Alps"],["Sierra Nevada (Spain)","Southern Spain; highest peaks on the Iberian mainland"],["Atlas Mountains","Northwest Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia"],["Drakensberg","South Africa, Lesotho"],["Ethiopian Highlands","Ethiopia; the roof of Africa"],["Rwenzori Mountains","Uganda and DR Congo; the Mountains of the Moon"],["Rocky Mountains","North America: from Canada through the western United States"],["Appalachian Mountains","Eastern North America: from Canada down to Alabama"],["Sierra Nevada (California)","California and Nevada; includes Yosemite and Mount Whitney"],["Cascade Range","Pacific Northwest: California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia"],["Coast Ranges","Along the Pacific coast of North America"],["Ozark Mountains","Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma"],["Adirondack Mountains","Northern New York State"],["Black Hills","South Dakota and Wyoming"],["Brooks Range","Northern Alaska"],["Alaska Range","Alaska; includes Denali"],["Sierra Madre Occidental","Western Mexico"],["Sierra Madre Oriental","Eastern Mexico"],["Andes","South America; the longest mountain range on Earth, down the west side"],["Great Dividing Range","Eastern Australia"],["Southern Alps","South Island, New Zealand"],["Transantarctic Mountains","Antarctica; cross the continent"],["Great Smoky Mountains","Tennessee and North Carolina; part of the Appalachians"],["Blue Ridge Mountains","Virginia to Georgia; part of the Appalachians"],["Green Mountains","Vermont"],["White Mountains","New Hampshire"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-seas-gulfs-bays","id":"geo-seas-gulfs-bays","title":"Seas, Gulfs and Bays","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous seas, gulfs and bays and the lands they touch.","tags":["seas","gulfs","bays","oceans"],"frontLabel":"Water body","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Mediterranean Sea","Between Europe, Africa and Asia"],["Caribbean Sea","Between the Caribbean islands and Central and South America"],["Red Sea","Between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula"],["Black Sea","Between southeastern Europe and Turkey"],["Baltic Sea","Northern Europe: Sweden, Finland, Poland, the Baltic states"],["North Sea","Between Great Britain and Scandinavia and the European mainland"],["Adriatic Sea","Between Italy and the Balkan coast"],["Aegean Sea","Between Greece and Turkey"],["Ionian Sea","West of Greece, east of southern Italy"],["Tyrrhenian Sea","West of Italy"],["Norwegian Sea","Between Norway and Iceland"],["Barents Sea","North of Norway and Russia, part of the Arctic Ocean"],["Caspian Sea","Between Europe and Asia; a salty inland sea"],["Arabian Sea","Part of the Indian Ocean between India and Arabia"],["Bay of Bengal","Part of the Indian Ocean between India and Southeast Asia"],["Andaman Sea","Between Myanmar, Thailand and the Andaman Islands"],["South China Sea","Off southern China and Southeast Asia"],["East China Sea","Between China, Japan and Taiwan"],["Yellow Sea","Between China and Korea"],["Sea of Japan","Between Japan and the Asian mainland"],["Sea of Okhotsk","Off eastern Russia, near Kamchatka"],["Philippine Sea","East of the Philippines, part of the Pacific"],["Java Sea","Between Java and Borneo, Indonesia"],["Coral Sea","Off northeastern Australia"],["Tasman Sea","Between Australia and New Zealand"],["Bering Sea","Between Alaska and Russia"],["Beaufort Sea","Arctic Ocean north of Alaska and Canada"],["Labrador Sea","Between Greenland and Labrador, Canada"],["Sargasso Sea","A sea without shores in the North Atlantic, full of floating seaweed"],["Weddell Sea","Off Antarctica"],["Ross Sea","Off Antarctica, south of New Zealand"],["Gulf of Mexico","Bordered by the U.S., Mexico and Cuba"],["Persian Gulf","Between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula"],["Gulf of Aden","Between Yemen and Somalia"],["Gulf of Guinea","West African coast"],["Gulf of California","Between Baja California and mainland Mexico"],["Gulf of Alaska","Southern coast of Alaska"],["Gulf of Thailand","Between Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia"],["Bay of Biscay","Off the coasts of France and Spain"],["Hudson Bay","A huge inland bay in northern Canada"],["Chesapeake Bay","Maryland and Virginia"],["San Francisco Bay","California; has the Golden Gate"],["Bay of Fundy","Canada; has some of the highest tides in the world"],["Baffin Bay","Between Canada and Greenland"],["Puget Sound","Washington State; an inlet of the Pacific"],["Long Island Sound","Between Connecticut and Long Island, New York"],["Gulf of St. Lawrence","Eastern Canada, where the river meets the Atlantic"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-southeast-asia","id":"geo-southeast-asia","title":"Southeast Asia","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Countries, capitals, rivers and places of Southeast Asia.","tags":["southeast asia","asia","capitals"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["How many countries are in Southeast Asia?","Eleven"],["Capital of Thailand?","Bangkok"],["Capital of Vietnam?","Hanoi"],["Capital of Cambodia?","Phnom Penh"],["Capital of Laos?","Vientiane"],["Capital of Myanmar?","Naypyidaw"],["Capital of Malaysia?","Kuala Lumpur"],["Capital of Singapore?","Singapore"],["Capital of Indonesia?","Jakarta"],["Capital of the Philippines?","Manila"],["Capital of Brunei?","Bandar Seri Begawan"],["Capital of Timor-Leste?","Dili"],["Which river flows through Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam?","The Mekong"],["Which river flows through Myanmar to the Andaman Sea?","The Irrawaddy"],["Which Southeast Asian country is made of over 17,000 islands?","Indonesia"],["Which Southeast Asian country is made of over 7,000 islands?","The Philippines"],["Which country shares the island of Borneo with Malaysia and Brunei?","Indonesia"],["Which Southeast Asian country is the only one without a coast?","Laos"],["Which Southeast Asian city-state is on an island at the tip of the Malay Peninsula?","Singapore"],["Which ancient temple complex is in Cambodia?","Angkor Wat"],["Which bay in Vietnam has thousands of limestone islands?","Ha Long Bay"],["Which Indonesian island is the most populous?","Java"],["Which strait runs between Malaysia and Sumatra?","The Strait of Malacca"],["Which sea is east of Vietnam and west of the Philippines?","The South China Sea"],["Which Southeast Asian country was never colonized by a European power?","Thailand"],["Which large lake is in Cambodia?","Tonlé Sap"],["Which Southeast Asian country has the Petronas Towers?","Malaysia"],["Which Philippine island has Manila?","Luzon"],["Which volcano in the Philippines is famed for its perfect cone?","Mount Mayon"],["Which island in Indonesia is popular with visitors for temples and beaches?","Bali"],["Which Southeast Asian country has Komodo dragons?","Indonesia"],["Which Southeast Asian country was once called Burma?","Myanmar"],["Which Southeast Asian country is the newest, independent since 2002?","Timor-Leste"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-straits-canals-peninsulas","id":"geo-straits-canals-peninsulas","title":"Straits, Canals, Peninsulas and Capes","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Narrow waterways, man-made canals, peninsulas and capes and what they connect.","tags":["straits","canals","peninsulas","capes"],"frontLabel":"Place","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[["Strait of Gibraltar","Connects the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, between Spain and Morocco"],["Bosporus","Strait through Istanbul linking the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara"],["Dardanelles","Strait in Turkey linking the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara"],["Bering Strait","Between Alaska and Russia, joins the Pacific and Arctic oceans"],["Strait of Hormuz","Narrow waterway between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman"],["Strait of Malacca","Between Malaysia and Sumatra; a busy shipping lane"],["Strait of Magellan","Passage at the southern tip of South America"],["Strait of Dover","Narrowest part of the English Channel, between England and France"],["Bab-el-Mandeb","Strait between Yemen and Djibouti at the south end of the Red Sea"],["Strait of Mackinac","Connects Lake Michigan and Lake Huron"],["Taiwan Strait","Between Taiwan and mainland China"],["Torres Strait","Between Australia and Papua New Guinea"],["Bass Strait","Between mainland Australia and Tasmania"],["Cook Strait","Between New Zealand's North and South islands"],["Davis Strait","Between Greenland and Baffin Island"],["Drake Passage","Between South America and Antarctica"],["Strait of Florida","Between Florida and Cuba"],["Strait of Juan de Fuca","Between Washington State and Vancouver Island"],["Panama Canal","Links the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across Panama"],["Suez Canal","Links the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea across Egypt"],["Erie Canal","New York State; joined the Hudson River to Lake Erie"],["Kiel Canal","Germany; links the North Sea and the Baltic Sea"],["Corinth Canal","Greece; cuts across a narrow neck of land"],["Grand Canal (China)","Very old canal running north to south in China"],["Soo Locks","Michigan; ships pass between Lake Superior and Lake Huron"],["Welland Canal","Ontario, Canada; bypasses Niagara Falls between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario"],["Iberian Peninsula","Spain and Portugal"],["Italian Peninsula","Shaped like a boot, including Italy"],["Balkan Peninsula","Southeastern Europe: Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, and more"],["Scandinavian Peninsula","Norway and Sweden, with part of Finland"],["Jutland","Peninsula holding mainland Denmark and part of Germany"],["Crimean Peninsula","Juts into the Black Sea"],["Arabian Peninsula","The largest peninsula in the world, in southwest Asia"],["Sinai Peninsula","Egypt; between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea"],["Indochina Peninsula","Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar"],["Malay Peninsula","Southeast Asia: Malaysia, southern Thailand, Singapore"],["Korean Peninsula","East Asia: North Korea and South Korea"],["Kamchatka Peninsula","Eastern Russia, full of volcanoes"],["Florida Peninsula","Southeastern United States"],["Baja California","Long Mexican peninsula west of the Gulf of California"],["Yucatán Peninsula","Southeastern Mexico, with Cancún"],["Labrador Peninsula","Eastern Canada, in Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador"],["Cape Cod","Massachusetts; a curved peninsula"],["Olympic Peninsula","Washington State; has Olympic National Park"],["Upper Peninsula","Michigan; the northern part north of Lake Michigan"],["Cape Horn","Southern tip of South America in Chile"],["Cape of Good Hope","Southwestern tip of Africa near Cape Town"],["Cape Canaveral","Florida; where rockets launch"],["Cape Hatteras","North Carolina's Outer Banks"],["Land's End","Cornwall, England; the westernmost point of mainland England"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-time-zones","id":"geo-time-zones","title":"Time Zones Basics","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"How time zones work, with the U.S. zones and a few world cities.","tags":["time zones","longitude","basics"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Why do we have time zones?","The Earth turns, so the sun is high at different times in different places"],["How many degrees of longitude is one time zone, roughly?","15 degrees"],["How many hours does the Earth take to turn once?","24 hours"],["What line is zero degrees longitude?","The Prime Meridian"],["Which city does the Prime Meridian run through?","Greenwich, London (England)"],["What does UTC stand for?","Coordinated Universal Time","The standard time all zones are measured from"],["What is GMT?","Greenwich Mean Time, the time at the Prime Meridian"],["Which line is roughly where one calendar day changes to the next?","The International Date Line"],["Where is the International Date Line in the Earth?","About 180 degrees longitude, in the Pacific Ocean"],["If you cross the Date Line going west, what happens to the date?","It moves forward one day"],["If you cross the Date Line going east, what happens to the date?","It moves back one day"],["Which way does the sun seem to move across the sky?","East to west"],["If it is noon in New York, is it earlier or later in Los Angeles?","Earlier, because Los Angeles is further west (9 a.m.)"],["Name the four main U.S. time zones in the lower 48 states.","Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific"],["Which U.S. time zone is farthest east in the lower 48?","Eastern Time"],["Which U.S. time zone is farthest west in the lower 48?","Pacific Time"],["Which zone is New York City in?","Eastern Time"],["Which zone is Chicago in?","Central Time"],["Which zone is Denver in?","Mountain Time"],["Which zone is Los Angeles in?","Pacific Time"],["Which zone is Alaska mostly in?","Alaska Time"],["Which zone is Hawaii in?","Hawaii–Aleutian Time"],["How many hours apart are Eastern and Pacific Time?","Three hours"],["What is Daylight Saving Time?","Moving clocks ahead an hour in spring and back in fall to use more daylight"],["Which U.S. state mostly does not use daylight saving time?","Arizona (except the Navajo Nation)","Hawaii also does not use it"],["What does a.m. mean?","Ante meridiem: before noon"],["What does p.m. mean?","Post meridiem: after noon"],["What time zone is London in during winter?","GMT (UTC+0)"],["Which time zone is Tokyo, Japan in?","Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)"],["Which time zone is India in?","India Standard Time (UTC+5:30)"],["Which time zone is Beijing, China in?","China Standard Time (UTC+8)","China uses one time zone for the whole country"],["Which country has the most time zones, counting overseas territories?","France"],["Which large country spans eleven time zones?","Russia"],["Which zone is Paris in during winter?","Central European Time (UTC+1)"],["Which zone is Sydney, Australia on the east coast in?","Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)"],["What does it mean when a place is 'ahead' of us in time zones?","It is further east, and its clock shows a later time"],["At which time is the sun directly overhead, on average?","Around noon (solar noon)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-uk-nations-places","id":"geo-uk-nations-places","title":"United Kingdom: Nations, Capitals and Places","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The four nations of the UK, their capitals, and well-known counties, rivers and mountains.","tags":["united kingdom","england","scotland","wales","ireland"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Name the four nations of the United Kingdom.","England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland"],["Capital of England","London"],["Capital of Scotland","Edinburgh"],["Capital of Wales","Cardiff"],["Capital of Northern Ireland","Belfast"],["Which three nations make up Great Britain, the main island?","England, Scotland and Wales"],["Which island is Northern Ireland on?","The island of Ireland"],["Which river flows through London?","The River Thames"],["What is the highest mountain in the UK?","Ben Nevis","In Scotland"],["What is the highest mountain in Wales?","Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa)"],["What is the highest mountain in England?","Scafell Pike"],["Which Scottish lake is said to hold a monster?","Loch Ness"],["Which sea lies east of England?","The North Sea"],["Which body of water separates England from France?","The English Channel"],["Which sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland?","The Irish Sea"],["Which city in northern England is known for its Minster and walls?","York"],["In which county is the Cornish coast and the tip of Land's End?","Cornwall"],["Which county in southeast England is called the Garden of England?","Kent"],["Which county has Oxford University?","Oxfordshire"],["Which county has Cambridge University?","Cambridgeshire"],["Which largest English county by area is in the north?","North Yorkshire"],["Which famous stone circle is in Wiltshire?","Stonehenge"],["Which Roman wall crosses northern England?","Hadrian's Wall"],["Which Scottish city is the biggest?","Glasgow"],["Which English city is famous for The Beatles?","Liverpool"],["Which English city is a big center for industry and called the 'second city'?","Birmingham"],["Which English city is famous for Manchester United?","Manchester"],["What is the Welsh language called?","Welsh (Cymraeg)"],["What is the UK's currency?","The pound sterling"],["Which natural wonder of hexagonal rock columns is in Northern Ireland?","The Giant's Causeway"],["Which group of islands lies north of mainland Scotland?","The Orkney Islands"],["Which Scottish region is known for mountains and glens in the north?","The Highlands"],["Which English region is famous for lakes and mountains in the northwest?","The Lake District"],["Which Welsh island is off the north coast, with a very long place name?","Anglesey"],["Which island lies off England's south coast?","The Isle of Wight"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites","id":"geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites","title":"UNESCO World Heritage Sites","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous places protected as World Heritage Sites and the countries where they are.","tags":["unesco","world heritage","landmarks"],"frontLabel":"Site","backLabel":"Country","cards":[["Pyramids of Giza","Egypt"],["Acropolis of Athens","Greece"],["Colosseum and Roman Forum","Italy"],["Historic Centre of Florence","Italy"],["Venice and its Lagoon","Italy"],["Pompeii","Italy"],["Palace of Versailles","France"],["Mont-Saint-Michel","France"],["Banks of the Seine in Paris","France"],["Stonehenge","United Kingdom"],["Tower of London","United Kingdom"],["Old Town of Edinburgh","United Kingdom"],["Giant's Causeway","United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)"],["Alhambra of Granada","Spain"],["Works of Antoni Gaudí","Spain"],["Historic Centre of Prague","Czechia"],["Historic Centre of Kraków","Poland"],["Old Town of Dubrovnik","Croatia"],["Plitvice Lakes","Croatia"],["Hallstatt–Dachstein Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape","Austria"],["Historic Centre of Vienna","Austria"],["Cologne Cathedral","Germany"],["Kremlin and Red Square","Russia"],["Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg","Russia"],["Lake Baikal","Russia"],["Hagia Sophia area, Historic Areas of Istanbul","Türkiye"],["Göreme and Cappadocia","Türkiye"],["Petra","Jordan"],["Persepolis","Iran"],["Taj Mahal","India"],["Red Fort Complex","India"],["Ajanta Caves","India"],["Sundarbans National Park","India and Bangladesh (separate sites)"],["Sagarmatha National Park (Mount Everest)","Nepal"],["Kathmandu Valley","Nepal"],["Great Wall","China"],["Imperial Palaces of Beijing (Forbidden City)","China"],["Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (Terracotta Army)","China"],["Mount Taishan","China"],["Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto","Japan"],["Himeji Castle","Japan"],["Hiroshima Peace Memorial","Japan"],["Angkor","Cambodia"],["Ha Long Bay","Vietnam"],["Borobudur Temple Compounds","Indonesia"],["Komodo National Park","Indonesia"],["Luang Prabang","Laos"],["Ayutthaya","Thailand"],["Sigiriya","Sri Lanka"],["Great Barrier Reef","Australia"],["Sydney Opera House","Australia"],["Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park","Australia"],["Te Wahipounamu (Southwest New Zealand)","New Zealand"],["Tongariro National Park","New Zealand"],["Rapa Nui National Park (Easter Island)","Chile"],["Machu Picchu","Peru"],["Cusco, Historic Centre","Peru"],["Galápagos Islands","Ecuador"],["Iguazú National Park","Argentina and Brazil (separate sites)"],["Rio de Janeiro landscapes","Brazil"],["Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia","Brazil"],["Cartagena Port, Fortresses and Monuments","Colombia"],["Historic Centre of Mexico City","Mexico"],["Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza","Mexico"],["Teotihuacan","Mexico"],["Tikal National Park","Guatemala"],["Old Havana","Cuba"],["Statue of Liberty","United States"],["Independence Hall","United States"],["Grand Canyon National Park","United States"],["Yellowstone National Park","United States"],["Yosemite National Park","United States"],["Everglades National Park","United States"],["Mesa Verde National Park","United States"],["Mammoth Cave National Park","United States"],["Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks","Canada"],["Old Quebec","Canada"],["Serengeti National Park","Tanzania"],["Kilimanjaro National Park","Tanzania"],["Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls","Zambia and Zimbabwe"],["Robben Island","South Africa"],["Okavango Delta","Botswana"],["Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela","Ethiopia"],["Medina of Fez","Morocco"],["Medina of Marrakesh","Morocco"],["Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis (Luxor)","Egypt"],["Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae","Egypt"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-abbreviations-a-m","id":"geo-us-abbreviations-a-m","title":"State Abbreviations: Alabama to Montana","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"The two-letter postal codes for states from Alabama through Montana.","tags":["states","abbreviations","postal codes"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Postal code","cards":[["Alabama","AL"],["Alaska","AK"],["Arizona","AZ"],["Arkansas","AR"],["California","CA"],["Colorado","CO"],["Connecticut","CT"],["Delaware","DE"],["Florida","FL"],["Georgia","GA"],["Hawaii","HI"],["Idaho","ID"],["Illinois","IL"],["Indiana","IN"],["Iowa","IA"],["Kansas","KS"],["Kentucky","KY"],["Louisiana","LA"],["Maine","ME"],["Maryland","MD"],["Massachusetts","MA"],["Michigan","MI"],["Minnesota","MN"],["Mississippi","MS"],["Missouri","MO"],["Montana","MT"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-abbreviations-n-w","id":"geo-us-abbreviations-n-w","title":"State Abbreviations: Nebraska to Wyoming","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"The two-letter postal codes for states from Nebraska through Wyoming, plus Washington, D.C.","tags":["states","abbreviations","postal codes"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Postal code","cards":[["Nebraska","NE"],["Nevada","NV"],["New Hampshire","NH"],["New Jersey","NJ"],["New Mexico","NM"],["New York","NY"],["North Carolina","NC"],["North Dakota","ND"],["Ohio","OH"],["Oklahoma","OK"],["Oregon","OR"],["Pennsylvania","PA"],["Rhode Island","RI"],["South Carolina","SC"],["South Dakota","SD"],["Tennessee","TN"],["Texas","TX"],["Utah","UT"],["Vermont","VT"],["Virginia","VA"],["Washington","WA"],["West Virginia","WV"],["Wisconsin","WI"],["Wyoming","WY"],["Washington, D.C.","DC"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-capital-to-state","id":"geo-us-capital-to-state","title":"Which State Has This Capital?","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Start from the state capital and name the state.","tags":["states","capitals","united states"],"frontLabel":"Capital","backLabel":"State","cards":[["Montgomery","Alabama"],["Juneau","Alaska"],["Phoenix","Arizona"],["Little Rock","Arkansas"],["Sacramento","California"],["Denver","Colorado"],["Hartford","Connecticut"],["Dover","Delaware"],["Tallahassee","Florida"],["Atlanta","Georgia"],["Honolulu","Hawaii"],["Boise","Idaho"],["Springfield","Illinois"],["Indianapolis","Indiana"],["Des Moines","Iowa"],["Topeka","Kansas"],["Frankfort","Kentucky"],["Baton Rouge","Louisiana"],["Augusta","Maine"],["Annapolis","Maryland"],["Boston","Massachusetts"],["Lansing","Michigan"],["Saint Paul","Minnesota"],["Jackson","Mississippi"],["Jefferson City","Missouri"],["Helena","Montana"],["Lincoln","Nebraska"],["Carson City","Nevada"],["Concord","New Hampshire"],["Trenton","New Jersey"],["Santa Fe","New Mexico"],["Albany","New York"],["Raleigh","North Carolina"],["Bismarck","North Dakota"],["Columbus","Ohio"],["Oklahoma City","Oklahoma"],["Salem","Oregon"],["Harrisburg","Pennsylvania"],["Providence","Rhode Island"],["Columbia","South Carolina"],["Pierre","South Dakota"],["Nashville","Tennessee"],["Austin","Texas"],["Salt Lake City","Utah"],["Montpelier","Vermont"],["Richmond","Virginia"],["Olympia","Washington"],["Charleston","West Virginia"],["Madison","Wisconsin"],["Cheyenne","Wyoming"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-capitals-all-50","id":"geo-us-capitals-all-50","title":"All 50 State Capitals","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Every state, every capital, in alphabetical order by state.","tags":["states","capitals","united states"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Alabama","Montgomery"],["Alaska","Juneau"],["Arizona","Phoenix"],["Arkansas","Little Rock"],["California","Sacramento"],["Colorado","Denver"],["Connecticut","Hartford"],["Delaware","Dover"],["Florida","Tallahassee"],["Georgia","Atlanta"],["Hawaii","Honolulu"],["Idaho","Boise"],["Illinois","Springfield"],["Indiana","Indianapolis"],["Iowa","Des Moines"],["Kansas","Topeka"],["Kentucky","Frankfort"],["Louisiana","Baton Rouge"],["Maine","Augusta"],["Maryland","Annapolis"],["Massachusetts","Boston"],["Michigan","Lansing"],["Minnesota","Saint Paul"],["Mississippi","Jackson"],["Missouri","Jefferson City"],["Montana","Helena"],["Nebraska","Lincoln"],["Nevada","Carson City"],["New Hampshire","Concord"],["New Jersey","Trenton"],["New Mexico","Santa Fe"],["New York","Albany"],["North Carolina","Raleigh"],["North Dakota","Bismarck"],["Ohio","Columbus"],["Oklahoma","Oklahoma City"],["Oregon","Salem"],["Pennsylvania","Harrisburg"],["Rhode Island","Providence"],["South Carolina","Columbia"],["South Dakota","Pierre"],["Tennessee","Nashville"],["Texas","Austin"],["Utah","Salt Lake City"],["Vermont","Montpelier"],["Virginia","Richmond"],["Washington","Olympia"],["West Virginia","Charleston"],["Wisconsin","Madison"],["Wyoming","Cheyenne"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-capitals-midwest","id":"geo-us-capitals-midwest","title":"State Capitals: The Midwest","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Capitals of the twelve Midwestern states.","tags":["states","capitals","united states","midwest"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Ohio","Columbus"],["Indiana","Indianapolis"],["Illinois","Springfield","Not Chicago"],["Michigan","Lansing"],["Wisconsin","Madison"],["Minnesota","Saint Paul"],["Iowa","Des Moines"],["Missouri","Jefferson City"],["North Dakota","Bismarck"],["South Dakota","Pierre"],["Nebraska","Lincoln"],["Kansas","Topeka"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-capitals-northeast","id":"geo-us-capitals-northeast","title":"State Capitals: Northeast and Mid-Atlantic","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Capitals of the northeastern and mid-Atlantic states, plus the national capital.","tags":["states","capitals","united states","northeast"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Maine","Augusta"],["New Hampshire","Concord"],["Vermont","Montpelier"],["Massachusetts","Boston"],["Rhode Island","Providence"],["Connecticut","Hartford"],["New York","Albany","Not New York City"],["New Jersey","Trenton"],["Pennsylvania","Harrisburg"],["Delaware","Dover"],["Maryland","Annapolis"],["Washington, D.C.","It is a district, not a state, and is the national capital"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city","id":"geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city","title":"Capital Is Not the Biggest City","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"States where the capital city is a smaller place than the state's best-known big city.","tags":["states","capitals","united states","tricky"],"frontLabel":"Big city","backLabel":"Real capital of its state","cards":[["New York City, New York","Albany"],["Los Angeles, California","Sacramento"],["Chicago, Illinois","Springfield"],["Seattle, Washington","Olympia"],["Miami, Florida","Tallahassee"],["Las Vegas, Nevada","Carson City"],["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","Harrisburg"],["Detroit, Michigan","Lansing"],["Dallas or Houston, Texas","Austin"],["New Orleans, Louisiana","Baton Rouge"],["Portland, Oregon","Salem"],["Milwaukee, Wisconsin","Madison"],["Cleveland, Ohio","Columbus"],["Birmingham, Alabama","Montgomery"],["Charlotte, North Carolina","Raleigh"],["Kansas City, Missouri","Jefferson City"],["Minneapolis, Minnesota","Saint Paul"],["Buffalo, New York","Albany"],["Sioux Falls, South Dakota","Pierre"],["Billings, Montana","Helena"],["Fargo, North Dakota","Bismarck"],["Wichita, Kansas","Topeka"],["Omaha, Nebraska","Lincoln"],["Anchorage, Alaska","Juneau"],["Memphis, Tennessee","Nashville"],["Louisville, Kentucky","Frankfort"],["Burlington, Vermont","Montpelier"],["Portland, Maine","Augusta"],["Bridgeport, Connecticut","Hartford"],["Wilmington, Delaware","Dover"],["Baltimore, Maryland","Annapolis"],["Newark, New Jersey","Trenton"],["Charleston, South Carolina","Columbia"],["Jacksonville, Florida","Tallahassee"],["Cincinnati, Ohio","Columbus"],["Tulsa, Oklahoma","Oklahoma City"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-capitals-south","id":"geo-us-capitals-south","title":"State Capitals: The South","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Capitals of the southern states from Virginia to Texas.","tags":["states","capitals","united states","south"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Virginia","Richmond"],["West Virginia","Charleston"],["North Carolina","Raleigh"],["South Carolina","Columbia"],["Georgia","Atlanta"],["Florida","Tallahassee"],["Alabama","Montgomery"],["Mississippi","Jackson"],["Tennessee","Nashville"],["Kentucky","Frankfort"],["Arkansas","Little Rock"],["Louisiana","Baton Rouge"],["Texas","Austin"],["Oklahoma","Oklahoma City"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-capitals-west","id":"geo-us-capitals-west","title":"State Capitals: The West","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Capitals of the mountain and Pacific states, plus Arizona and New Mexico.","tags":["states","capitals","united states","west"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Capital","cards":[["Arizona","Phoenix"],["New Mexico","Santa Fe"],["Colorado","Denver"],["Utah","Salt Lake City"],["Nevada","Carson City"],["Idaho","Boise"],["Montana","Helena"],["Wyoming","Cheyenne"],["California","Sacramento","Not Los Angeles"],["Oregon","Salem"],["Washington","Olympia","Not Seattle"],["Alaska","Juneau"],["Hawaii","Honolulu"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-census-regions","id":"geo-us-census-regions","title":"U.S. Regions: Which Region Is Each State In?","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Northeast, Midwest, South or West: where each state sits using the U.S. Census regions.","tags":["states","regions","united states"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Region","cards":[["Maine","Northeast"],["New Hampshire","Northeast"],["Vermont","Northeast"],["Massachusetts","Northeast"],["Rhode Island","Northeast"],["Connecticut","Northeast"],["New York","Northeast"],["New Jersey","Northeast"],["Pennsylvania","Northeast"],["Ohio","Midwest"],["Indiana","Midwest"],["Illinois","Midwest"],["Michigan","Midwest"],["Wisconsin","Midwest"],["Minnesota","Midwest"],["Iowa","Midwest"],["Missouri","Midwest"],["North Dakota","Midwest"],["South Dakota","Midwest"],["Nebraska","Midwest"],["Kansas","Midwest"],["Delaware","South"],["Maryland","South"],["Virginia","South"],["West Virginia","South"],["North Carolina","South"],["South Carolina","South"],["Georgia","South"],["Florida","South"],["Kentucky","South"],["Tennessee","South"],["Alabama","South"],["Mississippi","South"],["Arkansas","South"],["Louisiana","South"],["Oklahoma","South"],["Texas","South"],["Montana","West"],["Idaho","West"],["Wyoming","West"],["Colorado","West"],["New Mexico","West"],["Arizona","West"],["Utah","West"],["Nevada","West"],["California","West"],["Oregon","West"],["Washington","West"],["Alaska","West"],["Hawaii","West"],["Washington, D.C.","South (in the Census regions)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-cities-and-states","id":"geo-us-cities-and-states","title":"U.S. Cities and Their States","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Well-known American cities matched to the state they are in.","tags":["cities","states","united states"],"frontLabel":"City","backLabel":"State","cards":[["New York City","New York"],["Buffalo","New York"],["Los Angeles","California"],["San Francisco","California"],["San Diego","California"],["San Jose","California"],["Chicago","Illinois"],["Houston","Texas"],["Dallas","Texas"],["San Antonio","Texas"],["El Paso","Texas"],["Phoenix","Arizona"],["Tucson","Arizona"],["Philadelphia","Pennsylvania"],["Pittsburgh","Pennsylvania"],["Jacksonville","Florida"],["Miami","Florida"],["Orlando","Florida"],["Tampa","Florida"],["Columbus","Ohio"],["Cleveland","Ohio"],["Cincinnati","Ohio"],["Charlotte","North Carolina"],["Asheville","North Carolina"],["Indianapolis","Indiana"],["Seattle","Washington"],["Spokane","Washington"],["Denver","Colorado"],["Colorado Springs","Colorado"],["Boston","Massachusetts"],["Nashville","Tennessee"],["Memphis","Tennessee"],["Detroit","Michigan"],["Grand Rapids","Michigan"],["Portland (Oregon)","Oregon"],["Portland (Maine)","Maine"],["Las Vegas","Nevada"],["Reno","Nevada"],["Louisville","Kentucky"],["Lexington","Kentucky"],["Baltimore","Maryland"],["Milwaukee","Wisconsin"],["Albuquerque","New Mexico"],["Omaha","Nebraska"],["Kansas City","Missouri and Kansas (two cities of the same name)"],["St. Louis","Missouri"],["Atlanta","Georgia"],["Savannah","Georgia"],["Virginia Beach","Virginia"],["Norfolk","Virginia"],["New Orleans","Louisiana"],["Minneapolis","Minnesota"],["Honolulu","Hawaii"],["Anchorage","Alaska"],["Salt Lake City","Utah"],["Boise","Idaho"],["Billings","Montana"],["Fargo","North Dakota"],["Sioux Falls","South Dakota"],["Rapid City","South Dakota"],["Des Moines","Iowa"],["Wichita","Kansas"],["Oklahoma City","Oklahoma"],["Tulsa","Oklahoma"],["Little Rock","Arkansas"],["Birmingham","Alabama"],["Mobile","Alabama"],["Jackson","Mississippi"],["Charleston","South Carolina"],["Burlington","Vermont"],["Manchester","New Hampshire"],["Providence","Rhode Island"],["Newark","New Jersey"],["Atlantic City","New Jersey"],["Wilmington","Delaware"],["Sacramento","California"],["Fresno","California"],["Oakland","California"],["Austin","Texas"],["Fort Worth","Texas"],["Santa Fe","New Mexico"],["Cheyenne","Wyoming"],["Duluth","Minnesota"],["Madison","Wisconsin"],["Green Bay","Wisconsin"],["Cedar Rapids","Iowa"],["Springfield (Illinois capital)","Illinois"],["Hartford","Connecticut"],["New Haven","Connecticut"],["Pasadena","California"],["Santa Barbara","California"],["Taos","New Mexico"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-facts-and-borders","id":"geo-us-facts-and-borders","title":"U.S. Geography Facts and State Neighbors","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Borders, firsts, the biggest and smallest states and other facts about American geography.","tags":["united states","states","borders"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Which state is the largest by area?","Alaska"],["Which state is the smallest by area?","Rhode Island"],["Which state has the most people?","California"],["Which state has the fewest people?","Wyoming"],["Which state is the largest in the lower 48 by area?","Texas"],["Which state is the southernmost?","Hawaii"],["Which state is the northernmost?","Alaska"],["Which state has the longest coastline?","Alaska"],["Which state is made of islands?","Hawaii"],["Which states touch Canada in the Northeast?","Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and New York"],["Which states border Mexico?","California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas"],["Which state borders only one other state?","Maine, which touches only New Hampshire"],["Which state borders the most other states?","Missouri and Tennessee, with eight each"],["Which four states meet at one point?","Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona (Four Corners)"],["Which states are in New England?","Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut"],["Which are the original thirteen colonies?","Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina and Rhode Island"],["Which states are the Gulf Coast states?","Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida"],["Which states border the Mississippi River?","Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi and Louisiana"],["Which states are on the Gulf of Mexico?","Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas"],["Which state is shaped like a mitten?","Michigan's Lower Peninsula"],["Which state has a panhandle that points toward the Gulf?","Florida"],["Which state was the 50th to join the Union?","Hawaii (1959)"],["Which state was the 49th?","Alaska (1959)"],["Which state was the first to join?","Delaware (1787)"],["Which state is the Peach State?","Georgia"],["Which states are not connected to any other state?","Alaska and Hawaii"],["What are the Great Plains states?","North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma, and parts of nearby states"],["Which state has the most national parks?","California"],["Which state has the Everglades?","Florida"],["Which state has Mount Rushmore?","South Dakota"],["Which state has the Grand Canyon?","Arizona"],["Which state is the Lone Star State?","Texas"],["Which state is home to Yellowstone's Old Faithful?","Wyoming"],["Which state has the Gateway Arch?","Missouri"],["Which state has the Alamo?","Texas"],["Which U.S. city is the home of the White House?","Washington, D.C."],["Which states touch Lake Michigan?","Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan"],["Which states are the Four Corners states?","Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico"],["Which states border the Pacific Ocean?","California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska and Hawaii"],["Which state has the most coastline in the lower 48?","Florida"],["Which state is the Sunshine State?","Florida"],["Which state is the Golden State?","California"],["Which state has Mount Hood?","Oregon"],["Which state has the Space Needle?","Washington"],["Which state has Niagara Falls on its border with Canada?","New York"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-national-parks-famous-for","id":"geo-us-national-parks-famous-for","title":"What U.S. National Parks Are Famous For","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The sights each famous national park is known for.","tags":["national parks","united states","landmarks"],"frontLabel":"National park","backLabel":"Famous for","cards":[["Yellowstone","Old Faithful geyser, hot springs, bison; the first national park (1872)"],["Grand Canyon","A huge canyon cut by the Colorado River"],["Yosemite","Granite cliffs like El Capitan and Half Dome, and tall waterfalls"],["Great Smoky Mountains","Misty mountains, black bears and wildflowers"],["Glacier","Mountain glaciers, lakes and the Going-to-the-Sun Road"],["Zion","Red sandstone canyons and the Narrows"],["Bryce Canyon","Tall rock spires called hoodoos"],["Arches","More than 2,000 natural stone arches, including Delicate Arch"],["Everglades","A huge wetland with alligators and wading birds"],["Denali","North America's highest mountain, in Alaska"],["Acadia","Rocky coast and mountains in Maine"],["Rocky Mountain","High peaks, elk and Trail Ridge Road"],["Grand Teton","Jagged mountain peaks above Jackson Hole"],["Olympic","Rainforest, mountains and a wild Pacific coast"],["Mount Rainier","A giant snowy volcano near Seattle"],["Crater Lake","A deep blue lake inside an old volcano"],["Redwood","The tallest trees in the world"],["Sequoia","Giant sequoia trees, including General Sherman"],["Death Valley","Extreme heat and the lowest point in North America"],["Joshua Tree","Spiky Joshua trees and desert boulders"],["Badlands","Striped rock formations and prairie wildlife"],["Carlsbad Caverns","Huge underground caves and bats"],["Mammoth Cave","The longest known cave system in the world"],["Hawaiʻi Volcanoes","Active volcanoes, including Kīlauea"],["Haleakalā","A giant volcano on Maui with sunrise views"],["Canyonlands","Deep canyons carved by the Colorado and Green rivers"],["Mesa Verde","Ancient cliff dwellings built by Ancestral Puebloans"],["Petrified Forest","Trees turned to stone and colorful badlands"],["Saguaro","Giant saguaro cacti"],["Big Bend","A desert and mountains along the Rio Grande"],["White Sands","Dunes of bright white gypsum sand"],["Dry Tortugas","An old fort on islands in the Gulf of Mexico"],["Channel Islands","Offshore islands with unique plants and animals"],["Great Sand Dunes","The tallest sand dunes in North America"],["Shenandoah","Skyline Drive and Blue Ridge views"],["Voyageurs","Lakes and waterways of northern Minnesota"],["Katmai","Brown bears catching salmon"],["Kenai Fjords","Glaciers and sea life near Seward, Alaska"],["Glacier Bay","Tidewater glaciers and whales"],["Theodore Roosevelt","Badlands and prairie where the president once ranched"],["Congaree","Old-growth floodplain forest"],["Wind Cave","A maze of boxwork cave formations"],["Gateway Arch","The tall stainless steel arch beside the Mississippi"],["Cuyahoga Valley","Woodlands and waterfalls between Cleveland and Akron"],["Lassen Volcanic","Steaming vents and mud pots in a volcanic area"],["Pinnacles","Rock spires and California condors"],["Biscayne","Mostly water: coral reefs and islands near Miami"],["Isle Royale","A wild island in Lake Superior with wolves and moose"],["Indiana Dunes","Sand dunes on the shore of Lake Michigan"],["New River Gorge","A deep gorge with a famous steel arch bridge"],["Hot Springs","Natural hot springs and old bathhouses"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-national-parks-states","id":"geo-us-national-parks-states","title":"U.S. National Parks and Their States","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Which state or territory each national park is in.","tags":["national parks","states","united states"],"frontLabel":"National park","backLabel":"State","cards":[["Acadia","Maine"],["American Samoa","American Samoa (a U.S. territory)"],["Arches","Utah"],["Badlands","South Dakota"],["Big Bend","Texas"],["Biscayne","Florida"],["Black Canyon of the Gunnison","Colorado"],["Bryce Canyon","Utah"],["Canyonlands","Utah"],["Capitol Reef","Utah"],["Carlsbad Caverns","New Mexico"],["Channel Islands","California"],["Congaree","South Carolina"],["Crater Lake","Oregon"],["Cuyahoga Valley","Ohio"],["Death Valley","California and Nevada"],["Denali","Alaska"],["Dry Tortugas","Florida"],["Everglades","Florida"],["Gates of the Arctic","Alaska"],["Gateway Arch","Missouri"],["Glacier","Montana"],["Glacier Bay","Alaska"],["Grand Canyon","Arizona"],["Grand Teton","Wyoming"],["Great Basin","Nevada"],["Great Sand Dunes","Colorado"],["Great Smoky Mountains","Tennessee and North Carolina"],["Guadalupe Mountains","Texas"],["Haleakalā","Hawaii"],["Hawaiʻi Volcanoes","Hawaii"],["Hot Springs","Arkansas"],["Indiana Dunes","Indiana"],["Isle Royale","Michigan"],["Joshua Tree","California"],["Katmai","Alaska"],["Kenai Fjords","Alaska"],["Kings Canyon","California"],["Lassen Volcanic","California"],["Mammoth Cave","Kentucky"],["Mesa Verde","Colorado"],["Mount Rainier","Washington"],["New River Gorge","West Virginia"],["North Cascades","Washington"],["Olympic","Washington"],["Petrified Forest","Arizona"],["Pinnacles","California"],["Redwood","California"],["Rocky Mountain","Colorado"],["Saguaro","Arizona"],["Sequoia","California"],["Shenandoah","Virginia"],["Theodore Roosevelt","North Dakota"],["Virgin Islands","U.S. Virgin Islands"],["Voyageurs","Minnesota"],["White Sands","New Mexico"],["Wind Cave","South Dakota"],["Wrangell–St. Elias","Alaska"],["Yellowstone","Wyoming, Montana and Idaho"],["Yosemite","California"],["Zion","Utah"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-physical-geography","id":"geo-us-physical-geography","title":"U.S. Rivers, Mountains and Natural Features","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Rivers, mountain ranges, deserts and other natural features of the United States.","tags":["united states","rivers","mountains","physical geography"],"frontLabel":"Feature","backLabel":"Facts","cards":[["Mississippi River","Flows from Minnesota south to the Gulf of Mexico"],["Missouri River","Longest river in the United States; joins the Mississippi near St. Louis"],["Ohio River","Flows from Pittsburgh to the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois"],["Colorado River","Flows from the Rocky Mountains through the Grand Canyon toward Mexico"],["Columbia River","Flows through Washington and Oregon to the Pacific Ocean"],["Rio Grande","Flows from Colorado through New Mexico, then forms the Texas–Mexico border"],["Hudson River","Flows through New York State to New York Harbor"],["Delaware River","Flows between Pennsylvania and New Jersey"],["Potomac River","Flows past Washington, D.C. to Chesapeake Bay"],["Susquehanna River","Flows through Pennsylvania and Maryland to Chesapeake Bay"],["Tennessee River","Flows through Tennessee, Alabama and Kentucky to the Ohio"],["Arkansas River","Flows from Colorado through Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas"],["Platte River","Flows across Nebraska"],["Snake River","Flows through Idaho and Oregon to the Columbia"],["Yukon River","Flows across Alaska to the Bering Sea"],["Connecticut River","The longest river in New England"],["Savannah River","Forms the border of Georgia and South Carolina"],["Rocky Mountains","Run from Canada down to New Mexico"],["Appalachian Mountains","Run along the eastern United States"],["Sierra Nevada","Mountain range in California with Yosemite and Mount Whitney"],["Cascade Range","Mountains with volcanoes in Washington, Oregon and northern California"],["Coast Ranges","Mountains close to the Pacific coast"],["Ozark Plateau","Highlands in Missouri and Arkansas"],["Great Plains","Wide grasslands between the Mississippi River and the Rockies"],["Great Basin","Dry region in Nevada and Utah where rivers do not reach the sea"],["Mojave Desert","Desert in California and Nevada"],["Sonoran Desert","Desert in Arizona with giant saguaro cacti"],["Chihuahuan Desert","Desert in New Mexico and Texas"],["Mississippi Delta","Wide swampy lowland where the Mississippi reaches the Gulf in Louisiana"],["Everglades","A huge wetland in southern Florida"],["Okefenokee Swamp","A large swamp in Georgia and Florida"],["Great Salt Lake","A huge salty lake in Utah"],["Death Valley","Lowest point in North America, in California"],["Mount Whitney","Highest peak in the lower 48 states, in California"],["Denali","Highest peak in the United States, in Alaska"],["Mauna Kea","A big volcano on Hawaii's Big Island"],["Chesapeake Bay","A big bay in Maryland and Virginia"],["Cape Cod","A hooked peninsula in Massachusetts"],["Outer Banks","A string of barrier islands off North Carolina"],["Florida Keys","A chain of small islands off the southern tip of Florida"],["Puget Sound","An inlet of the Pacific in Washington State"],["San Andreas Fault","A fault line in California where earthquakes happen"],["Yellowstone Caldera","A giant volcanic area in Wyoming with geysers"],["Grand Canyon","A mile-deep canyon cut by the Colorado River in Arizona"],["Mount St. Helens","A volcano in Washington State that erupted in 1980"],["Mount Rainier","A big snowy volcano in Washington State"],["Black Hills","Low mountains in South Dakota and Wyoming"],["Badlands","Eroded rock and prairie in South Dakota"],["Aleutian Islands","A long chain of islands extending from Alaska"],["Mount Washington","Highest peak in the northeastern United States, in New Hampshire"],["Mammoth Cave","The longest known cave system, in Kentucky"],["Lake Okeechobee","A big lake in southern Florida"],["Lake Tahoe","A deep mountain lake on the California–Nevada border"],["Crater Lake","The deepest lake in the United States, in Oregon"],["The Continental Divide","A ridge in the Rockies that sends water to the Pacific or the Atlantic side"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-state-largest-cities","id":"geo-us-state-largest-cities","title":"Biggest City in Each State","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The largest city by population in each state, which is often not the capital.","tags":["states","cities","united states"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Largest city","cards":[["Alabama","Huntsville","Birmingham is also big; counts have been close"],["Alaska","Anchorage"],["Arizona","Phoenix"],["Arkansas","Little Rock"],["California","Los Angeles"],["Colorado","Denver"],["Connecticut","Bridgeport"],["Delaware","Wilmington"],["Florida","Jacksonville"],["Georgia","Atlanta"],["Hawaii","Honolulu"],["Idaho","Boise"],["Illinois","Chicago"],["Indiana","Indianapolis"],["Iowa","Des Moines"],["Kansas","Wichita"],["Kentucky","Louisville"],["Louisiana","New Orleans"],["Maine","Portland"],["Maryland","Baltimore"],["Massachusetts","Boston"],["Michigan","Detroit"],["Minnesota","Minneapolis"],["Mississippi","Jackson"],["Missouri","Kansas City"],["Montana","Billings"],["Nebraska","Omaha"],["Nevada","Las Vegas"],["New Hampshire","Manchester"],["New Jersey","Newark"],["New Mexico","Albuquerque"],["New York","New York City"],["North Carolina","Charlotte"],["North Dakota","Fargo"],["Ohio","Columbus"],["Oklahoma","Oklahoma City"],["Oregon","Portland"],["Pennsylvania","Philadelphia"],["Rhode Island","Providence"],["South Carolina","Charleston"],["South Dakota","Sioux Falls"],["Tennessee","Nashville"],["Texas","Houston"],["Utah","Salt Lake City"],["Vermont","Burlington"],["Virginia","Virginia Beach"],["Washington","Seattle"],["West Virginia","Charleston"],["Wisconsin","Milwaukee"],["Wyoming","Cheyenne"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-state-nicknames","id":"geo-us-state-nicknames","title":"State Nicknames","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The best-known official or popular nickname of each state.","tags":["states","nicknames","united states"],"frontLabel":"State","backLabel":"Nickname","cards":[["Alabama","The Yellowhammer State"],["Alaska","The Last Frontier"],["Arizona","The Grand Canyon State"],["Arkansas","The Natural State"],["California","The Golden State"],["Colorado","The Centennial State"],["Connecticut","The Constitution State"],["Delaware","The First State","It was first to approve the Constitution"],["Florida","The Sunshine State"],["Georgia","The Peach State"],["Hawaii","The Aloha State"],["Idaho","The Gem State"],["Illinois","The Prairie State","Also Land of Lincoln"],["Indiana","The Hoosier State"],["Iowa","The Hawkeye State"],["Kansas","The Sunflower State"],["Kentucky","The Bluegrass State"],["Louisiana","The Pelican State"],["Maine","The Pine Tree State"],["Maryland","The Old Line State"],["Massachusetts","The Bay State"],["Michigan","The Great Lakes State"],["Minnesota","The North Star State","Also Land of 10,000 Lakes"],["Mississippi","The Magnolia State"],["Missouri","The Show-Me State"],["Montana","The Treasure State"],["Nebraska","The Cornhusker State"],["Nevada","The Silver State"],["New Hampshire","The Granite State"],["New Jersey","The Garden State"],["New Mexico","The Land of Enchantment"],["New York","The Empire State"],["North Carolina","The Tar Heel State"],["North Dakota","The Peace Garden State"],["Ohio","The Buckeye State"],["Oklahoma","The Sooner State"],["Oregon","The Beaver State"],["Pennsylvania","The Keystone State"],["Rhode Island","The Ocean State"],["South Carolina","The Palmetto State"],["South Dakota","The Mount Rushmore State"],["Tennessee","The Volunteer State"],["Texas","The Lone Star State"],["Utah","The Beehive State"],["Vermont","The Green Mountain State"],["Virginia","The Old Dominion"],["Washington","The Evergreen State"],["West Virginia","The Mountain State"],["Wisconsin","The Badger State"],["Wyoming","The Equality State","Also called the Cowboy State"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-us-territories-dc","id":"geo-us-territories-dc","title":"U.S. Territories and Washington, D.C.","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The inhabited U.S. territories, where they are, and their main towns.","tags":["territories","united states","capitals"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Capital of Puerto Rico","San Juan"],["Capital of Guam","Hagåtña"],["Capital of the U.S. Virgin Islands","Charlotte Amalie"],["Capital of American Samoa","Pago Pago"],["Capital of the Northern Mariana Islands","Saipan"],["Which sea is Puerto Rico in?","The Caribbean Sea"],["Which ocean is Guam in?","The Pacific Ocean"],["Which ocean are American Samoa and the Northern Marianas in?","The Pacific Ocean"],["Which Caribbean territory is made of St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix?","The U.S. Virgin Islands"],["Is Washington, D.C. a state?","No, it is a federal district"],["What does D.C. stand for?","District of Columbia"],["Which two states border Washington, D.C.?","Maryland and Virginia"],["Which river runs beside Washington, D.C.?","The Potomac River"],["How many states are in the United States?","50"],["Which two states are not part of the lower 48 mainland?","Alaska and Hawaii"],["Which was the newest state to join the United States?","Hawaii, in 1959"],["Which was the first state in the nation, by ratifying the Constitution?","Delaware"],["Which language is widely spoken, along with English, in Puerto Rico?","Spanish"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-waterfalls-volcanoes","id":"geo-waterfalls-volcanoes","title":"Waterfalls and Volcanoes","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous waterfalls and volcanoes and where they are.","tags":["waterfalls","volcanoes","physical geography"],"frontLabel":"Place","backLabel":"Where it is","cards":[["Niagara Falls","On the border of Ontario, Canada and New York, USA"],["Angel Falls","Venezuela; the highest waterfall in the world"],["Victoria Falls","On the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe, on the Zambezi River"],["Iguazú Falls","On the border of Argentina and Brazil"],["Yosemite Falls","California, in Yosemite National Park"],["Multnomah Falls","Oregon, in the Columbia River Gorge"],["Havasu Falls","Arizona, in a side canyon of the Grand Canyon"],["Shoshone Falls","Idaho, on the Snake River"],["Bridalveil Fall","California, in Yosemite Valley"],["Kaieteur Falls","Guyana; a very tall single-drop waterfall"],["Gullfoss","Iceland; a big two-step waterfall"],["Dettifoss","Iceland; one of the most powerful waterfalls in Europe"],["Rhine Falls","Switzerland; the largest plain waterfall in Europe"],["Plitvice Falls","Croatia, in a park of linked lakes"],["Jog Falls","India, in Karnataka"],["Kegon Falls","Japan, near Nikko"],["Ban Gioc–Detian Falls","On the border of Vietnam and China"],["Sutherland Falls","New Zealand's South Island"],["Wallaman Falls","Queensland, Australia"],["Mount Vesuvius","Italy; the volcano that buried Pompeii in 79 AD"],["Mount Etna","Sicily, Italy; one of the most active volcanoes in Europe"],["Stromboli","An island volcano in Italy that erupts often"],["Mount Fuji","Japan; the highest mountain in Japan"],["Krakatoa","Indonesia; its huge eruption in 1883 was heard far away"],["Mount Pinatubo","Philippines; erupted in 1991"],["Mount Mayon","Philippines; famous for its perfect cone shape"],["Mount Merapi","Java, Indonesia"],["Mount Tambora","Indonesia; its 1815 eruption cooled the whole world"],["Mount St. Helens","Washington, USA; erupted in 1980"],["Mount Rainier","Washington, USA"],["Mount Shasta","California, USA"],["Kīlauea","Hawaii, USA; one of the most active volcanoes on Earth"],["Mauna Loa","Hawaii, USA; the largest active volcano on Earth by volume"],["Mount Hood","Oregon, USA"],["Popocatépetl","Mexico; near Mexico City"],["Paricutín","Mexico; a volcano that grew out of a cornfield in 1943"],["Cotopaxi","Ecuador; one of the highest active volcanoes"],["Novarupta (near Mount Katmai)","Alaska; site of a huge 1912 eruption"],["Eyjafjallajökull","Iceland; its 2010 ash cloud stopped many flights"],["Surtsey","A volcanic island that rose off Iceland in 1963"],["Mount Erebus","Antarctica; the southernmost active volcano"],["Mount Kilimanjaro","Tanzania; a dormant volcano and Africa's highest peak"],["Ol Doinyo Lengai","Tanzania; the 'Mountain of God' that erupts unusual lava"],["Mount Ararat","Turkey; a large volcano near the Armenian border"],["Santorini","Greece; a volcanic island with a flooded caldera"],["Yellowstone Caldera","Wyoming, USA; a giant volcanic basin with geysers"],["Ring of Fire","A belt of volcanoes and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-wonders-of-the-world","id":"geo-wonders-of-the-world","title":"Wonders of the World","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the New Seven Wonders, and famous natural wonders.","tags":["wonders","landmarks","ancient world"],"frontLabel":"Wonder","backLabel":"Where it is or was","cards":[["Great Pyramid of Giza","Egypt; the only ancient wonder still standing"],["Hanging Gardens of Babylon","Ancient Babylon, in what is now Iraq; no proof of where it stood"],["Statue of Zeus at Olympia","Olympia, Greece; a giant statue (lost)"],["Temple of Artemis","Ephesus, in what is now Turkey (destroyed)"],["Mausoleum at Halicarnassus","Bodrum, in what is now Turkey; a tomb for King Mausolus (destroyed)"],["Colossus of Rhodes","Greek island of Rhodes; a giant bronze statue (fell in an earthquake)"],["Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos)","Alexandria, Egypt (lost to earthquakes)"],["Great Wall of China","China; one of the New Seven Wonders"],["Petra","Jordan; a city carved in rock, one of the New Seven Wonders"],["Christ the Redeemer","Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; one of the New Seven Wonders"],["Machu Picchu","Peru; an Inca city, one of the New Seven Wonders"],["Chichén Itzá","Mexico; a Maya pyramid city, one of the New Seven Wonders"],["Colosseum","Rome, Italy; one of the New Seven Wonders"],["Taj Mahal","Agra, India; one of the New Seven Wonders"],["How many Ancient Wonders are there?","Seven"],["How many New Wonders were chosen in 2007?","Seven"],["Which ancient wonder is still standing?","The Great Pyramid of Giza"],["Which natural wonder is Earth's largest coral reef system?","The Great Barrier Reef, off Australia"],["Which natural wonder is a huge canyon in Arizona?","The Grand Canyon"],["Which natural wonder is a mountain on the Nepal and China border?","Mount Everest"],["Which natural wonder is the biggest river by water flow?","The Amazon River"],["Which natural wonder is a massive waterfall on the Zambia–Zimbabwe border?","Victoria Falls"],["Which natural wonder is a glowing sky light seen in the far north?","The Northern Lights (aurora borealis)"],["Which natural wonder is a rock in the middle of Australia?","Uluru"],["Which natural wonder is a harbor in Brazil circled by mountains?","Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro"],["Which natural wonder is a huge volcano near Naples, Italy?","Mount Vesuvius"],["Which natural wonder is a great volcanic crater in Tanzania full of wildlife?","Ngorongoro Crater"],["Which natural wonder has a salt flat that looks like a mirror after rain?","Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia"],["Which natural wonder is the deepest lake in the world?","Lake Baikal, Russia"],["Which natural wonder is a ring of fire of volcanoes around the Pacific?","The Ring of Fire"],["Which natural wonder is the mouth of a giant cave system in Kentucky?","Mammoth Cave"],["Which natural wonder is a set of waterfalls on the Argentina–Brazil border?","Iguazú Falls"],["Which natural wonder is a 30-foot-high column of water that shoots up in Yellowstone?","Old Faithful"],["Which man-made wonder links the Atlantic and Pacific oceans?","The Panama Canal"],["Which man-made wonder runs through China and is thousands of miles long?","The Great Wall of China"],["Which man-made wonder is a long wall in northern England built by the Romans?","Hadrian's Wall"],["Which wonder was built to be a tomb for an emperor's wife in India?","The Taj Mahal"],["Which wonder is a giant statue of Jesus with open arms?","Christ the Redeemer"],["Which wonder is a huge stone circle in England?","Stonehenge"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/geo-world-records","id":"geo-world-records","title":"Biggest, Longest, Highest: Geography Records","category":"geography","subject":"Geography","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Superlatives of the physical world: largest, longest, tallest and deepest.","tags":["records","superlatives","physical geography"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Largest country by area?","Russia"],["Second-largest country by area?","Canada"],["Smallest country in the world by area?","Vatican City"],["Most populous country in the world?","India (it passed China in 2023)"],["Largest continent?","Asia"],["Smallest continent?","Australia (Oceania)"],["Largest ocean?","The Pacific Ocean"],["Smallest ocean?","The Arctic Ocean"],["Deepest ocean trench?","Mariana Trench, in the Pacific"],["Highest mountain above sea level?","Mount Everest"],["Highest mountain in South America?","Aconcagua"],["Highest mountain in Africa?","Kilimanjaro"],["Highest mountain in Europe?","Mount Elbrus (Russia)"],["Highest mountain in North America?","Denali (Alaska)"],["Highest mountain in Antarctica?","Mount Vinson"],["Longest river in Africa?","The Nile"],["River with the most water flow?","The Amazon"],["Longest river in Asia?","The Yangtze"],["Longest river in Europe?","The Volga"],["Longest river in the United States?","The Missouri"],["Largest hot desert?","The Sahara"],["Largest desert of all?","Antarctica"],["Largest lake by area?","The Caspian Sea"],["Deepest lake?","Lake Baikal (Russia)"],["Largest freshwater lake in the United States?","Lake Superior"],["Largest island?","Greenland"],["Largest island in the Mediterranean?","Sicily"],["Largest rainforest?","The Amazon rainforest"],["Highest waterfall?","Angel Falls, in Venezuela"],["Largest coral reef system?","The Great Barrier Reef"],["Lowest point on land?","Shores of the Dead Sea"],["Lowest point in the United States?","Badwater Basin in Death Valley"],["Highest point in the United States?","Denali"],["Highest point in the lower 48 states?","Mount Whitney"],["Coldest continent?","Antarctica"],["Hottest continent?","Africa"],["Driest continent?","Antarctica"],["Longest mountain range on land?","The Andes"],["Highest capital city in the world?","La Paz, Bolivia (seat of government)"],["Country with the most islands?","Sweden"],["Country with the most time zones including territories?","France"],["Country with the longest coastline?","Canada"],["Largest country in Africa by area?","Algeria"],["Largest country in South America?","Brazil"],["Largest country in Europe by area?","Russia"],["Largest country in Central America?","Nicaragua"],["Smallest country in Africa?","Seychelles"],["Smallest country in South America?","Suriname"],["Largest state in Australia?","Western Australia"],["Tallest tree species?","Coast redwood"],["Largest salt flat?","Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia"],["Largest glacier in the world?","Lambert Glacier in Antarctica"],["Longest border between two countries?","Canada and the United States"],["Tallest building (as of 2025)?","Burj Khalifa in Dubai"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/american-inventors-and-innovators","id":"american-inventors-and-innovators","title":"American Inventors and Innovators","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"People who invented, built or improved things that changed American life.","tags":["inventors","innovation","biography"],"frontLabel":"Person","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Benjamin Franklin","Lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, and a public library"],["Eli Whitney","Cotton gin (1793) and ideas about interchangeable parts"],["Robert Fulton","Made steamboats practical, starting with the Clermont in 1807"],["Samuel Morse","Telegraph and Morse code, 1830s-1840s"],["Cyrus McCormick","Mechanical reaper for harvesting grain"],["John Deere","Steel plow for breaking prairie soil"],["Elias Howe","Sewing machine with a lockstitch, 1846"],["Isaac Singer","Improved and sold sewing machines widely"],["Elisha Otis","Safety elevator, shown in 1854"],["Charles Goodyear","Vulcanized rubber"],["Samuel Colt","Revolver and mass production methods"],["Alexander Graham Bell","Telephone, patented in 1876"],["Thomas Edison","Phonograph, practical light bulb and research laboratories"],["Nikola Tesla","Worked on alternating current electric systems"],["George Westinghouse","Air brake for trains and AC power systems"],["Lewis Latimer","Improved the carbon filament for light bulbs"],["Granville Woods","Black inventor with many patents for railway and electrical devices"],["Elijah McCoy","Invented lubricating devices for steam engines"],["Madam C. J. Walker","Built a hair care business and became a self-made millionaire"],["George Washington Carver","Scientist who promoted peanuts and crop rotation"],["Booker T. Washington","Founded Tuskegee Institute"],["Wright brothers","Made the first powered airplane flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk"],["Henry Ford","Model T and the moving assembly line"],["George Eastman","Simple Kodak cameras and roll film"],["Garrett Morgan","Improved traffic signal and a safety hood"],["Charles Drew","Developed blood banking methods"],["Percy Julian","Chemist who made medicines from plants"],["Hedy Lamarr","Actress who co-invented a frequency-hopping idea used later in wireless tech"],["Grace Hopper","Helped create early programming languages"],["Steve Jobs","Co-founder of Apple; helped popularize personal computers"],["Bill Gates","Co-founder of Microsoft"],["Jonas Salk","Developed a polio vaccine, 1955"],["Albert Sabin","Developed an oral polio vaccine"],["Robert Goddard","Launched the first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926"],["Philo Farnsworth","Demonstrated all-electronic television in 1927"],["Lee de Forest","Invented the audion vacuum tube, important for radio"],["Mary Anderson","Invented the windshield wiper in 1903"],["Josephine Cochrane","Invented the dishwasher in 1886"],["Margaret Knight","Invented the flat-bottomed paper bag machine"],["Stephanie Kwolek","Invented Kevlar, a super strong fiber"],["Ruth Handler","Created the Barbie doll"],["Earle Dickson","Invented the Band-Aid for his wife in 1920"],["Walter Hunt","Invented the safety pin in 1849"],["Ole Evinrude","Invented the outboard motor"],["Willis Carrier","Invented modern air conditioning"],["Clarence Birdseye","Developed quick-freezing for foods"],["Gideon Sundback","Improved the zipper"],["James Naismith","Invented basketball in 1891"],["Frederick McKinley Jones","Invented refrigeration units for trucks"],["Katherine Johnson","Calculated flight paths for NASA"],["Mark Dean","Co-developed key IBM PC technologies"],["Jerry Lawson","Helped develop the first cartridge-based video game console"],["Ralph Baer","Called the father of video games for the Magnavox Odyssey"],["Wilbur Wright","Older Wright brother who piloted first flights"],["Orville Wright","Younger Wright brother, who piloted the first flight"],["Patent","Government record giving an inventor exclusive rights to an invention"],["Patent Office","Government office that registers patents; the first US patent law was in 1790"],["Smithsonian","Museums that preserve American inventions"],["Innovation","A new idea, method or device"],["Prototype","An early test version of an invention"],["Franklin's kite experiment","1752 test linking lightning to electricity"],["Telegraph line to California","Completed in 1861"],["First transcontinental telephone call","Made in 1915"],["Apollo program","NASA program that landed astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas","id":"ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas","title":"Ancient Civilizations of the Americas","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inca and other great societies of Mesoamerica and South America.","tags":["maya","aztec","inca","olmec"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Mesoamerica","Region of Mexico and Central America where several great civilizations arose"],["Olmec","Earliest known Mesoamerican civilization, about 1200-400 BCE, known for giant stone heads"],["Colossal heads","Huge carved stone heads made by the Olmec"],["Mother culture","Nickname for the Olmec, who influenced later peoples"],["Maize (corn)","The most important crop in Mesoamerica"],["Maya","Civilization of southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, with city-states and writing"],["Classic Maya","The peak of Maya civilization, about 250-900 CE"],["Tikal","Large Maya city in Guatemala with tall temple pyramids"],["Chichen Itza","Maya city in Yucatan with the pyramid El Castillo"],["Palenque","Maya city in southern Mexico known for its Temple of the Inscriptions"],["Pakal the Great","Long-ruling king of Palenque"],["Maya glyphs","Writing system combining pictures and sounds"],["Maya calendar","Used interlocking cycles including a 260-day count and a 365-day year"],["Long Count","Maya system for counting days from a starting date"],["Maya zero","Maya used a symbol for zero in their math"],["Maya astronomy","Observed Venus, the Sun and Moon carefully"],["Popol Vuh","K'iche' Maya sacred book with creation stories"],["Cacao","Maya and Aztec used cacao beans for chocolate drinks and as money"],["Ball game","Mesoamerican game with a rubber ball played in stone courts"],["Maya collapse","Many southern lowland cities were abandoned after about 800-900 CE"],["Teotihuacan","Huge city near Mexico City with the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon, flourished 100-550 CE"],["Toltec","Culture whose capital, Tula, flourished after Teotihuacan"],["Aztec (Mexica)","People who founded Tenochtitlan around 1325"],["Tenochtitlan","Aztec capital on an island in Lake Texcoco, now Mexico City"],["Chinampas","Floating garden plots the Aztec built in shallow lakes"],["Causeway","Raised road across water, used to reach Tenochtitlan"],["Templo Mayor","Great temple in the center of Tenochtitlan"],["Moctezuma II","Aztec ruler when the Spanish arrived in 1519"],["Hernan Cortes","Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire"],["La Malinche","Nahua woman who served as Cortes's interpreter"],["Triple Alliance","Aztec league of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan"],["Tribute","Goods demanded from conquered peoples"],["Nahuatl","Aztec language, still spoken by many today"],["Tlaxcalans","Neighbors of the Aztecs who allied with the Spanish"],["Fall of Tenochtitlan (1521)","Spanish and allies captured the city after a long siege and an outbreak of smallpox"],["Quetzalcoatl","Feathered serpent god"],["Huitzilopochtli","Aztec god of the sun and war"],["Tlaloc","Aztec god of rain"],["Codex","Folded book painted by Aztec or Maya scribes"],["Inca Empire","Largest empire in the Americas, in the Andes, peaked in the 1400s-1500s"],["Cusco","Inca capital in Peru"],["Pachacuti","Ruler who began the Inca's great expansion in the 1430s"],["Sapa Inca","Title of the Inca emperor"],["Machu Picchu","Inca mountain estate in Peru, built about 1450"],["Quipu","Inca record-keeping device of knotted strings"],["Inca road system","Thousands of miles of roads across the Andes"],["Chasqui","Inca relay runners who carried messages"],["Mit'a","Inca labor service owed to the state"],["Terrace farming","Stepped fields on mountainsides in the Andes"],["Potato","Crop first domesticated in the Andes"],["Llama","Pack animal of the Andes"],["Alpaca","Animal raised for soft wool in the Andes"],["Quechua","Language of the Inca, still spoken by millions"],["Atahualpa","Last independent Inca emperor, captured by Pizarro in 1532"],["Francisco Pizarro","Spanish conquistador who defeated the Inca"],["Inca bridges","Rope suspension bridges woven from grass"],["Norte Chico (Caral)","One of the oldest civilizations in the Americas, in coastal Peru, about 3000 BCE"],["Chavin","Early Andean culture known for temple center Chavin de Huantar"],["Nazca","Peruvian culture famous for giant desert line drawings"],["Nazca Lines","Huge figures of animals and shapes etched into the desert"],["Moche","Peruvian culture known for pottery and gold work"],["Tiwanaku","Andean city near Lake Titicaca"],["Lake Titicaca","High-elevation lake on the Peru-Bolivia border"],["Mound Builders","Ancient peoples in what is now the US who built earthen mounds"],["Cahokia","Largest city north of Mexico before 1492, near St. Louis"],["Ancestral Puebloans","Southwestern builders of cliff dwellings"],["Tainos","Indigenous people of the Caribbean who met Columbus"],["Land bridge theory","Idea that early people crossed from Asia to the Americas over Beringia"],["Beringia","Land that once connected Siberia and Alaska"],["Clovis points","Stone spear tips found at sites across North America"],["Domestication","Mesoamericans bred corn from a wild grass called teosinte"],["Turquoise and jade","Highly valued stones in Mesoamerica"],["Obsidian","Volcanic glass used for sharp tools"],["Sacrifice","Religious offerings, including human offerings, were part of Aztec and Maya ritual"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/famous-historical-documents","id":"famous-historical-documents","title":"Famous Historical Documents","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Charters, declarations, laws and speeches that shaped history, and what each one said.","tags":["documents","magna carta","declaration","constitution"],"frontLabel":"Document","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[["Code of Hammurabi (c. 1754 BCE)","Babylonian law code carved on a stone pillar"],["Cyrus Cylinder (539 BCE)","Persian clay cylinder describing Cyrus's rule and respect for local customs"],["Twelve Tables (c. 450 BCE)","Rome's first written laws, displayed in the Forum"],["Edicts of Ashoka (c. 250 BCE)","Messages carved on pillars by the Maurya emperor about justice and compassion"],["Rosetta Stone (196 BCE)","Decree in three scripts that helped decode hieroglyphs"],["Edict of Milan (313 CE)","Roman proclamation of religious tolerance"],["Justinian Code (529-534)","Byzantine collection of Roman laws that shaped later legal systems"],["Constitution of Medina (c. 622)","Early agreement among communities in Medina"],["Domesday Book (1086)","English survey of land and property ordered by William the Conqueror"],["Magna Carta (1215)","English charter limiting the king's power and protecting rights"],["Golden Bull (1222)","Hungarian charter limiting royal power, similar to Magna Carta"],["Gutenberg Bible (c. 1455)","First major book printed in Europe with movable type"],["95 Theses (1517)","Martin Luther's list of church criticisms"],["Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)","Spain and Portugal divided new lands outside Europe"],["Mayflower Compact (1620)","Agreement by Pilgrims to govern themselves fairly"],["Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)","One of the first written constitutions in the colonies"],["Petition of Right (1628)","English document limiting the king's power to tax and jail without cause"],["English Bill of Rights (1689)","Guaranteed Parliament's powers and individual rights"],["Two Treatises of Government (1689)","John Locke's work on natural rights and consent of the governed"],["Common Sense (1776)","Thomas Paine's pamphlet arguing for independence"],["Declaration of Independence (1776)","Announced the colonies' freedom and the ideas of equality and rights"],["Articles of Confederation (1781)","First US government plan"],["Northwest Ordinance (1787)","Set rules for new territories and banned slavery north of the Ohio"],["US Constitution (1787)","Framework of the US government"],["Federalist Papers (1787-88)","Essays defending the Constitution"],["Bill of Rights (1791)","First ten amendments protecting individual rights"],["Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)","French statement of rights and equality under the law"],["A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)","Mary Wollstonecraft's argument for women's education and equality"],["Washington's Farewell Address (1796)","Warned about political division and foreign entanglements"],["Monroe Doctrine (1823)","Warned Europe against new colonies in the Americas"],["Declaration of Sentiments (1848)","Seneca Falls document calling for women's equality"],["Communist Manifesto (1848)","Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's pamphlet about class struggle"],["Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)","Ended the Mexican-American War"],["Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)","Novel that increased opposition to slavery"],["Emancipation Proclamation (1863)","Lincoln's order freeing enslaved people in rebelling states"],["Gettysburg Address (1863)","Lincoln's short speech about equality and 'government of the people'"],["13th Amendment (1865)","Ended slavery in the United States"],["14th Amendment (1868)","Citizenship and equal protection for all persons born in the US"],["15th Amendment (1870)","Gave Black men the right to vote"],["19th Amendment (1920)","Gave women the right to vote"],["Origin of Species (1859)","Charles Darwin's book on evolution by natural selection"],["Balfour Declaration (1917)","British letter supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine"],["Fourteen Points (1918)","Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-WWI peace"],["Treaty of Versailles (1919)","Peace treaty ending WWI with Germany"],["Atlantic Charter (1941)","Churchill and Roosevelt's statement of war aims"],["Four Freedoms (1941)","FDR's speech on freedom of speech, worship, from want and from fear"],["UN Charter (1945)","Founding document of the United Nations"],["Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)","UN statement of rights for all people"],["Brown v. Board of Education (1954)","Supreme Court decision against school segregation"],["Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)","Martin Luther King Jr.'s defense of nonviolent protest"],["I Have a Dream (1963)","King's speech at the March on Washington"],["Civil Rights Act (1964)","Outlawed segregation in public places and job discrimination"],["Voting Rights Act (1965)","Protected voting rights for Black citizens"],["Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)","Banned discrimination against people with disabilities"],["Silent Spring (1962)","Rachel Carson's book that sparked the environmental movement"],["The Diary of a Young Girl","Anne Frank's diary, published in 1947"],["Wealth of Nations (1776)","Adam Smith's book on markets and trade"],["Leviathan (1651)","Thomas Hobbes's book on government and order"],["The Social Contract (1762)","Rousseau's book on the general will"],["The Prince (1532)","Machiavelli's guide to ruling, published after his death"],["Dead Sea Scrolls","Ancient manuscripts found in caves near the Dead Sea starting in 1947"],["Treaty of Paris (1783)","Ended the American Revolution"],["Treaty of Westphalia (1648)","Ended the Thirty Years' War"],["Great Law of Peace","Haudenosaunee constitution, some influence on early American ideas is debated"],["Cherokee Constitution (1827)","Written constitution of the Cherokee Nation"],["Sequoyah's syllabary","Cherokee writing system created in the 1820s"],["Indian Citizenship Act (1924)","Granted citizenship to Native Americans born in the US"],["Emancipation Manifesto (1861)","Russian tsar Alexander II freed the serfs"],["Meiji Constitution (1889)","Japan's first modern constitution"],["Constitution of India (1950)","World's longest written national constitution"],["Magna Carta's clause 39","No free person to be punished without lawful judgment, a root of due process"],["Habeas corpus","Principle that you cannot be held without legal charges; strengthened by England's 1679 Act"],["Bill of Rights (1689) vs 1791","England's came first; the American one added rights to the US Constitution"],["Homestead Act (1862)","Offered free land to settlers who farmed it"],["Pendleton Act (1883)","Created merit-based jobs in the federal government"],["Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)","Law against monopolies"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/famous-wars-and-battles","id":"famous-wars-and-battles","title":"Famous Wars and Battles","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Major conflicts from ancient times to the twentieth century, with where, when and why they mattered.","tags":["wars","battles","military history"],"frontLabel":"War or battle","backLabel":"Key facts","cards":[["Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)","Athens defeated a Persian invasion in Greece"],["Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)","Small Greek force held a mountain pass against Persia"],["Battle of Salamis (480 BCE)","Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy"],["Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)","Sparta defeated Athens"],["Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE)","Alexander the Great defeated Persian king Darius III"],["Punic Wars (264-146 BCE)","Rome defeated Carthage in three wars"],["Battle of Cannae (216 BCE)","Hannibal's great victory over Rome"],["Battle of Zama (202 BCE)","Scipio defeated Hannibal"],["Battle of Actium (31 BCE)","Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra"],["Battle of Hastings (1066)","William of Normandy won England"],["Battle of Tours (732)","Charles Martel stopped a Muslim army in France"],["First Crusade (1096-1099)","Christian knights captured Jerusalem"],["Mongol conquests","Genghis Khan and successors built the largest land empire in the 1200s"],["Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)","England and France fought; Joan of Arc rallied the French"],["Battle of Agincourt (1415)","English longbows beat French knights"],["Fall of Constantinople (1453)","Ottomans took the Byzantine capital"],["Spanish Armada (1588)","English defeated Spain's invasion fleet"],["Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)","Religious and political war in central Europe"],["French and Indian War (1754-1763)","Britain defeated France in North America"],["Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775)","First fights of the American Revolution"],["Battle of Saratoga (1777)","American victory that brought France into the war"],["Siege of Yorktown (1781)","Last major battle of the American Revolution"],["Battle of Trafalgar (1805)","British Admiral Nelson defeated the French and Spanish fleets"],["Battle of Austerlitz (1805)","Napoleon's greatest victory, over Russia and Austria"],["Battle of Waterloo (1815)","Napoleon's final defeat"],["War of 1812","US versus Britain; ended in a stalemate in 1815"],["Battle of New Orleans (1815)","Andrew Jackson defeated British troops"],["Battle of the Alamo (1836)","Texas defenders fell to Mexican forces"],["Mexican-American War (1846-48)","US won California and the Southwest"],["Crimean War (1853-56)","Britain, France and the Ottomans fought Russia; Florence Nightingale nursed there"],["Battle of Fort Sumter (1861)","First shots of the American Civil War"],["Battle of Gettysburg (1863)","Turning point of the Civil War in the East"],["Siege of Vicksburg (1863)","Union victory that took control of the Mississippi River"],["Appomattox (1865)","Lee's surrender to Grant"],["Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)","Prussia defeated France and united Germany"],["Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)","Lakota and Cheyenne defeated Custer's troops"],["Spanish-American War (1898)","US gained Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines"],["Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)","Japan defeated Russia"],["Battle of Verdun (1916)","Long battle between France and Germany in WWI"],["Battle of the Somme (1916)","British offensive in WWI with heavy losses"],["Battle of Britain (1940)","RAF stopped German air attacks"],["Dunkirk evacuation (1940)","Rescue of Allied troops from France by many boats"],["Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43)","Soviet victory on the Eastern Front"],["Battle of Midway (1942)","US Navy victory in the Pacific"],["Battle of El Alamein (1942)","British victory in North Africa"],["D-Day (June 6, 1944)","Allied landings in Normandy"],["Battle of the Bulge (1944-45)","Germany's last big offensive in the West"],["Iwo Jima (1945)","US Marines captured the island"],["Korean War (1950-53)","UN forces helped South Korea against North Korea"],["Vietnam War (1955-75)","Long conflict between North and South Vietnam; the US supported the South"],["Six-Day War (1967)","Israel and neighboring Arab states fought in June 1967"],["Gulf War (1991)","Coalition forces freed Kuwait after Iraq's invasion"],["Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)","Fighting between Nationalists and Communists, which the Communists won"],["Russian Civil War (1917-1922)","Reds under the Bolsheviks defeated Whites"],["American Civil War (1861-1865)","Union defeated the Confederacy; slavery ended"],["English Civil War (1642-1651)","Parliament defeated the king, Charles I"],["Wars of the Roses (1455-1487)","English families York and Lancaster fought for the throne"],["Boer War (1899-1902)","Britain fought two Boer republics in South Africa"],["Battle of Adwa (1896)","Ethiopia defeated Italy"],["Battle of Plassey (1757)","British East India Company victory that brought it power in Bengal"],["Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60)","Britain defeated China, forcing trade concessions"],["Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)","Uprising against foreign influence in China"],["Battle of Lepanto (1571)","Christian fleet defeated the Ottoman navy at sea"],["Siege of Vienna (1683)","Defeat of Ottoman forces outside Vienna"],["Seven Years' War (1756-1763)","Global war involving Britain, France, Prussia and others"],["Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)","British won but lost many men"],["Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)","William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's followers"],["Battle of San Jacinto (1836)","Texans defeated Mexican forces and won independence"],["Battle of Antietam (1862)","Bloodiest day of the Civil War"],["Pearl Harbor (1941)","Japanese surprise attack that brought the US into WWII"],["Siege of Leningrad (1941-44)","Long German siege of the Soviet city"],["Battle of Okinawa (1945)","Last major battle of the Pacific"],["Fall of Saigon (1975)","End of the Vietnam War"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/famous-women-in-history","id":"famous-women-in-history","title":"Famous Women in History","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Women who led, discovered, created and changed the world.","tags":["women","biography","famous people"],"frontLabel":"Who","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Hatshepsut","Egyptian woman who ruled as pharaoh and sent a great trading expedition to Punt"],["Cleopatra VII","Last active queen of Egypt, who ruled with great political skill"],["Boudica","Queen of the Iceni who led a revolt against Roman rule in Britain around 60 CE"],["Wu Zetian","Only woman to rule China as emperor, in the 600s-700s"],["Hypatia","Mathematician, astronomer and teacher in Alexandria around 400 CE"],["Murasaki Shikibu","Japanese author of The Tale of Genji, often called the first novel"],["Eleanor of Aquitaine","Powerful medieval queen of France and England"],["Joan of Arc","French teenager who helped lead the army to victories in 1429"],["Isabella I of Castile","Spanish queen who funded Columbus's voyage"],["Elizabeth I","Queen of England, 1558-1603, during a time of great arts and exploration"],["Queen Nzinga","African queen who defended her lands in Angola against the Portuguese"],["Pocahontas","Powhatan woman connected to Jamestown in the early 1600s"],["Sacagawea","Shoshone guide for the Lewis and Clark expedition"],["Catherine the Great","Russian empress, 1762-1796, who expanded Russia"],["Maria Theresa","Austrian ruler in the 1700s"],["Marie Curie","Won Nobel Prizes in both physics and chemistry; discovered polonium and radium"],["Florence Nightingale","Founder of modern nursing, who improved hospital care"],["Clara Barton","Civil War nurse and founder of the American Red Cross"],["Harriet Tubman","Led many people to freedom on the Underground Railroad"],["Sojourner Truth","Former slave and powerful speaker for abolition and women's rights"],["Susan B. Anthony","Leader of the US women's suffrage movement"],["Elizabeth Cady Stanton","Organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848"],["Harriet Beecher Stowe","Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin"],["Dorothea Dix","Reformer who improved care for people with mental illness"],["Emily Dickinson","American poet of nearly 1,800 poems"],["Jane Austen","English novelist of Pride and Prejudice"],["Mary Shelley","Author of Frankenstein, written when she was 18-19"],["Ada Lovelace","Wrote the first computer program idea for Babbage's engine in the 1840s"],["Queen Victoria","British queen from 1837 to 1901, giving her name to an era"],["Queen Liliuokalani","Last queen of Hawaii"],["Emmeline Pankhurst","British leader of the movement for women's right to vote"],["Jane Addams","Founded Hull House; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931"],["Ida B. Wells","Journalist and activist who exposed lynching and fought for justice"],["Helen Keller","Deaf and blind author and activist who graduated from college"],["Anne Sullivan","Helen Keller's teacher"],["Maria Montessori","Italian educator who developed a child-centered teaching method"],["Amelia Earhart","First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, in 1932"],["Bessie Coleman","First Black woman to earn a pilot's license, in 1921"],["Eleanor Roosevelt","First lady who worked for human rights"],["Frances Perkins","First woman in a US cabinet; helped create Social Security"],["Mary McLeod Bethune","Educator who founded a school that became Bethune-Cookman University"],["Zora Neale Hurston","Harlem Renaissance author of Their Eyes Were Watching God"],["Frida Kahlo","Mexican painter known for vivid self-portraits"],["Georgia O'Keeffe","American painter of flowers, desert scenes and skyscrapers"],["Marian Anderson","Opera singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial in 1939"],["Rosa Parks","Her 1955 bus protest helped spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott"],["Anne Frank","Wrote a diary while hiding from the Nazis"],["Mother Teresa","Nun who cared for the poor in Kolkata, India"],["Indira Gandhi","First woman prime minister of India"],["Golda Meir","Israel's first woman prime minister"],["Margaret Thatcher","Britain's first woman prime minister"],["Wangari Maathai","Kenyan environmentalist who won the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize"],["Rachel Carson","Author of Silent Spring (1962), which helped start the environmental movement"],["Jane Goodall","Studied chimpanzees in Tanzania for decades"],["Dian Fossey","Studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda"],["Rosalind Franklin","Her X-ray images helped reveal the structure of DNA"],["Barbara McClintock","Won a Nobel Prize for discovering jumping genes in corn"],["Katherine Johnson","NASA mathematician whose calculations helped astronauts reach orbit"],["Dorothy Vaughan","NASA mathematician and early computer programming leader"],["Mary Jackson","First Black woman engineer at NASA"],["Grace Hopper","Computer scientist who helped create early programming languages"],["Sally Ride","First American woman in space"],["Valentina Tereshkova","First woman to travel in space, in 1963"],["Mae Jemison","First Black woman in space"],["Ruth Bader Ginsburg","Supreme Court justice who fought for equal treatment of women"],["Sandra Day O'Connor","First woman on the US Supreme Court"],["Sonia Sotomayor","First Latina on the Supreme Court"],["Shirley Chisholm","First Black woman elected to the US Congress, in 1968"],["Billie Jean King","Tennis champion who fought for equal pay for women athletes"],["Wilma Rudolph","Overcame polio to win three Olympic gold medals in 1960"],["Malala Yousafzai","Pakistani education activist, youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner"],["Greta Thunberg","Swedish climate activist who began protesting in 2018"],["Maya Angelou","Poet and author of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings"],["Toni Morrison","Novelist who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993"],["Dolores Huerta","Co-founded the United Farm Workers"],["Fannie Lou Hamer","Voting rights activist from Mississippi"],["Temple Grandin","Scientist who speaks about autism and designs humane animal facilities"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/historical-figures-who-am-i","id":"historical-figures-who-am-i","title":"Historical Figures: Who Am I?","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Clues about famous people from around the world; guess who it is.","tags":["people","biography","famous figures"],"frontLabel":"Clue","backLabel":"Who","cards":[["I ruled Egypt as a woman and sent ships to the land of Punt.","Hatshepsut"],["I built the Great Pyramid at Giza.","Khufu"],["I wrote one of the first known law codes in Babylon.","Hammurabi"],["I taught by asking questions in Athens and was Plato's teacher.","Socrates"],["I tutored Alexander the Great and wrote on logic, science and politics.","Aristotle"],["I conquered Persia and spread Greek culture to India's border.","Alexander the Great"],["I crossed the Alps with elephants to attack Rome.","Hannibal"],["I led the Roman army in Gaul and was killed on the Ides of March.","Julius Caesar"],["I became Rome's first emperor in 27 BCE.","Augustus"],["I united China and began the Terra-cotta Army.","Qin Shi Huang"],["I was a teacher in China who stressed respect, learning and family.","Confucius"],["I was a prince in India who became the Buddha.","Siddhartha Gautama"],["I ruled the Maurya Empire and turned to peace after a bloody war.","Ashoka"],["I am the Prophet of Islam, born in Mecca.","Muhammad"],["I was crowned emperor of the Romans in 800.","Charlemagne"],["I won England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.","William the Conqueror"],["I was a French teenager who led an army in 1429.","Joan of Arc"],["I was a Mongol leader who built the largest land empire.","Genghis Khan"],["I ruled Mali and made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324.","Mansa Musa"],["I traveled to China and wrote about it in the 1200s.","Marco Polo"],["I painted the Mona Lisa and sketched flying machines.","Leonardo da Vinci"],["I painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and carved the David.","Michelangelo"],["I printed Bibles with movable type in Europe around 1450.","Johannes Gutenberg"],["I wrote 95 theses and began the Reformation.","Martin Luther"],["I first sailed across the Atlantic for Spain in 1492.","Christopher Columbus"],["My crew first sailed around the world, though I died on the way.","Ferdinand Magellan"],["I conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521.","Hernan Cortes"],["I was Queen of England during the Spanish Armada.","Elizabeth I"],["I wrote Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet.","William Shakespeare"],["I used a telescope to see Jupiter's moons.","Galileo Galilei"],["I explained gravity and the laws of motion.","Isaac Newton"],["I was the Sun King of France.","Louis XIV"],["I wrote that people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.","John Locke"],["I led the Haitian Revolution.","Toussaint Louverture"],["I crowned myself emperor of the French in 1804 and lost at Waterloo.","Napoleon Bonaparte"],["I led the fight for independence in northern South America.","Simon Bolivar"],["I was the British queen for over 63 years and an era is named after me.","Queen Victoria"],["I founded modern nursing in the Crimean War.","Florence Nightingale"],["I developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.","Charles Darwin"],["I discovered radium and won two Nobel Prizes.","Marie Curie"],["I developed the theory of relativity.","Albert Einstein"],["I led India to independence through nonviolence.","Mahatma Gandhi"],["I led Britain through most of World War II.","Winston Churchill"],["I was a South African leader jailed for 27 years who became president.","Nelson Mandela"],["I led the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.","Vladimir Lenin"],["I was the first president of the United States.","George Washington"],["I wrote the Declaration of Independence.","Thomas Jefferson"],["I flew a kite in a storm and signed the Constitution.","Benjamin Franklin"],["I wrote most of the Federalist Papers and later became the fourth president.","James Madison"],["I was the first Treasury Secretary and later died in a duel.","Alexander Hamilton"],["I guided Lewis and Clark.","Sacagawea"],["I was the seventh president and fought at New Orleans.","Andrew Jackson"],["I was the Shawnee leader who built a Native alliance.","Tecumseh"],["I escaped slavery and led others on the Underground Railroad.","Harriet Tubman"],["I escaped slavery, wrote an autobiography, and spoke against it.","Frederick Douglass"],["I was president during the Civil War.","Abraham Lincoln"],["I was the Confederate general who surrendered at Appomattox.","Robert E. Lee"],["I led the Union armies and became president.","Ulysses S. Grant"],["I founded the American Red Cross.","Clara Barton"],["I organized the Seneca Falls Convention.","Elizabeth Cady Stanton"],["I campaigned for women's right to vote and was arrested for voting in 1872.","Susan B. Anthony"],["I invented the practical light bulb and the phonograph.","Thomas Edison"],["I patented the telephone in 1876.","Alexander Graham Bell"],["We built and flew the first airplane at Kitty Hawk.","The Wright brothers"],["I led the Lakota at the Battle of Little Bighorn.","Sitting Bull"],["I was the Nez Perce leader who said I would fight no more forever.","Chief Joseph"],["I was the 26th president and a Rough Rider.","Theodore Roosevelt"],["I founded Hull House in Chicago.","Jane Addams"],["I was president during World War I.","Woodrow Wilson"],["I flew solo across the Atlantic in 1927.","Charles Lindbergh"],["I was elected four times and started the New Deal.","Franklin D. Roosevelt"],["I was the first lady who worked for human rights.","Eleanor Roosevelt"],["I became president when FDR died in 1945 and ordered the atomic bombs used.","Harry S. Truman"],["I led Allied forces in Europe and became president in 1953.","Dwight D. Eisenhower"],["I refused to give up my bus seat in Montgomery.","Rosa Parks"],["I said 'I have a dream' at the March on Washington.","Martin Luther King Jr."],["I was the first Black player in modern major league baseball.","Jackie Robinson"],["I integrated an elementary school in New Orleans at age six.","Ruby Bridges"],["I was a young president, 35th, and faced the Cuban Missile Crisis.","John F. Kennedy"],["I was the first person to walk on the Moon.","Neil Armstrong"],["I was the first Black justice on the Supreme Court.","Thurgood Marshall"],["I was the first woman on the Supreme Court.","Sandra Day O'Connor"],["I organized farm workers with Dolores Huerta.","Cesar Chavez"],["I was the first American woman in space.","Sally Ride"],["I was the first Black president of the United States.","Barack Obama"],["I was a Pakistani girl who became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner.","Malala Yousafzai"],["I discovered that germs cause disease and invented a way to make milk safer.","Louis Pasteur"],["I created the smallpox vaccine in 1796.","Edward Jenner"],["I discovered penicillin.","Alexander Fleming"],["I studied chimpanzees in Tanzania.","Jane Goodall"],["I wrote Silent Spring about pesticides.","Rachel Carson"],["I proposed that Earth moves around the Sun.","Nicolaus Copernicus"],["I described the planets' elliptical orbits.","Johannes Kepler"],["I wrote Pride and Prejudice.","Jane Austen"],["I wrote A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist.","Charles Dickens"],["I wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.","Mark Twain"],["I wrote the Gettysburg Address.","Abraham Lincoln"],["I wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels.","Karl Marx"],["I wrote The Wealth of Nations.","Adam Smith"],["I wrote Common Sense in 1776.","Thomas Paine"],["I said 'Give me liberty, or give me death!'","Patrick Henry"],["I rode at night to warn that British troops were coming.","Paul Revere"],["I was a Patriot spy who regretted having only one life to give.","Nathan Hale"],["I led the Continental Army at Valley Forge.","George Washington"],["I helped Jefferson draft the Declaration and became the second president.","John Adams"],["I asked my husband to 'remember the ladies.'","Abigail Adams"],["I was a Wampanoag leader who made peace with the Pilgrims.","Massasoit"],["I taught the Pilgrims to plant corn.","Squanto"],["I was a captain at Jamestown who said those who do not work do not eat.","John Smith"],["I founded Pennsylvania as a Quaker colony.","William Penn"],["I founded Rhode Island and believed in religious freedom.","Roger Williams"],["I created the Cherokee writing system.","Sequoyah"],["I was a Cherokee leader who became principal chief in 1985.","Wilma Mankiller"],["I was the Apache leader who resisted removal.","Geronimo"],["I led the Texans to victory at San Jacinto.","Sam Houston"],["I was Hawaii's last queen.","Queen Liliuokalani"],["I wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.","Harriet Beecher Stowe"],["I founded the Tuskegee Institute.","Booker T. Washington"],["I wrote about lynching and fought for justice as a journalist.","Ida B. Wells"],["I founded the first Montessori school in Rome.","Maria Montessori"],["I became deaf and blind as a baby and wrote books.","Helen Keller"],["I disappeared in 1937 while flying around the world.","Amelia Earhart"],["I won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics.","Jesse Owens"],["I wrote a diary while in hiding in Amsterdam.","Anne Frank"],["I cared for the poor in Kolkata and won a Nobel Peace Prize.","Mother Teresa"],["I was Britain's first woman prime minister.","Margaret Thatcher"],["I was the Soviet leader who introduced glasnost.","Mikhail Gorbachev"],["I was the Kenyan woman who started the Green Belt Movement.","Wangari Maathai"],["I was a NASA mathematician who checked orbit calculations for John Glenn.","Katherine Johnson"],["I was the first person in space.","Yuri Gagarin"],["I was the first American to orbit Earth.","John Glenn"],["I was the first woman in space.","Valentina Tereshkova"],["I walked on the Moon with Neil Armstrong.","Buzz Aldrin"],["I was the Ethiopian emperor who defeated Italy at Adwa.","Menelik II"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/native-american-nations-history","id":"native-american-nations-history","title":"Native American Nations and History","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Peoples, homelands, cultures and key events in Native American history, told with respect.","tags":["native american","indigenous","tribes","cultures"],"frontLabel":"Nation or term","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["Indigenous peoples","The first peoples of a land, here the Native peoples of the Americas"],["Native nation","A tribal community with its own government and culture"],["Sovereignty","The right of a nation to govern itself; many Native nations are sovereign within the US"],["Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)","Confederacy of six nations in the Northeast: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora"],["Great Law of Peace","Haudenosaunee constitution that joined the nations in a league"],["Longhouse","Long bark-covered home shared by Haudenosaunee families"],["Three Sisters","Corn, beans and squash, grown together by many Native farmers"],["Wampanoag","People of southeastern Massachusetts who met the Pilgrims"],["Massasoit","Wampanoag leader who made a peace with the Pilgrims in 1621"],["Squanto (Tisquantum)","Patuxet man who helped the Pilgrims survive"],["Powhatan","Leader of a confederacy of Algonquian nations in Virginia"],["Algonquian","Large language family of eastern and central North America"],["Wigwam","Dome-shaped home covered with bark or mats, used by many Eastern nations"],["Lenape (Delaware)","People of the Delaware River area and Manhattan"],["Cherokee","Southeastern nation with its own writing system, created by Sequoyah"],["Sequoyah","Created the Cherokee syllabary in the 1820s"],["Trail of Tears","Forced removal of Cherokee and other southeastern nations in the 1830s"],["Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole","Other nations forced west by removal, along with the Cherokee"],["Seminole","People who resisted removal in Florida in several wars"],["Indian Removal Act (1830)","Law that led to the forced move of Native nations to lands west of the Mississippi"],["Navajo (Diné)","Largest Native nation by population in the US, in the Southwest"],["Long Walk (1864)","Forced march of the Navajo to Bosque Redondo"],["Navajo Code Talkers","Marines in WWII who used the Navajo language as an unbreakable code"],["Hogan","Traditional Navajo home"],["Pueblo peoples","Hopi, Zuni, Taos and others who built villages of adobe in the Southwest"],["Adobe","Sun-dried brick made from clay and straw"],["Pueblo Revolt (1680)","Pueblo peoples drove the Spanish from New Mexico for about twelve years"],["Popé","Pueblo leader of the 1680 revolt"],["Hopi","Pueblo people of northern Arizona with ancient farming traditions"],["Apache","Southwestern nations including the Chiricahua"],["Geronimo","Apache leader who resisted forced removal"],["Lakota","Western Sioux people of the Great Plains"],["Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, Nakota)","Three related groups of Plains and prairie peoples"],["Tipi","Cone-shaped tent used by Plains peoples that could be moved easily"],["Bison","Plains peoples used nearly every part of the bison for food, tools and shelter"],["Sitting Bull","Lakota leader who resisted taking of the Black Hills"],["Crazy Horse","Lakota war leader at the Battle of the Little Bighorn"],["Red Cloud","Oglala Lakota leader who won a war in 1868 forcing the US to abandon forts"],["Wounded Knee (1890)","Massacre of Lakota people by the US Army in South Dakota"],["Cheyenne","Plains people who allied with the Arapaho and Lakota"],["Comanche","Skilled horse riders who dominated the southern plains"],["Crow (Apsáalooke)","Plains nation of Montana"],["Blackfoot","Plains nation in Montana and Alberta"],["Nez Perce","People of the Pacific Northwest plateau led by Chief Joseph in 1877"],["Chief Joseph","Nez Perce leader who led a long march toward Canada and said 'I will fight no more forever'"],["Totem pole","Carved cedar pole telling family stories, made by Northwest Coast peoples"],["Potlatch","Feast where hosts gave gifts, practiced by Northwest Coast nations"],["Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl","Northwest Coast peoples famed for carving and salmon fishing"],["Salmon","Key food for Northwest peoples"],["Inuit","Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, who built igloos for winter hunting shelters"],["Aleut (Unangan)","Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska"],["Kayak","Narrow hunting boat developed by Arctic peoples"],["Hawaiians","Native Hawaiians are the Indigenous people of Hawaii, with their own language and culture"],["Mississippian culture","Mound-building societies in the Mississippi Valley, about 800-1500 CE"],["Cahokia","Largest Mississippian city, near St. Louis, with Monks Mound"],["Hopewell","Ancient Ohio Valley culture known for earthworks and trade"],["Adena","Early mound-building culture in the Ohio Valley"],["Ancestral Puebloans","Ancient builders of cliff dwellings like Mesa Verde"],["Mesa Verde","Colorado site of cliff dwellings built about 1190-1280 CE"],["Chaco Canyon","Ancient Pueblo center in New Mexico with great houses"],["Mohawk","Easternmost nation of the Haudenosaunee"],["Pontiac's War (1763)","Native alliance rose against British forces in the Great Lakes"],["Tecumseh","Shawnee leader who tried to unite Native nations in the early 1800s"],["Tenskwatawa","Shawnee prophet, Tecumseh's brother"],["Joseph Brant","Mohawk leader who sided with the British in the Revolution"],["Worcester v. Georgia (1832)","Supreme Court said Georgia could not control Cherokee land"],["Reservation","Land reserved for Native nations by treaty or law"],["Indian Territory","Land in present Oklahoma where many removed nations were sent"],["Dawes Act (1887)","Broke up reservation land into individual plots, reducing Native land"],["Boarding schools","Schools that separated Native children from their families and languages"],["Indian Citizenship Act (1924)","Granted US citizenship to Native Americans born in the US"],["Indian Reorganization Act (1934)","Ended allotment and encouraged tribal self-government"],["American Indian Movement","Activist group formed in 1968"],["Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)","Gave tribes more control over programs and schools"],["Powwow","Gathering with dance, song and food celebrating Native culture"],["Oral tradition","Passing history and stories by speaking rather than writing"],["Language revitalization","Native communities are teaching and restoring their languages"],["Native American Heritage Month","November"],["Jim Thorpe","Sac and Fox athlete who won Olympic gold medals in 1912"],["Maria Tallchief","Osage ballerina, America's first major prima ballerina"],["Wilma Mankiller","First woman elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, in 1985"],["Deb Haaland","Laguna Pueblo member who was the first Native American US cabinet secretary"],["Charles Curtis","Kaw Nation member who served as vice president under Hoover"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-american-revolution","id":"us-american-revolution","title":"The American Revolution: Events and Dates","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The taxes, protests, battles and documents that led the colonies to independence.","tags":["revolution","independence","1776"],"frontLabel":"Event or term","backLabel":"What it was","cards":[["Stamp Act (1765)","A British tax on printed paper that colonists protested loudly"],["No taxation without representation","Colonial slogan: colonists had no voice in the Parliament that taxed them"],["Sons of Liberty","Colonial protest group that opposed British taxes"],["Townshend Acts (1767)","British taxes on goods like glass, paper, paint and tea"],["Boston Massacre (1770)","British soldiers fired into a Boston crowd and killed five colonists"],["Crispus Attucks","A man of African and Native descent, the first person killed in the Boston Massacre"],["Tea Act (1773)","British law that helped the East India Company sell tea in the colonies"],["Boston Tea Party (1773)","Colonists dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor"],["Intolerable Acts (1774)","Punishing British laws after the Tea Party; the colonists' name for them"],["First Continental Congress (1774)","Delegates from twelve colonies met in Philadelphia to answer British actions"],["Minutemen","Colonial militia ready to fight at a minute's notice"],["Paul Revere","Rider who warned of British troops marching in April 1775"],["Lexington and Concord (1775)","The first battles of the Revolutionary War, in Massachusetts"],["Shot heard 'round the world","Famous poem phrase about the first shot at Concord"],["Second Continental Congress","Met in 1775; ran the war and later voted for independence"],["Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)","A costly British win near Boston that showed colonists could fight well"],["George Washington","Chosen in 1775 to lead the Continental Army"],["Continental Army","The army formed by the Second Continental Congress"],["Common Sense (1776)","Thomas Paine's pamphlet arguing for independence in plain language"],["Thomas Paine","Writer of Common Sense and The American Crisis"],["Declaration of Independence","Adopted July 4, 1776; explained why the colonies were free from Britain"],["Thomas Jefferson","Main writer of the Declaration of Independence"],["Committee of Five","Group chosen to draft the Declaration: Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Sherman, Livingston"],["Loyalists","Colonists who stayed loyal to the British king"],["Patriots","Colonists who wanted independence"],["Redcoats","Nickname for British soldiers because of their uniforms"],["Hessians","German soldiers hired by Britain to fight in America"],["Washington crossing the Delaware","A surprise Christmas night 1776 crossing before the Battle of Trenton"],["Battle of Trenton (1776)","Washington's surprise win over Hessian troops in New Jersey"],["Battle of Saratoga (1777)","American victory in New York that was the turning point of the war"],["Valley Forge","Winter camp 1777-1778 in Pennsylvania where the army endured hardship and training"],["Baron von Steuben","Prussian officer who trained the Continental Army at Valley Forge"],["Marquis de Lafayette","French nobleman who joined Washington as a general"],["Alliance with France (1778)","France joined the war on the American side after Saratoga"],["Battle of Yorktown (1781)","Last major battle; British General Cornwallis surrendered"],["Lord Cornwallis","British general who surrendered at Yorktown"],["Treaty of Paris (1783)","Ended the war; Britain recognized American independence"],["Articles of Confederation","First US plan of government, with a weak national government"],["Abigail Adams","Wrote to John Adams asking him to 'remember the ladies' in new laws"],["John Adams","Massachusetts leader who supported independence and later became the second president"],["Benjamin Franklin","Diplomat who won French support in Paris"],["Samuel Adams","Boston leader and organizer of protests against British taxes"],["Patrick Henry","Virginian famous for 'Give me liberty, or give me death'"],["John Hancock","Congress president whose signature on the Declaration was large and bold"],["Nathan Hale","Patriot spy who said he regretted having only one life to give for his country"],["Molly Pitcher","Name for women who carried water to soldiers and sometimes helped load cannons"],["Deborah Sampson","A woman who disguised herself as a man to fight in the Continental Army"],["Haym Salomon","Jewish financier who helped raise money for the war"],["Phillis Wheatley","Enslaved poet in Boston whose poems were published in 1773"],["Sybil Ludington","Teen who rode at night to call militia in 1777, as the story goes"],["Francis Marion","South Carolina leader nicknamed the Swamp Fox"],["Benedict Arnold","American general who turned traitor and joined the British"],["John Paul Jones","Naval commander famous for 'I have not yet begun to fight'"],["Bernardo de Galvez","Spanish governor who helped the Americans by fighting the British in the Gulf region"],["Joseph Brant","Mohawk leader who sided with the British"],["Boycott","Refusing to buy goods as a protest; colonists used it against British goods"],["Taxation","Charging money to support a government"],["Parliament","Britain's lawmaking body"],["Repeal","To cancel a law; Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766"],["Quartering Act","British law requiring colonies to house soldiers"],["King George III","British king during the Revolution"],["Independence","Freedom from rule by another country"],["Committees of Correspondence","Groups that shared news and plans among the colonies"],["Olive Branch Petition (1775)","Congress's last request to King George to avoid war"],["Battle of Long Island (1776)","Major British win in New York at the start of the campaign for the city"],["Battle of Cowpens (1781)","American victory in South Carolina"],["Siege","Surrounding a place to force it to give up"],["Treaty","A written agreement between nations"],["Declaration signers","Fifty-six delegates signed the Declaration"],["July 4","Date the Declaration was adopted, now Independence Day"],["Liberty Bell","Famous bell in Philadelphia, a symbol of American freedom"],["Betsy Ross","Philadelphia seamstress tradition says sewed an early American flag"],["Continental dollar","Paper money printed by Congress that lost value quickly"],["Militia","Citizen soldiers who served part time"],["Guerrilla warfare","Fighting with small surprise attacks, used by some Patriot forces"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-civil-rights-movement","id":"us-civil-rights-movement","title":"The Civil Rights Movement","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"People, protests and laws in the struggle for equal rights, mostly from the 1940s to the 1960s.","tags":["civil rights","martin luther king","segregation","voting rights"],"frontLabel":"Person, event or term","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["Segregation","Keeping people apart by race in schools, buses, restaurants and more"],["Jim Crow laws","Laws in the South that enforced segregation"],["Discrimination","Treating people unfairly because of who they are"],["Civil rights","Rights that guarantee equal treatment under the law"],["NAACP","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909"],["Thurgood Marshall","NAACP lawyer who argued Brown v. Board and became the first Black Supreme Court justice"],["Jackie Robinson","In 1947 became the first Black player in modern major league baseball"],["Executive Order 9981 (1948)","Truman ordered the end of segregation in the armed forces"],["Brown v. Board of Education (1954)","Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools are unequal"],["Earl Warren","Chief Justice when the Court decided Brown v. Board"],["Linda Brown","Kansas student at the center of the Brown v. Board case"],["Emmett Till","Black teenager killed in Mississippi in 1955; his mother's courage drew national attention"],["Rosa Parks","In December 1955 she refused to give up her bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama"],["Montgomery Bus Boycott","A year-long refusal to ride city buses in 1955-56"],["Martin Luther King Jr.","Baptist minister and leader of nonviolent protest"],["Nonviolence","Peaceful protest, a method King learned from Gandhi and the Gospel"],["Mahatma Gandhi","Indian leader whose peaceful methods inspired the movement"],["SCLC","Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a group led by King"],["Little Rock Nine (1957)","Nine Black students who integrated Central High School in Arkansas"],["Integration","Bringing people of different races together in schools and places"],["Ruby Bridges","At age six in 1960 she integrated an elementary school in New Orleans"],["Greensboro sit-ins (1960)","Four college students sat at a whites-only lunch counter in North Carolina"],["Sit-in","A protest where people sit in a place and refuse to leave"],["SNCC","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, formed in 1960"],["Freedom Riders (1961)","Black and white activists rode buses together through the South to test desegregation"],["John Lewis","Student leader and Freedom Rider who later served in Congress"],["James Meredith","First Black student at the University of Mississippi, in 1962"],["Birmingham campaign (1963)","Protests in Alabama, including a march of many young people"],["Letter from Birmingham Jail","King's 1963 letter explaining why people should not wait for justice"],["March on Washington (1963)","Over 200,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial for jobs and freedom"],["I Have a Dream","King's speech at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963"],["A. Philip Randolph","Labor leader and a main organizer of the March on Washington"],["Bayard Rustin","Main organizer of the 1963 March on Washington"],["16th Street Baptist Church bombing (1963)","Attack in Birmingham that killed four girls"],["Civil Rights Act of 1964","Outlawed segregation in public places and discrimination in jobs"],["Lyndon B. Johnson","President who signed the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts"],["Freedom Summer (1964)","Volunteers worked to register Black voters in Mississippi"],["Fannie Lou Hamer","Mississippi voting rights activist who spoke at the 1964 Democratic Convention"],["24th Amendment (1964)","Banned poll taxes in federal elections"],["Poll tax","A fee to vote that kept poor Black voters away from the polls"],["Literacy test","Reading tests unfairly used to keep Black citizens from voting"],["Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)","Marches for voting rights, including 'Bloody Sunday' on March 7"],["Edmund Pettus Bridge","Selma bridge where marchers were attacked on Bloody Sunday"],["Voting Rights Act (1965)","Protected the right to vote and banned practices that blocked Black voters"],["Malcolm X","Leader who spoke for Black pride and self-determination"],["Nation of Islam","Religious and social group Malcolm X belonged to before 1964"],["Black Power","Slogan from the 1960s about pride, strength and community control"],["Black Panther Party","Group founded in 1966 in Oakland, California"],["Loving v. Virginia (1967)","Supreme Court struck down laws against marriage between people of different races"],["Thurgood Marshall's appointment (1967)","Became the first Black justice on the Supreme Court"],["Assassination of MLK (1968)","King was killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968"],["Fair Housing Act (1968)","Banned discrimination in selling or renting homes"],["Poor People's Campaign","Movement for economic justice that King was planning at his death"],["Cesar Chavez","Labor leader who organized farm workers and led nonviolent boycotts"],["Dolores Huerta","Co-founded the United Farm Workers with Chavez"],["United Farm Workers","Union of farm workers organized in the 1960s"],["American Indian Movement (1968)","Native activists working for treaty rights and justice"],["Women's liberation movement","Push for equal pay and rights for women in the 1960s and 70s"],["Betty Friedan","Author of The Feminine Mystique (1963)"],["Title IX (1972)","Law banning sex discrimination in schools that get federal money, including sports"],["Equal Pay Act (1963)","Law requiring equal pay for equal work regardless of sex"],["Stonewall (1969)","New York protest often seen as a spark of the gay rights movement"],["Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)","Banned discrimination against people with disabilities"],["Ed Roberts","Disability rights pioneer who helped start the independent living movement"],["Japanese American redress (1988)","Law that apologized for the WWII incarceration and paid survivors"],["Civil disobedience","Peacefully refusing to obey an unjust law"],["Boycott","Refusing to buy or use something as a protest"],["Desegregation","Ending separation of races"],["Separate but equal","Rule from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), overturned for schools by Brown"],["Plessy v. Ferguson","1896 case that allowed segregation"],["Medgar Evers","Mississippi NAACP leader killed in 1963"],["Ella Baker","Organizer who helped start SNCC"],["Claudette Colvin","Teen who refused to give up a bus seat in Montgomery in March 1955"],["Constance Baker Motley","Lawyer who argued important civil rights cases and became a federal judge"],["Barbara Johns","Teen who led a student walkout for better schools in Virginia in 1951"],["Septima Clark","Teacher who started citizenship schools to prepare people to register to vote"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-civil-war","id":"us-civil-war","title":"The Civil War (1861-1865)","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Causes, battles, leaders and turning points of the American Civil War.","tags":["civil war","lincoln","slavery","union","confederacy"],"frontLabel":"Term or event","backLabel":"What it was","cards":[["Main cause of the Civil War","Disagreement over slavery and whether it could spread into new states and territories"],["Union","The Northern states that stayed in the United States"],["Confederacy","The eleven Southern states that left the Union"],["Secession","A state's decision to leave the Union"],["First state to secede","South Carolina, in December 1860"],["Abraham Lincoln","16th president; his election in 1860 led Southern states to secede"],["Jefferson Davis","President of the Confederacy"],["Fort Sumter (1861)","Confederate guns fired on this South Carolina fort, starting the war on April 12"],["Border states","Slave states that stayed in the Union: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri"],["Robert E. Lee","Commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia"],["Ulysses S. Grant","Union general who led all Union armies and later became president"],["William T. Sherman","Union general who led the March to the Sea through Georgia in 1864"],["Stonewall Jackson","Confederate general famous for standing like a stone wall at Bull Run"],["George McClellan","Union general who trained the Army of the Potomac but moved cautiously"],["Anaconda Plan","Union plan to squeeze the South by blockading ports and taking the Mississippi River"],["Blockade","Using ships to keep supplies from reaching or leaving ports"],["First Battle of Bull Run (1861)","First big battle, in Virginia; showed the war would be long"],["Ironclad","Warship covered in iron plates"],["Monitor and Merrimack (1862)","First battle between ironclad ships; neither side won clearly"],["Battle of Shiloh (1862)","Bloody Tennessee battle that showed how costly the war would be"],["Battle of Antietam (1862)","Fought in Maryland on September 17; the bloodiest single day in American history"],["Emancipation Proclamation","Lincoln's order, effective January 1, 1863, freeing enslaved people in areas in rebellion"],["54th Massachusetts","Famous regiment of Black soldiers led by white officers; attacked Fort Wagner in 1863"],["Black soldiers","About 180,000 Black men served in the Union Army"],["Robert Gould Shaw","White colonel who led the 54th Massachusetts"],["Harriet Tubman in the war","Served the Union as a scout, nurse and spy"],["Battle of Fredericksburg (1862)","Confederate victory in Virginia with heavy Union losses"],["Battle of Chancellorsville (1863)","Lee's bold victory in Virginia, though Jackson was fatally wounded"],["Siege of Vicksburg (1863)","Grant captured this Mississippi River city after weeks of siege"],["Battle of Gettysburg (1863)","Three-day battle in Pennsylvania; Lee's northern invasion was turned back"],["Pickett's Charge","Failed Confederate assault on the last day at Gettysburg"],["Turning points of 1863","Gettysburg and Vicksburg, both ending July 3-4"],["Gettysburg Address","Lincoln's short speech in November 1863 about equality and a 'new birth of freedom'"],["Draft riots (1863)","Violent protests in New York City against the military draft"],["Habeas corpus","Right to challenge your imprisonment; Lincoln suspended it during the war"],["Clara Barton","Nurse who helped wounded soldiers and later founded the American Red Cross"],["Dorothea Dix in the war","Led the Union Army's nurses"],["Women in the war","Served as nurses and spies, ran farms and businesses, and a few disguised themselves to fight"],["Soldier's diet","Hardtack, a hard cracker, was a common food"],["Hardtack","A hard, dry biscuit given to soldiers"],["Minie ball","A cone-shaped rifle bullet that made battles deadlier"],["Disease in the war","More soldiers died of illness than of wounds"],["Mathew Brady","Photographer whose team showed the war's reality to the public"],["Telegraph in the war","Let Lincoln and generals send orders quickly"],["Railroads in the war","Moved troops and supplies quickly, especially for the Union"],["Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)","Union army cut through Georgia, destroying railroads and supplies"],["Atlanta captured (1864)","Sherman took Atlanta in September 1864, helping Lincoln win re-election"],["Election of 1864","Lincoln won a second term"],["Thirteenth Amendment","Ended slavery in the US; passed by Congress in 1865 and ratified that December"],["Siege of Petersburg","Months-long Union siege in Virginia in 1864-65"],["Appomattox Court House","Virginia town where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865"],["Lee's surrender","April 9, 1865, effectively ended the war in the East"],["Lincoln's assassination","John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln on April 14, 1865; he died the next day"],["Andrew Johnson","Became president after Lincoln's death"],["Casualties","About 620,000 soldiers died in the war"],["Dred Scott decision (1857)","Supreme Court ruled Black people could not be citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories"],["Missouri Compromise","1820 plan that tried to balance slave and free states"],["Compromise of 1850","Package of laws including California as a free state and a stronger Fugitive Slave Act"],["Fugitive Slave Act","Law requiring that escaped enslaved people be returned"],["Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)","Let settlers vote on slavery in those territories, leading to 'Bleeding Kansas'"],["Bleeding Kansas","Violent fighting in Kansas over slavery in the 1850s"],["John Brown's raid (1859)","Abolitionist John Brown attacked the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia"],["Uncle Tom's Cabin","1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that turned many against slavery"],["Harriet Beecher Stowe","Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin"],["Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)","Illinois Senate debates that made Lincoln famous"],["Stephen Douglas","Illinois senator who debated Lincoln over slavery"],["Republican Party","Founded in 1854 to oppose spreading slavery into territories"],["Sectionalism","Loyalty to a region more than to the whole country"],["States' rights","Idea that states hold powers the federal government should not control"],["Cotton in the South","The Southern economy depended heavily on cotton grown by enslaved labor"],["North's economy","Based more on factories, trade and smaller farms"],["Frederick Douglass in the war","Urged Lincoln to free enslaved people and let Black men fight"],["Contrabands","Name for enslaved people who fled to Union lines"],["Homestead Act and Morrill Act (1862)","Laws passed during the war that gave land to settlers and colleges"],["Greenbacks","Paper money the Union printed to pay for the war"],["Gettysburg National Cemetery","Burial place for Union dead, where Lincoln spoke"],["Battle of Mobile Bay (1864)","Union naval victory under Admiral David Farragut that closed a key Confederate port"],["Clara Barton's Red Cross","Founded in 1881 after her war work"],["Juneteenth","June 19, 1865, when enslaved people in Texas learned they were free; now a national holiday"],["Civil War","War within one country between two sides"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-cold-war","id":"us-cold-war","title":"The Cold War","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The long rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991.","tags":["cold war","soviet union","space race","berlin wall"],"frontLabel":"Term or event","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Cold War","Decades-long rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union that stopped short of direct war"],["Superpowers","The US and the Soviet Union, the two strongest nations after WWII"],["Capitalism","Economic system with private businesses and free markets"],["Communism","System where the government controls the economy and there is one party"],["Iron Curtain","Churchill's phrase for the line dividing communist Eastern Europe from the West"],["Containment","US policy of stopping communism from spreading"],["Truman Doctrine (1947)","Promised US aid to nations resisting communist takeover"],["Marshall Plan","US money that helped rebuild Western Europe after WWII"],["Berlin Airlift (1948-49)","Allies flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blocked roads"],["NATO (1949)","Western alliance in which members agree to defend one another"],["Warsaw Pact (1955)","Soviet-led military alliance in Eastern Europe"],["Soviet atomic bomb (1949)","The USSR tested its first nuclear weapon"],["Arms race","Competition to build more and better weapons"],["Nuclear weapons","Bombs of great destructive power, built by both sides"],["Deterrence","Preventing attack by showing that you could strike back"],["Mutually assured destruction","Idea that a nuclear war would destroy both sides, so neither would start one"],["Korean War (1950-53)","War in which the US and UN forces helped South Korea against North Korea and China"],["38th parallel","Line that divided North and South Korea"],["Armistice (1953)","Ceasefire that ended the Korean War's fighting without a peace treaty"],["McCarthyism","1950s practice of accusing people of being communists with little proof"],["Joseph McCarthy","Wisconsin senator who made many unproven accusations"],["Red Scare","Widespread fear of communists in America"],["Duck and cover","School drills that taught children how to protect themselves from an atomic blast"],["Fallout shelter","Underground room built to protect people from radioactive dust"],["Sputnik (1957)","First artificial satellite, launched by the Soviet Union"],["Space Race","Competition between the US and USSR to lead in space"],["NASA","US space agency, founded in 1958"],["National Defense Education Act","1958 law that increased money for science and math education"],["Yuri Gagarin","Soviet cosmonaut, first human in space in 1961"],["Alan Shepard","First American in space, 1961"],["John Glenn","First American to orbit Earth, 1962"],["Moon landing (1969)","Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the Moon on July 20"],["Neil Armstrong","First person to step on the Moon"],["Eisenhower","President from 1953 to 1961 during the early Cold War"],["Interstate Highway System","Highway network started in 1956, partly for defense"],["U-2 incident (1960)","A US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union"],["Fidel Castro","Led a revolution in Cuba in 1959 and ruled it as a communist leader"],["Bay of Pigs (1961)","Failed US-backed attempt to invade Cuba"],["Berlin Wall (1961)","Wall built by East Germany dividing East and West Berlin"],["Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)","Tense 13 days when the US found Soviet missiles in Cuba"],["John F. Kennedy","President during the Cuban Missile Crisis"],["Nikita Khrushchev","Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis"],["Hotline","Direct phone line set up between Washington and Moscow in 1963"],["Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)","Banned nuclear tests in the air, in space and underwater"],["Vietnam War","Conflict in Vietnam from the 1950s to 1975 in which the US supported South Vietnam"],["Domino theory","Belief that if one country fell to communism its neighbors would too"],["Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)","Gave President Johnson wide power to use force in Vietnam"],["Tet Offensive (1968)","Big surprise attacks in Vietnam that shook American support for the war"],["Antiwar movement","Protests against US involvement in Vietnam"],["Vietnam Veterans Memorial","Wall in Washington, DC listing names of the Americans who died in the war"],["Fall of Saigon (1975)","South Vietnam's capital fell to North Vietnam, ending the war"],["Détente","Easing of tensions between the US and USSR in the 1970s"],["Richard Nixon","President who visited China in 1972 and Moscow the same year"],["SALT I (1972)","First treaty limiting some nuclear weapons"],["Apollo-Soyuz (1975)","US and Soviet spacecraft docked in orbit"],["Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)","Soviet troops entered Afghanistan, ending détente"],["1980 Olympic boycott","The US and others stayed away from the Moscow Summer Games"],["Ronald Reagan","President in the 1980s who built up defense and later negotiated with the USSR"],["Strategic Defense Initiative","Reagan's plan for missile defense, nicknamed Star Wars"],["Mikhail Gorbachev","Last Soviet leader; introduced glasnost and perestroika"],["Glasnost","Gorbachev's policy of openness"],["Perestroika","Gorbachev's policy of restructuring the Soviet economy"],["INF Treaty (1987)","US-Soviet treaty eliminating a class of nuclear missiles"],["Reagan's Berlin speech (1987)","Reagan urged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall"],["Solidarity","Polish workers' movement that helped end communism in Poland"],["Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)","On November 9, crowds opened the wall between East and West Berlin"],["German reunification (1990)","East and West Germany joined as one nation"],["Collapse of the USSR (1991)","The Soviet Union ended and split into 15 independent countries"],["Proxy war","A war where powers back opposing sides in another country"],["Espionage","Spying"],["Sino-Soviet split","Rift between China and the Soviet Union in the 1960s"],["Marshall, Truman and Kennan","Key figures in early containment; George Kennan wrote the 'Long Telegram'"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-colonial-america","id":"us-colonial-america","title":"Colonial America: Dates and Events","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Key dates, places and events from the first English settlements to the eve of the American Revolution.","tags":["colonial","jamestown","pilgrims","13 colonies"],"frontLabel":"Date or event","backLabel":"What happened","cards":[["1607","Jamestown, Virginia, became the first lasting English settlement in North America"],["1619","The first enslaved Africans were brought to English Virginia; the House of Burgesses also first met"],["1620","The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on the Mayflower"],["Mayflower Compact","A 1620 agreement by the Pilgrims to make fair laws and obey them"],["1621","The Pilgrims and Wampanoag shared a harvest feast, often called the first Thanksgiving"],["1630","Puritans led by John Winthrop founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony"],["1636","Roger Williams founded Rhode Island; Harvard College was also founded"],["1624","The Dutch began settling New Netherland, which later became New York"],["1664","England took New Amsterdam from the Dutch and renamed it New York"],["1682","William Penn founded Pennsylvania with Philadelphia as its city"],["1732","Georgia, the last of the 13 colonies, was founded by James Oglethorpe"],["1692","The Salem witch trials took place in Massachusetts"],["1754","The French and Indian War began in North America"],["1763","The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War; Britain won Canada"],["Proclamation of 1763","British order that kept colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains"],["Thirteen colonies","The British colonies on the Atlantic coast that became the first US states"],["New England Colonies","Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut"],["Middle Colonies","New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware"],["Southern Colonies","Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia"],["Jamestown's early leader","Captain John Smith, who insisted that settlers who did not work would not eat"],["Pocahontas","A Powhatan girl connected to Jamestown who later married colonist John Rolfe"],["John Rolfe","Jamestown settler whose tobacco crop made Virginia profitable"],["Cash crop","A crop grown mainly to be sold, like tobacco in Virginia"],["Squanto","A Patuxet man who taught the Pilgrims to grow corn and fish"],["William Bradford","Governor of Plymouth Colony for many years"],["Anne Hutchinson","A Puritan woman banished from Massachusetts for her religious ideas"],["Roger Williams","Believed in separating church and government and in fair treatment of Native Americans"],["Lord Baltimore","Founder of Maryland, planned as a home for English Catholics"],["William Penn","A Quaker who made Pennsylvania a place of religious freedom"],["Quakers","A Christian group that valued peace and equality"],["Puritans","English Protestants who wanted to make the church simpler and purer"],["Pilgrims","Separatists who left England to worship in their own way"],["Separatists","People who wanted to break away from the Church of England"],["Indentured servant","A person who worked for a set number of years to pay for the trip to America"],["Headright system","Virginia plan that gave land to anyone who paid for a settler's trip"],["House of Burgesses","The first elected lawmaking group in the English colonies, started in Virginia in 1619"],["Town meeting","A New England gathering where townspeople voted on local matters"],["Triangular trade","Trade routes linking New England, Africa and the West Indies"],["Middle Passage","The forced sea voyage that carried enslaved Africans across the Atlantic"],["Plantation","A large farm in the South that grew crops like tobacco, rice and indigo"],["Slavery in the colonies","Forced labor of enslaved Africans, legal in all thirteen colonies at the time"],["Great Awakening","A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s that spread through the colonies"],["Jonathan Edwards","Preacher and leader of the Great Awakening"],["Benjamin Franklin","Printer and inventor in Philadelphia; proposed the Albany Plan of Union in 1754"],["Albany Plan","Franklin's 1754 idea to unite the colonies for defense"],["Join, or Die","Franklin's cartoon of a snake cut in pieces, urging the colonies to unite"],["George Washington","A young Virginian who fought in the French and Indian War"],["Fort Necessity","Small fort in Pennsylvania where Washington fought the French in 1754"],["Mercantilism","The idea that colonies exist to make the mother country rich"],["Navigation Acts","British laws that made colonists trade mainly with Britain"],["Salutary neglect","Britain's loose enforcement of colonial laws before 1763"],["Charter","A written document from the king giving a colony the right to exist"],["Proprietary colony","A colony owned by one person or a family, like Pennsylvania"],["Royal colony","A colony ruled directly by the king through a governor"],["Virginia","The first of the thirteen colonies, founded at Jamestown"],["Plymouth Colony","The Pilgrims' settlement in Massachusetts, begun in 1620"],["Boston","Main city of Massachusetts Bay and a busy colonial port"],["Philadelphia","Largest colonial city by the 1770s; its name means brotherly love"],["Charleston","Main port of South Carolina"],["Williamsburg","Capital of colonial Virginia from 1699"],["Pennsylvania Dutch","German-speaking settlers in Pennsylvania"],["Hornbook","A paddle-shaped board that held a lesson sheet for young colonial students"],["New England Primer","A popular colonial reading book for children"],["Apprentice","A young person who learned a trade by working for a master"],["Blacksmith","Colonial worker who made tools and nails from iron"],["Cooper","Colonial craftsperson who made barrels"],["Wampanoag","Native nation in what is now Massachusetts who met the Pilgrims"],["Powhatan Confederacy","Alliance of Native nations in tidewater Virginia"],["King Philip's War","1675-1676 conflict between New England colonists and Native nations led by Metacom"],["Metacom","Wampanoag leader, called King Philip by the English"],["Fur trade","Trade in animal pelts, important to the French and Dutch in North America"],["New France","French territory in North America, centered on Quebec"],["Quebec","City founded by the French in 1608"],["Samuel de Champlain","French explorer who founded Quebec"],["Henry Hudson","English explorer working for the Dutch who sailed into the Hudson River in 1609"],["Peter Stuyvesant","Last Dutch governor of New Amsterdam"],["St. Augustine","Spanish settlement in Florida, founded in 1565, the oldest European-founded city in the US"],["Lost Colony of Roanoke","English settlement in 1587 whose people had vanished by 1590"],["Virginia Dare","First English child born in the Americas, at Roanoke in 1587"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-early-republic","id":"us-early-republic","title":"The Early Republic (1783-1840)","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Building a new nation: the Constitution, first presidents, the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812 and the age of Jackson.","tags":["early republic","constitution","war of 1812","jackson"],"frontLabel":"Term or event","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Articles of Confederation","First national plan of government (1781); it gave Congress little power"],["Shays' Rebellion (1786-87)","Farmers in Massachusetts protested debts and taxes, showing the need for a stronger government"],["Northwest Ordinance (1787)","Law for organizing new states north of the Ohio River and banning slavery there"],["Constitutional Convention (1787)","Philadelphia meeting that wrote the US Constitution"],["James Madison","Called the Father of the Constitution; fourth president"],["Great Compromise","Deal creating a Senate with equal votes and a House based on population"],["Three-Fifths Compromise","Counted three-fifths of enslaved people toward a state's population for representation"],["Federalists","Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong national government"],["Anti-Federalists","Opponents of the Constitution who feared a too-powerful government"],["Federalist Papers","Essays by Hamilton, Madison and Jay urging states to ratify the Constitution"],["Bill of Rights","First ten amendments, added in 1791"],["Ratification","Formal approval; nine states had to approve the Constitution"],["George Washington","First president, serving 1789 to 1797"],["Cabinet","Group of top advisers to the president"],["Alexander Hamilton","First Secretary of the Treasury; wanted a national bank and a strong economy"],["Thomas Jefferson","First Secretary of State and third president"],["National bank","Hamilton's plan for a bank to hold government money and print a stable currency"],["Whiskey Rebellion (1794)","Western Pennsylvania farmers protested a tax on whiskey; Washington sent troops"],["Washington's Farewell Address","Warned against political parties and entangling alliances with other nations"],["Judiciary Act of 1789","Created the federal court system"],["Political parties","Federalists (Hamilton) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) formed in the 1790s"],["John Adams","Second president, 1797 to 1801"],["XYZ Affair (1797)","French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats, angering the public"],["Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)","Laws that limited immigrants' rights and criticism of the government"],["Election of 1800","Jefferson defeated Adams in a vote that moved power peacefully between parties"],["Marbury v. Madison (1803)","Supreme Court case that set up judicial review"],["Judicial review","The courts' power to decide that a law goes against the Constitution"],["John Marshall","Chief Justice who made the Supreme Court a strong branch"],["Louisiana Purchase (1803)","Jefferson bought land from France that doubled the size of the US"],["Lewis and Clark Expedition","1804-1806 trip to explore the Louisiana Purchase and reach the Pacific"],["Sacagawea","Shoshone woman who guided and helped the Lewis and Clark expedition"],["Corps of Discovery","Name for the Lewis and Clark exploring group"],["Zebulon Pike","Army explorer who led an expedition in the Southwest and Rockies"],["Embargo Act (1807)","Jefferson's ban on American trade with other countries"],["Impressment","British practice of taking sailors off American ships to serve in its navy"],["War Hawks","Young Congress members who pushed for war with Britain in 1812"],["War of 1812","War between the US and Britain, 1812 to 1815"],["Tecumseh","Shawnee leader who built a Native alliance to resist settlers' expansion"],["Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)","William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's followers in Indiana"],["USS Constitution","Warship nicknamed Old Ironsides for its strong hull"],["Burning of Washington (1814)","British troops set fire to the Capitol and White House"],["Francis Scott Key","Wrote the words of The Star-Spangled Banner while watching Fort McHenry in 1814"],["Fort McHenry","Baltimore fort that withstood British bombardment in 1814"],["Dolley Madison","First lady who saved a portrait of Washington when the White House burned"],["Treaty of Ghent (1814)","Treaty that ended the War of 1812"],["Battle of New Orleans (1815)","Andrew Jackson's victory, fought after the treaty was signed"],["Era of Good Feelings","Period around 1817-1825 of national pride and one dominant party"],["James Monroe","Fifth president, 1817 to 1825"],["Monroe Doctrine (1823)","Warned European powers not to colonize the Americas"],["Missouri Compromise (1820)","Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; set a line for slavery's spread"],["Erie Canal (1825)","Canal linking the Hudson River to Lake Erie, speeding trade"],["Eli Whitney","Invented the cotton gin in 1793"],["Cotton gin","Machine that quickly cleaned cotton seeds, which increased demand for enslaved labor"],["Industrial Revolution begins","Early American factories, like Slater's mill in 1790, began making cloth"],["Lowell mills","Massachusetts textile factories that employed young women"],["Steamboat","Robert Fulton's Clermont made steam travel practical in 1807"],["Market revolution","Growth of roads, canals and factories that tied farms to markets"],["Andrew Jackson","Seventh president, 1829 to 1837; champion of the 'common man'"],["Jacksonian democracy","Expansion of voting rights to most white men, regardless of wealth"],["Spoils system","Giving government jobs to loyal supporters"],["Indian Removal Act (1830)","Law that led to forcing Native nations from southeastern lands"],["Trail of Tears","Forced march of the Cherokee and other nations to Indian Territory in the 1830s"],["Worcester v. Georgia (1832)","Supreme Court said states could not rule Cherokee land; Jackson did not enforce it"],["Nullification Crisis","South Carolina tried to cancel a federal tariff in 1832"],["John C. Calhoun","South Carolinian who defended states' power to nullify federal laws"],["Second Great Awakening","Religious revival of the early 1800s that inspired reform movements"],["Abolitionist","A person who wanted to end slavery"],["Frederick Douglass","Escaped from slavery and became a famed writer, speaker and abolitionist"],["William Lloyd Garrison","Boston editor who published The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper"],["Seneca Falls Convention (1848)","First women's rights convention, in New York"],["Underground Railroad","Secret network of people helping enslaved people reach freedom"],["Harriet Tubman","Escaped slavery and guided many others to freedom on the Underground Railroad"],["Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)","Virginia uprising by enslaved people led by Nat Turner"],["Horace Mann","Reformer who promoted free public schools"],["Dorothea Dix","Reformer who worked to improve care for people with mental illness"],["Sequoyah","Created the Cherokee writing system in the 1820s"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-history-key-dates","id":"us-history-key-dates","title":"US History: Key Dates","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The year (or date) when the big events in American history happened.","tags":["dates","timeline","us history"],"frontLabel":"Event","backLabel":"Year","cards":[["Columbus reaches the Americas","1492"],["Jamestown founded","1607"],["Pilgrims land at Plymouth","1620"],["First enslaved Africans arrive in Virginia","1619"],["Salem witch trials","1692"],["French and Indian War begins","1754"],["Stamp Act","1765"],["Boston Massacre","1770"],["Boston Tea Party","1773"],["Battles of Lexington and Concord","1775"],["Declaration of Independence adopted","July 4, 1776"],["Battle of Saratoga","1777"],["Winter at Valley Forge","1777-1778"],["British surrender at Yorktown","1781"],["Treaty of Paris ends the Revolution","1783"],["Constitutional Convention","1787"],["George Washington becomes president","1789"],["Bill of Rights ratified","1791"],["Louisiana Purchase","1803"],["Lewis and Clark expedition","1804-1806"],["War of 1812 begins","1812"],["Star-Spangled Banner written","1814"],["Missouri Compromise","1820"],["Monroe Doctrine","1823"],["Erie Canal opens","1825"],["Indian Removal Act","1830"],["Battle of the Alamo","1836"],["Seneca Falls Convention","1848"],["California Gold Rush begins","1848"],["Mexican-American War ends","1848"],["Compromise of 1850","1850"],["Dred Scott decision","1857"],["Lincoln elected president","1860"],["Fort Sumter attacked","1861"],["Emancipation Proclamation","1863"],["Battle of Gettysburg","1863"],["Lee surrenders at Appomattox","1865"],["Lincoln assassinated","1865"],["13th Amendment ratified","1865"],["Alaska purchased from Russia","1867"],["Transcontinental railroad completed","1869"],["Telephone patented","1876"],["Battle of Little Bighorn","1876"],["Light bulb perfected by Edison","1879"],["Statue of Liberty dedicated","1886"],["Ellis Island opens","1892"],["Plessy v. Ferguson","1896"],["Spanish-American War","1898"],["Wright brothers' first flight","1903"],["World War I begins in Europe","1914"],["US enters World War I","1917"],["19th Amendment (women's suffrage)","1920"],["Stock market crash","1929"],["Franklin Roosevelt elected; New Deal begins","1932-1933"],["Social Security Act","1935"],["Pearl Harbor attacked","December 7, 1941"],["D-Day","June 6, 1944"],["World War II ends","1945"],["Marshall Plan","1948"],["Korean War begins","1950"],["Brown v. Board of Education","1954"],["Montgomery Bus Boycott","1955-1956"],["Sputnik launched","1957"],["Cuban Missile Crisis","1962"],["March on Washington","1963"],["JFK assassinated","1963"],["Civil Rights Act","1964"],["Voting Rights Act","1965"],["Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated","1968"],["First Moon landing","1969"],["Nixon resigns","1974"],["Fall of Saigon","1975"],["Berlin Wall falls","1989"],["Soviet Union dissolves","1991"],["September 11 attacks","2001"],["Barack Obama elected","2008"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-history-vocabulary","id":"us-history-vocabulary","title":"US History Vocabulary","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Words you need to read and discuss American history.","tags":["vocabulary","us history"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Colony","A territory ruled by another country"],["Settler","A person who moves to and lives in a new place"],["Immigrant","A person who moves to a new country to live"],["Emigrant","A person who leaves one country to live in another"],["Pioneer","One of the first people to settle in a new area"],["Frontier","The edge of settled land"],["Territory","Land owned by a country but not yet a state"],["Statehood","Becoming one of the states"],["Expansion","Growth in size or reach"],["Annex","To add a territory to a country"],["Treaty","A formal agreement between nations"],["Alliance","A partnership among nations or groups"],["Neutral","Not taking a side in a conflict"],["Revolution","A sudden, major change, often in government"],["Rebellion","An open fight against authority"],["Independence","Freedom from outside control"],["Patriot","A person who loves and supports their country"],["Loyalist","A colonist who supported Britain"],["Tax","Money people pay to support the government"],["Tariff","A tax on goods from other countries"],["Boycott","Refusing to buy or use something as a protest"],["Embargo","A government ban on trade with a country"],["Constitution","The written plan for a country's government and laws"],["Amendment","A change or addition to the Constitution"],["Ratify","To formally approve"],["Federal","Having to do with the national government"],["Federalism","Power shared between national and state governments"],["Republic","A government where people elect representatives"],["Democracy","Government by the people, through voting"],["Monarchy","Government led by a king or queen"],["Dictator","A ruler with total power"],["Compromise","Each side gives up something to reach an agreement"],["Abolish","To officially end something"],["Abolitionist","Someone who worked to end slavery"],["Slavery","The forced ownership and unpaid labor of people"],["Emancipation","Freeing people from slavery"],["Secede","To formally withdraw from a group or country"],["Union","The states that stayed with the US during the Civil War; also the nation"],["Confederate","Belonging to the Confederacy"],["Civil war","A war between groups within the same country"],["Reconstruction","The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War"],["Sharecropper","A farmer who pays rent with part of the crop"],["Segregation","Forced separation of people by race"],["Discrimination","Unfair treatment based on identity"],["Suffrage","The right to vote"],["Suffragist","A person who worked for voting rights, especially for women"],["Industry","Business that makes goods, often in factories"],["Factory","A building where goods are made with machines"],["Urban","Having to do with cities"],["Rural","Having to do with the countryside"],["Monopoly","Complete control of a product or service by one business"],["Union (labor)","A group of workers organized to protect their interests"],["Strike","Workers stop working to demand change"],["Reform","To improve something by changing it"],["Progressive","Favoring reform, as in the Progressive Era"],["Depression","A long period of very weak economy and high unemployment"],["Inflation","A general rise in prices"],["Recession","A shorter, milder slump in the economy"],["Ration","To limit how much people can have of something scarce"],["Draft","A system that requires people to serve in the military"],["Propaganda","Information used to push a view, often one-sided"],["Cold War","Rivalry between the US and USSR without direct fighting between them"],["Communism","System where the state controls the economy and property"],["Containment","Policy to stop the spread of communism"],["Primary source","Evidence from the time, like a letter, photo or diary"],["Secondary source","A later account written about the past, like a textbook"],["Timeline","A line of events shown in order"],["Era","A long period of history with a common theme"],["Century","One hundred years"],["Decade","Ten years"],["Chronological order","Arranged in the order events happened"],["Cause","Why something happened"],["Effect","What happened because of an event"],["Legacy","What is left behind for the future"],["Heritage","Traditions and history passed down"],["Landmark","A place or event of historic importance"],["Memorial","Something built to remember a person or event"],["Artifact","An object made by people long ago"],["Historian","A person who studies the past"],["Archaeologist","A scientist who studies the past by digging up objects"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-presidents-facts","id":"us-presidents-facts","title":"US Presidents: Facts and Firsts","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"What each president is known for, plus presidential firsts and facts.","tags":["presidents","firsts"],"frontLabel":"Clue","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Led the Continental Army and was the first president","George Washington"],["Second president; his son also became president","John Adams"],["Wrote the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase","Thomas Jefferson"],["Called the Father of the Constitution","James Madison"],["Warned European nations away from the Americas in 1823","James Monroe"],["Son of the second president, he was the sixth","John Quincy Adams"],["Hero of the Battle of New Orleans; started the 'common man' era","Andrew Jackson"],["Served only one month in 1841 and died","William Henry Harrison"],["President during the Mexican-American War and the Oregon Treaty","James K. Polk"],["Led the nation during the Civil War and signed the Emancipation Proclamation","Abraham Lincoln"],["First president to be impeached by the House","Andrew Johnson"],["Civil War general who became the 18th president","Ulysses S. Grant"],["Shot in 1881 and died months later","James A. Garfield"],["Only president to serve two separate terms","Grover Cleveland"],["President when the Spanish-American War happened","William McKinley"],["Youngest person to become president, at age 42","Theodore Roosevelt"],["Teddy bear was named after him","Theodore Roosevelt"],["Only person to be both president and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court","William Howard Taft"],["Led the US in World War I and proposed the League of Nations","Woodrow Wilson"],["President at the start of the Great Depression","Herbert Hoover"],["Only president elected four times","Franklin D. Roosevelt"],["Led the nation through the Depression and most of World War II","Franklin D. Roosevelt"],["Ordered the atomic bombs used to end World War II","Harry S. Truman"],["Supreme Allied commander in WWII who became president","Dwight D. Eisenhower"],["Started the Interstate Highway System","Dwight D. Eisenhower"],["Youngest person elected president, at age 43","John F. Kennedy"],["First Catholic president","John F. Kennedy"],["President during the Cuban Missile Crisis","John F. Kennedy"],["Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964","Lyndon B. Johnson"],["President when Americans first walked on the Moon","Richard Nixon"],["Only president to resign from office","Richard Nixon"],["Became president after Nixon resigned, without being elected president or vice president","Gerald Ford"],["Peanut farmer from Georgia who became the 39th president","Jimmy Carter"],["Former actor and California governor who became president in 1981","Ronald Reagan"],["President when the Berlin Wall fell","George H. W. Bush"],["President in the 1990s who was the 42nd","Bill Clinton"],["Son of the 41st president, he became the 43rd","George W. Bush"],["First Black president","Barack Obama"],["Presidents' term length","Four years"],["Maximum terms for a president","Two elected terms, set by the 22nd Amendment (1951)"],["Minimum age to be president","35 years old"],["Who becomes president if the president cannot serve?","The vice president"],["The White House","Home of the president at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC"],["First president to live in the White House","John Adams"],["Camp David","The president's country retreat in Maryland"],["Air Force One","The airplane that carries the president"],["Oval Office","The president's formal office in the White House"],["Electoral College","The system of electors who formally choose the president"],["Inauguration","Ceremony where a president takes the oath of office"],["Inauguration Day","January 20 (since 1937)"],["Veto","The president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress"],["Executive order","A directive issued by the president that has the force of law"],["Commander in chief","The president's role as head of the armed forces"],["Cabinet","Leaders of major government departments who advise the president"],["First lady","Title for the president's wife (so far); some have been active leaders"],["Eleanor Roosevelt","First lady who held press conferences and wrote a newspaper column"],["Dolley Madison","First lady known for hosting events and saving a portrait during the War of 1812"],["Abigail Adams","First lady and trusted adviser to John Adams"],["First president born a US citizen rather than a British subject","Martin Van Buren"],["Taller than most, 6 feet 4 inches","Abraham Lincoln"],["Protected millions of acres as national forests, parks and monuments","Theodore Roosevelt"],["Mount Rushmore presidents","Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Lincoln"],["President on the penny","Abraham Lincoln"],["President on the nickel","Thomas Jefferson"],["President on the dollar bill","George Washington"],["President on the five-dollar bill","Abraham Lincoln"],["President on the 50-dollar bill","Ulysses S. Grant"],["President on the quarter","George Washington"],["President on the dime","Franklin D. Roosevelt"],["Born on the Fourth of July","Calvin Coolidge"],["Died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration","Thomas Jefferson and John Adams"],["Had a pet raccoon named Rebecca","Calvin Coolidge"],["Won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1906","Theodore Roosevelt"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-presidents-in-order","id":"us-presidents-in-order","title":"US Presidents in Order","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Match each number with the president who held that office, from Washington through Biden.","tags":["presidents","order"],"frontLabel":"Number","backLabel":"President","cards":[["1st president","George Washington","1789-1797"],["2nd president","John Adams","1797-1801"],["3rd president","Thomas Jefferson","1801-1809"],["4th president","James Madison","1809-1817"],["5th president","James Monroe","1817-1825"],["6th president","John Quincy Adams","1825-1829"],["7th president","Andrew Jackson","1829-1837"],["8th president","Martin Van Buren","1837-1841"],["9th president","William Henry Harrison","1841; died after one month"],["10th president","John Tyler","1841-1845"],["11th president","James K. Polk","1845-1849"],["12th president","Zachary Taylor","1849-1850"],["13th president","Millard Fillmore","1850-1853"],["14th president","Franklin Pierce","1853-1857"],["15th president","James Buchanan","1857-1861"],["16th president","Abraham Lincoln","1861-1865"],["17th president","Andrew Johnson","1865-1869"],["18th president","Ulysses S. Grant","1869-1877"],["19th president","Rutherford B. Hayes","1877-1881"],["20th president","James A. Garfield","1881"],["21st president","Chester A. Arthur","1881-1885"],["22nd president","Grover Cleveland","1885-1889; first of two separate terms"],["23rd president","Benjamin Harrison","1889-1893"],["24th president","Grover Cleveland","1893-1897; the same man as the 22nd"],["25th president","William McKinley","1897-1901"],["26th president","Theodore Roosevelt","1901-1909"],["27th president","William Howard Taft","1909-1913"],["28th president","Woodrow Wilson","1913-1921"],["29th president","Warren G. Harding","1921-1923"],["30th president","Calvin Coolidge","1923-1929"],["31st president","Herbert Hoover","1929-1933"],["32nd president","Franklin D. Roosevelt","1933-1945"],["33rd president","Harry S. Truman","1945-1953"],["34th president","Dwight D. Eisenhower","1953-1961"],["35th president","John F. Kennedy","1961-1963"],["36th president","Lyndon B. Johnson","1963-1969"],["37th president","Richard Nixon","1969-1974"],["38th president","Gerald Ford","1974-1977"],["39th president","Jimmy Carter","1977-1981"],["40th president","Ronald Reagan","1981-1989"],["41st president","George H. W. Bush","1989-1993"],["42nd president","Bill Clinton","1993-2001"],["43rd president","George W. Bush","2001-2009"],["44th president","Barack Obama","2009-2017"],["45th president","Donald Trump","2017-2021; later also the 47th"],["46th president","Joe Biden","2021-2025"],["47th president","Donald Trump","Began a second term in 2025"],["George Washington","1st president"],["John Adams","2nd president"],["Thomas Jefferson","3rd president"],["James Madison","4th president"],["James Monroe","5th president"],["John Quincy Adams","6th president"],["Andrew Jackson","7th president"],["Abraham Lincoln","16th president"],["Ulysses S. Grant","18th president"],["Theodore Roosevelt","26th president"],["Woodrow Wilson","28th president"],["Franklin D. Roosevelt","32nd president"],["Harry S. Truman","33rd president"],["Dwight D. Eisenhower","34th president"],["John F. Kennedy","35th president"],["Lyndon B. Johnson","36th president"],["Richard Nixon","37th president"],["Ronald Reagan","40th president"],["Bill Clinton","42nd president"],["Barack Obama","44th president"],["Grover Cleveland","22nd and 24th president"],["Herbert Hoover","31st president"],["Jimmy Carter","39th president"],["Andrew Johnson","17th president"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-reconstruction-gilded-age","id":"us-reconstruction-gilded-age","title":"Reconstruction and the Gilded Age","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Rebuilding after the Civil War, then the age of big business, immigration, cities and reform (1865-1900).","tags":["reconstruction","gilded age","industry","immigration"],"frontLabel":"Term or event","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Reconstruction","The years after the Civil War (1865-1877) when the South was rebuilt and rejoined the Union"],["Freedmen's Bureau","Agency that helped formerly enslaved people with food, schools and work"],["Black Codes","Southern laws that tried to limit the freedom of Black people after the war"],["Thirteenth Amendment","Ended slavery in 1865"],["Fourteenth Amendment","Gave citizenship and equal protection of the laws to people born in the US (1868)"],["Fifteenth Amendment","Said the right to vote could not be denied because of race (1870)"],["Radical Republicans","Congress members who wanted strong action to protect freed people"],["Andrew Johnson","President who clashed with Congress and was impeached in 1868 but stayed in office"],["Impeachment","Formal charges against an official that the House brings; the Senate holds the trial"],["Civil Rights Act of 1866","First federal law to define citizenship and equal rights for Black Americans"],["Reconstruction Acts (1867)","Divided the South into military districts and set rules to rejoin the Union"],["Hiram Revels","First Black US senator, from Mississippi, in 1870"],["Carpetbaggers","Name Southerners gave to Northerners who moved South after the war"],["Scalawags","Name given to white Southerners who supported Reconstruction"],["Sharecropping","System where farmers worked land for a share of the crop, often falling into debt"],["Ku Klux Klan","Hate group formed in 1865 that used violence to stop Black Americans from voting"],["Enforcement Acts","Laws of 1870-71 to protect voting rights and fight the Klan"],["Compromise of 1877","Deal that made Rutherford Hayes president and ended Reconstruction"],["Jim Crow laws","Southern laws that separated people by race"],["Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)","Supreme Court allowed 'separate but equal' public facilities"],["Historically Black colleges","Colleges like Howard and Fisk were founded to educate freed people"],["Booker T. Washington","Educator who founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama"],["Gilded Age","Period of great wealth for a few and hardship for many, roughly 1870s to 1900"],["Mark Twain","Author who named the era 'the Gilded Age' in a novel"],["Industrialization","Growth of factories and machines making goods"],["Robber barons","Critics' name for rich business owners accused of unfair practices"],["Andrew Carnegie","Steel tycoon who later gave away millions to build libraries"],["John D. Rockefeller","Founder of Standard Oil, the largest oil company"],["J.P. Morgan","Banker who financed and organized huge companies"],["Cornelius Vanderbilt","Railroad and shipping tycoon"],["Monopoly","When one company controls an industry, leaving buyers little choice"],["Trust","A group of companies joined to control a market"],["Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)","Law meant to stop monopolies"],["Laissez-faire","Idea that government should stay out of business"],["Thomas Edison","Inventor of the practical light bulb and a research laboratory at Menlo Park"],["Alexander Graham Bell","Patented the telephone in 1876"],["Bessemer process","Method for making steel cheaply and in large amounts"],["Skyscraper","Tall steel-frame building; first rose in Chicago in the 1880s"],["Electric streetcar","Let cities spread outward"],["Urbanization","Growth of cities"],["Tenement","Crowded city apartment building, often with poor light and air"],["Jacob Riis","Photographer who showed the crowded lives of poor people in New York"],["Jane Addams","Founded Hull House in Chicago to help immigrants and the poor"],["Settlement house","Community center in a poor neighborhood offering classes and care"],["Ellis Island","New York immigration station that opened in 1892"],["Statue of Liberty","Gift from France, dedicated in 1886"],["Angel Island","California immigration station that mostly processed Asian immigrants"],["Nativism","Favoring native-born people over immigrants"],["Old immigrants","Mostly from northern and western Europe"],["New immigrants","Late 1800s arrivals from southern and eastern Europe, like Italy and Poland"],["Labor union","A group of workers who join to ask for better pay and conditions"],["American Federation of Labor","Union group led by Samuel Gompers that organized skilled workers"],["Samuel Gompers","Founding leader of the AFL"],["Strike","Workers refusing to work until their demands are met"],["Haymarket Affair (1886)","A Chicago labor rally ended in a bomb blast and deaths"],["Homestead Strike (1892)","Steelworkers' strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie Steel"],["Pullman Strike (1894)","Railroad workers' strike that stopped trains across the nation"],["Eugene Debs","Leader of the American Railway Union during the Pullman Strike"],["Child labor","Children working in mines and factories, common before reform laws"],["Populist Party","1890s farmers' party that wanted silver coins, regulation of railroads and an income tax"],["William Jennings Bryan","Populist-backed candidate famous for the 'Cross of Gold' speech in 1896"],["Gold standard","Money system where paper money is tied to gold"],["Political machine","Organization that controlled a city's government, such as Tammany Hall"],["Boss Tweed","Leader of Tammany Hall in New York, jailed for corruption"],["Spoils system","Giving government jobs to supporters"],["Pendleton Act (1883)","Created a civil service system where jobs go by merit"],["James Garfield","Twentieth president, shot in 1881 by a man who wanted a government job"],["Interstate Commerce Act (1887)","First law to regulate railroads"],["Spanish-American War (1898)","War with Spain that gave the US Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines"],["USS Maine","Battleship that exploded in Havana harbor in 1898, increasing calls for war"],["Rough Riders","Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt in Cuba"],["Annexation of Hawaii (1898)","The US took over the islands after Queen Liliuokalani was removed in 1893"],["Queen Liliuokalani","Last queen of Hawaii"],["Alaska Purchase (1867)","US bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million"],["Seward's Folly","Critics' mocking name for the Alaska purchase"],["Progressive Era","Reform period from about 1890 to 1920"],["Ida B. Wells","Journalist who wrote against lynching and for justice"],["Susan B. Anthony","Leader of the fight for women's right to vote"],["Centennial Exposition (1876)","World's fair in Philadelphia marking 100 years of independence"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-roaring-twenties-depression","id":"us-roaring-twenties-depression","title":"The 1920s and the Great Depression","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"From the Roaring Twenties through the stock market crash, hard times and the New Deal.","tags":["1920s","great depression","new deal","dust bowl"],"frontLabel":"Term or event","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Roaring Twenties","The lively 1920s, a time of new products, jazz and rising prosperity for many"],["Jazz Age","Nickname for the 1920s, when jazz music became popular"],["Harlem Renaissance","1920s flowering of Black art, music and writing centered in Harlem, New York"],["Langston Hughes","Poet of the Harlem Renaissance"],["Louis Armstrong","Jazz trumpeter and singer who became a star in the 1920s"],["Duke Ellington","Bandleader and composer who played at Harlem's Cotton Club"],["Prohibition","Ban on making and selling alcohol, from 1920 to 1933"],["18th Amendment","Started Prohibition"],["21st Amendment","Ended Prohibition in 1933"],["Speakeasy","Secret place that sold alcohol during Prohibition"],["Flapper","Young woman of the 1920s known for short hair and modern fashion"],["Charles Lindbergh","Made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic, in 1927"],["Model T","Henry Ford's affordable car, first sold in 1908"],["Assembly line","Factory method where a product moves past workers, each doing one job"],["Henry Ford","Car maker who made automobiles cheap enough for many families"],["Mass production","Making large amounts of goods quickly using standard parts"],["Radio","New in the 1920s; families gathered to hear music, news and ball games"],["Babe Ruth","Baseball star who hit 60 home runs in 1927"],["Installment plan","Buying now and paying in small payments over time"],["Red Scare (1919-20)","Fear of communists and radicals after World War I"],["Immigration quotas","1920s laws limiting how many people could come from each country"],["Scopes Trial (1925)","Tennessee trial over teaching evolution in public schools"],["Calvin Coolidge","President from 1923 to 1929, known for supporting business"],["Herbert Hoover","President when the Great Depression began"],["Stock market","Place where shares in companies are bought and sold"],["Buying on margin","Buying stocks with borrowed money"],["Stock market crash (1929)","Stock prices fell sharply in October 1929, starting the Great Depression"],["Black Tuesday","October 29, 1929, one of the worst days of the crash"],["Great Depression","Severe economic slump in the 1930s with many job losses"],["Unemployment","When people who want jobs cannot find them"],["Bank run","When many people try to withdraw money at once, and banks fail"],["Hoovervilles","Camps of shacks for homeless people during the Depression"],["Bread line","Line of hungry people waiting for free food"],["Soup kitchen","Place serving free meals to people in need"],["Dust Bowl","1930s drought and dust storms across the southern Plains"],["Black Sunday (1935)","April 14, a giant dust storm on the Plains"],["Okies","Nickname for people who left Oklahoma and nearby states for California"],["The Grapes of Wrath","John Steinbeck's novel about a family leaving the Dust Bowl"],["Dorothea Lange","Photographer whose pictures such as 'Migrant Mother' showed Depression hardship"],["Bonus Army (1932)","Veterans who marched to Washington asking for early payment of a bonus"],["Smoot-Hawley Tariff","1930 law raising taxes on imported goods, which hurt world trade"],["Franklin D. Roosevelt","Elected in 1932; promised a New Deal"],["New Deal","Roosevelt's programs for relief, recovery and reform"],["Fireside chats","Roosevelt's radio talks explaining his plans in a calm voice"],["First hundred days","Spring 1933, when Congress passed many New Deal laws quickly"],["Bank holiday (1933)","Roosevelt closed banks briefly to check which were safe"],["FDIC","Created in 1933 to insure bank deposits"],["Civilian Conservation Corps","Gave young men jobs planting trees and building parks"],["Works Progress Administration","Gave jobs building roads, schools and public art"],["Tennessee Valley Authority","Built dams and brought electricity to the Tennessee River region"],["Social Security Act (1935)","Created pensions for older Americans and help for the unemployed"],["SEC","Securities and Exchange Commission, which oversees stock markets, formed in 1934"],["Wagner Act (1935)","Protected workers' right to form unions"],["Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)","Set a minimum wage and a maximum workweek and limited child labor"],["Eleanor Roosevelt","First lady who spoke out for the poor and for civil rights"],["Mary McLeod Bethune","Educator who advised FDR and led efforts on Black youth issues"],["Frances Perkins","First woman in a US cabinet, Secretary of Labor under FDR"],["Huey Long","Louisiana senator who proposed the Share Our Wealth plan"],["Court-packing plan (1937)","Roosevelt's failed plan to add more Supreme Court justices"],["Hindenburg disaster (1937)","German airship burst into flames in New Jersey"],["Amelia Earhart","Pilot who flew solo across the Atlantic in 1932 and vanished in 1937"],["Jesse Owens","Track star who won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics"],["Joe Louis","Heavyweight boxing champion who became a national hero"],["Radio dramas","Shows like The Shadow and Fibber McGee entertained families"],["Gone with the Wind","1939 film that won many Academy Awards"],["The Wizard of Oz","Film released in 1939"],["Monopoly game","Board game that became popular during the Depression"],["Hoover Dam","Huge dam on the Colorado River finished in 1936"],["Golden Gate Bridge","San Francisco bridge opened in 1937"],["Empire State Building","New York skyscraper opened in 1931, then the world's tallest"],["Recession","A period of falling business activity and rising unemployment"],["Deflation","A general fall in prices"],["Relief, recovery, reform","The three Rs: the main goals of the New Deal"],["Mexican repatriation","In the 1930s many Mexican Americans were pressured or forced to leave the US"],["End of the Depression","Defense spending for World War II finally brought full employment"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-westward-expansion","id":"us-westward-expansion","title":"Westward Expansion","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Trails, territories, gold, railroads and the people who lived on the lands of the American West.","tags":["west","oregon trail","gold rush","manifest destiny"],"frontLabel":"Term or event","backLabel":"What it means","cards":[["Manifest Destiny","1840s belief that the US was meant to spread across the continent"],["Oregon Trail","Overland route of about 2,000 miles from Missouri to Oregon, used by wagon trains"],["Wagon train","A group of covered wagons traveling west together"],["Prairie schooner","Nickname for a covered wagon"],["Pioneers","People who settled new lands ahead of others"],["Independence, Missouri","A common starting town for the Oregon Trail"],["Santa Fe Trail","Trade route from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico"],["Mormon Trail","Route Brigham Young led members of the Latter-day Saints to Utah in 1847"],["Brigham Young","Led the Mormon pioneers to the Salt Lake Valley"],["Texas Revolution (1835-36)","Texans fought to break away from Mexico"],["The Alamo (1836)","Mission in San Antonio where Texan defenders fell after a 13-day siege"],["Sam Houston","Led Texans to victory at San Jacinto and became president of the Republic of Texas"],["Republic of Texas","Independent nation from 1836 to 1845"],["Texas annexation (1845)","Texas joined the United States as a state"],["Mexican-American War (1846-48)","War between the US and Mexico over Texas and western lands"],["Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)","Ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico gave up California, Nevada, Utah and more"],["Mexican Cession","Land the US received from Mexico in 1848"],["Gadsden Purchase (1853)","US bought a strip of land from Mexico for a southern rail route"],["Oregon Treaty (1846)","Agreement with Britain that set the northwest border at the 49th parallel"],["Gold Rush (1848-49)","Gold found at Sutter's Mill in California drew about 300,000 people"],["Forty-niners","Gold seekers who came to California in 1849"],["James Marshall","Found gold at Sutter's Mill in January 1848"],["Prospector","A person who searches for valuable minerals"],["Boomtown","A town that grows suddenly, often near a gold or silver find"],["Ghost town","A town left empty after the mines or railroads moved on"],["Comstock Lode","Huge silver discovery in Nevada in 1859"],["Pony Express (1860-61)","Rider relay that carried mail between Missouri and California in about ten days"],["Telegraph","Machine that sent messages by electric wire; it ended the Pony Express in 1861"],["Homestead Act (1862)","Gave 160 acres free to settlers who farmed it for five years"],["Homesteader","A settler who claimed land under the Homestead Act"],["Sod house","Prairie home built of cut blocks of grass and soil"],["Exodusters","Black families who moved from the South to Kansas in the 1870s"],["Transcontinental railroad","Rail line across the US, completed in 1869"],["Promontory Summit, Utah","Site where the two railroads joined in 1869 with a golden spike"],["Union Pacific","Railroad company that built west from Nebraska"],["Central Pacific","Railroad company that built east from California"],["Chinese railroad workers","Thousands of immigrants who did dangerous work building the Central Pacific"],["Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)","Law that banned most Chinese immigration for ten years, then longer"],["Cattle drive","Moving herds of cattle on foot to railroad towns"],["Chisholm Trail","Route cattle drovers used from Texas to Kansas"],["Cowboy","A worker who tends cattle on ranches and drives"],["Vaquero","Mexican horseback herder whose methods shaped cowboy life"],["Buffalo (bison)","Large grazing animal of the plains that Plains peoples depended on"],["Great Plains","Wide grassland region in the middle of North America"],["Plains Indians","Nations such as the Lakota, Cheyenne, Comanche and Crow who lived on the Plains"],["Lakota Sioux","Plains nation of the northern plains and Black Hills"],["Black Hills","Lakota sacred lands; gold found there in 1874 led to conflict"],["Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)","Promised the Black Hills to the Lakota; later broken"],["Sitting Bull","Lakota leader who resisted giving up Plains lands"],["Crazy Horse","Lakota war leader who fought at Little Bighorn"],["Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)","Native warriors defeated Custer's troops in Montana"],["George Custer","US Army officer killed at Little Bighorn"],["Wounded Knee (1890)","Tragic killing of many Lakota people by US soldiers in South Dakota"],["Reservation","Land set aside by treaty or law for Native nations to live on"],["Dawes Act (1887)","Law that split reservation land into private plots, shrinking Native holdings"],["Indian boarding schools","Schools that took Native children from families to change their culture"],["Chief Joseph","Nez Perce leader who led a long retreat in 1877 and said he would fight no more forever"],["Geronimo","Apache leader who resisted US forces in the Southwest"],["Cherokee removal","Forced move of the Cherokee from their southeastern homes in the 1830s"],["Donner Party","California-bound pioneers trapped by winter snow in 1846-47"],["Whitman Mission","Missionary settlement in Oregon Country involved in tragic conflict in 1847"],["Lewis and Clark","Explorers of the Louisiana Purchase 1804-1806 who opened interest in the West"],["Louisiana Purchase","1803 land deal from France that opened the West"],["Frontier","Edge of settled land, where few people lived"],["Frederick Jackson Turner","Historian who argued in 1893 that the frontier shaped American life"],["Annie Oakley","Sharpshooter famous in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show"],["Buffalo Bill Cody","Showman whose Wild West show toured the US and Europe"],["Laura Ingalls Wilder","Author of the Little House books about prairie childhood"],["Mountain men","Trappers who lived in the Rockies and traded furs"],["Jim Bridger","Mountain man and guide who knew the Rockies well"],["Kit Carson","Scout and guide in the West"],["Rocky Mountains","Mountain chain that wagon trains crossed through passes like South Pass"],["South Pass","Wide Rocky Mountain gap in Wyoming used by the Oregon Trail"],["Fort Laramie","Fort in Wyoming that served as a stop on the Oregon Trail"],["Statehood for California (1850)","California entered as a free state after the Gold Rush"],["Utah Territory","Settled by Mormon pioneers around Salt Lake City"],["Land rush (1889)","Settlers raced to claim free lands in Oklahoma"],["Oklahoma Territory","Opened to settlers by land runs beginning in 1889"],["Barbed wire","Cheap fencing that let ranchers and farmers close off land in the 1870s"],["Steel plow","John Deere's plow that could cut through tough prairie sod"],["Windmill","Tool that pumped water for farms and ranches on dry plains"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-world-wars","id":"us-world-wars","title":"America in World War I and World War II","category":"history","subject":"US History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"How the United States entered, fought and was changed by the two world wars.","tags":["world war i","world war ii","home front","pearl harbor"],"frontLabel":"Term or event","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["World War I","Global war from 1914 to 1918 among the Allies and the Central Powers"],["Allied Powers","Britain, France, Russia and later the US and Italy"],["Central Powers","Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria"],["Archduke Franz Ferdinand","Austrian heir whose 1914 assassination set off the war"],["Neutrality","Not taking sides in a war; the US stayed neutral until 1917"],["Lusitania (1915)","British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine, killing 128 Americans"],["Zimmermann Telegram","Secret 1917 German message proposing an alliance with Mexico, which angered Americans"],["US enters WWI (April 1917)","Congress declared war on Germany after submarine attacks"],["Woodrow Wilson","President during World War I who proposed the Fourteen Points"],["Fourteen Points","Wilson's plan for peace, including a League of Nations"],["American Expeditionary Forces","US troops sent to Europe, led by General John Pershing"],["John J. Pershing","Commander of US forces in Europe in WWI"],["Trench warfare","Fighting from long ditches, common on the Western Front"],["Armistice (Nov. 11, 1918)","Cease-fire that ended the fighting in World War I"],["Treaty of Versailles","1919 peace treaty with Germany"],["League of Nations","International group meant to keep peace; the US Senate refused to join"],["Liberty bonds","War bonds citizens bought to lend money to the government"],["Selective Service","System for drafting people into the military"],["19th Amendment (1920)","Gave women the right to vote"],["Great Migration","Millions of Black Americans moved from the South to northern cities, starting around 1916"],["Rise of dictators","In the 1930s Hitler, Mussolini and others took power in Europe and Japan expanded in Asia"],["World War II","Global war from 1939 to 1945"],["Axis Powers","Germany, Italy and Japan"],["Allies in WWII","Britain, the Soviet Union, the US, China and others"],["Adolf Hitler","Nazi dictator of Germany who started the war"],["Neutrality Acts","1930s laws trying to keep the US out of foreign wars"],["Lend-Lease Act (1941)","Let the US supply weapons and goods to Allies"],["Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941)","Japan's surprise attack on the US naval base in Hawaii"],["Infamous date","FDR called December 7, 1941 'a date which will live in infamy'"],["Franklin D. Roosevelt","President during most of the Depression and World War II"],["Holocaust","Nazi Germany's murder of six million Jewish people and millions of others"],["D-Day (June 6, 1944)","Allied landing in Normandy, France, the largest sea invasion ever"],["Dwight Eisenhower","Supreme Allied commander in Europe; later president"],["Normandy","Region of France where the D-Day landings occurred"],["Battle of the Bulge (1944-45)","Germany's last big attack in the West, in Belgium"],["V-E Day (May 8, 1945)","Victory in Europe: Germany surrendered"],["Battle of Midway (1942)","Naval battle that turned the Pacific war toward the US"],["Island hopping","US plan to take key Pacific islands and skip others"],["Iwo Jima","Pacific island taken by US Marines in 1945; famous flag-raising photo"],["Douglas MacArthur","General who led US forces in the Pacific"],["Chester Nimitz","Admiral in charge of the US Pacific Fleet"],["Manhattan Project","Secret US program that built the first atomic bombs"],["Atomic bombs (Aug. 1945)","Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, before Japan's surrender"],["V-J Day (Aug. 14-15, 1945)","Japan announced surrender; formal signing on September 2"],["United Nations","International organization formed in 1945 to keep peace"],["Home front","What people did at home to support the war"],["Rationing","Limiting how much of items like sugar, gas and rubber people could buy"],["Victory garden","Home vegetable garden planted to ease food shortages"],["Rosie the Riveter","Symbol of women who worked in factories during the war"],["War bonds","Savings bonds sold to help pay for the war"],["Scrap drives","Families collected metal, rubber and paper for the war effort"],["Tuskegee Airmen","Black fighter pilots who trained in Alabama and served with honor"],["Navajo Code Talkers","Marines who used the Navajo language to send unbreakable messages"],["442nd Regimental Combat Team","Japanese American unit that became the most decorated for its size"],["Japanese American incarceration","Over 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced from their homes to camps; it is now seen as a grave injustice"],["Executive Order 9066","1942 order that allowed the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast"],["Women's Army Corps","Created in 1942 so women could serve in the Army"],["WASP","Women Airforce Service Pilots, who flew military aircraft within the US"],["G.I. Bill (1944)","Gave veterans help with college, loans and housing"],["Yalta Conference (1945)","Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin planned the end of the war"],["Winston Churchill","British prime minister during most of the war"],["Joseph Stalin","Leader of the Soviet Union"],["Harry Truman","Became president when FDR died in April 1945"],["Marshall Plan (1948)","US aid that helped rebuild Western Europe"],["Nuremberg Trials","Courts that tried Nazi leaders for war crimes"],["Anne Frank","Jewish girl whose diary describes hiding from the Nazis in Amsterdam"],["Code breaking","Allied codebreakers broke Axis codes and helped win key battles"],["Radar","Technology using radio waves to find aircraft and ships"],["Sgt. Alvin York","WWI soldier famed for bravery in the Argonne Forest"],["Harlem Hellfighters","369th Infantry, a Black regiment that fought with French forces in WWI"],["Spanish flu (1918)","Worldwide flu outbreak that killed millions near the end of WWI"],["Red Cross in wartime","Helped wounded soldiers and war refugees"],["Total war","When a country uses all its resources, including factories and citizens, for war"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-african-kingdoms","id":"world-african-kingdoms","title":"African Kingdoms and Empires","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Kush, Aksum, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Great Zimbabwe, Benin and other African civilizations.","tags":["africa","mali","songhai","ghana","timbuktu"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Kush","Kingdom south of Egypt in Nubia; its rulers once ruled Egypt as the 25th dynasty"],["Meroe","Kushite capital famous for iron working and pyramids"],["Aksum (Axum)","Powerful trading kingdom in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea"],["Ezana","Aksumite king who adopted Christianity in the 300s"],["Stelae of Aksum","Tall carved stone monuments in Aksum"],["Ge'ez","Ancient language and script of Aksum, still used in church"],["Sahara","World's largest hot desert, crossed by trade caravans"],["Sahel","Dry grassland belt south of the Sahara"],["Savanna","Grassland with scattered trees"],["Trans-Saharan trade","Caravans carried gold and salt across the desert"],["Camel","Desert animal that made trade across the Sahara possible"],["Caravan","Group of traders traveling together"],["Salt","Valuable in West Africa; traded for gold"],["Gold","Mined in West Africa and traded to North Africa and beyond"],["Ghana Empire","West African trading empire, about 300-1100 CE (not today's Ghana)"],["Wagadu","Local name for the Ghana Empire"],["Kumbi Saleh","Ghana's capital and trading city"],["Mali Empire","Large West African empire that peaked in the 1300s"],["Sundiata Keita","Founder of the Mali Empire, about 1235"],["Epic of Sundiata","Story of the founder of Mali, told by griots"],["Griot","West African storyteller and keeper of history"],["Mansa","Title meaning 'king' in Mali"],["Mansa Musa","Mali's king famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324"],["Hajj","Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca"],["Timbuktu","Mali trading city and center of Islamic learning"],["Sankore","Mosque and university in Timbuktu"],["Djinguereber Mosque","Mud-brick mosque in Timbuktu, built in the 1300s"],["Manuscripts of Timbuktu","Hundreds of thousands of handwritten books on many subjects"],["Ibn Battuta","Moroccan traveler who visited Mali in the 1350s"],["Songhai Empire","Largest West African empire, 1400s-1591"],["Sunni Ali","Songhai ruler who built the empire and took Timbuktu"],["Askia the Great","Songhai ruler who strengthened the empire and promoted learning"],["Gao","Songhai capital on the Niger River"],["Battle of Tondibi (1591)","Moroccan forces with guns defeated Songhai"],["Niger River","Major river of West Africa"],["Great Zimbabwe","Stone city built in southern Africa, about 1100-1450"],["Zimbabwe (word)","From a word meaning 'stone houses' or 'venerated houses'"],["Shona","People linked to Great Zimbabwe"],["Swahili Coast","East African coast where African and Arab trade cultures blended"],["Kilwa","Wealthy Swahili trading city on an island"],["Swahili","Bantu language with many Arabic words, spoken in East Africa"],["Mombasa","Trading port on the Kenyan coast"],["Indian Ocean trade","Monsoon winds carried ships between Africa, Arabia and Asia"],["Dhow","Triangular-sail ship used on the Indian Ocean"],["Benin Kingdom","Forest kingdom in today's Nigeria with a strong ruler, the Oba"],["Oba","King of Benin"],["Benin Bronzes","Famous plaques and sculptures made by Benin artists"],["Ife","Yoruba city known for its fine brass and terra-cotta heads"],["Yoruba","People of southwestern Nigeria with a rich art tradition"],["Hausa city-states","Trading states in northern Nigeria, like Kano"],["Kanem-Bornu","Empire near Lake Chad, long-lasting"],["Ethiopia","African land with ancient Christian kingdoms and never colonized for long"],["Lalibela","Town in Ethiopia with churches carved from rock in the 1200s"],["Queen Nzinga","Ruler of Ndongo and Matamba who resisted Portuguese rule in the 1600s"],["Kongo Kingdom","Central African kingdom that traded with Portugal"],["Bantu migrations","Spread of Bantu-speaking peoples across much of Africa over centuries"],["Iron working","Skill that spread through sub-Saharan Africa and made tools stronger"],["Nok culture","Ancient culture of Nigeria known for terra-cotta sculpture"],["Transatlantic slave trade","Forced removal of millions of Africans to the Americas from the 1500s to the 1800s"],["Colonialism","Control of a land by a foreign power"],["Berlin Conference (1884-85)","European powers set rules for dividing Africa among themselves"],["Scramble for Africa","European takeover of most of Africa between 1880 and 1914"],["Shaka Zulu","Leader who built the powerful Zulu kingdom in the early 1800s"],["Menelik II","Ethiopian emperor who defeated Italy at Adwa in 1896"],["Battle of Adwa (1896)","Ethiopian victory that secured its independence"],["Kwame Nkrumah","Led Ghana to independence in 1957"],["Independence era","Most African countries gained independence between 1950 and 1975"],["Nelson Mandela","Anti-apartheid leader who became South Africa's first Black president"],["Apartheid","South African system of racial separation, ended in the early 1990s"],["Wangari Maathai","Kenyan environmentalist who founded the Green Belt Movement"],["Africa","Second-largest continent, with 54 countries"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-ancient-china","id":"world-ancient-china","title":"Ancient and Imperial China","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Dynasties, philosophers, inventions and the Silk Road, from the Shang to the Qing.","tags":["china","dynasty","silk road","great wall"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Yellow River (Huang He)","River where early Chinese civilization began"],["Yangtze River","China's longest river"],["Dynasty","A line of rulers from one family"],["Shang Dynasty","Early dynasty known for bronze and oracle bones, about 1600-1046 BCE"],["Oracle bones","Animal bones with the earliest Chinese writing, used to ask the gods questions"],["Zhou Dynasty","Long dynasty that introduced the idea of the Mandate of Heaven"],["Mandate of Heaven","Belief that Heaven gave a just ruler the right to rule and could take it away"],["Confucius","Teacher (551-479 BCE) who stressed respect, learning and good government"],["Confucianism","Philosophy of proper behavior, family loyalty and education"],["Filial piety","Respect and care for parents and elders"],["Daoism (Taoism)","Philosophy of living in harmony with nature, linked to Laozi"],["Laozi","Traditional author of the Daodejing"],["Yin and yang","Opposite forces that balance each other"],["Legalism","Philosophy that strong laws and harsh punishment keep order"],["Warring States Period","Time of war among rival Chinese states, ending in 221 BCE"],["Qin Dynasty","First dynasty to unite China, 221-206 BCE"],["Qin Shi Huang","First emperor of a unified China"],["Great Wall of China","Long defensive walls begun by Qin and rebuilt by later dynasties"],["Terra-cotta Army","Thousands of clay soldiers buried with Qin Shi Huang"],["Standardization","Qin made weights, measures, money and writing the same across China"],["Han Dynasty","Long dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) that expanded China and grew trade"],["Han Wudi","Han emperor who expanded the empire and started the Silk Road trade"],["Silk Road","Network of trade routes linking China with the Mediterranean"],["Zhang Qian","Han envoy whose travels helped open the Silk Road"],["Silk","Fine cloth made by silkworms; China kept the method secret for centuries"],["Paper","Invented in China, improved by Cai Lun around 105 CE"],["Printing","Woodblock printing began in China by the Tang era; movable type came later"],["Gunpowder","Developed in China, first used for fireworks and later for weapons"],["Compass","Magnetic tool invented in China for finding direction"],["Four Great Inventions","Paper, printing, gunpowder and the compass"],["Seismograph","Zhang Heng's device (132 CE) for detecting earthquakes"],["Civil service exam","Test used to choose government officials by merit"],["Tang Dynasty","618-907; a golden age of poetry, art and trade"],["Li Bai","Famous Tang poet"],["Du Fu","Tang poet known for poems about people's hardships"],["Wu Zetian","Only woman to rule China as emperor, in the Tang era"],["Chang'an","Tang capital, one of the world's biggest cities"],["Song Dynasty","960-1279; saw paper money, movable type and great cities"],["Paper money","First widely used in Song China"],["Grand Canal","Long waterway linking northern and southern China, begun in the Sui era"],["Sui Dynasty","Short dynasty that reunified China in 589 and built the Grand Canal"],["Mongols","Nomadic people who conquered China under Kublai Khan"],["Genghis Khan","Founder of the Mongol Empire"],["Kublai Khan","Mongol ruler who founded the Yuan Dynasty in 1271"],["Yuan Dynasty","Mongol-led dynasty in China, 1271-1368"],["Marco Polo","Italian merchant who wrote about his travels in Asia"],["Ming Dynasty","1368-1644; Chinese rule restored; built the Forbidden City"],["Zheng He","Admiral who led huge treasure fleets across the Indian Ocean in the early 1400s"],["Forbidden City","Imperial palace complex in Beijing"],["Beijing","Capital of China from the Ming era onward"],["Qing Dynasty","Last dynasty, 1644-1912, ruled by Manchus"],["Manchus","People from northeast China who founded the Qing"],["Queue","Braided hairstyle men were required to wear under the Qing"],["Opium Wars","Conflicts with Britain in the 1800s over trade that weakened Qing China"],["Taiping Rebellion","Massive 1850-1864 uprising during the Qing era"],["Boxer Rebellion","1899-1901 uprising against foreign influence"],["Puyi","Last emperor of China, who gave up the throne in 1912"],["Sun Yat-sen","Leader of the 1911 revolution that ended imperial rule"],["Republic of China","Government that began in 1912"],["Chinese characters","Writing system in which each symbol stands for a word or idea"],["Calligraphy","Art of beautiful brush writing"],["Abacus","Counting frame with beads"],["Acupuncture","Medicine practice using thin needles in the body"],["Porcelain","Fine ceramic called 'china' in English"],["Terraced rice paddies","Stepped fields for growing rice on hills"],["Rice","Main food in southern China"],["Millet","Main grain in early northern China"],["Tea","Drink used in China for thousands of years"],["Chinese New Year","Major holiday based on the lunar calendar"],["Lunar calendar","Calendar following the Moon's phases"],["Chinese zodiac","Twelve-year cycle of animals"],["Dragon","Symbol of imperial power and good fortune"],["Great Wall length","All its sections together measure thousands of miles"],["Shi Huangdi's tomb","Large burial complex near Xi'an"],["Xi'an","City near where the Terra-cotta Army was found in 1974"],["Han Chinese","Largest ethnic group in China"],["Peasant","Farmer; most people were peasants"],["Scholar-official","Educated person who served the government"],["Cultural Revolution","1966-1976 political campaign in China that caused great disruption"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-ancient-egypt","id":"world-ancient-egypt","title":"Ancient Egypt","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Pharaohs, pyramids, the Nile and daily life in ancient Egypt.","tags":["egypt","pharaoh","pyramids","nile"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Nile River","Long river whose yearly flood made Egyptian farmland rich"],["Delta","Fan-shaped land where the Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea"],["Upper and Lower Egypt","The two regions joined as one kingdom around 3100 BCE"],["Narmer","King traditionally credited with uniting Egypt"],["Pharaoh","Ruler of ancient Egypt, seen as a god-king"],["Dynasty","A line of rulers from the same family"],["Old Kingdom","Period of the great pyramids, about 2686-2181 BCE"],["Middle Kingdom","Period of reunified and strong rule, about 2055-1650 BCE"],["New Kingdom","Period of Egypt's greatest power, about 1550-1070 BCE"],["Pyramid","Huge stone tomb built for a pharaoh"],["Great Pyramid of Giza","Built for Khufu; the tallest human-made structure for thousands of years"],["Khufu","Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid"],["Sphinx","Giant statue with a lion's body and a human head at Giza"],["Giza","Site near Cairo with the three famous pyramids"],["Imhotep","Architect of the first step pyramid, later honored as a god of healing"],["Step Pyramid of Djoser","Egypt's first large stone pyramid, at Saqqara"],["Mummy","A preserved body wrapped in cloth"],["Mummification","Process of drying and wrapping a body so it would last"],["Embalmer","Priest who prepared a body for burial"],["Canopic jars","Jars that held organs removed from a mummy"],["Sarcophagus","Stone coffin"],["Afterlife","Life believed to follow death"],["Book of the Dead","Spells and prayers placed in tombs to guide the dead"],["Valley of the Kings","Burial place of New Kingdom pharaohs near Luxor"],["Tutankhamun","Boy pharaoh whose nearly untouched tomb was found in 1922"],["Howard Carter","British archaeologist who found Tutankhamun's tomb"],["Hatshepsut","Female pharaoh who sent a famous trading expedition to Punt"],["Ramses II","Pharaoh who ruled for 66 years and built many monuments"],["Akhenaten","Pharaoh who promoted worship of one sun disk, Aten"],["Nefertiti","Queen and wife of Akhenaten, known for a famous bust"],["Cleopatra VII","Last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt"],["Ptolemaic Dynasty","Greek-speaking family that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great"],["Hieroglyphs","Egyptian picture writing"],["Rosetta Stone","Slab with the same text in three scripts, which helped decode hieroglyphs"],["Jean-Francois Champollion","French scholar who deciphered hieroglyphs in 1822"],["Papyrus","Paper-like writing material made from a river plant"],["Scribe","Trained writer who recorded information"],["Cartouche","Oval ring around a royal name in hieroglyphs"],["Ra","Sun god, one of the most important Egyptian gods"],["Osiris","God of the afterlife and rebirth"],["Isis","Goddess of magic and motherhood"],["Horus","Sky god shown as a falcon"],["Anubis","Jackal-headed god of embalming"],["Thoth","God of writing and wisdom"],["Hathor","Goddess of music, joy and love"],["Bastet","Cat goddess"],["Amun","God who became the king of gods in the New Kingdom"],["Ma'at","Goddess and idea of truth, balance and justice"],["Temple of Karnak","Giant temple complex in Thebes"],["Abu Simbel","Temples carved into a cliff by Ramses II"],["Thebes","Important southern capital, now Luxor"],["Memphis","Ancient capital near modern Cairo"],["Obelisk","Tall four-sided stone pillar topped with a point"],["Inundation","The Nile's yearly flood"],["Silt","Fine, rich soil left behind by the flood"],["Shaduf","Tool with a bucket on a pole used to lift water for fields"],["Irrigation","Bringing water to crops by canals"],["Emmer wheat","Ancient grain used to make bread"],["Linen","Cloth made from flax, common in Egyptian clothing"],["Kohl","Dark eye makeup that also helped reduce glare"],["Senet","Popular Egyptian board game"],["Cataracts of the Nile","Rocky rapids that made some stretches hard to sail"],["Nubia","Land to Egypt's south, a trade partner and sometimes rival"],["Kush","Powerful Nubian kingdom whose rulers once ruled Egypt"],["Hyksos","Foreign rulers who controlled northern Egypt around 1650 BCE"],["Chariot","Light two-wheeled cart pulled by horses, used in war"],["Sea Peoples","Groups of raiders who troubled Mediterranean lands around 1200 BCE"],["Alexander the Great","Conquered Egypt in 332 BCE"],["Alexandria","City founded by Alexander; home of a famous library and lighthouse"],["Pharos of Alexandria","Great lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders"],["Roman conquest of Egypt","Egypt became part of the Roman Empire in 30 BCE"],["Cat in Egypt","Cats were honored and protected"],["Deben","Weight unit used in trading goods"],["Barter","Trading goods without coins, as Egyptians often did"],["Social pyramid","Pharaoh at the top, then nobles and priests, scribes, craftspeople, farmers"],["Soldier","Army member; some became wealthy in the New Kingdom"],["Peasant farmers","Most people; worked the land and helped build monuments in the flood season"],["Pyramid workers","Paid, fed Egyptians who built the pyramids, not slaves as is commonly said"],["Ankh","Symbol meaning life"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-ancient-greece","id":"world-ancient-greece","title":"Ancient Greece","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"City-states, democracy, philosophers, myths, the Olympics and Alexander the Great.","tags":["greece","athens","sparta","democracy","olympics"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Polis","A Greek city-state with its own government"],["Acropolis","High hill in a Greek city with temples; the Parthenon is on Athens's"],["Parthenon","Temple to Athena in Athens, built in the 400s BCE"],["Agora","Open marketplace and meeting place"],["Athens","City-state known for democracy, art and learning"],["Sparta","City-state known for its strong military"],["Democracy","Government by the people; began in Athens"],["Cleisthenes","Athenian leader who set up reforms that began democracy, about 508 BCE"],["Citizen (Athens)","Free adult male born to Athenian parents; women and enslaved people could not vote"],["Assembly","Athenian meeting where citizens voted on laws"],["Pericles","Athenian leader in the Golden Age who sponsored the Parthenon"],["Golden Age of Athens","The 400s BCE, rich in art, theater and ideas"],["Oligarchy","Rule by a few people, as in Sparta"],["Tyrant","A ruler who took power without a legal right"],["Helots","Enslaved people who farmed for Spartans"],["Spartan training","Boys left home around age seven to train in the military school called the agoge"],["Persian Wars","Greek city-states fought Persia from 499 to 449 BCE"],["Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)","Athens defeated a Persian force"],["Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)","300 Spartans and allies held a narrow pass against Persia"],["Battle of Salamis (480 BCE)","Greek ships won a sea battle against Persia"],["Delian League","Alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens"],["Peloponnesian War","War between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BCE; Sparta won"],["Socrates","Philosopher who taught by asking questions"],["Socratic method","Learning by asking and answering questions"],["Plato","Student of Socrates who founded the Academy"],["Aristotle","Student of Plato and teacher of Alexander; studied nearly every subject"],["Philosophy","Greek for 'love of wisdom'"],["Hippocrates","Physician called the father of medicine"],["Euclid","Mathematician who wrote Elements, a famous geometry book"],["Pythagoras","Greek thinker famous for the relationship of the sides of right triangles"],["Archimedes","Greek scientist and inventor from Syracuse who explained levers and buoyancy"],["Herodotus","Writer called the father of history"],["Thucydides","Historian who wrote about the Peloponnesian War"],["Homer","Poet traditionally credited with the Iliad and the Odyssey"],["Iliad","Epic poem about the Trojan War"],["Odyssey","Epic poem about Odysseus's long trip home"],["Trojan Horse","Giant wooden horse in the myth used to enter Troy"],["Aesop","Storyteller linked with fables like the Tortoise and the Hare"],["Sophocles","Playwright who wrote Oedipus Rex"],["Greek tragedy","Serious plays about heroes and their downfall"],["Greek comedy","Funny plays; Aristophanes was a famous writer"],["Amphitheater","Open-air theater with seats in a curve"],["Olympic Games","Contests held at Olympia every four years, starting in 776 BCE by tradition"],["Olympia","Site of the ancient Olympic Games"],["Marathon (race)","Named for a legendary run from Marathon to Athens"],["Zeus","King of the gods"],["Hera","Queen of the gods, goddess of marriage"],["Poseidon","God of the sea"],["Hades","God of the underworld"],["Athena","Goddess of wisdom and crafts; patron of Athens"],["Apollo","God of music, light and healing"],["Artemis","Goddess of the hunt and the Moon"],["Ares","God of war"],["Aphrodite","Goddess of love and beauty"],["Hermes","Messenger of the gods"],["Demeter","Goddess of the harvest"],["Dionysus","God of wine and theater"],["Hephaestus","God of fire and metalwork"],["Hercules","Roman name for Heracles, a hero known for twelve labors"],["Perseus","Hero who defeated Medusa"],["Mount Olympus","Tallest mountain in Greece, home of the gods in myth"],["Oracle of Delphi","Priestess who gave advice thought to come from Apollo"],["Myth","Traditional story about gods and heroes"],["Hoplite","Greek foot soldier with shield and spear"],["Phalanx","Tight formation of soldiers with overlapping shields"],["Trireme","Greek warship with three rows of oars"],["Greek columns","Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles"],["Amphora","Tall clay jar with two handles"],["Alphabet","Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels"],["Philip II","King of Macedonia who united Greece"],["Alexander the Great","Philip's son who conquered Persia and reached India by 326 BCE"],["Hellenistic Age","Era after Alexander when Greek culture spread across his lands"],["Alexandria (Egypt)","City Alexander founded; later a center of learning"],["Library of Alexandria","Famous ancient library in Egypt"],["Colossus of Rhodes","Giant statue of the sun god, one of the Seven Wonders"],["Roman conquest of Greece (146 BCE)","Rome took control of Greece"],["Women in Athens","Could not vote; most worked at home"],["Slavery in Greece","Enslaved people did much of the labor in many city-states"],["Ostracism","Vote to send a citizen away from Athens for ten years"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-ancient-india","id":"world-ancient-india","title":"Ancient and Classical India","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The Indus Valley, the Maurya and Gupta empires, major religions and ideas from India.","tags":["india","indus valley","maurya","gupta"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Indus River","River in South Asia where an early civilization grew"],["Indus Valley Civilization","Early culture in today's Pakistan and India, about 2600-1900 BCE"],["Harappa","One of the main cities of the Indus Valley Civilization"],["Mohenjo-daro","Major Indus city with a planned layout and a Great Bath"],["Great Bath","Large water tank found at Mohenjo-daro"],["Grid plan","Streets laid out in straight lines, as in Indus cities"],["Indus script","Symbols on seals that have not yet been decoded"],["Seal","Small stone with an image used to mark goods"],["Drainage","Indus cities had covered drains for waste water"],["Monsoon","Seasonal wind that brings heavy rains to South Asia"],["Himalayas","Mountains north of the Indian subcontinent"],["Ganges River","Sacred river in northern India"],["Subcontinent","A large landmass that is part of a continent, like India"],["Vedic period","Era following the Indus cities when the Vedas were composed"],["Vedas","Oldest sacred texts of Hinduism"],["Sanskrit","Ancient language of India used in sacred and scholarly writing"],["Hinduism","Religion with many gods and ideas like karma and dharma"],["Brahman","Hindu idea of the universal spirit"],["Karma","Idea that actions have consequences"],["Dharma","Duty or right way of living"],["Reincarnation","Belief that souls are reborn in new lives"],["Moksha","Release from the cycle of rebirth"],["Upanishads","Texts about the nature of the self and the universe"],["Mahabharata","Long epic poem that includes the Bhagavad Gita"],["Bhagavad Gita","Section of the Mahabharata; a conversation about duty"],["Ramayana","Epic poem about Rama and Sita"],["Caste system","Division of society into groups by birth"],["Varna","Four traditional groupings: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras"],["Dalits","People historically outside the caste system, once called untouchables"],["Siddhartha Gautama","Prince who became the Buddha, about 500s-400s BCE"],["Buddha","Means 'awakened one'"],["Four Noble Truths","Buddhist teaching about suffering and how to end it"],["Eightfold Path","Buddhist guide to right living"],["Nirvana","Peace beyond suffering in Buddhism"],["Bodh Gaya","Place where the Buddha is said to have gained enlightenment"],["Jainism","Religion that strongly stresses nonviolence"],["Mahavira","Teacher who formed Jainism's main teachings"],["Ahimsa","Principle of not harming living beings"],["Mahajanapadas","Sixteen early Indian kingdoms and republics"],["Alexander in India","Alexander the Great reached the Indus region in 326 BCE"],["Chandragupta Maurya","Founded the Maurya Empire, about 321 BCE"],["Maurya Empire","First empire to unite most of India"],["Ashoka","Maurya emperor who embraced Buddhism and nonviolence"],["Ashoka's edicts","Messages carved on pillars and rocks about fair rule"],["Chakravartin","Wheel-turning ruler, an ideal king"],["Arthashastra","Ancient book on government and strategy, linked to Kautilya"],["Pataliputra","Capital of the Maurya Empire"],["Gupta Empire","Dynasty from about 320 to 550 CE, called a golden age"],["Chandragupta I","Founder of the Gupta Empire"],["Kalidasa","Great Sanskrit poet and playwright of the Gupta era"],["Aryabhata","Mathematician and astronomer who wrote about zero and Earth's rotation"],["Zero","Number concept developed in India that made modern math easier"],["Decimal system","Counting in base ten, developed in India"],["Hindu-Arabic numerals","The digits 0 to 9 that came from India and spread through the Arab world"],["Chess","Game that began in India as chaturanga"],["Iron pillar of Delhi","Ancient pillar that has hardly rusted"],["Ajanta caves","Rock-cut Buddhist caves with paintings"],["Ellora caves","Rock-cut temples of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths"],["Stupa","Dome-shaped Buddhist monument"],["Sushruta","Ancient Indian physician known for surgery"],["Ayurveda","Traditional Indian system of medicine"],["Yoga","Practice of body, breath and mind that began in India"],["Spice trade","Pepper and other spices from India were traded to many lands"],["Silk Road in India","Indian goods like cotton, spices and gems moved along trade routes"],["Delhi Sultanate","Muslim rulers in northern India, 1206-1526"],["Mughal Empire","Empire founded by Babur in 1526 that ruled much of India"],["Akbar","Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and a strong government"],["Shah Jahan","Mughal emperor who built the Taj Mahal"],["Taj Mahal","White marble tomb in Agra built in the 1600s"],["British East India Company","Trading company that gained great power in India"],["Mahatma Gandhi","Led India's nonviolent independence movement"],["Indian independence (1947)","India gained freedom from British rule and was partitioned into India and Pakistan"],["Partition (1947)","Division of British India into India and Pakistan"],["Diwali","Festival of lights, celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains"],["Sikhism","Religion founded by Guru Nanak in the 1400s in Punjab"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-ancient-rome","id":"world-ancient-rome","title":"Ancient Rome","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"From a small city on the Tiber to the Republic and a vast empire, and what Rome left behind.","tags":["rome","republic","empire","caesar"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Rome","City on the Tiber River in Italy that grew into a huge empire"],["Romulus and Remus","Twin brothers in legend who founded Rome in 753 BCE"],["Roman Republic","Government with elected officials, from 509 BCE to 27 BCE"],["Roman Empire","Rome ruled by emperors, beginning in 27 BCE"],["Senate","Council of powerful Romans who advised leaders and made laws"],["Consul","One of two elected leaders of the Republic each year"],["Patricians","Wealthy, noble Roman families"],["Plebeians","Ordinary Roman citizens"],["Tribune","Official who protected the rights of plebeians"],["Twelve Tables","Rome's first written laws, about 450 BCE"],["Punic Wars","Three wars between Rome and Carthage, 264-146 BCE"],["Carthage","City in North Africa that rivaled Rome"],["Hannibal","Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps with war elephants"],["Scipio Africanus","Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202 BCE"],["Julius Caesar","General and leader who won Gaul and ruled Rome as dictator"],["Crossing the Rubicon","Caesar's 49 BCE move into Italy with his army, starting a civil war"],["Ides of March","March 15, 44 BCE, when Caesar was killed by senators"],["Dictator (Rome)","A leader given emergency power for a limited time"],["Gaul","Roman name for lands in modern France"],["Mark Antony","Roman general who allied with Cleopatra"],["Augustus","Rome's first emperor; formerly Octavian"],["Octavian","Caesar's adopted heir, who became Augustus"],["Pax Romana","About 200 years of relative peace and prosperity, starting under Augustus"],["Tiberius","Augustus's successor, second emperor"],["Nero","Emperor during the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE"],["Trajan","Emperor under whom the empire was largest, in 117 CE"],["Hadrian","Emperor who built a wall across northern Britain"],["Marcus Aurelius","Emperor and philosopher who wrote Meditations"],["Constantine","Emperor who moved the capital to Constantinople and ended the persecution of Christians"],["Constantinople","New eastern capital, now Istanbul"],["Diocletian","Emperor who split rule of the empire for easier control"],["Fall of Rome (476 CE)","Date often used for the end of the Western Roman Empire"],["Byzantine Empire","Eastern Roman Empire that lasted until 1453"],["Latin","Language of Rome; parent of Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian"],["Roman numerals","Number system using I, V, X, L, C, D and M"],["Legion","Main Roman army unit of about 5,000 soldiers"],["Legionary","Roman soldier"],["Centurion","Officer in charge of about 80 soldiers"],["Gladius","Short sword used by Roman soldiers"],["Testudo","Formation where soldiers locked shields into a shell"],["Roman roads","Paved roads that connected the empire; 'all roads lead to Rome'"],["Aqueduct","Bridge-like channel that carried water to cities"],["Arch","Curved structure the Romans used widely in buildings"],["Concrete","Strong building material the Romans developed"],["Colosseum","Huge arena in Rome for public shows, finished in 80 CE"],["Gladiator","Fighter who entertained crowds in arenas"],["Circus Maximus","Large Roman racetrack for chariots"],["Forum","Public square and center of Roman life"],["Pantheon","Roman temple with a famous domed roof, rebuilt around 126 CE"],["Baths","Public places to wash, relax and meet people"],["Toga","Draped garment worn by Roman citizens"],["Villa","Large country house of wealthy Romans"],["Insula","Apartment building for ordinary city residents"],["Slavery in Rome","Millions of people were enslaved; many were prisoners of war"],["Spartacus","Gladiator who led a large slave revolt from 73 to 71 BCE"],["Jupiter","King of the Roman gods"],["Juno","Queen of the gods"],["Mars","Roman god of war"],["Venus","Roman goddess of love"],["Neptune","Roman god of the sea"],["Minerva","Roman goddess of wisdom"],["Pompeii","Roman city buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE"],["Mount Vesuvius","Volcano near Naples that destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum"],["Pliny the Younger","Roman who wrote an eyewitness account of the Vesuvius eruption"],["Virgil","Poet who wrote the Aeneid"],["Aeneid","Epic poem about Aeneas, a Trojan hero linked to Rome's founding"],["Cicero","Famous Roman speaker and writer"],["Christianity in Rome","Spread through the empire and became the official religion in 380 CE"],["Edict of Milan (313 CE)","Declared tolerance for Christians"],["Roman law","Basis for many modern legal ideas, such as being innocent until proven guilty"],["Republic's check and balance","Two consuls could each veto the other"],["Citizenship","Rome gradually extended citizenship to many conquered peoples"],["Mare Nostrum","Latin for 'our sea', Rome's name for the Mediterranean"],["Visigoths","Germanic people who sacked Rome in 410 CE"],["Attila the Hun","Leader of the Huns who threatened Rome in the 400s"],["Romulus Augustulus","Last emperor of the Western Roman Empire"],["Roman calendar","Julius Caesar introduced the 365-day Julian calendar in 45 BCE"],["Month names","July is named for Julius Caesar and August for Augustus"],["Hadrian's Wall","Defensive wall in northern England built from 122 CE"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-enlightenment-revolutions","id":"world-enlightenment-revolutions","title":"The Enlightenment and Age of Revolutions","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["9-12"],"description":"Thinkers and revolutions that reshaped ideas about government and rights in the 1600s-1800s.","tags":["enlightenment","french revolution","locke","napoleon"],"frontLabel":"Term or person","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["Enlightenment","18th-century movement that valued reason, science and individual rights"],["Age of Reason","Another name for the Enlightenment"],["John Locke","English thinker who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty and property"],["Natural rights","Rights people have simply by being human"],["Social contract","Idea that governments get their power from agreement with the governed"],["Thomas Hobbes","Wrote Leviathan; argued people need a strong ruler to avoid chaos"],["Montesquieu","French thinker who urged separation of powers"],["Separation of powers","Dividing government into branches so none has too much power"],["Voltaire","French writer who defended freedom of speech and religion"],["Jean-Jacques Rousseau","Wrote The Social Contract; said the general will of the people should rule"],["Mary Wollstonecraft","Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)"],["Adam Smith","Wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), about markets and free trade"],["Isaac Newton","Described gravity and the laws of motion"],["Scientific Revolution","Era of new discoveries in astronomy, physics and medicine"],["Salons","Gatherings where thinkers discussed ideas"],["Encyclopedia","Diderot edited a French encyclopedia collecting knowledge"],["Enlightened despots","Rulers who followed some Enlightenment ideas but kept power, like Catherine the Great"],["Absolute monarchy","Government where a king or queen has total power"],["Louis XIV","French Sun King, ruled 1643-1715, built Versailles"],["Versailles","Grand palace outside Paris"],["English Civil War","1642-1651 conflict between king and Parliament"],["Glorious Revolution (1688)","Parliament replaced King James II with William and Mary peacefully"],["English Bill of Rights (1689)","Limited the monarch's power and protected Parliament's rights"],["Constitutional monarchy","King or queen with powers limited by law"],["American Revolution","Colonies won independence from Britain, 1775-1783"],["French Revolution","1789 uprising that ended the monarchy in France"],["Estates","Three social groups in France: clergy, nobles and everyone else"],["Third Estate","Common people, the vast majority of the French population"],["Estates-General","French assembly called in 1789 that began the Revolution"],["National Assembly","Group formed by the Third Estate in 1789"],["Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)","Crowd attacked a Paris prison, a symbol of royal power"],["Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen","1789 French document of rights"],["Liberty, equality, fraternity","Slogan of the French Revolution"],["Louis XVI","French king executed in 1793"],["Marie Antoinette","Queen of France, executed in 1793"],["Guillotine","Device used for executions during the Revolution"],["Reign of Terror (1793-94)","Period of extreme violence led by Robespierre"],["Robespierre","Revolutionary leader of the Terror, later executed"],["Napoleon Bonaparte","Army general who took power in France in 1799"],["Napoleonic Code","French legal code that spread ideas of legal equality"],["Emperor Napoleon","Crowned himself emperor in 1804"],["Battle of Waterloo (1815)","Napoleon's final defeat, in Belgium"],["Duke of Wellington","British commander who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo"],["Congress of Vienna (1815)","European leaders tried to restore order after Napoleon"],["Haitian Revolution","Enslaved people in Haiti rebelled and won independence in 1804"],["Toussaint Louverture","Leader of the Haitian Revolution"],["Haiti","First nation led by formerly enslaved people to win independence"],["Simon Bolivar","Led independence movements in northern South America"],["Jose de San Martin","Led liberation efforts in Argentina, Chile and Peru"],["Miguel Hidalgo","Priest who began Mexico's fight for independence in 1810"],["Mexican independence","Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821"],["Brazil's independence","Declared in 1822 by Pedro I"],["Revolutions of 1848","Uprisings across Europe demanding liberal reforms"],["Nationalism","Strong pride in one's nation"],["Unification of Italy","Italy became one kingdom in 1861 with leaders like Garibaldi and Cavour"],["Giuseppe Garibaldi","Italian general who led volunteers to take Sicily and Naples in 1860"],["Otto von Bismarck","Prussian statesman who united Germany in 1871"],["German Empire (1871)","Formed after the Franco-Prussian War"],["Liberalism","Belief in individual freedom and limited government"],["Conservatism","Belief in tradition and gradual change"],["Romanticism","Art and literature stressing feeling, nature and imagination"],["Abolition of slave trade","Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in its empire in 1833"],["William Wilberforce","British politician who campaigned against the slave trade"],["Olympe de Gouges","French writer of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791)"],["Tennis Court Oath","Third Estate members swore in 1789 not to separate until France had a constitution"],["Bourgeoisie","Middle class of merchants and professionals"],["Sans-culottes","Working-class Parisian revolutionaries"],["Directory","Five-man government that ruled France from 1795 to 1799"],["Metric system","Created in revolutionary France, based on tens"],["Catherine the Great","Russian empress (1762-1796) who corresponded with Voltaire"],["Frederick the Great","King of Prussia, supporter of the arts and reforms"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-explorers-age-of-exploration","id":"world-explorers-age-of-exploration","title":"Explorers and the Age of Exploration","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Famous explorers, their voyages, routes and the effects of European exploration.","tags":["explorers","columbus","magellan","age of exploration"],"frontLabel":"Explorer or term","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["Age of Exploration","Period from about 1400 to 1700 when Europeans sailed across oceans"],["Prince Henry the Navigator","Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages along Africa's coast"],["Bartolomeu Dias","First European to sail around Africa's southern tip, 1488"],["Vasco da Gama","Portuguese explorer who reached India by sea in 1498"],["Christopher Columbus","Italian sailor who crossed the Atlantic for Spain in 1492"],["Columbus's ships","The Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria"],["Isabella and Ferdinand","Spain's rulers who funded Columbus"],["San Salvador","Island in the Bahamas where Columbus landed in 1492"],["Columbian Exchange","Movement of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the Old World"],["Diseases in the Americas","Smallpox and other European illnesses killed many Native people"],["Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)","Spain and Portugal divided newly found lands"],["Amerigo Vespucci","Explorer whose first name gave America its name"],["John Cabot","Italian explorer sailing for England who reached North America in 1497"],["Vasco Nunez de Balboa","First European to see the Pacific from the Americas, 1513"],["Ferdinand Magellan","Led the first voyage to sail around the world, 1519-1522"],["Juan Sebastian Elcano","Completed Magellan's voyage after Magellan died in 1521"],["Strait of Magellan","Passage near South America's southern tip"],["Circumnavigation","Sailing all the way around the world"],["Hernan Cortes","Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521"],["Francisco Pizarro","Spanish conquistador who defeated the Inca in the 1530s"],["Conquistador","Spanish soldier-explorer who conquered lands in the Americas"],["Ponce de Leon","Spanish explorer who explored Florida in 1513"],["Hernando de Soto","Spanish explorer who traveled through the southeastern US, 1539-1542"],["Francisco Coronado","Spanish explorer who searched the Southwest for cities of gold"],["Jacques Cartier","French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River in the 1530s"],["Samuel de Champlain","Founded Quebec in 1608"],["Henry Hudson","English explorer who explored the Hudson River in 1609 for the Dutch"],["Northwest Passage","Hoped-for water route through North America to Asia"],["La Salle","French explorer who traveled down the Mississippi in 1682"],["Marquette and Joliet","French explorers who traveled the upper Mississippi in 1673"],["Walter Raleigh","English courtier who sponsored the Roanoke colonies"],["Francis Drake","English sea captain who sailed around the world, 1577-1580"],["James Cook","English navigator who mapped Pacific coasts including New Zealand and Hawaii in the 1700s"],["Abel Tasman","Dutch explorer who sighted Tasmania and New Zealand in 1642"],["Zheng He","Chinese admiral whose fleets reached East Africa in the early 1400s"],["Ibn Battuta","Muslim scholar who traveled across Africa and Asia in the 1300s"],["Marco Polo","Venetian merchant who traveled in Asia in the late 1200s"],["Leif Erikson","Norse explorer who reached North America about 1000"],["Viking Vinland","Name the Norse gave to the land they reached in North America"],["L'Anse aux Meadows","Norse site in Newfoundland, proof of an early landing"],["Sacagawea","Shoshone woman who guided Lewis and Clark"],["Lewis and Clark","Explored the Louisiana Purchase and reached the Pacific, 1804-1806"],["Matthew Henson","Black explorer who traveled with Robert Peary to the Arctic"],["Robert Peary","Led expeditions toward the North Pole in the early 1900s"],["Roald Amundsen","Norwegian explorer, first to reach the South Pole, 1911"],["Ernest Shackleton","Led the Endurance expedition to Antarctica (1914-1917); all his men survived"],["Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay","First climbers confirmed to reach Mount Everest's summit, 1953"],["Jacques Cousteau","French ocean explorer who co-invented the Aqualung"],["Neil Armstrong","First person on the Moon, 1969"],["Sally Ride","First American woman in space, 1983"],["Mae Jemison","First Black woman in space, 1992"],["Valentina Tereshkova","First woman in space, 1963"],["Yuri Gagarin","First human in space, 1961"],["Gold, God and glory","Three motives often given for European exploration"],["Caravel","Small, fast Portuguese ship used for exploring"],["Astrolabe","Tool for finding latitude using the stars or Sun"],["Compass","Magnetic tool for finding direction"],["Latitude","Distance north or south of the equator"],["Longitude","Distance east or west of the prime meridian"],["Navigator","Person who plans a ship's course"],["Cartographer","Mapmaker"],["Mercator map","1569 map by Gerardus Mercator, useful for sailors"],["Spice Islands","Islands in today's Indonesia that produced cloves and nutmeg"],["Mercantilism","Idea that colonies exist to enrich the home country"],["Colony","Territory settled and controlled by another country"],["Transatlantic slave trade","Forced movement of millions of Africans to the Americas"],["Potatoes","Crop from the Americas that spread to Europe and fed millions"],["Tomatoes, corn and chocolate","Foods that came to Europe from the Americas"],["Horses in the Americas","Spanish brought horses, which changed life on the Plains"],["Wheat and sugar to the Americas","Old World crops carried across the Atlantic"],["Smallpox","Disease that devastated Native communities after contact"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-history-key-dates","id":"world-history-key-dates","title":"World History: Key Dates","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"When major events happened around the world, from ancient times to today.","tags":["dates","timeline","world history"],"frontLabel":"Event","backLabel":"Date","cards":[["Sumerian cities appear","About 3500 BCE"],["Egypt unified under the first pharaoh","About 3100 BCE"],["Great Pyramid of Giza built","About 2560 BCE"],["Code of Hammurabi","About 1754 BCE"],["Tutankhamun rules Egypt","About 1332-1323 BCE"],["First Olympic Games (traditional date)","776 BCE"],["Rome founded (traditional date)","753 BCE"],["Rome becomes a republic","509 BCE"],["Athens develops democracy","About 508 BCE"],["Battle of Marathon","490 BCE"],["Parthenon built","447-432 BCE"],["Alexander the Great's reign","336-323 BCE"],["Qin unifies China","221 BCE"],["Han Dynasty begins","206 BCE"],["Julius Caesar assassinated","44 BCE"],["Augustus becomes first Roman emperor","27 BCE"],["Vesuvius buries Pompeii","79 CE"],["Constantine legalizes Christianity","313 CE"],["Western Roman Empire ends","476 CE"],["Muhammad's migration to Medina (Hijra)","622 CE"],["Charlemagne crowned emperor","800 CE"],["Norman conquest of England","1066"],["First Crusade begins","1096"],["Magna Carta","1215"],["Genghis Khan unites the Mongols","1206"],["Mansa Musa's pilgrimage","1324"],["Black Death in Europe","1347-1351"],["Joan of Arc at Orleans","1429"],["Printing press in Europe","About 1450"],["Fall of Constantinople","1453"],["Columbus reaches the Americas","1492"],["Vasco da Gama reaches India","1498"],["Luther's 95 Theses","1517"],["Cortes conquers the Aztec","1521"],["Magellan's fleet circles the globe","1519-1522"],["Spanish Armada defeated","1588"],["Shakespeare's life","1564-1616"],["Taj Mahal begun","1632"],["Newton's Principia","1687"],["Glorious Revolution","1688"],["American Revolution","1775-1783"],["French Revolution begins","1789"],["Haiti becomes independent","1804"],["Napoleon defeated at Waterloo","1815"],["Latin American independence wars","1810s-1820s"],["Revolutions of 1848","1848"],["Meiji Restoration in Japan","1868"],["Unification of Germany","1871"],["Scramble for Africa begins","1880s"],["World War I","1914-1918"],["Russian Revolution","1917"],["Great Depression begins","1929"],["World War II","1939-1945"],["Indian independence","1947"],["People's Republic of China founded","1949"],["Sputnik launched","1957"],["Most African countries gain independence","1950s-1960s"],["Berlin Wall built","1961"],["Berlin Wall falls","1989"],["Soviet Union ends","1991"],["End of apartheid and Mandela elected","1994"],["Euro introduced","1999 (coins and notes in 2002)"],["First iPhone released","2007"],["Roman Republic ends","27 BCE"],["Inca Empire falls to Spain","1532-1533"],["Mongol Empire reaches China","1271 (Yuan Dynasty)"],["Ming Dynasty founded","1368"],["Mughal Empire founded","1526"],["Ottoman Empire founded","About 1299"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-industrial-revolution","id":"world-industrial-revolution","title":"The Industrial Revolution","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Machines, factories, railroads, cities and reforms from the late 1700s through the 1800s.","tags":["industrial revolution","factories","steam","railroads"],"frontLabel":"Term or person","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["Industrial Revolution","Shift from hand-made goods to machine production, starting in Britain in the 1700s"],["Why Britain first","Coal and iron, capital, colonies, rivers and stable government"],["Textile industry","Cloth-making; the first big factory industry"],["Spinning jenny","James Hargreaves's machine (about 1764) that spun many threads at once"],["Water frame","Richard Arkwright's water-powered spinning machine"],["Power loom","Edmund Cartwright's machine for weaving cloth"],["Cotton gin","Eli Whitney's 1793 invention for cleaning cotton"],["Flying shuttle","John Kay's 1733 loom improvement"],["Steam engine","Machine that turns heat into motion; James Watt improved it in the 1770s"],["James Watt","Scottish engineer who made the steam engine efficient"],["Thomas Newcomen","Built an early steam engine for pumping water from mines"],["Coal","Main fuel of the Industrial Revolution"],["Iron and steel","Key materials for machines, rails and bridges"],["Abraham Darby","Found a way to smelt iron using coke"],["Bessemer process","Method for cheap, large-scale steel production from the 1850s"],["Factory system","Workers gather in one place to use powered machines"],["Division of labor","Splitting a job into small steps, each done by a different worker"],["Interchangeable parts","Standard-sized pieces that fit any copy of a product"],["Mass production","Making goods in large numbers"],["Assembly line","Workers add parts as a product moves down a line"],["Locomotive","Self-moving steam engine for pulling trains"],["George Stephenson","British engineer who built early railways and the Rocket locomotive"],["Railroad","Rail line for trains; sped trade and travel"],["Steamboat","Robert Fulton made steamboats practical in 1807"],["Canals","Man-made waterways for moving goods"],["Telegraph","Samuel Morse's electrical message system, 1840s"],["Telephone","Alexander Graham Bell's 1876 patent"],["Electric light","Thomas Edison developed a practical bulb in 1879"],["Alternating current","Electric current type championed by George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla"],["Michael Faraday","Scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction"],["Second Industrial Revolution","Late 1800s boom in steel, oil, chemicals and electricity"],["Urbanization","Movement of people from farms to cities"],["Slums","Crowded poor neighborhoods"],["Working conditions","Factory work meant long hours, low pay and danger"],["Child labor","Children worked in factories and mines"],["Factory Acts","British laws limiting working hours, especially for children"],["Trade union","Group of workers organizing for better conditions"],["Luddites","Workers who destroyed machines that threatened their jobs, 1811-1816"],["Capitalism","Economic system of private ownership and profit"],["Socialism","Idea that workers or the community should own the means of production"],["Karl Marx","Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels"],["Charles Dickens","Novelist who wrote about poverty in Victorian England"],["Middle class","Growing group of factory owners, managers and professionals"],["Working class","People who work in factories and mills"],["Public health","Cities built sewers and clean water supplies after outbreaks like cholera"],["John Snow","Physician who traced a London cholera outbreak in 1854 to a water pump"],["Edward Jenner","Created the smallpox vaccine in 1796"],["Louis Pasteur","Showed that germs cause disease and developed vaccines"],["Florence Nightingale","Nurse who improved hospital hygiene in the Crimean War"],["Agricultural Revolution","Better farming methods that freed workers for factories"],["Enclosure","Fencing in common land, which pushed many farmers off the land"],["Seed drill","Jethro Tull's machine for planting seeds in rows"],["Crop rotation","Changing crops each year to keep soil rich"],["Reaper","Cyrus McCormick's machine for harvesting grain (1830s)"],["Spread to America","Samuel Slater built a cotton mill in Rhode Island in 1790"],["Lowell mill girls","Young women who worked in Massachusetts textile mills"],["Industrial Japan","Japan rapidly industrialized after the Meiji Restoration of 1868"],["Imperialism","Strong nations taking control of other lands to get materials and markets"],["Raw materials","Natural resources like cotton, rubber and metal used to make goods"],["Great Exhibition (1851)","Showcase of industry held in London's Crystal Palace"],["Crystal Palace","Iron-and-glass building made for the Great Exhibition"],["Suez Canal (1869)","Canal across Egypt linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea"],["Transcontinental railroad","US railroad completed in 1869"],["Trans-Siberian Railway","Russian railroad begun in 1891 linking Moscow to the Pacific"],["Standard time","Railroads led to time zones, set in the US in 1883"],["Department store","New kind of large store that appeared in cities"],["Consumer goods","Products bought by ordinary people"],["Patent","Government grant giving an inventor sole rights to an invention"],["Telegraph cable","Transatlantic cable first worked in 1858 and was reliable by 1866"],["Oil","Drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859; later fueled engines"],["Internal combustion engine","Engine that burns fuel inside cylinders to power cars"],["Automobile","Karl Benz built an early practical car in 1885-86"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-inventions-timeline","id":"world-inventions-timeline","title":"Inventions Through Time","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Who invented what, and roughly when, from the wheel to the World Wide Web.","tags":["inventions","timeline","inventors"],"frontLabel":"Invention","backLabel":"Who or when","cards":[["Fire control","Early humans used fire for warmth and cooking, hundreds of thousands of years ago"],["Wheel","Mesopotamia, about 3500 BCE"],["Writing","Sumer's cuneiform and Egypt's hieroglyphs, about 3200 BCE"],["Plow","Early farmers in Mesopotamia and Egypt"],["Bronze","Metal alloy of copper and tin, about 3300 BCE"],["Paper","China, improved by Cai Lun about 105 CE"],["Papyrus","Egyptian writing material from a river plant"],["Alphabet","Developed by Phoenician traders, about 1050 BCE"],["Coins","Lydia (in modern Turkey), about 600 BCE"],["Aqueduct","Romans perfected water-carrying bridges"],["Concrete","Romans widely used it in building"],["Compass","China, used for navigation by about 1100 CE"],["Gunpowder","China, about 900 CE"],["Woodblock printing","China, by the 600s-700s CE"],["Movable type","Bi Sheng in China (about 1040); Gutenberg in Europe (about 1450)"],["Eyeglasses","Italy, late 1200s"],["Mechanical clock","Europe, 1200s-1300s"],["Printing press","Johannes Gutenberg, about 1450"],["Telescope","Dutch lens makers, about 1608; Galileo improved it"],["Microscope","Dutch makers around 1590s; Leeuwenhoek used one to see microbes"],["Thermometer","Galileo and others in the early 1600s; Fahrenheit's mercury version in 1714"],["Barometer","Evangelista Torricelli, 1643"],["Steam engine","Newcomen 1712; Watt improved it in the 1770s"],["Lightning rod","Benjamin Franklin, 1752"],["Hot air balloon","Montgolfier brothers, 1783"],["Vaccine","Edward Jenner, smallpox vaccine, 1796"],["Battery","Alessandro Volta, 1800"],["Cotton gin","Eli Whitney, 1793"],["Steamboat","Robert Fulton, 1807"],["Locomotive","George Stephenson built practical steam locomotives in the 1810s-1820s"],["Photography","Daguerreotype process announced in 1839"],["Telegraph","Samuel Morse, 1830s-1840s"],["Sewing machine","Elias Howe, 1846, improved by Isaac Singer"],["Safety elevator","Elisha Otis, 1850s"],["Pasteurization","Louis Pasteur, 1860s"],["Dynamite","Alfred Nobel, 1867"],["Typewriter","Christopher Sholes, 1868"],["Telephone","Alexander Graham Bell, 1876"],["Phonograph","Thomas Edison, 1877"],["Light bulb","Thomas Edison and others, 1879"],["Automobile","Karl Benz, 1885-86"],["Pneumatic tire","John Boyd Dunlop, 1888"],["Motion pictures","Lumiere brothers, 1895"],["Radio","Guglielmo Marconi's wireless telegraph, 1890s"],["X-rays","Wilhelm Rontgen, 1895"],["Airplane","Wright brothers, 1903"],["Model T","Henry Ford, 1908"],["Zipper","Gideon Sundback improved it in 1913"],["Television","Philo Farnsworth demonstrated all-electronic TV in 1927"],["Penicillin","Alexander Fleming, 1928"],["Jet engine","Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain, 1930s"],["Helicopter","Igor Sikorsky's practical helicopter, 1939-1940"],["Computer (ENIAC)","First large general-purpose electronic computer, 1945"],["Transistor","Bell Labs, 1947"],["Microwave oven","Percy Spencer, 1945-47"],["Polio vaccine","Jonas Salk, 1955"],["Satellite","Sputnik 1, 1957"],["Integrated circuit","Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, late 1950s"],["Laser","Theodore Maiman built the first working laser in 1960"],["Moon landing","Apollo 11, 1969"],["ARPANET","Early network that led to the Internet, 1969"],["Email","Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email in 1971"],["Personal computer","Altair 8800 (1975); Apple II (1977)"],["Cell phone","Martin Cooper made the first handheld mobile phone call in 1973"],["Compact disc","Introduced in 1982"],["World Wide Web","Tim Berners-Lee, 1989-1991"],["Web browser","Mosaic in 1993 helped the Web take off"],["GPS","US satellite navigation system fully operational in the 1990s"],["Smartphone","Early models in the 1990s; iPhone in 2007"],["3D printing","Chuck Hull invented stereolithography in 1984"],["Inventor of the safety pin","Walter Hunt, 1849"],["Inventor of the Braille system","Louis Braille, 1820s"],["Inventor of the stethoscope","Rene Laennec, 1816"],["Inventor of the bifocal lens","Benjamin Franklin, around 1784"],["Inventor of the crayon","Binney & Smith began making Crayola crayons in 1903"],["Inventor of basketball","James Naismith, 1891"],["Inventor of the traffic light signal","Garrett Morgan patented an improved signal in 1923"],["Inventor of the Super Soaker","Lonnie Johnson, 1980s"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-islamic-golden-age","id":"world-islamic-golden-age","title":"Islamic Civilization and the Golden Age","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The rise of Islam, the caliphates, and the science, math and art of the Islamic Golden Age.","tags":["islam","caliphate","baghdad","golden age"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Islam","Monotheistic religion that began in Arabia in the 600s CE"],["Muslim","A follower of Islam"],["Muhammad","Prophet of Islam, born in Mecca around 570 CE"],["Mecca","Holy city in Arabia where Muhammad was born; the Kaaba is there"],["Medina","City where Muhammad moved in 622 CE"],["Hijra","The 622 journey from Mecca to Medina; Year 1 of the Islamic calendar"],["Quran","Holy book of Islam"],["Allah","Arabic word for God"],["Five Pillars of Islam","Faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage"],["Shahada","Statement of faith"],["Salat","Prayer five times a day"],["Zakat","Giving to people in need"],["Sawm","Fasting during the month of Ramadan"],["Hajj","Pilgrimage to Mecca, expected once in a lifetime if able"],["Ramadan","Ninth month of the Islamic calendar, a month of fasting"],["Eid al-Fitr","Festival marking the end of Ramadan"],["Mosque","Muslim house of worship"],["Minaret","Tower of a mosque from which the call to prayer is given"],["Caliph","Successor to Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim community"],["Caliphate","Government led by a caliph"],["Rashidun","The first four caliphs after Muhammad"],["Umayyad Caliphate","661-750; capital at Damascus"],["Abbasid Caliphate","750-1258; capital at Baghdad"],["Sunni and Shia","The two main branches of Islam, which differ over early leadership"],["Damascus","Umayyad capital in Syria"],["Baghdad","Founded in 762; the Abbasid capital and a center of learning"],["House of Wisdom","Library and research center in Baghdad"],["Harun al-Rashid","Famous Abbasid caliph, linked to Baghdad's glory"],["Al-Ma'mun","Caliph who supported translation and science"],["Translation movement","Scholars translated Greek, Persian and Indian works into Arabic"],["Al-Khwarizmi","Mathematician whose name gave us the word algorithm"],["Algebra","Name comes from al-jabr in al-Khwarizmi's book"],["Ibn al-Haytham","Pioneer of optics who explained how vision works"],["Al-Razi","Physician who wrote about measles and smallpox"],["Ibn Sina (Avicenna)","Physician whose Canon of Medicine was used for centuries"],["Canon of Medicine","Ibn Sina's encyclopedia of medicine"],["Al-Zahrawi","Surgeon in Spain who wrote about surgical tools"],["Hospital (bimaristan)","Public hospitals developed in Islamic cities"],["Al-Biruni","Scholar who studied astronomy, geography and many subjects"],["Astrolabe","Instrument used to find time and position of stars"],["Algorithm","Step-by-step process for solving a problem; from al-Khwarizmi's name"],["Arabic numerals","Digits we use today, passed on through Arab scholars from India"],["Al-Idrisi","Geographer who made a world map for a Norman king in 1154"],["Ibn Khaldun","Historian who wrote about the rise and fall of societies"],["Ibn Rushd (Averroes)","Philosopher in Spain who wrote about Aristotle"],["Rumi","Persian poet of the 1200s"],["One Thousand and One Nights","Collection of tales including Aladdin and Sinbad"],["Arabic calligraphy","Art of beautiful writing, important in Islamic art"],["Geometric patterns","Repeated shapes used to decorate buildings and tiles"],["Arabesque","Flowing, plant-like decorative pattern"],["Al-Andalus","Muslim-ruled parts of Spain, 711-1492"],["Cordoba","Capital of Al-Andalus with great libraries and a famous mosque"],["Great Mosque of Cordoba","Spain's grand mosque with red-and-white arches"],["Alhambra","Palace-fortress in Granada, Spain"],["Dome of the Rock","Shrine in Jerusalem finished in 691"],["Battle of Tours (732)","Frankish victory that halted a Muslim advance into France"],["Seljuk Turks","Turkic dynasty that ruled much of the Middle East in the 1000s"],["Ottoman Empire","Empire that lasted from about 1299 to 1922"],["Suleiman the Magnificent","Ottoman sultan in the 1500s"],["Mehmed II","Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453"],["Istanbul","Name for Constantinople under the Ottomans"],["Safavid Empire","Persian empire (1501-1736) that made Shia Islam the state religion"],["Mughal Empire","Islamic empire in India from 1526"],["Mongol sack of Baghdad (1258)","Ended the Abbasid caliphate"],["Silk Road","Muslim merchants traveled along these trade routes"],["Spice trade","Muslim traders carried spices from Asia to Europe"],["Paper-making","Skills reached the Islamic world from China and spread to Europe"],["Sugar and cotton","Crops spread by Muslim farmers across the Mediterranean"],["Coffee","Became popular in the Islamic world by the 1400s"],["Waterwheel and irrigation","Islamic engineers improved ways to lift and spread water"],["Al-Jazari","Engineer who wrote a book of ingenious machines in 1206"],["Fatima al-Fihri","Founded al-Qarawiyyin in Fez in 859, often called the oldest degree-granting university"],["Mansa Musa","Muslim king of Mali famous for his pilgrimage in 1324"],["Ibn Battuta","Traveled about 75,000 miles across the Muslim world in the 1300s"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-medieval-europe","id":"world-medieval-europe","title":"Medieval Europe","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Castles, knights, the Church, feudalism, the Crusades, the Black Death and more.","tags":["middle ages","feudalism","knights","crusades"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Middle Ages","Period in Europe from about 500 to 1500 CE; also called the medieval era"],["Medieval","Of the Middle Ages"],["Franks","Germanic people who built a powerful kingdom in what is now France"],["Charlemagne","King of the Franks crowned emperor in 800"],["Clovis","First Frankish king to unite the Franks"],["Vikings","Seafaring Norsemen who raided and traded from the late 700s"],["Longship","Narrow, fast Viking vessel"],["Leif Erikson","Norse explorer who reached North America around 1000"],["William the Conqueror","Duke of Normandy who won England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066"],["Battle of Hastings (1066)","Norman victory that began Norman rule of England"],["Domesday Book","Survey of English land ordered by William in 1086"],["Feudalism","System where lords gave land in exchange for loyalty and service"],["Lord","Landowner who held power over a territory"],["Vassal","Person who held land from a lord and promised service"],["Knight","Mounted soldier who served a lord"],["Chivalry","Knightly code of bravery, courtesy and honor"],["Squire","Young man training to become a knight"],["Page","Boy who started training for knighthood"],["Manor","Lord's estate with a village and farmland"],["Serf","Peasant bound to the land and to a lord"],["Peasant","Farm worker who made up most of the population"],["Three-field system","Rotating crops across three fields to keep soil healthy"],["Castle","Fortified home of a lord"],["Moat","Ditch, often water-filled, around a castle"],["Drawbridge","Bridge over a moat that could be raised"],["Keep","Strong central tower of a castle"],["Portcullis","Heavy gate lowered to block a castle entrance"],["Siege","Surrounding a castle or town to force surrender"],["Catapult","Machine that hurled stones at walls"],["Longbow","Powerful bow used by English archers"],["Armor","Protective metal covering"],["Roman Catholic Church","Dominant church in western Europe during the Middle Ages"],["Pope","Head of the Catholic Church"],["Monastery","Home of monks who prayed, worked and copied books"],["Monk","Man who lives a religious life in a monastery"],["Nun","Woman who lives a religious life in a convent"],["Illuminated manuscript","Hand-copied book decorated with gold and colors"],["Cathedral","Large and important church"],["Gothic architecture","Style with pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses"],["Stained glass","Colored glass windows in churches"],["Guild","Association of craftsmen or merchants in a town"],["Apprentice","Young person learning a trade"],["Charter","Document granting rights to a town"],["Magna Carta (1215)","English charter limiting the king's power; signed by King John"],["King John","English king forced by barons to sign the Magna Carta"],["Parliament","English lawmaking body that grew from royal councils"],["Eleanor of Aquitaine","Powerful queen of France and later England"],["Crusades","Religious wars from 1095 to 1291, mainly to control Jerusalem"],["Pope Urban II","Called the First Crusade in 1095"],["Saladin","Muslim leader who retook Jerusalem in 1187"],["Richard the Lionheart","English king who led the Third Crusade"],["Effects of the Crusades","Increased trade and exchange of ideas between Europe and the Middle East"],["Marco Polo's trip","Italian merchant who traveled to China in the late 1200s"],["Hanseatic League","Alliance of northern European trading cities"],["Black Death","Plague that killed perhaps a third of Europeans, 1347-1351"],["Bubonic plague","Disease spread by fleas on rats, cause of the Black Death"],["Effects of the Black Death","Labor shortages gave surviving workers more bargaining power"],["Hundred Years' War","Long conflict between England and France, 1337-1453"],["Joan of Arc","French teenage heroine who helped lift the siege of Orleans in 1429"],["Battle of Agincourt (1415)","English longbowmen won against a larger French army"],["Peasants' Revolt (1381)","English uprising against taxes"],["Reconquista","Centuries-long effort by Christian kingdoms to retake Iberia"],["Byzantine Empire","Eastern Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinople"],["Justinian","Byzantine emperor who built Hagia Sophia and organized Roman law"],["Hagia Sophia","Great church in Constantinople completed in 537"],["Fall of Constantinople (1453)","Ottoman Turks captured the city, ending the Byzantine Empire"],["Gutenberg","Introduced the printing press with movable type in Europe around 1450"],["Dante","Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy"],["Chaucer","English author of The Canterbury Tales"],["Thomas Aquinas","Scholar who tried to combine faith and reason"],["University","Medieval schools in Bologna, Paris and Oxford grew into universities"],["Tournament","Contest where knights showed skill"],["Heraldry","System of coats of arms to identify families and knights"],["Jester","Entertainer at court, often wearing bright clothes"],["Troubadour","Poet-musician in southern France"],["Dark Ages","Old name for the early Middle Ages; many historians now avoid it"],["Holy Roman Empire","Union of German and central European lands under an emperor"],["Otto I","King crowned emperor in 962, starting the Holy Roman Empire"],["Wat Tyler","Leader of the Peasants' Revolt"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-mesopotamia","id":"world-mesopotamia","title":"Ancient Mesopotamia","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The land between the rivers: Sumer, Babylon, Assyria and their inventions.","tags":["mesopotamia","sumer","babylon","cuneiform"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Mesopotamia","Greek for 'between the rivers'; the land between the Tigris and Euphrates"],["Tigris and Euphrates","The two rivers that watered Mesopotamia"],["Fertile Crescent","Curved area of fertile land from the Nile through Mesopotamia"],["Sumer","Southern Mesopotamia, home of some of the first cities"],["Sumerians","People who built the first known cities and invented writing"],["Uruk","One of the world's first great cities"],["Ur","Sumerian city with a large ziggurat"],["City-state","A city and surrounding land with its own government"],["Ziggurat","Stepped temple tower of Mesopotamian cities"],["Cuneiform","Wedge-shaped writing pressed into clay"],["Stylus","Reed pen used to press marks into wet clay"],["Clay tablet","Slab of clay used for writing"],["Scribe","Person trained to write and keep records"],["Epic of Gilgamesh","One of the oldest known stories, about a king and his friend Enkidu"],["Gilgamesh","Legendary king of Uruk in the oldest epic"],["Irrigation","Canals carrying river water to fields"],["Surplus","Extra food beyond what people need"],["Barley","Main grain grown in Mesopotamia"],["Wheel","Invented in Mesopotamia about 3500 BCE"],["Plow","Farm tool used to turn the soil, early versions pulled by oxen"],["Sailboat","Used on the rivers for trade"],["Sexagesimal system","Base-60 counting that gave us 60 minutes and 360 degrees"],["Lunar calendar","Calendar based on the Moon's cycles"],["Sargon of Akkad","Built the first known empire about 2300 BCE"],["Akkadian Empire","Empire created by Sargon, joining many city-states"],["Hammurabi","Babylonian king famous for his written laws"],["Code of Hammurabi","One of the earliest written law codes, about 1754 BCE"],["Babylon","Major city on the Euphrates; capital of Hammurabi's kingdom"],["Hanging Gardens of Babylon","Famed gardens, thought to be one of the Seven Wonders"],["Nebuchadnezzar II","Babylonian king who rebuilt Babylon around 600 BCE"],["Ishtar Gate","Blue glazed brick gate of Babylon"],["Assyrians","Fierce warriors from northern Mesopotamia who built a large empire"],["Nineveh","Assyrian capital with a great library"],["Ashurbanipal","Assyrian king who collected thousands of tablets in a library"],["Persians","Conquered Babylon in 539 BCE under Cyrus the Great"],["Cyrus the Great","Persian king who took Babylon"],["Epic","A long story about heroes"],["Polytheism","Belief in many gods"],["Temple","Building for worship, also a center of business in Sumer"],["Priest","Religious leader who served the gods"],["Patron god","God believed to protect a particular city"],["Enlil","Sumerian god of air and storms"],["Inanna","Sumerian goddess of love and war, later Ishtar"],["Marduk","Chief god of Babylon"],["Mud brick","Common building material"],["Dynasty","Rulers from one family"],["Empire","Many lands ruled by one government"],["Tribute","Payment from conquered people to their rulers"],["Trade","Mesopotamians traded grain and cloth for metal and stone from far away"],["Silver shekel","Weight of silver used as money"],["Contract","Written agreement; many were recorded on tablets"],["Law code","A written set of laws"],["Eye for an eye","Hammurabi's principle of matching punishments to harm, with different rules by class"],["Social classes","Kings and priests, then wealthy people, then commoners, then slaves"],["Enheduanna","Priestess of Ur and the first author known by name"],["Cylinder seal","Carved stone roller that pressed a design in clay to mark ownership"],["Royal Standard of Ur","Decorated box found in a Sumerian royal tomb"],["Lyre","Stringed instrument found in Sumerian tombs"],["Hittites","People of Anatolia who fought Babylon and Egypt"],["Chaldeans","Also called Neo-Babylonians; rebuilt Babylon after Assyria fell"],["Sumerian King List","Ancient list of rulers, mixing history and legend"],["Tell","A mound formed by ruins of ancient settlements built on each other"],["Modern Iraq","Most of ancient Mesopotamia lies in present-day Iraq"],["Medicine","Babylonian doctors wrote lists of illnesses and cures on tablets"],["Astronomy","Babylonians kept careful records of stars and planets"],["Plimpton 322","Clay tablet showing advanced Babylonian math"],["Mathematics","Babylonians solved problems with fractions, squares and early algebra"],["Library","Assyrian kings gathered tablets to preserve knowledge"],["Victory stele","Carved stone slab recording a ruler's win"],["Standard of weights","Merchants used set weights to trade fairly"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-renaissance-reformation","id":"world-renaissance-reformation","title":"The Renaissance and Reformation","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Rebirth of art and learning in Europe, the printing press and the Protestant Reformation.","tags":["renaissance","da vinci","reformation","printing press"],"frontLabel":"Term or person","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["Renaissance","French for 'rebirth'; era of new interest in art and learning in Europe, about 1300-1600"],["Where it began","Italy, in rich trading city-states like Florence"],["Florence","Italian city where the Renaissance flowered"],["Medici family","Rich Florence bankers who paid for many artists"],["Lorenzo de' Medici","Florentine ruler called the Magnificent, patron of artists"],["Patron","Person who gives money to support an artist"],["Humanism","Focus on human abilities and the study of classical texts"],["Petrarch","Italian scholar called the father of humanism"],["Classical learning","Study of ancient Greece and Rome"],["Leonardo da Vinci","Painter, inventor and scientist who painted the Mona Lisa"],["Mona Lisa","Famous portrait by Leonardo, now in the Louvre"],["The Last Supper","Leonardo's wall painting in Milan"],["Michelangelo","Artist who sculpted David and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling"],["David (statue)","Michelangelo's marble sculpture finished in 1504"],["Sistine Chapel","Chapel in the Vatican with Michelangelo's ceiling paintings"],["Raphael","Painter known for harmony, including The School of Athens"],["Botticelli","Painter of The Birth of Venus"],["Donatello","Sculptor who revived lifelike statues"],["Brunelleschi","Architect who built the dome of Florence Cathedral"],["Perspective","Technique that makes flat paintings look three-dimensional"],["Realism","Showing people and nature as they look"],["Fresco","Painting on wet plaster"],["Sfumato","Soft blending of tones used by Leonardo"],["Artemisia Gentileschi","Early Baroque painter, one of the first women to gain fame in Europe"],["Sofonisba Anguissola","Italian portrait painter who became a court painter in Spain"],["Northern Renaissance","Movement in northern Europe including Flanders and Germany"],["Jan van Eyck","Flemish painter who used oil paints in detailed scenes"],["Albrecht Durer","German artist famous for woodcuts and engravings"],["Pieter Bruegel","Flemish painter of village life"],["Johannes Gutenberg","Introduced movable-type printing in Europe around 1450"],["Printing press","Machine that made books cheaper and spread ideas fast"],["Gutenberg Bible","First major book printed with movable type in Europe"],["Literacy","More people learned to read once books were cheaper"],["William Shakespeare","English playwright, 1564-1616"],["Hamlet","A Shakespeare tragedy about a Danish prince"],["Globe Theatre","London playhouse where many Shakespeare plays were staged"],["Miguel de Cervantes","Spanish author of Don Quixote"],["Machiavelli","Italian writer of The Prince, about power"],["Thomas More","English writer of Utopia"],["Erasmus","Dutch scholar who urged church reform and good education"],["Copernicus","Proposed in 1543 that Earth moves around the Sun"],["Galileo","Used a telescope to observe moons of Jupiter and supported the Sun-centered view"],["Johannes Kepler","Described planets' elliptical orbits"],["Vesalius","Anatomist who wrote an accurate book on the human body in 1543"],["Scientific Revolution","Era when new ways of studying nature using observation and experiments grew"],["Reformation","16th-century movement to reform the Catholic Church, leading to Protestant churches"],["Martin Luther","German monk who began the Reformation in 1517"],["95 Theses","Luther's list of complaints about church practices, 1517"],["Indulgence","Church-granted forgiveness of penalties for sin, which Luther criticized"],["Protestant","Christians who left the Catholic Church in the Reformation"],["Lutheranism","Church that followed Luther's teachings"],["John Calvin","French reformer who worked in Geneva"],["Henry VIII","English king who broke with Rome and formed the Church of England"],["Church of England","Created in the 1530s with the king as its head"],["Elizabeth I","English queen from 1558 to 1603; her era saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada"],["Spanish Armada (1588)","Failed Spanish invasion fleet defeated by England"],["Counter-Reformation","Catholic Church's reforms in response to the Protestant movement"],["Council of Trent","Church meeting (1545-1563) that set out Catholic reforms"],["Jesuits","Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, known for education"],["Peace of Augsburg (1555)","Let German princes choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their lands"],["Thirty Years' War","1618-1648 conflict in Europe, partly over religion"],["Peace of Westphalia (1648)","Ended the Thirty Years' War"],["Vernacular","Everyday language of a region; Luther translated the Bible into German"],["Secular","Not tied to religion"],["Banking","Renaissance banks in Italy helped trade and travel"],["Merchant class","Business people who gained wealth and influence"],["City-state","City and nearby land with its own rule, as in Italy"],["Venice","Wealthy trading city built on islands"],["Chaucer vs Dante","Dante wrote in Italian; Chaucer in English, helping vernacular writing"],["Medici Bank","Led the way in Renaissance banking"],["Cathedral of Florence","Topped by Brunelleschi's dome"],["Vitruvian Man","Leonardo's drawing of the ideal proportions of a man"],["Anatomy","Study of the body; artists studied it to paint lifelike figures"],["Elizabethan Age","Period of Queen Elizabeth I when English arts flourished"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-wars-global-overview","id":"world-wars-global-overview","title":"The World Wars: A Global View","category":"history","subject":"World History","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Causes, sides, major events and results of World War I and World War II around the world.","tags":["world war i","world war ii","global","treaty of versailles"],"frontLabel":"Term or event","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["Causes of WWI","Militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism (MAIN)"],["Militarism","Building up armies and weapons"],["Alliance system","Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) versus Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)"],["Assassination at Sarajevo","June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed, setting off the war"],["July Crisis","Weeks of diplomacy and ultimatums that led to war in 1914"],["Schlieffen Plan","German plan to defeat France quickly before turning to Russia"],["Western Front","Line of trenches across France and Belgium"],["Eastern Front","Fighting between Germany/Austria and Russia"],["Battle of the Marne (1914)","Allied victory that stopped the German advance on Paris"],["Battle of Verdun (1916)","Long, costly battle between France and Germany"],["Battle of the Somme (1916)","British offensive with enormous casualties"],["Gallipoli (1915)","Failed Allied attack on the Ottoman Empire's coast"],["Machine gun","Weapon that made attacks deadly for soldiers crossing open ground"],["Poison gas","Chemical weapon first widely used in WWI; later banned"],["Tank","Armored vehicle first used by Britain in 1916"],["Airplane in WWI","Used first for scouting, then for fighting"],["U-boat","German submarine"],["Russian Revolution (1917)","Russia's tsar fell, and the Bolsheviks under Lenin took power"],["Vladimir Lenin","Bolshevik leader who founded the Soviet state"],["Nicholas II","Last tsar of Russia"],["Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)","Russia left the war and gave up land"],["Armistice Day","November 11, 1918, when fighting stopped on the Western Front"],["Treaty of Versailles (1919)","Peace treaty that blamed Germany and made it pay reparations"],["Reparations","Payments for war damages"],["War guilt clause","Treaty article that made Germany accept blame for the war"],["League of Nations","Organization to keep peace, set up in 1920"],["Collapse of empires","The Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, German and Russian empires ended after WWI"],["Great Depression","Worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s that helped extremists rise"],["Fascism","Government by a dictator with strong nationalism and no free opposition"],["Benito Mussolini","Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922"],["Nazi Party","German party led by Adolf Hitler"],["Hitler's rise (1933)","Hitler became chancellor of Germany in January 1933"],["Appeasement","Giving in to demands to avoid war, as at Munich in 1938"],["Munich Agreement (1938)","Britain and France let Germany take part of Czechoslovakia"],["Invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939)","Start of World War II in Europe"],["Blitzkrieg","German 'lightning war' using tanks, planes and fast movement"],["Fall of France (1940)","Germany took France in six weeks"],["Dunkirk (1940)","Evacuation of over 300,000 Allied troops from France"],["Battle of Britain (1940)","Royal Air Force defeated German air attacks"],["The Blitz","German bombing of British cities in 1940-41"],["Operation Barbarossa (1941)","Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union"],["Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43)","Soviet victory that turned the tide on the Eastern Front"],["El Alamein (1942)","British victory in Egypt against German-Italian forces"],["Pearl Harbor","Japan's attack on the US on December 7, 1941"],["Japanese expansion","Japan invaded China in the 1930s and spread across Asia in 1941-42"],["Nanjing (Nanking) 1937","Japan captured the Chinese capital after a hard battle; many civilians suffered"],["Battle of Midway (1942)","US Navy victory that weakened Japan's carriers"],["Holocaust","Nazi murder of six million Jews and millions of others"],["Resistance movements","Secret groups that opposed Nazi occupation"],["Kindertransport","Rescue program that took thousands of Jewish children from Germany to Britain"],["Righteous Among the Nations","Honor for non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews"],["Raoul Wallenberg","Swedish diplomat who saved thousands of Hungarian Jews"],["Oskar Schindler","German businessman who saved over a thousand Jewish workers"],["D-Day (June 6, 1944)","Allied invasion of Normandy"],["Liberation of Paris (Aug. 1944)","Allied forces freed the French capital"],["Yalta Conference","Allied leaders planned the post-war world"],["Potsdam Conference (1945)","Allied leaders met in Germany after Germany's surrender"],["V-E Day","May 8, 1945, victory in Europe"],["Hiroshima and Nagasaki","Atomic bombs dropped in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender"],["V-J Day","Japan's surrender announced August 15, 1945; signed September 2"],["Total deaths","WWII killed an estimated 70 to 85 million people"],["Nuremberg Trials","International court trials of Nazi leaders for war crimes"],["United Nations","Founded in 1945 to maintain peace"],["Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)","UN statement of basic rights for all people"],["Decolonization","After WWII, many colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence"],["Cold War begins","The US and USSR became rivals after the war"],["Marshall Plan","US aid to rebuild Western Europe"],["Allied Powers","Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the US and China"],["Axis Powers","Germany, Italy and Japan"],["Division of Germany","After WWII, Germany was divided into East and West"],["Occupation of Japan","US-led occupation, 1945-1952, helped Japan write a new constitution"],["Chinese Civil War","Fighting between Nationalists and Communists, resumed after WWII; Communists won in 1949"],["Indian Army in WWII","Over 2.5 million Indian volunteers served"],["Navajo Code Talkers","Used their language to send secret Pacific messages"],["Anne Frank's diary","Diary of a Jewish girl hiding in Amsterdam from 1942 to 1944"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-architecture-terms","id":"art-architecture-terms","title":"Architecture Terms and Landmarks","category":"arts-music","subject":"Architecture","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of buildings, building styles and famous architects and landmarks.","tags":["architecture","buildings","landmarks"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Arch","A curved structure that spans an opening"],["Column","A tall round support, like a pillar"],["Dome","A rounded roof like half a ball"],["Vault","An arched ceiling or roof"],["Buttress","A support built against a wall to strengthen it"],["Flying buttress","A stone arch outside a Gothic church that braces the wall"],["Facade","The front face of a building"],["Foundation","The base that supports a building"],["Beam","A horizontal support"],["Lintel","A horizontal beam over a door or window"],["Cornice","A decorative strip along the top of a wall"],["Pediment","A triangle-shaped part above a doorway or columns"],["Spire","A tall pointed top of a tower"],["Steeple","A tall tower on a church with a spire"],["Minaret","A tall slender tower of a mosque"],["Pagoda","A tiered tower of East Asia"],["Gargoyle","A carved stone creature that drains rain from a roof"],["Atrium","A large open space inside a building, often with a glass roof"],["Skyscraper","A very tall building"],["Blueprint","A drawing plan of a building"],["Doric column","The simplest Greek column style, plain at the top"],["Ionic column","Greek column with scroll shapes at the top"],["Corinthian column","Greek column with leaves at the top"],["Parthenon","Greek temple on the Acropolis in Athens, finished in 432 BCE"],["Colosseum","Roman amphitheater in Rome opened in 80 CE"],["Pantheon","Roman temple in Rome with a huge concrete dome"],["Aqueduct","A bridge-like structure that carries water"],["Pyramids of Giza","Egyptian royal tombs built about 4,500 years ago"],["Great Wall of China","A long defensive wall built across northern China over many centuries"],["Taj Mahal","White marble tomb in Agra, India, completed in 1653"],["Hagia Sophia","Great domed building in Istanbul built in 537"],["Notre-Dame de Paris","Gothic cathedral in Paris started in 1163"],["St. Peter's Basilica","Church in Vatican City with a dome designed with help from Michelangelo"],["Eiffel Tower","Iron tower in Paris built for the 1889 World's Fair by Gustave Eiffel's company"],["Big Ben","Nickname of the great bell in the clock tower at Westminster, London"],["Sagrada Familia","Unfinished church in Barcelona designed by Antoni Gaudi"],["Sydney Opera House","Sail-roofed arts center in Australia, opened in 1973"],["Burj Khalifa","Skyscraper in Dubai, completed in 2010"],["Empire State Building","New York skyscraper completed in 1931"],["Chrysler Building","New York Art Deco skyscraper from 1930"],["Golden Gate Bridge","Suspension bridge in San Francisco opened in 1937"],["Brooklyn Bridge","Suspension bridge in New York opened in 1883"],["Frank Lloyd Wright","American architect who designed Fallingwater"],["Fallingwater","House built over a waterfall in Pennsylvania by Frank Lloyd Wright"],["Zaha Hadid","Iraqi-British architect who designed curving modern buildings"],["I. M. Pei","Architect of the glass pyramid at the Louvre"],["Antoni Gaudi","Spanish architect of curvy, colorful designs"],["Frank Gehry","Architect of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao"],["Christopher Wren","English architect who rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral after the 1666 fire"],["Gothic architecture","Style with pointed arches, tall windows and flying buttresses"],["Romanesque architecture","Style with round arches and thick walls"],["Baroque architecture","Style with grand curves, drama and decoration"],["Neoclassical architecture","Style that copies ancient Greek and Roman buildings, like the US Capitol"],["Art Deco architecture","Geometric, glamorous style of the 1920s and 1930s"],["Modernism","Style with simple shapes and little decoration, 'less is more'"],["Brutalism","Style using raw concrete in blocky forms"],["Sustainable architecture","Design that saves energy and protects the environment"],["Green roof","A roof covered with plants"],["Mud brick (adobe)","A building material of sun-dried clay and straw"],["Igloo","A dome-shaped snow house built by Inuit people"],["Yurt","A round tent house used by nomads in Central Asia"],["Stilt house","House raised on poles above water or ground"],["Castle","A fortified building of medieval Europe"],["Moat","A ditch filled with water around a castle"],["Drawbridge","A bridge that can be raised to block a castle entrance"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-color-theory","id":"art-color-theory","title":"Color Theory","category":"arts-music","subject":"Visual Art","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Primary, secondary and complementary colors, warm and cool colors, and how colors mix.","tags":["color","color wheel","mixing"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Primary colors (paint)","Red, yellow and blue"],["Secondary colors","Orange, green and violet"],["Tertiary colors","Colors made by mixing a primary and a nearby secondary, like red-orange"],["Red + yellow","Orange"],["Yellow + blue","Green"],["Blue + red","Violet (purple)"],["Red + blue + yellow in equal parts","A muddy brown or gray"],["Complementary colors","Colors opposite each other on the color wheel"],["Complement of red","Green"],["Complement of blue","Orange"],["Complement of yellow","Violet"],["Complement of orange","Blue"],["Complement of green","Red"],["Complement of violet","Yellow"],["Analogous colors","Colors next to each other on the color wheel"],["Warm colors","Reds, oranges and yellows"],["Cool colors","Blues, greens and violets"],["Neutral colors","Black, white, gray and brown"],["Monochromatic","Using one hue with different tints and shades"],["Triadic color scheme","Three colors evenly spaced on the color wheel"],["Split complementary","A color plus the two colors on each side of its complement"],["Tetradic scheme","Two pairs of complementary colors"],["Hue","The name of a color"],["Value","How light or dark a color is"],["Saturation","How pure or intense a color is"],["Tint","A hue plus white"],["Shade","A hue plus black"],["Tone","A hue plus gray"],["Pink","A tint of red"],["Navy","A shade of blue"],["Color wheel","A circle showing the relationships between colors"],["Isaac Newton and color","He used a prism in the 1660s to show white light holds all colors"],["Rainbow order","Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet","ROY G. BIV"],["Primary colors (light)","Red, green and blue"],["Secondary colors (light)","Cyan, magenta and yellow"],["RGB","Red, green, blue; color model for screens"],["CMYK","Cyan, magenta, yellow, key (black); color model for printing"],["Additive color","Mixing light: adding colors makes white"],["Subtractive color","Mixing pigments: adding colors makes darker colors"],["All colors of light mixed","White"],["All pigments mixed","A dark muddy color"],["Which colors seem to come forward?","Warm, bright colors"],["Which colors seem to recede?","Cool, dull colors"],["Red often shows","Energy, danger, passion"],["Blue often shows","Calm, peace, sadness"],["Yellow often shows","Happiness, warning"],["Green often shows","Nature, growth"],["Purple often shows","Royalty, mystery"],["Chroma","Another word for the purity of a color"],["Pigment","Colored powder that gives paint its color"],["Dye","A color that soaks into material"],["Opaque","Does not let light through"],["Transparent","Lets light through so you can see through it"],["Translucent","Lets some light through"],["Primary colors cannot be...","Made by mixing other colors"],["Simultaneous contrast","How a color looks different next to another color"],["Colorblindness","Difficulty telling certain colors apart, such as red and green"],["Highlight","The lightest area of a painting"],["To make a color darker","Add black or its complement"],["To make a color lighter","Add white (or water in watercolor)"],["Sienna and umber","Earth-tone brown pigments from clay"],["Ultramarine","A deep blue pigment once made from lapis lazuli"],["Vermilion","A bright red-orange pigment"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-drawing-painting-techniques","id":"art-drawing-painting-techniques","title":"Drawing and Painting Techniques","category":"arts-music","subject":"Visual Art","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Art materials, techniques and media for drawing, painting, printmaking and sculpture.","tags":["techniques","drawing","painting","media"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Hatching","Drawing closely spaced parallel lines to show shade"],["Cross-hatching","Layers of hatching lines crossing each other for darker shade"],["Stippling","Making shade or texture with tiny dots"],["Blending","Smoothing colors or values together so they merge"],["Shading","Adding darkness to show form and light"],["Contour drawing","Drawing the outline and edges of an object"],["Gesture drawing","Quick loose drawing capturing movement"],["Blind contour drawing","Drawing an outline while looking only at the subject, not the paper"],["Sketch","A quick, rough drawing"],["Thumbnail sketch","A small quick drawing to plan a composition"],["Charcoal","Soft black drawing material made from burnt wood"],["Graphite","The gray material in pencils"],["Pastel","Chalk-like sticks of pigment"],["Conte crayon","A hard drawing stick in black, brown or red"],["Pen and ink","Drawing with a pen dipped in or filled with ink"],["Watercolor","Paint made of pigment and water on paper, see-through and light"],["Gouache","Opaque water-based paint"],["Acrylic paint","Fast-drying plastic-based paint that cleans up with water"],["Oil paint","Slow-drying paint made with oil, used since the Renaissance"],["Tempera","Paint made with egg yolk or similar binder"],["Fresco","Painting on wet plaster"],["Encaustic","Painting with colored melted wax"],["Impasto","Paint applied thickly so the brushstrokes show"],["Glaze","A thin see-through layer of paint over another"],["Wash","A thin, watery layer of paint"],["Wet-on-wet","Painting wet paint onto a wet surface so colors blend"],["Wet-on-dry","Painting wet paint onto dry paper for sharper edges"],["Dry brush","Using a brush with little paint to make scratchy texture"],["Scumbling","Dragging dry paint lightly over another layer"],["Palette","A surface for mixing paint, or an artist's chosen set of colors"],["Easel","A stand that holds a canvas upright"],["Canvas","Cloth stretched on a frame for painting"],["Primer (gesso)","A coating that prepares a surface for painting"],["Palette knife","A blade-like tool for mixing or applying paint"],["Round brush","A brush with a pointed tip for lines and details"],["Flat brush","A brush for broad strokes and sharp edges"],["Collage","Artwork made by gluing pieces of paper and other materials together"],["Assemblage","Art made from found objects put together in 3D"],["Mosaic","A picture made of small pieces of tile, glass or stone"],["Mixed media","Art that uses more than one material"],["Printmaking","Making art by transferring ink from a surface to paper"],["Woodcut","A print made from carved wood"],["Linocut","A print made from carved linoleum"],["Etching","A print made from lines cut into metal with acid"],["Lithography","Printing from a flat stone or plate using grease and water"],["Silkscreen","Pushing ink through a stencil mesh onto a surface"],["Monoprint","A single print that cannot be repeated exactly"],["Batik","Fabric dyeing method that uses wax to resist the dye"],["Tie-dye","Dyeing cloth that has been tied to make patterns"],["Pottery","Objects made of clay and baked hard"],["Kiln","An oven for firing clay"],["Slip","Liquid clay used to join pieces"],["Score and slip","Scratching clay surfaces and adding slip to join them"],["Coil pot","Pottery built from rolled ropes of clay"],["Pinch pot","A pot formed by pinching clay with the fingers"],["Slab construction","Making pottery from flat pieces of clay"],["Wheel throwing","Shaping clay on a spinning potter's wheel"],["Bisque","Clay fired once without glaze"],["Glaze (clay)","A glassy coating melted onto pottery in a kiln"],["Armature","A frame that supports a sculpture"],["Relief sculpture","Sculpture that sticks out from a flat background"],["Sculpture in the round","Sculpture that can be viewed from all sides"],["Carving","Taking away material to make a sculpture"],["Modeling","Building up material like clay to make a sculpture"],["Casting","Pouring melted metal or plaster into a mold"],["Origami","The Japanese art of paper folding"],["Calligraphy","Beautiful handwriting"],["Illustration","A picture that explains or decorates text"],["Vanishing point","The spot on the horizon where parallel lines seem to meet"],["One-point perspective","Perspective with one vanishing point on the horizon"],["Two-point perspective","Perspective with two vanishing points"],["Horizon line","The line where earth and sky seem to meet"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-elements-and-principles","id":"art-elements-and-principles","title":"Elements and Principles of Art","category":"arts-music","subject":"Visual Art","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The building blocks of art and the ways artists organize them.","tags":["elements of art","principles of design","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Line","A mark made by a moving point, long and thin"],["Shape","A flat, enclosed area with height and width"],["Form","A shape with three dimensions: height, width and depth"],["Color","What we see when light bounces off an object"],["Value","How light or dark a color is"],["Texture","How a surface feels or looks like it feels"],["Space","The area around, between and inside things in art"],["Positive space","The area taken up by the main subject"],["Negative space","The empty area around the subject"],["Geometric shape","A regular shape like a circle, square or triangle"],["Organic shape","A free-flowing, irregular shape like a leaf or cloud"],["Horizontal line","A line that goes side to side, feels calm"],["Vertical line","A line that goes up and down, feels tall and strong"],["Diagonal line","A slanted line, feels active and moving"],["Curved line","A line that bends, feels soft and flowing"],["Zigzag line","A line made of sharp angles, feels energetic"],["Contour line","A line that outlines the edge of a shape"],["Implied line","A line suggested by the way objects are arranged, not drawn"],["Hue","The name of a color"],["Tint","A color mixed with white"],["Shade","A color mixed with black"],["Tone","A color mixed with gray"],["Intensity (saturation)","How bright or dull a color is"],["Actual texture","Texture you can truly feel"],["Visual texture","Texture that is only drawn to look real"],["Perspective","A way to show depth on a flat surface"],["Foreground","The part of a picture closest to the viewer"],["Middle ground","The middle part of a picture"],["Background","The part of a picture farthest from the viewer"],["Overlapping","Placing one object in front of another to show depth"],["Principles of design","Ways artists organize the elements"],["Balance","How the visual weight is spread in an artwork"],["Symmetrical balance","Both sides are mirror images"],["Asymmetrical balance","Sides differ but still feel balanced"],["Radial balance","Parts spread out from a center point"],["Contrast","Differences such as light and dark that make things stand out"],["Emphasis","Making one part of the work the focus"],["Focal point","The place the eye goes first"],["Movement","How the eye is led through an artwork"],["Rhythm","Repeated elements that create a beat"],["Pattern","A repeated design of lines, shapes or colors"],["Repetition","Using an element again and again"],["Variety","Using different elements to make interest"],["Unity","When all parts of an artwork feel like they belong together"],["Harmony","Using similar elements to create calm unity"],["Proportion","How the sizes of parts relate to each other"],["Scale","The size of an object compared to others or to the viewer"],["Composition","How the parts of an artwork are arranged"],["Gradation","A gradual change in color, size or value"],["Rule of thirds","Placing key parts along lines dividing the picture into thirds"],["Medium","The material an artist uses, like watercolor or clay"],["Subject","What an artwork is about"],["Abstract art","Art that does not show things as they look in real life"],["Realism","Art that shows subjects as they really look"],["Representational art","Art showing recognizable things"],["Still life","A picture of objects that do not move"],["Landscape","A picture of outdoor scenery"],["Portrait","A picture of a person"],["Self-portrait","A picture an artist makes of themselves"],["Seascape","A picture of the sea"],["Cityscape","A picture of a city"],["Mural","A large painting made on a wall"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-famous-artists","id":"art-famous-artists","title":"Famous Artists","category":"arts-music","subject":"Art History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Well-known artists, where they came from and what they are known for.","tags":["artists","painters","sculptors"],"frontLabel":"Artist","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Leonardo da Vinci","Italian Renaissance painter, inventor; Mona Lisa and The Last Supper (1452 to 1519)"],["Michelangelo","Italian sculptor and painter; David and the Sistine Chapel ceiling (1475 to 1564)"],["Raphael","Italian Renaissance painter of The School of Athens"],["Sandro Botticelli","Italian painter of The Birth of Venus"],["Albrecht Durer","German printmaker and painter of the Renaissance"],["Caravaggio","Italian Baroque painter known for dramatic light and dark"],["Rembrandt van Rijn","Dutch Golden Age painter famed for portraits and The Night Watch"],["Johannes Vermeer","Dutch painter of quiet indoor scenes, such as Girl with a Pearl Earring"],["Diego Velazquez","Spanish court painter of Las Meninas"],["Francisco Goya","Spanish painter and printmaker"],["J.M.W. Turner","British painter of light, sea and skies"],["John Constable","British painter of country landscapes like The Hay Wain"],["Claude Monet","French Impressionist who painted water lilies and haystacks"],["Pierre-Auguste Renoir","French Impressionist of joyful scenes of people"],["Edgar Degas","French Impressionist known for dancers"],["Mary Cassatt","American Impressionist known for mothers and children"],["Berthe Morisot","French Impressionist painter"],["Camille Pissarro","French Impressionist landscape painter"],["Vincent van Gogh","Dutch Post-Impressionist painter of The Starry Night and sunflowers (1853 to 1890)"],["Paul Cezanne","French painter who paved the way for Cubism"],["Georges Seurat","French painter who developed pointillism"],["Paul Gauguin","French painter who painted in Tahiti"],["Henri Matisse","French painter and cut-out artist, leader of Fauvism"],["Pablo Picasso","Spanish artist who co-founded Cubism, painted Guernica (1881 to 1973)"],["Georges Braque","French artist who co-founded Cubism"],["Salvador Dali","Spanish Surrealist famous for The Persistence of Memory"],["Rene Magritte","Belgian Surrealist who painted The Son of Man"],["Marc Chagall","Russian-French painter of dreamy colorful scenes"],["Wassily Kandinsky","Russian painter, pioneer of abstract art"],["Piet Mondrian","Dutch painter of grids in primary colors"],["Paul Klee","Swiss-German painter of playful, imaginative work"],["Edvard Munch","Norwegian painter of The Scream"],["Gustav Klimt","Austrian painter of The Kiss"],["Jackson Pollock","American painter who dripped paint onto big canvases"],["Mark Rothko","American painter of glowing blocks of color"],["Georgia O'Keeffe","American painter of flowers, bones and desert landscapes"],["Frida Kahlo","Mexican painter famous for self-portraits"],["Diego Rivera","Mexican muralist"],["Andy Warhol","American Pop artist known for soup cans and portraits"],["Roy Lichtenstein","American Pop artist inspired by comic book dots"],["Keith Haring","American artist with bold outlined figures"],["Jean-Michel Basquiat","American artist who began on New York streets"],["Grant Wood","American painter of American Gothic (1930)"],["Edward Hopper","American painter of quiet city scenes like Nighthawks"],["Norman Rockwell","American illustrator of everyday scenes for magazine covers"],["Winslow Homer","American painter of seascapes"],["Jacob Lawrence","African American painter of the Migration Series"],["Faith Ringgold","African American artist known for story quilts"],["Yayoi Kusama","Japanese artist known for polka dots and infinity rooms"],["Katsushika Hokusai","Japanese artist of The Great Wave off Kanagawa"],["Auguste Rodin","French sculptor of The Thinker"],["Alexander Calder","American sculptor who invented mobiles"],["Henry Moore","British sculptor of large, smooth, curved forms"],["Constantin Brancusi","Romanian sculptor of simple, polished forms"],["Alberto Giacometti","Swiss sculptor of tall, thin figures"],["Donatello","Italian Renaissance sculptor of the bronze David"],["Gian Lorenzo Bernini","Italian Baroque sculptor"],["Bridget Riley","British Op Art painter"],["Banksy","Anonymous British street artist"],["Dale Chihuly","American glass sculptor"],["Maya Lin","American artist and architect who designed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial"],["Beatrix Potter","English author and illustrator of Peter Rabbit"],["Leonardo's famous smile","The Mona Lisa"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-famous-paintings-sculptures","id":"art-famous-paintings-sculptures","title":"Famous Paintings and Sculptures","category":"arts-music","subject":"Art History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Famous artworks matched to their artists and where to find them.","tags":["paintings","sculpture","museums"],"frontLabel":"Artwork","backLabel":"Artist","cards":[["Mona Lisa","Leonardo da Vinci","Louvre Museum, Paris"],["The Last Supper","Leonardo da Vinci","Wall painting in Milan"],["Sistine Chapel ceiling","Michelangelo","Vatican City"],["David (marble statue)","Michelangelo","Florence, Italy"],["Pieta (Vatican)","Michelangelo"],["The Birth of Venus","Sandro Botticelli"],["The School of Athens","Raphael"],["Girl with a Pearl Earring","Johannes Vermeer"],["The Night Watch","Rembrandt van Rijn"],["Las Meninas","Diego Velazquez"],["The Starry Night","Vincent van Gogh","Museum of Modern Art, New York"],["Sunflowers","Vincent van Gogh"],["Bedroom in Arles","Vincent van Gogh"],["Impression, Sunrise","Claude Monet","Gave Impressionism its name"],["Water Lilies","Claude Monet"],["Luncheon of the Boating Party","Pierre-Auguste Renoir"],["A Sunday on La Grande Jatte","Georges Seurat","Made with tiny dots"],["The Dance Class","Edgar Degas"],["The Child's Bath","Mary Cassatt"],["Guernica","Pablo Picasso","Anti-war mural from 1937"],["Les Demoiselles d'Avignon","Pablo Picasso"],["The Persistence of Memory","Salvador Dali","Melting clocks"],["The Son of Man","Rene Magritte","Man with an apple in front of his face"],["The Scream","Edvard Munch"],["The Kiss (painting)","Gustav Klimt"],["The Great Wave off Kanagawa","Katsushika Hokusai"],["American Gothic","Grant Wood"],["Nighthawks","Edward Hopper"],["Campbell's Soup Cans","Andy Warhol"],["Whaam!","Roy Lichtenstein"],["Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow","Piet Mondrian"],["Broadway Boogie Woogie","Piet Mondrian"],["The Two Fridas","Frida Kahlo"],["Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)","Jackson Pollock"],["The Thinker","Auguste Rodin"],["The Kiss (sculpture)","Auguste Rodin"],["Venus de Milo","An ancient Greek statue of unknown sculptor, in the Louvre"],["Winged Victory of Samothrace","Ancient Greek sculpture, now in the Louvre"],["Discobolus (Discus Thrower)","Myron, ancient Greek"],["The Statue of Liberty","Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, a gift from France in 1886"],["Christ the Redeemer (Rio de Janeiro)","Paul Landowski and Heitor da Silva Costa, 1931"],["The Great Sphinx of Giza","Ancient Egyptians, about 4,500 years old"],["Terracotta Army","Thousands of clay soldiers buried with China's first emperor"],["Mount Rushmore","Gutzon Borglum began carving it in 1927"],["Cloud Gate (the Bean)","Anish Kapoor, Chicago"],["Birdcage and Spiral mobiles","Alexander Calder"],["Bird in Space","Constantin Brancusi"],["The Garden of Earthly Delights","Hieronymus Bosch"],["Wanderer above the Sea of Fog","Caspar David Friedrich"],["Liberty Leading the People","Eugene Delacroix"],["The Raft of the Medusa","Theodore Gericault"],["Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851)","Emanuel Leutze"],["Migration Series","Jacob Lawrence"],["Blue Nude","Henri Matisse (cut-out series)"],["The Snail","Henri Matisse"],["Café Terrace at Night","Vincent van Gogh"],["Red Poppies (Poppy Field)","Claude Monet"],["The Hay Wain","John Constable"],["The Fighting Temeraire","J.M.W. Turner"],["Girl with a Balloon","Banksy"],["Rosie the Riveter poster, We Can Do It!","J. Howard Miller, 1943"],["Apollo and Daphne","Gian Lorenzo Bernini"],["The Elgin Marbles (Parthenon sculptures)","Ancient Greek, now in the British Museum"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-movements","id":"art-movements","title":"Art Movements","category":"arts-music","subject":"Art History","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Major art movements, their dates, key ideas and artists.","tags":["art history","movements","styles"],"frontLabel":"Movement","backLabel":"Key ideas","cards":[["Renaissance","1400s to 1500s in Europe; rebirth of classical ideas, realism, perspective; Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael"],["Baroque","1600s; drama, rich color, movement, strong light and dark; Caravaggio, Rembrandt"],["Rococo","1700s; light, playful, decorative; Fragonard"],["Neoclassicism","Late 1700s; order and clarity inspired by ancient Greece and Rome; Jacques-Louis David"],["Romanticism","Early 1800s; emotion, nature and imagination; Delacroix, Turner"],["Realism","Mid 1800s; everyday life shown honestly; Courbet"],["Impressionism","1870s France; quick brushstrokes, light and color, outdoor scenes; Monet, Renoir"],["Post-Impressionism","1880s to 1900s; personal style and emotion beyond Impressionism; Van Gogh, Cezanne, Seurat"],["Pointillism","Painting with tiny dots of color; Georges Seurat"],["Symbolism","Late 1800s; art of dreams, ideas and mystery"],["Art Nouveau","1890s to 1910; flowing plant-like lines; Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt"],["Fauvism","Early 1900s; wild, bold colors; Henri Matisse"],["Expressionism","Early 1900s; strong feelings through distorted forms; Edvard Munch"],["Cubism","Early 1900s; objects broken into geometric shapes seen from many sides; Picasso, Braque"],["Futurism","1909 Italy; speed, machines and modern life"],["Dada","1916 and after; playful anti-art in response to World War I; Marcel Duchamp"],["Surrealism","1920s; dreams and the unconscious; Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte"],["Constructivism","Russia, 1910s to 1920s; geometric shapes used for modern purposes"],["De Stijl","Dutch movement from 1917; straight lines, primary colors; Piet Mondrian"],["Bauhaus","German design school founded in 1919 mixing art, craft and technology"],["Art Deco","1920s to 1930s; sleek, geometric, glamorous design"],["Abstract Expressionism","1940s to 1950s New York; large energetic abstract paintings; Jackson Pollock"],["Color field painting","Large areas of flat color; Mark Rothko"],["Pop Art","1950s to 1960s; popular culture and ads; Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein"],["Op Art","1960s; optical illusions with patterns; Bridget Riley"],["Minimalism","1960s; very simple forms with little detail"],["Conceptual art","The idea matters more than the finished object"],["Photorealism","Paintings that look like photographs"],["Street art","Art made in public spaces, including murals and graffiti; Banksy, Keith Haring"],["Harlem Renaissance","1920s to 1930s; flowering of African American art, music and writing; Aaron Douglas"],["Mexican Muralism","1920s to 1940s; huge public murals; Diego Rivera"],["Ukiyo-e","Japanese woodblock prints of the Edo period; Hokusai"],["Gothic art","1100s to 1400s Europe; cathedrals, stained glass"],["Byzantine art","Eastern Roman art with gold mosaics and religious icons"],["Medieval illuminated manuscripts","Hand-copied books decorated with gold and bright colors"],["Mannerism","Late 1500s; stretched, elegant figures; El Greco"],["Hudson River School","1800s American landscape painters, including Thomas Cole"],["Arts and Crafts movement","Late 1800s; handmade craft against factory goods; William Morris"],["Magic Realism","Realistic style with unusual dreamlike details"],["Naive art","Untrained artists' simple, bright style; Henri Rousseau"],["Folk art","Art made by ordinary people in a community tradition"],["Aboriginal dot painting","Australian Indigenous art using dots to tell stories of the land"],["Which movement is named after a Monet painting?","Impressionism, from Impression, Sunrise (1872)"],["Which movement did Picasso and Braque start?","Cubism"],["Which movement did Dali belong to?","Surrealism"],["Which movement did Warhol belong to?","Pop Art"],["Which movement did Pollock belong to?","Abstract Expressionism"],["Which movement did Monet belong to?","Impressionism"],["Which movement did Mondrian belong to?","De Stijl"],["Which movement did Matisse lead?","Fauvism"],["Which movement did Michelangelo belong to?","Renaissance"],["Which movement did Caravaggio belong to?","Baroque"],["Which movement did Duchamp belong to?","Dada"],["Which movement did Seurat invent a style within?","Post-Impressionism, using pointillism"],["Which movement did Van Gogh belong to?","Post-Impressionism"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/dance-terms","id":"dance-terms","title":"Dance Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Dance","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Ballet vocabulary, dance styles and movement words.","tags":["dance","ballet","styles"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Plie","A bend of the knees (French: bent)","plee-AY"],["Tendu","A stretched foot sliding along the floor","tahn-DOO"],["Releve","A rise onto the balls of the feet or toes","reh-leh-VAY"],["Pirouette","A full turn on one foot","peer-oo-ET"],["Arabesque","A pose on one leg with the other extended behind","air-uh-BESK"],["Jete","A jump from one foot to the other","zheh-TAY"],["Grand jete","A big leap with legs split in the air"],["Chasse","A gliding step in which one foot chases the other","sha-SAY"],["Glissade","A gliding step to travel","glee-SAHD"],["Sauté","A jump from two feet landing on two feet","soh-TAY"],["Port de bras","Movement of the arms"],["Battement","A beating or kicking movement of the leg"],["Rond de jambe","A circular movement of the leg"],["Fouette","A whipping turn on one leg"],["Pas de deux","A dance for two people"],["Corps de ballet","The group of dancers who perform together"],["Prima ballerina","The leading female dancer in a ballet company"],["Barre","The rail dancers hold for warm-ups"],["En pointe","Dancing on the tips of the toes in pointe shoes"],["Tutu","A short stiff skirt worn by ballet dancers"],["First position","Heels together, toes turned out"],["Fifth position","Feet crossed tightly, one in front of the other"],["Choreography","The planned steps and movements of a dance"],["Choreographer","The person who creates a dance"],["Improvisation (dance)","Dancing without planned steps"],["Ballet","Classical dance that began in Italian and French courts"],["Tap dance","Dance with metal taps on the shoes making rhythms"],["Jazz dance","Lively dance with strong rhythm and isolations"],["Modern dance","Dance style that broke from ballet rules, pioneered by Martha Graham"],["Contemporary dance","Dance mixing ballet, modern and jazz"],["Hip-hop dance","Street dance styles like popping and breaking"],["Breakdancing (breaking)","Acrobatic hip-hop dance with floor moves and spins"],["Popping","Quickly tightening muscles to jerk the body"],["Locking","Hip-hop moves with quick stops and holds"],["Flamenco","Spanish dance with stomping, clapping and guitar"],["Salsa","Latin partner dance with Cuban roots"],["Tango","Partner dance from Argentina and Uruguay"],["Waltz","Graceful dance in three-beat time"],["Foxtrot","Smooth ballroom dance with walking steps"],["Cha-cha","Latin ballroom dance with a quick cha-cha-cha step"],["Square dance","American folk dance with a caller"],["Line dance","A dance where people stand in rows doing the same steps"],["Polka","Lively dance in 2/4 time from Bohemia"],["Hula","Hawaiian dance telling stories with hands and hips"],["Bharatanatyam","Classical dance from southern India"],["Folk dance","A traditional dance of a region or people"],["Ballroom dance","Partner dances like waltz and foxtrot"],["Swing dance","Jazz-era partner dance, including the Lindy Hop"],["Lindy Hop","Swing dance from Harlem in the 1920s and 1930s"],["Irish step dance","Dance with fast footwork and still arms"],["Cartwheel","A sideways turn of the body on hands and feet"],["Isolation","Moving only one part of the body"],["Level (dance)","How high or low the dancer is: low, middle or high"],["Tempo (dance)","The speed of the dance"],["Formation","The arrangement of dancers on stage"],["Unison (dance)","Dancers doing the same movement at the same time"],["Canon (dance)","Dancers doing the same movement at different times"],["Locomotor movement","Movement that travels across space, like walking, skipping, hopping"],["Non-locomotor movement","Movement in place, like bending, twisting, stretching"],["Skip","A step-hop pattern, moving forward"],["Gallop","A step and a leap with the same foot leading"],["Leap","A jump from one foot to the other"],["Hop","Jump on one foot landing on the same foot"],["Martha Graham","American modern dance pioneer"],["Alvin Ailey","American choreographer who founded a dance theater in 1958"],["Misty Copeland","American ballerina who became principal dancer at American Ballet Theatre in 2015"],["Rudolf Nureyev","Russian ballet star, 1938 to 1993"],["Anna Pavlova","Russian ballerina famed for The Dying Swan"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/film-terms","id":"film-terms","title":"Film Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Film","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Camera shots, editing, jobs on a movie set and film history.","tags":["film","movies","camera shots","editing"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Close-up","A shot showing a face or object up close"],["Extreme close-up","A shot of a very small part, like an eye"],["Medium shot","A shot of a person from the waist up"],["Long shot (wide shot)","A shot showing the whole person and their surroundings"],["Establishing shot","A wide shot showing where a scene takes place"],["Over-the-shoulder shot","A shot from behind one person looking at another"],["Point-of-view (POV) shot","A shot seen through a character's eyes"],["Pan","Turning the camera left or right from a fixed spot"],["Tilt","Moving the camera up or down from a fixed spot"],["Zoom","Changing the lens to get closer or farther"],["Dolly shot","Moving the camera on a wheeled cart"],["Tracking shot","The camera follows a subject as it moves"],["Crane shot","A camera on a crane moving high or low"],["Aerial shot","A shot from high in the air, often by drone"],["High angle","The camera looks down, making subjects seem small"],["Low angle","The camera looks up, making subjects seem powerful"],["Eye-level shot","The camera at the actor's eye height"],["Dutch angle","A tilted camera that makes a scene feel uneasy"],["Frame","One single image in a film"],["Frame rate","How many pictures are shown per second; film is usually 24"],["Cut","A change from one shot to another"],["Fade","A shot slowly changing to or from black"],["Dissolve","One shot slowly blending into another"],["Montage","A series of short shots joined to show time passing or ideas"],["Flashback","A scene showing an earlier time"],["Foreshadowing","A hint about what will happen later"],["Slow motion","Action shown slower than real life"],["Time-lapse","Many pictures over a long time shown quickly"],["Voice-over","A narrator's voice heard over the pictures"],["Soundtrack","The sound and music of a film"],["Score","The music composed for a film"],["Sound effects","Added sounds like footsteps or doors"],["Foley","Sound effects made live by artists, matched to the action"],["Dialogue (film)","Spoken words between characters"],["Script (screenplay)","The written story, dialogue and action of a film"],["Storyboard","A series of drawings planning each shot"],["Director","The person who leads the creative work on a film"],["Producer","The person who organizes money and the production"],["Screenwriter","The person who writes the script"],["Cinematographer","The person in charge of camera and lighting"],["Editor","The person who cuts shots together"],["Gaffer","The chief electrician on a film set"],["Best boy","The assistant to the gaffer or key grip"],["Grip","A crew member who moves and sets up equipment"],["Key grip","The head of the grip crew"],["Production designer","The person who plans the look of a film's sets"],["Costume designer","The person who plans actors' clothing"],["Stunt performer","A person trained to do dangerous action safely"],["Extra","An actor in the background with no lines"],["Clapperboard","A board snapped at the start of a take to match sound and picture"],["Take","One try of filming a shot"],["Scene (film)","A part of the story in one place and time"],["Action!","What the director says to start filming"],["Cut! (director's call)","What the director says to stop filming"],["Wrap","The end of filming"],["Special effects","Tricks made during filming, like explosions or makeup"],["Visual effects (VFX)","Images added using computers after filming"],["CGI","Computer-generated imagery"],["Green screen","A green background replaced by another image after filming"],["Animation","Making still drawings or models appear to move"],["Stop motion","Photographing objects frame by frame as they are moved a little"],["Trailer","A short preview of a film"],["Genre","A type of film, such as comedy or adventure"],["Documentary","A film about real people and events"],["Premiere","The first public showing of a film"],["Oscars (Academy Awards)","Annual awards for achievements in film, first given in 1929"],["Silent film","A film with no recorded dialogue, popular until the late 1920s"],["The Jazz Singer","1927 film often called the first feature with synchronized talking"],["The Wizard of Oz (1939)","A famous early Technicolor film"],["Walt Disney","Founder of an animation studio; Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs came out in 1937"],["Toy Story (1995)","The first full-length computer-animated feature film"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-bass-clef-notes","id":"music-bass-clef-notes","title":"Bass Clef: Lines and Spaces","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Name the notes on the bass clef staff and learn how it relates to the treble clef.","tags":["bass clef","staff","note names"],"frontLabel":"Position","backLabel":"Note","cards":[["Bass clef: bottom line (line 1)","G"],["Bass clef: line 2","B"],["Bass clef: line 3 (middle)","D"],["Bass clef: line 4","F"],["Bass clef: top line (line 5)","A"],["Bass clef: first space (bottom)","A"],["Bass clef: second space","C"],["Bass clef: third space","E"],["Bass clef: fourth space (top)","G"],["Bass clef: space above the top line","B"],["Bass clef: space below the bottom line","F"],["Bass clef: first ledger line above the staff","C (middle C)"],["Bass clef: line below the staff (first ledger line)","E"],["Bass clef lines, bottom to top","G B D F A","Good Boys Do Fine Always"],["Bass clef spaces, bottom to top","A C E G","All Cows Eat Grass"],["Another name for the bass clef","F clef","Its two dots surround the F line"],["The bass clef's two dots surround which line?","The fourth line, F"],["Which instruments commonly read bass clef?","Cello, bassoon, trombone, tuba, and the left hand of the piano"],["Bass clef: where is middle C?","On the first ledger line above the staff"],["Bass clef is used for which pitch range?","Lower notes"],["Bass clef: the note A on the staff, two places","Top line and first space"],["Bass clef: the note G on the staff, two places","Bottom line and top space"],["Bass clef: the note B on the staff","Second line"],["Bass clef: the note C on the staff","Second space"],["Bass clef: the note D on the staff","Middle line"],["Bass clef: the note E on the staff","Third space"],["Bass clef: the note F on the staff","Fourth line"],["Bass clef: highest staff line note","A"],["Bass clef: lowest staff line note","G"],["Bass clef: highest space note","G"],["Bass clef: lowest space note","A"],["Same lines, different clef: treble line 1 is E. What is bass line 1?","G"],["Bass clef: note between lines 1 and 2","A"],["Bass clef: note between lines 2 and 3","C"],["Bass clef: note between lines 3 and 4","E"],["Bass clef: note between lines 4 and 5","G"],["What is the grand staff?","A treble staff and bass staff joined by a brace, used for piano"],["On the grand staff, which note sits between the two staves?","Middle C"],["Which hand usually plays the bass clef on piano?","The left hand"],["Which hand usually plays the treble clef on piano?","The right hand"],["What is the brace?","The curly bracket joining the two staves of the grand staff"],["Bass clef: note one step above A (top line)","B, in the space above the staff"],["Bass clef: note one step below G (bottom line)","F, in the space below the staff"],["Bass clef: second ledger line below the staff","C"],["Bass clef: two lines below the staff are...","E (first ledger line) and C (second ledger line)"],["Bass clef: second ledger line above the staff","E"],["Bass clef: the A in the first space is how many steps from the A on the top line?","Seven steps, one octave apart"],["Bass clef: which note is the same pitch as treble clef's first ledger line below?","Middle C, written above the bass staff"],["Which clef sign looks like a fancy backwards C with two dots?","The bass clef"],["Which clef is also called the G clef?","The treble clef"],["True or false: bass clef lines and treble clef lines have the same names.","False. Bass lines are G B D F A; treble lines are E G B D F"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-composers-and-works","id":"music-composers-and-works","title":"Composers and Famous Works","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Great composers, when and where they lived, and well-known pieces.","tags":["composers","classical","works"],"frontLabel":"Work or clue","backLabel":"Composer","cards":[["The Four Seasons","Antonio Vivaldi","Baroque violin concertos"],["Brandenburg Concertos","Johann Sebastian Bach"],["Toccata and Fugue in D minor","Johann Sebastian Bach","Organ work"],["Messiah","George Frideric Handel","Includes the Hallelujah chorus"],["Water Music","George Frideric Handel"],["The Surprise Symphony (No. 94)","Joseph Haydn","Has a sudden loud chord"],["The Magic Flute","Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","An opera"],["Eine kleine Nachtmusik","Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"],["The Marriage of Figaro","Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","An opera"],["Symphony No. 5 (da-da-da-DUM)","Ludwig van Beethoven"],["Ode to Joy (Symphony No. 9)","Ludwig van Beethoven"],["Moonlight Sonata","Ludwig van Beethoven","Piano sonata"],["Fur Elise","Ludwig van Beethoven"],["Trout Quintet","Franz Schubert"],["Ave Maria (famous setting)","Franz Schubert"],["Hungarian Dances","Johannes Brahms"],["Brahms's Lullaby","Johannes Brahms"],["Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2","Franz Liszt"],["Minute Waltz","Frederic Chopin","Piano"],["Nocturnes for piano","Frederic Chopin"],["The Blue Danube","Johann Strauss II","Waltz"],["Carnival of the Animals","Camille Saint-Saens"],["Danse Macabre","Camille Saint-Saens"],["Peer Gynt Suite","Edvard Grieg","Includes In the Hall of the Mountain King"],["Symphony from the New World","Antonin Dvorak"],["The Nutcracker","Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","Ballet"],["Swan Lake","Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","Ballet"],["The Sleeping Beauty","Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","Ballet"],["1812 Overture","Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","Has cannon fire"],["Pictures at an Exhibition","Modest Mussorgsky","Later orchestrated by Ravel"],["Flight of the Bumblebee","Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov"],["Scheherazade","Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov"],["Boléro","Maurice Ravel"],["Clair de lune","Claude Debussy","Piano"],["La mer","Claude Debussy","Orchestral sea pictures"],["Gymnopedies","Erik Satie"],["The Planets","Gustav Holst"],["The Rite of Spring","Igor Stravinsky","Ballet"],["The Firebird","Igor Stravinsky","Ballet"],["Peter and the Wolf","Sergei Prokofiev","Instruments tell a story"],["Romeo and Juliet ballet","Sergei Prokofiev"],["Rhapsody in Blue","George Gershwin"],["An American in Paris","George Gershwin"],["Appalachian Spring","Aaron Copland","Ballet"],["Fanfare for the Common Man","Aaron Copland"],["Stars and Stripes Forever","John Philip Sousa","March"],["Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra","Benjamin Britten"],["West Side Story music","Leonard Bernstein"],["Star Wars theme","John Williams"],["Carmen","Georges Bizet","Opera"],["La Traviata","Giuseppe Verdi","Opera"],["Aida","Giuseppe Verdi","Opera"],["The Barber of Seville","Gioachino Rossini","Opera"],["William Tell Overture","Gioachino Rossini"],["La Boheme","Giacomo Puccini","Opera"],["The Ring Cycle","Richard Wagner","Four operas"],["Ride of the Valkyries","Richard Wagner"],["Also sprach Zarathustra","Richard Strauss","Used in 2001: A Space Odyssey"],["Finlandia","Jean Sibelius"],["The Sorcerer's Apprentice","Paul Dukas"],["Canon in D","Johann Pachelbel"],["Ballet Rodeo","Aaron Copland"],["Slavonic Dances","Antonin Dvorak"],["Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1","Edward Elgar"],["Lullaby (Wiegenlied)","Johannes Brahms"],["Prelude in C major (Well-Tempered Clavier)","Johann Sebastian Bach"],["Bolero was written by this French composer","Maurice Ravel"],["Rodeo's Hoe-Down is by this American","Aaron Copland"],["Oh Fortuna (Carmina Burana)","Carl Orff"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-dynamics-tempo-italian","id":"music-dynamics-tempo-italian","title":"Dynamics and Tempo Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Italian words and abbreviations that tell musicians how loud, how fast and how to play.","tags":["dynamics","tempo","Italian terms"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Piano (p)","Soft"],["Pianissimo (pp)","Very soft"],["Pianississimo (ppp)","As soft as possible"],["Mezzo piano (mp)","Medium soft"],["Mezzo forte (mf)","Medium loud"],["Forte (f)","Loud"],["Fortissimo (ff)","Very loud"],["Fortississimo (fff)","As loud as possible"],["Sforzando (sfz)","A sudden strong accent"],["Crescendo","Gradually getting louder"],["Decrescendo","Gradually getting softer"],["Diminuendo","Gradually getting softer"],["Subito","Suddenly"],["Fortepiano (fp)","Loud then immediately soft"],["Largo","Very slow and broad"],["Lento","Slow"],["Adagio","Slow and at ease"],["Andante","At a walking pace"],["Moderato","At a moderate speed"],["Allegretto","Fairly fast, a little slower than allegro"],["Allegro","Fast and lively"],["Vivace","Lively and fast"],["Presto","Very fast"],["Prestissimo","As fast as possible"],["Accelerando","Gradually getting faster"],["Ritardando (rit.)","Gradually getting slower"],["Rallentando","Gradually slowing down"],["Ritenuto","Immediately slower"],["A tempo","Return to the original speed"],["Rubato","Flexible tempo, speeding up and slowing down expressively"],["Tempo primo","Return to the first tempo"],["Legato","Smooth and connected"],["Staccato","Short and detached"],["Marcato","Marked, with emphasis"],["Tenuto","Held for its full value"],["Pizzicato","Plucked with the finger on a string instrument"],["Arco","Played with the bow"],["Cantabile","In a singing style"],["Dolce","Sweetly"],["Espressivo","With expression"],["Maestoso","Majestically"],["Grazioso","Gracefully"],["Giocoso","Playfully"],["Scherzando","Playfully, jokingly"],["Agitato","Agitated, restless"],["Con brio","With spirit"],["Con fuoco","With fire"],["Sostenuto","Sustained"],["Poco","A little"],["Molto","Very, much"],["Meno","Less"],["Più","More"],["Poco a poco","Little by little"],["Sempre","Always"],["Assai","Very"],["Non troppo","Not too much"],["Tutti","All performers together"],["Solo","One performer alone"],["Da capo (D.C.)","Go back to the beginning"],["Dal segno (D.S.)","Go back to the sign"],["Fine","The end"],["Coda","An ending section"],["Tacet","Be silent"],["Mezzo","Half or medium"],["Alla breve","Cut time, two beats in a measure"],["Metronome","A device that clicks a steady beat"],["BPM","Beats per minute"],["Con sordino","With a mute"],["Senza","Without"],["Morendo","Dying away"],["Calando","Growing softer and slower"],["Animato","Animated, with life"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-history-eras","id":"music-history-eras","title":"Eras of Western Music","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music History","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The main periods of classical music, their dates, traits and key composers.","tags":["music history","eras","classical"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Medieval period dates (music)","About 500 to 1400"],["Renaissance period dates (music)","About 1400 to 1600"],["Baroque period dates (music)","About 1600 to 1750"],["Classical period dates (music)","About 1750 to 1820"],["Romantic period dates (music)","About 1820 to 1900"],["20th-century period (music)","About 1900 to 2000, with many new styles"],["Gregorian chant","Unaccompanied sacred song with a single melody, from the Medieval era"],["Monophony","One melodic line with no accompaniment"],["Polyphony","Several independent melodies at once"],["Homophony","A main melody with chordal accompaniment"],["Hildegard of Bingen","Medieval composer and abbess, 1098 to 1179"],["Guido of Arezzo","Medieval monk who helped develop staff notation and do-re-mi"],["Madrigal","Renaissance song for several voices, often about love or nature"],["Palestrina","Renaissance Italian master of church choral music"],["Josquin des Prez","Renaissance composer from the Franco-Flemish region"],["William Byrd","English Renaissance composer"],["Printing press and music","Made printed sheet music possible in the Renaissance"],["Characteristics of Baroque music","Ornamentation, strong bass line, terraced dynamics, counterpoint"],["Basso continuo","A bass line with chords, played by harpsichord and cello in Baroque music"],["Fugue","A piece where a theme enters one voice at a time and is imitated"],["Counterpoint","The art of combining independent melodies"],["Opera","A drama sung with orchestra, first developed around 1600"],["Oratorio","A large choral work with soloists and orchestra, without staging"],["Concerto","A work for a solo instrument and orchestra"],["Johann Sebastian Bach","Baroque German master, 1685 to 1750"],["George Frideric Handel","Baroque composer born in Germany, worked in England, 1685 to 1759"],["Antonio Vivaldi","Baroque Venetian composer, 1678 to 1741"],["Characteristics of Classical music","Balance, clarity, simple melodies, clear forms"],["Sonata form","A structure with exposition, development and recapitulation"],["Symphony","A large orchestral work usually in four movements"],["String quartet","A piece for two violins, viola and cello"],["Joseph Haydn","Classical composer, called the father of the symphony, 1732 to 1809"],["Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","Classical composer, 1756 to 1791, born in Salzburg"],["Ludwig van Beethoven","Bridge between Classical and Romantic, 1770 to 1827"],["Characteristics of Romantic music","Strong emotion, big orchestras, program music, nationalism"],["Program music","Instrumental music that tells a story or paints a picture"],["Nationalism in music","Using folk songs and traditions of a composer's homeland"],["Frederic Chopin","Romantic Polish pianist and composer, 1810 to 1849"],["Franz Schubert","Romantic composer famous for hundreds of art songs"],["Pyotr Tchaikovsky","Romantic Russian composer, 1840 to 1893"],["Johannes Brahms","Romantic German composer, 1833 to 1897"],["Impressionism in music","Music of mood and color using unusual scales, led by Debussy"],["Claude Debussy","French composer linked with Impressionism"],["Atonal music","Music not centered on a key"],["Arnold Schoenberg","Composer who developed twelve-tone music"],["Minimalism","Music built from simple patterns repeated and slowly changed"],["Philip Glass","American minimalist composer"],["Neoclassicism","20th-century return to Classical balance and form"],["Igor Stravinsky","Russian-born composer of The Rite of Spring, 1882 to 1971"],["Aaron Copland","American composer who used folk tunes, 1900 to 1990"],["Electronic music","Music created using synthesizers and electronic sound"],["Musique concrete","Music assembled from recorded real-world sounds"],["John Cage","American composer known for 4'33\" of silence"],["Clara Schumann","Romantic pianist and composer, 1819 to 1896"],["Fanny Mendelssohn","Romantic German composer and pianist, 1805 to 1847"],["Florence Price","American composer, first Black woman to have a symphony played by a major orchestra, 1933"],["Harpsichord vs piano","Harpsichord plucks strings; piano hammers strike them and can play soft or loud"],["Pianoforte","The original name of the piano, meaning soft-loud"],["Absolute music","Music with no story or picture, enjoyed for its own sake"],["Era known for virtuoso performers like Liszt and Paganini","Romantic"],["Era in which the orchestra grew and the piano became popular in homes","Romantic"],["Era when the harpsichord and organ were common keyboard instruments","Baroque"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-instrument-families","id":"music-instrument-families","title":"Instruments by Family","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Which orchestra family each instrument belongs to and how it makes sound.","tags":["instruments","orchestra","families"],"frontLabel":"Instrument","backLabel":"Family","cards":[["Violin","Strings","The smallest and highest of the bowed strings"],["Viola","Strings"],["Cello","Strings"],["Double bass","Strings","The largest and lowest string instrument"],["Harp","Strings","Plucked, with 47 strings on a concert harp"],["Guitar","Strings (plucked)"],["Banjo","Strings (plucked)"],["Ukulele","Strings (plucked)"],["Mandolin","Strings (plucked)"],["Flute","Woodwind"],["Piccolo","Woodwind","A small flute that sounds higher"],["Oboe","Woodwind (double reed)"],["English horn","Woodwind (double reed)","Neither English nor a horn"],["Clarinet","Woodwind (single reed)"],["Bassoon","Woodwind (double reed)"],["Contrabassoon","Woodwind (double reed)","Lowest orchestral woodwind"],["Saxophone","Woodwind (single reed)","Made of brass but played with a reed"],["Recorder","Woodwind (fipple flute)"],["Trumpet","Brass"],["Trombone","Brass","Uses a slide"],["French horn","Brass"],["Tuba","Brass","The lowest brass instrument"],["Cornet","Brass"],["Euphonium","Brass"],["Bugle","Brass"],["Snare drum","Percussion"],["Bass drum","Percussion"],["Timpani","Percussion","Kettle drums that can be tuned"],["Cymbals","Percussion"],["Triangle","Percussion"],["Tambourine","Percussion"],["Xylophone","Percussion (tuned wooden bars)"],["Marimba","Percussion (tuned wooden bars)"],["Glockenspiel","Percussion (tuned metal bars)"],["Vibraphone","Percussion (tuned metal bars with motors)"],["Maracas","Percussion"],["Castanets","Percussion"],["Gong","Percussion"],["Tubular bells","Percussion"],["Piano","Keyboard (struck strings)","Sometimes counted with percussion"],["Organ","Keyboard (pipes or electronic)"],["Harpsichord","Keyboard (plucked strings)"],["Celesta","Keyboard (hammers hit metal plates)"],["Synthesizer","Electronic keyboard"],["Which family makes sound by bowing, plucking or strumming strings?","Strings"],["Which family makes sound by blowing across or into a reed or opening?","Woodwinds"],["Which family makes sound by buzzing lips into a mouthpiece?","Brass"],["Which family makes sound by striking, shaking or scraping?","Percussion"],["How many instrument families are in a standard orchestra?","Four: strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion"],["Which string instrument is played while standing and is the biggest?","Double bass"],["Which brass instrument has a slide?","Trombone"],["Which woodwind has no reed?","Flute"],["What makes a woodwind's sound?","Air vibrating across an edge or reed"],["Bagpipes","Woodwind (reed pipes with an air bag)"],["Harmonica","Free reed instrument"],["Accordion","Free reed instrument with bellows"],["Didgeridoo","Wind instrument from Aboriginal Australia"],["Sitar","Plucked string instrument from India"],["Steel drum","Percussion from Trinidad and Tobago"],["Koto","Plucked string instrument from Japan"],["Djembe","Hand drum from West Africa"],["Bongos","Pair of small hand drums"],["Pan flute","Wind instrument made of tubes of different lengths"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-intervals-chords-scales","id":"music-intervals-chords-scales","title":"Intervals, Chords and Scales","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Interval names, chord types and scale patterns in Western music.","tags":["intervals","chords","scales"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Interval","The distance between two pitches"],["Half step","The smallest distance on a piano, one key to the very next key"],["Whole step","Two half steps"],["Unison (perfect 1st)","Two notes on the same pitch"],["Major 2nd","Two half steps","C up to D"],["Major 3rd","Four half steps","C up to E"],["Minor 3rd","Three half steps","C up to Eb"],["Perfect 4th","Five half steps","C up to F"],["Tritone (augmented 4th)","Six half steps","C up to F#"],["Perfect 5th","Seven half steps","C up to G"],["Minor 6th","Eight half steps","C up to Ab"],["Major 6th","Nine half steps","C up to A"],["Minor 7th","Ten half steps","C up to Bb"],["Major 7th","Eleven half steps","C up to B"],["Perfect octave","Twelve half steps, same note name at a higher pitch"],["Minor 2nd","One half step","C up to Db"],["Consonance","Intervals that sound stable and pleasant"],["Dissonance","Intervals that sound tense and want to resolve"],["Major scale pattern","W W H W W W H","Whole and half steps"],["Natural minor scale pattern","W H W W H W W"],["Harmonic minor scale","Natural minor with a raised 7th"],["Melodic minor scale (ascending)","Natural minor with raised 6th and 7th"],["Chromatic scale","All twelve half steps in an octave"],["Pentatonic scale","A five-note scale"],["Whole tone scale","A six-note scale made only of whole steps"],["Blues scale","A minor pentatonic scale with an added flat fifth"],["Scale degree 1","Tonic"],["Scale degree 2","Supertonic"],["Scale degree 3","Mediant"],["Scale degree 4","Subdominant"],["Scale degree 5","Dominant"],["Scale degree 6","Submediant"],["Scale degree 7","Leading tone"],["Octave","Interval where the higher note vibrates at twice the frequency"],["Chord","Three or more notes sounded together"],["Triad","A three-note chord built from stacked thirds"],["Root","The note a chord is named for and built on"],["Major triad","Root, major third, perfect fifth","C E G"],["Minor triad","Root, minor third, perfect fifth","C Eb G"],["Diminished triad","Root, minor third, diminished fifth","C Eb Gb"],["Augmented triad","Root, major third, augmented fifth","C E G#"],["Dominant seventh chord","A major triad plus a minor seventh","G B D F"],["Major seventh chord","A major triad plus a major seventh","C E G B"],["Minor seventh chord","A minor triad plus a minor seventh","C Eb G Bb"],["Suspended 4th (sus4)","Chord with the third replaced by the fourth","C F G"],["First inversion","A chord with its third in the bass"],["Second inversion","A chord with its fifth in the bass"],["Root position","A chord with its root in the bass"],["Arpeggio","The notes of a chord played one after another"],["Chord progression","A series of chords played in order"],["I chord","Tonic chord, built on the first scale degree"],["V chord","Dominant chord, built on the fifth scale degree"],["IV chord","Subdominant chord, built on the fourth scale degree"],["I-IV-V","A very common progression of chords in rock, folk and blues"],["Twelve-bar blues","A 12-measure chord pattern built on I, IV and V"],["Cadence","A chord pair that ends a musical phrase"],["Authentic cadence","V chord to I chord"],["Plagal cadence","IV chord to I chord","The Amen cadence"],["C major triad notes","C E G"],["G major triad notes","G B D"],["F major triad notes","F A C"],["A minor triad notes","A C E"],["D minor triad notes","D F A"],["C major scale notes","C D E F G A B C"],["G major scale notes","G A B C D E F# G"],["F major scale notes","F G A Bb C D E F"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-jazz-rock-pop-history","id":"music-jazz-rock-pop-history","title":"Jazz, Rock and Pop History","category":"arts-music","subject":"Popular Music","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Key styles, artists and moments in American and world popular music.","tags":["jazz","rock","pop","blues","history"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Where did jazz begin?","New Orleans, Louisiana, in the early 1900s"],["Improvisation","Making up music on the spot, a heart of jazz"],["Swing","A jazz style with a bouncy rhythm, popular in the 1930s and 1940s"],["Bebop","Fast, complex jazz of the 1940s"],["Cool jazz","A calmer, smoother jazz style of the 1950s"],["Louis Armstrong","Trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, a jazz pioneer"],["Duke Ellington","Pianist and bandleader who wrote Take the A Train"],["Ella Fitzgerald","Singer known as the First Lady of Song, famed for scat singing"],["Scat singing","Singing nonsense syllables as an instrument"],["Miles Davis","Trumpeter who recorded Kind of Blue in 1959"],["John Coltrane","Saxophonist who recorded A Love Supreme"],["Dizzy Gillespie","Trumpeter with a bent horn who helped create bebop"],["Charlie Parker","Saxophonist nicknamed Bird, a founder of bebop"],["Thelonious Monk","Jazz pianist and composer known for unusual rhythm and harmony"],["Count Basie","Pianist and bandleader of a famous swing orchestra"],["Billie Holiday","Jazz singer nicknamed Lady Day"],["Dave Brubeck","Pianist known for Take Five in 5/4 time"],["Blues","A style rooted in African American communities of the Deep South, often 12 bars"],["Delta blues","Early blues from the Mississippi Delta region"],["B.B. King","Blues guitarist who named his guitar Lucille"],["Muddy Waters","Chicago blues pioneer"],["Gospel music","Religious songs with powerful singing and a strong beat"],["Ragtime","Syncopated piano style of the 1890s and early 1900s, led by Scott Joplin"],["Scott Joplin","Composer of The Entertainer and Maple Leaf Rag"],["Country music","Style from the American South with stories, guitar and fiddle; Nashville is a hub"],["Grand Ole Opry","Famous country music radio show in Nashville"],["Johnny Cash","Country singer called the Man in Black"],["Dolly Parton","Country singer and songwriter who wrote I Will Always Love You"],["Rock and roll","Style born in the 1950s from blues, country and gospel"],["Elvis Presley","Rock and roll star from Memphis nicknamed the King"],["Chuck Berry","Rock and roll guitarist famous for Johnny B. Goode and duck walk"],["Little Richard","Rock and roll pianist and singer of Tutti Frutti"],["Buddy Holly","Rock and roll singer-songwriter from Lubbock, Texas"],["The Beatles","British band from Liverpool: John, Paul, George and Ringo"],["The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show","1964, watched by about 73 million Americans"],["The Rolling Stones","British rock band formed in London in 1962"],["Motown","Detroit record label founded in 1959 by Berry Gordy"],["Stevie Wonder","Motown singer and musician who started recording as a child"],["Aretha Franklin","Soul singer called the Queen of Soul"],["James Brown","Soul performer called the Godfather of Soul and a pioneer of funk"],["Folk revival","1960s movement of acoustic songs about life and justice"],["Bob Dylan","Folk and rock songwriter who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016"],["Woodstock","1969 music festival in New York with about 400,000 people"],["Jimi Hendrix","Electric guitar legend who played Woodstock in 1969"],["Led Zeppelin","British hard rock band formed in 1968"],["Pink Floyd","British band known for the album The Dark Side of the Moon"],["Queen","British band led by Freddie Mercury, singers of Bohemian Rhapsody"],["Disco","Dance music of the 1970s"],["Punk rock","Fast, short, raw rock from the mid-1970s"],["Hip-hop","Culture born in the Bronx, New York, in the 1970s: rapping, DJing, breakdancing, graffiti"],["DJ Kool Herc","Early hip-hop pioneer who hosted Bronx parties in 1973"],["MTV","Music video channel launched in 1981"],["Michael Jackson","Pop star whose album Thriller was released in 1982"],["Madonna","Pop singer who rose to fame in the 1980s"],["Whitney Houston","Pop and R&B singer of the 1980s and 90s"],["Prince","Minneapolis musician known for Purple Rain"],["Grunge","1990s rock style from Seattle, including Nirvana"],["Nirvana","Seattle grunge band formed in 1987"],["Napster","Music file-sharing service launched in 1999"],["iTunes Store","Apple's music store opened in 2003"],["Streaming","Playing music over the internet without owning the files"],["Electric guitar","Guitar using pickups and an amplifier, key to rock music"],["Synthesizer","Electronic instrument that makes sounds with circuits, popular from the 1970s"],["Taylor Swift","Pop and country singer-songwriter from Pennsylvania who released her first album in 2006"],["Reggae","Jamaican style with offbeat rhythm, made famous by Bob Marley"],["Bob Marley","Jamaican reggae star"],["K-pop","Pop music from South Korea"],["Latin pop","Pop with Spanish language and Latin rhythms"],["Salsa","Latin dance music with roots in Cuba and Puerto Rico"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-key-signatures","id":"music-key-signatures","title":"Key Signatures","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Major and minor keys with their sharps and flats, and tricks for finding them.","tags":["key signature","sharps","flats","circle of fifths"],"frontLabel":"Key","backLabel":"Signature","cards":[["C major","No sharps or flats"],["G major","1 sharp: F#"],["D major","2 sharps: F#, C#"],["A major","3 sharps: F#, C#, G#"],["E major","4 sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#"],["B major","5 sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#"],["F# major","6 sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, E#"],["C# major","7 sharps"],["F major","1 flat: Bb"],["Bb major","2 flats: Bb, Eb"],["Eb major","3 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab"],["Ab major","4 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db"],["Db major","5 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb"],["Gb major","6 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb"],["Cb major","7 flats"],["A minor","No sharps or flats","Relative minor of C major"],["E minor","1 sharp: F#"],["B minor","2 sharps"],["F# minor","3 sharps"],["C# minor","4 sharps"],["G# minor","5 sharps"],["D minor","1 flat: Bb"],["G minor","2 flats"],["C minor","3 flats"],["F minor","4 flats"],["Bb minor","5 flats"],["Order of sharps","F C G D A E B","Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle"],["Order of flats","B E A D G C F","Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father"],["Trick for sharp keys","The last sharp is the note just below the tonic (do) of the major key"],["Trick for flat keys","The second-to-last flat is the name of the major key"],["Why is F major the exception to the flat-key trick?","It has only one flat, so you simply have to remember it"],["Relative minor","The minor key sharing a key signature with a major key, three half steps below its tonic"],["Relative major of A minor","C major"],["Relative major of E minor","G major"],["Relative major of D minor","F major"],["Relative major of B minor","D major"],["Relative major of G minor","Bb major"],["Relative minor of D major","B minor"],["Relative minor of F major","D minor"],["Relative minor of Bb major","G minor"],["Relative minor of Eb major","C minor"],["Relative minor of A major","F# minor"],["Parallel key","A major and minor key with the same tonic, such as C major and C minor"],["Circle of fifths","A diagram placing keys a fifth apart, adding one sharp or flat each step"],["Going clockwise on the circle of fifths","Add one sharp (or remove one flat)"],["Going counter-clockwise on the circle of fifths","Add one flat (or remove one sharp)"],["Enharmonic keys","Keys that sound the same but are spelled differently, like F# major and Gb major"],["Which keys have no key signature?","C major and A minor"],["Where is the key signature written?","Right after the clef at the start of each staff"],["Tonic","The home note of a key"],["Key signature of Gb major equals which sharp key?","F# major (enharmonic)"],["Number of sharps in G major","One"],["Number of flats in Eb major","Three"],["Number of sharps in E major","Four"],["Number of flats in Ab major","Four"],["Which sharp is added first in sharp keys?","F#"],["Which flat is added first in flat keys?","Bb"],["Which key has C# as its last sharp?","D major"],["Which key has F# as its last sharp?","G major"],["Which key has G# as its last sharp?","A major"],["Which key has A# as its last sharp?","B major"],["Which key has D# as its last sharp?","E major"],["Which key has Eb as its second flat?","Bb major"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-note-rest-values","id":"music-note-rest-values","title":"Note and Rest Values","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Rhythm values: how many beats each note and rest gets in 4/4 time.","tags":["rhythm","notes","rests","beats"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Whole note","Four beats in 4/4 time","An open oval with no stem"],["Half note","Two beats","An open oval with a stem"],["Quarter note","One beat","A filled-in oval with a stem"],["Eighth note","Half a beat","A filled oval with a stem and one flag"],["Sixteenth note","A quarter of a beat","A stem with two flags"],["Thirty-second note","An eighth of a beat","A stem with three flags"],["Whole rest","Silence for a whole measure of 4/4 (four beats)","Hangs below the line"],["Half rest","Two beats of silence","Sits on top of the line like a hat"],["Quarter rest","One beat of silence","A squiggly zigzag shape"],["Eighth rest","Half a beat of silence","Looks like a slanted 7"],["Sixteenth rest","A quarter of a beat of silence"],["Dotted half note","Three beats"],["Dotted quarter note","One and a half beats"],["Dotted eighth note","Three quarters of a beat"],["Dotted whole note","Six beats"],["What does a dot after a note do?","Adds half of the note's value"],["What does a tie do?","Joins two notes of the same pitch into one longer sound"],["What does a slur do?","Connects different notes to be played smoothly"],["How many quarter notes equal a whole note?","Four"],["How many half notes equal a whole note?","Two"],["How many eighth notes equal a quarter note?","Two"],["How many sixteenth notes equal a quarter note?","Four"],["How many eighth notes equal a whole note?","Eight"],["How many sixteenth notes equal a half note?","Eight"],["How many quarter notes equal a half note?","Two"],["How many sixteenth notes equal an eighth note?","Two"],["What is a beam?","A thick line joining the flags of two or more eighth or shorter notes"],["Triplet","Three notes played in the time of two of the same type"],["Syncopation","Stressing the off-beats or weak beats"],["Fermata","A symbol meaning hold the note or rest longer than written"],["Time signature","Two numbers at the start telling beats per measure and which note gets the beat"],["Top number of a time signature","How many beats are in each measure"],["Bottom number of a time signature","Which note value gets one beat"],["4/4 time","Four beats per measure, quarter note gets the beat","Also called common time"],["3/4 time","Three beats per measure, quarter note gets the beat","Waltz time"],["2/4 time","Two beats per measure, quarter note gets the beat","March time"],["6/8 time","Six beats per measure, eighth note gets the beat, often felt in two groups of three"],["Common time symbol","A C, standing for 4/4"],["Cut time symbol","A C with a vertical line, standing for 2/2"],["Measure (bar)","One section of music holding a set number of beats"],["Bar line","A vertical line dividing measures"],["Double bar line","Two vertical lines marking a new section"],["Final bar line","A thin line and a thick line marking the end of a piece"],["Beat","The steady pulse of the music"],["Tempo","The speed of the beat"],["Rhythm","The pattern of long and short sounds"],["Meter","The way beats are grouped into measures"],["Anacrusis (pickup)","One or more notes before the first full measure"],["Rest","A symbol for silence"],["Stem direction rule","Notes below the middle line have stems up; middle line and above have stems down"],["Repeat sign","Two dots by a double bar telling the player to repeat a section"],["Quarter note value in 2/2 time","Half a beat"],["Half note value in 2/2 time","One beat"],["Whole note value in 2/2 time","Two beats"],["Eighth rest value in 4/4","Half a beat"],["Half rest plus quarter rest plus quarter rest in 4/4","One full measure of silence (4 beats)"],["Two dotted quarter notes","Three beats total"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-solfege-piano-keys","id":"music-solfege-piano-keys","title":"Solfege, Piano Keys and Pitch","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Do-re-mi, the keyboard layout, the musical alphabet and sound basics.","tags":["solfege","piano","keyboard","pitch"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Solfege syllable for the 1st note of the major scale","Do"],["Solfege syllable for the 2nd note","Re"],["Solfege syllable for the 3rd note","Mi"],["Solfege syllable for the 4th note","Fa"],["Solfege syllable for the 5th note","Sol"],["Solfege syllable for the 6th note","La"],["Solfege syllable for the 7th note","Ti"],["Solfege syllable for the 8th note","Do (higher)"],["Do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do","The solfege syllables for a major scale"],["Which song teaches solfege?","Do-Re-Mi from The Sound of Music"],["Fixed Do","Do is always the note C"],["Movable Do","Do is the tonic of whatever key you are in"],["Hand signs for solfege","Hand shapes that show each syllable, developed by John Curwen"],["Musical alphabet","A B C D E F G, then it repeats"],["How many white keys in an octave?","Seven"],["How many black keys in an octave?","Five"],["How many keys in an octave total?","Twelve"],["How many keys on a standard piano?","88"],["Black keys come in groups of...","Twos and threes"],["C is the white key just left of...","The group of two black keys"],["F is the white key just left of...","The group of three black keys"],["Where is middle C?","Near the center of the keyboard, left of the two black keys"],["Which white keys have no black key between them?","B and C, and E and F"],["Why are there half steps between E and F and B and C?","Those white keys are next to each other with no black key between"],["Sharp on the piano","The key to the right"],["Flat on the piano","The key to the left"],["C sharp equals which flat?","D flat"],["Enharmonic notes","Two names for one pitch, like F# and Gb"],["Pitch","How high or low a note sounds"],["High pitch","Fast vibrations"],["Low pitch","Slow vibrations"],["Frequency","How many vibrations happen per second, measured in hertz"],["Hertz (Hz)","One vibration per second"],["A above middle C","440 Hz, the standard tuning note"],["Tuning fork","A metal fork that makes a steady pitch when struck"],["Octave","Same note name, 12 half steps away, twice the frequency"],["Soprano range","About middle C up two octaves"],["Pitch of a short string vs a long string","Shorter string sounds higher"],["Pitch of a thin string vs a thick string","Thinner string sounds higher"],["Volume","How loud a sound is"],["Timbre","What makes a flute sound different from a trumpet on the same note"],["Sustain pedal","The right piano pedal that lets notes keep ringing"],["Soft pedal (una corda)","The left piano pedal that makes the sound softer"],["Hammers","Parts of a piano that strike the strings"],["Grand piano","A piano with horizontal strings and a lid"],["Upright piano","A piano with strings that stand vertically"],["Keyboard","The row of keys on a piano or synthesizer"],["Chromatic","Moving by half steps"],["Diatonic","Using the notes of one major or minor scale"],["Treble","The higher range"],["Bass (range)","The lowest range"],["Perfect pitch (absolute pitch)","The rare ability to name a note without a reference"],["Relative pitch","Knowing notes by comparing them with other notes"],["Fingering on piano","Thumb is finger 1, pinky is finger 5"],["Middle C finger on right hand","Thumb (finger 1) in C position"],["Octave sign 8va","Play an octave higher"],["Black key group of three","F#/Gb, G#/Ab, A#/Bb"],["Black key group of two","C#/Db, D#/Eb"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-symbols","id":"music-symbols","title":"Music Symbols","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"What the marks and signs on a page of sheet music tell you to do.","tags":["symbols","notation","sheet music"],"frontLabel":"Symbol","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Treble clef","Marks the G line; used for higher notes"],["Bass clef","Marks the F line; used for lower notes"],["Alto clef","A C clef used by the viola"],["Staff","Five lines and four spaces where notes are written"],["Sharp (#)","Raises a note by a half step"],["Flat (b)","Lowers a note by a half step"],["Natural","Cancels a sharp or flat"],["Double sharp","Raises a note by two half steps (a whole step)"],["Double flat","Lowers a note by two half steps"],["Accidental","A sharp, flat or natural added to a note outside the key signature"],["Key signature","Sharps or flats at the start telling which notes are altered"],["Time signature","Numbers showing beats per measure and the beat note"],["Bar line","Divides music into measures"],["Brace","Joins two staves played together, like piano staves"],["Repeat sign","Play the section again"],["First and second endings","Brackets showing different endings on a repeat"],["Fermata","Hold longer than written"],["Tie","Curved line joining two notes of the same pitch"],["Slur","Curved line over different notes for smooth playing"],["Staccato dot","Play short and detached"],["Accent (>)","Play the note louder or with emphasis"],["Tenuto line","Hold the note for its full value"],["Dotted note","Adds half its value"],["Rest","Silence for a set length"],["Crescendo hairpin","Open wedge shape meaning gradually louder"],["Decrescendo hairpin","Closing wedge shape meaning gradually softer"],["Coda sign","Marks a jump to the ending section"],["Segno sign","Marks a place to return to"],["D.C. al Fine","Go back to the beginning and play to Fine"],["D.S. al Coda","Go back to the sign, then jump to the coda"],["8va","Play an octave higher than written"],["8vb","Play an octave lower than written"],["Trill","Quickly alternate between a note and the one above it"],["Mordent","A quick alternation with the note above or below"],["Grace note","A tiny note played very quickly before the main note"],["Turn","A decoration that circles around a note"],["Glissando","A slide from one note to another"],["Arpeggio sign","A wavy line meaning play the chord notes one after another"],["Tremolo","Rapid repetition of a note or alternation of two notes"],["Pedal marking","Shows when to press and release the piano sustain pedal"],["Ledger line","Short extra line for notes above or below the staff"],["Beam","Joins the flags of several short notes"],["Stem","The vertical line attached to a note head"],["Flag","The curved tail on an eighth or shorter note"],["Note head","The oval part of a note"],["Triplet bracket (3)","Three notes in the time of two"],["Pickup note","A note before the first full measure"],["Final double bar","Marks the end of a piece"],["Chord symbol","Letters above the staff naming the chord, like C or Am"],["Fingering numbers","Numbers showing which finger to use"],["Tempo marking","Words or numbers at the start telling how fast to play"],["Dynamic marking","Letters like p or f telling how loud"],["Breath mark","Shows where a singer or wind player takes a breath"],["Caesura (//)","A short silent break in the music"],["Measure number","A number at the start of a line marking the bar"],["Harmonic (small circle)","Play a string harmonic or a light overtone"],["Down bow","Pull the bow down on a string instrument"],["Up bow","Push the bow up on a string instrument"],["Mute marking","Use a mute on the instrument"],["Simile","Keep playing in the same manner"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-theory-vocabulary","id":"music-theory-vocabulary","title":"Music Vocabulary","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Everyday music words: melody, harmony, rhythm, texture and form.","tags":["vocabulary","melody","harmony","form"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Melody","The tune; a series of notes that makes a musical idea"],["Harmony","Notes sounded together that support the melody"],["Rhythm","Pattern of long and short sounds in time"],["Beat","The steady pulse in music"],["Tempo","The speed of the music"],["Pitch","How high or low a sound is"],["Dynamics","How loud or soft the music is"],["Timbre","The special tone color of a voice or instrument"],["Texture","How many layers of sound are heard at once"],["Form","The structure or plan of a piece"],["Phrase","A musical sentence"],["Motif","A short musical idea that repeats and develops"],["Theme","The main melody of a piece"],["Variation","A changed version of a theme"],["Verse","A part of a song with the same melody but new words"],["Chorus","The repeated part of a song with the same words"],["Bridge","A contrasting section in a song, usually after the second chorus"],["Refrain","A repeated line or section"],["Introduction","The opening section of a piece"],["Coda","A closing section"],["Interlude","A short piece played between sections"],["Ostinato","A short pattern repeated again and again"],["Drone","A long, steady note held under a melody"],["Round","A song in which groups enter one after another with the same melody"],["Canon","Strict imitation of a melody entering at different times"],["Call and response","One voice asks and another answers"],["Unison","Everyone playing or singing the same notes"],["Solo","One performer alone"],["Duet","Two performers"],["Trio","Three performers"],["Quartet","Four performers"],["Quintet","Five performers"],["Ensemble","A group of musicians"],["A cappella","Singing without instruments"],["Orchestra","A large group of string, wind and percussion players"],["Conductor","The person who leads an orchestra or choir"],["Choir","A group of singers"],["Soprano","Highest female voice"],["Alto","Lower female voice"],["Tenor","Higher male voice"],["Bass","Lowest male voice"],["Baritone","Male voice between tenor and bass"],["Mezzo-soprano","Female voice between soprano and alto"],["Binary form","A B form, two contrasting sections"],["Ternary form","A B A form"],["Rondo","A form where the main theme returns between contrasting sections, like A B A C A"],["Theme and variations","A form that changes a theme again and again"],["Movement","A major section of a longer work like a symphony"],["Overture","Orchestral piece that opens an opera, ballet or play"],["Lullaby","A soothing song for sleep"],["March","Music with a strong, steady beat for walking"],["Waltz","A dance in 3/4 time"],["Minuet","A graceful dance in 3/4 time"],["Sonata","A work for one or two instruments"],["Etude","A study piece to practice a skill"],["Prelude","An introductory piece"],["Nocturne","A dreamy piece suggesting night"],["Lieder","German art songs"],["Aria","A solo song in an opera"],["Libretto","The text of an opera"],["Interval","The distance between two pitches"],["Octave","Eight notes apart, the same name higher or lower"],["Tonic","The home note of a key"],["Resolution","Moving from tense notes to rest notes"],["Transpose","Move music into a different key"],["Improvise","Make up music while performing"],["Embouchure","How a player shapes lips and face on a wind instrument"],["Vibrato","A slight, quick wavering of pitch to make a note richer"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-treble-clef-notes","id":"music-treble-clef-notes","title":"Treble Clef: Lines and Spaces","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Name the notes on the lines and spaces of the treble clef staff, plus ledger line notes.","tags":["treble clef","staff","note names"],"frontLabel":"Position","backLabel":"Note","cards":[["Treble clef: bottom line (line 1)","E"],["Treble clef: line 2","G"],["Treble clef: line 3 (middle)","B"],["Treble clef: line 4","D"],["Treble clef: top line (line 5)","F"],["Treble clef: first space (bottom)","F"],["Treble clef: second space","A"],["Treble clef: third space","C"],["Treble clef: fourth space (top)","E"],["Treble clef: space above the top line","G"],["Treble clef: space below the bottom line","D"],["Treble clef: line above the staff (first ledger line)","A"],["Treble clef: second ledger line above","C"],["Treble clef: middle C","On the first ledger line below the staff"],["Treble clef: first ledger line below","C (middle C)"],["Treble clef: second ledger line below","A"],["Treble clef lines, bottom to top","E G B D F","Every Good Boy Does Fine"],["Treble clef spaces, bottom to top","F A C E","It spells FACE"],["Another name for the treble clef","G clef","Its curl circles the G line"],["The treble clef curls around which line?","The second line, G"],["Which instruments commonly read treble clef?","Violin, flute, trumpet, and the right hand of the piano"],["How many lines does a staff have?","Five"],["How many spaces does a staff have?","Four"],["Which way do notes go as pitch gets higher?","Up the staff"],["Are lines numbered from the bottom or the top?","From the bottom"],["What is a ledger line?","A short extra line used for notes above or below the staff"],["Treble clef: note on line 2","G"],["Treble clef: the note E on the staff, two places","Bottom line and top space"],["Treble clef: the note F on the staff, two places","First space and top line"],["Treble clef: the note G on the staff, two places","Second line and space above the top line"],["Treble clef: the note D on the staff, two places","Fourth line and space below the bottom line"],["Treble clef: the note A on the staff","Second space"],["Treble clef: the note B on the staff","Middle line"],["Treble clef: the note C on the staff","Third space"],["Treble clef: note directly above line 3 (B)","C, in the third space"],["Treble clef: note directly below line 1 (E)","D, in the space below the staff"],["Treble clef: the highest staff line note","F"],["Treble clef: lowest staff line note","E"],["Treble clef: note on line 4","D"],["Treble clef: note between lines 2 and 3","A"],["Treble clef: note between lines 3 and 4","C"],["Treble clef: note between lines 4 and 5","E"],["Treble clef: note between lines 1 and 2","F"],["Note one step up from G","A"],["Note one step down from C","B"],["How many note names are used before they repeat?","Seven: A B C D E F G"],["What is the distance between a line note and the next space note?","A second (one step)"],["Which ledger-line C is the same as middle C on piano?","The one just below the treble staff"],["The treble clef is used for which pitch range?","Higher notes"],["Treble clef: octave above middle C is where?","Third space C"],["Treble clef: note on the fifth line","F"],["Treble clef: highest space note","E"],["Treble clef: lowest space note","F"],["What is the note name after G going up?","A again, one octave higher"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-world-instruments","id":"music-world-instruments","title":"Instruments Around the World","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Traditional instruments and where they come from.","tags":["world music","instruments","cultures"],"frontLabel":"Instrument","backLabel":"Where from and what it is","cards":[["Sitar","India; plucked string instrument with a long neck"],["Tabla","India; pair of hand drums"],["Tanpura","India; stringed instrument that plays a steady drone"],["Sarod","India; plucked fretless string instrument"],["Erhu","China; two-stringed bowed instrument"],["Pipa","China; plucked lute with four strings"],["Guzheng","China; long plucked zither"],["Gong","Southeast Asia and China; hanging metal disc struck with a mallet"],["Gamelan","Indonesia; ensemble of tuned gongs and metal instruments"],["Koto","Japan; long zither with 13 strings"],["Shamisen","Japan; three-stringed plucked instrument"],["Shakuhachi","Japan; bamboo flute"],["Taiko","Japan; big drums"],["Gayageum","Korea; plucked zither"],["Didgeridoo","Australia; long wooden wind instrument of Aboriginal peoples"],["Djembe","West Africa; goblet-shaped hand drum"],["Kora","West Africa; 21-stringed instrument with a gourd body"],["Balafon","West Africa; wooden xylophone with gourd resonators"],["Mbira (thumb piano)","Southern Africa; metal tines plucked with thumbs"],["Talking drum","West Africa; hourglass-shaped drum that can imitate speech"],["Shekere","West Africa; gourd with beads around it"],["Oud","Middle East; pear-shaped plucked lute"],["Darbuka","Middle East; goblet drum"],["Ney","Middle East; end-blown reed flute"],["Qanun","Middle East; plucked zither with many strings"],["Bagpipes","Scotland; wind instrument with a bag and drones"],["Uilleann pipes","Ireland; bagpipes played with bellows"],["Bodhran","Ireland; frame drum played with a stick"],["Tin whistle","Ireland; simple six-hole flute"],["Fiddle","Violin used in folk music"],["Accordion","Europe; instrument with bellows and keys or buttons"],["Balalaika","Russia; triangular three-stringed lute"],["Hurdy-gurdy","Europe; string instrument played by turning a crank"],["Alphorn","Switzerland; very long wooden horn"],["Zither","Alps and Europe; flat stringed instrument"],["Bouzouki","Greece; long-necked plucked lute"],["Mandolin","Italy; small plucked instrument with paired strings"],["Castanets","Spain; wooden clappers"],["Flamenco guitar","Spain; guitar used in flamenco music"],["Maracas","Latin America and Caribbean; shaken rattles"],["Guiro","Caribbean and Latin America; notched gourd scraped with a stick"],["Conga","Cuba; tall narrow drum"],["Bongos","Cuba; pair of small hand drums"],["Steelpan (steel drum)","Trinidad and Tobago; tuned drum made from an oil barrel"],["Cuatro","Puerto Rico and Venezuela; small four-stringed guitar"],["Charango","Andes; small guitar-like instrument, traditionally with an armadillo-shell body"],["Pan flute (zampona)","Andes; tubes tied together and blown across the tops"],["Quena","Andes; notched end-blown flute"],["Marimba","Central America and Africa; wooden xylophone with resonators"],["Ukulele","Hawaii; small four-stringed guitar"],["Banjo","United States; round-bodied string instrument with African roots"],["Dobro","United States; guitar with a metal resonator"],["Native American flute","North America; wooden flute with a soft, airy sound"],["Powwow drum","North America; large drum played by a group"],["Harp","Played in many places; plucked strings in a triangular frame"],["Lyre","Ancient Greece; small harp-like instrument"],["Hang drum","Switzerland, invented in 2000; steel instrument played with hands"],["Theremin","Russia, invented in the 1920s; electronic instrument played without touching"],["Cajon","Peru; box-shaped drum you sit on"],["Berimbau","Brazil; bow-shaped single-string instrument"],["Bandoneon","Argentina and Germany; button accordion used in tango"],["Duduk","Armenia; double-reed wooden flute"],["Kalimba","Africa; modern name for a thumb piano"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/photography-terms","id":"photography-terms","title":"Photography Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Photography","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Camera settings, composition ideas and photo words.","tags":["photography","camera","exposure"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Aperture","The opening in a lens that lets light in"],["f-stop","A number describing the size of the aperture; smaller number means bigger opening"],["Shutter speed","How long the camera's shutter stays open"],["ISO","How sensitive the camera sensor is to light"],["Exposure","The amount of light that reaches the sensor"],["Exposure triangle","The balance of aperture, shutter speed and ISO"],["Overexposed","Too much light, picture too bright"],["Underexposed","Too little light, picture too dark"],["Depth of field","How much of the picture is in sharp focus from near to far"],["Shallow depth of field","Only a small part is sharp, background blurry; made with wide aperture"],["Deep depth of field","Most of the picture is sharp; made with small aperture"],["Bokeh","The soft blur of out-of-focus lights in the background"],["Focus","Making the subject look sharp"],["Autofocus","The camera chooses focus automatically"],["Focal length","Distance from lens to sensor in millimeters, deciding how zoomed in the view is"],["Wide-angle lens","Lens that captures a wide scene"],["Telephoto lens","Lens that brings faraway subjects closer"],["Zoom lens","A lens with a changeable focal length"],["Macro lens","Lens for extreme close-ups of small things"],["Fisheye lens","An ultra-wide lens that bends the picture into a bubble look"],["Fast shutter speed","Freezes motion"],["Slow shutter speed","Blurs motion and lets in more light"],["Motion blur","Streaks caused by movement during exposure"],["Panning","Moving the camera with a moving subject to blur the background"],["Long exposure","A slow shutter for light trails or smooth water"],["White balance","Adjusting colors so white looks white under different lights"],["Flash","A burst of light to brighten a scene"],["Natural light","Light from the sun"],["Golden hour","Time just after sunrise or before sunset with warm, soft light"],["Blue hour","Time just before sunrise or after sunset with deep blue light"],["Backlight","Light coming from behind the subject"],["Silhouette","A dark shape of a subject against a bright background"],["Tripod","A three-legged stand that keeps a camera steady"],["Viewfinder","The window you look through to frame the picture"],["Sensor","The part of a digital camera that records light"],["Megapixel","One million pixels, a measure of picture detail"],["Pixel","One tiny dot of a digital image"],["Resolution","The amount of detail in an image"],["RAW","An unprocessed image file with lots of data"],["JPEG","A common compressed image file format"],["DSLR","A digital camera with a mirror and viewfinder (single-lens reflex)"],["Mirrorless camera","A digital camera without a mirror box"],["Composition","How things are arranged in the frame"],["Rule of thirds","Placing the subject along lines splitting the frame in thirds"],["Leading lines","Lines in a scene that lead the eye to the subject"],["Framing","Using objects in the scene to make a frame around the subject"],["Symmetry","Matching halves in a photo"],["Close-up","A picture taken near the subject"],["Wide shot","A picture showing the whole scene"],["Portrait orientation","Taller than wide"],["Landscape orientation","Wider than tall"],["Aspect ratio","The width compared to the height of a picture"],["Crop","Cut away the edges of a picture"],["Contrast (photo)","The difference between light and dark areas"],["Saturation (photo)","How strong the colors are"],["Candid photo","A natural photo of someone who is not posing"],["Selfie","A photo you take of yourself"],["Photojournalism","Telling news stories with photographs"],["Daguerreotype","An early photograph on a metal plate from 1839"],["Camera obscura","A dark room or box with a tiny hole that projects an image"],["Ansel Adams","American photographer famous for black and white landscapes of Yosemite"],["Dorothea Lange","American photographer who took Migrant Mother in 1936"],["Instant camera","A camera that prints the photo right away"],["Black and white photography","Photos with no color, only shades of gray"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/theater-terms","id":"theater-terms","title":"Theater Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Theater","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Stage directions, jobs and words used in plays and musicals.","tags":["theater","drama","stage"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Upstage","The part of the stage farthest from the audience"],["Downstage","The part of the stage nearest the audience"],["Stage left","The actor's left as they face the audience"],["Stage right","The actor's right as they face the audience"],["Center stage","The middle of the stage"],["Wings","The off-stage areas to the sides of the stage"],["Backstage","The area behind and around the stage the audience cannot see"],["Proscenium","The arch framing the stage opening"],["Apron","The part of the stage in front of the curtain"],["Curtain","The cloth that opens and closes to hide the stage"],["Backdrop","A large painted cloth at the back of the stage"],["Set","The scenery and furniture of a play"],["Props","Objects actors handle on stage"],["Costume","Clothing worn by actors"],["Script","The written words of a play"],["Cue","A signal for an action to start"],["Line","The words an actor speaks"],["Dialogue","A conversation between characters"],["Monologue","A long speech by one character"],["Soliloquy","A speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud alone"],["Aside","A comment spoken to the audience that other characters do not hear"],["Blocking","Where and how actors move on stage"],["Rehearsal","Practice before a performance"],["Dress rehearsal","The final practice with costumes, lights and sound"],["Cast","The actors in a show"],["Understudy","An actor who learns a role to replace the main actor if needed"],["Ensemble","A group of actors who perform together, often in small roles"],["Lead","A main role"],["Director","The person who guides the whole production"],["Stage manager","The person who runs the show during performances"],["Producer","The person who raises money and organizes a production"],["Playwright","The person who writes a play"],["Designer","Someone who plans set, lights, costumes or sound"],["Stagehand","A crew member who moves scenery and props"],["Audition","A tryout for a role"],["Callback","A second audition"],["Casting","Choosing actors for parts"],["Spotlight","A strong beam that lights one actor or area"],["Gel","A colored sheet placed over a light"],["Blackout","All stage lights turned off at once"],["Intermission","A break in the middle of a show"],["Act","A main section of a play"],["Scene","A smaller section of an act in one place and time"],["Prologue","An introduction at the start"],["Epilogue","A short ending speech or scene"],["Plot","The story's events"],["Conflict","The problem or struggle in a story"],["Climax","The most exciting moment"],["Protagonist","The main character"],["Antagonist","The character who opposes the main character"],["Comedy","A play that is funny and ends happily"],["Tragedy","A serious play that ends sadly"],["Musical","A play told with songs and dance"],["Improv","Acting made up on the spot"],["Pantomime (mime)","Acting without words, using movement"],["Puppetry","Telling stories using puppets"],["Projection","Speaking loudly and clearly so everyone can hear"],["Enunciation","Speaking each word clearly"],["Stage fright","Nervousness before performing"],["Break a leg","A way to wish an actor good luck"],["Tableau","A frozen picture made by actors"],["Fourth wall","The imaginary wall between actors and audience"],["Breaking the fourth wall","When a character talks directly to the audience"],["Greek theater","Ancient plays performed in open-air stages in Greece"],["Globe Theatre","London theater where Shakespeare's plays were performed"],["William Shakespeare","English playwright who lived from 1564 to 1616"],["Broadway","Famous theater district in New York City"],["Ham it up","Overact for comic effect"],["Green room","A waiting room for performers"],["Pit","The area where the orchestra plays in front of the stage"],["Fly system","Ropes and pulleys that lift scenery above the stage"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bike-and-pedestrian-safety","id":"bike-and-pedestrian-safety","title":"Bike and Pedestrian Safety","category":"health-life","subject":"Road Safety","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Helmets, hand signals, signs and crossing rules for kids on bikes and on foot.","tags":["bike safety","road signs","pedestrian"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Bike helmet rule","Wear a helmet every ride"],["How should a helmet fit?","Level on your head, snug, strap buckled with two fingers under the chin"],["Eyes, Ears, Mouth helmet check","Eyes see the front edge, straps make a V around ears, mouth open and helmet hugs the head"],["Left turn hand signal","Left arm straight out to the left"],["Right turn hand signal (common)","Right arm straight out to the right"],["Stopping hand signal","Left arm bent down, palm back"],["Which side of the road do you ride on?","The same direction as traffic, on the right"],["Where to ride","In the bike lane or as far right as safe, or on a path"],["Stop at stop signs on a bike","Yes, bikes follow the same rules as cars"],["ABC Quick Check for a bike","Air, Brakes, Chain/Crank, Quick release"],["Check the tires","Make sure they are firmly pumped"],["Check the brakes","Squeeze and make sure the bike stops"],["Reflectors","Help drivers see you at night"],["Bike light","White light in front, red light in back at night"],["Bright clothing","Wear it to be seen"],["Riding at night","Avoid it, or use lights and reflective gear"],["Wear closed-toe shoes","To protect your feet and keep them on the pedals"],["Headphones while biking","Don't use them; you need to hear traffic"],["Texting while biking","Never do it"],["Riding with a friend","Ride single file on roads"],["Parked cars","Watch for doors opening"],["Driveways","Slow down; cars may back out"],["Look before you cross a street","Look left, right, left again"],["Safest place to cross","At a crosswalk or corner with a signal"],["Pedestrian signal: walking person","Go if safe"],["Pedestrian signal: raised hand","Don't start crossing"],["Pedestrian countdown","Shows seconds left to finish crossing"],["Walk on sidewalks","If none, walk facing traffic on the far left edge"],["Stop, look and listen","The routine before crossing"],["Hold hands in parking lots","Small children stay with an adult"],["Crossing guard","A person who helps kids cross safely near schools"],["School bus rule","Wait until the bus stops and the driver says go"],["Stay 10 feet from the bus","Be out of the danger zone until the bus stops"],["Walking to the bus stop","Stay out of the road"],["Crosswalk","Painted stripes where people cross"],["Zebra crossing","A crosswalk marked with wide white stripes"],["Red light","Stop"],["Yellow light","Slow down and prepare to stop"],["Green light","Go if the way is clear"],["Stop sign shape","Octagon (8 sides), red with white letters"],["Yield sign shape","Downward-pointing triangle, red and white"],["Warning signs shape","Diamond, usually yellow"],["Speed limit sign","Rectangle with black on white"],["School zone sign","Pentagon-shaped, fluorescent yellow-green"],["Railroad crossing sign","Round yellow warning or X-shaped crossbuck"],["One-way sign","A black arrow on a white or black rectangle"],["Do not enter sign","A white bar on a red circle"],["Bike lane sign","Shows a bicycle symbol"],["Pedestrian crossing sign","Shows a person walking; yellow-green diamond"],["Railroad crossing safety","Stop, look and listen; never race a train"],["Never play near train tracks","They are dangerous and illegal to walk on"],["Scooter and skateboard safety","Wear a helmet, knee pads and wrist guards"],["Rollerblading safety","Wear a helmet, wrist guards, knee and elbow pads"],["Walk bike across a busy street","Get off and walk beside it"],["Walking bike at crosswalks","Safer than riding across"],["Seat height","You should be able to touch the ground with the balls of your feet"],["Right bike size","You can stand over the frame with your feet flat on the ground"],["Locking your bike","Use a lock on the frame and wheel"],["Carrying things on a bike","Use a basket or backpack, not handlebars"],["Wet weather riding","Brake earlier because brakes work less well"],["Gravel","Slow down to avoid sliding"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/camping-and-survival-basics","id":"camping-and-survival-basics","title":"Camping and Survival Basics","category":"health-life","subject":"Outdoor Skills","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Outdoor safety, gear, wilderness rules and what to do if you get lost.","tags":["camping","survival","outdoors","hiking"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Leave No Trace","Principles for caring for the outdoors: take out what you bring in"],["Rule of 3 in survival","About 3 minutes without air, 3 hours without shelter in harsh weather, 3 days without water, 3 weeks without food"],["If you get lost","S.T.O.P.: Stop, Think, Observe, Plan"],["What to do when lost","Stay where you are, make yourself visible and wait for help"],["Whistle signal for help","Three blasts"],["Universal distress signal","Three of anything: three whistles, three fires, three flashes"],["Signal mirror","A mirror that flashes sunlight to get attention"],["Bright clothing","Helps rescuers spot you"],["Tell someone your plan","Always say where you're going and when you'll return"],["Buddy system","Never hike alone"],["Ten Essentials","Navigation, sun protection, insulation, light, first aid, fire, repair tools, food, water, shelter"],["Compass","A tool with a needle that points to magnetic north"],["Map","A drawing of the land showing trails and features"],["Topographic map","A map using contour lines to show hills and valleys"],["Contour lines close together mean","A steep slope"],["Blaze","A painted mark on a tree showing a trail"],["Trail marker (cairn)","A pile of stones that marks the path"],["Stay on the trail","Protects you and the plants around it"],["Tent","A fabric shelter for sleeping outdoors"],["Rainfly","A waterproof cover over a tent"],["Tent stakes","Pegs that hold a tent to the ground"],["Footprint (groundsheet)","A tarp under the tent to protect the floor"],["Sleeping bag","An insulated bag for sleeping outdoors"],["Sleeping pad","A cushion that insulates you from the cold ground"],["Backpack","A bag worn on the back to carry gear"],["Headlamp","A flashlight worn on the head"],["Pocketknife","A tool to use only with adult permission and care"],["Campsite choice","Flat, dry ground, away from dead trees and flood zones"],["Widowmaker","A dead branch that could fall"],["Campfire safety","Use a fire ring, keep water nearby and never leave it"],["Put the fire out","Drown, stir and feel it with the back of your hand until it's cold"],["Fire triangle","Fire needs heat, fuel and oxygen"],["Tinder","Small dry material that catches fire easily, like dry grass"],["Kindling","Small sticks that burn after tinder"],["Fuel wood","Larger logs that keep a fire burning"],["Fire safety distance","Keep tents and gear far from the fire"],["Camp stove","A small portable stove for cooking"],["Water purification","Boil, filter or treat water before drinking"],["Boil water to purify","Rolling boil for at least 1 minute"],["Never drink from streams without treating","They can have germs, even when clear"],["Water per person per day","About 2 to 3 liters while hiking"],["Hypothermia","Dangerous drop in body temperature"],["Dress in layers","Base layer, insulating layer, waterproof layer"],["Cotton kills","Cotton stays wet and chills you in cold weather"],["Heat exhaustion","Overheating from too much heat; rest and drink"],["Sunburn prevention","Sunscreen, hat and long sleeves"],["Bear safety","Store food away from your tent; never feed wildlife"],["Bear canister","A hard container that bears cannot open"],["Food storage","Hang or lock up food and scented items away from where you sleep"],["Insect repellent","Spray that keeps bugs away"],["Tick check","Look for ticks on your body after hiking"],["Poison ivy rhyme","Leaves of three, let it be"],["Lightning in the outdoors","Move to a low area away from tall trees and water"],["Flash flood","Never camp in dry streambeds in storms"],["Shelter from rain in the woods","Use a tarp or hang a rain jacket, stay dry"],["Lean-to","A simple shelter with a slanted roof"],["Fire starter","Tools like waterproof matches, lighter or ferro rod"],["Ferro rod","A metal rod that throws sparks when scraped"],["Emergency blanket","A thin reflective sheet that traps body heat"],["Trail mix","A snack mix of nuts, seeds and dried fruit"],["Latrine rule (leave no trace)","Dig a hole 6 to 8 inches deep, at least 200 feet from water"],["Pack it in, pack it out","Carry your trash home with you"],["North Star (Polaris)","Shows north in the night sky, found with the Big Dipper"],["Sun direction","Rises in the east and sets in the west"],["Moss on trees","Not a reliable way to find north"],["Orienteering","A sport of navigating with map and compass"],["S.O.S.","A distress signal"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/careers-and-work-vocabulary","id":"careers-and-work-vocabulary","title":"Careers and Work Vocabulary","category":"health-life","subject":"Careers","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Jobs, what workers do and words about work and getting hired.","tags":["careers","jobs","work","resume"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Career","The work you do over many years of your life"],["Job","A position where you do work for pay"],["Occupation","Another word for a job or type of work"],["Profession","A career that needs special training, like doctor or lawyer"],["Employer","A person or business that hires workers"],["Employee","A person who works for an employer"],["Boss (supervisor)","A person who directs workers"],["Coworker","A person you work with"],["Volunteer","A person who works without pay to help others"],["Intern","A learner who works temporarily to get experience"],["Apprentice","A person who learns a trade by working with an expert"],["Entrepreneur","A person who starts a business"],["Freelancer","A person who works for themselves, project by project"],["Self-employed","Working for yourself"],["Full-time","Working a standard number of hours each week, usually about 40"],["Part-time","Working fewer hours than full-time"],["Shift","A set work period, like the night shift"],["Salary","Fixed yearly pay"],["Hourly wage","Pay for each hour worked"],["Overtime","Extra pay for working more than the standard hours"],["Benefits","Extras from a job, such as health insurance and paid time off"],["Paycheck","Payment for work"],["Resume","A short document listing your education, skills and experience"],["Cover letter","A letter explaining why you're a good fit for a job"],["Application","A form asking for information to apply for a job"],["Interview","A meeting to decide if someone fits a job"],["References","People who can speak about your skills and character"],["Skills","Things you can do well"],["Soft skills","People skills like teamwork, listening and communication"],["Hard skills","Technical skills like coding or welding"],["Networking","Meeting people who can help your career"],["Mentor","An experienced person who guides you"],["Promotion","Moving to a higher position"],["Raise","An increase in pay"],["Resignation","Quitting a job"],["Retirement","The time of life after your working career"],["Union","A group of workers who bargain together"],["Teamwork","Working well with others"],["Work ethic","A strong sense of responsibility and effort at work"],["Punctual","Arriving on time"],["Professionalism","Acting responsibly and respectfully at work"],["Dress code","Rules about what to wear at work"],["Teacher","Helps students learn"],["Doctor","Diagnoses and treats illness"],["Nurse","Cares for patients and helps doctors"],["Dentist","Cares for teeth"],["Veterinarian","Doctor who treats animals"],["Firefighter","Puts out fires and rescues people"],["Police officer","Enforces laws and keeps people safe"],["Paramedic (EMT)","Gives emergency medical care"],["Pilot","Flies airplanes"],["Engineer","Designs and builds machines, structures or systems"],["Architect","Designs buildings"],["Carpenter","Builds with wood"],["Electrician","Installs and repairs electrical systems"],["Plumber","Installs and repairs pipes"],["Mechanic","Repairs vehicles and machines"],["Welder","Joins metal with heat"],["Farmer","Grows crops or raises animals"],["Chef","Professional cook"],["Baker","Makes bread and pastries"],["Librarian","Helps people find information and manages libraries"],["Scientist","Studies the world through research"],["Software developer","Writes computer programs"],["Data analyst","Studies data to find patterns"],["Accountant","Keeps track of money and taxes"],["Lawyer","Gives legal advice and represents clients"],["Judge","Decides legal cases in court"],["Journalist","Researches and reports news"],["Graphic designer","Creates visual designs"],["Musician","Plays or composes music"],["Actor","Performs roles in plays or films"],["Athlete","Competes in sports"],["Counselor","Helps people with problems and decisions"],["Social worker","Helps people and families in need"],["Pharmacist","Prepares and gives out medicine"],["Physical therapist","Helps people recover movement after injury"],["Park ranger","Protects parks and teaches visitors"],["Marine biologist","Studies sea life"],["Astronaut","Travels and works in space"],["Interests, skills and values","Three things to think about when choosing a career"],["Career cluster","A group of related jobs, like Health Science"],["Trade school","A school that teaches skilled trades"],["Community college","A two-year college"],["Degree","Award for completing college studies"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/cooking-measurement-conversions","id":"cooking-measurement-conversions","title":"Cooking Measurement Conversions","category":"health-life","subject":"Cooking","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"US kitchen measures, metric equivalents and oven temperatures.","tags":["measurement","conversions","cooking","baking"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["3 teaspoons equals","1 tablespoon"],["1 tablespoon equals how many teaspoons?","3"],["2 tablespoons equals","1 fluid ounce"],["4 tablespoons equals","1/4 cup"],["5 tablespoons plus 1 teaspoon equals","1/3 cup"],["8 tablespoons equals","1/2 cup"],["16 tablespoons equals","1 cup"],["1 cup equals how many fluid ounces?","8"],["1 cup equals how many tablespoons?","16"],["2 cups equals","1 pint"],["2 pints equals","1 quart"],["4 cups equals","1 quart"],["4 quarts equals","1 gallon"],["16 cups equals","1 gallon"],["1 gallon equals how many pints?","8"],["1 pint equals how many fluid ounces?","16"],["1 quart equals how many fluid ounces?","32"],["1 gallon equals how many fluid ounces?","128"],["1/2 cup equals how many tablespoons?","8"],["1/3 cup equals how many tablespoons?","5 and 1/3"],["1/4 cup equals how many tablespoons?","4"],["3/4 cup equals how many tablespoons?","12"],["1/8 cup equals how many tablespoons?","2"],["1 stick of butter equals","1/2 cup, 8 tablespoons or 4 ounces"],["2 sticks of butter equals","1 cup"],["16 ounces equals","1 pound"],["1 pound of butter equals","4 sticks, or 2 cups"],["1 pound equals how many grams (about)?","454 grams"],["1 ounce equals how many grams (about)?","28 grams"],["1 kilogram equals how many pounds (about)?","2.2 pounds"],["1 teaspoon equals how many milliliters (about)?","5 milliliters"],["1 tablespoon equals how many milliliters (about)?","15 milliliters"],["1 cup equals how many milliliters (about)?","240 milliliters"],["1 liter equals how many cups (about)?","4.2 cups"],["1 quart equals how many liters (about)?","0.95 liters"],["1 fluid ounce equals how many milliliters (about)?","30 milliliters"],["1 gallon equals how many liters (about)?","3.8 liters"],["Water freezes at","32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius"],["Water boils at sea level at","212 degrees Fahrenheit or 100 degrees Celsius"],["Celsius to Fahrenheit formula","Multiply by 9/5 and add 32"],["Fahrenheit to Celsius formula","Subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9"],["350 degrees Fahrenheit equals about","175 degrees Celsius"],["400 degrees Fahrenheit equals about","200 degrees Celsius"],["425 degrees Fahrenheit equals about","220 degrees Celsius"],["325 degrees Fahrenheit equals about","165 degrees Celsius"],["300 degrees Fahrenheit equals about","150 degrees Celsius"],["375 degrees Fahrenheit equals about","190 degrees Celsius"],["Moderate oven temperature","350 degrees Fahrenheit"],["Hot oven temperature","400 to 450 degrees Fahrenheit"],["Slow oven temperature","300 to 325 degrees Fahrenheit"],["Double a recipe that uses 1/2 cup","1 cup"],["Halve a recipe that uses 1 cup","1/2 cup"],["Halve 1 tablespoon","1 1/2 teaspoons"],["Halve 1/4 cup","2 tablespoons"],["Triple 1/3 cup","1 cup"],["Dry measuring cups","Level off the top with a straight edge"],["Liquid measuring cup","Use a cup with a spout; read at eye level"],["Packed brown sugar","Press firmly into the measuring cup"],["Flour measuring tip","Spoon into the cup and level; don't scoop and pack"],["Weight of 1 cup of all-purpose flour (about)","120 to 125 grams"],["Weight of 1 cup of granulated sugar (about)","200 grams"],["Dozen","12"],["Baker's dozen","13"],["Gill","A very old unit, 4 fluid ounces in the US"],["Imperial pint (UK)","20 UK fluid ounces, bigger than a US pint"],["Pinch","About 1/16 teaspoon"],["Dash","About 1/8 teaspoon"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/cooking-terms","id":"cooking-terms","title":"Cooking Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Cooking","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Techniques, cuts and kitchen words used in recipes.","tags":["cooking","recipes","kitchen"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Sauté","Cook quickly in a small amount of fat over fairly high heat"],["Simmer","Cook gently in liquid just below boiling, with small bubbles"],["Boil","Heat liquid until it bubbles rapidly"],["Poach","Cook gently in barely simmering liquid"],["Steam","Cook with hot vapor from boiling water"],["Blanch","Boil briefly then cool in ice water"],["Braise","Brown then cook slowly in a covered pot with liquid"],["Roast","Cook in the oven with dry heat"],["Bake","Cook food in the oven"],["Broil","Cook with strong heat from above"],["Grill","Cook over direct heat on an open grate"],["Sear","Brown the surface of food quickly over high heat"],["Fry","Cook in hot fat"],["Deep fry","Cook while completely covered in hot oil"],["Stir-fry","Cook small pieces quickly in a hot pan while stirring"],["Pan-fry","Cook in a shallow layer of fat"],["Saute pan","A wide pan with straight sides"],["Reduce","Boil a liquid until some evaporates and it thickens"],["Deglaze","Add liquid to a hot pan to loosen browned bits"],["Marinate","Soak food in a flavorful liquid before cooking"],["Baste","Spoon juices or fat over food while it cooks"],["Caramelize","Cook sugar or onions until they turn brown and sweet"],["Dice","Cut into small even cubes"],["Mince","Chop into very tiny pieces"],["Chop","Cut into pieces of no set size"],["Slice","Cut into thin flat pieces"],["Julienne","Cut into thin matchstick strips"],["Chiffonade","Cut leafy herbs into thin ribbons"],["Grate","Rub food on a grater to make small shreds"],["Zest","The thin colored outer skin of citrus"],["Peel","Remove the outer skin"],["Core","Remove the center of a fruit"],["Mash","Crush food until soft"],["Puree","Blend food until completely smooth"],["Whisk","Beat quickly with a wire tool to mix or add air"],["Whip","Beat to add air and make light and fluffy"],["Beat","Mix vigorously with a spoon or mixer"],["Cream","Beat butter and sugar until light and fluffy"],["Fold","Gently mix a light mixture into a heavier one without losing air"],["Knead","Press and stretch dough with your hands"],["Proof","Let yeast dough rise"],["Cut in","Work cold fat into flour with a pastry cutter or knives"],["Sift","Pass dry ingredients through a sieve to remove lumps"],["Strain","Separate liquid from solids with a sieve"],["Drain","Pour off liquid"],["Season","Add salt, pepper or spices to improve flavor"],["Garnish","A decoration added to a dish"],["Mise en place","Having all ingredients prepped and ready before cooking","meez on plahs"],["Preheat","Heat the oven to the right temperature before baking"],["Rest (meat)","Let cooked meat sit so juices spread through"],["Al dente","Pasta cooked to be firm when bitten","Italian: to the tooth"],["Roux","A cooked mix of flour and fat used to thicken sauces"],["Emulsion","A smooth mix of liquids that don't normally mix, like oil and vinegar"],["Stock","A flavorful liquid made by simmering bones or vegetables"],["Broth","A seasoned liquid made by simmering meat or vegetables"],["Glaze","A shiny coating on food"],["Dredge","Coat food lightly in flour or crumbs"],["Batter","A thin mixture of flour and liquid"],["Dough","A thick mixture of flour and liquid that can be shaped"],["Leavening","Something that makes baked goods rise, like yeast or baking powder"],["Yeast","Living organism that makes bread dough rise"],["Baking soda vs baking powder","Soda needs an acid to work; powder already contains one"],["Tablespoon abbreviation","Tbsp"],["Teaspoon abbreviation","tsp"],["Pinch","About one-sixteenth of a teaspoon, what you can hold between two fingers"],["Dash","A very small amount, less than a teaspoon"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/driving-road-signs","id":"driving-road-signs","title":"Road Signs for the Driving Permit Test","category":"health-life","subject":"Driving","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"US road sign shapes, colors and meanings for a learner's permit test.","tags":["driving","road signs","permit","DMV"],"frontLabel":"Sign","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Octagon, red","Stop"],["Triangle pointing down, red and white","Yield"],["Diamond, yellow","Warning of a hazard ahead"],["Circle, yellow","Railroad crossing ahead"],["Pentagon, yellow-green","School zone or school crossing"],["Rectangle, white with black","Regulatory sign, such as speed limit"],["Rectangle, green","Guide sign: directions, distances"],["Rectangle, blue","Motorist services: gas, food, lodging, hospital"],["Rectangle, brown","Parks and recreation areas"],["Diamond or rectangle, orange","Construction or work zone"],["Rectangle, yellow-green with person","Pedestrian crossing"],["Pennant, yellow","No passing zone"],["Circle with a red slash","Prohibits the action shown"],["Red circle with white bar","Do not enter"],["Wrong way sign","You are going the wrong way; stop and turn around"],["Crossbuck (X sign)","Railroad crossing; yield to trains"],["Speed limit sign","The maximum legal speed in ideal conditions"],["Minimum speed sign","The slowest speed allowed"],["One way sign","Traffic goes only in the direction of the arrow"],["Keep right sign","Stay on the right side of an obstacle"],["Divided highway sign","Road ahead has a median dividing traffic"],["Merge sign","Lanes join; traffic from another lane merges into yours"],["Lane ends sign","Your lane will end soon; merge"],["Curve ahead sign","A curve in the road"],["Winding road sign","Several curves in a row"],["Sharp turn sign","A very tight curve"],["Reverse curve sign","Two curves in opposite directions"],["Slippery when wet sign","Road may be slick when wet"],["Stop ahead sign","A stop sign is coming"],["Signal ahead sign","A traffic light is coming"],["Yield ahead sign","A yield sign is coming"],["Cross road sign","An intersection is ahead"],["T-intersection sign","The road ends ahead with a left or right turn"],["Y-intersection sign","The road splits ahead"],["Roundabout sign","A circular intersection ahead; yield to traffic inside"],["Deer crossing sign","Deer may cross the road"],["Falling rocks sign","Rocks may fall on the road"],["Steep hill sign","A steep downgrade; shift to lower gear"],["Truck crossing sign","Trucks entering or crossing"],["Bump sign","Rough spot or bump in the road"],["Dip sign","Low place in the road where water can collect"],["Road narrows sign","The road becomes narrower"],["Two-way traffic sign","You are leaving a one-way section"],["No U-turn sign","U-turns are not allowed"],["No left turn sign","Left turns are not allowed"],["No right turn sign","Right turns are not allowed"],["No parking sign","Parking is not allowed"],["No passing zone sign","Do not pass other vehicles"],["Pass with care sign","You may pass if safe"],["Do not pass sign","Passing is prohibited"],["Handicapped parking sign","Parking only for permitted vehicles"],["Hospital sign (blue H)","Hospital services nearby"],["Rest area sign","Place to rest, with restrooms"],["Detour sign","Follow this route around a closed road"],["Road closed sign","The road is closed to traffic"],["Flagger ahead sign","A worker will direct traffic"],["Slow-moving vehicle triangle","Orange triangle on slow machines like tractors"],["Yield to pedestrians sign","Let people crossing go first"],["Railroad advance warning","Yellow round sign, a train crossing is ahead"],["Light rail sign","Trains and trolleys cross"],["Interstate shield","Blue and red shield for a US interstate highway"],["US route shield","White shield with black number"],["State route sign","Usually a shape particular to the state"],["Even-numbered interstates run","East-west"],["Odd-numbered interstates run","North-south"],["Solid yellow line","Do not pass"],["Broken yellow line","You may pass if safe"],["Double solid yellow","Do not pass in either direction"],["White lines","Separate traffic going the same direction"],["Yellow lines","Separate traffic going opposite directions"],["Solid white line","Discourages lane changes"],["Stop line","Where to stop at an intersection"],["HOV lane","Reserved for vehicles with more than one person"],["Green light","Go if the intersection is clear"],["Flashing red light","Treat as a stop sign"],["Flashing yellow light","Slow down and proceed with caution"],["Red arrow","Do not turn in that direction"],["Green arrow","You may go in that direction; protected turn"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/driving-rules-of-the-road","id":"driving-rules-of-the-road","title":"Rules of the Road","category":"health-life","subject":"Driving","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"General US driving rules for permit tests. Exact numbers vary by state, so check your state's driver manual.","tags":["driving","permit","traffic rules","safety"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Right of way","Who is allowed to go first"],["Four-way stop: who goes first?","The vehicle that arrived first; if tied, the one on the right"],["Uncontrolled intersection","Yield to vehicles already in the intersection and to the one on your right"],["Turning left at an intersection","Yield to oncoming traffic"],["Roundabout rule","Yield to traffic already in the circle, and enter to the right"],["Emergency vehicle with siren behind you","Pull to the right edge and stop"],["Funeral procession","Yield, do not cut in"],["School bus with flashing red lights and stop arm","Stop; wait until it moves"],["Pedestrians in a crosswalk","Always yield"],["White cane or guide dog","Pedestrian is blind; yield and stop"],["Following distance rule","At least 3 seconds behind the car ahead"],["Three-second rule","Pick a fixed object; you should pass it 3 seconds after the car ahead"],["Following distance in bad weather","Increase to 4 or more seconds"],["Blind spot","An area around your car you can't see in mirrors"],["Checking blind spots","Turn your head and look over your shoulder"],["Signal before turning","Signal at least 100 feet before the turn in many states"],["Use the turn signal before changing lanes","Always"],["Seat belt law","Driver and passengers must wear seat belts"],["Children in cars","Use child restraints suited to height, weight and age"],["Texting while driving","Illegal in most states and extremely dangerous"],["Distracted driving","Anything that takes your eyes, hands or mind off driving"],["Drunk driving","Never drive impaired by alcohol or drugs"],["BAC limit for adults 21 and over","0.08 percent in all states except Utah (0.05)"],["Zero tolerance for drivers under 21","Any alcohol can lead to a loss of license"],["Drowsy driving","Pull over and rest when tired"],["Speed limit","Maximum legal speed under good conditions"],["Basic speed law","Never drive faster than is safe for conditions"],["Slow down in rain","Roads are slippery, especially in the first minutes of rain"],["Hydroplaning","Tires lose grip on a thin layer of water"],["If your car hydroplanes","Ease off the gas, steer straight, don't slam the brakes"],["Skidding on ice","Ease off the gas and steer gently in the direction you want to go"],["Fog driving","Use low beams and slow down"],["High beams","Use at night in open areas, dim for oncoming cars within 500 feet"],["Headlights on when","From sunset to sunrise and whenever you use wipers in many states"],["Parking uphill with a curb","Turn wheels away from the curb"],["Parking downhill","Turn wheels toward the curb"],["Parallel parking distance from the curb","No more than 12 inches in many states"],["Parking near a fire hydrant","Not allowed, usually within 15 feet"],["Parking in front of a crosswalk","Not allowed"],["Passing on the left","Pass only where permitted and when the road is clear"],["Never pass on","Hills, curves, bridges or railroad crossings"],["Merging","Match the speed of traffic and find a gap"],["Exiting a highway","Signal and move into the exit lane early"],["Slow-moving traffic on the highway","Stay in the right lane"],["Railroad crossing with no gates","Slow down, look both ways and listen"],["Never stop on the tracks","Keep going or wait before the crossing"],["Stopping distance","Reaction distance plus braking distance"],["Reaction time","About three-quarters of a second to react"],["Braking distance increases","With speed; double speed means about four times the braking distance"],["ABS brakes","Anti-lock brakes that prevent wheels from locking; press firmly and hold"],["Tailgating","Following too closely"],["Road rage","Angry, aggressive driving; stay calm and don't engage"],["If you're in a crash","Stop, check for injuries, call 911, exchange information"],["Hit-and-run","Leaving the scene of a crash, which is a crime"],["Documents to carry","License, registration, proof of insurance"],["Learner's permit","Lets new drivers practice with a licensed adult"],["Graduated driver licensing (GDL)","System that adds privileges in stages for new teen drivers"],["Insurance","Required by law in nearly all states"],["Check your car","Look at tires, lights and mirrors before driving"],["Adjust mirrors and seat","Before you start driving"],["Hands on steering wheel","9 and 3 or 8 and 4 positions"],["Turning wheel when backing","Look behind you and move slowly"],["Three-point turn","Turn around on a narrow street using three moves"],["U-turn","Allowed only where signs and laws permit"],["Right turn on red","Allowed after stopping unless a sign prohibits it"],["Left turn on red","Allowed in some states only from a one-way street to a one-way street"],["Move over law","Slow down and change lanes for stopped emergency vehicles"],["Yielding to buses","Often required when a bus signals to pull out"],["Motorcycles","Give them a full lane and check mirrors twice"],["Bicycles","Give at least 3 feet when passing in many states"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/feelings-and-emotions","id":"feelings-and-emotions","title":"Feelings and Emotions Words","category":"health-life","subject":"Social-Emotional Learning","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Words for feelings, what they mean and healthy ways to handle them.","tags":["emotions","feelings","SEL","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Happy","Feeling joy and pleasure"],["Sad","Feeling unhappy or down"],["Angry","Feeling strongly upset because of something unfair or frustrating"],["Scared","Feeling afraid"],["Surprised","Feeling startled by something unexpected"],["Disgusted","Feeling that something is yucky or wrong"],["Excited","Feeling very eager and full of energy"],["Calm","Feeling peaceful and relaxed"],["Proud","Feeling good about something you or others did"],["Embarrassed","Feeling awkward or ashamed in front of others"],["Jealous","Wanting something another person has"],["Lonely","Feeling alone and wanting company"],["Nervous","Feeling worried about something that may happen"],["Anxious","Feeling worried or uneasy, often about the future"],["Frustrated","Feeling upset when something is hard or won't work"],["Disappointed","Feeling sad when something did not turn out as hoped"],["Grateful","Feeling thankful"],["Hopeful","Feeling that good things can happen"],["Confident","Feeling sure of yourself"],["Curious","Wanting to learn or find out"],["Bored","Feeling uninterested because there is nothing to do"],["Confused","Not understanding something"],["Guilty","Feeling bad because you think you did something wrong"],["Shy","Feeling nervous around people"],["Cheerful","Happy and bright"],["Furious","Extremely angry"],["Terrified","Extremely scared"],["Thrilled","Extremely excited and happy"],["Content","Quietly satisfied and happy"],["Overwhelmed","Feeling like there is too much to handle"],["Stressed","Feeling pressure or tension"],["Worried","Thinking about bad things that might happen"],["Insecure","Not feeling sure about yourself"],["Grumpy","Feeling cranky and in a bad mood"],["Irritated","Slightly angry or annoyed"],["Hurt","Feeling emotionally or physically pained"],["Compassion","Caring about another person's suffering and wanting to help"],["Empathy","Understanding and sharing another person's feelings"],["Sympathy","Feeling sorry for someone's trouble"],["Kindness","Being friendly and caring"],["Resilience","Bouncing back after something hard"],["Self-control","Managing your actions and feelings"],["Perseverance","Not giving up when it is hard"],["Patience","Waiting calmly"],["Respect","Treating others with care and fairness"],["Responsibility","Doing what you should do and owning your choices"],["Honesty","Telling the truth"],["Courage","Doing something even when you feel afraid"],["Apology","Saying you're sorry and meaning it"],["Forgiveness","Letting go of anger toward someone who hurt you"],["Emotion","A strong feeling"],["Mood","How you feel over a longer time"],["Trigger","Something that sets off a strong feeling"],["Coping skill","A way to handle hard feelings"],["Deep breathing","Slow breaths in and out to help calm down"],["Talk it out","Tell a trusted person how you feel"],["Take a break","Step away from a stressful situation to calm down"],["Count to ten","A way to pause before reacting"],["I-statement","Saying how you feel: 'I feel ___ when ___.'"],["Conflict resolution","Solving a disagreement peacefully"],["Compromise","Each side gives up something to agree"],["Body clues for anger","Hot face, tight fists, fast heartbeat"],["Body clues for nervousness","Butterflies in stomach, sweaty palms"],["Feelings are never wrong","It's okay to feel anything; what you do about it matters"],["Growth mindset","Believing you can improve with effort"],["Fixed mindset","Believing abilities cannot change"],["Bullying","Repeated unkind actions meant to hurt someone"],["Peer pressure","Feeling pushed by others your age to do something"],["Assertive","Standing up for yourself in a calm, respectful way"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/finance-credit-and-loans","id":"finance-credit-and-loans","title":"Credit, Loans and Interest","category":"health-life","subject":"Personal Finance","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Credit scores, cards, loans, insurance and taxes explained.","tags":["credit","loans","debt","insurance"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Credit","Borrowing money or buying now and paying later"],["Debt","Money you owe"],["Loan","Money borrowed that must be paid back, usually with interest"],["Lender","A person or business that gives a loan"],["Borrower","The person who receives the loan"],["Credit card","A card that lets you borrow money to buy things and pay later"],["Credit limit","The most you can borrow on a card"],["Minimum payment","The smallest amount you must pay each month"],["Statement","A monthly summary of your card or account activity"],["Due date","The day a payment must be made by"],["Late fee","A charge for paying after the due date"],["APR","Annual percentage rate, the yearly cost of borrowing"],["Grace period","Time to pay a card balance without being charged interest"],["Balance (credit card)","The amount you currently owe"],["Paying in full","Paying the whole statement balance so no interest is charged"],["Credit score","A number that shows how reliably you pay back debts"],["Credit score range (FICO)","300 to 850"],["What helps a credit score","Paying on time and keeping balances low"],["What hurts a credit score","Missed payments and maxing out cards"],["Credit report","A record of your borrowing and payment history"],["Credit bureau","A company that collects credit reports; Equifax, Experian, TransUnion"],["Utilization","The share of your credit limit you're using"],["Good rule for credit utilization","Stay below about 30 percent"],["Secured credit card","A card backed by a cash deposit"],["Cosigner","A person who promises to pay if the borrower doesn't"],["Collateral","Property pledged to a lender if a loan isn't paid"],["Mortgage","A loan to buy a home"],["Down payment","Money paid upfront when buying something expensive"],["Auto loan","A loan to buy a car"],["Student loan","A loan to pay for school"],["Payday loan","A very high-cost, short-term loan that is risky"],["Interest rate","The percent charged for borrowing"],["Fixed rate","An interest rate that stays the same"],["Variable rate","An interest rate that can change"],["Term (loan)","How long you have to repay"],["Amortization","Paying off a loan in regular payments over time"],["Default","Failing to repay a loan"],["Bankruptcy","A legal process when someone cannot pay their debts"],["Repossession","A lender taking property when a loan isn't repaid"],["Debt snowball","Paying off the smallest debt first"],["Debt avalanche","Paying off the highest-interest debt first"],["Identity theft","Someone using your personal information without permission"],["Credit freeze","A lock on your credit file to block new accounts"],["Insurance","Paying a fee so a company covers big costs if something bad happens"],["Premium","The regular payment for insurance"],["Deductible","The amount you pay before insurance pays"],["Health insurance","Coverage for medical costs"],["Auto insurance","Coverage for car accidents and damage"],["Renters insurance","Coverage for belongings in a rented home"],["Life insurance","A payment to family after someone dies"],["Warranty","A promise that a company will repair or replace a faulty product"],["Social Security number","A nine-digit US number used for work and taxes; keep it private"],["W-2","A form from an employer showing yearly pay and taxes withheld"],["W-4","A form telling an employer how much tax to withhold"],["Tax return","A form reporting your income and taxes to the government"],["Tax refund","Money returned when you paid too much in taxes"],["401(k)","A US employer retirement savings plan"],["IRA","Individual retirement account"],["Roth IRA","A retirement account with taxed deposits and tax-free growth"],["Employer match","Money an employer adds to your retirement savings"],["FDIC","US agency that insures bank deposits, up to $250,000 per depositor per bank"],["Rule of 72","Divide 72 by the interest rate to estimate years to double money"],["Compound growth example","$100 at 7% roughly doubles in about 10 years"],["Overdraft","Spending more than your account holds"],["Overdraft fee","A charge for overdrawing an account"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/finance-money-basics","id":"finance-money-basics","title":"Money and Budgeting Basics","category":"health-life","subject":"Personal Finance","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Earning, saving, spending, budgeting and everyday money words.","tags":["money","budget","saving","personal finance"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Income","Money you earn or receive"],["Expense","Money you spend"],["Budget","A plan for how to spend and save money"],["Needs","Things you must have, like food, shelter and clothing"],["Wants","Things you would like but can live without"],["Saving","Setting money aside for later"],["Spending","Using money to buy things"],["Earning","Getting money for work"],["Allowance","Money children receive regularly from a family"],["Wage","Money paid for work, often by the hour"],["Salary","A fixed yearly payment for a job"],["Tip","Extra money given to thank someone for service"],["Gross pay","Pay before taxes are taken out"],["Net pay (take-home pay)","Pay after taxes and deductions"],["Tax","Money people pay to the government for public services"],["Income tax","Tax on money you earn"],["Sales tax","Tax added to things you buy"],["Deduction","An amount subtracted from pay"],["Bank","A business that holds and lends money"],["Credit union","A not-for-profit financial cooperative owned by members"],["Savings account","An account that holds money and pays interest"],["Checking account","An account for everyday spending with checks or a debit card"],["Deposit","Money put into an account"],["Withdrawal","Money taken out of an account"],["Balance","The amount of money in an account"],["Debit card","A card that takes money directly from your bank account"],["ATM","Machine to withdraw cash or make deposits"],["PIN","Personal identification number, a secret code for a card"],["Cash","Coins and paper money"],["Check","A written order for the bank to pay money"],["Interest","Money paid for using money, earned on savings or paid on loans"],["Compound interest","Interest earned on both the money and past interest"],["Simple interest","Interest calculated only on the original amount"],["Principal","The original amount of money borrowed or invested"],["Goal setting","Deciding what you want to save for"],["Short-term goal","A goal you can reach soon"],["Long-term goal","A goal that takes many years"],["Emergency fund","Money saved for unexpected costs"],["Pay yourself first","Saving some money before spending the rest"],["Save, spend, share","Three jobs for money: keep some, use some, give some"],["Donation","Money or goods given to help others"],["Charity","An organization that helps people in need"],["Opportunity cost","What you give up when you choose one thing over another"],["Trade-off","Giving up one thing to get another"],["Price","The amount of money a good or service costs"],["Value","What something is worth to you"],["Unit price","The price per single unit, like per ounce"],["Comparison shopping","Checking prices at several places before buying"],["Coupon","A voucher for a discount"],["Sale","A time when items are priced lower"],["Impulse buying","Buying without planning"],["Advertising","Messages that try to persuade you to buy"],["Profit","Money left after costs are subtracted from earnings"],["Entrepreneur","A person who starts a business"],["Supply","How much of something is available"],["Demand","How much people want something"],["Inflation","A general rise in prices over time"],["Investing","Putting money into something hoping it grows"],["Stock","A small share of ownership in a company"],["Bond","A loan to a company or government that pays interest"],["Mutual fund","A mix of many investments pooled together"],["Diversification","Spreading money across different investments to lower risk"],["Retirement","The time of life after stopping regular work"],["Net worth","What you own minus what you owe"],["Asset","Something valuable that you own"],["Liability","Something you owe"],["50/30/20 rule","About 50% needs, 30% wants, 20% savings"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fitness-exercises-and-terms","id":"fitness-exercises-and-terms","title":"Exercises and Fitness Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Fitness","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Names of common exercises, what they train and basic fitness words.","tags":["fitness","exercise","PE"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Push-up","Lower and raise your body with your arms; works chest, shoulders and arms"],["Sit-up","Lie on your back and lift your upper body toward your knees; works abs"],["Crunch","A small curl of the upper body that works the abs"],["Plank","Hold a straight body position on forearms and toes; works the core"],["Squat","Bend your knees and lower hips as if sitting; works legs and glutes"],["Lunge","Step forward and bend both knees; works legs"],["Jumping jack","Jump while spreading legs and raising arms overhead; full-body cardio"],["Burpee","Squat, kick back to a plank, jump up; full-body"],["Mountain climber","From a plank, run knees toward chest; cardio and core"],["High knees","Run in place lifting knees high"],["Butt kicks","Jog in place kicking heels toward your seat"],["Wall sit","Hold a sitting position against a wall"],["Pull-up","Pull your chin over a bar; works back and arms"],["Chin-up","A pull-up with palms facing you"],["Dip","Lower and raise your body between parallel bars; works triceps"],["Calf raise","Rise onto the toes; works calves"],["Glute bridge","Lie on your back and lift hips; works glutes"],["Bicycle crunch","Opposite elbow to knee while pedaling the legs"],["Leg raise","Lift straight legs while lying; works lower abs"],["Superman","Lie on your stomach and lift arms and legs; works back"],["Bear crawl","Walk on hands and feet with knees off the ground"],["Crab walk","Walk on hands and feet with belly up"],["Skipping rope (jump rope)","Cardio exercise jumping over a rope"],["Stretching","Gently lengthening muscles to improve flexibility"],["Static stretch","Holding a stretch still"],["Dynamic stretch","Stretching while moving"],["Warm-up","Easy exercise to prepare the body"],["Cool-down","Easy exercise to bring heart rate down"],["Cardiovascular endurance","How long the heart and lungs can work"],["Muscular strength","How much force a muscle can make"],["Muscular endurance","How long a muscle can keep working"],["Flexibility","How far a joint can move"],["Body composition","The mix of fat, muscle and bone in the body"],["Balance","Ability to stay steady"],["Agility","Ability to change direction quickly"],["Coordination","Moving different body parts smoothly together"],["Speed","How fast you can move"],["Power","Strength combined with speed"],["Reaction time","How quickly you respond to a signal"],["Aerobic exercise","Exercise that uses oxygen over a long time, like jogging"],["Anaerobic exercise","Short bursts of intense exercise, like sprinting"],["Resting heart rate","Heartbeats per minute at rest"],["Target heart rate","The heart rate to aim for during exercise"],["Pulse","The beat felt in an artery as the heart pumps"],["Reps","Short for repetitions; how many times you do an exercise"],["Set","A group of repetitions"],["Interval training","Alternating hard effort and rest"],["Circuit training","Moving between exercise stations"],["Core","The muscles of the abdomen, back and hips"],["Biceps","Muscle on the front of the upper arm"],["Triceps","Muscle on the back of the upper arm"],["Quadriceps","Muscles on the front of the thigh"],["Hamstrings","Muscles on the back of the thigh"],["Glutes","Muscles of the buttocks"],["Abdominals","Stomach muscles"],["Pectorals","Chest muscles"],["Deltoids","Shoulder muscles"],["Gastrocnemius","The main calf muscle"],["Recommended daily activity for kids","At least 60 minutes"],["Recommended weekly activity for adults","At least 150 minutes of moderate exercise"],["Hydrate","Drink water before, during and after exercise"],["Sleep and recovery","Muscles grow and repair during rest"],["Rest day","A day off to let the body recover"],["Proper form","Using correct technique to avoid injury"],["Warm up before playing","Reduces the chance of injury"],["Yoga","Poses, stretching and breathing"],["Pilates","Exercise focusing on core strength and control"],["Cross-training","Doing different kinds of exercise"],["Fitness test: the mile run","Measures cardiovascular endurance"],["Sit-and-reach test","Measures flexibility"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/gardening-basics","id":"gardening-basics","title":"Gardening Words","category":"health-life","subject":"Gardening","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","adult"],"description":"Plant parts, soil, tools and the steps of growing a garden.","tags":["gardening","plants","soil"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Seed","A plant's package holding a baby plant and food"],["Germination","When a seed begins to sprout"],["Seedling","A very young plant"],["Sprout","A new shoot from a seed"],["Roots","Plant parts that take in water and nutrients and hold the plant in place"],["Stem","Plant part that holds up leaves and carries water and food"],["Leaves","Plant parts that make food using sunlight"],["Flower","Plant part that makes seeds"],["Fruit","The part of a plant that holds seeds"],["Photosynthesis","How plants use sunlight, water and air to make food"],["Soil","Earth where plants grow, made of rock bits, air, water and living things"],["Compost","Rotted plant and food waste that enriches soil"],["Mulch","A layer of material on the soil that keeps moisture in and weeds down"],["Fertilizer","Plant food added to soil"],["Weed","A plant growing where it is not wanted"],["Pollination","Moving pollen so flowers can make seeds"],["Pollinator","An animal like a bee or butterfly that moves pollen"],["Annual","A plant that lives one year"],["Perennial","A plant that lives for many years"],["Biennial","A plant that lives two years"],["Bulb","An underground storage part that grows a new plant, like a tulip or onion"],["Tuber","A thick underground stem, like a potato"],["Transplant","Move a plant to a new place"],["Thin","Remove extra seedlings to give others space"],["Prune","Cut off parts of a plant to help it grow"],["Deadhead","Remove old flowers to encourage more"],["Harvest","Pick or gather crops when ripe"],["Raised bed","A garden box filled with soil above the ground"],["Container garden","Plants grown in pots"],["Greenhouse","A glass or plastic building that traps warmth for plants"],["Hardiness zone","A map region showing which plants survive the winter there"],["Frost date","The average last or first freezing day of the season"],["Full sun","6 or more hours of direct sunlight"],["Partial shade","About 3 to 6 hours of sun"],["Watering tip","Water the soil at the roots, early in the morning"],["Drainage","How well water flows out of soil"],["Loam","A balanced soil of sand, silt and clay good for gardens"],["Clay soil","Heavy soil that holds water"],["Sandy soil","Light soil that drains fast"],["pH","A measure of how acidic or basic soil is"],["Rake","A tool for leveling soil and collecting leaves"],["Hoe","A tool for loosening soil and cutting weeds"],["Trowel","A small hand shovel"],["Spade","A tool for digging"],["Garden fork","A tool for loosening and turning soil"],["Pruning shears","Clippers for cutting stems"],["Watering can","A can with a spout for watering plants"],["Wheelbarrow","A one-wheeled cart for carrying heavy loads"],["Garden gloves","Protect hands from dirt and thorns"],["Three Sisters planting","Corn, beans and squash grown together, a Native American method"],["Companion planting","Growing plants together that help each other"],["Crop rotation","Planting different crops in a spot each year to keep soil healthy"],["Cover crop","A plant grown to protect and feed the soil"],["Pest","An insect or animal that harms plants"],["Beneficial insects","Bugs like ladybugs that help the garden"],["Organic gardening","Growing plants without synthetic chemicals"],["Earthworm","Soil animal that loosens and enriches the earth"],["Vegetable that grows underground","Carrot, potato, radish, beet, onion"],["Easy plants for beginners","Radishes, lettuce, beans, sunflowers, marigolds"],["Sunflower","A tall plant with seeds; the head turns to follow the sun when young"],["Herb","A plant used for flavor or medicine, like basil or mint"],["Mint","A fast-spreading herb; grow it in a pot"],["Tomato","Fruit grown in a garden and used like a vegetable"],["Pumpkin","A vine fruit that takes about 90 to 120 days to ripen"],["Plant a seed twice as deep as its width","A common planting rule"],["Perennial example","Lavender, roses, asparagus, peonies"],["Annual example","Marigolds, tomatoes, zinnias, lettuce"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/health-food-groups","id":"health-food-groups","title":"Food Groups","category":"health-life","subject":"Health","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Which food group each food belongs to and why each group matters.","tags":["food groups","MyPlate","healthy eating"],"frontLabel":"Food","backLabel":"Food group","cards":[["Apple","Fruit"],["Banana","Fruit"],["Orange","Fruit"],["Strawberries","Fruit"],["Grapes","Fruit"],["Raisins","Fruit (dried)"],["Watermelon","Fruit"],["Blueberries","Fruit"],["Carrot","Vegetable"],["Broccoli","Vegetable"],["Spinach","Vegetable"],["Corn on the cob","Vegetable (starchy)"],["Potato","Vegetable (starchy)"],["Tomato","Botanically a fruit, counted as a vegetable in nutrition"],["Lettuce","Vegetable"],["Peas","Vegetable"],["Bell pepper","Vegetable"],["Bread","Grains"],["Rice","Grains"],["Oatmeal","Grains"],["Pasta","Grains"],["Tortilla","Grains"],["Cereal","Grains"],["Popcorn","Grains (whole grain)"],["Chicken","Protein"],["Beef","Protein"],["Fish","Protein"],["Eggs","Protein"],["Beans","Protein (also vegetable group)"],["Peanut butter","Protein"],["Tofu","Protein"],["Almonds","Protein (nuts)"],["Lentils","Protein (also vegetable group)"],["Milk","Dairy"],["Cheese","Dairy"],["Yogurt","Dairy"],["Fortified soy milk","Dairy group alternative"],["Butter","Fats and oils; not in the dairy group"],["Olive oil","Oils"],["Candy","Extra: eat only sometimes"],["Soda","Extra: eat only sometimes"],["Chips","Extra: eat only sometimes"],["What does MyPlate show?","A plate divided into fruits, vegetables, grains, protein and dairy"],["How much of your plate should be fruits and vegetables?","About half"],["Why eat grains?","They give energy and fiber"],["Why eat fruits?","They give vitamins, fiber and natural sugar"],["Why eat vegetables?","They give vitamins, minerals and fiber"],["Why eat protein foods?","They help build and repair the body"],["Why eat dairy?","It gives calcium for strong bones and teeth"],["Go, Grow, Glow foods","Go: energy foods; Grow: body-building foods; Glow: protective foods"],["What did the Food Guide Pyramid get replaced with?","MyPlate, in 2011"],["Whole grain bread vs white bread","Whole grain has more fiber and nutrients"],["Frozen vegetables","Count as vegetables and keep their nutrients"],["100 percent fruit juice","Counts as fruit but has less fiber than whole fruit"],["Which group do nuts belong to?","Protein"],["Which group does ice cream belong to?","Dairy-based but a treat with added sugar"],["Which group is rice in?","Grains"],["Which group is cottage cheese in?","Dairy"],["Which group is salmon in?","Protein"],["Which group is cucumber in?","Vegetable"],["Which group is a pear in?","Fruit"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/health-nutrition-basics","id":"health-nutrition-basics","title":"Nutrition Basics","category":"health-life","subject":"Health","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Nutrients, calories, healthy eating words and what foods do for the body.","tags":["nutrition","nutrients","healthy eating"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Nutrient","A substance in food that the body needs to work and grow"],["Carbohydrates","Nutrients that give the body quick energy"],["Protein","A nutrient that builds and repairs muscles and other body parts"],["Fat","A nutrient that stores energy and helps absorb some vitamins"],["Vitamins","Nutrients that help the body work properly, needed in tiny amounts"],["Minerals","Elements like calcium and iron that the body needs"],["Water","The nutrient that makes up most of the body and helps every process"],["Fiber","Plant part that helps digestion and keeps you feeling full"],["Calorie","A unit of energy in food"],["Calories per gram of carbohydrate","4"],["Calories per gram of protein","4"],["Calories per gram of fat","9"],["Simple carbohydrates","Sugars that digest quickly"],["Complex carbohydrates","Starches and fibers that digest more slowly, like whole grains"],["Amino acids","Building blocks of protein"],["Complete protein","Protein that has all nine essential amino acids"],["Saturated fat","Fat usually solid at room temperature, best eaten in small amounts"],["Unsaturated fat","Healthier fat, usually liquid at room temperature, like olive oil"],["Trans fat","An unhealthy fat made by processing oils"],["Cholesterol","A waxy substance in the blood; too much can harm the heart"],["Added sugar","Sugar put into foods when they are made"],["Sodium","A part of salt; too much can raise blood pressure"],["Hydration","Having enough water in the body"],["Dehydration","Not having enough water in the body"],["Digestion","Breaking down food so the body can use it"],["Metabolism","All the chemical processes that turn food into energy"],["Appetite","The desire to eat"],["Hunger","The body's signal that it needs food"],["Portion size","The amount of food you choose to eat at one time"],["Serving size","The amount listed on a food label as one serving"],["Nutrition Facts label","A food label listing calories and nutrients per serving"],["Ingredients list","A label list of what a food contains, from most to least"],["Whole grain","A grain that keeps its bran, germ and endosperm"],["Processed food","Food changed from its natural form before you buy it"],["Whole food","Food that is close to its natural state"],["Organic food","Food grown without most synthetic chemicals"],["Balanced diet","Eating a variety of foods in the right amounts"],["Breakfast","The first meal of the day that gives energy to start"],["Snack","A small amount of food eaten between meals"],["Healthy snack","Fruit, vegetables, nuts or yogurt for example"],["Allergy (food)","The body's harmful reaction to a certain food"],["Common food allergens","Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, wheat, soy, sesame"],["Lactose intolerance","Trouble digesting the sugar in milk"],["Gluten","A protein found in wheat, barley and rye"],["Vegetarian","Someone who does not eat meat"],["Vegan","Someone who eats no animal products at all"],["Antioxidants","Substances in fruits and vegetables that protect cells"],["Probiotics","Helpful living bacteria in foods like yogurt"],["Calcium","A mineral for strong bones and teeth"],["Iron","A mineral that helps blood carry oxygen"],["Potassium","A mineral that helps muscles and nerves work; found in bananas"],["Which nutrient is the body's main source of energy?","Carbohydrates"],["Which nutrient builds muscle?","Protein"],["How much of the body is water?","About 60 percent for adults"],["Foods high in protein","Meat, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, tofu"],["Foods high in fiber","Whole grains, beans, fruits and vegetables"],["Foods high in calcium","Milk, cheese, yogurt, leafy greens"],["Foods high in iron","Red meat, beans, spinach, fortified cereals"],["Why drink water instead of soda?","Water has no added sugar and hydrates you"],["Empty calories","Calories with few nutrients, like candy and soda"],["Meal planning","Choosing healthy meals ahead of time"],["Food label tip","Check serving size first, then calories and sugar"],["Eating colorful fruits and vegetables","Gives a wide variety of vitamins and minerals"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/health-vitamins-minerals","id":"health-vitamins-minerals","title":"Vitamins and Minerals","category":"health-life","subject":"Health","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"What each vitamin and mineral does and which foods supply it.","tags":["vitamins","minerals","nutrition"],"frontLabel":"Nutrient","backLabel":"Job and sources","cards":[["Vitamin A","Healthy eyes, skin and immune system; carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach"],["Vitamin B1 (thiamin)","Helps turn food into energy; whole grains, pork, beans"],["Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)","Energy and healthy skin; milk, eggs, greens"],["Vitamin B3 (niacin)","Energy and nerves; meat, peanuts, fortified grains"],["Vitamin B6","Brain function and making proteins; chicken, bananas, potatoes"],["Vitamin B9 (folate)","Making new cells; leafy greens, beans, oranges"],["Vitamin B12","Nerves and red blood cells; meat, fish, eggs, dairy"],["Vitamin C","Healing wounds and fighting infection; citrus, strawberries, peppers"],["Vitamin D","Helps absorb calcium for bones; sunlight, fortified milk, fish"],["Vitamin E","Protects cells; nuts, seeds, vegetable oils"],["Vitamin K","Helps blood clot; leafy greens such as kale"],["Scurvy","Disease from too little vitamin C"],["Rickets","Bone disease in children from too little vitamin D"],["Fat-soluble vitamins","A, D, E and K, stored in body fat"],["Water-soluble vitamins","B vitamins and C, not stored for long"],["Calcium","Strong bones and teeth; milk, cheese, broccoli"],["Phosphorus","Bones and energy; dairy, meat, nuts"],["Magnesium","Muscles and nerves; nuts, seeds, whole grains"],["Potassium","Muscles, nerves and heartbeat; bananas, potatoes, beans"],["Sodium","Fluid balance and nerves; salt"],["Chloride","Fluid balance; table salt"],["Iron","Carries oxygen in blood; red meat, beans, spinach"],["Zinc","Healing and immune system; meat, seeds, beans"],["Iodine","Helps the thyroid gland; iodized salt, fish"],["Selenium","Protects cells; Brazil nuts, fish"],["Fluoride","Strengthens tooth enamel; fluoridated water, toothpaste"],["Copper","Helps make red blood cells; nuts, shellfish"],["Anemia","Too little iron or red blood cells, causing tiredness"],["Osteoporosis","Weak, brittle bones, often from low calcium over many years"],["Goiter","Swollen thyroid from not enough iodine"],["Which vitamin do we make in skin with sunlight?","Vitamin D"],["Which vitamin helps with night vision?","Vitamin A"],["Which vitamin is in oranges and lemons?","Vitamin C"],["Which vitamin is only found naturally in animal foods?","Vitamin B12"],["Which mineral builds bones?","Calcium"],["Which mineral is in hemoglobin?","Iron"],["Which mineral helps fight cavities?","Fluoride"],["Which mineral do bananas contain a lot of?","Potassium"],["Who cured scurvy on ships with citrus in the 1700s?","James Lind, a Scottish naval doctor, tested it in 1747"],["Multivitamin","A pill with many vitamins, not a replacement for healthy food"],["Supplement","A product taken to add nutrients, best discussed with a doctor"],["Daily value (%DV)","How much of a nutrient one serving gives compared with daily needs"],["Fortified food","Food with added vitamins or minerals, like many cereals"],["Enriched grain","Grain with some nutrients added back after processing"],["Trace mineral","A mineral needed in tiny amounts"],["Macrominerals","Minerals needed in larger amounts, like calcium and sodium"],["Electrolytes","Minerals such as sodium and potassium that carry electrical signals"],["Vitamin C and iron","Vitamin C helps the body absorb iron from plant foods"],["Vitamin D and calcium","Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium"],["Beta-carotene","Orange pigment in plants the body turns into vitamin A"],["Why eat leafy greens?","They supply vitamins A, C, K, folate and minerals"],["Why not take huge doses of vitamins?","Too much of some vitamins can be harmful"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/kitchen-safety-and-hygiene","id":"kitchen-safety-and-hygiene","title":"Kitchen Safety and Food Hygiene","category":"health-life","subject":"Cooking","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Handwashing, safe temperatures, cross-contamination and safe tool use.","tags":["kitchen safety","food safety","hygiene"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Wash hands before cooking for how long?","At least 20 seconds with soap and water"],["Wash hands after touching raw meat","Yes, always, to stop germs spreading"],["Cross-contamination","Germs spreading from one food or surface to another"],["Separate cutting boards","Use different boards for raw meat and for vegetables or bread"],["Danger zone for food","Between 40 and 140 degrees Fahrenheit, where bacteria grow fast"],["Refrigerator temperature","40 degrees Fahrenheit or colder"],["Freezer temperature","0 degrees Fahrenheit"],["How long can perishable food sit out?","No more than 2 hours (1 hour if hotter than 90 degrees)"],["Safe internal temperature for chicken and turkey","165 degrees Fahrenheit"],["Safe internal temperature for ground beef","160 degrees Fahrenheit"],["Safe internal temperature for pork, steaks and fish","145 degrees Fahrenheit"],["Safe temperature for leftovers","Reheat to 165 degrees Fahrenheit"],["Food thermometer","A tool to check that food is cooked enough"],["Thaw frozen meat safely","In the refrigerator, cold water, or microwave; not on the counter"],["Wash raw chicken?","No, it spreads germs; cook it to temperature instead"],["Wash fruits and vegetables","Rinse under running water before eating"],["Raw eggs","Can carry germs; don't eat raw dough with eggs"],["Raw flour","Can carry germs; don't eat raw cookie dough"],["Expiration date","The date after which food may not be safe or best"],["First in, first out","Use older food before newer food"],["Leftovers","Refrigerate within 2 hours and eat within 3 to 4 days"],["Food poisoning","Illness from eating food with harmful germs"],["Bacteria","Tiny living things, some of which make food unsafe"],["Salmonella","A bacteria often found in raw poultry and eggs"],["E. coli","A bacteria that can be in undercooked beef and raw vegetables"],["Allergen warning","Tell people about nuts, milk, eggs and other allergens in your cooking"],["Oven mitts","Use them to hold hot pans and dishes"],["Pot handles","Turn them inward so they don't get bumped"],["Hot pan lids","Open away from your face to avoid steam burns"],["Sharp knife safety","A sharp knife is safer than a dull one because it slips less"],["Knife cutting technique: claw grip","Curl fingertips under and keep knuckles forward"],["Carrying a knife","Point down, blade against your leg"],["Passing a knife","Handle first"],["Never catch a falling knife","Step back and let it fall"],["Wet floors","Wipe spills right away"],["Unplug appliances","Before cleaning them"],["Water and electricity","Keep cords and outlets away from water"],["Microwave safety","Use only microwave-safe containers; no metal"],["Steam from microwaved food","Can burn; open lids away from you"],["Grease fire","Smother it with a lid; never use water"],["Fire extinguisher in kitchen","Keep one handy and know how to use it"],["Baking sheet vs hot water","Never put hot glass into cold water; it can shatter"],["Ask an adult for help when","Using the stove, oven, sharp knives or hot oil, unless you have permission"],["Clean as you go","Wash tools and wipe surfaces while cooking"],["Sanitize","Reduce germs on a surface to a safe level"],["Dishwasher vs hand washing","Both work if hot water and soap are used"],["Apron","Clothing that protects your clothes while cooking"],["Tie back long hair","So it doesn't fall in food or near flames"],["Taste-testing","Use a clean spoon each time, don't double dip"],["Cooking with kids","Always with an adult nearby"],["Seafood storage","Keep on ice or very cold"],["Rice left out","Can grow bacteria; cool and refrigerate quickly"],["Mold on bread","Throw the whole loaf out"],["Canned food with a bulging can","Do not eat"],["Smell test","Not a reliable way to know food is safe"],["When in doubt","Throw it out"],["Hot oil splatters","Dry food well before putting it in hot oil"],["Slip-proof footwear","Wear closed-toe shoes in the kitchen"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/knots-and-rope-terms","id":"knots-and-rope-terms","title":"Knots and Rope Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Outdoor Skills","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Useful knots, what they do, and the words for parts of a rope.","tags":["knots","rope","scouting","camping"],"frontLabel":"Knot or term","backLabel":"Use","cards":[["Overhand knot","The simplest knot; a stopper at the end of a rope"],["Figure-eight knot","A stopper knot that is easy to untie; used in climbing"],["Square knot (reef knot)","Joins two ropes of equal thickness; right over left, then left over right"],["Granny knot","A weaker, wrong version of a square knot that can slip"],["Bowline","Makes a fixed loop that will not slip; the king of knots"],["Clove hitch","Quickly ties a rope around a post or pole"],["Two half hitches","Secures a rope to a ring, post or tree"],["Taut-line hitch","An adjustable loop for tent guy lines"],["Sheet bend","Joins two ropes of different thickness"],["Sheepshank","Shortens a rope without cutting it"],["Slip knot","A knot that tightens when you pull the working end"],["Fisherman's knot","Joins two ropes or fishing lines"],["Trucker's hitch","Pulls a rope tight to secure a load"],["Prusik knot","A friction knot for climbing ropes"],["Square lashing","Ties poles together at right angles"],["Diagonal lashing","Ties poles that cross at an angle"],["Shear lashing","Ties two poles side by side to form a bipod"],["Cow hitch","A simple hitch for attaching a rope to an object"],["Munter hitch","A friction hitch used to belay climbers"],["Alpine butterfly","Makes a loop in the middle of a rope"],["Rolling hitch","Holds on a pole to pull along it"],["Becket bend","Another name for the sheet bend"],["Whipping","Wrapping thread around a rope end to stop it fraying"],["Working end","The end of the rope you tie the knot with"],["Standing part","The long unused part of the rope"],["Bight","A U-shaped curve in a rope"],["Loop","A circle made by crossing rope"],["Turn","One wrap of rope around an object"],["Round turn","A complete wrap around an object"],["Hitch","A knot tied around an object"],["Bend","A knot that joins two ropes"],["Splice","Joining ropes by weaving strands together"],["Coil","To arrange rope in loops for storage"],["Fraying","Rope ends coming undone"],["Natural fiber rope","Rope from cotton, hemp or manila"],["Synthetic rope","Rope made of nylon, polyester or polypropylene"],["Paracord","Strong lightweight nylon cord used in camping and survival"],["Static rope","Rope that barely stretches"],["Dynamic rope","Climbing rope that stretches to absorb a fall"],["Knot strength","Every knot makes the rope weaker where it bends"],["Dress the knot","Neaten and tighten it properly"],["Test the knot","Pull on it to check it holds"],["Knot for tying shoes","A bow, a reef knot with loops"],["Why learn knots?","For camping, boating, climbing, fishing and everyday tasks"],["Rock climbing knot to the harness","Figure-eight follow-through"],["Knot to tie a boat to a dock","Cleat hitch"],["Cleat hitch","Ties a boat line to a cleat"],["Anchor bend","Ties a rope to an anchor"],["Rope safety","Never use frayed ropes to hold weight"],["Scouting knot motto","Practice until you can tie it without looking"],["Knot for a tent corner","Taut-line hitch or bowline"],["Knot to tie a hammock","Two half hitches or a bowline"],["Knot to hang a tarp","Clove hitch or trucker's hitch"],["Knot used by sailors to make a loop","Bowline"],["Rope length unit at sea","Fathom, equal to six feet"],["Cord vs rope","Cord is thinner than rope"],["Twine","Thin string of twisted fibers"],["Lanyard","A cord worn around the neck or wrist"],["Braid","Weaving three or more strands together"],["Knot to secure a canoe on a car roof","Trucker's hitch with two half hitches"],["Overhand on a bight","Makes a quick loop at the end"],["Constrictor knot","A tight binding knot that is hard to remove"],["Lark's head","Another name for the cow hitch"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/life-first-aid","id":"life-first-aid","title":"First Aid Basics","category":"health-life","subject":"Safety","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"What to do for common injuries and emergencies. Always call for help in a serious emergency.","tags":["first aid","emergency","safety"],"frontLabel":"Situation","backLabel":"What to do","cards":[["Emergency phone number in the US","911"],["First thing in any emergency","Make sure the area is safe, then get an adult or call 911"],["Small cut","Wash with clean water and soap, then cover with a bandage"],["Bleeding that will not stop","Press firmly on it with a clean cloth and get help"],["Scrape","Rinse with clean water, gently clean, cover with a bandage"],["Nosebleed","Sit up, lean forward, pinch the soft part of the nose for 10 minutes"],["Minor burn","Cool under cool running water for 10 minutes"],["Serious burn","Call 911; do not put butter or ice on it"],["Sprain","Rest, ice, compression, elevation","R.I.C.E."],["What does R.I.C.E. stand for?","Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation"],["Bump on the head","Tell an adult; get medical help if there is vomiting, sleepiness or confusion"],["Possible broken bone","Keep it still and get medical help"],["Bee sting","Remove the stinger by scraping, wash, apply a cold pack"],["Allergic reaction with trouble breathing","Call 911 and use epinephrine if prescribed"],["Tick bite","Remove it with tweezers pulling straight out and tell an adult"],["Animal bite","Wash with soap and water and see a doctor"],["Choking in an adult or child (cannot cough or speak)","Give abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) after calling for help"],["Heimlich maneuver","Abdominal thrusts that push air out to clear a blocked airway"],["Someone is not breathing","Call 911 and begin CPR if trained"],["CPR","Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: chest compressions and breaths to keep blood moving"],["AED","Automated external defibrillator, a device that shocks the heart back to rhythm"],["Fainting","Lay the person flat and raise their legs"],["Heat exhaustion","Move to a cool place, give water, cool the skin"],["Heat stroke","A medical emergency: call 911 and cool the person"],["Frostbite","Gently warm the area; do not rub it; get medical help"],["Hypothermia","Move indoors, remove wet clothes, wrap in blankets, warm slowly"],["Poison","Call Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222 in the US"],["Swallowed something dangerous","Call Poison Control or 911 right away"],["Chemical in the eye","Rinse the eye with water for at least 15 minutes"],["Object in the eye","Do not rub; blink or rinse with clean water"],["Seizure","Move hard objects away, cushion the head, do not hold the person down, call 911"],["Stroke warning signs","Face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty: time to call 911","FAST"],["What does FAST stand for in stroke?","Face, Arms, Speech, Time"],["Heart attack signs","Chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, sweating; call 911"],["Asthma attack","Sit up, use the rescue inhaler, call for help if not better"],["Diabetic emergency","Call for help; if awake, give a sugary drink"],["Drowning","Call 911; reach or throw, do not go in unless trained"],["Splinter","Wash, then remove with clean tweezers"],["Blister","Keep it clean and covered; do not pop it"],["Sunburn","Cool the skin, drink water, use aloe or moisturizer"],["Poison ivy","Wash the skin and clothes right away; do not scratch"],["Stop, drop and roll","What to do if clothes catch fire"],["Bandage","A cover for a wound"],["First aid kit","A box of supplies like bandages, gauze, tape and antiseptic"],["Gauze","Soft material that covers or presses on a wound"],["Antiseptic","A liquid that kills germs on skin"],["Tourniquet","A tight band used only for life-threatening bleeding on a limb"],["Sling","A cloth that supports an injured arm"],["Splint","A rigid support that keeps a broken bone still"],["Shock (medical)","A dangerous drop in blood flow; lay the person down and call 911"],["Recovery position","Lying on one side so the airway stays open"],["Good Samaritan","A person who helps someone in need"],["Medical alert bracelet","A bracelet telling responders about a person's health condition"],["Never give this to a child with a viral illness","Aspirin"],["When should you tell a grown-up about an injury?","Right away, every time it's more than a tiny scrape"],["Wash hands before first aid","To keep germs out of the wound"],["Pressure points to stop bleeding","Use direct pressure on the wound first"],["Dial 911 for","Fire, serious injury, someone not breathing, or a crime in progress"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/manners-and-etiquette","id":"manners-and-etiquette","title":"Manners and Etiquette","category":"health-life","subject":"Social Skills","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Polite words and behavior at home, at the table, at school and online.","tags":["manners","etiquette","social skills"],"frontLabel":"Situation","backLabel":"Polite response","cards":[["Receiving a gift","Say thank you, even if it is not what you wanted"],["Asking for something","Say please"],["Someone helps you","Say thank you"],["You bump into someone","Say excuse me or I'm sorry"],["You want to pass someone","Say excuse me"],["Someone says thank you","Say you're welcome"],["Meeting someone new","Say hello, smile, look at them and say your name"],["Introducing yourself","Offer a handshake if comfortable and say 'Nice to meet you'"],["Handshake","Firm but gentle, with eye contact"],["Eye contact","Looking at the person you're talking to"],["Interrupting","Wait for a pause, or say 'Excuse me'"],["Listening","Look at the speaker and wait until they finish"],["Phone call greeting","Say hello and who you are"],["Answering the phone","Use a friendly voice and ask who is calling"],["Texting manners","Be polite, don't text during conversations"],["Phone at the table","Keep it away at meals"],["Written thank-you note","Thank the person, mention the gift and say what you like about it"],["Table: napkin","Place it on your lap"],["Table: elbows","Keep them off the table while eating"],["Table: chewing","Chew with your mouth closed"],["Table: talking while eating","Don't talk with food in your mouth"],["Table: reaching","Ask 'Please pass the...' rather than reaching across"],["Table: wait to eat","Begin when everyone is served or when the host starts"],["Table: utensils","Use a fork, knife and spoon properly"],["Table: when finished","Place your utensils on your plate and say thank you"],["Table: May I be excused?","Ask before leaving the table"],["Table: food you don't like","Say 'No, thank you' politely"],["Table: compliment the cook","Say 'This is delicious'"],["Table: help clear","Offer to help clean up"],["Table: sneezing","Cover with a tissue or elbow"],["Cough or sneeze","Cover your nose and mouth with your elbow or a tissue"],["Holding the door","Hold it for the person behind you"],["Elevator","Let people exit before you enter"],["Giving up a seat","Offer it to an elderly person or someone who needs it"],["Waiting in line","Wait your turn and don't cut"],["Sharing","Take turns and share toys and space"],["Winning","Be modest and say 'good game'"],["Losing","Congratulate the winner"],["Good sportsmanship","Playing fair, following rules, respecting others"],["Disagreeing","Use calm words and listen to the other side"],["Compliment","Say something kind about someone"],["Receiving a compliment","Say thank you"],["Hurt someone's feelings","Apologize sincerely"],["Apology steps","Say sorry, say what you did wrong, make it better"],["Visiting someone's home","Greet the host, follow house rules, say thank you when leaving"],["Host","The person who invites guests"],["Guest","A person who is invited"],["RSVP","A request to reply to an invitation"],["Arriving on time","Shows respect for others' time"],["Being late","Apologize and explain briefly"],["Respecting privacy","Knock before entering a closed door"],["Knocking","Knock and wait for an answer"],["Library voice","Speak softly in quiet places"],["Movie theater","Silence your phone and keep quiet"],["Public transport","Give seats to those who need them and keep your voice down"],["Respecting elders","Speak politely and listen"],["Gossip","Don't talk badly about others behind their backs"],["Include others","Invite someone who is alone to join"],["Teasing","Don't tease in ways that hurt"],["School manners","Raise your hand, listen and be respectful to the teacher"],["Raising your hand","How to ask to speak in class"],["Borrowing","Ask first, return on time in good condition"],["Littering","Never; put trash in the bin"],["Online manners (netiquette)","Be kind and don't use ALL CAPS to shout"],["Reply all","Use carefully; only reply to everyone if needed"],["Please and thank you in other languages","Por favor and gracias in Spanish; s'il vous plait and merci in French"],["Honor the 'golden rule'","Treat others as you want to be treated"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/mindfulness-skills","id":"mindfulness-skills","title":"Mindfulness and Calming Skills","category":"health-life","subject":"Social-Emotional Learning","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Simple practices for calm, focus and kindness.","tags":["mindfulness","calm","breathing","focus"],"frontLabel":"Practice","backLabel":"How it works","cards":[["Mindfulness","Paying attention to the present moment on purpose, without judging"],["Belly breathing","Breathe in so your belly rises, then out so it falls"],["Box breathing","Breathe in for 4, hold for 4, out for 4, hold for 4"],["Smell the flower, blow the candle","Breathe in through the nose, out slowly through the mouth"],["5-4-3-2-1 grounding","Name 5 things you see, 4 touch, 3 hear, 2 smell, 1 taste"],["Body scan","Notice each part of your body from toes to head"],["Mindful eating","Eating slowly and noticing taste, smell and texture"],["Mindful walking","Walking slowly and noticing each step"],["Mindful listening","Listening to sounds or a person without interrupting"],["Loving-kindness","Sending kind wishes to yourself and others"],["Gratitude practice","Naming things you are thankful for"],["Gratitude journal","Writing a few thankful things each day"],["Meditation","Training attention by focusing on something like the breath"],["Focus anchor","Something to return your attention to, such as breathing"],["Wandering mind","When thoughts drift; gently bring attention back"],["Pause button","Stop for a moment before reacting"],["STOP skill","Stop, Take a breath, Observe, Proceed"],["Calm-down corner","A quiet place to rest and settle feelings"],["Calm jar","A jar of glitter and water that settles as you breathe"],["Progressive muscle relaxation","Tighten then relax each muscle group"],["Squeeze and release","Make fists tight then let go to release tension"],["Stretching","Gently moving muscles to release tension"],["Yoga","Poses, stretching and breathing for strength and calm"],["Child's pose","A yoga pose kneeling and folding forward"],["Tree pose","A yoga pose standing on one leg for balance"],["Mountain pose","A yoga pose standing tall and still"],["Cat-cow","A yoga movement arching and rounding the back"],["Visualization","Imagining a calm, peaceful place"],["Safe place imagery","Picture a place where you feel safe and happy"],["Positive self-talk","Saying kind and encouraging things to yourself"],["Affirmation","A short positive statement, such as 'I can try'"],["Self-compassion","Treating yourself with the kindness you'd give a friend"],["Sleep hygiene","Habits for good sleep, like a regular bedtime"],["Hours of sleep for school-age kids","9 to 12 hours"],["Hours of sleep for teens","8 to 10 hours"],["Screen-free time before bed","Helps your brain wind down"],["Nature walk","Spending time outside to feel calmer"],["Journaling","Writing down thoughts and feelings"],["Drawing feelings","Using art to show feelings"],["Listening to calm music","Helps the body relax"],["Hug a stuffed animal","A comfort that can calm"],["Name it to tame it","Naming a feeling can make it feel smaller"],["Weather report","Describing your feelings like weather, such as stormy or sunny"],["Mood meter","A chart for rating your feelings by energy and pleasantness"],["Feelings are like waves","They rise, peak and pass"],["Observe without judging","Notice thoughts as if clouds passing"],["Beginner's mind","Seeing things as new, with curiosity"],["Single-tasking","Doing one thing at a time with full attention"],["Digital detox","A break from phones and screens"],["Take 3 breaths","A quick reset any time"],["Stress","The body's response to a challenge or pressure"],["Fight, flight or freeze","The body's automatic reactions to danger"],["Heart rate and calm","Slow breathing helps slow your heartbeat"],["Anxiety toolkit","A list of strategies you can use when feeling worried"],["Ask for help","A strong skill; talk to a trusted adult when feelings are too big"],["Counselor","A trained person at school who helps with feelings and problems"],["Therapist","A trained professional who helps people with mental health"],["Mental health","Your emotional, psychological and social well-being"],["Physical activity and mood","Exercise can boost mood and reduce stress"],["Balanced day","Mix of learning, play, rest, food and friends"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/safety-fire-water-home","id":"safety-fire-water-home","title":"Fire, Water and Home Safety","category":"health-life","subject":"Safety","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Safety rules for fire, water, weather, the kitchen, poison and home.","tags":["fire safety","water safety","home safety"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["If your clothes catch fire","Stop, drop and roll"],["What to do in a smoky room","Get low and crawl under the smoke to the exit"],["Before opening a closed door in a fire","Feel it with the back of your hand; if hot, use another way out"],["Where should your family meet after leaving a burning home?","At a safe meeting place outside, planned ahead"],["How often should you test smoke alarms?","Once a month"],["How often should smoke alarm batteries be replaced?","At least once a year, or as the alarm needs"],["Should you go back inside a burning building for a toy or pet?","No. Tell firefighters"],["Who handles matches and lighters?","Only adults"],["Fire escape plan","Two ways out of every room and a place to meet outside"],["Fire drill","Practice leaving the building safely"],["Number to call for fire","911"],["Never hide from firefighters","They are there to help; come out when they arrive"],["Fire extinguisher PASS method","Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep"],["Stove safety","Keep pot handles turned in and stay in the kitchen while cooking"],["Kid-free zone around the stove","3 feet"],["Kitchen grease fire","Cover with a lid and turn off heat; never use water"],["Electrical outlet safety","Never put fingers or objects in outlets"],["Power cords","Never use damaged cords or overload outlets"],["Candles","Keep away from things that burn and never leave them burning"],["Carbon monoxide","An invisible, odorless gas from fuel burning; use a CO alarm"],["Medicine safety","Only take medicine given by a trusted adult"],["Cleaning products","Keep them locked up; never mix them"],["Poison control number (US)","1-800-222-1222"],["Swimming rule one","Never swim alone"],["Swim near a lifeguard","Choose places where a lifeguard is watching"],["Life jacket","Wear one in boats and when you are not a strong swimmer"],["Reach or throw, don't go","Help a person in water by reaching or throwing something, not jumping in"],["Walk, don't run, at a pool","Wet floors are slippery"],["Diving rule","Never dive into shallow or unknown water; feet first the first time"],["Pool fence","A barrier that keeps small children away from the water"],["Rip current","A strong narrow current pulling away from shore; swim parallel to the beach"],["If caught in a rip current","Don't fight it; swim sideways along the shore, then back in"],["Floating on your back","A way to rest in water until help comes"],["Thin ice","Stay off frozen ponds unless adults say it is safe"],["Lightning safety","When thunder roars, go indoors"],["Wait after thunder","30 minutes after the last thunder before going back outside"],["Tornado safety","Go to the lowest floor, in a room without windows"],["Earthquake safety","Drop, cover and hold on"],["Flood safety","Never walk or drive through floodwater","Turn around, don't drown"],["Hurricane safety","Follow evacuation orders and stay indoors away from windows"],["Heat safety","Drink water, rest in the shade, never stay in a parked car"],["Cold safety","Dress in layers and cover hands, head and face"],["Sun safety","Wear sunscreen, hat and sunglasses"],["Sunscreen strength","SPF 30 or higher, reapplied about every two hours"],["Helmet","Wear one when riding a bike, scooter or skateboard"],["Seat belt","Wear it every ride"],["Car seat or booster","Use until the adult seat belt fits properly"],["Back seat rule","Children under 13 ride in the back seat"],["Never leave children or pets in a parked car","Cars heat up quickly and can be deadly"],["Playground safety","Take turns, don't push, use equipment the right way"],["Stairs","Walk, don't run, and keep them free of toys"],["Dog safety","Ask the owner before petting, and never tease an animal"],["Wild animals","Watch from a distance and never feed them"],["Gun safety","If you find a gun: Stop, don't touch, leave, tell an adult"],["Home alone rule","Know your address and phone number and how to call 911"],["Know your address","So you can tell 911 where you are"],["Door safety","Don't open the door to strangers"],["Knife safety","Cut away from your body with adult help"],["Scissors","Carry with the point down"],["Stranger's pet or candy","Never accept it without your adult's okay"],["Emergency contact list","A list of phone numbers for trusted adults"],["Safe space","A place you know you can go to feel safe"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/safety-people-and-internet","id":"safety-people-and-internet","title":"People and Internet Safety for Kids","category":"health-life","subject":"Safety","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Staying safe around strangers, with personal information, and online.","tags":["stranger safety","internet safety","digital citizenship"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Trusted adult","A grown-up you can talk to when something worries you, like a parent, teacher or relative"],["Stranger","Someone you and your family do not know"],["If a stranger offers a ride","Say no, move away and tell a trusted adult"],["If you get separated from your family in a store","Stay put and ask a worker or a parent with kids for help"],["Safe adults to ask for help in public","Police officers, store workers, librarians, parents with children"],["Buddy system","Staying with a friend rather than going alone"],["Check first","Always ask your grown-up before going anywhere with anyone"],["Safe secret vs unsafe secret","Surprises are okay; secrets that make you feel scared or uncomfortable must be told"],["Body safety rule","Your body belongs to you, and you can say no to touch that feels wrong"],["No, Go, Yell, Tell","Say no, get away, shout, and tell a trusted adult"],["If something feels wrong","Trust your feelings and tell a trusted adult"],["Never share your full name online","It helps strangers find you"],["Personal information","Name, address, phone, school, birthday, passwords and photos"],["Password","A secret word or phrase that protects an account"],["Strong password","Long, mixed words, numbers and symbols that are hard to guess"],["Share your password with","Only a trusted parent or guardian"],["Privacy settings","Controls for who can see what you share"],["Screen name (username)","A made-up online name that does not reveal your identity"],["Digital footprint","The trail of information you leave online, which can last a long time"],["Think before you post","Once online, things can be copied and hard to remove"],["Cyberbullying","Bullying with phones, games or the internet"],["If you are cyberbullied","Do not reply, save proof, block and tell a trusted adult"],["Upstander","Someone who helps when they see bullying"],["Bystander","Someone who sees bullying and does nothing"],["Block","Stop a person from contacting you"],["Report","Tell the website or app about bad behavior"],["Online stranger","Someone you only know from the internet"],["Meeting an online friend in person","Never, unless a parent agrees and goes with you"],["Grooming","When a bad person builds trust with a child to hurt them; tell an adult if someone online asks for secrets"],["Sending photos","Never send photos of yourself to people you don't know"],["Phishing","A trick message pretending to be a trusted source to steal information"],["Scam","A trick to get your money or information"],["Spam","Unwanted messages, often ads"],["Malware","Harmful software"],["Virus","Harmful software that spreads from computer to computer"],["Antivirus","Software that helps find and stop malware"],["Pop-up ad","A window that suddenly appears; don't click unknown ones"],["Free prize message","Probably a scam; ignore and tell an adult"],["Download rule","Ask a grown-up before downloading apps or files"],["Safe website clue","A lock symbol and https in the address"],["Copyright","The law that protects creators' work from being copied without permission"],["Plagiarism","Using someone's words or ideas as your own"],["Fake news (misinformation)","False information that spreads"],["Check a source","Ask who made it, why, and whether other trusted sources agree"],["Screen time","Time spent using screens; balance it with sleep, play and family"],["Take a break from screens","Every so often to rest your eyes and move your body"],["Online games chat","Be kind, do not share info and report bad behavior"],["Webcam safety","Cover or turn off when not in use and only video chat with people you know"],["Location sharing","Turn it off unless a parent says it is okay"],["Public Wi-Fi","Avoid logging in to important accounts on it"],["Log out","Sign out of accounts on shared computers"],["Two-factor authentication","A second step like a code that proves it's you"],["COPPA","US law protecting the online privacy of kids under 13"],["Age limits on apps","Rules that many apps set, often 13 and over"],["Kind words online","Treat others the way you would in person"],["Netiquette","Polite manners online"],["Troll","Someone who posts to upset people"],["Don't feed the trolls","Do not reply to those who try to upset you"],["Tell a grown-up if","A message makes you feel scared, sad or uncomfortable"],["Never keep a scary message secret","Show a trusted adult"],["Parental controls","Tools that let parents limit what kids can do online"],["Digital citizen","Someone who uses technology safely, kindly and responsibly"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sewing-and-crafts-terms","id":"sewing-and-crafts-terms","title":"Sewing and Crafts Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Crafts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Needles, stitches, fabrics and knitting, crochet and craft vocabulary.","tags":["sewing","crafts","knitting","crochet"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Needle","A thin pointed tool with an eye for thread"],["Thread","Thin twisted fiber used for sewing"],["Thimble","A small cap that protects the finger when pushing a needle"],["Pin","A tiny pointed wire for holding fabric pieces together"],["Pincushion","A small cushion for holding pins"],["Seam ripper","A tool for undoing stitches"],["Fabric scissors","Sharp scissors only for cutting cloth"],["Pinking shears","Scissors with zigzag blades that stop fabric from fraying"],["Tape measure","A flexible ruler for measuring"],["Sewing machine","A machine that stitches fabric quickly"],["Bobbin","A small spool that holds the bottom thread on a sewing machine"],["Seam","The line where two pieces of fabric are sewn together"],["Seam allowance","The extra fabric between the stitching and the cut edge"],["Hem","A folded and sewn edge of fabric"],["Selvage","The finished edge of a fabric roll"],["Grain (fabric)","The direction of threads in woven fabric"],["Bias","The diagonal direction of fabric that stretches the most"],["Pattern","A paper guide for cutting pieces for a project"],["Notions","Small sewing supplies like buttons, zippers and thread"],["Running stitch","A basic straight stitch going in and out"],["Backstitch","A strong stitch where each stitch returns to the start of the last"],["Whipstitch","A stitch that wraps over the edge to join two edges"],["Blanket stitch","A looped stitch used to finish edges"],["Slip stitch","A hidden stitch used to close seams"],["Basting","Long temporary stitches that hold fabric in place"],["Cross-stitch","Embroidery with X-shaped stitches"],["Embroidery","Decorating fabric with thread stitches"],["Applique","Sewing pieces of fabric onto another fabric to make a design"],["Quilting","Sewing layers of fabric together to make a quilt"],["Patchwork","Sewing small pieces of fabric together into a larger design"],["Darning","Mending holes in fabric with stitches"],["Knot the thread","Tie a knot at the end before sewing"],["Cotton","A natural plant fiber used for fabric"],["Wool","Fiber from sheep"],["Silk","Fiber made by silkworms"],["Linen","Fabric made from the flax plant"],["Polyester","A man-made fabric from plastic"],["Denim","Strong cotton fabric used for jeans"],["Felt","Fabric made by pressing fibers together, not woven"],["Fleece","Soft, warm fabric"],["Knit fabric","Fabric made of interlocking loops, stretchy"],["Woven fabric","Fabric made by crossing threads at right angles"],["Yarn","Spun fiber used for knitting and crochet"],["Knitting","Making fabric by looping yarn with two needles"],["Crochet","Making fabric by looping yarn with one hook"],["Cast on","Make the first stitches on a knitting needle"],["Bind off","Finish the last row of knitting so it doesn't unravel"],["Knit stitch","Basic knitting stitch"],["Purl stitch","Basic knitting stitch that is the reverse of the knit stitch"],["Skein","A loosely coiled bundle of yarn"],["Loom","A frame for weaving"],["Weaving","Crossing threads over and under to make cloth"],["Warp","The lengthwise threads on a loom"],["Weft","The crosswise threads woven through the warp"],["Macrame","Craft of tying knots in cord to make patterns"],["Origami","Japanese paper folding"],["Decoupage","Gluing paper cutouts onto objects and sealing with varnish"],["Papier-mache","Strips of paper and paste shaped into objects"],["Mod Podge","A glue and sealer used in decoupage"],["Hot glue gun","A tool that melts glue sticks; the tip is very hot"],["Stencil","A cut-out pattern used to paint shapes"],["Beading","Stringing beads to make jewelry"],["Friendship bracelet","A woven or knotted bracelet shared with friends"],["Tie-dye","Dyeing folded fabric for bold patterns"],["Pom-pom","A fluffy ball made of yarn"],["Upcycle","Turn old items into something new and useful"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sports-baseball-rules-terms","id":"sports-baseball-rules-terms","title":"Baseball and Softball Rules and Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Sports","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Positions, scoring, outs and baseball words.","tags":["baseball","softball","sports rules"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Players on defense","9 on the field"],["Innings in a standard baseball game","9"],["Outs per half-inning","3"],["Strikes for a strikeout","3"],["Balls for a walk","4"],["Pitcher","The player who throws the ball to the batter"],["Catcher","The player who crouches behind home plate and catches pitches"],["First baseman","Defender who covers first base"],["Second baseman","Defender between first and second base"],["Shortstop","Defender between second and third base"],["Third baseman","Defender who covers third base"],["Left fielder","Outfielder on the left side"],["Center fielder","Outfielder in the middle"],["Right fielder","Outfielder on the right side"],["Designated hitter","A player who bats in place of the pitcher"],["Home plate","The base where batters stand and runners score"],["Bases","Four spots a runner must touch in order: first, second, third, home"],["Diamond","The infield shape formed by the bases"],["Base paths","The lines between bases"],["Distance between bases (MLB)","90 feet"],["Pitching distance (MLB)","60 feet 6 inches"],["Pitcher's mound","The raised area where the pitcher stands"],["Strike zone","The area over home plate between knees and chest where a pitch counts as a strike"],["Strike","A pitch in the strike zone, a swing and miss, or a foul with fewer than two strikes"],["Ball","A pitch outside the strike zone that the batter doesn't swing at"],["Foul ball","A batted ball landing outside the foul lines"],["Fair ball","A batted ball in play inside the foul lines"],["Single","A hit that gets the batter to first base"],["Double","A hit that gets the batter to second base"],["Triple","A hit that gets the batter to third base"],["Home run","A hit that lets the batter circle all the bases and score"],["Grand slam","A home run with the bases loaded, scoring 4 runs"],["RBI","Run batted in"],["Run","A point scored when a runner touches home plate"],["Bunt","Tapping the ball softly without a full swing"],["Sacrifice fly","A fly ball caught for an out that lets a runner score"],["Stolen base","A runner advances while the pitcher throws"],["Force out","A runner must move to the next base and is tagged out there"],["Tag out","A fielder touches the runner with the ball"],["Fly out","A batted ball caught in the air"],["Ground out","A grounder fielded and thrown to first for an out"],["Double play","Two outs on one play"],["Triple play","Three outs on one play"],["Strikeout","Three strikes by a batter"],["Walk (base on balls)","Four balls and the batter takes first base"],["Hit by pitch","A batter hit by a pitch goes to first base"],["Error","A fielding mistake that lets a runner reach base or advance"],["Infield fly rule","An easily caught fly ball with runners on makes the batter out"],["Balk","An illegal move by the pitcher with runners on base"],["Pitch types","Fastball, curveball, slider, changeup"],["Fastball","A pitch thrown with top speed"],["Curveball","A pitch that curves as it nears the plate"],["Changeup","A slower pitch that looks like a fastball"],["No-hitter","A game in which one team gets no hits"],["Perfect game","No batter of the other team reaches base"],["Batting average","Hits divided by at-bats"],["ERA","Earned run average, a pitcher's average runs allowed per nine innings"],["Bullpen","Where relief pitchers warm up"],["Dugout","The bench area for players"],["Batter's box","The area where batters stand beside home plate"],["On-deck circle","Where the next batter waits"],["Seventh-inning stretch","A tradition where fans stand and sing Take Me Out to the Ball Game"],["Umpire","The official who calls balls, strikes and outs"],["Softball pitching style","Underhand (windmill)"],["Little League","Youth baseball program founded in 1939"],["MLB","Major League Baseball"],["World Series","The championship series of MLB"],["Jackie Robinson","Broke baseball's color barrier in 1947"],["Babe Ruth","Famous slugger who hit 714 career home runs"],["Hank Aaron","Hit 755 career home runs"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sports-basketball-rules-terms","id":"sports-basketball-rules-terms","title":"Basketball Rules and Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Sports","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Positions, violations, scoring and basketball words.","tags":["basketball","sports rules"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Players per team on court","5"],["Point guard","The ball handler who runs the offense"],["Shooting guard","A guard who scores, especially from outside"],["Small forward","A versatile player who scores and defends"],["Power forward","A strong player who plays near the basket"],["Center","The tallest player, who plays near the basket"],["Field goal","A shot made during play"],["Free throw","An uncontested shot from the foul line, worth 1 point"],["Two-pointer","A basket made inside the three-point line"],["Three-pointer","A basket made from behind the three-point line"],["Layup","A shot made close to the basket off the backboard or rim"],["Dunk","Putting the ball directly through the hoop from above"],["Jump shot","A shot taken while jumping"],["Hook shot","A shot made with a sweeping arm motion over the head"],["Bank shot","A shot that bounces off the backboard into the basket"],["Alley-oop","A pass thrown near the rim for a teammate to catch and score"],["Rebound","Getting the ball after a missed shot"],["Offensive rebound","A rebound taken by the team that shot"],["Defensive rebound","A rebound taken by the defending team"],["Assist","A pass that leads straight to a score"],["Steal","Taking the ball from an opponent"],["Block","Stopping a shot by hitting the ball"],["Turnover","Losing the ball to the other team without a shot"],["Double-dribble","Dribbling with two hands or stopping and starting again"],["Traveling","Taking too many steps without dribbling"],["Carrying (palming)","Turning the hand under the ball while dribbling"],["Three-second violation","An offensive player stays in the lane for over three seconds"],["Five-second violation","Holding the ball closely guarded without moving it for five seconds"],["Shot clock violation","The team fails to shoot within the shot clock time"],["Backcourt violation","Taking the ball back over the midcourt line after crossing it"],["Out of bounds","Outside the court lines"],["Foul","An illegal contact with an opponent"],["Personal foul","A foul for illegal contact"],["Technical foul","A foul for bad conduct, not for contact"],["Flagrant foul","A hard, unnecessary foul"],["Charging","An offensive player runs into a set defender"],["Blocking foul","A defender moves into a player's path illegally"],["Fouling out","Being removed after too many fouls (6 in the NBA, 5 in many other leagues)"],["Bonus (one-and-one)","Free throws awarded after a team has too many fouls"],["Jump ball","A toss between two players to start or decide possession"],["Tip-off","The jump ball that begins the game"],["Timeout","A short stop to rest or plan"],["Overtime","Extra time when the score is tied"],["Quarter length (NBA)","12 minutes"],["Half length (college men)","20 minutes"],["Shot clock (NBA)","24 seconds"],["Rim height","10 feet above the floor"],["Free throw line distance","15 feet from the backboard"],["Backboard","The board behind the hoop"],["Key (lane)","The painted area under the basket"],["Paint","The painted lane area"],["Perimeter","Area away from the basket, outside the key"],["Post","The area near the basket"],["Fast break","A quick attack before the defense sets"],["Pick and roll","A screen set for the ball handler, then a roll to the basket"],["Screen (pick)","A player blocks a defender to free a teammate"],["Man-to-man defense","Each defender guards a specific opponent"],["Zone defense","Defenders guard areas of the court"],["Full-court press","Defense that pressures the ball over the whole court"],["Dribble","Bouncing the ball while moving"],["Crossover","A quick change of dribbling hand to fool a defender"],["Pivot","Turning on one foot while keeping the other planted"],["Double-double","Double-digit totals in two stats, like points and rebounds"],["Triple-double","Double-digit totals in three stats"],["James Naismith","Invented basketball in 1891 in Massachusetts"],["NBA","National Basketball Association, founded 1946"],["WNBA","Women's National Basketball Association, began in 1997"],["March Madness","The NCAA college basketball tournament"],["Michael Jordan","Hall of Famer who won six NBA titles with the Chicago Bulls"],["Sue Bird","Hall of Fame point guard who won four Olympic gold medals"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sports-football-rules-terms","id":"sports-football-rules-terms","title":"American Football Rules and Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Sports","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Scoring, downs, positions and penalties in American football.","tags":["football","sports rules","NFL"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Players on the field per team","11"],["Touchdown","Carrying or catching the ball in the end zone; worth 6 points"],["Extra point (PAT)","A kick after a touchdown worth 1 point"],["Two-point conversion","A run or pass after a touchdown worth 2 points"],["Field goal","A kick through the uprights worth 3 points"],["Safety","Tackling an offensive player with the ball in his own end zone; worth 2 points"],["Down","One of four tries to move the ball 10 yards"],["First down","A new set of four downs after gaining 10 yards"],["Line of scrimmage","The imaginary line where the ball is placed before a play"],["Snap","The center passes the ball back to start a play"],["Quarterback","The player who throws or hands off the ball"],["Running back","The player who runs with the ball"],["Wide receiver","A player who runs routes to catch passes"],["Tight end","A player who blocks and catches passes"],["Offensive line","Five linemen who block for the offense"],["Center","Offensive lineman who snaps the ball"],["Guard","Offensive lineman next to the center"],["Tackle (offense)","Offensive lineman at the end of the line"],["Defensive line","Players who rush the passer and stop runs"],["Linebacker","Defender behind the line who tackles and covers"],["Cornerback","Defender who covers wide receivers"],["Safety (position)","Deep defender who prevents long plays"],["Kicker","The player who kicks field goals and extra points"],["Punter","The player who kicks the ball away on fourth down"],["Punt","A kick given up on fourth down to give the other team the ball far away"],["Kickoff","The kick that starts each half and follows scores"],["Touchback","The ball is downed in the end zone on a kick; the offense then starts at a set spot that the rules decide"],["Fumble","Losing control of the ball while running"],["Interception","A defender catches a pass thrown by the offense"],["Sack","Tackling the quarterback behind the line of scrimmage"],["Incomplete pass","A forward pass that hits the ground or goes out of bounds"],["Completion","A caught forward pass"],["Handoff","The quarterback gives the ball to a running back"],["Huddle","Players gather to hear the play call"],["Audible","A play change called at the line by the quarterback"],["Blitz","Extra defenders rush the quarterback"],["Penalty","A rule violation costing yards"],["Offsides","A player crossing the line of scrimmage before the snap"],["False start","An offensive player moves before the snap"],["Holding","Illegally grabbing a player"],["Pass interference","Illegally contacting a receiver trying to catch a pass"],["Delay of game","Failing to snap the ball in time"],["Roughing the passer","Hitting the quarterback late or too hard"],["Flag","A yellow cloth thrown by referees to mark a penalty"],["Field length","100 yards plus two 10-yard end zones"],["End zone","The scoring area at each end of the field"],["Goalposts","The yellow uprights where field goals are kicked"],["Hash marks","Short lines marking where the ball is spotted"],["Quarter length (NFL)","15 minutes"],["Number of quarters","4"],["Halftime","Break between the second and third quarters"],["Overtime","Extra time when the score is tied"],["Timeout","A stop in the clock"],["Two-minute warning","A stop at 2 minutes left in each half (NFL)"],["Super Bowl","NFL championship game, first played in 1967"],["NFL","National Football League, formed 1920"],["Heisman Trophy","Award for the best college football player"],["Touchdown celebration","A celebration after scoring; keep it sporting"],["Flag football","A non-contact version where players pull flags instead of tackling"],["Tackle football","Players bring down runners with their bodies"],["Spiral","A pass that spins tightly in flight"],["Pocket","The protected area where the quarterback stands to pass"],["Play-action","A fake handoff before a pass"],["Screen pass","A short pass behind the line with blockers in front"],["Hail Mary","A very long desperate pass in the last seconds"],["Gridiron","Another word for a football field"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sports-soccer-rules-terms","id":"sports-soccer-rules-terms","title":"Soccer Rules and Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Sports","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Positions, fouls, restarts and key words in soccer (football).","tags":["soccer","football","sports rules"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Players per team on the field","11, including the goalkeeper"],["Match length (professional)","Two halves of 45 minutes"],["Goalkeeper","The player who guards the goal and may use hands inside the penalty area"],["Defender","A player who stops the other team from scoring"],["Midfielder","A player who links defense and attack"],["Forward (striker)","A player whose main job is scoring"],["Winger","A wide forward or midfielder who attacks along the sides"],["Sweeper","A defender who plays behind the other defenders"],["Captain","The team leader who wears an armband"],["Goal","When the whole ball crosses the goal line between the posts and under the bar"],["Hat trick","Three goals by one player in a game"],["Assist","A pass that leads directly to a goal"],["Own goal","A goal scored into your own net by mistake"],["Penalty area (18-yard box)","Area in front of goal where the goalkeeper can use hands and where fouls bring penalties"],["Goal area (6-yard box)","The small box directly in front of the goal"],["Penalty kick","A free shot from 12 yards (11 meters) at the goalkeeper after a foul in the box"],["Free kick","A kick awarded after a foul"],["Direct free kick","A free kick that can score straight into the goal"],["Indirect free kick","A free kick that must touch another player before scoring"],["Corner kick","A kick from the corner when the defense puts the ball over its own goal line"],["Goal kick","A kick from the goal area when the attackers put the ball over the goal line"],["Throw-in","A two-handed overhead throw to restart after the ball goes out on a sideline"],["Kickoff","The kick that starts the game or restarts after a goal"],["Offside","An attacker is closer to the goal line than the ball and the second-last defender when a teammate passes to them"],["Foul","An unfair act such as tripping or pushing"],["Yellow card","A warning to a player"],["Red card","Ejection from the game"],["Handball","Touching the ball with the hand or arm on purpose, a foul"],["Referee","The official who controls the match"],["Assistant referee (linesman)","Official who signals offside and out-of-bounds"],["VAR","Video assistant referee, a video review system"],["Stoppage time (injury time)","Extra time added at the end of a half"],["Extra time","Two extra 15-minute periods if tied in a knockout match"],["Penalty shootout","A tiebreaker where players take turns shooting penalties"],["Dribble","Move the ball with your feet while running"],["Pass","Kick the ball to a teammate"],["Through ball","A pass between defenders for a runner"],["Cross","A long pass from the side into the penalty area"],["Header","Hitting the ball with the head"],["Volley","Kicking the ball before it bounces"],["Tackle","Taking the ball from an opponent"],["Slide tackle","A tackle made by sliding on the ground"],["Clearance","A kick that sends the ball away from your goal"],["Save","The goalkeeper stops a shot"],["Clean sheet","A game in which a team doesn't concede a goal"],["Nutmeg","Pass or kick the ball through an opponent's legs"],["Bicycle kick","An overhead kick performed in mid-air"],["Wall","Defenders lined up to block a free kick"],["Formation","How players are arranged, like 4-4-2"],["4-4-2","Four defenders, four midfielders, two forwards"],["Marking","Staying close to an opponent to stop them"],["Offside trap","Defenders step up together to catch attackers offside"],["Pitch","The field of play"],["Touchline","The sideline"],["Goal line","The line at each end of the field"],["Center circle","The circle at the middle where kickoff happens"],["Halftime","The break between halves, usually 15 minutes"],["World Cup","International men's soccer tournament held every four years"],["Women's World Cup","International women's tournament first held in 1991"],["FIFA","The governing body of world soccer"],["Pelé","Brazilian star who won three World Cups"],["Lionel Messi","Argentine star who won the 2022 World Cup"],["Mia Hamm","American star who won two World Cups and two Olympic gold medals"],["Substitutions","Replacing players during the game"],["Fair play","Playing honestly and respecting opponents"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sports-swimming-terms","id":"sports-swimming-terms","title":"Swimming Strokes and Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Sports","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"The four competitive strokes, pool words, water safety and race rules.","tags":["swimming","strokes","water safety"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Freestyle (front crawl)","Alternating overhand arm strokes with a flutter kick"],["Backstroke","Swimming on your back with alternating arm strokes"],["Breaststroke","Arms pull in a circle and legs make a frog kick"],["Butterfly","Both arms swing together over the water with a dolphin kick"],["Individual medley (IM)","One swimmer swims all four strokes in order: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle"],["Medley relay order","Backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle"],["Sidestroke","Swimming on your side with a scissor kick"],["Dog paddle","A simple beginner stroke with arms paddling under the chin"],["Flutter kick","Small fast up-and-down kicks with straight legs"],["Frog kick","Legs bend and snap together like a frog"],["Dolphin kick","Both legs move together in a wave"],["Scissor kick","Legs open and close like scissors"],["Treading water","Staying afloat in place"],["Floating","Resting on the surface of the water"],["Back float","Floating face up"],["Bobbing","Moving up and down in the water while breathing"],["Blowing bubbles","Breathing out underwater"],["Rhythmic breathing","Turning your head to the side to breathe in a pattern"],["Stroke count","The number of strokes to swim a lap"],["Lap","One length of the pool"],["Length","One trip from one end to the other"],["Starting block","The platform swimmers dive from"],["Dive","Entering the water headfirst from the block"],["Flip turn","A somersault at the wall to turn around"],["Open turn","A turn where you touch the wall with a hand and push off"],["Streamline","A tight body position with arms stretched above the head"],["Lane","A section of the pool for one swimmer"],["Lane line","The floating rope between lanes"],["Kickboard","A float used for kick practice"],["Pull buoy","A float held between the legs to practice arms"],["Goggles","Eye protection for swimming"],["Swim cap","A cap that keeps hair out of the face and reduces drag"],["Fins","Flippers that help swimmers kick faster"],["Life jacket","A floating vest that helps keep people afloat"],["Lifeguard","Trained person who watches for danger in the water"],["Deep end","The deeper part of the pool"],["Shallow end","The shallow part of the pool"],["Olympic pool length","50 meters"],["Short course pool","25 yards or 25 meters"],["Disqualification (DQ)","Being removed from a race for breaking a rule"],["False start","Leaving the block before the start signal"],["Touch the wall","Required to finish a race"],["Relay","A team race where each swimmer swims a leg"],["Heats","Preliminary races to decide who advances"],["Personal best (PB)","Your fastest time in an event"],["Split","A time for part of a race"],["Taper","Reduced training before a big meet"],["Warm-up","Easy swimming before racing"],["Cool-down","Easy swimming after racing"],["Swim meet","A competition between swim teams"],["Michael Phelps","American swimmer with 23 Olympic gold medals"],["Katie Ledecky","American distance swimmer with many Olympic golds and world records"],["Simone Manuel","American sprinter who won Olympic gold in 2016"],["Water safety rule","Never swim alone"],["Reach, throw, don't go","Rescue idea: reach with something or throw a float"],["Water wings","Inflatable arm bands that are not a substitute for a life jacket"],["Sinking vs floating","Body fat and air in the lungs help you float"],["Chlorine","A chemical used to keep pool water clean"],["Showering before swimming","Keeps the pool cleaner"],["Cramps","If you get one, stop and rest"],["Wait after eating","A short rest is fine; there's no strict 30-minute rule"],["Sunscreen at the pool","Apply before swimming and reapply"],["Diving rule","Check the depth before diving and never dive in shallow water"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sports-tennis-golf-terms","id":"sports-tennis-golf-terms","title":"Tennis and Golf Terms","category":"health-life","subject":"Sports","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Scoring and vocabulary for tennis and golf.","tags":["tennis","golf","sports rules"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Tennis: love","Zero points"],["Tennis scoring in a game","Love, 15, 30, 40, game"],["Tennis: deuce","Tied at 40 each; a player must win two points in a row"],["Tennis: advantage","The point after deuce won by one player"],["Tennis: game","Won by first to four points, ahead by two"],["Tennis: set","Won by first to six games, ahead by two"],["Tennis: match","Best of three or best of five sets"],["Tennis: tiebreak","A special game played at 6-6 in a set"],["Tennis: serve","The shot that starts each point"],["Tennis: ace","A serve the opponent cannot touch"],["Tennis: fault","A serve that misses the service box"],["Tennis: double fault","Two faults in a row, losing the point"],["Tennis: let","A serve that touches the net but lands in; replay it"],["Tennis: rally","A series of shots back and forth"],["Tennis: forehand","A shot hit on your dominant side"],["Tennis: backhand","A shot hit on your non-dominant side"],["Tennis: volley","Hitting the ball before it bounces"],["Tennis: lob","A high shot over the opponent's head"],["Tennis: drop shot","A soft shot that barely clears the net"],["Tennis: smash","A powerful overhead shot"],["Tennis: slice","A shot with backspin"],["Tennis: topspin","A shot with forward spin that dips down"],["Tennis: baseline","The back line of the court"],["Tennis: service box","The area where a serve must land"],["Tennis: net","3 feet high at the center"],["Tennis: doubles","A match with two players per side"],["Tennis: singles","A match with one player per side"],["Tennis: break of serve","Winning a game when your opponent is serving"],["Tennis: Grand Slam","Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open"],["Tennis: Wimbledon","The grass-court Grand Slam in London"],["Tennis: French Open","The clay-court Grand Slam in Paris"],["Tennis: clay court","A court of crushed clay, slow surface"],["Tennis: hard court","A court of asphalt or concrete"],["Tennis: grass court","A fast surface of natural grass"],["Tennis: Serena Williams","American player with 23 Grand Slam singles titles"],["Tennis: Roger Federer","Swiss player with 20 Grand Slam singles titles"],["Tennis: Arthur Ashe","First Black man to win the US Open, 1968, and Wimbledon, 1975"],["Golf: par","The expected number of strokes for a hole"],["Golf: birdie","One stroke under par"],["Golf: eagle","Two strokes under par"],["Golf: albatross","Three strokes under par"],["Golf: bogey","One stroke over par"],["Golf: double bogey","Two strokes over par"],["Golf: hole in one (ace)","Getting the ball in the hole with one stroke"],["Golf: tee","A small peg that holds the ball for the first shot"],["Golf: fairway","The short-grass path from tee to green"],["Golf: rough","Longer grass beside the fairway"],["Golf: green","The smooth area around the hole"],["Golf: bunker (sand trap)","A hazard filled with sand"],["Golf: water hazard","A pond or stream on the course"],["Golf: out of bounds","Outside the playing area, with a penalty"],["Golf: stroke","One swing at the ball"],["Golf: handicap","A number showing a golfer's skill for fair competition"],["Golf: driver","The club for the longest shots from the tee"],["Golf: iron","Clubs numbered for shots of different distances"],["Golf: wedge","A club for short high shots"],["Golf: putter","The club for rolling the ball on the green"],["Golf: putt","A gentle stroke on the green"],["Golf: chip","A short shot that lands on the green and rolls"],["Golf: drive","A long first shot from the tee"],["Golf: caddie","The person who carries clubs and gives advice"],["Golf: round","18 holes"],["Golf: front nine","The first 9 holes"],["Golf: back nine","The last 9 holes"],["Golf: par 3","A short hole expected in three strokes"],["Golf: par 5","A long hole expected in five strokes"],["Golf: Masters","A major tournament held each April in Augusta, Georgia"],["Golf: Tiger Woods","American golfer with 15 major titles"],["Golf: Fore!","A shout to warn others that a ball is coming"],["Golf: divot","A piece of turf cut by a club; replace it"],["Golf: lie","Where the ball rests"],["Golf: mulligan","An informal do-over shot"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/study-skills-and-learning","id":"study-skills-and-learning","title":"Study Skills","category":"health-life","subject":"Study Skills","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Ways to study, remember, organize time and take notes.","tags":["study skills","learning","memory","notes"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Active recall","Testing yourself from memory instead of rereading"],["Spaced repetition","Reviewing material at increasing gaps of time"],["Flashcards","Cards with a question on one side and answer on the other"],["Practice test","A sample test to practice under test conditions"],["Retrieval practice","Pulling information out of your memory"],["Interleaving","Mixing different topics or problem types when practicing"],["Chunking","Grouping information into small meaningful pieces"],["Mnemonic","A memory trick, like a rhyme or acronym"],["Acronym","A word formed from first letters, like ROY G. BIV"],["Acrostic","A sentence where first letters stand for items to remember"],["Method of loci (memory palace)","Remembering things by placing them in imagined locations"],["Visualization","Making a mental picture"],["Elaboration","Adding detail or explaining why to connect ideas"],["Feynman technique","Explaining a topic in simple words to find gaps in understanding"],["Teach someone else","One of the best ways to learn"],["Summarize","Say the main ideas in your own words"],["Paraphrase","Restate in your own words"],["Main idea","What a passage is mostly about"],["Supporting details","Facts that back up the main idea"],["Skim","Read quickly for the general idea"],["Scan","Look quickly for a specific fact"],["SQ3R","Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review"],["Annotating","Writing notes in the margins while reading"],["Highlighting tip","Highlight only key points or you'll mark too much"],["Cornell notes","A note layout with a main notes column, cue column and summary"],["Outline","A list of main ideas and subpoints"],["Mind map","A diagram of connected ideas around a central topic"],["Concept map","A diagram of ideas linked with labeled arrows"],["Graphic organizer","A chart that organizes information visually"],["Venn diagram","Overlapping circles comparing two things"],["Study guide","A summary of what to learn for a test"],["Review","Look over material again"],["Cramming","Studying everything at the last minute, which works poorly"],["Study schedule","A plan of when to study each subject"],["Planner","A book or app to track assignments"],["Prioritize","Decide what to do first based on importance"],["Procrastination","Delaying tasks until later"],["Pomodoro technique","Work 25 minutes, rest 5 minutes, repeat"],["Time management","Using time wisely"],["Deadline","The time something is due"],["Break big tasks into steps","Makes large projects less overwhelming"],["SMART goals","Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound"],["Eisenhower matrix","Sorting tasks by urgent and important"],["Study space","A quiet, well-lit place with few distractions"],["Distraction","Anything that pulls your attention away"],["Multitasking myth","Switching between tasks reduces focus and quality"],["Sleep and learning","The brain stores memories during sleep"],["Exercise and learning","Physical activity can boost focus and memory"],["Growth mindset","Believing you can improve through effort"],["Metacognition","Thinking about your own thinking"],["Self-quiz","Make up questions and test yourself"],["Rereading","Less effective than testing yourself"],["Study group","Students studying together to discuss ideas"],["Ask for help","Talk to a teacher or tutor when stuck"],["Office hours","Time when a teacher or professor meets with students"],["Homework","Work assigned to do outside class"],["Rubric","A scoring guide for an assignment"],["Thesis statement","The main claim of an essay"],["Draft","A first version of writing"],["Revise","Improve writing content and organization"],["Edit","Fix spelling, grammar and punctuation"],["Proofread","Check for mistakes before finishing"],["Citation","Credit to the source of information"],["Bibliography","A list of sources used"],["Primary source","An original document or evidence from a time period"],["Secondary source","A source that discusses or interprets primary sources"],["Test anxiety","Nervousness before or during a test"],["Test strategy: skip and return","Skip hard questions and come back to them"],["Process of elimination","Cross out wrong answers to improve your odds"],["Read directions carefully","Prevents avoidable mistakes"],["Check your work","Review answers if you have time"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-ai-machine-learning-terms","id":"tech-ai-machine-learning-terms","title":"AI and Machine Learning Terms","category":"technology","subject":"Artificial Intelligence","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Key ideas in artificial intelligence, from training data to neural networks.","tags":["AI","machine learning","neural networks","LLM"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Artificial intelligence (AI)","Computer systems that do tasks that usually need human intelligence"],["Machine learning (ML)","Computers learning patterns from data instead of following only fixed rules"],["Deep learning","Machine learning with many-layered neural networks"],["Neural network","A system of connected nodes inspired loosely by brain cells"],["Neuron (node)","A unit in a network that takes inputs and gives an output"],["Layer","A group of nodes in a neural network"],["Weights","Numbers in a network that are adjusted during learning"],["Parameters","The values a model learns, such as weights"],["Training","Teaching a model using data"],["Training data","Examples the model learns from"],["Test data","New examples used to check how well a model works"],["Validation data","Data used to tune a model during development"],["Label","The correct answer attached to an example"],["Feature","A measurable property used as input"],["Model","The result of training; it makes predictions"],["Prediction (inference)","The model's output on new data"],["Supervised learning","Learning from labeled examples"],["Unsupervised learning","Finding patterns in unlabeled data"],["Reinforcement learning","Learning by trial and error with rewards"],["Classification","Sorting into categories, like cat or dog"],["Regression","Predicting a number, like a house price"],["Clustering","Grouping similar items together"],["Overfitting","A model that memorizes training data and does poorly on new data"],["Underfitting","A model too simple to capture patterns"],["Bias (in AI)","Unfair results caused by skewed data or design"],["Fairness","Making AI treat people equitably"],["Algorithm","Step-by-step instructions"],["Gradient descent","A method for adjusting weights to reduce errors"],["Loss function","A measure of how wrong the model is"],["Epoch","One full pass through the training data"],["Learning rate","How big the steps are when updating weights"],["Accuracy","The share of predictions that are correct"],["Confusion matrix","A table of correct and wrong predictions by class"],["Computer vision","AI that understands images and video"],["Natural language processing (NLP)","AI that works with human language"],["Speech recognition","Turning speech into text"],["Text-to-speech","Turning text into spoken sound"],["Chatbot","A program that converses with people"],["Large language model (LLM)","A very large model trained on lots of text to predict and generate language"],["Token","A piece of text, such as a word or part of a word, that language models process"],["Prompt","The input or instruction given to an AI model"],["Prompt engineering","Writing prompts to get better answers"],["Context window","How much text a model can consider at once"],["Transformer","A neural network design behind most modern language models"],["Attention","A mechanism that lets a model focus on relevant parts of its input"],["Generative AI","AI that creates new text, images, audio or code"],["Image generation","Creating pictures from text descriptions"],["Diffusion model","A model that creates images by gradually removing noise"],["Hallucination","When an AI states something false as if it were true"],["Fine-tuning","Further training a model on specialized data"],["Pre-training","Initial training on a large general dataset"],["Embedding","A list of numbers representing the meaning of text or images"],["Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)","Letting a model look up documents before answering"],["AI agent","An AI system that can take actions toward a goal"],["Turing test","Alan Turing's idea of judging a machine by whether it can seem human in conversation"],["Alan Turing","British mathematician who asked 'Can machines think?' in 1950"],["Dartmouth workshop","The 1956 meeting where the term artificial intelligence was coined"],["Deep Blue","IBM computer that beat chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997"],["AlphaGo","DeepMind program that beat Go champion Lee Sedol in 2016"],["ImageNet","A huge image dataset that sparked deep learning progress"],["Narrow AI","AI built for specific tasks"],["General AI (AGI)","Hypothetical AI that can do any intellectual task a human can"],["Robotics","Building machines that sense and act"],["Self-driving car","A vehicle that drives using sensors and AI"],["Recommendation system","AI that suggests videos, songs or products"],["Deepfake","A fake image or video made by AI"],["AI ethics","Thinking about fairness, safety, privacy and responsibility in AI"],["Privacy and AI","AI systems should protect people's personal information"],["Human in the loop","A person reviews or guides the AI's decisions"],["Explainability","Understanding why an AI made a decision"],["Check AI answers","AI can be wrong, so verify important facts"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-algorithms","id":"tech-algorithms","title":"Algorithms and Big-O","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Science","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Classic algorithms, how fast they are, and strategies for solving problems.","tags":["algorithms","sorting","searching","Big-O"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Algorithm","A finite list of steps that solves a problem"],["Big-O notation","Describes how running time or memory grows as input grows"],["O(1)","Constant time; stays the same as input grows"],["O(log n)","Logarithmic time; grows slowly, like binary search"],["O(n)","Linear time; grows in proportion to input size"],["O(n log n)","Typical of efficient sorting like merge sort"],["O(n squared)","Quadratic time; typical of simple nested loops"],["O(2 to the n)","Exponential time; becomes huge very quickly"],["Time complexity","How running time grows with input size"],["Space complexity","How memory use grows with input size"],["Linear search","Check each item in order until found; O(n)"],["Binary search","Repeatedly halve a sorted list to find an item; O(log n)"],["Binary search requirement","The data must be sorted"],["Bubble sort","Repeatedly swaps adjacent items that are out of order; O(n squared)"],["Selection sort","Repeatedly picks the smallest item and places it first; O(n squared)"],["Insertion sort","Builds a sorted list one item at a time; good for small or nearly sorted lists"],["Merge sort","Splits the list, sorts the halves, then merges; O(n log n)"],["Quick sort","Picks a pivot and partitions around it; average O(n log n)"],["Heap sort","Sorts using a heap; O(n log n)"],["Pivot","The element used to partition in quick sort"],["Stable sort","A sort that keeps equal items in their original order"],["Divide and conquer","Split a problem, solve the parts, combine the answers"],["Recursion","A function calling itself on smaller input"],["Base case","The stopping point of a recursion"],["Dynamic programming","Solve overlapping subproblems once and store the results"],["Memoization","Caching results of function calls"],["Greedy algorithm","Pick the best choice at each step"],["Brute force","Try every possibility"],["Backtracking","Try choices and undo them when they fail"],["Breadth-first search (BFS)","Explore a graph level by level using a queue"],["Depth-first search (DFS)","Explore a graph as deep as possible using a stack or recursion"],["Dijkstra's algorithm","Finds shortest paths in a weighted graph with non-negative weights"],["A* search","A pathfinding algorithm that uses a guess of distance to the goal"],["Minimum spanning tree","A tree connecting all nodes with smallest total weight"],["Kruskal's and Prim's","Algorithms for finding minimum spanning trees"],["Topological sort","Ordering tasks so each comes after its prerequisites"],["Hashing","Turning data into a fixed-size number for fast lookup"],["Collision","When two keys hash to the same spot"],["Euclid's algorithm","Finds the greatest common divisor using repeated remainders"],["Sieve of Eratosthenes","Finds all primes up to a number by crossing out multiples"],["Fibonacci sequence","Each number is the sum of the two before: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5..."],["Factorial","n! is the product of all whole numbers from 1 to n"],["Tower of Hanoi","A puzzle that is a classic recursion example"],["Traveling salesman problem","Find the shortest route visiting every city once; very hard"],["NP-complete","A class of hard problems with no known fast solution"],["P vs NP","A famous open question about whether hard-to-solve problems are also easy to check"],["Heuristic","A practical shortcut that finds a good answer, not always the best"],["Pseudocode","Plain-language description of an algorithm"],["Invariant","A condition that stays true during an algorithm"],["Best case","The fastest an algorithm can run"],["Worst case","The slowest an algorithm can run"],["Average case","Typical running time over many inputs"],["In-place algorithm","Uses very little extra memory"],["Two pointers","A technique using two positions that move through data"],["Sliding window","A technique moving a fixed range along data"],["PageRank","Google's algorithm that ranks pages by links to them"],["Compression algorithm","Makes data smaller, like ZIP or JPEG"],["Lossless compression","Compression that can be exactly reversed"],["Lossy compression","Compression that discards some data, like JPEG"],["Random number generator","An algorithm that makes numbers that look random"],["Machine learning algorithm","An algorithm that learns patterns from data"],["Al-Khwarizmi","Persian mathematician whose name gave us the word algorithm"],["Algorithm origin","Named after a 9th-century scholar al-Khwarizmi"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-binary-hex-numbers","id":"tech-binary-hex-numbers","title":"Binary, Hexadecimal and Data Units","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Science","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Counting in base 2 and base 16, converting numbers, and how much data units hold.","tags":["binary","hexadecimal","number systems","data units"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Binary uses which digits?","0 and 1 (base 2)"],["Decimal uses which digits?","0 to 9 (base 10)"],["Hexadecimal uses which digits?","0 to 9 and A to F (base 16)"],["Octal uses which digits?","0 to 7 (base 8)"],["Bit","A single binary digit"],["Byte","8 bits"],["Nibble","4 bits, one hex digit"],["Place values in an 8-bit byte","128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1"],["Binary 0 in decimal","0"],["Binary 1 in decimal","1"],["Binary 10 in decimal","2"],["Binary 11 in decimal","3"],["Binary 100 in decimal","4"],["Binary 101 in decimal","5"],["Binary 110 in decimal","6"],["Binary 111 in decimal","7"],["Binary 1000 in decimal","8"],["Binary 1001 in decimal","9"],["Binary 1010 in decimal","10"],["Binary 1111 in decimal","15"],["Binary 10000 in decimal","16"],["Binary 11111111 in decimal","255"],["Binary 10101010 in decimal","170"],["Binary 1100100 in decimal","100"],["Binary 100000 in decimal","32"],["Decimal 12 in binary","1100"],["Decimal 20 in binary","10100"],["Decimal 25 in binary","11001"],["Decimal 50 in binary","110010"],["Decimal 64 in binary","1000000"],["Decimal 100 in binary","1100100"],["Decimal 128 in binary","10000000"],["Decimal 255 in binary","11111111"],["Decimal 10 in hex","A"],["Decimal 11 in hex","B"],["Decimal 12 in hex","C"],["Decimal 13 in hex","D"],["Decimal 14 in hex","E"],["Decimal 15 in hex","F"],["Decimal 16 in hex","10"],["Decimal 31 in hex","1F"],["Decimal 32 in hex","20"],["Decimal 100 in hex","64"],["Decimal 255 in hex","FF"],["Decimal 256 in hex","100"],["Hex FF in decimal","255"],["Hex 10 in decimal","16"],["Hex 1A in decimal","26"],["Hex 20 in decimal","32"],["Hex 7F in decimal","127"],["Hex 80 in decimal","128"],["Binary 1111 in hex","F"],["Binary 1010 in hex","A"],["Binary 11110000 in hex","F0"],["Hex FF in binary","11111111"],["Hex 0F in binary","00001111"],["Powers of 2: 2^8","256"],["Powers of 2: 2^10","1,024"],["Powers of 2: 2^16","65,536"],["Powers of 2: 2^32","4,294,967,296"],["Number of values in 1 byte","256 (0 to 255)"],["Number of values with n bits","2 to the power n"],["Number of values in 4 bits","16"],["Largest unsigned 8-bit number","255"],["Kilobyte (KB)","About 1,000 bytes (1,024 in older binary usage)"],["Megabyte (MB)","About 1 million bytes"],["Gigabyte (GB)","About 1 billion bytes"],["Terabyte (TB)","About 1 trillion bytes"],["Kibibyte, mebibyte (KiB, MiB)","Units based on exactly 1,024"],["Hex color #FF0000","Red"],["Hex color #00FF00","Green"],["Hex color #0000FF","Blue"],["Hex color #FFFFFF","White"],["Hex color #000000","Black"],["ASCII","A code that gives each character a number, e.g. A is 65"],["ASCII 'A' in decimal","65"],["ASCII 'a' in decimal","97"],["ASCII '0' in decimal","48"],["Unicode","A standard that gives a number to characters from all languages and emoji"],["UTF-8","A common way to store Unicode characters in bytes"],["Two's complement","The method computers use to store negative numbers in binary"],["Binary addition: 1 + 1","10 (that is, 0 carry 1)"],["Binary addition: 101 + 11","1000"],["Logic gate AND","Outputs 1 only if both inputs are 1"],["Logic gate OR","Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1"],["Logic gate NOT","Flips the input"],["Logic gate XOR","Outputs 1 if inputs differ"],["Why computers use binary","Electronic switches have two states, on and off"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-block-coding-and-robotics","id":"tech-block-coding-and-robotics","title":"Block Coding and Robotics for Kids","category":"technology","subject":"Programming","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Beginner coding ideas from Scratch-style blocks and simple robots.","tags":["Scratch","block coding","robots","beginner"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Scratch","A free block-based coding language made at MIT, launched in 2007"],["Block coding","Snapping blocks together instead of typing code"],["Sprite","A character or object in a Scratch project"],["Stage","The background area where sprites act"],["Costume","A picture a sprite can wear to change its look"],["Script","A stack of blocks that runs in order"],["Event block","A block that starts code, like 'when green flag clicked'"],["Motion block","A block that moves a sprite"],["Looks block","A block that changes how a sprite appears or speaks"],["Sound block","A block that plays sound"],["Control block","A block for loops and decisions"],["Sensing block","A block that checks for touching, keys or mouse"],["Operator block","A block for math and comparing"],["Variable","A named box that holds a number or text"],["Loop","Repeating blocks"],["Forever loop","Repeats without stopping"],["Repeat 10 loop","Repeats 10 times"],["If block","Does something only when a condition is true"],["If-else block","Does one thing if true and another if false"],["Broadcast","Sends a message to other scripts or sprites"],["Clone","A copy of a sprite made while the project runs"],["Coordinates","The x and y numbers that tell where a sprite is"],["x position","How far left or right a sprite is"],["y position","How far up or down a sprite is"],["Direction","The angle a sprite is facing"],["Remix","Making a copy of someone's project to change"],["Debugging","Finding and fixing mistakes in code"],["Bug","A mistake in code"],["Sequence","Steps in the right order"],["Algorithm","Step-by-step instructions"],["Unplugged coding","Learning coding ideas without a computer"],["Pseudocode","Code ideas written in plain words"],["Event","Something that happens, like a click"],["Input","What you give to a program"],["Output","What a program shows or does"],["Function","A named group of blocks you can reuse"],["Custom block","Your own block made from other blocks"],["Hour of Code","A worldwide event that introduces coding in one hour"],["Code.org","A nonprofit that offers free coding lessons"],["Robot","A machine that can sense and act"],["Sensor","A part that detects things like light, touch or distance"],["Motor","A part that makes things move"],["Actuator","A part that makes a robot do something"],["Microcontroller","A tiny computer that controls a device"],["micro:bit","A small programmable board with lights, buttons and sensors"],["Arduino","A microcontroller board used in projects"],["Raspberry Pi","A small low-cost computer"],["LED","A small light that glows when electricity flows through it"],["Servo","A motor that turns to a set angle"],["Ultrasonic sensor","Measures distance using sound"],["Line-following robot","A robot that follows a line using sensors"],["Obstacle avoidance","A robot turns to avoid hitting things"],["Autonomous","Working by itself without being controlled"],["Remote control","Controlling a device from a distance"],["Circuit","A closed path electricity flows through"],["Battery","Stores energy to power a circuit"],["Switch","A part that opens or closes a circuit"],["Conductor","A material that lets electricity flow, like copper"],["Insulator","A material that stops electricity, like rubber"],["Prototype","A first working model"],["Design process","Ask, imagine, plan, create, test, improve"],["Engineer","A person who designs and builds solutions"],["Computational thinking","Solving problems with steps, patterns and breaking things down"],["Decompose","Break a big problem into smaller parts"],["Pattern","Something that repeats"],["Abstraction","Ignoring details to focus on what matters"],["Maze challenge","A common puzzle for practicing sequences and loops"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-coding-vocabulary","id":"tech-coding-vocabulary","title":"Coding Vocabulary","category":"technology","subject":"Programming","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Core programming words used in any language.","tags":["coding","programming","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Algorithm","A step-by-step set of instructions to solve a problem"],["Program","A set of instructions a computer follows"],["Code","Instructions written in a programming language"],["Programming language","A language for telling computers what to do"],["Programmer (developer)","A person who writes code"],["Source code","Human-readable code a programmer writes"],["Compiler","Translates a whole program into machine code before running"],["Interpreter","Reads and runs code line by line"],["Syntax","The grammar rules of a language"],["Syntax error","A mistake in following those rules"],["Bug","An error in a program"],["Debugging","Finding and fixing bugs"],["Logic error","Code that runs but gives the wrong result"],["Runtime error","An error that occurs while the program runs"],["Variable","A named container that stores a value"],["Constant","A value that does not change"],["Data type","The kind of value, like number or text"],["Integer","A whole number"],["Float","A number with a decimal point"],["String","Text in quotation marks"],["Boolean","A value that is true or false"],["Array (list)","An ordered collection of items"],["Dictionary (object, map)","A collection of key-value pairs"],["Operator","A symbol that does something with values, like + or =="],["Expression","Code that produces a value"],["Statement","A single instruction"],["Assignment","Storing a value in a variable"],["Comparison","Checking how values relate, such as equal or greater than"],["Conditional","Code that runs only if a condition is true"],["If statement","Runs code when a condition is true"],["Else","Runs code when the if condition is false"],["Loop","Code that repeats"],["For loop","Repeats a set number of times or through a collection"],["While loop","Repeats while a condition is true"],["Infinite loop","A loop that never ends"],["Iteration","One pass through a loop"],["Function","A reusable block of code with a name"],["Parameter","A variable named in a function definition"],["Argument","The actual value passed into a function"],["Return value","The result a function gives back"],["Call a function","Run it"],["Scope","Where in the code a variable can be used"],["Global variable","A variable accessible everywhere"],["Local variable","A variable accessible only inside its function"],["Recursion","A function that calls itself"],["Base case","The stopping condition of a recursive function"],["Object","A bundle of data and functions"],["Class","A blueprint for creating objects"],["Method","A function that belongs to an object"],["Property (attribute)","A value that belongs to an object"],["Inheritance","A class gets features from another class"],["Encapsulation","Keeping data and methods together and hiding details"],["Polymorphism","Different objects responding to the same call in their own way"],["Library","Reusable code written by others"],["Framework","A structure of code that guides how you build apps"],["API","Application programming interface: rules for programs to talk to each other"],["Module","A file of code that can be imported"],["Package","A bundle of modules"],["Comment","A note in code ignored by the computer"],["Indentation","Spaces at the start of a line showing structure"],["Input","Data given to a program"],["Output","Data a program produces"],["Event","An action like a click that a program responds to"],["Pseudocode","Plain-language outline of code"],["Flowchart","A diagram showing the steps of an algorithm"],["Sequence","Steps run in order"],["Selection","Choosing which code runs based on a condition"],["Decomposition","Breaking a big problem into smaller parts"],["Abstraction","Hiding details to focus on what matters"],["Pattern recognition","Spotting similarities to solve problems"],["Computational thinking","Problem solving with decomposition, patterns, abstraction and algorithms"],["IDE","Integrated development environment, a code editor with tools"],["Version control","A system that tracks changes to code"],["Open source","Software whose code anyone can view and use"],["Ada Lovelace","Wrote what many call the first computer program, in 1843"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-computer-parts","id":"tech-computer-parts","title":"Computer Parts and Hardware","category":"technology","subject":"Computers","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"The main parts inside and outside a computer and what each does.","tags":["hardware","computer parts","devices"],"frontLabel":"Part","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["CPU (processor)","The brain of the computer that runs instructions"],["Core (CPU)","One processing unit inside a CPU"],["Clock speed","How fast a CPU runs, measured in gigahertz (GHz)"],["RAM","Fast temporary memory for programs in use; cleared when power is off"],["ROM","Memory that keeps its contents without power"],["Hard drive (HDD)","Storage that uses spinning magnetic disks"],["SSD","Storage with no moving parts that uses flash memory; faster than a hard drive"],["Motherboard","The main circuit board that connects all parts"],["GPU (graphics card)","Processor that draws images and video and speeds up graphics"],["Power supply (PSU)","Converts wall power into power the computer can use"],["Case (tower)","The box that holds the computer parts"],["Cooling fan","Moves air to keep parts from overheating"],["Heat sink","Metal part that draws heat away from the CPU"],["BIOS / UEFI","Basic software that starts up the computer's hardware"],["Chipset","Chips on the motherboard that manage data between parts"],["Expansion slot (PCIe)","A slot for adding cards like graphics cards"],["Sound card","Handles audio input and output"],["Network card (NIC)","Connects the computer to a network"],["Optical drive","Reads CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs"],["Monitor","A screen that shows what the computer displays"],["Keyboard","Input device with keys for typing"],["Mouse","A pointing device you move and click"],["Touchpad","A touch-sensitive pad on a laptop that moves the pointer"],["Touchscreen","A screen that senses touch"],["Scanner","Copies paper pages into digital images"],["Printer","Puts digital documents onto paper"],["3D printer","Builds objects layer by layer from plastic or other materials"],["Speakers","Output devices that play sound"],["Microphone","Input device that captures sound"],["Webcam","A small camera for video calls"],["Headphones","Speakers worn on the ears"],["Joystick","Input device for controlling games"],["Game controller","Handheld input device for games"],["Stylus","A pen-like tool for touchscreens"],["Barcode scanner","Reads codes printed as stripes"],["Input device","Hardware that sends information into the computer"],["Output device","Hardware that presents information from the computer"],["Storage device","Hardware that keeps data for later"],["USB port","A common connector for plugging in devices"],["USB flash drive (thumb drive)","A small portable storage stick"],["HDMI","A cable that carries video and audio to a screen"],["Ethernet port","A port for a wired network cable"],["Wi-Fi","Wireless networking"],["Bluetooth","Short-range wireless connection for devices like headphones"],["SD card","A small memory card used in cameras"],["External hard drive","A storage device outside the computer connected by a cable"],["Battery","Stores power for laptops and phones"],["Charger","Supplies power to a battery"],["Laptop","A portable computer with a built-in screen and keyboard"],["Desktop","A computer meant to stay at a desk"],["Tablet","A flat touchscreen computer"],["Smartphone","A phone that works like a small computer"],["Server","A computer that provides services to other computers"],["Supercomputer","An extremely fast computer for huge calculations"],["Microcontroller","A small computer chip in a device, like in a toaster or Arduino"],["Raspberry Pi","A tiny low-cost computer board"],["Arduino","An open-source microcontroller board for projects"],["Circuit board","A board with printed paths connecting electronic parts"],["Transistor","A tiny switch inside chips"],["Microchip (integrated circuit)","A tiny piece of silicon holding millions or billions of transistors"],["Silicon","The material most computer chips are made from"],["Bit","The smallest unit of data, a 0 or 1"],["Byte","8 bits"],["Peripheral","Any device connected to a computer"],["Port","A socket for connecting devices"],["Driver","Software that lets the computer talk to a device"],["Firmware","Software built into hardware"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-computer-scientists-and-history","id":"tech-computer-scientists-and-history","title":"Famous Computer Scientists and Tech History","category":"technology","subject":"Computing History","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Pioneers of computing and the milestones that shaped technology.","tags":["history","computer scientists","pioneers","milestones"],"frontLabel":"Person or event","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Ada Lovelace","Wrote notes in 1843 with what is often called the first computer program, for Babbage's Analytical Engine"],["Charles Babbage","Designed the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical computer idea, in the 1830s"],["Alan Turing","British mathematician who defined the Turing machine and helped break the Enigma code"],["Turing machine","An abstract model of computation described by Turing in 1936"],["Grace Hopper","American Navy officer who helped create the first compiler and the COBOL language"],["John von Neumann","Described the stored-program computer architecture"],["Claude Shannon","Founded information theory in 1948 and popularized the word bit"],["Katherine Johnson","NASA mathematician whose calculations helped astronauts reach orbit and the Moon"],["Margaret Hamilton","Led software development for Apollo's guidance computers"],["Dorothy Vaughan","NASA mathematician who became a leader in programming (FORTRAN) at Langley"],["Tim Berners-Lee","Invented the World Wide Web in 1989"],["Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn","Designed the TCP/IP protocols of the internet"],["Dennis Ritchie","Created the C language and co-created Unix"],["Ken Thompson","Co-creator of Unix"],["Linus Torvalds","Created the Linux kernel (1991) and Git (2005)"],["Guido van Rossum","Created Python"],["Brendan Eich","Created JavaScript in 1995"],["James Gosling","Led the creation of Java"],["Bjarne Stroustrup","Created C++"],["Yukihiro Matsumoto","Created Ruby"],["Bill Gates","Co-founded Microsoft in 1975"],["Paul Allen","Co-founded Microsoft"],["Steve Jobs","Co-founded Apple in 1976"],["Steve Wozniak","Designed the Apple I and II computers"],["Larry Page and Sergey Brin","Founded Google in 1998"],["Mark Zuckerberg","Co-founded Facebook in 2004"],["Jeff Bezos","Founded Amazon in 1994"],["Douglas Engelbart","Invented the computer mouse; demonstrated it in 1968"],["Doug Engelbart's 1968 demo","Called the Mother of All Demos; showed the mouse, video calls and hypertext"],["Ivan Sutherland","Created Sketchpad (1963), an early graphics program"],["Alan Kay","Pioneer of object-oriented programming and the personal computer"],["Donald Knuth","Wrote The Art of Computer Programming"],["Edsger Dijkstra","Created a famous shortest-path algorithm"],["Barbara Liskov","Computer scientist who won the Turing Award for work on data abstraction"],["Radia Perlman","Invented the spanning-tree protocol for networks"],["Fei-Fei Li","Computer scientist who helped create ImageNet"],["Geoffrey Hinton","Pioneer of neural networks and deep learning"],["Yann LeCun","Pioneer of convolutional neural networks"],["Yoshua Bengio","Pioneer of deep learning"],["Turing Award","The top prize in computer science, named for Alan Turing"],["ENIAC","One of the first general-purpose electronic computers, completed in 1945"],["Colossus","British code-breaking computer used in World War II"],["Transistor","Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs"],["Integrated circuit","Chip with many components, invented in the late 1950s"],["Microprocessor","A whole CPU on one chip; Intel 4004 came out in 1971"],["ARPANET","Early network that sent its first message in 1969"],["First email","Sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971"],["Personal computer","Home computers became popular in the late 1970s and 1980s"],["Apple II","A popular early personal computer from 1977"],["IBM PC","Introduced in 1981"],["Macintosh","Apple computer launched in 1984 with a graphical interface"],["Windows 95","Microsoft system that made the Start menu famous"],["World Wide Web goes public","1991"],["Mosaic browser","Early graphical web browser from 1993"],["Google founded","1998"],["Wikipedia launched","2001"],["YouTube founded","2005"],["iPhone introduced","2007"],["Smartphone age","Phones became pocket computers after 2007"],["Cloud computing","Rented online computing, which grew in the late 2000s"],["Bitcoin created","2009 by a person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto"],["ChatGPT released","November 2022"],["Moore's law","The observation that chip transistor counts double about every two years"],["Gordon Moore","Co-founder of Intel who described Moore's law in 1965"],["Hedy Lamarr","Actress and inventor who co-developed frequency hopping, an idea used in modern wireless"],["Mary Allen Wilkes","Programmer of the LINC, an early personal computer, in the 1960s"],["Jean Bartik","One of the six original ENIAC programmers"],["Annie Easley","NASA computer scientist who worked on rocket software"],["Mark Dean","IBM engineer who helped design the original IBM PC and holds key patents in PC technology"],["Gladys West","Mathematician whose work contributed to GPS"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-css-properties","id":"tech-css-properties","title":"CSS Properties","category":"technology","subject":"Web Development","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common CSS properties, selectors and values for styling web pages.","tags":["CSS","web","styling"],"frontLabel":"Property or term","backLabel":"What it does","cards":[["color","Sets the text color"],["background-color","Sets the background color"],["background-image","Sets a background picture"],["font-family","Chooses the typeface"],["font-size","Sets the text size"],["font-weight","Sets how bold text is"],["font-style","Sets italic or normal"],["text-align","Aligns text left, center, right or justify"],["text-decoration","Adds underline, overline or line-through"],["text-transform","Changes case: uppercase, lowercase, capitalize"],["line-height","Sets space between lines of text"],["letter-spacing","Sets space between letters"],["width","Sets the width of an element"],["height","Sets the height of an element"],["max-width","Sets the largest width allowed"],["min-height","Sets the smallest height allowed"],["margin","Space outside an element's border"],["padding","Space inside an element between content and border"],["border","Draws a line around an element"],["border-radius","Rounds the corners of an element"],["box-shadow","Adds a shadow around an element"],["text-shadow","Adds a shadow to text"],["opacity","Sets transparency from 0 to 1"],["display","Sets how an element is shown: block, inline, flex, grid, none"],["display: none","Hides an element and its space"],["visibility: hidden","Hides an element but keeps its space"],["position","Sets how an element is positioned: static, relative, absolute, fixed, sticky"],["position: relative","Positions an element compared to its normal spot"],["position: absolute","Positions an element relative to its nearest positioned parent"],["position: fixed","Keeps an element in place when scrolling"],["position: sticky","Sticks an element once you scroll to it"],["top, right, bottom, left","Offsets for positioned elements"],["z-index","Sets stacking order of overlapping elements"],["float","Pushes an element to the left or right so text wraps around it"],["overflow","Controls what happens when content is too big"],["box-sizing: border-box","Includes padding and border in an element's width"],["Flexbox (display: flex)","A layout system for rows or columns"],["flex-direction","Sets row or column in flexbox"],["justify-content","Aligns flex items along the main axis"],["align-items","Aligns flex items along the cross axis"],["flex-wrap","Lets flex items wrap to the next line"],["gap","Space between flex or grid items"],["flex-grow","How much an item grows to fill space"],["Grid (display: grid)","A two-dimensional layout system"],["grid-template-columns","Defines the columns of a grid"],["grid-template-rows","Defines the rows of a grid"],["grid-column","Places an item across columns"],["Selector","The part of CSS that picks which elements to style"],["Element selector","Targets tags, like p { }"],["Class selector","Targets by class, like .box { }"],["ID selector","Targets by ID, like #main { }"],["Descendant selector","Targets elements inside others, like nav a { }"],["Child selector","Targets direct children only, like ul > li { }"],["Universal selector","* targets all elements"],["Pseudo-class","A state selector like :hover or :focus"],["Pseudo-element","Selects part of an element like ::before or ::first-line"],["Specificity","The rule deciding which style wins when rules conflict"],["Cascade","Styles are combined in order and importance"],["Inheritance","Some properties pass down from parent to child"],["!important","Makes a rule override others, to be used rarely"],["Media query","A rule that applies styles for certain screen sizes"],["Responsive design","Pages that adapt to different screen sizes"],["Pixels (px)","A fixed unit of size"],["em unit","A size relative to the parent's font size"],["rem unit","A size relative to the root font size"],["Percent (%)","A size relative to the parent"],["vh and vw","1% of the viewport height or width"],["Hex color","A color written as #RRGGBB, like #FF0000"],["rgb()","A color written with red, green and blue values"],["hsl()","A color written with hue, saturation and lightness"],["transition","Animates changes between styles"],["transform","Moves, rotates, scales or skews an element"],["animation","Applies keyframe animation"],["@keyframes","Defines the steps of an animation"],["CSS stands for","Cascading Style Sheets"],["CSS variable","A reusable value set with --name and used with var(--name)"],["cursor","Changes the mouse pointer style"],["list-style","Changes bullets or numbers in lists"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-cybersecurity-basics","id":"tech-cybersecurity-basics","title":"Cybersecurity Basics","category":"technology","subject":"Security","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common threats, defenses and security ideas explained simply.","tags":["cybersecurity","security","encryption","threats"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Cybersecurity","Protecting computers, networks and data from attack"],["CIA triad","Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability"],["Confidentiality","Only authorized people can see the data"],["Integrity","Data is accurate and has not been tampered with"],["Availability","Systems and data are usable when needed"],["Threat","Something that could cause harm"],["Vulnerability","A weakness that can be exploited"],["Exploit","A way to take advantage of a vulnerability"],["Risk","The chance a threat uses a vulnerability and causes harm"],["Malware","Harmful software"],["Virus","Malware that attaches to files and spreads"],["Worm","Malware that spreads by itself over networks"],["Trojan horse","Malware disguised as something useful"],["Ransomware","Malware that locks files and demands payment"],["Spyware","Software that secretly watches what you do"],["Adware","Software that shows unwanted ads"],["Keylogger","Malware that records keystrokes"],["Botnet","A network of infected computers controlled by an attacker"],["Phishing","Fake messages that trick you into giving information"],["Spear phishing","Phishing aimed at a specific person"],["Smishing","Phishing by text message"],["Social engineering","Tricking people rather than breaking technology"],["Pretexting","Inventing a story to gain trust"],["Brute force attack","Trying many passwords until one works"],["Dictionary attack","Trying common words as passwords"],["Credential stuffing","Reusing leaked passwords on other sites"],["DDoS attack","Flooding a site with traffic to knock it offline"],["Man-in-the-middle attack","An attacker secretly intercepts communication"],["SQL injection","Sneaking harmful database commands into input"],["Cross-site scripting (XSS)","Injecting harmful scripts into web pages"],["Zero-day","A vulnerability unknown to the maker, with no fix yet"],["Patch","An update that fixes a vulnerability"],["Software updates","Install them promptly to close security holes"],["Strong password","Long and unique, not reused"],["Passphrase","A long password made of several words"],["Password manager","A tool that stores unique passwords safely"],["Multi-factor authentication","Requiring two or more proofs of identity"],["Authentication","Proving who you are"],["Authorization","What you're allowed to do after logging in"],["Biometrics","Using fingerprints or faces to identify you"],["Encryption","Scrambling data so only holders of a key can read it"],["Decryption","Unscrambling encrypted data"],["Symmetric encryption","Uses the same key to lock and unlock"],["Asymmetric encryption","Uses a public key to lock and a private key to unlock"],["Public key","A key you can share"],["Private key","A key you keep secret"],["Hash","A fixed-length fingerprint of data, hard to reverse"],["Salt","Random data added to a password before hashing"],["Digital signature","Proof that a message came from a certain sender"],["Certificate","A digital ID that proves a website is who it claims to be"],["HTTPS","Secure web connections that use encryption"],["VPN","Creates an encrypted tunnel for your traffic"],["Firewall","Blocks unwanted network traffic"],["Antivirus","Software that detects malware"],["Intrusion detection system","Monitors a network for suspicious activity"],["Sandbox","A safe isolated space to run untrusted code"],["Backup","A copy of data kept separately"],["3-2-1 backup rule","3 copies, 2 types of media, 1 offsite"],["Least privilege","Giving users only the access they need"],["Defense in depth","Using many layers of protection"],["Penetration testing","Authorized hacking to find weaknesses"],["White hat hacker","An ethical hacker who helps improve security"],["Black hat hacker","A criminal hacker"],["Gray hat hacker","A hacker between ethical and criminal"],["Bug bounty","A reward for responsibly reporting security flaws"],["Data breach","When private data is exposed"],["Identity theft","Using someone's personal information without permission"],["Public Wi-Fi risk","Others may snoop; avoid sensitive logins"],["Suspicious email clues","Urgent threats, odd sender, bad links, requests for passwords"],["Hover before clicking","Check where a link really goes"],["Never share","Passwords or verification codes with anyone"],["Incident response","The plan for handling a security event"],["Cipher","A method of encrypting text"],["Caesar cipher","Shifts each letter by a fixed number"],["Enigma","A cipher machine used by Germany in World War II"],["Kerckhoffs's principle","A system should be secure even if everything but the key is public"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-data-structures","id":"tech-data-structures","title":"Data Structures","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Science","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Ways of organizing data: arrays, lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs and hash tables.","tags":["data structures","arrays","trees","graphs"],"frontLabel":"Structure","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[["Data structure","A way of organizing data so it can be used efficiently"],["Array","A fixed-size list of items stored in order, accessed by index"],["Index","The position number of an item in an array, starting at 0 in most languages"],["Dynamic array","An array that grows automatically, like a Python list"],["Linked list","Items (nodes) linked by pointers, each pointing to the next"],["Node","A piece of a linked structure holding data and links"],["Singly linked list","Each node points only to the next"],["Doubly linked list","Each node points to both the next and the previous"],["Pointer (reference)","A value that tells where another value is stored"],["Stack","A last-in, first-out (LIFO) structure"],["Push","Add an item to a stack"],["Pop","Remove the top item from a stack"],["Peek","Look at the top item without removing it"],["Queue","A first-in, first-out (FIFO) structure"],["Enqueue","Add an item to the back of a queue"],["Dequeue","Remove the item at the front of a queue"],["Deque","A double-ended queue; add or remove at either end"],["Priority queue","A queue where higher priority items leave first"],["Hash table (hash map)","Stores key-value pairs for fast lookup using a hash function"],["Hash function","Converts a key into a number to find its slot"],["Set","A collection of unique items"],["Dictionary (map)","A collection of key-value pairs"],["Tuple","An ordered, unchangeable group of values"],["Tree","A hierarchy of nodes with a root and branches"],["Root","The top node of a tree"],["Leaf","A node with no children"],["Parent and child","A node and the nodes directly below it"],["Depth","How many steps a node is from the root"],["Height of a tree","The longest path from the root to a leaf"],["Binary tree","A tree in which each node has at most two children"],["Binary search tree (BST)","A binary tree where left values are smaller and right values are larger"],["Balanced tree","A tree whose branches are roughly equal in height"],["AVL tree","A self-balancing binary search tree"],["Heap","A tree-based structure where the parent is always larger (or smaller) than its children"],["Min-heap","The smallest element is at the top"],["Max-heap","The largest element is at the top"],["Trie","A tree for storing words by their letters"],["Graph","Nodes (vertices) connected by edges"],["Vertex","A node in a graph"],["Edge","A connection between two vertices"],["Directed graph","Edges have a direction"],["Undirected graph","Edges go both ways"],["Weighted graph","Edges have values like distance or cost"],["Adjacency list","Graph stored as a list of neighbors for each vertex"],["Adjacency matrix","Graph stored as a grid showing which vertices connect"],["Cycle","A path that returns to its starting vertex"],["Tree vs graph","A tree is a graph with no cycles that is connected"],["Record (struct)","A bundle of named fields"],["String","A sequence of characters"],["Matrix","A grid of values in rows and columns"],["2D array","An array of arrays, like a grid"],["Stack use","Undo buttons, function calls, browser back"],["Queue use","Print jobs, task scheduling"],["Hash table use","Fast lookups, caches, counting"],["Tree use","File systems, search, hierarchies"],["Graph use","Maps, social networks, the internet"],["Access time of an array by index","O(1)"],["Search time in an unsorted array","O(n)"],["Insertion at the front of a linked list","O(1)"],["Search time in a balanced BST","O(log n)"],["Average lookup in a hash table","O(1)"],["Call stack","The stack that tracks which function is running"],["Stack overflow","When the call stack runs out of space, often from endless recursion"],["Abstract data type (ADT)","A description of what a structure does, not how"],["Circular buffer","A fixed-size queue that wraps around"],["Bloom filter","A compact structure that tells if an item might be in a set"],["Union-find","A structure that tracks groups of connected items"],["Immutable","Cannot be changed after creation"],["Mutable","Can be changed after creation"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-file-types-and-formats","id":"tech-file-types-and-formats","title":"File Types and Extensions","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Skills","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"What common file extensions mean and which program or purpose they belong to.","tags":["file extensions","formats","computer skills"],"frontLabel":"Extension","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[[".txt","Plain text file"],[".doc / .docx","Microsoft Word document"],[".pdf","Portable Document Format, looks the same on any device"],[".rtf","Rich Text Format, text with simple formatting"],[".odt","OpenDocument text file"],[".xls / .xlsx","Microsoft Excel spreadsheet"],[".csv","Comma-separated values, a simple data table in text"],[".ppt / .pptx","Microsoft PowerPoint presentation"],[".key","Apple Keynote presentation"],[".pages","Apple Pages document"],[".jpg / .jpeg","Compressed photo image"],[".png","Image with lossless compression and transparency"],[".gif","Image format that supports simple animation"],[".bmp","Uncompressed bitmap image"],[".svg","Scalable vector graphics, sharp at any size"],[".webp","Modern web image format"],[".heic","Apple's efficient photo format"],[".tiff","High-quality image format"],[".psd","Adobe Photoshop file"],[".ai","Adobe Illustrator file"],[".mp3","Compressed audio"],[".wav","Uncompressed audio"],[".aac","Compressed audio format used by Apple"],[".flac","Lossless compressed audio"],[".ogg","Open audio format"],[".midi / .mid","File with music notes instead of sound"],[".mp4","Common video format"],[".mov","Apple QuickTime video"],[".avi","Older Microsoft video format"],[".mkv","Flexible video container format"],[".webm","Open video format for the web"],[".zip","Compressed archive of files"],[".rar","Compressed archive format"],[".7z","7-Zip compressed archive"],[".tar.gz","Compressed archive common on Linux"],[".exe","Windows program"],[".msi","Windows installer"],[".dmg","Mac disk image used for installing apps"],[".app","Mac application"],[".apk","Android app package"],[".ipa","iOS app package"],[".iso","Disk image of a disc"],[".html / .htm","Web page"],[".css","Stylesheet for web pages"],[".js","JavaScript code"],[".json","JavaScript Object Notation, a common data format"],[".xml","Extensible Markup Language, structured data"],[".py","Python code"],[".java","Java source code"],[".class","Compiled Java code"],[".c / .cpp","C and C++ source code"],[".cs","C# source code"],[".php","PHP script"],[".rb","Ruby script"],[".sql","SQL database commands"],[".db / .sqlite","Database file"],[".md","Markdown text file"],[".yml / .yaml","Human-readable configuration data"],[".sh","Shell script"],[".bat","Windows batch file"],[".ini / .cfg","Configuration file"],[".log","Log file recording events"],[".tmp","Temporary file"],[".bak","Backup file"],[".dll","Windows dynamic link library"],[".sys","System file"],[".ttf / .otf","Font files"],[".epub","E-book format"],[".ics","Calendar event file"],[".vcf","Contact card file"],[".torrent","File used by peer-to-peer sharing software"],["File extension","The letters after the dot that suggest the file type"],["Filename","The name before the extension"],["Folder (directory)","A container for files"],["Path","The location of a file, such as C:\\Users\\Sam\\file.txt"],["Operating system","Software that manages a computer, like Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-git-commands","id":"tech-git-commands","title":"Git Commands","category":"technology","subject":"Version Control","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The Git commands and concepts developers use every day.","tags":["Git","version control","GitHub"],"frontLabel":"Task or term","backLabel":"Command or meaning","cards":[["Git","A version control system that tracks changes to files"],["Repository (repo)","A project folder tracked by Git"],["Create a new repository","git init"],["Copy a repository","git clone <url>"],["See what has changed","git status"],["Stage a file","git add file.txt"],["Stage everything","git add ."],["Commit staged changes","git commit -m 'message'"],["Commit","A saved snapshot of the project"],["Commit message","A short note describing the change"],["Staging area (index)","Where changes wait before committing"],["Working directory","Your project files as they currently are"],["View history","git log"],["View history briefly","git log --oneline"],["See changes not yet staged","git diff"],["See staged changes","git diff --staged"],["Branch","A separate line of work"],["List branches","git branch"],["Create a branch","git branch name"],["Switch branch","git switch name"],["Create and switch to a branch","git switch -c name"],["Old switch command","git checkout name"],["Merge a branch","git merge name"],["Merge conflict","When Git can't combine changes automatically"],["Resolve a conflict","Edit the file, remove markers, then add and commit"],["Delete a branch","git branch -d name"],["main branch","The default primary branch"],["Remote","A copy of the repository on a server"],["Origin","The usual name of the main remote"],["Add a remote","git remote add origin <url>"],["Show remotes","git remote -v"],["Send commits to a remote","git push"],["First push of a branch","git push -u origin name"],["Get new commits from remote","git fetch"],["Fetch and merge from remote","git pull"],["Undo staging of a file","git restore --staged file"],["Discard local changes to a file","git restore file"],["Undo the last commit but keep changes","git reset --soft HEAD~1"],["Make a new commit that undoes a commit","git revert <hash>"],["Fix the last commit message","git commit --amend"],["Temporarily save changes","git stash"],["Bring back stashed changes","git stash pop"],["Tag a commit","git tag v1.0"],["HEAD","A pointer to the current commit"],["Hash","The unique ID of a commit"],["Rebase","Move commits onto a new base for a straight history"],["Cherry-pick","Copy one commit onto another branch"],["Fork","Your own copy of someone else's repository"],["Pull request (PR)","A request to merge your branch into another"],["Code review","Teammates read and comment on changes"],["GitHub","A website hosting Git repositories"],["GitLab","Another site for hosting Git repositories"],["Issue","A task or bug report on GitHub"],["Clone vs fork","Clone copies to your computer; fork copies to your account"],["README","A file describing a project"],["License","A file saying how others may use the code"],["Gitignore","A file listing what Git should not track"],["Linus Torvalds","Created Git in 2005"],["Diff","The difference between two versions of files"],["Blame","git blame shows who last changed each line"],["Bisect","git bisect finds the commit that introduced a bug"],["Detached HEAD","Being on a commit that is not at the tip of a branch"],["Force push","git push --force overwrites remote history; use with great care"],["Never commit","Passwords, tokens or secret keys"],["Commit often","Small commits are easier to understand"],["Feature branch","A branch made for one new feature"],["Continuous integration (CI)","Tests run automatically when code is pushed"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-html-tags","id":"tech-html-tags","title":"HTML Tags","category":"technology","subject":"Web Development","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common HTML elements and attributes for building web pages.","tags":["HTML","web","tags"],"frontLabel":"Tag","backLabel":"Purpose","cards":[["<html>","The root element that wraps the whole page"],["<!DOCTYPE html>","Declares the page uses modern HTML5"],["<head>","Holds information about the page, not shown on screen"],["<title>","The page title shown in the browser tab"],["<meta>","Metadata about the page, like character set"],["<link>","Links to outside files such as stylesheets"],["<style>","Holds CSS written inside the page"],["<script>","Holds or loads JavaScript"],["<body>","The visible content of the page"],["<h1>","The main heading, the largest"],["<h2> to <h6>","Smaller headings"],["<p>","A paragraph of text"],["<br>","A line break"],["<hr>","A horizontal line dividing content"],["<a href='url'>","A link to another page"],["<img src='pic.jpg' alt='description'>","Shows an image; alt describes it"],["<strong>","Important text, usually bold"],["<em>","Emphasized text, usually italic"],["<b>","Bold text without extra importance"],["<i>","Italic text"],["<u>","Underlined text"],["<mark>","Highlighted text"],["<code>","A short piece of computer code"],["<pre>","Preformatted text that keeps spaces and line breaks"],["<blockquote>","A long quotation"],["<ul>","An unordered (bulleted) list"],["<ol>","An ordered (numbered) list"],["<li>","One item in a list"],["<dl>, <dt>, <dd>","A description list, its term, and its description"],["<table>","A table"],["<tr>","A table row"],["<td>","A table cell"],["<th>","A table header cell"],["<thead>, <tbody>, <tfoot>","Parts of a table"],["<div>","A generic block container"],["<span>","A generic inline container"],["<header>","Introductory content or navigation area"],["<nav>","A group of navigation links"],["<main>","The main content of the page"],["<section>","A themed group of content"],["<article>","Independent content like a blog post"],["<aside>","Side content related to the main content"],["<footer>","Footer content, such as copyright"],["<figure> and <figcaption>","An image or diagram with a caption"],["<form>","A form to collect information"],["<input>","A field where users type or choose"],["<label>","A text label for a form control"],["<textarea>","A large multi-line text box"],["<select> and <option>","A dropdown menu and its choices"],["<button>","A clickable button"],["<fieldset> and <legend>","Groups form controls with a title"],["<audio>","Plays sound"],["<video>","Plays video"],["<source>","Specifies a media file for audio or video"],["<canvas>","A drawing area for graphics scripts"],["<svg>","Vector graphics drawn in code"],["<iframe>","Embeds another page inside the page"],["<details> and <summary>","A show/hide widget with a visible summary"],["<abbr>","An abbreviation"],["<time>","A date or time"],["<sup> and <sub>","Superscript and subscript text"],["Attribute","Extra information in a tag, like href or src"],["id attribute","A unique name for one element"],["class attribute","A name shared by many elements for styling"],["alt attribute","Text describing an image, for screen readers"],["href attribute","The link destination"],["src attribute","The source file of an image or script"],["target='_blank'","Opens a link in a new tab"],["type attribute (input)","Chooses the control type: text, checkbox, number and so on"],["placeholder attribute","Hint text shown in an empty input"],["required attribute","The form field must be filled in"],["Comment in HTML","<!-- comment -->"],["Self-closing (void) tags","Tags with no closing tag, like <br>, <img>, <input>"],["Nesting","Putting tags inside other tags"],["HTML stands for","HyperText Markup Language"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-internet-basics-and-safety","id":"tech-internet-basics-and-safety","title":"Internet Basics and Safety","category":"technology","subject":"Internet","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"How the web works, browser words and ways to stay safe online.","tags":["internet","web","browser","safety"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Internet","A worldwide network of connected computers"],["World Wide Web","Pages and sites you view in a browser, which run on the internet"],["Web browser","Software for viewing websites, like Chrome, Safari or Firefox"],["Website","A collection of linked web pages"],["Web page","A single document on a website"],["URL","A web address"],["Domain name","The name of a site, like example.com"],["Top-level domain","The ending of a domain name, like .com, .org or .edu"],["Link (hyperlink)","Text or a picture you click to go to another page"],["Homepage","The main page of a website"],["Search engine","A website that finds pages for your search words"],["Keyword","A word used to search"],["Bookmark","A saved shortcut to a web page"],["Tab","One page open inside a browser window"],["Cookie","A small file a website saves in your browser"],["Cache","Stored copies of pages to load faster"],["Browsing history","A list of pages you visited"],["Incognito (private) mode","Browsing that doesn't save history on your device"],["Download","Copy a file from the internet to your device"],["Upload","Send a file from your device to the internet"],["Stream","Watch or listen online without saving the whole file"],["Email","Electronic mail"],["Attachment","A file sent along with an email"],["Spam","Unwanted junk email or messages"],["Social media","Websites and apps for sharing and connecting"],["Blog","A website with regularly posted entries"],["Wiki","A site anyone can edit, like Wikipedia"],["Podcast","An audio show you can download or stream"],["Cloud storage","Keeping files on internet servers"],["Wi-Fi","Wireless internet connection"],["Router","A device that sends data between your devices and the internet"],["Modem","A device that connects your home to your internet provider"],["ISP","Internet service provider, the company giving you internet"],["Bandwidth","How much data can be sent in a given time"],["Broadband","High-speed internet"],["Ping","The time a signal takes to travel to a server and back"],["Password","A secret code to protect an account"],["Strong password","Long, unique and hard to guess"],["Password manager","An app that stores your passwords safely"],["Two-factor authentication (2FA)","Using two proofs of identity, like a password and a code"],["Phishing","Fake messages that try to trick you into giving information"],["Scam","A trick to steal money or information"],["Malware","Harmful software"],["Virus","Malware that spreads by copying itself"],["Antivirus","Software that finds and removes malware"],["Firewall","A shield that blocks unwanted connections"],["VPN","A virtual private network that encrypts your connection"],["Encryption","Scrambling data so only the right person can read it"],["HTTPS","Secure web connection; look for the lock icon"],["HTTP","The protocol for sending web pages, without encryption"],["Privacy settings","Controls for who sees your information"],["Personal information","Details like name, address and school; keep private"],["Digital footprint","The record of what you do online"],["Cyberbullying","Bullying that happens online"],["Block","Stop a person from contacting you"],["Report","Tell the site about harmful content"],["Misinformation","False information"],["Fact-check","Look up whether something is true"],["Source","Where information comes from"],["Credible source","A trustworthy source"],["Copyright","The law that protects creators' work"],["Creative Commons","Licenses that let creators share work with permission"],["Citing a source","Giving credit for information you use"],["Netiquette","Polite online behavior"],["Digital citizenship","Using technology safely and respectfully"],["Screen time","Time spent on screens"],["Sharing rule","If you wouldn't say it to a person's face, don't post it"],["Tim Berners-Lee","Invented the World Wide Web in 1989"],["First website","Went online in 1991 at CERN"],["ARPANET","Early network (1969) that grew into the internet"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-javascript-basics","id":"tech-javascript-basics","title":"JavaScript Basics","category":"technology","subject":"JavaScript","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Core JavaScript syntax, array methods and browser basics.","tags":["JavaScript","programming","web"],"frontLabel":"Task","backLabel":"JavaScript","cards":[["Print to the console","console.log('Hi')"],["Declare a changeable variable","let x = 5;"],["Declare a constant","const PI = 3.14;"],["Old way to declare a variable","var x = 5;"],["Single-line comment","// comment"],["Strict equality","a === b"],["Strict inequality","a !== b"],["Logical and","a && b"],["Logical or","a || b"],["Logical not","!a"],["Remainder","7 % 2"],["Exponent","2 ** 3"],["Increment","i++"],["If statement","if (x > 3) { }"],["Else if","else if (x === 3) { }"],["Ternary operator","cond ? a : b"],["Switch statement","switch (x) { case 1: break; }"],["For loop","for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) { }"],["For...of loop","for (const item of arr) { }"],["For...in loop","for (const key in obj) { }"],["While loop","while (x < 10) { }"],["Function declaration","function add(a, b) { return a + b; }"],["Arrow function","const add = (a, b) => a + b;"],["Anonymous function","function () { }"],["Make an array","const arr = [1, 2, 3];"],["Add to end of array","arr.push(4)"],["Remove last item","arr.pop()"],["Add to start","arr.unshift(0)"],["Remove first item","arr.shift()"],["Array length","arr.length"],["Loop over each item","arr.forEach(x => ...)"],["Transform every item","arr.map(x => x * 2)"],["Keep items that pass a test","arr.filter(x => x > 2)"],["Combine into one value","arr.reduce((sum, x) => sum + x, 0)"],["Find first match","arr.find(x => x > 2)"],["Does the array include a value?","arr.includes(3)"],["Sort an array (numbers)","arr.sort((a, b) => a - b)"],["Join array into a string","arr.join(', ')"],["Make an object","const o = { name: 'Sam', age: 9 };"],["Read an object property","o.name or o['name']"],["Get keys of an object","Object.keys(o)"],["Template literal","`Hello ${name}`"],["String length","s.length"],["String uppercase","s.toUpperCase()"],["Split a string","s.split(' ')"],["Convert to number","Number('5') or parseInt('5')"],["Check not a number","isNaN(x)"],["Random number 0 to 1","Math.random()"],["Round down","Math.floor(3.7)"],["Round","Math.round(3.5)"],["Absolute value","Math.abs(-3)"],["Larger of values","Math.max(1, 5)"],["Undefined","A variable that has not been given a value"],["Null","An intentional empty value"],["typeof operator","typeof x"],["Select an element by ID","document.getElementById('id')"],["Select with a CSS selector","document.querySelector('.cls')"],["Change text of an element","el.textContent = 'Hi'"],["Change style","el.style.color = 'red'"],["Add a class","el.classList.add('on')"],["Listen for a click","el.addEventListener('click', fn)"],["Wait before running code","setTimeout(fn, 1000)"],["Repeat code over time","setInterval(fn, 1000)"],["Fetch data from a URL","fetch(url)"],["Parse JSON text","JSON.parse(text)"],["Convert to JSON text","JSON.stringify(obj)"],["Promise","An object for a value that will be available later"],["async / await","Syntax for writing asynchronous code that reads in order"],["Try/catch","try { } catch (e) { }"],["Class definition","class Dog { constructor(name) { this.name = name; } }"],["this keyword","Refers to the current object"],["Import a module","import x from './x.js';"],["Export a function","export function f() { }"],["Spread operator","[...arr]"],["Destructuring","const { a, b } = obj;"],["JavaScript's creator","Brendan Eich, in 1995"],["Is JavaScript the same as Java?","No, they are different languages"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-keyboard-shortcuts","id":"tech-keyboard-shortcuts","title":"Keyboard Shortcuts","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Skills","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Windows and Mac shortcuts for copying, pasting, switching windows and more. Windows uses Ctrl; Mac uses Cmd.","tags":["keyboard","shortcuts","Windows","Mac"],"frontLabel":"Action","backLabel":"Shortcut","cards":[["Copy","Ctrl+C (Windows) or Cmd+C (Mac)"],["Cut","Ctrl+X or Cmd+X"],["Paste","Ctrl+V or Cmd+V"],["Undo","Ctrl+Z or Cmd+Z"],["Redo","Ctrl+Y or Cmd+Shift+Z"],["Select all","Ctrl+A or Cmd+A"],["Save","Ctrl+S or Cmd+S"],["Save as","Ctrl+Shift+S or Cmd+Shift+S"],["Open","Ctrl+O or Cmd+O"],["New document or window","Ctrl+N or Cmd+N"],["Print","Ctrl+P or Cmd+P"],["Find","Ctrl+F or Cmd+F"],["Find and replace","Ctrl+H (Windows) or Cmd+Option+F (Mac, in some apps)"],["Bold","Ctrl+B or Cmd+B"],["Italic","Ctrl+I or Cmd+I"],["Underline","Ctrl+U or Cmd+U"],["Close the window or tab","Ctrl+W or Cmd+W"],["Quit the app (Mac)","Cmd+Q"],["Close the window (Windows)","Alt+F4"],["Reopen closed browser tab","Ctrl+Shift+T or Cmd+Shift+T"],["New browser tab","Ctrl+T or Cmd+T"],["Switch to next browser tab","Ctrl+Tab"],["Switch to a specific tab","Ctrl+1 to 8 (or Cmd+1 to 8)"],["Refresh a web page","Ctrl+R or F5 (Windows); Cmd+R (Mac)"],["Go back in the browser","Alt+Left Arrow or Cmd+Left Arrow"],["Go forward in the browser","Alt+Right Arrow or Cmd+Right Arrow"],["Focus the address bar","Ctrl+L or Cmd+L"],["Bookmark the page","Ctrl+D or Cmd+D"],["Zoom in","Ctrl+Plus or Cmd+Plus"],["Zoom out","Ctrl+Minus or Cmd+Minus"],["Reset zoom","Ctrl+0 or Cmd+0"],["Switch between open apps (Windows)","Alt+Tab"],["Switch between open apps (Mac)","Cmd+Tab"],["Show the desktop (Windows)","Windows key+D"],["Open Task Manager (Windows)","Ctrl+Shift+Esc"],["Force Quit (Mac)","Cmd+Option+Esc"],["Lock the screen (Windows)","Windows key+L"],["Lock the screen (Mac)","Control+Cmd+Q"],["Screenshot (Windows)","Windows key+Shift+S"],["Screenshot of whole screen (Mac)","Cmd+Shift+3"],["Screenshot of a selection (Mac)","Cmd+Shift+4"],["Open Spotlight search (Mac)","Cmd+Space"],["Open the Start menu / search (Windows)","Windows key"],["Open File Explorer (Windows)","Windows key+E"],["Emoji picker (Windows)","Windows key+Period"],["Emoji picker (Mac)","Control+Cmd+Space"],["Select a word","Double-click it"],["Select a whole paragraph","Triple-click it"],["Select the word to the left","Ctrl+Shift+Left Arrow (Windows) or Option+Shift+Left Arrow (Mac)"],["Move to the start of a line","Home (Windows) or Cmd+Left (Mac)"],["Move to the end of a line","End (Windows) or Cmd+Right (Mac)"],["Move to the start of a document","Ctrl+Home or Cmd+Up"],["Move to the end of a document","Ctrl+End or Cmd+Down"],["Delete the previous word","Ctrl+Backspace or Option+Delete"],["Rename a file","F2 (Windows) or Return (Mac)"],["Delete a file (to trash)","Delete key or Cmd+Delete"],["Permanently delete a file (Windows)","Shift+Delete"],["Open the Run box (Windows)","Windows key+R"],["Copy a file path","Right-click and choose Copy as path, in Windows"],["Insert a line break within a paragraph","Shift+Enter"],["Caps Lock","A key that makes all letters capital"],["Shift key","Hold to type capitals and symbols"],["Tab key","Moves to the next field or indents"],["Esc key","Cancels or exits"],["Function keys (F1 to F12)","Special keys for actions, such as F1 for help"],["Print Screen key","Captures the screen on Windows"],["Home row","The row of keys ASDF JKL; where fingers rest when typing"],["F and J keys","Have bumps to help you find the home row"],["QWERTY","The most common keyboard layout, named for the top row of letters"],["Right-click equivalent on Mac trackpad","Two-finger tap or Control+click"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-linux-commands","id":"tech-linux-commands","title":"Linux and Terminal Commands","category":"technology","subject":"Operating Systems","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Command line basics for Linux, macOS and Unix-like systems.","tags":["Linux","terminal","command line","bash"],"frontLabel":"Command","backLabel":"What it does","cards":[["ls","List files and folders"],["ls -l","List with details like size and permissions"],["ls -a","List all files including hidden ones"],["cd folder","Change into a folder"],["cd ..","Go up one folder"],["cd ~ or cd","Go to your home folder"],["pwd","Print the current working directory"],["mkdir name","Make a new folder"],["rmdir name","Remove an empty folder"],["touch file","Create an empty file or update its timestamp"],["cp a b","Copy a file"],["cp -r a b","Copy a folder and its contents"],["mv a b","Move or rename a file"],["rm file","Delete a file (no undo)"],["rm -r folder","Delete a folder and contents (dangerous)"],["cat file","Show a file's contents"],["less file","View a file one page at a time"],["head file","Show the first lines of a file"],["tail file","Show the last lines of a file"],["tail -f file","Follow a file as new lines are added"],["echo text","Print text"],["grep pattern file","Search for text in a file"],["grep -r pattern .","Search recursively through folders"],["find . -name 'x'","Find files by name"],["wc -l file","Count lines in a file"],["sort file","Sort lines"],["uniq","Remove repeated adjacent lines"],["diff a b","Show differences between two files"],["chmod","Change file permissions"],["chmod +x file","Make a file executable"],["chown","Change the owner of a file"],["sudo","Run a command with administrator privileges"],["su","Switch user"],["whoami","Show the current user name"],["man command","Show the manual for a command"],["--help","Show brief help for a command"],["history","Show previous commands"],["clear","Clear the terminal screen"],["Ctrl+C","Stop the running command"],["Ctrl+D","End input or log out"],["Ctrl+L","Clear the screen"],["Up arrow","Recall the previous command"],["Tab key","Auto-complete a name"],["ps","Show running processes"],["top or htop","Show live process and resource usage"],["kill PID","Stop a process by its ID"],["df -h","Show disk space"],["du -sh folder","Show a folder's size"],["free -h","Show memory usage"],["uname -a","Show system information"],["date","Show the date and time"],["ping host","Test network reachability"],["curl url","Transfer data from a URL"],["wget url","Download a file"],["ssh user@host","Log in to a remote machine securely"],["scp","Copy files securely between machines"],["tar -czf out.tar.gz folder","Create a compressed archive"],["tar -xzf file.tar.gz","Extract an archive"],["zip and unzip","Compress and extract zip files"],["apt install pkg","Install a package on Debian or Ubuntu"],["brew install pkg","Install a package on macOS with Homebrew"],["| (pipe)","Send the output of one command into another"],["> (redirect)","Write output to a file, replacing it"],[">> (append)","Add output to the end of a file"],["< (input redirect)","Use a file as input"],["&& (and)","Run the next command only if the first succeeds"],["& (background)","Run a command in the background"],["* (wildcard)","Matches any characters in filenames"],["~ (tilde)","Your home directory"],[". (dot)","The current directory"],[".. (dot dot)","The parent directory"],["/ (root)","The top of the file system"],["Absolute path","A path starting from /"],["Relative path","A path starting from the current folder"],["Environment variable","A named value available to programs, like PATH"],["PATH","A list of folders where the shell looks for commands"],["export VAR=value","Set an environment variable"],["Shell","A program that reads your commands"],["bash","A popular shell"],["Kernel","The core of an operating system"],["Linux creator","Linus Torvalds, first released in 1991"],["Tux","The penguin mascot of Linux"],["Permissions rwx","Read, write and execute"],["Hidden file","A file whose name begins with a dot"],["nano","A simple text editor in the terminal"],["vim","A powerful text editor, famous for being hard to exit (:q)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-networking-terms","id":"tech-networking-terms","title":"Networking Terms","category":"technology","subject":"Networking","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"How computers connect: addresses, protocols, ports and devices.","tags":["networking","IP","protocols","TCP/IP"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Network","Computers and devices connected to share data"],["LAN","Local area network, such as in a home or school"],["WAN","Wide area network that spans a large area"],["Internet","A global network of networks"],["Intranet","A private network inside an organization"],["IP address","A number that identifies a device on a network"],["IPv4 address","Four numbers 0 to 255, like 192.168.1.1"],["IPv6 address","A longer address format with letters and numbers, made for more devices"],["Public IP","An address visible on the internet"],["Private IP","An address used inside a local network, like 192.168.x.x"],["Localhost (127.0.0.1)","Your own computer"],["MAC address","A hardware address built into a network card"],["DNS","Domain Name System, translates names into IP addresses"],["DHCP","Automatically gives devices IP addresses"],["NAT","Lets many devices share one public IP address"],["Router","Forwards data between networks"],["Switch","Connects devices within a network"],["Hub","A simple device that repeats data to all ports"],["Modem","Connects a home to the internet provider"],["Access point","Gives wireless devices a connection to a network"],["Gateway","A node that connects one network to another"],["Firewall","Controls which traffic is allowed in or out"],["Proxy server","A server that acts as middleman for requests"],["VPN","Virtual private network that sends traffic through an encrypted tunnel"],["Protocol","A set of rules for communication"],["TCP","Reliable, ordered delivery of data"],["UDP","Fast delivery without guarantees, used in streaming and games"],["IP (Internet Protocol)","Addresses and routes packets"],["HTTP","Protocol for web pages"],["HTTPS","HTTP with encryption"],["FTP","Protocol for transferring files"],["SMTP","Protocol for sending email"],["IMAP and POP3","Protocols for receiving email"],["SSH","Secure remote login"],["TLS/SSL","Encryption protocols for secure connections"],["Port","A numbered door on a device for a type of traffic"],["Port 80","HTTP"],["Port 443","HTTPS"],["Port 22","SSH"],["Port 25","SMTP email"],["Port 53","DNS"],["Packet","A small chunk of data sent over a network"],["Header","Information at the start of a packet like source and destination"],["Latency","Delay before data arrives"],["Bandwidth","Maximum data rate of a connection"],["Throughput","The actual data rate achieved"],["Ping","Test of reachability and round-trip time"],["Traceroute","Shows the path packets take"],["Jitter","Variation in delay"],["Packet loss","Packets that never arrive"],["Wi-Fi","Wireless local networking"],["Ethernet","A common wired network standard"],["Fiber optic","Cables that send data as pulses of light"],["Cellular (4G, 5G)","Mobile phone networks"],["Bluetooth","Short-range wireless"],["Subnet","A smaller part of a network"],["Subnet mask","Tells which part of an address is the network"],["CIDR notation","Writing a network like 192.168.0.0/24"],["Client","A device that requests services"],["Server","A device that provides services"],["Peer-to-peer","Devices share directly without a central server"],["Cloud","Computing services offered over the internet"],["CDN","Content delivery network, servers around the world that make sites load faster"],["URL","A web address"],["Domain registrar","A company that sells domain names"],["ICANN","The organization that coordinates domain names and IP addresses"],["Web server","Software that serves web pages"],["API","Rules for programs to talk to each other"],["REST","A common style for web APIs"],["Status code 200","OK"],["Status code 404","Not found"],["Status code 500","Server error"],["Status code 301","Moved permanently"],["OSI model","A seven-layer model of networking"],["OSI layers","Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application"],["TCP/IP model","A four-layer model that the internet uses"],["Three-way handshake","SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK to start a TCP connection"],["Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn","Designed TCP/IP in the 1970s"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-python-syntax","id":"tech-python-syntax","title":"Python Syntax and Built-ins","category":"technology","subject":"Python","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Everyday Python statements, functions and data structures.","tags":["Python","programming","syntax"],"frontLabel":"Task","backLabel":"Python","cards":[["Print text to the screen","print('Hello')"],["Get input from the user","input('Name? ')"],["Make a variable","x = 5"],["Comment a line","# this is a comment"],["Integer division","7 // 2 gives 3"],["Remainder (modulo)","7 % 2 gives 1"],["Exponent (power)","2 ** 3 gives 8"],["Not equal comparison","x != y"],["Equal comparison","x == y"],["Logical and","a and b"],["Logical or","a or b"],["Logical not","not a"],["If statement","if x > 3:"],["Else if","elif x == 3:"],["Else","else:"],["For loop over a range of 5","for i in range(5):"],["Range from 1 to 10","range(1, 11)"],["While loop","while x < 10:"],["Stop a loop early","break"],["Skip to the next loop pass","continue"],["Do nothing placeholder","pass"],["Define a function","def greet(name):"],["Return a value","return x"],["Default parameter","def f(x=10):"],["Lambda (small anonymous function)","lambda x: x * 2"],["Make a list","nums = [1, 2, 3]"],["Add to the end of a list","nums.append(4)"],["Remove last item of a list","nums.pop()"],["Length of a list or string","len(nums)"],["First item of a list","nums[0]"],["Last item of a list","nums[-1]"],["Slice the first two items","nums[:2]"],["Sort a list in place","nums.sort()"],["Sorted copy of a list","sorted(nums)"],["Reverse a list","nums.reverse() or nums[::-1]"],["Tuple (unchangeable sequence)","t = (1, 2, 3)"],["Set (unique items)","s = {1, 2, 3}"],["Dictionary","d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}"],["Get a dictionary value","d['a']"],["Loop over dictionary items","for k, v in d.items():"],["Check if item is in a list","3 in nums"],["Convert to integer","int('5')"],["Convert to string","str(5)"],["Convert to float","float('3.5')"],["Convert to list","list('abc')"],["Type of a value","type(x)"],["Join strings in a list","', '.join(words)"],["Split a string into a list","'a b c'.split()"],["Uppercase a string","'hi'.upper()"],["Replace text in a string","s.replace('a', 'b')"],["Strip whitespace","s.strip()"],["F-string","f'Hello {name}'"],["Multi-line string","'''text over lines'''"],["Import a module","import math"],["Import one name","from math import sqrt"],["Random integer","import random; random.randint(1, 6)"],["Square root","math.sqrt(16)"],["Absolute value","abs(-3)"],["Round a number","round(3.6)"],["Maximum of values","max(1, 5, 3)"],["Sum of a list","sum(nums)"],["List comprehension","[x * 2 for x in nums]"],["Open and read a file","with open('f.txt') as f: data = f.read()"],["Handle errors","try: ... except ValueError: ..."],["Raise an error","raise ValueError('bad')"],["Define a class","class Dog:"],["Constructor method","def __init__(self, name):"],["The current object inside a method","self"],["None value","None"],["Boolean values","True and False"],["Enumerate with index","for i, x in enumerate(nums):"],["Zip two lists","zip(a, b)"],["Check if a value is None","x is None"],["Run code only when file is the main program","if __name__ == '__main__':"],["Python's creator","Guido van Rossum, who released Python in 1991"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-spreadsheet-functions","id":"tech-spreadsheet-functions","title":"Spreadsheet Formulas and Terms","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Skills","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Cells, formulas and common functions in Excel and Google Sheets.","tags":["spreadsheet","Excel","Google Sheets","formulas"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Cell","One box in a spreadsheet where a row and column meet"],["Cell reference","The cell's address, like B3"],["Row","A horizontal line of cells, labeled with numbers"],["Column","A vertical line of cells, labeled with letters"],["Range","A group of cells, like A1:A10"],["Worksheet (sheet)","A single page of cells in a workbook"],["Workbook","A file holding one or more sheets"],["Formula","A calculation that starts with an equals sign"],["Function","A built-in formula like SUM"],["=A1+B1","Adds two cells"],["=A1*B1","Multiplies two cells"],["=SUM(A1:A10)","Adds a range"],["=AVERAGE(A1:A10)","Finds the mean of a range"],["=MIN(A1:A10)","Finds the smallest value"],["=MAX(A1:A10)","Finds the largest value"],["=COUNT(A1:A10)","Counts cells with numbers"],["=COUNTA(A1:A10)","Counts non-empty cells"],["=ROUND(A1,2)","Rounds to two decimal places"],["=IF(A1>10,'Yes','No')","Returns one value if true and another if false"],["=AND() and =OR()","Test several conditions"],["=COUNTIF(range,criteria)","Counts cells that meet a rule"],["=SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)","Adds cells that meet a rule"],["=VLOOKUP()","Looks up a value in the first column of a table"],["=XLOOKUP()","A modern lookup function"],["=INDEX() and =MATCH()","A flexible way to look things up"],["=CONCATENATE() or =A1&B1","Joins text"],["=LEFT(A1,3)","Takes the first 3 characters"],["=LEN(A1)","Counts characters in a cell"],["=UPPER(A1)","Makes text uppercase"],["=TODAY()","Shows today's date"],["=NOW()","Shows the date and time"],["Absolute reference","Locks a cell with dollar signs, like $A$1"],["Relative reference","A reference that changes when copied"],["Fill handle","The small square in the corner of a cell you drag to copy"],["AutoSum","A button that adds a column or row quickly"],["Sort","Arrange rows in order"],["Filter","Show only rows that meet a condition"],["Conditional formatting","Changing cell colors based on values"],["Pivot table","A summary table made from many rows of data"],["Chart","A visual graph of data"],["Bar chart","Compares categories with bars"],["Line chart","Shows change over time"],["Pie chart","Shows parts of a whole"],["Header row","The top row naming each column"],["Freeze panes","Keeps the header row visible while scrolling"],["Merge cells","Combine cells into one"],["Data validation","Limits what can be entered in a cell"],["#DIV/0!","Error from dividing by zero"],["#REF!","Error from a broken cell reference"],["#NAME?","Error from a misspelled function name"],["#VALUE!","Error from the wrong type of value"],["CSV","A simple text file for spreadsheet data"],["Google Sheets","A free online spreadsheet tool"],["Microsoft Excel","A popular spreadsheet program first released in 1985"],["VisiCalc","The first popular spreadsheet program, from 1979"],["Mean","The average, found by adding and dividing"],["Median","The middle value when ordered"],["Mode","The most common value"],["Order of operations","Parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division, then addition and subtraction"],["Percent formula","=A1/B1 formatted as a percent"],["Number format","Controls how a number looks: currency, date, percent"],["Template","A premade spreadsheet layout"],["Named range","A name given to a group of cells"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-sql-commands","id":"tech-sql-commands","title":"SQL Commands","category":"technology","subject":"Databases","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Core SQL statements and database terms for querying and changing data.","tags":["SQL","database","queries"],"frontLabel":"Command or term","backLabel":"What it does","cards":[["SQL","Structured Query Language, used to work with databases"],["Database","An organized collection of data"],["Table","Rows and columns of data in a database"],["Row (record)","One entry in a table"],["Column (field)","One attribute shared by all rows"],["Primary key","A column that uniquely identifies each row"],["Foreign key","A column linking to the primary key of another table"],["SELECT","Gets data from a table"],["SELECT *","Gets every column"],["FROM","Names the table to read"],["WHERE","Filters rows by a condition"],["AND, OR, NOT","Combine or negate conditions"],["ORDER BY","Sorts the results"],["ASC / DESC","Sort ascending or descending"],["LIMIT","Restricts how many rows are returned"],["DISTINCT","Removes duplicate values from results"],["LIKE","Matches text patterns"],["% wildcard","Matches any number of characters in LIKE"],["_ wildcard","Matches exactly one character in LIKE"],["IN","Matches any value in a list"],["BETWEEN","Matches a range of values"],["IS NULL","Tests for missing values"],["AS (alias)","Gives a column or table a temporary name"],["INSERT INTO","Adds new rows to a table"],["VALUES","Gives the values for an insert"],["UPDATE","Changes data in existing rows"],["SET","Names the columns to change in an update"],["DELETE FROM","Removes rows"],["CREATE TABLE","Makes a new table"],["ALTER TABLE","Changes a table's structure"],["DROP TABLE","Deletes a table entirely"],["CREATE INDEX","Makes a table lookup faster"],["COUNT()","Counts rows"],["SUM()","Adds up values"],["AVG()","Finds the average"],["MIN()","Finds the smallest value"],["MAX()","Finds the largest value"],["GROUP BY","Groups rows to use with aggregate functions"],["HAVING","Filters groups after grouping"],["JOIN","Combines rows from two tables"],["INNER JOIN","Keeps only rows that match in both tables"],["LEFT JOIN","Keeps all rows from the left table and matches from the right"],["RIGHT JOIN","Keeps all rows from the right table and matches from the left"],["FULL OUTER JOIN","Keeps all rows from both tables"],["CROSS JOIN","Pairs every row of one table with every row of another"],["UNION","Combines results of two queries, removing duplicates"],["UNION ALL","Combines results and keeps duplicates"],["Subquery","A query inside another query"],["EXISTS","Tests whether a subquery returns rows"],["CASE WHEN","Conditional logic inside a query"],["NULL","A missing or unknown value"],["NOT NULL","A column must always have a value"],["UNIQUE","All values in a column must be different"],["DEFAULT","A value used when none is given"],["CHECK","A rule that values must satisfy"],["Transaction","A group of operations that succeed or fail together"],["COMMIT","Saves a transaction"],["ROLLBACK","Undoes a transaction"],["View","A saved query that acts like a table"],["Index","A structure that speeds up searches"],["Normalization","Organizing tables to reduce repeated data"],["Schema","The structure of a database"],["Relational database","A database storing data in related tables"],["One-to-many relationship","One row in a table relates to many rows in another"],["Many-to-many relationship","Many rows relate to many, using a join table"],["ACID","Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability, properties of reliable transactions"],["SQL injection","An attack that sneaks harmful SQL into input; prevent with parameterized queries"],["Parameterized query","A query with placeholders for safe user input"],["MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite","Popular SQL database systems"],["NoSQL","Databases that don't use traditional tables, like document stores"],["Query","A request for data"],["CRUD","Create, Read, Update, Delete"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-web-development-concepts","id":"tech-web-development-concepts","title":"Web Development Concepts","category":"technology","subject":"Web Development","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"How websites are built: front end, back end, tools and standards.","tags":["web development","front end","back end","tools"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Front end","What the user sees and interacts with in the browser"],["Back end","The server side that stores data and runs logic"],["Full stack","Working on both front end and back end"],["HTML","Structure and content of a web page"],["CSS","Style and layout of a web page"],["JavaScript","Programming language that makes pages interactive"],["DOM","Document Object Model, the tree of elements in a page that scripts can change"],["Browser dev tools","Built-in tools to inspect and debug pages"],["Responsive design","Pages that adjust to screen size"],["Mobile first","Designing for phones before larger screens"],["Accessibility (a11y)","Making sites usable by people with disabilities"],["Alt text","Text describing an image for screen readers"],["Screen reader","Software that reads page content aloud"],["Semantic HTML","Using tags that describe the meaning of content"],["WCAG","Web Content Accessibility Guidelines"],["SEO","Search engine optimization, helping pages be found in search"],["Meta description","A short page summary shown in search results"],["Domain name","The address people type to visit a site"],["Hosting","A service that stores and serves your website"],["Web server","Software that sends pages to browsers"],["HTTP request","A browser asking a server for something"],["HTTP response","The server's reply"],["GET request","Asks to read data"],["POST request","Sends data to the server"],["Status code","A number telling how a request went"],["Cookie","A small piece of data stored in the browser"],["Local storage","Browser storage for data kept on the user's device"],["Session","A visit during which a server remembers a user"],["API","A way for programs to exchange data"],["REST API","An API style using URLs and HTTP methods"],["JSON","A text format for structured data"],["AJAX / fetch","Loading data without reloading the page"],["Framework","A toolkit for building apps, such as React or Django"],["React","A JavaScript library for building user interfaces"],["Vue and Angular","Other popular front-end frameworks"],["Node.js","Runs JavaScript on servers"],["npm","The package manager for JavaScript"],["Package manager","A tool that installs and updates code libraries"],["Bundler","A tool that combines many files into a few for the browser"],["Minify","Remove spaces and comments to make files smaller"],["Compile / transpile","Convert code into another form"],["TypeScript","JavaScript with types"],["CSS preprocessor","A tool like Sass that extends CSS"],["Database","Where a site stores its data"],["CMS","Content management system, like WordPress"],["Static site","Pages that are fixed files, not made on request"],["Dynamic site","Pages built on request, using data"],["Single-page app (SPA)","A site that loads once and updates without full reloads"],["Server-side rendering","Building pages on the server before sending them"],["Client-side rendering","Building pages in the browser"],["Cache","Stored copies to speed up loading"],["CDN","Network of servers that deliver content quickly worldwide"],["Page load speed","How fast a page appears; faster is better"],["Lazy loading","Loading images only when needed"],["Image optimization","Making images smaller without losing quality"],["HTTPS","Encrypted connection for safety"],["CORS","Rules about which sites can request data from others"],["Authentication","Proving who a user is"],["Authorization","Deciding what a user may do"],["Hash passwords","Never store plain passwords"],["Sanitize input","Clean user input to prevent attacks"],["Deployment","Putting a site online for users"],["Staging","A test version of a site before it goes live"],["Production","The live version of a site"],["Version control","Tracking code changes with Git"],["CI/CD","Automated testing and deployment"],["Unit test","A test of one small piece of code"],["Linting","Automatically checking code for mistakes and style"],["Open source","Code anyone can view and improve"],["Wireframe","A simple sketch of a page layout"],["UX","User experience, how it feels to use something"],["UI","User interface, what the user sees and touches"],["Favicon","The small icon shown in the browser tab"],["Viewport","The visible part of a web page"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-accounting-terms","id":"tp-accounting-terms","title":"Accounting Terms and Equations","category":"test-prep","subject":"Accounting","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Core accounting vocabulary, statements and formulas.","tags":["accounting","business","finance"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Accounting equation","Assets = Liabilities + Owner's equity"],["Asset","A resource owned that has future value"],["Liability","An obligation owed to others"],["Equity","Owners' claim on the assets after liabilities"],["Revenue","Income earned from selling goods or services"],["Expense","Cost of operating a business"],["Net income","Revenues minus expenses"],["Net loss","Expenses exceed revenues"],["Double-entry bookkeeping","Every transaction affects at least two accounts with equal debits and credits"],["Debit","An entry on the left side of an account"],["Credit","An entry on the right side of an account"],["Normal balance of assets","Debit"],["Normal balance of liabilities","Credit"],["Normal balance of revenue","Credit"],["Normal balance of expenses","Debit"],["Journal","Chronological record of transactions"],["General ledger","The collection of all accounts"],["Chart of accounts","List of all accounts a business uses"],["Trial balance","List of account balances proving debits equal credits"],["T-account","A simple diagram of an account with debit and credit sides"],["Adjusting entry","Update made at period end to match revenues and expenses to the right period"],["Closing entries","Zero out temporary accounts at the end of the period"],["Accrual accounting","Records revenue when earned and expenses when incurred"],["Cash basis accounting","Records transactions only when cash changes hands"],["Matching principle","Expenses are matched with the revenues they helped earn"],["Revenue recognition principle","Record revenue when it is earned"],["Going concern","Assumption that the business will continue operating"],["GAAP","Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the US"],["IFRS","International Financial Reporting Standards"],["Conservatism principle","Choose the option that is less likely to overstate assets and income"],["Materiality","Only significant information needs separate disclosure"],["Balance sheet","Shows assets, liabilities and equity at one date"],["Income statement","Shows revenues and expenses over a period"],["Statement of cash flows","Shows cash in and out from operating, investing and financing"],["Statement of retained earnings","Shows changes in retained earnings over a period"],["Retained earnings","Profits kept in the business rather than paid out"],["Current assets","Assets expected to be turned into cash within a year"],["Current liabilities","Obligations due within a year"],["Long-term assets","Assets held for more than a year"],["Accounts receivable","Money customers owe the business"],["Accounts payable","Money the business owes suppliers"],["Notes payable","Written promises to pay"],["Prepaid expense","An expense paid in advance, recorded as an asset until used"],["Unearned revenue","Cash received before service is provided; a liability"],["Accrued expense","An expense incurred but not yet paid"],["Inventory","Goods held for sale"],["FIFO","First-in, first-out cost flow method for inventory"],["LIFO","Last-in, first-out cost flow method for inventory"],["Weighted average","Inventory costing using the average cost of goods"],["Cost of goods sold","Direct cost of the products sold"],["Gross profit","Sales minus cost of goods sold"],["Operating income","Gross profit minus operating expenses"],["Depreciation","Spreading the cost of a long-term asset over its useful life"],["Straight-line depreciation","Equal depreciation each year"],["Accumulated depreciation","Total depreciation recorded to date on an asset"],["Book value","Asset cost minus accumulated depreciation"],["Salvage value","Estimated value of an asset at the end of its life"],["Amortization","Spreading the cost of an intangible asset over time"],["Goodwill","Value of a business beyond its identifiable net assets"],["Allowance for doubtful accounts","Estimate of receivables that will not be collected"],["Bad debt expense","Cost of uncollectible receivables"],["Common stock","Basic ownership shares of a corporation"],["Treasury stock","Shares a company has bought back"],["Paid-in capital","Amounts investors paid for stock"],["Current ratio","Current assets divided by current liabilities"],["Quick ratio","Liquid assets divided by current liabilities"],["Debt-to-equity ratio","Total liabilities divided by equity"],["Gross margin ratio","Gross profit divided by sales"],["Return on assets","Net income divided by average total assets"],["Return on equity","Net income divided by average equity"],["Inventory turnover","Cost of goods sold divided by average inventory"],["Working capital","Current assets minus current liabilities"],["Liquidity","Ability to meet short-term obligations"],["Solvency","Ability to meet long-term obligations"],["Bank reconciliation","Matching the cash records to the bank statement"],["Petty cash","A small fund for minor expenses"],["Internal controls","Procedures that protect assets and ensure accurate records"],["Audit","Independent examination of financial statements"],["CPA","Certified public accountant"],["Managerial accounting","Reporting for internal decisions"],["Financial accounting","Reporting to outside users"],["Cost accounting","Measuring the cost of making products"],["Budget variance","Difference between budgeted and actual amounts"],["Contribution margin","Sales minus variable costs"],["Break-even in units","Fixed costs divided by contribution margin per unit"],["Opportunity cost","Value of the next best alternative given up"],["Sunk cost","A past cost that cannot be recovered"],["Payroll","Employee compensation records and payments"],["Gross pay","Pay before deductions"],["Net pay","Pay after deductions"],["Fiscal year","A 12-month accounting period"],["Subsidiary ledger","Detailed records supporting a control account"],["Source document","Evidence of a transaction, such as a receipt"],["Invoice","A bill for goods or services"],["Purchase order","A buyer's request to a seller to supply goods"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-bones","id":"tp-anat-bones","title":"Anatomy: Bones of the Skeleton","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Names of the bones of the human skeleton and where they are.","tags":["anatomy","bones","skeleton"],"frontLabel":"Bone","backLabel":"Location","cards":[["Frontal bone","Forehead; forms the roof of the eye sockets"],["Parietal bone","Sides and top of the skull"],["Temporal bone","Side of skull; contains the ear structures"],["Occipital bone","Back and base of the skull; has the opening for the spinal cord"],["Sphenoid","Butterfly-shaped bone at the skull base"],["Ethmoid","Skull bone between the eyes, part of the nasal cavity"],["Mandible","Lower jaw; the only movable skull bone"],["Maxilla","Upper jaw"],["Zygomatic bone","Cheekbone"],["Nasal bone","Bridge of the nose"],["Lacrimal bone","Small bone at the inner corner of the eye socket"],["Vomer","Bone forming part of the nasal septum"],["Palatine bone","Back part of the hard palate"],["Hyoid","U-shaped bone in the neck, not attached to other bones"],["Malleus","Hammer; ear ossicle"],["Incus","Anvil; ear ossicle"],["Stapes","Stirrup; smallest bone in the body"],["Cervical vertebrae","Seven neck vertebrae"],["Atlas","First cervical vertebra, supports the skull"],["Axis","Second cervical vertebra, allows the head to turn"],["Thoracic vertebrae","Twelve vertebrae that attach to ribs"],["Lumbar vertebrae","Five large lower-back vertebrae"],["Sacrum","Triangular bone of fused vertebrae at the base of the spine"],["Coccyx","Tailbone"],["Sternum","Breastbone"],["Manubrium","Upper part of the sternum"],["Xiphoid process","Small lower tip of the sternum"],["True ribs","Ribs 1 to 7, attached directly to the sternum"],["False ribs","Ribs 8 to 12, attached indirectly or not at all"],["Floating ribs","Ribs 11 and 12, not attached in front"],["Clavicle","Collarbone"],["Scapula","Shoulder blade"],["Acromion","Part of the scapula forming the point of the shoulder"],["Humerus","Upper arm bone"],["Radius","Forearm bone on the thumb side"],["Ulna","Forearm bone on the pinky side"],["Olecranon","Bony point of the elbow, part of the ulna"],["Carpals","Eight wrist bones"],["Scaphoid","Wrist bone on the thumb side, often fractured"],["Metacarpals","Five bones of the palm"],["Phalanges","Finger and toe bones"],["Pelvic girdle","Hip bones that support the trunk"],["Ilium","Large upper part of the hip bone"],["Ischium","Lower back part of the hip bone you sit on"],["Pubis","Front part of the hip bone"],["Acetabulum","Hip socket"],["Femur","Thigh bone; longest and strongest bone"],["Patella","Kneecap"],["Tibia","Shinbone"],["Fibula","Slim lower-leg bone beside the tibia"],["Malleolus","Bony bump at the ankle"],["Tarsals","Seven ankle bones"],["Calcaneus","Heel bone"],["Talus","Ankle bone that meets the tibia"],["Metatarsals","Five bones of the foot between ankle and toes"],["Appendicular skeleton","Limbs and the girdles that attach them"],["Axial skeleton","Skull, spine and rib cage"],["Number of bones in an adult","206"],["Number of cranial bones","8"],["Number of facial bones","14"],["Number of ribs","12 pairs, 24 in total"],["Foramen magnum","Large hole in the occipital bone for the spinal cord"],["Sella turcica","Saddle-shaped pit in the sphenoid holding the pituitary gland"],["Mastoid process","Bump behind the ear on the temporal bone"],["Sutures","Immovable joints between skull bones"],["Fontanelle","Soft spot between a baby's skull bones"],["Greater trochanter","Bony bump on the upper femur"],["Femoral head","Ball at the top of the femur that fits the hip socket"],["Tibial tuberosity","Bump below the kneecap where the patellar tendon attaches"],["Epiphysis","End of a long bone"],["Diaphysis","Shaft of a long bone"],["Metaphysis","Region between shaft and end of a long bone"],["Periosteum","Membrane covering bone"],["Medullary cavity","Hollow center of a long bone holding marrow"],["Articular cartilage","Smooth covering on joint surfaces"],["Ball-and-socket joint","Joint allowing movement in all directions, like the shoulder"],["Hinge joint","Joint bending in one direction, like the elbow"],["Pivot joint","Joint allowing rotation, like the atlas and axis"],["Gliding joint","Joint with sliding bone surfaces, like the wrist"],["Saddle joint","Joint at the base of the thumb"],["Condyloid joint","Joint allowing movement in two planes, like the wrist's radius and carpals"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-cranial-nerves","id":"tp-anat-cranial-nerves","title":"The Twelve Cranial Nerves","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Names, numbers and main jobs of the cranial nerves, plus memory aids.","tags":["anatomy","nerves","neuroscience"],"frontLabel":"Nerve","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["CN I: Olfactory","Sense of smell"],["CN II: Optic","Vision"],["CN III: Oculomotor","Most eye movements, raising the eyelid, pupil constriction"],["CN IV: Trochlear","Moves the eye down and in (superior oblique muscle)"],["CN V: Trigeminal","Face sensation and chewing muscles"],["CN VI: Abducens","Moves the eye outward"],["CN VII: Facial","Facial expression, taste from the front of the tongue, tears and saliva"],["CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear","Hearing and balance"],["CN IX: Glossopharyngeal","Taste at the back of the tongue, swallowing, gag reflex"],["CN X: Vagus","Heart rate, digestion, voice box and much of the organs below the neck"],["CN XI: Accessory","Moves the shoulders and turns the head"],["CN XII: Hypoglossal","Moves the tongue"],["Sensory cranial nerves","I, II and VIII are purely sensory"],["Motor cranial nerves","III, IV, VI, XI and XII are mainly motor"],["Mixed cranial nerves","V, VII, IX and X carry both sensory and motor signals"],["Mnemonic for names","On Old Olympus's Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops"],["Mnemonic for sensory/motor","Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most"],["Which nerve smells?","Olfactory (I)"],["Which nerve sees?","Optic (II)"],["Which nerve hears?","Vestibulocochlear (VIII)"],["Which nerve moves the tongue?","Hypoglossal (XII)"],["Which nerve shrugs the shoulders?","Accessory (XI)"],["Which nerve is the longest wandering one?","Vagus (X)"],["Which nerve moves the eye outward?","Abducens (VI)"],["Which nerve feels the face?","Trigeminal (V)"],["Which nerve smiles?","Facial (VII)"],["Which nerves control the pupil?","Oculomotor (III) constricts the pupil"],["Trigeminal branches","Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular"],["Facial nerve palsy","Weakness of one side of the face from damage to nerve VII"],["Parasympathetic cranial nerves","III, VII, IX and X carry parasympathetic fibers"],["Cranial nerve count","Twelve pairs, arising from the brain and brainstem"],["Extraocular muscle nerves","III, IV and VI"],["Taste nerves","VII, IX and X"],["Swallowing nerves","IX and X"],["Gag reflex nerves","IX (sensory) and X (motor)"],["Where do the cranial nerves attach?","To the brain or brainstem, not the spinal cord"],["Cribriform plate","Skull part the olfactory nerve fibers pass through"],["Optic chiasm","Where optic nerves cross partly on the way to the brain"],["Superior orbital fissure","Opening where nerves III, IV, VI and part of V enter the eye socket"],["Foramen magnum","Opening where the spinal cord exits the skull, and nerve XI enters"],["Jugular foramen","Opening that nerves IX, X and XI pass through"],["Corneal reflex","Blink when the cornea is touched; uses nerves V and VII"],["Pupillary light reflex","Pupil narrows in bright light; uses nerves II and III"],["Vestibulo-ocular reflex","Eyes stay steady when the head moves; uses nerve VIII"],["Bell's palsy","Sudden weakness of the facial muscles on one side"],["Trigeminal neuralgia","Severe sharp facial pain linked to nerve V"],["Anosmia","Loss of the sense of smell"],["Dysphagia","Difficulty swallowing"],["Diplopia","Double vision"],["Ptosis","Drooping of the upper eyelid"],["Tinnitus","Ringing in the ears"],["Vertigo","A sense that the world is spinning"],["Nystagmus","Involuntary rhythmic eye movement"],["Strabismus","Misaligned eyes"],["Lacrimal gland","Makes tears; controlled by nerve VII"],["Parotid gland","Largest salivary gland; controlled by nerve IX"],["Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius","Muscles supplied by nerve XI"],["Muscles of mastication","Chewing muscles supplied by nerve V"],["Muscles of facial expression","Supplied by nerve VII"],["Intrinsic tongue muscles","Supplied by nerve XII"],["Carotid body sensors","Sensory input via nerve IX monitoring blood oxygen"],["Vestibular branch","Part of nerve VIII for balance"],["Cochlear branch","Part of nerve VIII for hearing"],["Cranial nerve exam","Clinical test checking each of the twelve nerves"],["Cranial nerves vs. spinal nerves","Twelve pairs from the brain versus 31 pairs from the spinal cord"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-muscles","id":"tp-anat-muscles","title":"Anatomy: Major Muscles and Actions","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"The main skeletal muscles, where they are and what they do.","tags":["anatomy","muscles"],"frontLabel":"Muscle","backLabel":"Location and action","cards":[["Frontalis","Forehead; raises the eyebrows"],["Orbicularis oculi","Around the eye; closes the eyelid"],["Orbicularis oris","Around the mouth; closes and purses the lips"],["Zygomaticus major","Cheek; lifts the corner of the mouth to smile"],["Masseter","Cheek; closes the jaw to chew"],["Temporalis","Side of head; closes the jaw"],["Buccinator","Cheek; presses the cheek against the teeth"],["Platysma","Neck; pulls the lower lip and jaw down"],["Sternocleidomastoid","Side of the neck; turns and flexes the head"],["Trapezius","Upper back and neck; raises and pulls back the shoulder blades"],["Latissimus dorsi","Wide back muscle; pulls the arm down and back"],["Rhomboids","Between shoulder blades; pull the scapula toward the spine"],["Erector spinae","Along the spine; extends the back"],["Deltoid","Shoulder cap; raises the arm"],["Pectoralis major","Chest; moves the arm across the body"],["Serratus anterior","Side of the ribs; moves the shoulder blade forward"],["Rotator cuff","Four small muscles that stabilize the shoulder"],["Supraspinatus","Rotator cuff muscle that starts raising the arm"],["Biceps brachii","Front of the upper arm; flexes the elbow"],["Triceps brachii","Back of the upper arm; extends the elbow"],["Brachialis","Deep upper-arm muscle that flexes the elbow"],["Brachioradialis","Forearm muscle that flexes the elbow"],["Flexor carpi","Front of forearm; bends the wrist"],["Extensor carpi","Back of forearm; straightens the wrist"],["Rectus abdominis","Front of the abdomen; flexes the trunk"],["External oblique","Side of the abdomen; twists and bends the trunk"],["Internal oblique","Beneath the external oblique; twists the trunk"],["Transversus abdominis","Deepest abdominal muscle; compresses the abdomen"],["Diaphragm","Under the lungs; main muscle of breathing"],["Intercostals","Between the ribs; help breathing"],["Gluteus maximus","Buttock; extends the hip"],["Gluteus medius","Side of hip; moves the leg out and steadies the pelvis"],["Iliopsoas","Deep hip flexor"],["Tensor fasciae latae","Upper outer thigh; flexes and abducts the hip"],["Quadriceps femoris","Front of the thigh; extends the knee"],["Rectus femoris","Quadriceps part that also flexes the hip"],["Vastus lateralis","Outer quadriceps"],["Sartorius","Longest muscle; crosses the thigh and flexes the hip and knee"],["Hamstrings","Back of the thigh; flex the knee"],["Biceps femoris","Outer hamstring"],["Adductors","Inner thigh; pull the leg toward the midline"],["Gracilis","Inner thigh muscle that adducts the leg"],["Gastrocnemius","Calf; points the foot and flexes the knee"],["Soleus","Deep calf muscle; points the foot"],["Tibialis anterior","Front of the shin; lifts the foot"],["Peroneus longus","Outer lower leg; turns the foot outward"],["Achilles tendon","Joins calf muscles to the heel bone"],["Flexor","A muscle that decreases a joint angle"],["Extensor","A muscle that increases a joint angle"],["Abductor","Moves a limb away from the midline"],["Adductor","Moves a limb toward the midline"],["Agonist","The prime mover in a movement"],["Antagonist","A muscle that opposes the prime mover"],["Synergist","A muscle that helps the prime mover"],["Origin","The attachment that stays fixed"],["Insertion","The attachment that moves"],["Isotonic contraction","Muscle changes length while producing force"],["Isometric contraction","Muscle produces force without changing length"],["Concentric contraction","Muscle shortens under tension"],["Eccentric contraction","Muscle lengthens under tension"],["Muscle tone","Slight constant tension in resting muscles"],["Fascia","Connective tissue wrapping muscles"],["Motor unit","One motor neuron and the fibers it controls"],["Neuromuscular junction","Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber"],["Acetylcholine","Neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction"],["Creatine phosphate","Quick energy store in muscle"],["Fast-twitch fibers","Muscle fibers for quick, powerful action that tire quickly"],["Slow-twitch fibers","Muscle fibers for endurance"],["Rigor mortis","Stiffening of muscles after death"],["Tetany","Sustained, involuntary muscle contraction"],["Atrophy","Wasting of muscle from disuse"],["Hypertrophy","Enlargement of muscle fibers"],["Strain","Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon"],["Sprain","Overstretching or tearing of a ligament"],["Spasm","Sudden involuntary contraction"],["Myoglobin","Oxygen-storing pigment in muscle"],["Lactic acid","Product of anaerobic energy production in muscles"],["Pectoralis minor","Beneath the pectoralis major; pulls the shoulder blade forward"],["Teres major","Back of the shoulder; rotates the arm inward"],["Psoas major","Deep muscle linking the spine to the thigh"],["Piriformis","Deep buttock muscle that rotates the hip outward"],["Popliteus","Behind the knee; unlocks the knee for bending"],["Pronator teres","Forearm; turns the palm down"],["Supinator","Forearm; turns the palm up"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-organs","id":"tp-anat-organs","title":"Anatomy: Organs and What They Do","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Major organs and glands of the human body and their jobs.","tags":["anatomy","organs"],"frontLabel":"Organ","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["Brain","Controls thought, senses, movement and body functions"],["Spinal cord","Carries messages between the brain and body"],["Heart","Muscular pump that circulates blood"],["Lungs","Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide"],["Liver","Processes nutrients, makes bile, filters toxins"],["Gallbladder","Stores and concentrates bile"],["Pancreas","Makes digestive enzymes and insulin"],["Stomach","Mixes food with acid and enzymes"],["Small intestine","Absorbs most nutrients"],["Large intestine","Absorbs water; forms stool"],["Appendix","Small pouch on the large intestine, with no essential digestive role"],["Esophagus","Moves food from the throat to the stomach"],["Kidneys","Filter blood and make urine"],["Urinary bladder","Stores urine"],["Spleen","Filters old red blood cells and helps immune defense"],["Thyroid","Gland controlling metabolism"],["Parathyroid glands","Four small glands controlling blood calcium"],["Adrenal glands","Sit atop the kidneys; make stress hormones"],["Pituitary gland","Pea-sized gland releasing hormones that direct other glands"],["Pineal gland","Makes melatonin, which affects sleep"],["Hypothalamus","Links the nervous and endocrine systems; regulates temperature and hunger"],["Thymus","Immune organ where T cells mature"],["Tonsils","Lymph tissue at the throat that helps defend against germs"],["Skin","Largest organ; protects, regulates temperature, senses touch"],["Eyes","Detect light for vision"],["Retina","Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye"],["Lens","Focuses light on the retina"],["Cornea","Clear front window of the eye"],["Iris","Colored part of the eye controlling pupil size"],["Cochlea","Spiral organ of the inner ear for hearing"],["Eardrum","Membrane that vibrates with sound"],["Eustachian tube","Connects the middle ear to the throat to equalize pressure"],["Larynx","Voice box"],["Pharynx","Throat; passage for air and food"],["Trachea","Windpipe leading to the lungs"],["Bronchi","Branches of the trachea into each lung"],["Epiglottis","Flap that covers the windpipe when swallowing"],["Diaphragm","Muscle that drives breathing"],["Aorta","Largest artery, carries blood from the heart to the body"],["Vena cava","Large veins returning blood to the heart"],["Pulmonary artery","Carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs"],["Pulmonary vein","Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart"],["Left ventricle","Heart chamber that pumps blood to the body"],["Right atrium","Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body"],["Mitral valve","Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle"],["Tricuspid valve","Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle"],["Pacemaker (sinoatrial node)","Group of cells that starts each heartbeat"],["Ovaries","Produce eggs and hormones"],["Fallopian tubes","Carry eggs to the uterus"],["Uterus","Houses a developing fetus"],["Testes","Produce sperm and testosterone"],["Prostate gland","Produces fluid that nourishes sperm"],["Mammary glands","Produce milk"],["Salivary glands","Make saliva to start digestion"],["Duodenum","First section of the small intestine"],["Jejunum","Middle section of the small intestine"],["Ileum","Last section of the small intestine"],["Cecum","Pouch where the small and large intestines join"],["Rectum","Final section of the large intestine, storing stool"],["Colon","Main part of the large intestine"],["Ureters","Tubes from kidneys to bladder"],["Urethra","Tube that carries urine out of the body"],["Meninges","Three membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord"],["Cerebrospinal fluid","Fluid cushioning the brain and spinal cord"],["Cerebral cortex","Wrinkled outer layer of the brain for thought"],["Medulla oblongata","Brainstem region controlling breathing and heart rate"],["Pons","Brainstem region relaying signals and helping control breathing"],["Thalamus","Relays sensory signals to the cortex"],["Basal ganglia","Brain structures helping control movement"],["Corpus callosum","Connects the two brain hemispheres"],["Optic nerve","Carries visual signals from the eye to the brain"],["Sciatic nerve","Longest nerve, from the lower back down each leg"],["Vagus nerve","Long nerve controlling heart rate, digestion and more"],["Bone marrow","Soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells"],["Lymph nodes","Filter lymph and house immune cells"],["Peritoneum","Membrane lining the abdominal cavity"],["Pericardium","Sac surrounding the heart"],["Pleura","Membrane around the lungs"],["Mediastinum","Space between the lungs holding the heart"],["Islets of Langerhans","Clusters of pancreatic cells making insulin and glucagon"],["Glomerulus","Tuft of capillaries in the kidney where blood is filtered"],["Alveolus","Air sac where gas exchange happens"],["Villus","Finger-like projection that absorbs nutrients in the small intestine"],["Hepatocyte","Main cell of the liver"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anthropology","id":"tp-anthropology","title":"Intro Anthropology Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anthropology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Cultural, biological and archaeological anthropology basics.","tags":["anthropology","college"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Anthropology","The study of humans, past and present"],["Four-field approach","Cultural, biological, archaeological and linguistic anthropology"],["Cultural anthropology","Study of human societies and cultures"],["Biological anthropology","Study of human evolution and biological variation"],["Archaeology","Study of past peoples through material remains"],["Linguistic anthropology","Study of language in its social and cultural setting"],["Ethnography","Detailed written study of a culture based on fieldwork"],["Ethnology","Comparing cultures to find patterns"],["Participant observation","Living with a community to learn its ways"],["Fieldwork","Research conducted in the community studied"],["Informant","A community member who provides cultural information"],["Emic perspective","Understanding a culture from the insider's point of view"],["Etic perspective","Analysis from an outside observer's viewpoint"],["Cultural relativism","Judging a culture by its own standards"],["Ethnocentrism","Judging other cultures by one's own"],["Franz Boas","Founder of American anthropology; stressed cultural relativism"],["Margaret Mead","Anthropologist of Samoa who studied childhood and adolescence"],["Bronislaw Malinowski","Developed participant observation in the Trobriand Islands"],["Enculturation","Learning one's own culture"],["Acculturation","Change from contact between cultures"],["Cultural diffusion","Spread of cultural traits between societies"],["Kinship","Social relationships based on descent and marriage"],["Descent group","Group tracing ancestry to a common ancestor"],["Patrilineal descent","Tracing descent through the father's line"],["Matrilineal descent","Tracing descent through the mother's line"],["Bilateral descent","Tracing descent through both parents"],["Clan","A descent group claiming a common ancestor"],["Incest taboo","Universal rule against marriage or sex between close kin"],["Bride service","Groom works for the bride's family"],["Dowry","Goods the bride's family give at marriage"],["Reciprocity","Exchange of goods and services among people"],["Potlatch","A feast among Pacific Northwest peoples redistributing wealth and affirming status"],["Kula ring","Trobriand exchange network of shell valuables"],["Foragers","People who live by hunting, gathering and fishing"],["Pastoralism","Livelihood based on herding animals"],["Horticulture","Small-scale farming using simple tools"],["Intensive agriculture","Large-scale farming with plows, irrigation and animals"],["Band","Small, mobile, egalitarian group"],["Tribe","Group of related kin, loosely organized, often with shared language"],["Chiefdom","Society with hereditary leaders ranked above others"],["State","Centralized political system with formal government"],["Rite of passage","Ritual marking change of status; Arnold van Gennep"],["Liminality","The in-between stage in a ritual"],["Totemism","Link between a group and a natural symbol"],["Animism","Belief that spirits inhabit natural things"],["Shaman","A specialist who mediates with the spirit world"],["Myth","A sacred narrative explaining origins or beliefs"],["Ritual","Formal, repeated symbolic action"],["Magic","Rituals aimed at controlling events"],["Primate","Order of mammals including monkeys, apes and humans"],["Hominin","Humans and their extinct bipedal relatives"],["Bipedalism","Walking on two legs"],["Australopithecus","Early bipedal hominin genus of Africa"],["Lucy","A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton from Ethiopia"],["Homo habilis","Early toolmaking Homo species"],["Homo erectus","Long-lived species that used fire and spread beyond Africa"],["Neanderthals","Extinct relatives of modern humans in Europe and western Asia"],["Homo sapiens","Anatomically modern humans, appeared in Africa roughly 300,000 years ago"],["Out of Africa model","Modern humans originated in Africa and spread worldwide"],["Paleolithic","The Old Stone Age"],["Mesolithic","The Middle Stone Age"],["Neolithic","The New Stone Age, when farming began"],["Neolithic Revolution","Shift from foraging to farming around 10,000 years ago"],["Domestication","Breeding plants or animals for human use"],["Oldowan tools","Earliest simple stone tools"],["Acheulean tools","Hand axes linked to Homo erectus"],["Stratigraphy","Studying layers of earth to determine relative age"],["Radiocarbon dating","Dating organic remains by carbon-14 decay, up to about 50,000 years"],["Artifact","A portable object made or used by humans"],["Feature","A non-portable sign of human activity, like a hearth"],["Midden","An ancient trash heap"],["Cultural resource management","Archaeology done to protect sites ahead of development"],["Site","A place with evidence of past human activity"],["Excavation","Systematic digging and recording of a site"],["Provenience","The exact location where an object was found"],["Material culture","Physical objects created by a society"],["Race as social construct","Human races are not biologically distinct groups"],["Natural selection","Traits that aid survival and reproduction become more common"],["Adaptation","A trait that helps survival in an environment"],["Genetic drift","Random changes in gene frequency"],["Gene flow","Exchange of genes between populations"],["Mutation","Change in DNA that is the source of new variation"],["Fossil","Preserved remains or traces of ancient life"],["Language family","Languages sharing a common ancestor"],["Phoneme","A basic sound unit that distinguishes meaning"],["Morpheme","The smallest meaningful unit of language"],["Sapir-Whorf hypothesis","Language influences how people think"],["Sociolinguistics","Study of language and society"],["Code-switching","Alternating between languages or dialects"],["Applied anthropology","Using anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems"],["Globalization","Growing worldwide interconnection"],["Medical anthropology","Study of health, illness and healing across cultures"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-art-history","id":"tp-ap-art-history","title":"Art History Key Works and Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Art History","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Famous artworks, movements and the vocabulary used to discuss them.","tags":["ap","art-history","art"],"frontLabel":"Work or term","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["Lascaux cave paintings","Prehistoric animal paintings in France"],["Stonehenge","Prehistoric stone circle in England"],["Great Sphinx of Giza","Monumental Egyptian statue with a lion's body and human head"],["Great Pyramid of Khufu","Egyptian Old Kingdom tomb, built around 2550 BCE"],["Palette of Narmer","Early Egyptian carved palette showing unification of the land"],["Bust of Nefertiti","Painted limestone portrait from Amarna Egypt"],["Ziggurat of Ur","Stepped temple platform in Mesopotamia"],["Code of Hammurabi stele","Babylonian stone slab carved with laws"],["Parthenon","5th-century BCE Greek temple to Athena in Athens"],["Doric order","Simplest Greek column style, with a plain capital"],["Ionic order","Greek column with scroll-shaped capitals"],["Corinthian order","Greek column with leafy capitals"],["Contrapposto","A pose with weight on one leg, creating a natural stance"],["Discobolus","Roman copy of a Greek bronze of a discus thrower"],["Venus de Milo","Hellenistic marble statue of Aphrodite"],["Pantheon","Roman temple with a great dome and oculus"],["Colosseum","Roman amphitheater for public spectacles"],["Arch of Titus","Roman triumphal arch commemorating a victory"],["Pompeii frescoes","Wall paintings preserved by volcanic ash"],["Hagia Sophia","Sixth-century Byzantine church in Constantinople with a huge dome"],["Mosaic","Image made of small pieces of colored material"],["Icon","Sacred religious image used in Orthodox worship"],["Romanesque","Medieval style with round arches and thick walls"],["Gothic architecture","Style with pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses"],["Flying buttress","External support that lets Gothic walls be tall and thin"],["Chartres Cathedral","Gothic cathedral famed for its stained glass"],["Stained glass","Colored glass pieces set in lead to make pictures"],["Illuminated manuscript","Handwritten book decorated with gold and color"],["Book of Kells","Irish illuminated gospel manuscript"],["Giotto","Early Renaissance painter who gave figures weight and space"],["Linear perspective","Technique using converging lines to show depth"],["Brunelleschi's dome","Dome of Florence Cathedral completed in the 1400s"],["Donatello's David","First freestanding nude bronze since antiquity"],["Botticelli's Birth of Venus","Early Renaissance painting of the goddess arriving on a shell"],["Leonardo da Vinci","Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper"],["Mona Lisa","Famed portrait with soft sfumato shading"],["Sfumato","Soft blending of tones without hard outlines"],["Michelangelo's David","Marble statue of the biblical hero, finished 1504"],["Sistine Chapel ceiling","Michelangelo's fresco of scenes from Genesis"],["Raphael's School of Athens","Fresco of ancient philosophers in an ideal building"],["Chiaroscuro","Strong contrast of light and dark"],["Fresco","Painting on wet plaster"],["Tempera","Paint made with pigment and egg yolk"],["Oil painting","Painting with pigments in oil, allowing rich color and detail"],["Albrecht Durer","German printmaker and painter of the Northern Renaissance"],["Jan van Eyck","Flemish painter known for precise oil detail, like the Arnolfini Portrait"],["Mannerism","Late Renaissance style with elongated forms"],["Baroque","Dramatic, ornate 17th-century style"],["Caravaggio","Baroque painter famous for dramatic light"],["Tenebrism","Extreme use of dark and light, with deep shadows"],["Bernini's David","Baroque sculpture capturing action mid-motion"],["Rembrandt","Dutch master of portraits and light"],["Vermeer","Dutch painter of quiet interior scenes, such as Girl with a Pearl Earring"],["Velazquez's Las Meninas","Spanish court painting with layered viewpoints"],["Palace of Versailles","Ornate French royal palace"],["Rococo","Light, playful 18th-century style"],["Neoclassicism","Style reviving ancient Greek and Roman forms"],["Jacques-Louis David","French Neoclassical painter of The Death of Socrates"],["Romanticism","Style emphasizing emotion, nature and imagination"],["Gericault's Raft of the Medusa","Romantic painting of shipwreck survivors"],["Goya","Spanish painter and printmaker who depicted war and society"],["Realism","Art showing ordinary life as it is"],["Courbet","French Realist painter"],["Impressionism","Style capturing fleeting light with visible brushstrokes"],["Claude Monet","Impressionist painter of Water Lilies and Impression, Sunrise"],["Renoir","Impressionist known for scenes of social life"],["Post-Impressionism","Styles building on Impressionism with personal expression"],["Vincent van Gogh","Painted The Starry Night with swirling brushwork"],["Paul Cezanne","Post-Impressionist who built forms from geometry"],["Georges Seurat","Pointillist painter of A Sunday on La Grande Jatte"],["Pointillism","Painting with tiny dots of color"],["Edvard Munch","Norwegian painter of The Scream"],["Art Nouveau","Decorative style of flowing plant-like lines"],["Fauvism","Style using bold, wild color; Matisse led it"],["Henri Matisse","French artist of The Dance and cut-outs"],["Cubism","Style showing objects from several viewpoints at once"],["Pablo Picasso","Co-founder of Cubism; painted Guernica"],["Futurism","Italian movement celebrating speed and machines"],["Dada","Anti-art movement reacting to World War I"],["Marcel Duchamp","Dada artist who exhibited a ready-made urinal titled Fountain"],["Surrealism","Movement exploring dreams and the unconscious"],["Salvador Dali","Surrealist painter of The Persistence of Memory"],["Rene Magritte","Surrealist painter of The Treachery of Images"],["Frida Kahlo","Mexican painter known for symbolic self-portraits"],["Abstract Expressionism","Postwar American style of large, gestural abstraction"],["Jackson Pollock","Drip painter"],["Mark Rothko","Painter of floating fields of color"],["Pop Art","Style using imagery from popular culture"],["Andy Warhol","Pop artist known for Campbell's Soup Cans"],["Minimalism","Art reduced to simple geometric forms"],["Installation art","Art that transforms a space"],["Performance art","Art in which the artist's actions are the work"],["Bauhaus","German school combining art, craft and design"],["Fallingwater","Frank Lloyd Wright's house built over a waterfall"],["Guggenheim Bilbao","Frank Gehry's curving titanium-clad museum"],["Ukiyo-e","Japanese woodblock prints of the 'floating world'"],["Hokusai's Great Wave","Famous Japanese woodblock print of a towering wave"],["Taj Mahal","17th-century marble tomb in India built by Shah Jahan"],["Angkor Wat","Temple complex in Cambodia"],["Great Mosque of Cordoba","Spanish mosque known for its striped arches"],["Ife heads","Naturalistic brass and terracotta heads from West Africa"],["Machu Picchu","Inca mountain city in Peru"],["Teotihuacan","Ancient Mesoamerican city with huge pyramids"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-biology","id":"tp-ap-biology","title":"AP Biology Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Biology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Core vocabulary across cells, genetics, evolution, energy and ecology.","tags":["ap","biology"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Enzyme","A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy"],["Substrate","The molecule an enzyme acts upon"],["Active site","The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds"],["Activation energy","Energy needed to start a reaction"],["Competitive inhibitor","A molecule that blocks the active site"],["Allosteric regulation","Control of an enzyme by binding at a site other than the active site"],["Denaturation","Loss of a protein's shape and function"],["Hydrogen bond","A weak attraction between a partly positive hydrogen and a partly negative atom"],["Cohesion","Attraction between molecules of the same substance"],["Adhesion","Attraction between different substances"],["Polar molecule","A molecule with uneven charge distribution"],["Monomer","A small unit that links with others to make a polymer"],["Dehydration synthesis","Joining monomers by removing water"],["Hydrolysis","Breaking a polymer by adding water"],["Carbohydrate","Sugars and starches; main quick energy source"],["Lipid","Fats, oils and steroids; not water-soluble"],["Phospholipid","A lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; forms membranes"],["Nucleic acid","DNA or RNA; stores and carries genetic information"],["Peptide bond","The covalent link between amino acids"],["Primary protein structure","The sequence of amino acids"],["Secondary protein structure","Alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds"],["Tertiary protein structure","The overall 3-D folding of one polypeptide"],["Quaternary protein structure","Several polypeptides joined together"],["Fluid mosaic model","The membrane is a flexible layer of lipids with embedded proteins"],["Diffusion","Movement of molecules from high to low concentration"],["Osmosis","Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane"],["Facilitated diffusion","Passive transport through a channel or carrier protein"],["Active transport","Movement against a gradient using energy"],["Endocytosis","Cell takes in material by folding the membrane around it"],["Exocytosis","Cell releases material by vesicles fusing with the membrane"],["Hypotonic solution","Lower solute concentration than the cell; cell gains water"],["Hypertonic solution","Higher solute concentration than the cell; cell loses water"],["Isotonic solution","Equal solute concentration; no net water movement"],["Water potential","A measure of water's tendency to move; it moves from high to low"],["Nucleus","Organelle holding DNA"],["Rough ER","Studded with ribosomes; makes proteins for export"],["Smooth ER","Makes lipids and detoxifies"],["Golgi apparatus","Modifies, sorts and packages proteins"],["Lysosome","Organelle containing digestive enzymes"],["Endosymbiosis","Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from engulfed prokaryotes"],["ATP","The cell's main energy currency"],["Glycolysis","Splitting glucose into two pyruvate in the cytoplasm"],["Krebs cycle","Reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that release CO2 and carry electrons"],["Oxidative phosphorylation","ATP production using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis"],["Chemiosmosis","ATP made as protons flow back through ATP synthase"],["Fermentation","Making ATP without oxygen by regenerating NAD+"],["Light reactions","Photosynthesis stage in thylakoids that makes ATP, NADPH and O2"],["Calvin cycle","Stage that uses ATP and NADPH to build sugar from CO2"],["Rubisco","The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle"],["Chlorophyll","The main pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis"],["Photosystem","A cluster of pigments and proteins that captures light energy"],["Cell cycle","The ordered life of a cell from one division to the next"],["Interphase","G1, S and G2: growth and DNA copying"],["Mitosis","Nuclear division producing two identical nuclei"],["Cytokinesis","Division of the cytoplasm"],["Checkpoint","A control point that decides whether the cell cycle continues"],["Cyclin","A protein that regulates progress through the cell cycle"],["Meiosis","Two divisions that produce four haploid cells"],["Crossing over","Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes in prophase I"],["Independent assortment","Random orientation of chromosome pairs, creating variety"],["Nondisjunction","Failure of chromosomes to separate properly"],["Allele","A version of a gene"],["Genotype","The set of alleles an individual has"],["Phenotype","The observable trait"],["Homozygous","Having two identical alleles for a gene"],["Heterozygous","Having two different alleles for a gene"],["Law of segregation","The two alleles for a gene separate into different gametes"],["Law of independent assortment","Genes for different traits are inherited independently if on separate chromosomes"],["Incomplete dominance","Heterozygote shows a blend of the two phenotypes"],["Codominance","Both alleles are fully expressed"],["Sex-linked trait","A trait whose gene lies on a sex chromosome"],["Linked genes","Genes close together on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together"],["Replication","Copying DNA before cell division"],["Semiconservative","Each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand"],["DNA polymerase","Enzyme that adds nucleotides during replication"],["Helicase","Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix"],["Okazaki fragments","Short DNA pieces made on the lagging strand"],["Transcription","Making RNA from a DNA template"],["Translation","Making a protein from mRNA at a ribosome"],["Codon","Three mRNA bases that code for one amino acid"],["Anticodon","Three tRNA bases that pair with a codon"],["Intron","A noncoding region removed from RNA"],["Exon","A coding region kept in mature RNA"],["Operon","A cluster of bacterial genes controlled together"],["Lac operon","An inducible operon that lets bacteria digest lactose when it is present"],["Transcription factor","A protein that helps turn genes on or off"],["Point mutation","A change in a single DNA nucleotide"],["Frameshift mutation","An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame"],["PCR","A technique for copying a specific DNA segment many times"],["Gel electrophoresis","Separating DNA fragments by size using an electric current"],["Restriction enzyme","Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence"],["CRISPR","A gene-editing tool derived from a bacterial defense system"],["Recombinant DNA","DNA combined from different sources"],["Natural selection","Individuals with helpful heritable traits leave more offspring"],["Fitness","An organism's success at passing on its genes"],["Genetic drift","Random change in allele frequencies, strongest in small populations"],["Gene flow","Movement of alleles between populations"],["Founder effect","Drift caused by a small group starting a new population"],["Bottleneck effect","Drift caused by a sharp drop in population size"],["Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium","A model of a non-evolving population: p + q = 1"],["Speciation","Formation of new species"],["Allopatric speciation","Species form after geographic separation"],["Homologous structures","Similar structures due to shared ancestry"],["Analogous structures","Similar function from separate evolution"],["Phylogenetic tree","A diagram of evolutionary relationships"],["Cladogram","A branching diagram based on shared derived traits"],["Endothermic","Producing body heat from metabolism"],["Negative feedback","A response that reduces the original change"],["Positive feedback","A response that amplifies the original change"],["Signal transduction","A pathway converting a signal outside the cell into a response inside"],["Ligand","A molecule that binds to a receptor"],["Second messenger","A small molecule that spreads a signal inside the cell, like cAMP"],["Apoptosis","Programmed cell death"],["Carrying capacity","The maximum population an environment can support"],["Logistic growth","S-shaped growth that levels off at carrying capacity"],["Exponential growth","J-shaped growth with unlimited resources"],["Keystone species","A species with a large effect on its community relative to its numbers"],["Trophic level","A feeding level in a food chain"],["Primary productivity","Rate at which producers store energy"],["Biogeochemical cycle","Movement of an element between living things and the environment"],["Niche","The role and conditions an organism needs in its ecosystem"],["Competitive exclusion","Two species needing the same resource cannot coexist indefinitely"],["Succession","Gradual change in a community over time"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-calculus","id":"tp-ap-calculus","title":"AP Calculus Terms and Rules","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Calculus","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Limits, derivatives, integrals, and the rules and theorems that connect them.","tags":["ap","calculus","math"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Limit","The value a function approaches as the input approaches a point"],["Continuity at a point","The limit exists, the function is defined, and they are equal"],["Removable discontinuity","A hole in a graph"],["Jump discontinuity","One-sided limits exist but differ"],["Vertical asymptote","A line the function grows without bound near"],["Horizontal asymptote","A value the function approaches at infinity"],["Intermediate Value Theorem","A continuous function takes every value between f(a) and f(b)"],["Derivative","Instantaneous rate of change; slope of the tangent line"],["Limit definition of derivative","lim as h to 0 of [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h"],["Differentiability implies continuity","A function differentiable at a point is continuous there"],["Power rule","d/dx x^n = n x^(n-1)"],["Product rule","(fg)' = f'g + fg'"],["Quotient rule","(f/g)' = (f'g - fg') / g^2"],["Chain rule","d/dx f(g(x)) = f'(g(x)) times g'(x)"],["Derivative of sin x","cos x"],["Derivative of cos x","-sin x"],["Derivative of tan x","sec^2 x"],["Derivative of e^x","e^x"],["Derivative of ln x","1/x"],["Derivative of a^x","a^x ln a"],["Derivative of arctan x","1 / (1 + x^2)"],["Derivative of arcsin x","1 / sqrt(1 - x^2)"],["Implicit differentiation","Differentiate both sides with respect to x, treating y as a function of x"],["Related rates","Finding rates of change of connected quantities over time"],["Mean Value Theorem","Some point has a tangent slope equal to the average slope over the interval"],["Rolle's Theorem","If f(a) = f(b), the derivative is zero somewhere between"],["Extreme Value Theorem","A continuous function on a closed interval has a max and a min"],["Critical point","A point where f' is zero or undefined"],["First derivative test","Sign change of f' identifies local maxima and minima"],["Second derivative test","f'' positive means local min; negative means local max at a critical point"],["Concave up","f'' is positive"],["Inflection point","Where concavity changes"],["Optimization","Using derivatives to find the best value of a quantity"],["L'Hopital's Rule","For 0/0 or infinity/infinity, differentiate the top and bottom"],["Linear approximation","Using the tangent line to estimate nearby values"],["Position, velocity, acceleration","First and second derivatives of position"],["Speed","Absolute value of velocity"],["Riemann sum","Approximating area by adding areas of rectangles"],["Left Riemann sum","Uses left endpoints for rectangle heights"],["Trapezoidal rule","Approximates area with trapezoids"],["Definite integral","Net signed area between a curve and the x-axis"],["Antiderivative","A function whose derivative is the given function"],["Indefinite integral","The family of antiderivatives, plus C"],["Power rule for integrals","Integral of x^n = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C, for n not equal to -1"],["Integral of 1/x","ln |x| + C"],["Integral of e^x","e^x + C"],["Integral of cos x","sin x + C"],["Integral of sin x","-cos x + C"],["Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part 1","d/dx of integral from a to x of f(t) dt equals f(x)"],["Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part 2","Integral from a to b of f = F(b) - F(a)"],["u-substitution","Integration technique that reverses the chain rule"],["Integration by parts","Integral of u dv = uv - integral of v du"],["Average value of a function","(1/(b - a)) times the integral of f from a to b"],["Area between curves","Integral of top function minus bottom function"],["Disk method","Volume = pi times integral of radius squared"],["Washer method","Volume using outer radius squared minus inner radius squared"],["Differential equation","An equation involving a function and its derivatives"],["Separation of variables","Rewrite so each variable is on one side, then integrate"],["Slope field","Graph showing tangent slopes at many points"],["Exponential growth model","dy/dt = ky gives y = Ce^(kt)"],["Logistic growth","Growth that levels off at a carrying capacity"],["Improper integral","Integral with an infinite limit or an infinite discontinuity"],["Sequence","An ordered list of numbers"],["Series","A sum of the terms of a sequence"],["Geometric series","Converges to a/(1 - r) when |r| is less than 1"],["Harmonic series","Sum of 1/n; diverges"],["p-series","Sum of 1/n^p converges when p is greater than 1"],["Ratio test","Series converges if the limit of |a(n+1)/a(n)| is less than 1"],["Alternating series test","Terms alternate, decrease, and approach zero imply convergence"],["Absolute convergence","The series of absolute values converges"],["Taylor series","Infinite polynomial built from a function's derivatives at a point"],["Maclaurin series","Taylor series centered at zero"],["Maclaurin series for e^x","1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + ..."],["Radius of convergence","Distance from the center within which a power series converges"],["Lagrange error bound","Limit on the error of a Taylor polynomial approximation"],["Parametric derivative","dy/dx = (dy/dt) / (dx/dt)"],["Polar area","Area = 1/2 times integral of r squared d theta"],["Arc length","Integral of sqrt(1 + (dy/dx)^2) dx"],["Euler's method","Step-by-step numerical approximation of a differential equation"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-chemistry","id":"tp-ap-chemistry","title":"AP Chemistry Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Chemistry","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Vocabulary and relationships from atomic structure to equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics.","tags":["ap","chemistry"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Mole","6.022 x 10^23 particles; the chemist's counting unit"],["Avogadro's number","6.022 x 10^23 per mole"],["Molar mass","Mass in grams of one mole of a substance"],["Empirical formula","The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms"],["Molecular formula","The actual number of each atom in a molecule"],["Percent composition","Mass percent of each element in a compound"],["Limiting reactant","The reactant that runs out first and caps the product"],["Theoretical yield","The maximum product predicted by stoichiometry"],["Percent yield","(actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100"],["Molarity","Moles of solute per liter of solution"],["Dilution equation","M1V1 = M2V2"],["Isotope","Atoms of one element with different numbers of neutrons"],["Average atomic mass","Weighted average of an element's isotopes"],["Mass spectrometry","Measures isotope masses and abundances"],["Photoelectron spectroscopy","Measures energies needed to remove electrons from atoms"],["Electron configuration","Arrangement of electrons in orbitals"],["Aufbau principle","Fill lowest-energy orbitals first"],["Pauli exclusion principle","No two electrons in an atom share all four quantum numbers"],["Hund's rule","Fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing"],["Valence electrons","Outer-shell electrons involved in bonding"],["Effective nuclear charge","Net pull felt by outer electrons"],["Atomic radius trend","Decreases across a period, increases down a group"],["Ionization energy trend","Generally increases across a period, decreases down a group"],["Electronegativity","An atom's pull on shared electrons in a bond"],["Coulomb's law","Force depends on charges and decreases with distance squared"],["Ionic bond","Attraction between oppositely charged ions"],["Covalent bond","A shared pair of electrons"],["Metallic bond","Positive ions in a sea of delocalized electrons"],["Lattice energy","Energy released when gaseous ions form an ionic solid"],["Bond order","Number of bonding pairs between two atoms"],["Bond length trend","Higher bond order means shorter, stronger bonds"],["Lewis structure","A diagram of valence electrons and bonds"],["Formal charge","Valence electrons minus nonbonding electrons minus half the bonding electrons"],["Resonance","Multiple valid Lewis structures for one species"],["VSEPR theory","Electron groups arrange to minimize repulsion"],["Linear geometry","Two electron groups; 180 degrees"],["Trigonal planar","Three electron groups; 120 degrees"],["Tetrahedral","Four electron groups; 109.5 degrees"],["Hybridization sp3","Four electron groups, tetrahedral"],["Sigma bond","Head-on overlap of orbitals"],["Pi bond","Side-by-side overlap of p orbitals"],["Polar bond","A bond with unequal sharing"],["London dispersion forces","Weak attractions from temporary dipoles; present in all molecules"],["Dipole-dipole force","Attraction between polar molecules"],["Hydrogen bonding","Strong dipole attraction involving H bonded to N, O or F"],["Ideal gas law","PV = nRT"],["Combined gas law","P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2"],["Dalton's law","Total pressure is the sum of partial pressures"],["Kinetic molecular theory","Gas particles move randomly with energy proportional to temperature"],["Graham's law","Lighter gases effuse faster"],["Real gas deviation","Gases act least ideally at high pressure and low temperature"],["Solute","The substance dissolved"],["Solvent","The substance doing the dissolving"],["Electrolyte","A substance that forms ions in water and conducts"],["Net ionic equation","Shows only the species that change, omitting spectators"],["Spectator ion","An ion unchanged by a reaction"],["Precipitate","An insoluble solid formed in solution"],["Beer-Lambert law","Absorbance is proportional to concentration: A = abc"],["Oxidation","Loss of electrons"],["Reduction","Gain of electrons"],["Oxidizing agent","The species that is reduced"],["Reducing agent","The species that is oxidized"],["Rate law","Equation relating reaction rate to concentrations"],["Reaction order","The exponent of a reactant in the rate law"],["Rate constant","The proportionality constant k in the rate law"],["First-order half-life","ln 2 / k; independent of concentration"],["Collision theory","Reactions need collisions with enough energy and proper orientation"],["Activation energy","Minimum energy for a successful collision"],["Catalyst","Speeds a reaction by giving a lower-energy path; not consumed"],["Rate-determining step","The slowest step in a mechanism"],["Reaction intermediate","A species made then used up within a mechanism"],["Arrhenius equation","Relates rate constant to temperature and activation energy"],["Endothermic","Absorbs heat; positive delta H"],["Exothermic","Releases heat; negative delta H"],["Specific heat","Energy needed to raise 1 g of a substance by 1 degree C"],["Calorimetry","Measuring heat flow, q = mc delta T"],["Enthalpy of formation","Heat change when 1 mol forms from elements in standard states"],["Hess's law","Total enthalpy change is the sum of steps"],["Bond enthalpy","Energy needed to break a bond"],["Entropy","A measure of disorder or energy dispersal"],["Gibbs free energy","Delta G = delta H - T delta S; negative means spontaneous"],["Standard state","Reference conditions for thermodynamic data, 1 bar"],["Equilibrium","Forward and reverse rates are equal"],["Equilibrium constant K","Ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium"],["Reaction quotient Q","Same ratio at any moment; compare with K to predict direction"],["Le Chatelier's principle","A system at equilibrium shifts to counteract a stress"],["Ksp","Solubility product constant for a slightly soluble salt"],["Common ion effect","A shared ion lowers solubility"],["Arrhenius acid","Produces H+ in water"],["Bronsted-Lowry acid","A proton donor"],["Lewis acid","An electron pair acceptor"],["Conjugate acid-base pair","Two species differing by one proton"],["pH","Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration"],["Kw","Ion product of water, 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25 degrees C"],["Strong acid","Dissociates completely in water"],["Buffer","A solution that resists pH change; weak acid plus its conjugate base"],["Henderson-Hasselbalch equation","pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])"],["Titration equivalence point","Moles of acid equal moles of base"],["Indicator","A dye that changes color near the endpoint"],["Electrochemical cell","Converts chemical energy to electrical energy or the reverse"],["Anode","Electrode where oxidation occurs"],["Cathode","Electrode where reduction occurs"],["Standard cell potential","E-cell = E-cathode minus E-anode"],["Salt bridge","Allows ion flow to keep solutions neutral"],["Electrolysis","Using electricity to drive a nonspontaneous reaction"],["Faraday's constant","About 96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-computer-science","id":"tp-ap-computer-science","title":"AP Computer Science Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Computer Science","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Programming, data, algorithms, networks and the impact of computing.","tags":["ap","computer-science"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Algorithm","A finite set of steps to solve a problem"],["Sequencing","Running statements in order"],["Selection","Choosing which code runs based on a condition"],["Iteration","Repeating a block of code"],["Variable","A named place that stores a value"],["Data type","The kind of value, such as integer, string or boolean"],["Boolean","A value that is true or false"],["String","A sequence of characters"],["Integer overflow","A result too big for the number of bits available"],["Round-off error","Small error from limited precision in storing real numbers"],["Function","A named block of code that can be called"],["Procedure","A named group of instructions, possibly with parameters"],["Parameter","A variable in a function definition that receives a value"],["Argument","The actual value passed to a function"],["Return value","The value a function sends back"],["Library","A collection of prewritten code"],["API","A set of rules for how software components interact"],["Abstraction","Hiding detail to manage complexity"],["Modularity","Dividing a program into independent parts"],["Class","A blueprint for creating objects"],["Object","An instance of a class with state and behavior"],["Instance variable","Data stored inside an object"],["Constructor","Code that initializes a new object"],["Method","A function belonging to a class"],["Encapsulation","Keeping data private and exposing it through methods"],["Inheritance","A subclass reuses and extends a superclass"],["Polymorphism","The same method call behaves differently depending on the object"],["Overloading","Methods with the same name but different parameters"],["Overriding","A subclass provides its own version of a superclass method"],["Static method","A method belonging to the class, not an object"],["Array","A fixed-size, ordered collection of items"],["ArrayList","A resizable list in Java"],["List","An ordered collection of elements"],["Index","The position of an item, usually starting at 0"],["2D array","An array of arrays, like a grid"],["Traversal","Visiting each element of a data structure"],["For loop","A loop with a counter and a stopping condition"],["While loop","A loop that repeats while a condition is true"],["Infinite loop","A loop that never ends"],["Nested loop","A loop inside another loop"],["Off-by-one error","A bug from a loop going one step too far or too short"],["Compound condition","Conditions joined with AND, OR or NOT"],["De Morgan's laws","NOT (A and B) equals (NOT A) or (NOT B)"],["Short-circuit evaluation","Stopping evaluation once the result is known"],["Recursion","A method that calls itself"],["Base case","The condition that stops recursion"],["Linear search","Checking each element in order"],["Binary search","Repeatedly halving a sorted list"],["Selection sort","Repeatedly selecting the smallest remaining item"],["Insertion sort","Placing each item into its sorted position"],["Merge sort","Dividing in half, sorting each, and merging"],["Algorithm efficiency","How the work grows with input size"],["Big-O notation","Describes how running time grows as input grows"],["Reasonable time","Polynomial time or better"],["Unreasonable time","Exponential or worse growth"],["Heuristic","An approach that finds a good-enough answer when exact solutions are too slow"],["Undecidable problem","A problem no algorithm can solve for all cases"],["Parallel computing","Running parts of a task at the same time"],["Bit","A binary digit, 0 or 1"],["Byte","Eight bits"],["Binary","Base-2 number system"],["Hexadecimal","Base-16 number system"],["Lossless compression","Reduces size without losing any data"],["Lossy compression","Reduces size by discarding some data"],["Metadata","Data that describes other data"],["Data cleaning","Fixing or removing incorrect data"],["Big data","Datasets too large for ordinary processing"],["Internet","A global network of networks"],["IP address","A numeric address for a device on a network"],["DNS","System that translates domain names to IP addresses"],["Packet","A small unit of data sent across a network"],["TCP/IP","Protocols that route and deliver data across the internet"],["Router","Device that forwards packets between networks"],["Fault tolerance","A network keeps working when parts fail"],["Bandwidth","Maximum data a connection can carry per time"],["Latency","Delay before data transfer begins"],["HTTP","Protocol for the web"],["Encryption","Scrambling data so only authorized parties can read it"],["Symmetric encryption","One shared key encrypts and decrypts"],["Public-key encryption","A public key encrypts; a private key decrypts"],["Phishing","Tricking people into giving up private information"],["Malware","Software designed to cause harm"],["Multifactor authentication","Verifying identity with more than one kind of proof"],["Digital divide","Unequal access to technology"],["Crowdsourcing","Getting contributions from a large group of people online"],["Open source","Software whose code is free to view and modify"],["Bias in algorithms","Systematic unfairness in a program's results"],["Creative Commons","Licenses that let creators share work with set permissions"],["Debugging","Finding and fixing errors"],["Syntax error","Code that breaks the language's rules"],["Logic error","Code that runs but gives wrong results"],["Run-time error","An error that happens while the program is running"],["Testing","Running a program with chosen inputs to check behavior"],["Pseudocode","Informal, language-independent description of an algorithm"],["Flowchart","A diagram of an algorithm's steps"],["Event-driven programming","Code that responds to user actions or messages"],["Simulation","A program that models a real-world system"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-environmental-science","id":"tp-ap-environmental-science","title":"AP Environmental Science Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Environmental Science","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Ecosystems, populations, earth systems, resources, pollution and climate.","tags":["ap","environment"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Ecosystem","Living things and their nonliving surroundings interacting"],["Biome","A large region defined by climate and typical plants and animals"],["Producer","An organism that makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis"],["Consumer","An organism that eats other organisms"],["Decomposer","An organism that breaks down dead matter"],["Trophic level","A feeding position in a food chain"],["Ten percent rule","About 10 percent of energy passes to the next trophic level"],["Net primary productivity","Energy stored by producers after their own use"],["Food web","Interconnected food chains"],["Biodiversity","The variety of life at genetic, species and ecosystem levels"],["Keystone species","A species with an outsized role in its ecosystem"],["Indicator species","A species whose health signals environmental condition"],["Invasive species","A non-native species that spreads and harms the ecosystem"],["Ecological succession","Gradual replacement of communities over time"],["Primary succession","Colonization of bare rock with no soil"],["Secondary succession","Regrowth after disturbance where soil remains"],["Carbon cycle","Movement of carbon among air, living things, oceans and rocks"],["Nitrogen fixation","Converting nitrogen gas into usable forms by bacteria"],["Nitrogen cycle","Movement of nitrogen through air, soil and organisms"],["Phosphorus cycle","Movement of phosphorus through rock, soil and water, with no gas phase"],["Hydrologic cycle","Circulation of water through evaporation, condensation and precipitation"],["Photosynthesis","Making sugars from carbon dioxide, water and light"],["Cellular respiration","Releasing energy from sugar using oxygen"],["Carrying capacity","Largest population an environment can sustain"],["r-selected species","Many offspring, little care, small body, short life"],["K-selected species","Few offspring, much care, large body, long life"],["Limiting factor","A resource that restricts population growth"],["Population density","Individuals per unit area"],["Age structure diagram","Graph of the population in each age group"],["Total fertility rate","Average children per woman over her lifetime"],["Replacement level fertility","About 2.1 children per woman"],["Demographic transition","Shift from high to low birth and death rates"],["Plate tectonics","Earth's crust moves in large plates"],["Subduction","One plate sliding beneath another"],["Soil horizon","A layer of soil, such as topsoil"],["Soil erosion","Removal of soil by wind or water"],["Loam","Balanced soil of sand, silt and clay"],["Cation exchange capacity","Soil's ability to hold nutrients"],["Weather","Short-term atmospheric conditions"],["Climate","Long-term pattern of weather"],["Troposphere","Lowest atmospheric layer where weather occurs"],["Stratosphere","Atmospheric layer containing the ozone layer"],["Coriolis effect","Earth's rotation bends wind and ocean currents"],["El Nino","Periodic warming of the eastern Pacific altering weather worldwide"],["Thermohaline circulation","Global ocean circulation driven by temperature and salt differences"],["Rain shadow","A dry region on the leeward side of a mountain"],["Upwelling","Rise of cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface"],["Renewable resource","A resource that replenishes naturally in human time"],["Nonrenewable resource","A resource that is used up faster than it forms"],["Fossil fuels","Coal, oil and natural gas from ancient organisms"],["Peak oil","The point of maximum oil production before decline"],["Hydroelectric power","Electricity from flowing water"],["Solar photovoltaic","Panels that convert sunlight directly into electricity"],["Wind turbine","Machine converting wind energy to electricity"],["Geothermal energy","Heat from Earth's interior used for power or heating"],["Biomass","Organic matter burned or converted for energy"],["Nuclear fission","Splitting atoms to release energy"],["Energy efficiency","Doing the same work with less energy"],["Cogeneration","Using waste heat from electricity production"],["Overgrazing","Livestock eating plants faster than they regrow"],["Monoculture","Planting one crop over a large area"],["Crop rotation","Alternating crops to maintain soil"],["No-till farming","Planting without plowing to protect soil"],["Contour plowing","Plowing along slopes to reduce runoff"],["Integrated pest management","Combining methods to control pests with minimal chemicals"],["Aquaculture","Raising fish or other aquatic organisms"],["Clear-cutting","Removing all trees from an area"],["Deforestation","Large-scale removal of forest"],["Urban heat island","City warmer than surroundings due to pavement and buildings"],["Sprawl","Low-density development spreading from a city"],["Ecological footprint","Land and water area needed to support a person or population"],["Point source pollution","Pollution from a single identifiable source"],["Nonpoint source pollution","Pollution from many diffuse sources, like runoff"],["Eutrophication","Nutrient overload causing algae blooms and oxygen loss"],["Dissolved oxygen","Oxygen in water, essential for aquatic life"],["Biochemical oxygen demand","Oxygen used by microbes to break down organic waste"],["Bioaccumulation","Buildup of a substance within an organism over time"],["Biomagnification","Increasing concentration of a substance up the food chain"],["Smog","Haze from air pollution, often ozone-rich"],["Acid rain","Precipitation made acidic by sulfur and nitrogen oxides"],["Particulate matter","Tiny solid or liquid particles in the air"],["Tropospheric ozone","Ozone near the ground, a harmful pollutant"],["Stratospheric ozone depletion","Thinning of the ozone layer by CFCs"],["Montreal Protocol","Treaty phasing out ozone-depleting chemicals"],["Greenhouse effect","Atmospheric gases trapping heat"],["Greenhouse gases","Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor"],["Global warming potential","A gas's heat trapping relative to carbon dioxide"],["Ocean acidification","Falling ocean pH as seawater absorbs carbon dioxide"],["Albedo","Reflectivity of a surface"],["Carbon footprint","Greenhouse gases produced by an activity or person"],["Carbon sequestration","Capturing and storing carbon"],["Municipal solid waste","Everyday trash from homes and businesses"],["Sanitary landfill","Engineered site where waste is buried and covered"],["Leachate","Liquid that drains from waste"],["Hazardous waste","Waste that is toxic, reactive, corrosive or flammable"],["Reduce, reuse, recycle","Waste management priorities in order"],["Endangered species","A species in danger of going extinct"],["Endangered Species Act","US law protecting species at risk"],["CITES","Treaty regulating trade in endangered species"],["Clean Air Act","US law setting air quality standards"],["Clean Water Act","US law regulating water pollution"],["Tragedy of the commons","Shared resources are overused when everyone acts alone"],["Environmental impact statement","A report assessing a project's environmental effects"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-government","id":"tp-ap-government","title":"AP U.S. Government Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP U.S. Government","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Constitution, institutions, civil rights, parties and elections.","tags":["ap","government","civics"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Popular sovereignty","Government's authority comes from the people"],["Social contract","Idea that people agree to be governed in return for protection of rights"],["Republicanism","Government by elected representatives"],["Federalism","Power divided between national and state governments"],["Separation of powers","Dividing government into legislative, executive and judicial branches"],["Checks and balances","Each branch can limit the others"],["Enumerated powers","Powers specifically listed for Congress in Article I"],["Implied powers","Powers not listed but needed to carry out those that are"],["Necessary and proper clause","Gives Congress power to make laws needed to carry out its duties"],["Supremacy clause","The Constitution and federal law outrank state law"],["Commerce clause","Gives Congress power to regulate trade among states"],["Reserved powers","Powers kept by states through the 10th Amendment"],["Concurrent powers","Powers shared by national and state governments"],["McCulloch v. Maryland","Established implied powers and federal supremacy"],["Block grant","Federal money given to states for broad purposes"],["Categorical grant","Federal money for specific purposes with conditions"],["Unfunded mandate","A federal requirement imposed on states without funds"],["Federalist No. 10","Madison essay on controlling factions in a large republic"],["Brutus No. 1","Anti-Federalist essay warning against a large central government"],["Bicameral","Having two chambers"],["Filibuster","Using long debate to delay a Senate vote"],["Cloture","Senate vote ending a filibuster, needing 60 votes"],["Discharge petition","Procedure to bring a bill out of committee in the House"],["Rules Committee","House committee setting terms of debate"],["Pork barrel","Spending directed to a lawmaker's home district"],["Logrolling","Trading votes to support each other's bills"],["Gerrymandering","Drawing district lines to favor a party"],["Reapportionment","Reassigning House seats after the census"],["Incumbency advantage","Edge officeholders have when running again"],["Delegate model","Representative follows constituents' wishes"],["Trustee model","Representative uses own judgment"],["Veto","President's rejection of a bill"],["Pocket veto","A bill dies if the president takes no action as Congress adjourns"],["Executive order","A presidential directive with the force of law within the executive branch"],["Executive agreement","Pact with another country that does not need Senate approval"],["Impeachment","House brings charges; Senate holds the trial"],["War Powers Act","1973 law limiting presidential use of troops without Congress"],["Cabinet","Advisers who lead executive departments"],["Bureaucracy","Agencies that carry out laws"],["Independent regulatory commission","An agency, like the FCC, that regulates an industry outside the cabinet"],["Iron triangle","Mutually supportive ties among agencies, committees and interest groups"],["Issue network","A looser group of experts and advocates around a policy"],["Discretionary authority","Freedom agencies have to decide how to apply a law"],["Judicial review","Courts' power to strike down unconstitutional laws"],["Judicial restraint","Courts should defer to elected branches"],["Judicial activism","Courts should actively rule to correct problems"],["Stare decisis","Following precedent"],["Original jurisdiction","Authority to hear a case first"],["Appellate jurisdiction","Authority to review a lower court's decision"],["Writ of certiorari","Order from the Supreme Court agreeing to hear a case"],["Amicus curiae brief","Written argument from a non-party who has an interest in the case"],["Marbury v. Madison","Case that established judicial review"],["Baker v. Carr","Established one person, one vote claims are reviewable"],["Engel v. Vitale","School-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause"],["Tinker v. Des Moines","Students keep free speech rights at school unless there is disruption"],["Wisconsin v. Yoder","Amish families may exempt children from school after eighth grade on religious freedom grounds"],["Gideon v. Wainwright","Right to an attorney for those who cannot afford one"],["Miranda v. Arizona","Police must inform suspects of their rights"],["Mapp v. Ohio","Evidence from an illegal search cannot be used in state courts"],["Citizens United","Limited restrictions on independent political spending by groups"],["Selective incorporation","Applying Bill of Rights protections to states through the 14th Amendment"],["Due process clause","Guarantees fair legal procedures"],["Equal protection clause","States must treat people equally under the law"],["Establishment clause","Government cannot establish a religion"],["Free exercise clause","Government cannot ban religious practice without strong reason"],["Prior restraint","Government blocking speech before it occurs; generally unconstitutional"],["Symbolic speech","Nonverbal expression protected by the First Amendment"],["Clear and present danger","Test for limiting speech that creates immediate harm"],["Civil liberties","Protections of individuals from government"],["Civil rights","Guarantees of equal treatment under law"],["Political culture","Shared beliefs about government in a society"],["Political socialization","Process of forming political views through family, school and media"],["Public opinion polling","Measuring views via samples"],["Sampling error","Gap between sample results and the true population"],["Linkage institutions","Elections, parties, interest groups and media connecting people to government"],["Political party","Organization that seeks to win elections to run government"],["Party platform","Statement of a party's positions"],["Realignment","Lasting shift in party loyalties"],["Primary election","Vote to choose a party's nominee"],["Open primary","Voters of any party may take part"],["Caucus","Local meeting to choose party delegates"],["Electoral College","538 electors choose the president; 270 needed to win"],["Winner-take-all","The candidate with the most votes in a state gets all its electoral votes in most states"],["Super PAC","Committee that can raise unlimited sums to support or oppose candidates independently"],["Political action committee","Group that raises money to support candidates"],["Soft money","Money given to parties for general purposes, restricted by 2002 law"],["Campaign finance","Rules about raising and spending money in elections"],["Pluralism","Many groups compete to influence policy"],["Collective action problem","People benefit from a group's work without joining it"],["Lobbying","Efforts to influence officials"],["Agenda setting","Media and officials choosing which issues get attention"],["Fiscal policy","Government taxing and spending to affect the economy"],["Monetary policy","Federal Reserve's control of money and interest rates"],["Entitlement program","Benefits guaranteed to all who qualify, like Social Security"],["Mandatory spending","Federal spending required by law, such as entitlements"],["Discretionary spending","Spending set each year in appropriations bills"],["Incorporation doctrine","Idea that the 14th Amendment carries Bill of Rights guarantees to the states"],["Voter turnout","Share of eligible voters who vote"],["Voting Rights Act of 1965","Barred discriminatory voting practices"],["Amendment process","Proposed by two-thirds of Congress or convention; ratified by three-fourths of states"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-human-geography","id":"tp-ap-human-geography","title":"AP Human Geography Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Human Geography","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Population, culture, politics, agriculture, cities and development concepts.","tags":["ap","geography"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Absolute location","Exact position, such as latitude and longitude"],["Relative location","Position described in relation to other places"],["Site","The physical features of a place itself"],["Situation","A place's location relative to surrounding areas"],["Region","An area defined by shared characteristics"],["Formal region","Area with uniform traits, such as a country"],["Functional region","Area organized around a central node, like a metro area"],["Perceptual region","Region based on people's feelings, like 'the South'"],["Spatial distribution","How things are arranged across space"],["Density","Number of things per unit of area"],["Distance decay","Interaction declines with distance"],["Time-space compression","Technology making distant places seem closer"],["Geographic information system","Computer system for mapping and analyzing spatial data"],["Remote sensing","Gathering data about Earth from satellites or aircraft"],["Mercator projection","Map that preserves direction but distorts size near poles"],["Arithmetic density","Population divided by total land area"],["Physiological density","Population divided by arable land"],["Agricultural density","Farmers per unit of arable land"],["Crude birth rate","Births per 1,000 people per year"],["Total fertility rate","Average number of children a woman is expected to have"],["Doubling time","Years for a population to double"],["Demographic transition model","Stages of population change as countries develop"],["Population pyramid","Graph of a population by age and sex"],["Dependency ratio","Ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age people"],["Infant mortality rate","Infant deaths per 1,000 live births"],["Life expectancy","Average years a person is expected to live"],["Epidemiological transition","Shift in leading causes of death from infectious to chronic disease"],["Malthusian theory","Population grows faster than food supply"],["Pro-natalist policy","Government encouraging births"],["Anti-natalist policy","Government discouraging births"],["Push factor","A reason for leaving a place"],["Pull factor","A reason for moving to a place"],["Chain migration","Migrants follow relatives or neighbors to the same destination"],["Forced migration","Movement against one's will"],["Refugee","Person who flees across a border due to persecution or danger"],["Internal migration","Movement within a country"],["Gravity model","Predicts interaction based on size and distance of places"],["Culture","Shared beliefs, customs and material traits of a group"],["Cultural landscape","The visible imprint of culture on land"],["Folk culture","Traditional culture of small, homogeneous groups"],["Popular culture","Culture widely shared across large, varied groups"],["Cultural diffusion","Spread of cultural traits"],["Relocation diffusion","Spread through the movement of people"],["Expansion diffusion","Spread outward while remaining strong in the origin"],["Hierarchical diffusion","Spread from important people or places to others"],["Contagious diffusion","Rapid, widespread spread from person to person"],["Acculturation","Adopting traits from another culture"],["Assimilation","Fully taking on the dominant culture"],["Syncretism","Blending of cultural elements"],["Language family","Group of languages with a common ancestor"],["Lingua franca","A common language for speakers of different languages"],["Universalizing religion","Religion that seeks converts, like Christianity or Islam"],["Ethnic religion","Religion tied to a specific group, like Judaism or Hinduism"],["State","A political unit with defined territory and government"],["Nation","A group sharing identity, culture or history"],["Nation-state","A state whose population shares a national identity"],["Sovereignty","A state's authority over its territory"],["Boundary types","Natural, geometric and cultural borders"],["Devolution","Transfer of power from central to regional governments"],["Centripetal force","Force that unifies a state"],["Centrifugal force","Force that divides a state"],["Supranational organization","Group of states cooperating, like the EU"],["Gerrymandering","Drawing districts to favor a group"],["Geopolitics","Study of how geography shapes politics"],["Irredentism","Claiming land beyond borders because of shared ethnic ties"],["Agriculture","Cultivating plants and animals for food"],["Subsistence farming","Growing food mainly for the farmer's family"],["Commercial agriculture","Farming primarily for sale"],["Green Revolution","Higher-yield crops and techniques spread from the 1960s"],["Von Thunen model","Land use rings around a market center"],["Shifting cultivation","Clearing land, farming it for a few years, then moving on"],["Intensive agriculture","Large inputs of labor or capital per acre"],["Agribusiness","Large-scale commercial farming integrated with processing and sales"],["Monoculture","Growing a single crop"],["Urbanization","Growth of the share of people living in cities"],["Central place theory","Settlements serve surrounding areas, forming a hierarchy"],["Primate city","A city much larger than any other in its country"],["Rank-size rule","The nth largest city has 1/n the population of the largest"],["Megacity","City of over 10 million people"],["Edge city","Suburban commercial hub"],["Gentrification","Wealthier people move into older neighborhoods, raising costs"],["Urban sprawl","Spread of low-density development"],["Concentric zone model","Burgess model of rings around a central business district"],["Sector model","Hoyt model of wedge-shaped zones along transport routes"],["Redlining","Denial of loans or services by area, often on racial lines"],["Industrial Revolution","Shift to factory production beginning in Britain"],["Weber's least cost theory","Industrial sites are chosen to minimize transport, labor and agglomeration costs"],["Deindustrialization","Decline of manufacturing in a region"],["Outsourcing","Contracting work to outside companies, often abroad"],["Human Development Index","Composite of health, education and income"],["Gender Inequality Index","Measures disparities between men and women"],["Core-periphery model","Wealthy core areas dominate poorer periphery areas"],["Rostow's stages","Model of five stages of economic development"],["Microfinance","Small loans for people lacking access to banks"],["Fair trade","Trade certification aimed at paying producers a fair price"],["Sustainable development","Meeting present needs without harming future generations"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-macroeconomics","id":"tp-ap-macroeconomics","title":"AP Macroeconomics Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Macroeconomics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"GDP, inflation, unemployment, money, fiscal and monetary policy, and trade.","tags":["ap","economics","macro"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Scarcity","Limited resources against unlimited wants"],["Opportunity cost","The value of the next best alternative given up"],["Production possibilities curve","Graph of the maximum combos of two goods an economy can produce"],["Comparative advantage","Producing a good at a lower opportunity cost"],["Absolute advantage","Producing more of a good with the same resources"],["Gross domestic product","Market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a year"],["Nominal GDP","GDP measured at current prices"],["Real GDP","GDP adjusted for price changes"],["GDP formula","C + I + G + (X - M)"],["Consumption","Household spending on goods and services"],["Investment","Spending on capital goods, construction and inventories"],["Net exports","Exports minus imports"],["Business cycle","Alternating expansions and contractions in economic activity"],["Recession","A significant decline in economic activity"],["Unemployment rate","Percent of the labor force that is jobless and looking for work"],["Labor force","People employed plus those actively seeking work"],["Frictional unemployment","Short-term joblessness while changing jobs"],["Structural unemployment","Joblessness due to a mismatch of skills and available jobs"],["Cyclical unemployment","Joblessness caused by downturns"],["Natural rate of unemployment","Sum of frictional and structural unemployment"],["Inflation","A sustained rise in the general price level"],["Consumer price index","Measures the cost of a typical basket of goods over time"],["Deflation","A sustained fall in the general price level"],["Disinflation","A slowdown in the rate of inflation"],["Real interest rate","Nominal rate minus the inflation rate"],["Aggregate demand","Total spending on domestic output at each price level"],["Aggregate supply","Total output firms will produce at each price level"],["Short-run aggregate supply","Upward-sloping because some prices and wages are sticky"],["Long-run aggregate supply","Vertical at full-employment output"],["Wealth effect","Spending changes as the value of assets changes"],["Multiplier","The factor by which an initial spending change affects GDP"],["Marginal propensity to consume","Share of extra income spent"],["Spending multiplier formula","1 / (1 - MPC)"],["Fiscal policy","Government spending and tax changes"],["Expansionary fiscal policy","More spending or lower taxes to boost output"],["Contractionary fiscal policy","Less spending or higher taxes to cool the economy"],["Automatic stabilizer","Taxes and benefits that adjust with the economy without new laws"],["Budget deficit","Spending exceeds revenue in a year"],["National debt","Total accumulated borrowing"],["Crowding out","Government borrowing raising interest rates and reducing private investment"],["Money","Anything accepted as a medium of exchange"],["Functions of money","Medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value"],["M1","Currency, checkable deposits and similar liquid money"],["Fractional reserve banking","Banks keep a part of deposits and lend the rest"],["Required reserve ratio","Fraction of deposits banks must hold in reserve"],["Money multiplier","1 / required reserve ratio"],["Excess reserves","Reserves beyond what is required"],["Federal Reserve","The US central bank"],["Federal funds rate","Rate banks charge each other for overnight loans"],["Open market operations","Fed buying or selling government securities to change reserves"],["Discount rate","Rate the Fed charges banks for loans"],["Reserve requirement","Fed rule on how much banks must hold in reserve"],["Expansionary monetary policy","Lower interest rates and a larger money supply"],["Contractionary monetary policy","Higher interest rates and a smaller money supply"],["Quantitative easing","Large-scale asset purchases to lower long-term rates"],["Money market","Graph of money demand and money supply determining the nominal interest rate"],["Loanable funds market","Where savers supply funds and borrowers demand them, setting the real rate"],["Phillips curve","Shows a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment"],["Stagflation","High inflation with high unemployment"],["Supply shock","A sudden change in production costs that shifts aggregate supply"],["Economic growth","Increase in real output over time"],["Productivity","Output per unit of input"],["Human capital","Skills and knowledge of workers"],["Physical capital","Machines, buildings and tools"],["Rule of 70","Years to double = 70 divided by the growth rate percent"],["Exchange rate","The price of one currency in terms of another"],["Appreciation","A currency gaining value"],["Depreciation","A currency losing value"],["Balance of payments","Record of a country's transactions with the world"],["Current account","Trade in goods and services plus income flows"],["Capital account","Flows of financial assets and investment"],["Tariff","A tax on imports"],["Quota","A limit on the quantity of imports"],["Trade deficit","Imports exceed exports"],["Foreign exchange market","Where currencies are traded"],["Laffer curve","Idea that very high tax rates can reduce revenue"],["Recessionary gap","Real GDP below full-employment output"],["Inflationary gap","Real GDP above full-employment output"],["Self-correction","Wages and prices adjusting over time to return to full employment"],["Supply-side economics","Policies aimed at boosting production, such as tax cuts"],["Keynesian economics","View that government spending can stabilize demand"],["Monetarism","View stressing the money supply as key to inflation"],["Neutrality of money","Money supply changes affect only prices in the long run"],["Velocity of money","How often a unit of money changes hands in a year"],["Equation of exchange","MV = PQ"],["Fisher effect","Nominal interest rate rises one-for-one with expected inflation"],["Liquidity","How easily an asset becomes cash"],["Transfer payment","A payment with no good or service in return"],["Progressive tax","Higher earners pay a larger share of income"],["Regressive tax","Lower earners pay a larger share of income"],["Taylor rule","A guide linking interest rates to inflation and output"],["Leakage","Money leaving the circular flow: saving, taxes, imports"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-microeconomics","id":"tp-ap-microeconomics","title":"AP Microeconomics Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Microeconomics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Supply and demand, costs, market structures, factor markets and market failure.","tags":["ap","economics","micro"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Law of demand","As price rises, quantity demanded falls"],["Law of supply","As price rises, quantity supplied rises"],["Equilibrium price","Price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied"],["Shortage","Quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied"],["Surplus","Quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded"],["Substitute goods","Goods used in place of each other; price of one up raises demand for the other"],["Complementary goods","Goods used together; price of one up lowers demand for the other"],["Normal good","Demand rises as income rises"],["Inferior good","Demand falls as income rises"],["Price elasticity of demand","How sensitive quantity demanded is to a price change"],["Elastic demand","Elasticity greater than 1"],["Inelastic demand","Elasticity less than 1"],["Total revenue test","If price and total revenue move opposite ways, demand is elastic"],["Cross-price elasticity","Response of demand for one good to another good's price"],["Income elasticity","Response of demand to a change in income"],["Consumer surplus","Difference between what buyers would pay and what they do pay"],["Producer surplus","Difference between price received and the minimum a seller would accept"],["Deadweight loss","Lost total surplus from inefficiency"],["Price ceiling","Legal maximum price"],["Price floor","Legal minimum price"],["Tax incidence","Who actually bears a tax"],["Marginal utility","Added satisfaction from one more unit"],["Diminishing marginal utility","Each extra unit gives less added satisfaction"],["Utility-maximizing rule","MU per dollar equal across goods"],["Budget constraint","The combinations of goods affordable with income"],["Explicit cost","Out-of-pocket payment"],["Implicit cost","Opportunity cost of using one's own resources"],["Accounting profit","Revenue minus explicit costs"],["Economic profit","Revenue minus explicit and implicit costs"],["Marginal product","Extra output from one more unit of input"],["Law of diminishing returns","Adding more of a variable input eventually adds less output"],["Fixed cost","Cost that does not change with output"],["Variable cost","Cost that changes with output"],["Marginal cost","Cost of producing one more unit"],["Average total cost","Total cost divided by quantity"],["MC crosses ATC","Marginal cost meets average total cost at ATC's minimum"],["Economies of scale","Falling long-run average cost as output grows"],["Diseconomies of scale","Rising long-run average cost as output grows"],["Profit-maximizing rule","Produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost"],["Perfect competition","Many sellers, identical products, price takers, free entry"],["Price taker","A firm that cannot affect market price"],["Shutdown rule","Shut down if price falls below average variable cost"],["Long-run competitive equilibrium","Price equals minimum ATC; zero economic profit"],["Monopoly","A single seller with barriers to entry"],["Barriers to entry","Obstacles that prevent new firms from joining a market"],["Natural monopoly","One firm can supply the market at lower cost than several"],["Price discrimination","Charging different customers different prices for the same good"],["Monopolistic competition","Many sellers with differentiated products and free entry"],["Oligopoly","A few large interdependent firms"],["Collusion","Firms cooperating to restrict competition"],["Cartel","A group of firms that agree to limit output and set prices"],["Game theory","Study of strategic decision-making"],["Dominant strategy","Best choice regardless of what others do"],["Nash equilibrium","No player can gain by changing their own strategy alone"],["Prisoner's dilemma","A game where individual incentives lead to a worse shared outcome"],["Kinked demand curve","Oligopoly model with sticky prices"],["Herfindahl-Hirschman Index","Measure of market concentration"],["Derived demand","Demand for a resource that comes from demand for the product"],["Marginal revenue product","Extra revenue from one more unit of a resource"],["Hiring rule","Hire until marginal revenue product equals the resource price"],["Monopsony","A market with a single buyer"],["Minimum wage","A legal price floor for labor"],["Wage determination","Set by labor supply and demand"],["Externality","A cost or benefit borne by a third party"],["Negative externality","Pollution-type cost imposed on others"],["Positive externality","Benefit to others, like vaccination"],["Pigouvian tax","A tax set to equal an external cost"],["Subsidy","Government payment to encourage a good"],["Public good","Non-excludable and non-rival"],["Free-rider problem","Benefiting without paying"],["Common resource","Rival but non-excludable good, prone to overuse"],["Tragedy of the commons","Overuse of shared resources"],["Coase theorem","Parties can solve externalities by bargaining if costs are low and property rights are clear"],["Allocative efficiency","Producing what society values most, P = MC"],["Productive efficiency","Producing at minimum average total cost"],["Marginal social benefit","Total benefit to society of one more unit"],["Asymmetric information","One party knows more than the other"],["Adverse selection","Hidden characteristics lead to poor market outcomes"],["Moral hazard","Risky behavior because someone else bears the cost"],["Gini coefficient","Measure of income inequality from 0 to 1"],["Lorenz curve","Graph of cumulative share of income by population share"],["Antitrust law","Rules promoting competition and limiting monopoly power"],["Circular flow model","Shows flows between households and firms through markets"],["Capital","Goods used to produce other goods"],["Short run","Period in which at least one input is fixed"],["Long run","Period in which all inputs are variable"],["Total surplus","Consumer surplus plus producer surplus"],["Elasticity of supply","Responsiveness of quantity supplied to price"],["Rent seeking","Spending resources to gain favorable treatment"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-music-theory","id":"tp-ap-music-theory","title":"Music Theory Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Notation, scales, intervals, chords, rhythm, harmony and form.","tags":["ap","music-theory","music"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Staff","Five lines and four spaces where notes are written"],["Treble clef","Clef for higher notes; circles the G line"],["Bass clef","Clef for lower notes; marks the F line"],["Alto clef","C clef used for viola; middle C on the center line"],["Ledger line","A short line extending the staff"],["Grand staff","Treble and bass staves joined together"],["Middle C","The C near the center of the piano keyboard"],["Octave","Interval of eight scale steps with the same note name"],["Half step","Smallest interval on a piano, adjacent keys"],["Whole step","Two half steps"],["Sharp","Raises a note by a half step"],["Flat","Lowers a note by a half step"],["Natural","Cancels a sharp or flat"],["Enharmonic","Same pitch, different name, like C sharp and D flat"],["Accidental","A sharp, flat or natural not in the key signature"],["Key signature","Sharps or flats at the start showing the key"],["Circle of fifths","Diagram of keys arranged by fifths"],["Order of sharps","F C G D A E B"],["Order of flats","B E A D G C F"],["Major scale pattern","Whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half"],["Natural minor scale pattern","Whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole"],["Relative minor","A minor key sharing a key signature with a major key; starts a minor third below"],["Parallel key","Major and minor keys sharing the same tonic"],["Harmonic minor","Minor scale with a raised seventh"],["Melodic minor","Minor scale with raised sixth and seventh going up"],["Pentatonic scale","Five-note scale"],["Chromatic scale","All twelve pitches in half steps"],["Whole-tone scale","Six-note scale of all whole steps"],["Tonic","First scale degree; the home note"],["Supertonic","Second scale degree"],["Mediant","Third scale degree"],["Subdominant","Fourth scale degree"],["Dominant","Fifth scale degree"],["Submediant","Sixth scale degree"],["Leading tone","Seventh scale degree, a half step below the tonic"],["Interval","Distance between two pitches"],["Perfect intervals","Unison, fourth, fifth and octave"],["Major third","Interval of four half steps"],["Minor third","Interval of three half steps"],["Perfect fifth","Interval of seven half steps"],["Tritone","Interval of six half steps, an augmented fourth or diminished fifth"],["Consonance","A stable, pleasing combination of notes"],["Dissonance","A tense combination that seeks resolution"],["Triad","A three-note chord built in thirds"],["Major triad","Root, major third and perfect fifth"],["Minor triad","Root, minor third and perfect fifth"],["Diminished triad","Two stacked minor thirds"],["Augmented triad","Two stacked major thirds"],["Seventh chord","A triad plus a seventh above the root"],["Dominant seventh","Major triad with a minor seventh"],["Root position","Chord with its root in the bass"],["First inversion","Chord with the third in the bass"],["Second inversion","Chord with the fifth in the bass"],["Roman numeral analysis","Labeling chords by scale degree, upper case for major"],["Primary chords","I, IV and V"],["Cadence","Chord pair that ends a phrase"],["Authentic cadence","V to I"],["Plagal cadence","IV to I, the 'Amen' cadence"],["Half cadence","Phrase ends on V"],["Deceptive cadence","V to vi, avoiding the expected ending"],["Harmonic progression","A sequence of chords"],["Modulation","Changing from one key to another"],["Tempo","Speed of the music"],["Allegro","Fast and lively"],["Andante","Walking pace"],["Adagio","Slow"],["Presto","Very fast"],["Ritardando","Gradually slowing"],["Accelerando","Gradually speeding up"],["Fermata","A hold on a note or rest"],["Time signature","Numbers showing beats per measure and the note that gets a beat"],["Simple meter","Each beat divides into two"],["Compound meter","Each beat divides into three"],["Syncopation","Emphasis on weak beats"],["Anacrusis","Pickup notes before the first full measure"],["Whole note","Four beats in 4/4"],["Dotted note","A dot adds half the note's length"],["Tie","A curve joining two notes of the same pitch"],["Slur","A curve connecting different notes to be played smoothly"],["Triplet","Three notes in the time of two"],["Forte","Loud"],["Piano","Soft"],["Crescendo","Gradually getting louder"],["Diminuendo","Gradually getting softer"],["Staccato","Short and detached"],["Legato","Smooth and connected"],["Dynamics","Loudness levels in music"],["Timbre","The tone color of a sound"],["Texture","How layers of sound combine"],["Monophonic","A single melodic line"],["Homophonic","Melody with chordal accompaniment"],["Polyphonic","Multiple independent melodic lines"],["Counterpoint","Combining independent melodies"],["Fugue","Polyphonic piece built on an imitated subject"],["Canon","A melody imitated exactly by another voice later"],["Motive","A short, recurring musical idea"],["Phrase","A musical sentence"],["Binary form","Two sections, AB"],["Ternary form","Three sections, ABA"],["Rondo","A form where the main theme returns, ABACA"],["Sonata form","Exposition, development, recapitulation"],["Theme and variations","A tune repeated with changes"],["Figured bass","Baroque shorthand using numbers to show chords"],["Transposition","Moving music to a different key"],["Ostinato","A repeated musical pattern"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-physics","id":"tp-ap-physics","title":"AP Physics Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Physics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Mechanics, waves, electricity, magnetism, fluids, thermal and modern physics vocabulary.","tags":["ap","physics"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Scalar","A quantity with magnitude only"],["Vector","A quantity with magnitude and direction"],["Displacement","Change in position, a vector"],["Velocity","Rate of change of position, with direction"],["Acceleration","Rate of change of velocity"],["Free fall","Motion under gravity alone; about 9.8 m/s^2 near Earth"],["Projectile motion","Horizontal and vertical motions analyzed independently"],["Newton's first law","An object keeps its motion unless a net force acts"],["Newton's second law","Net force equals mass times acceleration"],["Newton's third law","Forces come in equal and opposite pairs on different objects"],["Inertia","Resistance to change in motion; related to mass"],["Normal force","Contact force perpendicular to a surface"],["Friction","Force opposing relative motion between surfaces"],["Tension","Pulling force transmitted by a rope or string"],["Weight","Gravitational force on an object, mg"],["Free-body diagram","A sketch showing all forces on one object"],["Centripetal acceleration","Acceleration toward the center of a circle, v^2/r"],["Universal gravitation","F = Gm1m2/r^2"],["Work","Force times displacement in the force direction"],["Kinetic energy","Energy of motion, 1/2 mv^2"],["Gravitational potential energy","Energy of position in a field, mgh near Earth"],["Elastic potential energy","Energy stored in a spring, 1/2 kx^2"],["Hooke's law","Spring force is proportional to stretch: F = -kx"],["Work-energy theorem","Net work equals change in kinetic energy"],["Conservation of energy","Total energy of an isolated system stays constant"],["Power","Rate of doing work"],["Momentum","Mass times velocity"],["Impulse","Force times time; equals change in momentum"],["Elastic collision","Kinetic energy is conserved"],["Inelastic collision","Kinetic energy is not conserved"],["Center of mass","The average position of an object's mass"],["Torque","A force's turning effect, rF sin theta"],["Rotational inertia","Resistance to change in rotation"],["Angular momentum","Rotational inertia times angular velocity"],["Equilibrium","Net force and net torque are zero"],["Simple harmonic motion","Oscillation with restoring force proportional to displacement"],["Period","Time for one cycle"],["Frequency","Cycles per second, measured in hertz"],["Amplitude","Maximum displacement from equilibrium"],["Pendulum period","About 2 pi sqrt(L/g) for small swings"],["Wavelength","Distance between matching points on a wave"],["Wave speed","v = f times wavelength"],["Transverse wave","Vibration perpendicular to travel direction"],["Longitudinal wave","Vibration parallel to travel direction"],["Superposition","Waves add together where they overlap"],["Interference","Combining waves to reinforce or cancel"],["Standing wave","A pattern with fixed nodes and antinodes"],["Doppler effect","Change in observed frequency due to relative motion"],["Diffraction","Spreading of waves around obstacles or through openings"],["Refraction","Bending of waves when speed changes between media"],["Snell's law","n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2"],["Total internal reflection","Light fully reflects at a boundary beyond the critical angle"],["Converging lens","A lens that brings parallel rays together"],["Electric charge","A property causing electric force; positive or negative"],["Coulomb's law","Electric force between charges varies as q1q2/r^2"],["Electric field","Force per unit charge"],["Electric potential","Potential energy per unit charge, in volts"],["Capacitor","A device that stores charge and energy in an electric field"],["Current","Rate of flow of charge, in amperes"],["Resistance","Opposition to current, in ohms"],["Ohm's law","V = IR"],["Electric power","P = IV"],["Series circuit","Components in one path; same current"],["Parallel circuit","Components on separate branches; same voltage"],["Kirchhoff's junction rule","Current in equals current out at a junction"],["Kirchhoff's loop rule","Voltage changes around a closed loop sum to zero"],["Magnetic field","A region where moving charges or magnets feel force"],["Magnetic force on a charge","F = qvB sin theta"],["Faraday's law","A changing magnetic flux induces an emf"],["Lenz's law","Induced current opposes the change that caused it"],["Pressure","Force per unit area"],["Density","Mass per unit volume"],["Buoyant force","Upward force equal to the weight of displaced fluid"],["Bernoulli's principle","Faster fluid flow goes with lower pressure"],["Continuity equation","A1v1 = A2v2 for incompressible flow"],["Temperature","A measure of average kinetic energy of particles"],["Heat","Energy transferred due to temperature difference"],["Zeroth law of thermodynamics","Systems in thermal equilibrium with a third are in equilibrium with each other"],["First law of thermodynamics","Change in internal energy = heat added minus work done by the system"],["Second law of thermodynamics","Entropy of an isolated system never decreases"],["Heat engine","Converts heat into work"],["Ideal gas law","PV = nRT"],["Photoelectric effect","Light ejecting electrons from a metal, showing its particle nature"],["Photon","A packet of light energy, E = hf"],["Work function","Minimum energy to free an electron from a metal"],["de Broglie wavelength","Wavelength of a particle: h/p"],["Wave-particle duality","Matter and light show both wave and particle behavior"],["Energy levels","Atoms have only certain allowed energies"],["Emission spectrum","Light at specific wavelengths from excited atoms"],["Mass-energy equivalence","E = mc^2"],["Binding energy","Energy holding a nucleus together"],["Half-life","Time for half of a radioactive sample to decay"],["Fission","Splitting of a heavy nucleus"],["Fusion","Joining of light nuclei"],["Alpha decay","Emission of a helium nucleus"],["Beta decay","A neutron becomes a proton, emitting an electron and antineutrino"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-psychology","id":"tp-ap-psychology","title":"AP Psychology Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Psychology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Core vocabulary on the brain, learning, memory, development, personality and mental health.","tags":["ap","psychology"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Behaviorism","School of thought studying observable behavior"],["Cognitive psychology","Study of mental processes such as memory and thinking"],["Psychoanalytic perspective","Freud's view that unconscious drives shape behavior"],["Humanistic psychology","Focus on growth, free will and self-actualization"],["Biopsychology","Study of how biology influences behavior"],["Wilhelm Wundt","Founded the first psychology lab in 1879"],["Hypothesis","A testable prediction"],["Independent variable","The factor the researcher manipulates"],["Dependent variable","The outcome measured"],["Random assignment","Placing participants into groups by chance"],["Control group","Group not receiving the treatment"],["Double-blind study","Neither participants nor researchers know who gets the treatment"],["Placebo effect","Improvement due to expectation, not the treatment"],["Correlation","A relationship between two variables; does not prove cause"],["Correlation coefficient","A number from -1 to +1 showing strength and direction of relationship"],["Operational definition","A precise statement of how a variable is measured"],["Informed consent","Participants agree after learning what is involved"],["Neuron","A nerve cell"],["Dendrite","Receives signals into a neuron"],["Axon","Carries signals away from the cell body"],["Action potential","An electrical impulse along an axon"],["Synapse","The gap between neurons"],["Neurotransmitter","Chemical messenger sent across a synapse"],["Dopamine","Neurotransmitter linked to reward and movement"],["Serotonin","Neurotransmitter affecting mood, sleep and appetite"],["Acetylcholine","Neurotransmitter involved in muscles and memory"],["Endorphins","Natural pain relievers"],["Central nervous system","The brain and spinal cord"],["Peripheral nervous system","Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord"],["Sympathetic nervous system","Prepares the body for action"],["Parasympathetic nervous system","Calms the body"],["Hypothalamus","Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature and hormone release"],["Hippocampus","Forms new explicit memories"],["Amygdala","Processes fear and emotion"],["Cerebellum","Coordinates balance and movement"],["Frontal lobe","Planning, judgment and movement"],["Broca's area","Involved in producing speech"],["Wernicke's area","Involved in understanding language"],["Corpus callosum","Band of fibers connecting the brain's hemispheres"],["Neuroplasticity","The brain's ability to change through experience"],["Sensation","Detecting stimuli with sense organs"],["Perception","Interpreting sensory information"],["Absolute threshold","The smallest stimulus detected half the time"],["Just noticeable difference","The smallest change that can be detected"],["Sensory adaptation","Reduced response to unchanging stimuli"],["Gestalt principles","Rules for how we organize perceptions into wholes"],["Depth perception","Judging distance"],["Binocular cues","Depth cues that need both eyes"],["Bottom-up processing","Perception built from sensory details"],["Top-down processing","Perception guided by expectations"],["Circadian rhythm","The roughly 24-hour body clock"],["REM sleep","Sleep stage with vivid dreams and active brain"],["Consciousness","Awareness of ourselves and our surroundings"],["Classical conditioning","Learning by associating two stimuli"],["Unconditioned stimulus","Naturally triggers a response"],["Conditioned stimulus","Neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a response"],["Extinction","Fading of a learned response when the association stops"],["Operant conditioning","Learning through consequences"],["Reinforcement","Anything that increases a behavior"],["Punishment","Anything that decreases a behavior"],["Positive reinforcement","Adding something pleasant to increase behavior"],["Negative reinforcement","Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior"],["Variable-ratio schedule","Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses"],["Observational learning","Learning by watching others"],["Albert Bandura","Bobo doll studies on observational learning"],["Ivan Pavlov","Discovered classical conditioning using dogs"],["B.F. Skinner","Pioneer of operant conditioning"],["Encoding","Getting information into memory"],["Storage","Keeping information over time"],["Retrieval","Getting information out of memory"],["Working memory","Short-term memory used to process information"],["Explicit memory","Memory of facts and experiences you can state"],["Implicit memory","Memory shown through skills and habits"],["Mnemonic device","A memory aid"],["Spacing effect","Learning is better spread out than crammed"],["Retroactive interference","New learning disrupts old memories"],["Proactive interference","Old learning disrupts new memories"],["Anterograde amnesia","Inability to form new memories"],["Heuristic","A mental shortcut"],["Confirmation bias","Seeking information that supports existing beliefs"],["Functional fixedness","Seeing objects only in their usual uses"],["Algorithm","A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution"],["Intelligence quotient","Score derived from standardized intelligence tests"],["Reliability","Consistency of a test"],["Validity","Whether a test measures what it claims to"],["Standardization","Uniform procedures and norms for a test"],["Developmental psychology","Study of change across the lifespan"],["Piaget's stages","Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational"],["Object permanence","Knowing that things exist when not seen"],["Conservation","Understanding that amount stays the same despite shape change"],["Egocentrism","Difficulty seeing another person's viewpoint"],["Attachment","Emotional bond between infant and caregiver"],["Harlow's monkeys","Showed infants need comfort contact as well as food"],["Authoritative parenting","High warmth with firm limits"],["Erikson's stages","Eight psychosocial crises across life"],["Zone of proximal development","Tasks a child can do with help; Vygotsky's idea"],["Maslow's hierarchy","Needs from physiological to self-actualization"],["Intrinsic motivation","Doing something for its own enjoyment"],["Cannon-Bard theory","Emotion and body arousal occur at the same time"],["Cognitive dissonance","Discomfort when beliefs and actions conflict"],["Fundamental attribution error","Overestimating personality and underestimating situation when explaining others' behavior"],["Conformity","Adjusting behavior to fit a group"],["Bystander effect","People are less likely to help when others are present"],["Big Five traits","Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism"],["Id, ego, superego","Freud's three parts of personality"],["Defense mechanism","Unconscious strategy to reduce anxiety"],["Locus of control","Belief about whether outcomes come from inside or outside you"],["Psychological disorder","Patterns of thought or behavior that cause distress or impairment"],["Anxiety disorder","Excessive fear or worry"],["Mood disorder","Disturbance of emotion such as depression"],["Cognitive-behavioral therapy","Treatment changing unhelpful thoughts and behaviors"],["Psychotherapy","Treatment through talking with a trained professional"],["Antidepressant","Medication treating depression"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-statistics","id":"tp-ap-statistics","title":"AP Statistics Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Statistics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Data description, study design, probability and inference vocabulary.","tags":["ap","statistics"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Population","The entire group being studied"],["Sample","The part of the population actually measured"],["Parameter","A number describing a population"],["Statistic","A number describing a sample"],["Categorical variable","Places individuals into groups"],["Quantitative variable","Takes numerical values that can be measured or counted"],["Discrete variable","Takes countable values"],["Continuous variable","Takes any value in an interval"],["Bar graph","Shows counts or percentages for categories"],["Histogram","Bars showing how quantitative data are distributed"],["Dotplot","Each value shown as a dot above a number line"],["Boxplot","Display of the five-number summary"],["Five-number summary","Minimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum"],["Interquartile range","Q3 minus Q1"],["Outlier rule","Values beyond 1.5 times IQR from the quartiles"],["Mean","Sum of values divided by their number"],["Median","Middle value when ordered"],["Resistant measure","A statistic not strongly affected by outliers, like the median"],["Standard deviation","Typical distance of values from the mean"],["Variance","The square of the standard deviation"],["Skewed right","Long tail toward larger values; mean greater than median"],["Symmetric distribution","Both sides are mirror images"],["Z-score","How many standard deviations a value is from the mean"],["Normal distribution","Bell-shaped, symmetric distribution"],["Empirical rule","About 68, 95 and 99.7 percent within 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations"],["Percentile","Percent of values at or below a given value"],["Scatterplot","Graph of two quantitative variables"],["Correlation r","Measures strength and direction of a linear relationship, -1 to 1"],["Least-squares regression line","Line minimizing the sum of squared residuals"],["Residual","Actual value minus predicted value"],["Residual plot","Graph used to check if a linear model fits"],["Coefficient of determination","r squared, share of variation explained by the model"],["Slope","Predicted change in y for each one-unit increase in x"],["Extrapolation","Predicting outside the range of the data, which is risky"],["Influential point","A point that greatly changes the regression line"],["Lurking variable","An unmeasured variable influencing the relationship"],["Confounding","Effects of variables cannot be separated"],["Simple random sample","Every group of the chosen size is equally likely"],["Stratified random sample","Random samples from each subgroup"],["Cluster sample","Randomly choose groups and survey everyone in them"],["Systematic sample","Choose every kth individual"],["Convenience sample","Easy-to-reach individuals; likely biased"],["Voluntary response bias","Bias from people choosing to respond"],["Undercoverage","Some groups are left out of the sampling frame"],["Nonresponse bias","Selected individuals do not respond"],["Response bias","Answers distorted by question wording or situation"],["Observational study","Observes without assigning treatments"],["Experiment","Researchers impose treatments on subjects"],["Randomized block design","Group similar subjects into blocks, then randomize within blocks"],["Matched pairs design","Subjects paired or each used twice to compare treatments"],["Replication","Using enough subjects so results are reliable"],["Blinding","Hiding treatment information to reduce bias"],["Law of large numbers","Relative frequency approaches probability with more trials"],["Sample space","All possible outcomes"],["Complement rule","P(not A) = 1 - P(A)"],["Addition rule","P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)"],["Independent events","One does not change the probability of the other"],["Conditional probability","P(A | B) = P(A and B) / P(B)"],["Mutually exclusive","Events that cannot occur together"],["Random variable","A numerical outcome of a random process"],["Expected value","The long-run average of a random variable"],["Binomial setting","Fixed trials, two outcomes, independent, constant probability"],["Binomial mean","np"],["Binomial standard deviation","sqrt(np(1 - p))"],["Geometric distribution","Counts trials until the first success"],["Sampling distribution","Distribution of a statistic across all samples of a given size"],["Unbiased estimator","A statistic whose mean equals the parameter"],["Central limit theorem","Sample means become approximately normal as sample size grows"],["Standard error","Estimated standard deviation of a statistic"],["Margin of error","Critical value times the standard error"],["Confidence interval","A range of plausible values for a parameter"],["Confidence level","Long-run percent of intervals that capture the parameter"],["Null hypothesis","The claim of no effect or no difference"],["Alternative hypothesis","The claim tested for evidence"],["P-value","Probability of results at least as extreme as observed if the null is true"],["Significance level","Cutoff probability for rejecting the null, often 0.05"],["Type I error","Rejecting a true null hypothesis"],["Type II error","Failing to reject a false null hypothesis"],["Power","Probability of correctly rejecting a false null"],["One-sample z-test for proportion","Tests a claim about a population proportion"],["t-distribution","Used with sample standard deviation for means; heavier tails than normal"],["Degrees of freedom","Number of independent pieces of information"],["Two-sample t-test","Compares means of two independent groups"],["Paired t-test","Compares means within matched pairs"],["Chi-square goodness of fit","Tests whether counts match a claimed distribution"],["Chi-square test of independence","Tests association between two categorical variables"],["Expected count","Count predicted if the null is true"],["Inference for slope","t-test of the slope of a regression line"],["Conditions for inference","Random, independent (10 percent rule), and normal or large sample"],["10 percent condition","Sample should be under 10 percent of population for independence"],["Large counts condition","np and n(1-p) each at least 10"],["Statistical significance","Results unlikely to be due to chance alone"],["Causation conclusion","Only well-designed randomized experiments support causal claims"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-us-history","id":"tp-ap-us-history","title":"AP U.S. History Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP U.S. History","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Major people, laws, events and ideas from colonial times to the modern era.","tags":["ap","us-history"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Significance","cards":[["Columbian Exchange","Transfer of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the Old World after 1492"],["Encomienda system","Spanish grants of Native labor to colonists"],["Jamestown (1607)","First permanent English colony in North America"],["Headright system","Land grants to colonists who paid for passage, used in Virginia"],["House of Burgesses","Virginia's elected assembly, begun 1619"],["Mayflower Compact (1620)","Agreement by Plymouth settlers to govern by consent"],["Puritans","Reformers who settled Massachusetts Bay seeking a purified church"],["Roger Williams","Founded Rhode Island on religious tolerance"],["Mercantilism","Economic idea that colonies exist to enrich the mother country"],["Navigation Acts","English laws controlling colonial trade"],["Middle Passage","The forced sea voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas"],["Great Awakening","18th-century religious revival"],["Salutary neglect","British policy of lax enforcement of colonial rules"],["Seven Years' War","War ending 1763 that expelled France from mainland North America"],["Proclamation of 1763","British ban on colonial settlement west of the Appalachians"],["Stamp Act (1765)","Direct tax on printed items that provoked 'no taxation without representation'"],["Boston Tea Party (1773)","Protest destroying tea in Boston Harbor"],["Intolerable Acts","Punitive laws after the Tea Party"],["Common Sense","1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence"],["Declaration of Independence","1776 statement of colonial rights and separation from Britain"],["Articles of Confederation","First US government; weak central power"],["Northwest Ordinance (1787)","Set up governance of western lands and banned slavery there"],["Shays' Rebellion","1786 farmers' uprising that revealed weakness of the Articles"],["Constitutional Convention","1787 meeting that wrote the Constitution"],["Great Compromise","Two-house Congress: equal Senate, population-based House"],["Three-Fifths Compromise","Counted enslaved people as three-fifths for representation"],["Federalists","Supporters of ratifying the Constitution"],["Anti-Federalists","Opponents who feared strong central power and wanted a bill of rights"],["Federalist Papers","Essays arguing for ratification"],["Bill of Rights","The first ten amendments, ratified 1791"],["Hamilton's financial plan","Federal assumption of state debts, a national bank and tariffs"],["Jay's Treaty","1794 treaty easing tensions with Britain"],["Alien and Sedition Acts","1798 laws restricting immigrants and criticism of the government"],["Marbury v. Madison","1803 case establishing judicial review"],["Louisiana Purchase","1803 purchase of territory from France, doubling the nation's size"],["War of 1812","Conflict with Britain that boosted national identity"],["Monroe Doctrine","1823 warning against European colonization in the Americas"],["Market Revolution","Early 1800s changes in transport, manufacturing and trade"],["Erie Canal","1825 waterway linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic"],["Cotton gin","Invention that made cotton very profitable and entrenched slavery"],["Jacksonian democracy","Expansion of white male voting and the common man's politics"],["Indian Removal Act (1830)","Law leading to forced relocation of Native nations"],["Trail of Tears","Forced march of Cherokee and others to Indian Territory"],["Second Great Awakening","Religious revival that fueled reform movements"],["Seneca Falls Convention (1848)","First major women's rights convention"],["Manifest Destiny","Belief that the US was meant to expand across the continent"],["Mexican-American War","1846-48 war that gave the US the Southwest and California"],["Missouri Compromise (1820)","Admitted Missouri as slave, Maine as free; set a line at 36 30"],["Compromise of 1850","Package including California as free state and a stronger fugitive slave law"],["Kansas-Nebraska Act","1854 law letting settlers decide on slavery, reigniting conflict"],["Dred Scott decision (1857)","Ruling that Black people could not be citizens"],["Emancipation Proclamation","1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held areas"],["Gettysburg","1863 battle that turned the war toward the Union"],["Reconstruction","Post-Civil War effort to rebuild the South and define freedom"],["13th Amendment","Abolished slavery"],["14th Amendment","Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection"],["15th Amendment","Barred denying the vote because of race"],["Freedmen's Bureau","Agency aiding formerly enslaved people"],["Black Codes","Southern laws restricting freed people's rights"],["Sharecropping","Farming a landowner's land for a share of the crop"],["Compromise of 1877","Ended Reconstruction as federal troops left the South"],["Jim Crow laws","Southern laws enforcing racial segregation"],["Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)","Upheld 'separate but equal'"],["Homestead Act (1862)","Gave settlers western land for farming"],["Transcontinental Railroad","Completed 1869, linking East and West"],["Gilded Age","Late 1800s era of rapid growth and visible inequality"],["Robber barons","Critics' name for ruthless industrial magnates"],["Sherman Antitrust Act","1890 law against monopolies"],["Populist Party","1890s farmers' party seeking reforms"],["Dawes Act (1887)","Broke up tribal lands into individual plots"],["Progressive Era","Reform period around 1900-1920"],["Muckrakers","Journalists exposing corruption and abuses"],["The Jungle","Upton Sinclair's novel that prompted food safety laws"],["Spanish-American War (1898)","Brought the US overseas territories like the Philippines and Puerto Rico"],["Open Door policy","US stance favoring equal trade access in China"],["World War I","1914-18 conflict the US joined in 1917"],["Treaty of Versailles","1919 peace treaty that the US Senate did not ratify"],["19th Amendment","1920 ratification giving women the vote"],["Great Migration","Movement of Black Americans from the South to northern cities"],["Harlem Renaissance","1920s flowering of Black art and literature"],["Scopes Trial (1925)","Trial over teaching evolution in Tennessee"],["Stock market crash of 1929","Start of the Great Depression"],["New Deal","Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery and reform programs"],["Social Security Act (1935)","Created old-age pensions and unemployment insurance"],["Dust Bowl","1930s Plains drought and erosion that drove farm migration"],["Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)","Attack that brought the US into World War II"],["Japanese American internment","Wartime confinement of people of Japanese ancestry"],["Manhattan Project","Secret program to build atomic weapons"],["GI Bill","Postwar benefits for veterans including education and housing"],["Containment","Cold War policy of stopping the spread of communism"],["Truman Doctrine","1947 pledge to aid nations resisting communism"],["Marshall Plan","US aid to rebuild Western Europe"],["NATO","1949 Western military alliance"],["Korean War","1950-53 conflict ending in stalemate"],["McCarthyism","Accusations of communism without solid proof in the 1950s"],["Brown v. Board of Education (1954)","Ruled school segregation unconstitutional"],["Montgomery Bus Boycott","1955-56 protest launching the modern civil rights movement"],["Civil Rights Act of 1964","Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment"],["Voting Rights Act of 1965","Stopped discriminatory voting practices"],["Great Society","Lyndon Johnson's domestic program including Medicare"],["Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)","Standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba"],["Vietnam War","Long Cold War conflict dividing Americans"],["Watergate","1970s scandal leading to Nixon's resignation"],["Reagan Revolution","1980s push for lower taxes, less regulation and a larger military"],["End of the Cold War","Soviet Union dissolved in 1991"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-world-history","id":"tp-ap-world-history","title":"AP World History Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP World History","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Empires, trade networks, revolutions and global change from 1200 to today.","tags":["ap","world-history"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Significance","cards":[["Silk Roads","Overland and sea trade routes linking Asia, Africa and Europe"],["Dar al-Islam","The Islamic world, a zone of shared religion and trade"],["Abbasid Caliphate","Islamic empire (750-1258) centered at Baghdad, known for learning"],["House of Wisdom","Baghdad center for translating and advancing knowledge"],["Mongol Empire","Largest land empire; linked Eurasia under Genghis Khan and successors"],["Pax Mongolica","Relative safety for trade across Mongol lands"],["Bubonic plague","Black Death spread along trade routes in the 1300s"],["Song dynasty","Chinese dynasty with advances in printing, gunpowder and paper money"],["Neo-Confucianism","Revival of Confucian thought blended with Buddhist and Daoist ideas"],["Ming dynasty","Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that sent Zheng He's voyages"],["Zheng He","Ming admiral who led large treasure fleets across the Indian Ocean"],["Tang dynasty","Chinese dynasty known for prosperity and Buddhism"],["Grand Canal","Waterway linking northern and southern China"],["Feudalism","System of land held in exchange for loyalty and service"],["Manorialism","Medieval economic system built on self-sufficient estates"],["Byzantine Empire","Eastern Roman Empire centered on Constantinople"],["Crusades","Religious wars between European Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land"],["Renaissance","European revival of classical learning and art from the 1300s"],["Printing press","Mid-1400s invention that spread ideas faster"],["Protestant Reformation","1500s movement challenging Catholic authority"],["Martin Luther","German monk whose Ninety-five Theses began the Reformation"],["Mali Empire","West African empire rich from gold and salt trade"],["Mansa Musa","Mali emperor famed for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324"],["Timbuktu","Trading and learning center in West Africa"],["Swahili Coast","East African trading cities linking Africa to the Indian Ocean"],["Great Zimbabwe","Southern African stone city and trading center"],["Aztec Empire","Mesoamerican empire centered at Tenochtitlan"],["Inca Empire","Andean empire known for roads and terrace farming"],["Mit'a system","Inca labor obligation to the state"],["Ottoman Empire","Islamic empire that took Constantinople in 1453"],["Safavid Empire","Persian empire that made Shia Islam its state religion"],["Mughal Empire","Muslim-ruled empire in South Asia from 1526"],["Akbar","Mughal ruler noted for religious tolerance"],["Tokugawa shogunate","Japanese military rule (1603-1868) with limited foreign contact"],["Atlantic slave trade","Forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas"],["Triangular trade","Trade linking Europe, Africa and the Americas"],["Joint-stock company","Business owned by investors who share risk, like the Dutch East India Company"],["Mercantilism","Policy of building national wealth through exports and colonies"],["Scientific Revolution","16th-17th century shift to evidence-based study of nature"],["Enlightenment","18th-century movement stressing reason and individual rights"],["Absolutism","A monarch holds total authority"],["Louis XIV","French king who embodied absolutism"],["Peter the Great","Russian tsar who Westernized his country"],["American Revolution","Colonial independence movement of 1775-1783"],["French Revolution","1789 upheaval that ended the old order in France"],["Haitian Revolution","Successful enslaved people's revolt that created Haiti in 1804"],["Simon Bolivar","Leader of independence movements in northern South America"],["Napoleon Bonaparte","French emperor who spread revolutionary ideas by conquest"],["Nationalism","Loyalty to one's nation and its self-rule"],["Industrial Revolution","Shift to machine and factory production beginning in Britain"],["Capitalism","Economic system of private ownership and markets"],["Socialism","System favoring shared or state ownership of production"],["Karl Marx","Thinker who wrote The Communist Manifesto, criticizing capitalism"],["Urbanization","Growth of cities"],["Imperialism","Building empires by conquering or dominating other lands"],["Berlin Conference (1884-85)","Meeting where European powers set rules for dividing Africa"],["Opium Wars","19th-century conflicts forcing China to open to trade"],["Taiping Rebellion","Massive 1850-64 uprising against Qing rule"],["Meiji Restoration","1868 modernization of Japan under the emperor"],["Sepoy Rebellion (1857)","Uprising against British East India Company rule in India"],["Suez Canal","1869 waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas"],["Abolition","Ending slavery; widespread across empires in the 1800s"],["Boxer Rebellion","Chinese uprising against foreign influence around 1900"],["World War I","1914-18 global conflict that ended four empires"],["Russian Revolution (1917)","Overthrow of the tsar, leading to Soviet rule"],["Great Depression","1930s worldwide economic collapse"],["Fascism","Authoritarian ultranationalist political movement"],["World War II","1939-45 global war"],["Holocaust","Nazi genocide of six million Jews and others"],["United Nations","International body founded 1945"],["Cold War","Rivalry between the US and USSR after 1945"],["Chinese Revolution (1949)","Communist victory led by Mao Zedong"],["Decolonization","Colonies gaining independence after 1945"],["Indian independence (1947)","End of British rule and partition into India and Pakistan"],["Mahatma Gandhi","Leader of nonviolent resistance in India"],["Non-Aligned Movement","Nations avoiding alliance with either Cold War bloc"],["Green Revolution","Mid-20th century agricultural advances raising crop yields"],["Apartheid","South Africa's system of legal racial segregation"],["Nelson Mandela","Anti-apartheid leader who became South Africa's president in 1994"],["Globalization","Growing worldwide connection of economies and cultures"],["Migration","Movement of people across regions, a major theme in world history"],["Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)","Spain-Portugal agreement dividing newly found lands"],["Columbian Exchange","Trade of crops, animals and diseases across the Atlantic"],["Hajj","Pilgrimage to Mecca"],["Sufism","Mystical tradition in Islam that helped spread the faith"],["Bhakti movement","Devotional Hindu movement stressing personal love of god"],["Caravel","Light, maneuverable ship used by Portuguese explorers"],["Gunpowder empires","Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal states that used cannons"],["Devshirme","Ottoman practice of recruiting boys for the army and government"],["Millet system","Ottoman system giving religious communities self-government"],["Qing dynasty","Last Chinese imperial dynasty (1644-1912)"],["Sati and reform","Reformers in 19th-century India campaigned against the custom of widow burning"],["Tanzimat","Ottoman reforms of the 1800s to modernize the state"],["Zionism","Movement for a Jewish homeland, emerging in the late 1800s"],["Pan-Africanism","Movement for unity among people of African descent"],["Genocide","Deliberate destruction of a national or ethnic group"],["Non-state actors","Groups like corporations or movements that act across borders without being governments"],["European Union","Economic and political union of European countries"],["OPEC","Organization of oil-exporting countries formed 1960"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-aviation-terms","id":"tp-aviation-terms","title":"Aviation Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Aviation","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of an airplane, forces of flight, instruments and radio words.","tags":["aviation","flight","pilot"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Lift","Upward force from air moving over the wings"],["Weight","Downward force from gravity"],["Thrust","Forward force from the engine or propeller"],["Drag","Backward force from air resistance"],["Four forces of flight","Lift, weight, thrust and drag"],["Bernoulli's principle","Faster air has lower pressure, contributing to lift"],["Angle of attack","Angle between the wing and the oncoming air"],["Stall","Wing loses lift when the angle of attack is too high"],["Airfoil","Shape of a wing designed to produce lift"],["Fuselage","Main body of the airplane"],["Wing","Surface that produces lift"],["Empennage","The tail section"],["Vertical stabilizer","Fin that keeps the airplane straight"],["Horizontal stabilizer","Tail surface that keeps the nose from pitching"],["Rudder","Control surface that yaws the nose left or right"],["Elevator","Control surface that pitches the nose up or down"],["Aileron","Control surface on the wings that rolls the airplane"],["Flaps","Wing surfaces that increase lift and drag for slow flight"],["Slats","Leading-edge devices that help lift at low speeds"],["Spoiler","Surface that disrupts lift and slows the aircraft"],["Trim tab","Small surface that reduces control pressure"],["Landing gear","Wheels and supports for takeoff and landing"],["Tricycle gear","Landing gear with a nose wheel and two main wheels"],["Propeller","Rotating blades that pull the aircraft through the air"],["Turbine engine","Engine using compressed air and burning fuel to create thrust"],["Jet engine","Engine producing thrust by expelling exhaust"],["Cockpit","Area where the pilots sit"],["Yoke","Control wheel used to steer the airplane"],["Control stick","Control lever that serves the same role as a yoke"],["Rudder pedals","Foot controls for the rudder"],["Throttle","Control for engine power"],["Pitch","Nose up or nose down movement"],["Roll","Tilting the wings side to side"],["Yaw","Nose moving left or right"],["Altitude","Height above sea level or ground"],["Altimeter","Instrument showing altitude"],["Airspeed indicator","Instrument showing speed through the air"],["Attitude indicator","Instrument showing the aircraft's orientation relative to the horizon"],["Heading indicator","Instrument showing the direction the aircraft points"],["Vertical speed indicator","Shows climb or descent rate"],["Turn coordinator","Instrument showing rate of turn and coordination"],["Compass","Magnetic direction instrument"],["Six-pack","The classic six flight instruments"],["Transponder","Device that identifies the aircraft to radar"],["GPS","Satellite navigation system"],["Autopilot","System that flies the aircraft automatically"],["VFR","Visual flight rules"],["IFR","Instrument flight rules"],["Visibility","How far a pilot can see"],["Ceiling","Height of the lowest broken or overcast cloud layer"],["Turbulence","Irregular air movement causing bumps"],["Crosswind","Wind blowing across the runway"],["Headwind","Wind blowing against the direction of flight"],["Tailwind","Wind blowing from behind"],["Windsock","Cone showing wind direction and strength"],["Density altitude","Altitude adjusted for temperature and pressure; affects performance"],["Runway","Strip for takeoff and landing"],["Taxiway","Path for aircraft moving between runways and parking"],["Apron (ramp)","Parking area for aircraft"],["Hangar","Building for storing aircraft"],["Control tower","Facility directing aircraft at an airport"],["ATC","Air traffic control"],["Takeoff","Leaving the ground"],["Climb","Gaining altitude"],["Cruise","Level flight at a steady altitude"],["Descent","Losing altitude"],["Approach","Flight path toward a runway"],["Landing","Returning the aircraft to the ground"],["Go-around","Aborting a landing to try again"],["Rotate","Raise the nose at takeoff speed"],["Flare","Raising the nose just before touchdown"],["Touch-and-go","Landing and taking off again without stopping"],["Traffic pattern","Standard path flown around an airport"],["Preflight inspection","Checking the aircraft before flying"],["Checklist","List of required steps to follow"],["Flight plan","Details of a planned flight filed with authorities"],["NOTAM","Notice to air missions about hazards or changes"],["METAR","Coded weather report for an airport"],["Phonetic alphabet","Alpha, Bravo, Charlie... used to spell on the radio"],["Mayday","Radio call for a life-threatening emergency"],["Pan-pan","Radio call for urgent but not immediately life-threatening trouble"],["Roger","Message received"],["Wilco","Will comply"],["Squawk","Setting a transponder code"],["Knot","One nautical mile per hour"],["Nautical mile","About 1.15 statute miles"],["Mach","Speed relative to the speed of sound"],["Pilot certificate","License authorizing someone to fly"],["Private pilot","Certificate for flying for personal purposes"],["Commercial pilot","Certificate allowing flying for pay"],["Co-pilot (first officer)","Second pilot in command structure"],["Captain","Pilot in command of a large aircraft"],["Flight attendant","Crew member responsible for passenger safety"],["Black box","Flight recorders storing data and cockpit audio; actually bright orange"],["FAA","Federal Aviation Administration"],["Glider","Aircraft without an engine that soars on rising air"],["Helicopter","Aircraft lifted by rotating blades"],["Rotor","Spinning blade assembly on a helicopter"],["Drone (UAS)","Unmanned aircraft system"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-business-terms","id":"tp-business-terms","title":"Business Basics Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Business","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Everyday terms for starting, running and understanding a business.","tags":["business","management"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Entrepreneur","A person who starts and runs a business and takes the risk"],["Startup","A young company building a new product or service"],["Business plan","Written description of a business's goals and how it will reach them"],["Mission statement","A short statement of a company's purpose"],["Vision statement","A description of what a company hopes to become"],["SWOT analysis","Reviewing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats"],["Sole proprietorship","A business owned and run by one person"],["Partnership","A business owned by two or more people"],["Corporation","A legal entity separate from its owners"],["LLC","Limited liability company, protecting owners' personal assets"],["Shareholder","Owner of shares in a corporation"],["Stock","A share of ownership in a company"],["Dividend","A payment of company profit to shareholders"],["Board of directors","Group elected by shareholders to oversee a company"],["CEO","Chief executive officer, the top manager"],["CFO","Chief financial officer"],["Franchise","A license to run a business under a larger brand"],["Nonprofit","An organization whose surplus goes to its mission, not owners"],["Revenue","Money a business earns from sales"],["Profit","Revenue minus costs"],["Profit margin","Profit as a percent of revenue"],["Overhead","Ongoing costs not tied directly to a product"],["Fixed cost","A cost that stays the same regardless of output"],["Variable cost","A cost that changes with output"],["Break-even point","Sales level where revenue equals total costs"],["Cash flow","Money moving in and out of a business"],["Budget","A plan for expected income and spending"],["Capital","Money or assets used to run or grow a business"],["Venture capital","Investment in young companies with growth potential"],["Angel investor","A wealthy individual who invests in startups"],["Crowdfunding","Raising small amounts from many people"],["Bootstrapping","Funding a business from its own revenue or savings"],["Equity","Ownership value in a company"],["Debt","Money owed"],["Asset","Something of value the business owns"],["Liability","Something the business owes"],["Supply chain","The network moving goods from producers to customers"],["Inventory","Goods held for sale or production"],["Just-in-time","Receiving goods only when they are needed"],["Outsourcing","Hiring outside firms to do work"],["Vendor","A seller of goods or services to a business"],["Wholesale","Selling goods in bulk to retailers"],["Retail","Selling goods directly to consumers"],["E-commerce","Buying and selling online"],["Monopoly","One firm controls a market"],["Competitive advantage","What lets a company outperform rivals"],["Market share","A company's percent of total sales in a market"],["Brand","The name, look and reputation of a product or company"],["Value proposition","The promise of value a customer will get"],["Niche","A specialized segment of a market"],["Target market","The group of customers a business aims to serve"],["Merger","Two companies combining into one"],["Acquisition","One company buying another"],["Initial public offering (IPO)","First sale of stock to the public"],["Public company","A company whose shares trade on a stock exchange"],["Private company","A company whose shares are not publicly traded"],["Bankruptcy","Legal process for people or firms unable to pay debts"],["Insolvency","Inability to pay debts when due"],["Liquidation","Selling off assets to pay debts"],["Audit","Independent examination of financial records"],["Compliance","Following laws and regulations"],["Ethics","Principles of right and wrong in business conduct"],["Corporate social responsibility","A company's duty to act for society's benefit"],["Stakeholder","Anyone affected by or interested in a company"],["Human resources","The function managing hiring, pay and employee matters"],["Onboarding","Helping new employees join and learn their jobs"],["Performance review","Evaluation of an employee's work"],["Delegation","Assigning tasks to others"],["Organizational chart","Diagram of who reports to whom"],["Span of control","Number of people a manager directs"],["Leadership","Guiding and motivating people toward goals"],["Autocratic leadership","Leader makes decisions alone"],["Democratic leadership","Leader involves the team in decisions"],["Motivation","The drive to act toward a goal"],["Productivity","Output per unit of input"],["Efficiency","Producing results with little waste"],["Quality control","Checking that products meet standards"],["Lean manufacturing","Eliminating waste in production"],["Six Sigma","A method to reduce defects and variation"],["Kaizen","Continuous small improvements"],["Key performance indicator (KPI)","A measurable value showing progress toward a goal"],["Return on investment (ROI)","Gain from an investment relative to its cost"],["Scalability","Ability to grow without a matching rise in cost"],["Pivot","A major change in business strategy"],["Minimum viable product","The simplest version of a product that tests an idea"],["B2B","Business-to-business sales"],["B2C","Business-to-consumer sales"],["Contract","A legally binding agreement"],["Invoice","A bill sent for goods or services provided"],["Procurement","The process of buying goods or services for a business"],["Benchmarking","Comparing performance to the best in the field"],["Globalization","Business activity across national borders"],["Tariff","A tax on imported goods"],["Exchange rate","The price of one currency in another"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-citation-styles","id":"tp-citation-styles","title":"Citation Styles and Research Writing","category":"test-prep","subject":"Research Writing","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"How MLA, APA and Chicago work, plus the vocabulary of citing sources.","tags":["citation","mla","apa","chicago","writing"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Citation","A reference to the source of information or ideas you use"],["Bibliography","A list of sources consulted for a work"],["Annotated bibliography","A source list with a short summary and evaluation of each entry"],["Works Cited","MLA's list of sources actually cited"],["References","APA's list of sources cited"],["In-text citation","A brief reference inside the text pointing to the full source"],["Footnote","A note at the bottom of the page giving a source or comment"],["Endnote","A note collected at the end of a chapter or paper"],["MLA","Modern Language Association style, common in the humanities"],["APA","American Psychological Association style, common in social sciences"],["Chicago style","Style with notes-bibliography and author-date forms, common in history"],["Turabian","A student version of Chicago style"],["IEEE style","Numbered citation style used in engineering and computing"],["AMA style","American Medical Association style, used in medicine"],["MLA in-text format","Author's last name and page number, like (Smith 45)"],["APA in-text format","Author's last name and year, like (Smith, 2020)"],["Chicago notes format","A superscript number linking to a footnote"],["Hanging indent","Reference entries where the first line is flush left and later lines are indented"],["Alphabetical order","Reference lists are usually sorted by author's last name"],["Title case","Capitalizing major words in a title"],["Sentence case","Capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns in a title"],["Italicize book titles","Long works such as books and journals are italicized"],["Quotation marks for articles","Short works such as articles and poems go in quotation marks"],["DOI","Digital object identifier, a stable link to a scholarly work"],["URL","The web address of an online source"],["Access date","Date you viewed an online source, used where required"],["Et al.","Latin for 'and others', used for works with many authors"],["Ibid.","Latin for 'in the same place', used in some note styles"],["Direct quotation","Using an author's exact words, in quotation marks"],["Paraphrase","Restating an idea in your own words, still with a citation"],["Summary","A shorter version of the main points of a source, with a citation"],["Block quotation","A long quote set apart in an indented block"],["Ellipsis","Three dots showing omitted words in a quotation"],["Brackets in quotations","Used to add or change words within a quote"],["Plagiarism","Using someone else's words or ideas without credit"],["Common knowledge","Widely known facts that usually need no citation"],["Primary source","Original evidence from the time, like a letter or data"],["Secondary source","Analysis or interpretation of primary sources"],["Tertiary source","A summary of other sources, like an encyclopedia"],["Scholarly source","Work written by experts and reviewed by peers"],["Peer review","Evaluation of a work by other experts before publication"],["Credibility","How trustworthy a source is"],["CRAAP test","Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose: a checklist for sources"],["Thesis statement","A sentence stating the main argument of a paper"],["Abstract","A short summary of a paper"],["Literature review","A survey of existing research on a topic"],["Research question","The question a paper sets out to answer"],["Annotation","A note explaining or commenting on a source"],["Database","An organized collection of articles and records"],["Keyword search","Searching by important words"],["Boolean operators","AND, OR and NOT used to combine search terms"],["Citation generator","A tool that formats citations; always check the results"],["MLA 9 core elements","Author, title, container, contributors, version, number, publisher, date, location"],["Container (MLA)","The larger work holding a source, like a journal or website"],["APA 7 title page","Title, author, affiliation, course, instructor and date"],["Running head","A shortened title at the top of pages"],["Header","Text at the top of each page, often a name and page number"],["Double spacing","Standard line spacing in academic papers"],["Font choices","Commonly 12-point Times New Roman or similar readable fonts"],["Margins","Typically one inch on all sides"],["Page numbers","Placed in the header in most styles"],["Appendix","Extra material placed at the end of a paper"],["Parenthetical citation","A citation in parentheses"],["Signal phrase","Words introducing a quotation, like 'According to Smith'"],["Attribution","Giving credit to the source of a statement"],["Fair use","Limited use of copyrighted material for purposes like education"],["Copyright","Legal protection of an author's original work"],["Public domain","Works no longer under copyright"],["Creative Commons","Licenses allowing sharing under stated conditions"],["Ghostwriting","Having someone else write work you present as yours"],["Self-plagiarism","Reusing your own previous work without disclosure"],["Patchwriting","Altering a source's words only slightly, which is still plagiarism"],["Works Consulted","Sources used for background but not cited"],["Secondary citation","Citing a source you read about in another source, noted as 'as cited in'"],["Anonymous author","Begin the entry with the title when no author is listed"],["Corporate author","An organization listed as the author"],["Edition","A particular published version of a book"],["Volume","One book in a multi-part work or journal year"],["Issue","One numbered release of a journal"],["Pagination","Page numbers of a work"],["Publisher","The company that makes a work public"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-college-psychology","id":"tp-college-psychology","title":"Intro College Psychology Concepts","category":"test-prep","subject":"Psychology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Classic studies, theories and ideas from an introductory psychology course.","tags":["psychology","college"],"frontLabel":"Concept","backLabel":"Explanation","cards":[["Milgram obedience study","Participants often followed instructions from an authority figure even when uncomfortable"],["Stanford prison experiment","Study of how assigned roles shape behavior; its methods are widely criticized"],["Asch conformity","People often give wrong answers to match a group"],["Bystander intervention","Helping drops when more witnesses are present"],["Diffusion of responsibility","Individuals feel less personally responsible in groups"],["Social loafing","People put in less effort in a group"],["Groupthink","Group desire for harmony overrides critical thinking"],["Social facilitation","Presence of others improves performance on easy tasks"],["Foot-in-the-door","Agreeing to a small request makes a larger one more likely"],["Door-in-the-face","A refused large request makes a smaller one more likely to be accepted"],["Self-serving bias","Taking credit for successes and blaming outside forces for failures"],["Just-world hypothesis","Belief that people get what they deserve"],["Halo effect","One good trait colors judgment of the whole person"],["Stereotype","A generalized belief about a group"],["Prejudice","An unjustified attitude toward a group"],["Discrimination","Unfair behavior toward a group"],["Implicit bias","Unconscious attitudes that affect judgments"],["Contact hypothesis","Positive contact between groups can reduce prejudice"],["Attribution theory","How people explain causes of behavior"],["Mere exposure effect","Liking something more with repeated exposure"],["Reciprocity norm","Tendency to return favors"],["Self-fulfilling prophecy","An expectation that causes itself to come true"],["Pygmalion effect","Higher expectations lead to better performance"],["Spotlight effect","Overestimating how much others notice us"],["Illusion of control","Believing we influence chance events"],["Sunk cost fallacy","Continuing because of past investment"],["Availability heuristic","Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind"],["Anchoring","Over-relying on the first piece of information"],["Framing effect","Choices differ depending on how options are presented"],["Dunning-Kruger effect","People with low skill may overestimate their ability"],["Hindsight bias","Believing an event was predictable after it happened"],["Overconfidence","Being more sure of judgments than accuracy justifies"],["Representativeness heuristic","Judging by how closely something matches a typical example"],["Schema","A mental framework organizing knowledge"],["Assimilation","Fitting new information into existing schemas"],["Accommodation","Changing schemas to fit new information"],["Theory of mind","Understanding that others have different thoughts and beliefs"],["Critical period","Window when experience has the greatest effect on development"],["Imprinting","Rapid attachment to the first moving object seen"],["Strange Situation","Ainsworth's test of infant attachment types"],["Secure attachment","Infant uses a caregiver as a safe base"],["Kohlberg's moral stages","Preconventional, conventional and postconventional reasoning"],["Identity vs. role confusion","Erikson's adolescent task of forming a sense of self"],["Emerging adulthood","Period roughly ages 18-25 of exploring identity"],["Nature vs. nurture","Debate over genes versus environment"],["Heritability","The share of variation in a trait in a group that is due to genetic differences"],["Twin study","Compares identical and fraternal twins to separate genes and environment"],["Epigenetics","Environmental effects on gene activity without changing DNA"],["Temperament","Inborn emotional reactivity"],["Reticular formation","Brain structure controlling alertness"],["Thalamus","Sensory relay station"],["Limbic system","Brain circuits for emotion and memory"],["Prefrontal cortex","Area for planning, judgment and self-control"],["Phineas Gage","Railroad worker whose injury showed frontal lobe roles in personality"],["Split brain","Severing the corpus callosum affects communication between hemispheres"],["Lateralization","Different functions in each hemisphere"],["Mirror neurons","Neurons that fire both when acting and when watching others act"],["Blind spot","Spot on the retina with no receptors"],["Rods and cones","Retinal cells for dim light and for color"],["Trichromatic theory","Color vision from three receptor types"],["Opponent-process theory","Color perception through opposing pairs"],["Place theory","Pitch is determined by where on the cochlea the wave peaks"],["Gate-control theory","Pain signals can be blocked at the spinal cord"],["Signal detection theory","How we detect faint stimuli amid noise"],["Selective attention","Focusing on one stimulus"],["Inattentional blindness","Failing to notice an unexpected object while focused elsewhere"],["Change blindness","Failing to notice changes in a scene"],["Cocktail party effect","Hearing your name in a noisy room"],["Stages of sleep","Light sleep, deep sleep, and REM, cycling through the night"],["Hypnosis","A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility"],["Habituation","Decreased response to repeated stimulus"],["Latent learning","Learning that is not shown until needed"],["Learned helplessness","Giving up after repeated uncontrollable events"],["Taste aversion","Avoiding a food linked with sickness; learned in one try"],["Shaping","Reinforcing steps toward a target behavior"],["Spontaneous recovery","Return of an extinguished response after rest"],["Generalization","Responding similarly to similar stimuli"],["Discrimination (learning)","Responding only to specific stimuli"],["Flashbulb memory","Vivid memory of an emotional event"],["Serial position effect","Remembering first and last items best"],["Chunking","Grouping information into units"],["Levels of processing","Deeper thinking leads to stronger memory"],["Method of loci","Memory technique linking items to places"],["Misinformation effect","Memory distorted by later information"],["Source amnesia","Forgetting where information was learned"],["Tip-of-the-tongue","Feeling that a word is known but not recalled"],["Context-dependent memory","Easier recall in the setting where learning happened"],["Ebbinghaus forgetting curve","Forgetting is fastest soon after learning"],["Linguistic relativity","The idea that language shapes thought"],["Fluid intelligence","Ability to reason and solve new problems"],["Crystallized intelligence","Accumulated knowledge and skills"],["Multiple intelligences","Gardner's proposal of several distinct kinds of intelligence"],["Flynn effect","Rising average test scores over generations"],["Yerkes-Dodson law","Performance is best at moderate arousal"],["Drive-reduction theory","Behavior is motivated to reduce internal tension"],["Set point theory","Body tends to maintain a particular weight"],["Self-determination theory","Motivation depends on autonomy, competence and relatedness"],["Display rules","Cultural norms for showing emotion"],["Stress response","Alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages in Selye's model"],["Eustress","Positive, motivating stress"],["Coping","Efforts to manage stress"],["Locus of control","Belief about whether control lies within or outside oneself"],["Positive psychology","Study of strengths and well-being"],["Flow","Being fully absorbed in an activity"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-driving-rules","id":"tp-driving-rules","title":"Driver's License Topics: Signs and Rules","category":"test-prep","subject":"Driving","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"General road signs, signals and safe-driving rules. Details such as speed limits and fines vary by state; check your state's driver manual.","tags":["driving","road-signs","safety"],"frontLabel":"Sign or rule","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Octagon, red","Stop sign: come to a full stop"],["Triangle pointing down, red and white","Yield: slow down and give way"],["Circle with slash","Prohibition: whatever is shown is not allowed"],["Yellow diamond","Warning of a hazard or change ahead"],["Orange diamond or rectangle","Construction or work zone warning"],["Pentagon, yellow-green","School zone or school crossing"],["Round, yellow with an X","Railroad crossing ahead"],["Crossbuck","Railroad crossing; yield to trains"],["White rectangle","Regulatory sign, such as a speed limit"],["Green sign","Guide information such as directions and distances"],["Blue sign","Services such as gas, food or lodging; or hospital"],["Brown sign","Recreational or cultural area"],["Do Not Enter","Do not drive in this direction"],["Wrong Way","You are driving against traffic"],["One Way","Traffic moves only in the direction of the arrow"],["Merge","Lanes join; adjust speed and take turns safely"],["Slippery When Wet","Road may be slick; slow down"],["Divided highway begins","Opposing traffic will be separated by a median"],["Pedestrian crossing","People may cross; be ready to stop"],["No passing zone","Do not pass other vehicles here"],["Double solid yellow line","No passing in either direction"],["Solid white line","Lane change is discouraged or prohibited"],["Broken white line","Lane changes allowed when safe"],["Dashed yellow line on your side","Passing allowed when it is safe"],["Red light","Stop and wait behind the line"],["Yellow light","Signal is about to turn red; stop if you can do so safely"],["Green light","Go, after yielding to vehicles and pedestrians still in the intersection"],["Flashing red light","Treat as a stop sign"],["Flashing yellow light","Proceed with caution"],["Green arrow","You may turn in the arrow's direction; oncoming traffic is stopped"],["Red arrow","Do not turn in that direction"],["Right of way","Who gets to go first; it is given, not taken"],["Four-way stop","The first vehicle to arrive goes first; if tied, yield to the right"],["Uncontrolled intersection","Yield to vehicles already in or approaching the intersection"],["Pedestrians in a crosswalk","Always yield to them"],["Emergency vehicle with siren","Pull over to the right and stop"],["School bus with red lights flashing","Stop; in most places traffic must stop in both directions"],["Three-second rule","Stay at least three seconds behind the car ahead"],["Following distance in bad weather","Increase it to four seconds or more"],["Stopping distance","Reaction distance plus braking distance"],["Blind spot","An area beside the car that mirrors do not show"],["Check mirrors and blind spots","Do this before changing lanes"],["Use turn signals","Signal before turning or changing lanes"],["Hand signal: left arm straight out","Left turn"],["Hand signal: left arm bent up","Right turn"],["Hand signal: left arm bent down","Stop or slow"],["Seat belt","Everyone in the car should buckle up"],["Child safety seat","Children use age- and size-appropriate restraints"],["Speed limit","The highest legal speed, in good conditions"],["Drive to conditions","Slow down in rain, fog, snow or heavy traffic"],["Hydroplaning","Tires riding on water instead of the road; ease off the gas"],["Skid on ice","Ease off the gas and steer gently in the direction you want to go"],["Headlights","Use them from sunset to sunrise and in poor visibility"],["High beams","Use on dark roads without other traffic; dim for oncoming cars"],["Hazard lights","Flashers that warn others you are stopped or in trouble"],["Parallel parking","Parking parallel to the curb between two cars"],["Parking uphill with a curb","Turn wheels away from the curb"],["Parking downhill","Turn wheels toward the curb"],["Fire hydrant","Do not park in front of one"],["Red curb","No stopping or parking"],["Handicap parking","Only for vehicles with a valid permit"],["Driving under the influence","Illegal and dangerous; never drive after drinking or using impairing drugs"],["Distracted driving","Texting or other tasks while driving; keep your eyes on the road"],["Drowsy driving","Driving while tired is dangerous; pull over to rest"],["Aggressive driving","Tailgating or speeding to intimidate; stay calm"],["Roundabout","Yield to traffic already in the circle and travel counterclockwise"],["Merging onto a highway","Match highway speed using the on-ramp"],["Passing","Only pass when it is legal and clear; return to your lane safely"],["U-turn","Allowed only where it is safe and not prohibited"],["Left turn on a green light","Yield to oncoming traffic"],["Right turn on red","Allowed after a full stop where not prohibited and when clear"],["Learner's permit","Allows supervised practice driving"],["Graduated licensing","Phased system giving new drivers more privileges over time"],["Insurance","Most states require drivers to carry liability insurance"],["Registration","Official record of a vehicle, renewed regularly"],["Tire pressure","Check regularly; correct pressure improves safety and fuel use"],["Dashboard warning light","A signal that a system needs attention"],["Brake fluid","Hydraulic fluid that transfers brake pedal force"],["Anti-lock brakes","Keep wheels from locking in hard stops; press firmly and steer"],["Oversteer and understeer","Car turns more or less than the driver intends"],["Motorcyclists and bicyclists","Share the road and allow extra space"],["Move over law","Change lanes or slow down for stopped emergency vehicles"],["Point system","States track violations by adding points to a driving record"],["Defensive driving","Anticipating hazards and staying prepared to react"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-emt-basics","id":"tp-emt-basics","title":"EMT and First Responder Basics","category":"test-prep","subject":"Emergency Medical Services","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Core emergency care vocabulary and concepts. Education only; take a certified course to learn real skills.","tags":["emt","first-aid","emergency"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["EMT","Emergency medical technician, a trained emergency care provider"],["Scene size-up","Checking for safety and hazards before helping"],["Scene safety","Making sure the area is safe for rescuers first"],["Body substance isolation","Using protective gear to avoid contact with body fluids"],["Primary assessment","Quick check for life threats"],["Secondary assessment","More detailed head-to-toe check after life threats are handled"],["ABCs","Airway, breathing, circulation"],["Level of consciousness","How alert a patient is"],["AVPU","Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive"],["SAMPLE history","Signs/symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past history, Last meal, Events"],["OPQRST","Onset, Provocation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time: a pain questioning guide"],["Chief complaint","The main reason the patient needs help"],["Mechanism of injury","How the injury happened"],["Nature of illness","What is medically wrong"],["Triage","Sorting patients by urgency"],["Airway","The path air takes to the lungs"],["Head-tilt, chin-lift","Method to open the airway when no spinal injury is suspected"],["Jaw thrust","Method to open the airway while limiting neck movement"],["Oropharyngeal airway","Curved device that keeps the tongue from blocking the airway"],["Suction","Removing fluid or material from the airway"],["Respiratory arrest","Breathing has stopped"],["Cardiac arrest","The heart has stopped pumping effectively"],["CPR","Chest compressions and rescue breaths to keep blood flowing"],["Compression rate","About 100 to 120 compressions per minute for adults"],["Compression depth","About 2 inches (5 cm) in adults"],["AED","Device that checks heart rhythm and can deliver a shock"],["Defibrillation","An electric shock that can reset a dangerous heart rhythm"],["Choking","Blockage of the airway by an object"],["Abdominal thrusts","Technique to clear an object from a choking adult"],["Bleeding control","Direct pressure, then tourniquet if needed"],["Direct pressure","Pressing on a wound to stop bleeding"],["Tourniquet","Band applied above a limb wound to stop severe bleeding"],["Shock","Inadequate blood flow to the body's tissues"],["Signs of shock","Pale, cool, clammy skin, fast pulse, confusion"],["Hemorrhage","Heavy bleeding"],["Fracture","A broken bone"],["Splint","Device to keep an injured limb still"],["Spinal immobilization","Keeping the neck and back still after suspected spinal injury"],["Cervical collar","Neck brace limiting head movement"],["Backboard","Rigid board used to move patients with possible spine injury"],["Burn: first degree","Affects only the outer skin layer; red and painful"],["Burn: second degree","Blisters; affects deeper layers"],["Burn: third degree","Destroys full skin thickness"],["Heat exhaustion","Heavy sweating, weakness, nausea from overheating"],["Heat stroke","Dangerous overheating; a life-threatening emergency"],["Hypothermia","Dangerously low body temperature"],["Frostbite","Freezing of body tissue"],["Stroke signs (FAST)","Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech trouble, Time to call emergency services"],["Heart attack signs","Chest pressure, shortness of breath, sweating, pain spreading to arm or jaw"],["Seizure","Sudden uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain"],["Diabetic emergency","Dangerously high or low blood sugar"],["Anaphylaxis","Severe allergic reaction"],["Epinephrine auto-injector","Device delivering epinephrine for severe allergic reactions"],["Asthma","Chronic condition with airway narrowing"],["Overdose","Taking too much of a substance, causing harm"],["Poison control","Service giving advice on poisoning exposures"],["Childbirth emergency","Delivery occurring outside a hospital"],["Pediatric assessment triangle","Appearance, work of breathing, circulation to skin"],["Infant CPR","Uses two fingers or encircling hands for compressions"],["Head injury","Trauma to the head that may affect the brain"],["Concussion","Mild brain injury caused by a blow or shake"],["Pulse points","Places to feel a pulse, like carotid, radial and brachial"],["Capillary refill","Time for color to return to a pressed nail bed"],["Pupils: PERRL","Pupils equal, round, reactive to light"],["Glasgow Coma Scale","Score of eye, verbal and motor responses"],["Trauma","Physical injury"],["Golden hour","The idea that quick trauma care improves outcomes"],["Medical direction","Physician oversight of EMS care"],["Protocol","Written guideline for treatment"],["Scope of practice","Care an EMT is allowed to provide"],["Implied consent","Assuming an unconscious patient would accept lifesaving help"],["Good Samaritan law","Protects people who help in good faith in an emergency"],["Duty to act","Legal obligation to help, depending on role and setting"],["Abandonment","Leaving a patient without proper handoff"],["Patient confidentiality","Keeping patient information private"],["Patient report","Written record of the call"],["Handoff report","Verbal summary given to hospital staff"],["Ambulance","Vehicle that provides emergency transport and care"],["Lights and sirens","Warning signals used when speed is critical"],["Hazardous materials","Dangerous substances requiring special response"],["Incident command","System for organizing large emergency responses"],["Mass casualty incident","Event with many injured people"],["START triage","Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment sorting method"],["Extrication","Removing a person from a trapped situation"],["Stabilize","Keep a patient's condition from getting worse"],["Recovery position","Side-lying position to keep the airway clear"],["Oxygen therapy","Giving extra oxygen"],["Non-rebreather mask","Mask giving high-concentration oxygen"],["Bag-valve mask","Hand-squeezed device that delivers breaths"],["Pulse oximetry","Noninvasive oxygen saturation measure"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-finance-investing","id":"tp-finance-investing","title":"Finance and Investing Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Finance","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Terms used in personal finance and markets. Education only, not investment advice.","tags":["finance","investing","money"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Interest","The cost of borrowing money, or the reward for lending it"],["Principal","The original amount borrowed or invested"],["Simple interest","Interest calculated only on the principal"],["Compound interest","Interest calculated on principal plus past interest"],["APR","Annual percentage rate; yearly cost of borrowing"],["APY","Annual percentage yield; yearly return including compounding"],["Rule of 72","Divide 72 by the interest rate to estimate years to double"],["Inflation","A general rise in prices over time"],["Time value of money","Money now is worth more than the same amount later"],["Present value","What a future sum is worth today"],["Future value","What money today will be worth later at a given rate"],["Credit score","A number summarizing creditworthiness"],["Credit report","Record of a person's borrowing history"],["Credit limit","The maximum amount a lender lets you borrow on a card"],["Credit utilization","The share of available credit being used"],["Mortgage","A loan to buy real estate, secured by the property"],["Down payment","The up-front part of a purchase price paid in cash"],["Amortization","Paying off a loan through scheduled payments"],["Collateral","An asset pledged to secure a loan"],["Default","Failing to repay a loan as agreed"],["Net worth","Assets minus liabilities"],["Asset","Something owned with value"],["Liability","A debt or obligation"],["Budget","A plan for income and spending"],["Emergency fund","Savings set aside for unexpected costs"],["Checking account","Account for everyday spending"],["Savings account","Account that earns interest on deposits"],["Certificate of deposit","Bank deposit with a fixed term and rate"],["FDIC insurance","US program insuring bank deposits up to a limit"],["Gross income","Income before taxes and deductions"],["Net income","Income after taxes and deductions"],["Tax bracket","Income range taxed at a specific rate"],["Marginal tax rate","The rate paid on the next dollar earned"],["Deduction","An amount subtracted from taxable income"],["Tax credit","An amount subtracted directly from taxes owed"],["401(k)","US employer retirement plan"],["IRA","Individual retirement account"],["Roth account","Retirement account funded with after-tax money"],["Pension","A retirement income plan from an employer"],["Social Security","US government program providing retirement and other benefits"],["Stock","A share of ownership in a company"],["Bond","A loan to a company or government that pays interest"],["Mutual fund","A pooled investment holding many securities"],["Index fund","A fund designed to match a market index"],["ETF","Exchange-traded fund that trades like a stock"],["Portfolio","A collection of investments"],["Diversification","Spreading investments to reduce risk"],["Asset allocation","Dividing investments among categories like stocks and bonds"],["Risk tolerance","How much loss an investor can accept"],["Volatility","How much and how quickly a price moves"],["Bull market","A period of rising prices"],["Bear market","A period of falling prices, often 20 percent or more"],["Dividend","A payment from a company to shareholders"],["Dividend yield","Annual dividend divided by share price"],["Capital gain","Profit from selling an asset for more than its cost"],["Capital loss","A loss from selling an asset for less than its cost"],["Market capitalization","Share price times number of shares"],["P/E ratio","Price-to-earnings: share price divided by earnings per share"],["Earnings per share","Profit divided by number of shares"],["Blue chip","Shares of large, established, stable companies"],["Stock exchange","A marketplace where securities are traded"],["Stock market index","A measure of a group of stocks, like the S&P 500"],["Brokerage","A firm that buys and sells securities for clients"],["Expense ratio","Annual fund fee as a percent of assets"],["Liquidity","How quickly an asset can be turned into cash"],["Yield","The income return on an investment"],["Maturity","The date a bond or loan is due"],["Coupon","A bond's stated interest payment"],["Treasury bill","A short-term US government security"],["Credit rating","An evaluation of a borrower's ability to repay"],["Junk bond","A higher-risk, lower-rated bond"],["Hedge","An investment made to reduce risk"],["Option","A contract giving the right to buy or sell at a set price"],["Short selling","Selling borrowed shares hoping to buy them back cheaper"],["Margin","Borrowing from a broker to invest"],["Dollar-cost averaging","Investing a fixed amount at regular intervals"],["Rebalancing","Adjusting a portfolio back to target allocations"],["Compound annual growth rate","Smoothed yearly growth rate over a period"],["Bubble","Prices far above underlying value that later fall sharply"],["Recession","A significant decline in economic activity"],["Interest rate","Percent charged or paid for the use of money"],["Central bank","The national bank that manages money and interest rates"],["Fiduciary","Someone legally required to act in a client's best interest"],["Annuity","A series of regular payments"],["Insurance premium","Payment made to keep an insurance policy"],["Deductible","Amount you pay before insurance pays"],["Overdraft","Spending more than the account holds"],["Wire transfer","Electronic transfer of money between banks"],["Cryptocurrency","A digital currency secured by cryptography; prices are highly volatile"],["Ponzi scheme","Fraud paying early investors with money from later ones"],["Identity theft","Misuse of someone's personal information to commit fraud"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-grammar-rules","id":"tp-grammar-rules","title":"Standard English Grammar Rules","category":"test-prep","subject":"Grammar","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"The grammar and punctuation rules that college-entrance writing sections reward.","tags":["grammar","punctuation","sat","act"],"frontLabel":"Topic","backLabel":"Rule","cards":[["Subject-verb agreement","A singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb","The box of pencils IS on the desk."],["Ignore the phrase between","Words in a prepositional phrase after the subject do not change the verb","One of the dogs BARKS."],["Compound subject with and","Two subjects joined by 'and' usually take a plural verb","Tom and Ana ARE here."],["Subjects joined by or/nor","The verb agrees with the subject closer to it","Neither the cats nor the dog IS hungry."],["Collective nouns","Treat as singular when the group acts as one unit","The team IS winning."],["Indefinite pronouns: singular","each, every, either, neither, everyone, someone, anybody take singular verbs","Everyone HAS a seat."],["Indefinite pronouns: plural","both, few, many, several take plural verbs","Few ARE ready."],["Inverted sentences","Find the real subject even when the verb comes first","There ARE three reasons."],["Pronoun-antecedent agreement","A pronoun must match its noun in number and gender","Each student brought HIS OR HER (or THEIR) book."],["Pronoun case: subject","Use I, he, she, we, they as subjects","She and I left."],["Pronoun case: object","Use me, him, her, us, them as objects","He gave it to her and me."],["Who vs. whom","'Who' is a subject; 'whom' is an object; test with he/him","To whom did you speak?"],["Than/as comparisons","Finish the comparison in your head to pick the case","She is taller than I (am)."],["Ambiguous pronoun","Make clear which noun a pronoun refers to"],["Its vs. it's","'Its' shows possession; 'it's' means 'it is' or 'it has'"],["Their, there, they're","Their = belonging to them; there = place; they're = they are"],["Your vs. you're","'Your' shows possession; 'you're' means 'you are'"],["Whose vs. who's","'Whose' shows possession; 'who's' means 'who is' or 'who has'"],["Affect vs. effect","Affect is usually a verb (to influence); effect is usually a noun (a result)"],["Then vs. than","'Then' relates to time; 'than' makes comparisons"],["Fewer vs. less","Use 'fewer' for things you can count; 'less' for amounts you cannot"],["Among vs. between","Use 'between' for two items; 'among' for three or more"],["Lie vs. lay","'Lie' (lie, lay, lain) means recline; 'lay' (lay, laid, laid) needs an object"],["Comparative","Compare two things with -er or 'more'","taller, more careful"],["Superlative","Compare three or more with -est or 'most'","tallest, most careful"],["Double comparison error","Do not stack -er and 'more'","Not 'more taller'"],["Parallel structure","Items in a list or pair must share the same grammatical form","running, jumping, and swimming"],["Faulty parallelism fix","Match forms after 'not only... but also' and 'either... or'"],["Dangling modifier","An opening phrase must describe the noun that comes right after it","Walking home, the rain began (error)."],["Misplaced modifier","Put a descriptive phrase next to the word it describes"],["Run-on sentence","Two complete sentences joined with no punctuation or connector"],["Comma splice","Two complete sentences joined with only a comma; fix with period, semicolon or conjunction"],["Sentence fragment","A group of words missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought"],["Semicolon","Joins two closely related complete sentences without a conjunction"],["Colon: after a complete sentence","A colon introduces a list, explanation or quote that follows a full independent clause"],["No colon after a verb","Do not put a colon between a verb and its object or between a preposition and its object"],["Comma with FANBOYS","Put a comma before for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so when joining two complete sentences"],["Comma after introductory phrase","Set off an opening phrase or clause with a comma"],["Commas in a series","Separate three or more items with commas","red, white, and blue"],["Nonessential clause","Set off extra information with commas on both sides"],["Essential clause","Do not use commas around information needed to identify the noun"],["Which vs. that","'That' starts essential clauses; 'which' usually starts nonessential ones with commas"],["Appositive","A noun phrase renaming another noun; set it off with commas if nonessential"],["No comma between subject and verb","Never separate a subject from its verb with a single comma"],["Coordinate adjectives","Use a comma between adjectives that can be reordered or joined by 'and'","a long, dull speech"],["Possessive singular noun","Add apostrophe + s","the dog's bone"],["Possessive plural noun ending in s","Add only an apostrophe","the dogs' bones"],["Irregular plural possessive","Add apostrophe + s","children's toys"],["Apostrophes never make plurals","Do not write 'apple's' to mean more than one apple"],["Dashes","A pair of dashes sets off an interruption like a stronger parentheses"],["Hyphen in compound modifier","Hyphenate before a noun, not after","a well-known author; the author is well known"],["Verb tense consistency","Keep the same tense unless the time truly changes"],["Past perfect","Use 'had' + past participle for an earlier past event","She had left before I arrived."],["Present perfect","Use 'has/have' + past participle for an action continuing to now","I have lived here for years."],["Conditional (if)","Use 'were' for unreal wishes","If I were you..."],["Redundancy","Cut words that repeat meaning","Not 'past history' or 'return back'"],["Concision","Choose the shortest choice that keeps the full meaning"],["Idioms and prepositions","Learn fixed pairs","capable of, different from, interested in"],["Active vs. passive voice","Active puts the doer first; passive hides or delays the doer"],["Transition words: contrast","however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand"],["Transition words: addition","furthermore, moreover, also, in addition"],["Transition words: cause and effect","therefore, consequently, as a result, thus"],["Transition words: example","for instance, for example, specifically"],["Possessive before gerund","Use a possessive before an -ing noun","I appreciate your helping."],["Between you and me","After a preposition use object case","Not 'between you and I'"],["Reflexive pronouns","Use -self only when the subject is also the object","She hurt herself."],["Plural of numbers and letters","Write 1990s and A's; avoid needless apostrophes with decades"],["Quotation marks and punctuation","In American English, commas and periods go inside closing quotation marks"],["Question marks","Use with direct questions only, not indirect ones"],["Capitalization","Capitalize proper nouns, sentence starts, and titles before names"],["Number agreement with 'number'","'The number of' is singular; 'a number of' is plural"],["Neither/nor, either/or pairs","Always use 'nor' with 'neither' and 'or' with 'either'"],["Correlative parallelism","Both X and Y, not only X but also Y, need matching forms"],["Subject complement","After linking verbs use subject case","It is I."],["Adjectives vs. adverbs","Adjectives describe nouns; adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs","She sings well."],["Good vs. well","'Good' is an adjective; 'well' is usually an adverb"],["Double negative","Do not use two negatives to express one negative idea"],["Verb forms","Use correct past participles","has gone, have written, had spoken"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-gre-vocab-1","id":"tp-gre-vocab-1","title":"GRE-Level Vocabulary 1","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Seventy advanced words common in graduate-level reading.","tags":["gre","vocabulary","graduate"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abjure","To solemnly give up or renounce"],["abate","To become less intense"],["aberrant","Departing from the normal path or type"],["abeyance","A state of temporary inactivity"],["abscond","To leave quickly and secretly, often with something"],["abstemious","Eating and drinking sparingly"],["accretion","Gradual growth by additions"],["adulterate","To make impure by adding something inferior"],["aggrandize","To make seem greater in power or rank"],["alchemy","A seemingly magical process of transformation"],["anathema","Something detested; a person or thing strongly disliked"],["antithesis","The direct opposite"],["apostate","One who abandons a belief or cause"],["apotheosis","The highest point; glorification as a god"],["aphorism","A short, wise saying"],["bowdlerize","To remove material thought improper from a text"],["cabal","A small secret group plotting together"],["calumny","A false statement meant to damage a reputation"],["captious","Tending to find fault over trivial points"],["catharsis","A release of strong emotion"],["cavil","To raise petty objections"],["chimerical","Imaginary; unrealistic"],["churlish","Rude and ill-mannered"],["cloying","Sweet to the point of disgust"],["compendious","Containing much in brief form"],["concomitant","Occurring along with something else"],["conflate","To merge into one"],["contumacious","Stubbornly disobedient"],["craven","Cowardly"],["dearth","A scarcity"],["denouement","The final resolution of a story's plot"],["desiccate","To dry out completely"],["dilatory","Slow to act; delaying"],["dirge","A mournful song"],["disabuse","To free from a false idea"],["discursive","Wandering from one topic to another"],["disingenuous","Not candid; pretending to know less"],["dissemble","To hide one's true feelings"],["dissonance","A clash of sounds or ideas"],["distend","To swell out"],["eclectic","Drawing from many sources"],["efface","To erase or make inconspicuous"],["effrontery","Shameless boldness"],["elegy","A sad poem or song for the dead"],["emollient","Soothing; making softer"],["encomium","Warm, glowing praise"],["endemic","Native to or common in a particular place"],["enmity","Deep hostility"],["ephemeral","Short-lived"],["equivocate","To use vague language to avoid commitment"],["eschew","To deliberately avoid"],["evanescent","Quickly fading away"],["exegesis","Careful explanation of a text"],["expiate","To make amends for wrongdoing"],["extol","To praise enthusiastically"],["fallacious","Based on a mistaken belief or faulty reasoning"],["fecund","Fertile; producing much"],["fetter","To restrain; also, a chain on the feet"],["filibuster","A long speech used to delay a vote"],["fulminate","To protest loudly"],["gainsay","To deny or contradict"],["gambol","To skip about playfully"],["glib","Smooth-talking but insincere"],["harangue","A long, aggressive speech"],["hegemony","Dominance of one group over others"],["histrionic","Overly dramatic"],["hubris","Excessive pride"],["idiosyncrasy","A personal peculiarity"],["impecunious","Having little or no money"],["imprecation","A curse"],["incipient","Just beginning to appear"],["indolent","Lazy"],["ineffable","Too great to be put into words"],["ingenuous","Innocent and sincere"],["inimical","Hostile or harmful"],["insouciant","Casually free of worry"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-gre-vocab-2","id":"tp-gre-vocab-2","title":"GRE-Level Vocabulary 2","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Seventy more advanced words for graduate-level reading.","tags":["gre","vocabulary","graduate"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["insipid","Dull; lacking flavor or interest"],["intractable","Hard to manage or control"],["inveterate","Long-established; habitual"],["irascible","Easily angered"],["jocular","Fond of joking"],["juxtapose","To place side by side for contrast"],["kudos","Praise for an achievement"],["lachrymose","Tearful"],["languid","Slow and relaxed; lacking energy"],["largesse","Generosity in giving money or gifts"],["latent","Present but hidden"],["levity","Lightness of manner; humor at a serious time"],["licentious","Ignoring accepted rules of conduct"],["limpid","Clear and transparent"],["lionize","To treat as a celebrity"],["lugubrious","Looking or sounding sad and dismal"],["luminous","Giving off light"],["machination","A secret scheme"],["malevolent","Wishing harm on others"],["malinger","To pretend illness to avoid work"],["mellifluous","Sweet-sounding"],["mercurial","Subject to sudden changes of mood"],["misanthrope","A person who dislikes humankind"],["mollify","To soothe"],["multifarious","Having many varied parts"],["myopic","Short-sighted, literally or in thinking"],["nadir","The lowest point"],["nascent","Just coming into existence"],["noxious","Harmful or poisonous"],["obdurate","Stubbornly refusing to change"],["obfuscate","To make unclear on purpose"],["obsequious","Overly eager to please"],["obstreperous","Noisy and difficult to control"],["odious","Extremely unpleasant"],["onerous","Burdensome"],["opprobrium","Public disgrace"],["ossify","To become rigid or set in one's ways"],["paean","A song or expression of praise"],["palliate","To ease without curing"],["panacea","A cure-all"],["paragon","A model of excellence"],["parsimonious","Extremely unwilling to spend"],["pathological","Compulsive; relating to disease"],["paucity","A small amount"],["pedantic","Overly concerned with minor rules or details"],["penchant","A strong liking"],["penury","Extreme poverty"],["perfidy","Betrayal of trust"],["perfunctory","Done with little effort or interest"],["pernicious","Quietly and gradually harmful"],["perspicacious","Having keen insight"],["pertinacious","Holding stubbornly to a purpose"],["petulant","Childishly bad-tempered"],["philistine","A person with no interest in culture"],["pith","The essential part"],["pithy","Short and full of meaning"],["platitude","A tired, overused remark"],["plethora","An excessive amount"],["precipitous","Dangerously steep or sudden"],["probity","Strong moral principles"],["prolix","Wordy"],["propitious","Favorable"],["quixotic","Idealistic in an impractical way"],["quotidian","Ordinary and daily"],["recondite","Little known; obscure"],["redolent","Strongly suggestive of a scent or memory"],["rescind","To cancel officially"],["sanguine","Optimistic"],["sardonic","Mocking in a grimly humorous way"],["sedulous","Showing dedication and diligence"],["soporific","Causing sleep"],["sycophant","A person who flatters the powerful to gain favor"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-latin-legal","id":"tp-latin-legal","title":"Latin Legal Phrases","category":"test-prep","subject":"Law","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Latin phrases still used in courts and legal writing.","tags":["law","latin"],"frontLabel":"Phrase","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Ab initio","From the beginning"],["Actus reus","The guilty act; the physical element of a crime"],["Mens rea","The guilty mind; the mental element of a crime"],["Ad hoc","For this particular purpose"],["Ad litem","For the lawsuit; as in guardian ad litem"],["Alibi","Elsewhere; proof of being somewhere else"],["Amicus curiae","Friend of the court"],["Animus","Intent or mental purpose"],["Bona fide","In good faith; genuine"],["Caveat emptor","Let the buyer beware"],["Certiorari","A writ by which a higher court agrees to review a case"],["Corpus delicti","The body of the crime; proof a crime occurred"],["Cui bono","For whose benefit"],["De facto","In fact; in practice"],["De jure","By law; officially"],["De novo","Anew; starting fresh"],["Dicta","Remarks in a ruling not essential to the decision"],["Duces tecum","Bring with you; a subpoena for documents"],["Ex parte","From one side only"],["Ex post facto","After the fact; as in laws that punish past acts"],["Ex rel.","On the relation of; on behalf of"],["Forum non conveniens","Doctrine allowing a court to decline a case better heard elsewhere"],["Habeas corpus","You have the body; a writ to challenge unlawful detention"],["Ibid.","In the same place; same source as before"],["In camera","In private, in the judge's chambers"],["In loco parentis","In place of a parent"],["In re","In the matter of"],["In rem","Against a thing, not a person"],["In personam","Against a person"],["Inter alia","Among other things"],["Ipso facto","By the fact itself"],["Jus","Law or right"],["Lex loci","Law of the place"],["Locus standi","The right to bring a case"],["Mala fide","In bad faith"],["Mala in se","Wrong in themselves; inherently wrong acts"],["Mala prohibita","Wrong because prohibited by law"],["Nolo contendere","I do not wish to contest; a no-contest plea"],["Non compos mentis","Not of sound mind"],["Obiter dictum","A remark by the way; a judge's non-binding comment"],["Per curiam","By the court; an opinion by the court as a whole"],["Per diem","By the day"],["Per se","In itself; by itself"],["Persona non grata","An unwelcome person"],["Prima facie","At first glance; enough evidence unless rebutted"],["Pro bono publico","For the public good"],["Pro forma","As a matter of form"],["Pro rata","In proportion"],["Pro se","For oneself; representing oneself"],["Quantum meruit","As much as deserved; reasonable payment for services"],["Quid pro quo","Something for something; an exchange"],["Quo warranto","By what authority; a challenge to someone's right to hold office"],["Res ipsa loquitur","The thing speaks for itself"],["Res judicata","A matter already decided and not to be tried again"],["Respondeat superior","Let the master answer; employer responsible for employee acts"],["Sine die","Without a day; adjourned with no date to meet again"],["Sine qua non","Without which it cannot be; an essential condition"],["Stare decisis","To stand by decided things; follow precedent"],["Sub judice","Under judicial consideration"],["Sub poena","Under penalty"],["Sua sponte","On its own accord; a court acting without a request"],["Ultra vires","Beyond the powers; outside legal authority"],["Vel non","Or not"],["Verbatim","Word for word"],["Versus (v.)","Against"],["Vice versa","The other way around"],["Voir dire","To speak the truth; questioning of potential jurors"],["Habeas data","A right to access one's personal records"],["Pendente lite","While the lawsuit is pending"],["Nunc pro tunc","Now for then; applying a ruling retroactively"],["Lis pendens","A pending lawsuit about property"],["Pari passu","On equal footing"],["Ratio decidendi","The reason for the decision"],["Rex","King; the Crown as prosecutor in some systems"],["Stare decisis et non quieta movere","Stand by decisions and do not disturb settled matters"],["Affidavit","He has sworn; a sworn written statement"],["Corpus juris","The body of law"],["Casus belli","An event that justifies war"],["Fiat","Let it be done; an authoritative order"],["Innuendo","By hinting; an indirect suggestion"],["Alias","Otherwise; another name"],["Bonum","Good"],["Consensus ad idem","Agreement on the same thing; meeting of the minds"],["Volenti non fit injuria","No wrong is done to a willing person"],["Nemo dat","No one gives what they do not have"],["Pacta sunt servanda","Agreements must be kept"],["Audi alteram partem","Hear the other side"],["Nulla poena sine lege","No punishment without law"],["Ignorantia juris non excusat","Ignorance of the law is no excuse"],["Dura lex, sed lex","The law is harsh, but it is the law"],["Fiat justitia","Let justice be done"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-latin-phrases-english","id":"tp-latin-phrases-english","title":"Latin Phrases Used in English","category":"test-prep","subject":"Latin","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Latin words and phrases that still appear in everyday writing and speech.","tags":["latin","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Latin","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["a.m. (ante meridiem)","Before midday"],["p.m. (post meridiem)","After midday"],["ad hoc","For this specific purpose"],["ad infinitum","Without end"],["ad nauseam","To the point of disgust"],["alma mater","Nourishing mother; one's school"],["alter ego","Another self"],["anno Domini (A.D.)","In the year of the Lord"],["ante bellum","Before the war"],["bona fide","In good faith; genuine"],["carpe diem","Seize the day"],["caveat emptor","Let the buyer beware"],["circa (c.)","Around; approximately"],["cogito, ergo sum","I think, therefore I am"],["compos mentis","Of sound mind"],["curriculum vitae (CV)","Course of life; a resume"],["de facto","In fact"],["deus ex machina","A god from the machine; a sudden contrived solution"],["e.g. (exempli gratia)","For example"],["et al. (et alii)","And others"],["et cetera (etc.)","And the rest"],["ex libris","From the books of"],["ex officio","By virtue of one's office"],["habeas corpus","You may have the body"],["i.e. (id est)","That is"],["in absentia","In absence"],["in memoriam","In memory of"],["in toto","Entirely"],["in vitro","In glass; in a lab dish"],["ipso facto","By that very fact"],["magnum opus","Great work; a masterpiece"],["mea culpa","My fault"],["memento mori","Remember that you must die"],["modus operandi (M.O.)","Method of operating"],["N.B. (nota bene)","Note well"],["non sequitur","It does not follow"],["per annum","By the year"],["per capita","For each head; per person"],["per se","By itself"],["persona non grata","An unwelcome person"],["post mortem","After death"],["post scriptum (P.S.)","Written after"],["prima facie","At first sight"],["pro bono","For the public good; done free"],["pro rata","In proportion"],["pro tempore (pro tem)","For the time being"],["quid pro quo","Something for something"],["quod erat demonstrandum (Q.E.D.)","Which was to be shown"],["rigor mortis","Stiffness of death"],["sic","Thus; so written in the original"],["status quo","The existing state of affairs"],["sub rosa","Under the rose; in secret"],["tabula rasa","Blank slate"],["tempus fugit","Time flies"],["terra firma","Solid ground"],["terra incognita","Unknown land"],["verbatim","Word for word"],["versus (vs.)","Against"],["vice versa","The other way around"],["vox populi","Voice of the people"],["veni, vidi, vici","I came, I saw, I conquered; attributed to Julius Caesar"],["e pluribus unum","Out of many, one; US motto on coins"],["annuit coeptis","He has favored our undertakings; on the Great Seal"],["novus ordo seclorum","A new order of the ages; on the Great Seal"],["semper fidelis","Always faithful; Marine Corps motto"],["semper paratus","Always ready; Coast Guard motto"],["veritas","Truth"],["lux et veritas","Light and truth; Yale's motto"],["cum laude","With praise; an honor distinction"],["magna cum laude","With great praise"],["summa cum laude","With highest praise"],["alumnus","A male graduate"],["alumna","A female graduate"],["alumni","Graduates, plural"],["bonus","A good thing; extra payment"],["agenda","Things to be done"],["data","Things given; plural of datum"],["media","Plural of medium"],["curriculum","A course of study"],["campus","Field; the grounds of a school"],["exit","He or she goes out"],["fiat lux","Let there be light"],["in situ","In its original place"],["ex nihilo","Out of nothing"],["inter alia","Among other things"],["lingua franca","A common language between groups (from Italian, 'Frankish tongue')"],["panem et circenses","Bread and circuses; keeping people content with food and entertainment"],["quo vadis","Where are you going?"],["requiescat in pace (R.I.P.)","May he or she rest in peace"],["sine qua non","Without which nothing; an essential condition"],["sui generis","Of its own kind; unique"],["summum bonum","The highest good"],["ultima ratio","The final argument"],["ut supra","As above"],["Pax Romana","Roman peace; a long period of stability in the Roman Empire"],["et tu, Brute?","And you, Brutus?; a cry of betrayal"],["homo sapiens","Wise human"],["Carthago delenda est","Carthage must be destroyed"],["audere est facere","To dare is to do"],["ars longa, vita brevis","Art is long, life is short"],["festina lente","Make haste slowly"],["amor vincit omnia","Love conquers all"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-law-terms","id":"tp-law-terms","title":"Legal Terms Everyone Should Know","category":"test-prep","subject":"Law","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common legal vocabulary from US courts and contracts. General education, not legal advice.","tags":["law","legal","courts"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Plaintiff","The person or party who starts a civil lawsuit"],["Defendant","The person or party being sued or accused"],["Prosecutor","Lawyer who brings criminal charges for the government"],["Defense attorney","Lawyer who represents the accused"],["Judge","Official who presides over a court"],["Jury","Group of citizens who decide the facts of a case"],["Grand jury","Jury that decides whether there is enough evidence to bring charges"],["Petit jury","Trial jury that decides a case"],["Verdict","A jury's or judge's decision on a case"],["Sentence","The punishment ordered after conviction"],["Civil law","Law about disputes between private parties"],["Criminal law","Law about offenses against society"],["Felony","A serious crime, usually punishable by more than a year in prison"],["Misdemeanor","A less serious crime"],["Infraction","A minor violation, like a traffic ticket"],["Statute","A law passed by a legislature"],["Common law","Law developed from court decisions"],["Precedent","An earlier ruling that guides later cases"],["Jurisdiction","A court's authority to hear a case"],["Venue","The location where a case is heard"],["Appeal","Asking a higher court to review a decision"],["Appellant","The party who appeals"],["Appellee","The party who responds to an appeal"],["Burden of proof","The duty to prove a claim"],["Beyond a reasonable doubt","The standard of proof in criminal cases"],["Preponderance of the evidence","The usual civil standard: more likely than not"],["Clear and convincing evidence","A standard higher than preponderance but lower than beyond a reasonable doubt"],["Evidence","Information presented to prove or disprove facts"],["Testimony","Statements given under oath"],["Hearsay","An out-of-court statement offered for its truth, generally restricted as evidence"],["Witness","Person who gives testimony"],["Subpoena","A court order to appear or produce documents"],["Deposition","Sworn testimony taken outside court"],["Affidavit","A written statement sworn to be true"],["Oath","A solemn promise to tell the truth"],["Perjury","Lying under oath"],["Objection","A lawyer's formal protest against a question or evidence"],["Sustained","Judge agrees with an objection"],["Overruled","Judge rejects an objection"],["Plea","A defendant's formal answer to charges"],["Plea bargain","An agreement to plead guilty for a lighter outcome"],["Arraignment","Hearing where charges are read and a plea entered"],["Indictment","Formal charge issued by a grand jury"],["Bail","Money or bond to secure release before trial"],["Probation","Supervised release instead of prison"],["Parole","Early supervised release from prison"],["Acquittal","Finding that a defendant is not guilty"],["Conviction","A finding or plea of guilty"],["Mistrial","A trial ended without a verdict due to a serious problem"],["Hung jury","A jury unable to reach a decision"],["Double jeopardy","Being tried twice for the same crime, generally prohibited"],["Miranda rights","Warnings police give about the right to remain silent and have a lawyer"],["Search warrant","Court order allowing police to search a place"],["Probable cause","Reasonable grounds to believe a crime has occurred"],["Due process","Fair legal procedures required by law"],["Habeas corpus","A court order to bring a detained person before a judge"],["Tort","A civil wrong causing harm"],["Negligence","Failure to take reasonable care, causing harm"],["Liability","Legal responsibility"],["Damages","Money awarded to compensate for harm"],["Punitive damages","Money awarded to punish wrongdoing"],["Injunction","A court order to do or stop doing something"],["Settlement","An agreement resolving a dispute without a trial"],["Summary judgment","A ruling without a full trial when facts are not in dispute"],["Class action","A lawsuit brought on behalf of a large group"],["Contract","A legally enforceable agreement"],["Offer","A proposal to make a contract"],["Acceptance","Agreement to the terms of an offer"],["Consideration","Something of value exchanged in a contract"],["Breach of contract","Failing to perform as promised"],["Statute of limitations","Deadline for bringing a lawsuit"],["Void","Having no legal effect"],["Voidable","Valid unless canceled by one party"],["Libel","Written false statement harming reputation"],["Slander","Spoken false statement harming reputation"],["Defamation","False statement that damages a reputation"],["Copyright","Legal protection for original creative works"],["Trademark","Protection for brand names and logos"],["Patent","Exclusive right to an invention for a time"],["Intellectual property","Creations of the mind protected by law"],["Will","Document stating how property goes after death"],["Estate","All property a person owns"],["Probate","Court process to validate a will and distribute an estate"],["Intestate","Dying without a valid will"],["Executor","Person named to carry out a will"],["Trust","Arrangement where one holds property for another's benefit"],["Power of attorney","Legal authority to act on another's behalf"],["Guardian","Person appointed to care for someone unable to care for themselves"],["Easement","Right to use another's land for a purpose"],["Deed","Document transferring property ownership"],["Lien","Claim on property as security for a debt"],["Mortgage","Loan secured by real estate"],["Landlord","Owner who rents property"],["Tenant","Person who rents property"],["Eminent domain","Government's power to take private property for public use with compensation"],["Pro bono","Legal work done for free for the public good"],["Pro se","Representing oneself in court"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-literary-terms","id":"tp-literary-terms","title":"Literature and Rhetoric Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"English Literature","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Literary devices, poetic forms and rhetorical terms used in AP English and college courses.","tags":["ap","literature","rhetoric"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Allegory","A story whose characters and events stand for deeper ideas"],["Alliteration","Repeating beginning consonant sounds"],["Allusion","A brief reference to a known person, place or work"],["Ambiguity","Deliberate use of more than one possible meaning"],["Anachronism","Something placed in the wrong time period"],["Analogy","A comparison to explain something by likeness"],["Anaphora","Repeating a word or phrase at the start of successive lines or sentences"],["Antagonist","The character or force opposing the protagonist"],["Antithesis","Placing opposite ideas in balanced phrases"],["Aphorism","A short statement of a general truth"],["Apostrophe","Directly addressing an absent person or thing"],["Assonance","Repetition of vowel sounds"],["Bildungsroman","A novel about a character's growth to adulthood"],["Blank verse","Unrhymed iambic pentameter"],["Caesura","A pause within a line of poetry"],["Characterization","How an author creates and develops a character"],["Climax","The turning point of highest tension"],["Colloquialism","Informal everyday expression"],["Conceit","An elaborate, extended metaphor"],["Connotation","The feelings a word suggests beyond its literal meaning"],["Denotation","The literal dictionary meaning"],["Consonance","Repetition of consonant sounds within or at ends of words"],["Couplet","Two rhymed lines"],["Deus ex machina","A sudden unexpected event that solves a plot problem"],["Diction","An author's word choice"],["Didactic","Intended to teach a lesson"],["Dramatic irony","The audience knows something the characters do not"],["Elegy","A poem of mourning"],["Ellipsis","The omission of words, or the three dots marking it"],["End-stopped line","A line whose thought ends with the line"],["Enjambment","A sentence continuing past the end of a line"],["Epic","A long narrative poem about heroic deeds"],["Epigraph","A quotation placed at the start of a work"],["Epistolary novel","A novel told through letters or documents"],["Euphemism","A mild word replacing a harsh one"],["Exposition","Background information at a story's start"],["Extended metaphor","A metaphor developed over several lines"],["Falling action","Events after the climax"],["Figurative language","Language meant to be understood beyond its literal sense"],["First-person narrator","A narrator who tells the story as 'I'"],["Flashback","A scene from an earlier time"],["Foil","A character who contrasts with another to highlight traits"],["Foreshadowing","Hints about what will happen later"],["Frame story","A story that contains other stories"],["Free verse","Poetry without regular rhyme or meter"],["Genre","A category of literature"],["Gothic","Fiction with gloomy settings and mystery"],["Hyperbole","Deliberate exaggeration"],["Iambic pentameter","Ten-syllable line of five unstressed-stressed pairs"],["Imagery","Language appealing to the senses"],["In medias res","Beginning a story in the middle of the action"],["Irony","A contrast between expectation and reality"],["Juxtaposition","Placing contrasting things side by side"],["Litotes","Understatement using a negative, like 'not bad'"],["Metaphor","A direct comparison without 'like' or 'as'"],["Metonymy","Using a related thing to stand for something, like 'the crown' for a king"],["Mood","The feeling a work creates in the reader"],["Motif","A recurring element that supports a theme"],["Narrative arc","The shape of a story's development"],["Ode","A lyric poem praising a subject"],["Onomatopoeia","A word that imitates a sound"],["Oxymoron","Two contradictory words together"],["Parable","A short story teaching a moral lesson"],["Paradox","A statement that seems contradictory but reveals truth"],["Parallelism","Repeating similar grammatical structure"],["Parody","An imitation meant to mock or amuse"],["Pathos","An appeal to emotion"],["Ethos","An appeal based on credibility"],["Logos","An appeal based on logic"],["Personification","Giving human traits to non-human things"],["Point of view","The perspective from which a story is told"],["Third-person omniscient","A narrator who knows all characters' thoughts"],["Third-person limited","A narrator who knows one character's thoughts"],["Protagonist","The main character"],["Pun","A play on words"],["Quatrain","A four-line stanza"],["Refrain","A repeated line or phrase"],["Rhetorical question","A question asked for effect, not an answer"],["Rhyme scheme","The pattern of rhymes at line ends"],["Rising action","Events building toward the climax"],["Satire","Using humor and exaggeration to criticize"],["Setting","The time and place of a story"],["Simile","A comparison using 'like' or 'as'"],["Soliloquy","A speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud alone"],["Sonnet","A fourteen-line poem"],["Stanza","A group of lines in a poem"],["Stream of consciousness","A narrative style following a character's flowing thoughts"],["Symbol","An object that stands for a larger idea"],["Synecdoche","A part standing for the whole, like 'hands' for workers"],["Syntax","The arrangement of words in sentences"],["Theme","A central idea of a work"],["Tone","The author's attitude toward the subject"],["Tragedy","A drama of a hero's downfall"],["Tragic flaw","A trait that leads to a hero's ruin"],["Understatement","Describing something as less than it is"],["Unreliable narrator","A narrator whose account cannot be fully trusted"],["Utopia","An imagined perfect society"],["Dystopia","An imagined society marked by suffering or oppression"],["Voice","The distinctive style of a writer or narrator"],["Zeugma","One word applied to two others in different senses"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-logical-fallacies","id":"tp-logical-fallacies","title":"Logical Fallacies","category":"test-prep","subject":"Logic","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common errors in reasoning, each with a plain description and example.","tags":["logic","fallacies","critical-thinking"],"frontLabel":"Fallacy","backLabel":"What goes wrong","cards":[["Ad hominem","Attacking the person instead of the argument","You can't trust her plan; she's always late."],["Straw man","Misrepresenting someone's view to make it easier to attack"],["False dilemma","Presenting only two options when more exist","You're either with us or against us."],["Slippery slope","Claiming one step will inevitably lead to extreme results without evidence"],["Appeal to authority","Treating a claim as true only because an authority said it, especially outside their field"],["Appeal to popularity","Arguing something is true because many people believe it"],["Bandwagon","Urging someone to do it because everyone else is"],["Appeal to tradition","Arguing something is right because it has always been done"],["Appeal to novelty","Arguing something is better because it is new"],["Appeal to emotion","Using feelings in place of evidence"],["Appeal to pity","Using sympathy to win agreement"],["Appeal to fear","Using scare tactics instead of evidence"],["Appeal to nature","Claiming something is good because it is natural"],["Appeal to ignorance","Claiming something is true because it has not been proven false"],["Circular reasoning","The conclusion is assumed in the premise","He is honest because he never lies."],["Begging the question","Treating the thing to be proved as already true"],["Hasty generalization","Drawing a broad conclusion from too few examples"],["Anecdotal evidence","Using a personal story as proof of a general claim"],["Cherry-picking","Choosing only data that supports your claim"],["Post hoc ergo propter hoc","Assuming A caused B because B followed A"],["Correlation is not causation","Two things changing together does not show one causes the other"],["Red herring","Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract"],["Tu quoque","Dismissing a point because the speaker does the same thing"],["Genetic fallacy","Judging an idea by its origin instead of its merits"],["Guilt by association","Rejecting an idea because of who supports it"],["Poisoning the well","Discrediting a source before it can speak"],["Equivocation","Using a word in two different senses in one argument"],["Composition fallacy","Assuming what is true of parts is true of the whole"],["Division fallacy","Assuming what is true of the whole is true of each part"],["Burden of proof shift","Demanding others disprove a claim instead of supporting it"],["No true Scotsman","Redefining a group to exclude counterexamples"],["Moving the goalposts","Changing the standard of proof after it has been met"],["Loaded question","A question that contains an unfair assumption","Have you stopped cheating?"],["Middle ground fallacy","Assuming the truth must lie halfway between two positions"],["Texas sharpshooter","Finding patterns after the fact and ignoring the rest of the data"],["Gambler's fallacy","Believing past random events change future odds"],["Sunk cost fallacy","Continuing because of what was already invested"],["Special pleading","Excusing your own case from a rule without good reason"],["False cause","Claiming a causal link without proof"],["Non sequitur","A conclusion that does not follow from the premises"],["Affirming the consequent","If P then Q; Q, therefore P (invalid)"],["Denying the antecedent","If P then Q; not P, therefore not Q (invalid)"],["Modus ponens","If P then Q; P; therefore Q (valid)"],["Modus tollens","If P then Q; not Q; therefore not P (valid)"],["Syllogism","A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion"],["Deductive reasoning","Moving from general premises to a certain conclusion"],["Inductive reasoning","Moving from specific cases to a probable general conclusion"],["Sound argument","A valid argument with true premises"],["Valid argument","A conclusion that follows logically from the premises"],["Weak analogy","Comparing things that are not alike in relevant ways"],["Ambiguity fallacy","Relying on unclear wording to mislead"],["Fallacy of the single cause","Blaming one factor for a complex outcome"],["Appeal to accomplishment","Dismissing a claim because of someone's success or lack of it"],["Argument from incredulity","Claiming something is false because it is hard to imagine"],["Naturalistic fallacy","Deriving what ought to be from what is"],["Survivorship bias","Focusing on successes and overlooking the failures"],["Confirmation bias","Favoring information that fits existing beliefs"],["False equivalence","Treating two very different things as equal"],["Appeal to the stone","Dismissing a claim as absurd without showing why"],["Hasty conclusion from small sample","Overgeneralizing from limited cases"],["Ad populum","Latin name for appeal to the crowd"],["Ad verecundiam","Latin name for appeal to authority"],["Ad ignorantiam","Latin name for appeal to ignorance"],["Argumentum ad baculum","Appeal to force or threats"],["Reductio ad absurdum","Showing a claim is false by following it to an absurd result"],["Ad nauseam","Repeating a claim until people accept it"],["Fallacy fallacy","Assuming a conclusion is false because the argument for it is flawed"],["Is-ought problem","Facts alone do not tell us what we should do"],["Occam's razor","Prefer the simpler explanation that fits the facts"],["Hume's guillotine","Another name for the is-ought gap"],["Burden of proof","The person making a claim must support it"],["Falsifiability","A claim should be testable and possible to prove wrong"],["Argument from silence","Concluding something from the lack of evidence against it"],["Fallacy of composition example","Each player is good, so the team must be good"],["Appeal to money","Assuming something is right because it is expensive or profitable"],["Whataboutism","Deflecting criticism by pointing to someone else's faults"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-marketing-terms","id":"tp-marketing-terms","title":"Marketing Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Marketing","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Core marketing concepts and digital marketing terms.","tags":["marketing","business","advertising"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Marketing","Creating, communicating and delivering value to customers"],["Marketing mix (4 Ps)","Product, price, place, promotion"],["7 Ps of services marketing","The 4 Ps plus people, process and physical evidence"],["Product","What is offered to meet a need"],["Price","What customers pay"],["Place","How and where the product reaches customers"],["Promotion","How a company communicates about its offer"],["Market segmentation","Dividing a market into groups with similar needs"],["Demographics","Age, income, gender and other population traits"],["Psychographics","Attitudes, interests and lifestyles"],["Behavioral segmentation","Grouping by how customers act or use products"],["Targeting","Choosing which segments to serve"],["Positioning","How a brand wants to be seen relative to competitors"],["STP","Segmentation, targeting, positioning"],["Target audience","The specific group a message is meant for"],["Buyer persona","A fictional profile of an ideal customer"],["Brand","The identity and reputation of a product or company"],["Brand equity","The added value a brand name gives a product"],["Brand awareness","How well customers recognize a brand"],["Brand loyalty","Customers' continued preference for a brand"],["Logo","A symbol or design representing a brand"],["Slogan","A memorable phrase tied to a brand"],["Unique selling proposition","The feature that sets a product apart"],["Value proposition","The benefit promised to customers"],["Customer journey","The path a customer takes from awareness to purchase and beyond"],["Marketing funnel","Model of awareness, interest, decision and action"],["Conversion","A desired action, like a purchase or sign-up"],["Conversion rate","The percent of visitors who take the desired action"],["Lead","A potential customer who shows interest"],["Lead generation","Attracting and capturing potential customers"],["Customer acquisition cost","Cost to win one new customer"],["Customer lifetime value","Total value a customer brings over their relationship"],["Retention","Keeping existing customers"],["Churn","The rate at which customers leave"],["CRM","Customer relationship management system"],["Market research","Gathering information about customers and markets"],["Primary research","New data collected directly"],["Secondary research","Existing data collected by others"],["Focus group","A guided discussion with a small group of consumers"],["Survey","A set of questions given to many people"],["A/B testing","Comparing two versions to see which performs better"],["Competitive analysis","Studying rival products and strategies"],["Market share","A company's percent of industry sales"],["Pricing strategy","Approach to setting prices"],["Penetration pricing","Low initial price to win market share"],["Price skimming","High initial price that is lowered over time"],["Premium pricing","High price to signal quality"],["Loss leader","A product sold at a loss to attract customers"],["Freemium","Free basic service with paid upgrades"],["Bundling","Selling several products together as a package"],["Distribution channel","Path a product takes to reach customers"],["Retailer","A business selling to final consumers"],["Wholesaler","A business selling in bulk to retailers"],["Direct-to-consumer","Selling straight to customers without middlemen"],["Omnichannel","A seamless experience across online and offline channels"],["Advertising","Paid, non-personal promotion"],["Public relations","Managing a brand's relationship with the public and media"],["Sales promotion","Short-term incentives like coupons and discounts"],["Personal selling","Direct, person-to-person selling"],["Word of mouth","People recommending a brand to others"],["Influencer marketing","Partnering with people who have social reach"],["Content marketing","Creating valuable content to attract an audience"],["Inbound marketing","Drawing customers in through useful content"],["Outbound marketing","Reaching out directly to audiences, like ads and cold calls"],["Email marketing","Promoting through email messages"],["Social media marketing","Promoting through social platforms"],["SEO","Search engine optimization to earn organic search traffic"],["SEM","Search engine marketing, including paid search ads"],["Pay-per-click","Advertising where you pay each time an ad is clicked"],["Impression","One display of an ad"],["Click-through rate","Clicks divided by impressions"],["CPM","Cost per thousand impressions"],["Reach","Number of unique people who see a message"],["Frequency","Average number of times a person sees a message"],["Engagement","Interactions with content, like likes and comments"],["Call to action","A prompt telling the audience what to do next"],["Landing page","A page designed to turn visitors into leads or customers"],["Retargeting","Showing ads to people who visited before"],["Affiliate marketing","Paying partners for sales they refer"],["Viral marketing","Content that spreads rapidly through sharing"],["Guerrilla marketing","Low-cost, creative, unconventional promotion"],["Product life cycle","Introduction, growth, maturity, decline"],["Product differentiation","Making a product stand out from rivals"],["Market penetration","Selling more of existing products in existing markets"],["Product development","Creating new products for existing markets"],["Ansoff matrix","Framework of four growth strategies"],["Net Promoter Score","A measure of customers' willingness to recommend"],["Marketing ethics","Standards of honesty and fairness in marketing"],["Greenwashing","Misleadingly claiming environmental benefits"],["Packaging","The container and design of a product"],["Point of sale","Where a transaction occurs"],["Upselling","Encouraging a more expensive version"],["Cross-selling","Suggesting related products"],["Testimonial","A customer's statement in praise of a product"],["Target market vs. mass market","Focused group versus the whole market"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-abbreviations","id":"tp-med-abbreviations","title":"Common Medical Abbreviations","category":"test-prep","subject":"Medical Terminology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Abbreviations used in health records and healthcare education.","tags":["medical","abbreviations"],"frontLabel":"Abbreviation","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["ABG","Arterial blood gas"],["ADL","Activities of daily living"],["AED","Automated external defibrillator"],["AIDS","Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome"],["BMI","Body mass index"],["BP","Blood pressure"],["BPM","Beats per minute"],["BUN","Blood urea nitrogen"],["CABG","Coronary artery bypass graft"],["CAD","Coronary artery disease"],["CBC","Complete blood count"],["CHF","Congestive heart failure"],["CNS","Central nervous system"],["COPD","Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"],["CPR","Cardiopulmonary resuscitation"],["CT","Computed tomography"],["CVA","Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)"],["DM","Diabetes mellitus"],["DNR","Do not resuscitate"],["DOB","Date of birth"],["DVT","Deep vein thrombosis"],["Dx","Diagnosis"],["ECG, EKG","Electrocardiogram"],["EEG","Electroencephalogram"],["EMS","Emergency medical services"],["ENT","Ear, nose and throat"],["ER, ED","Emergency room; emergency department"],["FX","Fracture"],["GERD","Gastroesophageal reflux disease"],["GI","Gastrointestinal"],["GU","Genitourinary"],["Hb, Hgb","Hemoglobin"],["HCT","Hematocrit"],["HIV","Human immunodeficiency virus"],["HR","Heart rate"],["Hx","History"],["ICU","Intensive care unit"],["IM","Intramuscular"],["IV","Intravenous"],["LOC","Level of consciousness; loss of consciousness"],["MI","Myocardial infarction (heart attack)"],["MRI","Magnetic resonance imaging"],["N/V","Nausea and vomiting"],["NPO","Nothing by mouth"],["NSAID","Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug"],["OR","Operating room"],["OTC","Over the counter"],["PE","Pulmonary embolism; physical exam"],["PO","By mouth"],["PRN","As needed"],["PT","Physical therapy; prothrombin time"],["PVC","Premature ventricular contraction"],["QD","Every day (on avoid-lists as error-prone)"],["RBC","Red blood cell"],["RN","Registered nurse"],["ROM","Range of motion"],["RR","Respiratory rate"],["Rx","Prescription; treatment"],["SOB","Shortness of breath"],["STAT","Immediately"],["STI","Sexually transmitted infection"],["SpO2","Peripheral oxygen saturation"],["Sx","Symptoms"],["T","Temperature"],["TB","Tuberculosis"],["TIA","Transient ischemic attack"],["TPR","Temperature, pulse, respiration"],["Tx","Treatment"],["URI","Upper respiratory infection"],["UTI","Urinary tract infection"],["VS","Vital signs"],["WBC","White blood cell"],["WNL","Within normal limits"],["BID","Twice a day"],["TID","Three times a day"],["QID","Four times a day"],["AC","Before meals"],["PC","After meals"],["HS","At bedtime"],["SL","Sublingual (under the tongue)"],["SC, SQ","Subcutaneous"],["IVP","Intravenous push"],["NG","Nasogastric"],["NKDA","No known drug allergies"],["Pt","Patient"],["c/o","Complains of"],["w/u","Work-up"],["I&O","Intake and output"],["H&P","History and physical"],["CC","Chief complaint"],["HPI","History of present illness"],["PMH","Past medical history"],["ROS","Review of systems"],["SOAP","Subjective, objective, assessment, plan (note format)"],["Fx vs Hx vs Dx","Fracture, history, diagnosis"],["HTN","Hypertension"],["CKD","Chronic kidney disease"],["AFib","Atrial fibrillation"],["ARDS","Acute respiratory distress syndrome"],["ADHD","Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"],["PTSD","Post-traumatic stress disorder"],["IBS","Irritable bowel syndrome"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-body-systems","id":"tp-med-body-systems","title":"Body Systems: Terms and Functions","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy and Physiology","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Key terms across the eleven organ systems of the human body.","tags":["anatomy","physiology","body-systems"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Homeostasis","Keeping the body's internal conditions stable"],["Integumentary system","Skin, hair, nails and glands"],["Epidermis","Outer layer of skin"],["Dermis","Layer of skin with blood vessels, nerves and glands"],["Hypodermis","Fatty layer beneath the skin"],["Melanin","Pigment that gives skin its color and absorbs UV"],["Sebaceous gland","Gland that makes oil (sebum)"],["Sudoriferous gland","Sweat gland"],["Keratin","Tough protein in skin, hair and nails"],["Skeletal system","Bones, cartilage and joints"],["Osteocyte","Mature bone cell"],["Compact bone","Dense outer bone layer"],["Spongy bone","Porous inner bone containing marrow"],["Red bone marrow","Tissue that makes blood cells"],["Ligament","Tissue connecting bone to bone"],["Tendon","Tissue connecting muscle to bone"],["Cartilage","Flexible connective tissue cushioning joints"],["Synovial joint","Freely movable joint with fluid-filled cavity"],["Muscular system","Muscles that produce movement"],["Skeletal muscle","Voluntary striated muscle attached to bones"],["Smooth muscle","Involuntary muscle in walls of organs"],["Cardiac muscle","Involuntary striated muscle of the heart"],["Sarcomere","Basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber"],["Actin and myosin","Protein filaments that slide past each other to contract muscle"],["Nervous system","Brain, spinal cord and nerves"],["Neuron","Nerve cell"],["Synapse","Junction where neurons communicate"],["Cerebrum","Largest part of the brain; thinking and voluntary action"],["Cerebellum","Brain part that coordinates balance and movement"],["Brainstem","Controls breathing, heart rate and basic life functions"],["Autonomic nervous system","Controls involuntary actions"],["Reflex arc","Quick automatic pathway from stimulus to response"],["Myelin","Fatty coating that speeds nerve signals"],["Endocrine system","Glands that release hormones into the blood"],["Hormone","A chemical messenger"],["Pituitary gland","Master gland controlling other glands"],["Thyroid gland","Controls metabolism"],["Pancreas","Makes insulin and digestive enzymes"],["Insulin","Hormone that lowers blood glucose"],["Adrenal gland","Makes hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol"],["Cardiovascular system","Heart and blood vessels"],["Atrium","Upper heart chamber that receives blood"],["Ventricle","Lower heart chamber that pumps blood out"],["Artery","Vessel carrying blood away from the heart"],["Vein","Vessel carrying blood toward the heart"],["Capillary","Tiny vessel where exchange occurs"],["Systolic pressure","Pressure when the heart contracts"],["Diastolic pressure","Pressure when the heart relaxes"],["Erythrocyte","Red blood cell; carries oxygen"],["Leukocyte","White blood cell; fights infection"],["Thrombocyte","Platelet; helps blood clot"],["Hemoglobin","Iron-containing protein that carries oxygen"],["Plasma","Liquid part of blood"],["Lymphatic system","Vessels and organs that drain fluid and defend against disease"],["Lymph node","Small organ that filters lymph"],["Spleen","Organ that filters blood and stores platelets"],["Thymus","Organ where T cells mature"],["Immune system","Cells and tissues that defend against pathogens"],["Antibody","Protein that recognizes and binds to an antigen"],["Antigen","A substance that triggers an immune response"],["Respiratory system","Organs for gas exchange"],["Alveoli","Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gases are exchanged"],["Diaphragm","Muscle under the lungs that drives breathing"],["Trachea","Windpipe"],["Bronchi","Two main airways into the lungs"],["Larynx","Voice box"],["Digestive system","Organs that break down food and absorb nutrients"],["Esophagus","Tube from throat to stomach"],["Peristalsis","Wave-like muscle contractions moving food"],["Stomach","Organ that churns food with acid and enzymes"],["Small intestine","Main site of nutrient absorption"],["Large intestine","Absorbs water and forms stool"],["Liver","Makes bile, processes nutrients and detoxifies"],["Gallbladder","Stores bile"],["Villi","Finger-like folds that absorb nutrients in the small intestine"],["Urinary system","Organs that filter blood and remove liquid waste"],["Kidney","Filters blood and makes urine"],["Nephron","Filtering unit of the kidney"],["Ureter","Tube from kidney to bladder"],["Urinary bladder","Stores urine"],["Urethra","Tube carrying urine out of the body"],["Reproductive system","Organs for producing offspring"],["Gamete","A reproductive cell: sperm or egg"],["Ovary","Female organ that makes eggs"],["Testis","Male organ that makes sperm"],["Uterus","Organ where a fetus develops"],["Zygote","Cell formed when sperm fertilizes an egg"],["Fetus","Developing baby after about eight weeks"],["Placenta","Organ that nourishes the fetus"],["Anatomical position","Standing upright, facing forward, palms forward"],["Sagittal plane","Divides the body into left and right"],["Frontal (coronal) plane","Divides the body into front and back"],["Transverse plane","Divides the body into top and bottom"],["Proximal","Closer to the point of attachment"],["Distal","Farther from the point of attachment"],["Superior","Toward the head"],["Inferior","Toward the feet"],["Anterior","Toward the front"],["Posterior","Toward the back"],["Medial","Toward the midline"],["Lateral","Away from the midline"],["Superficial","Near the surface"],["Deep","Farther from the surface"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-prefixes","id":"tp-med-prefixes","title":"Medical Terminology: Prefixes","category":"test-prep","subject":"Medical Terminology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Word beginnings that appear in medical and health terms.","tags":["medical","terminology","prefix"],"frontLabel":"Prefix","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["a-, an-","Without; not","anemia"],["ab-","Away from","abduct"],["ad-","Toward","adduct"],["ambi-","Both","ambidextrous"],["ante-","Before; forward","antepartum"],["anti-","Against","antibiotic"],["auto-","Self","autoimmune"],["bi-","Two","bilateral"],["brady-","Slow","bradycardia"],["circum-","Around","circumcision"],["con-","With; together","congenital"],["contra-","Against; opposite","contraindicated"],["de-","Down; removal","dehydration"],["dia-","Through; complete","diagnosis"],["dis-","Apart; away","dislocate"],["dys-","Painful; difficult; abnormal","dyspnea"],["ecto-","Outside","ectopic"],["endo-","Within","endocardium"],["epi-","Upon; above","epidermis"],["eu-","Good; normal","euphoria"],["ex-, exo-","Outside; out of","exhale"],["extra-","Outside of","extracellular"],["hemi-","Half","hemisphere"],["hetero-","Different","heterogeneous"],["homo-, homeo-","Same","homeostasis"],["hyper-","Above; excessive","hypertension"],["hypo-","Below; deficient","hypotension"],["infra-","Below","infraorbital"],["inter-","Between","intercostal"],["intra-","Within","intravenous"],["iso-","Equal","isotonic"],["macro-","Large","macrophage"],["mal-","Bad; poor","malnutrition"],["meso-","Middle","mesentery"],["meta-","Change; beyond","metastasis"],["micro-","Small","microscope"],["mono-","One","mononucleosis"],["multi-","Many","multiparous"],["neo-","New","neonatal"],["non-","Not","noninvasive"],["oligo-","Few; scanty","oliguria"],["pan-","All","pandemic"],["para-","Beside; abnormal; near","paralysis"],["per-","Through","percutaneous"],["peri-","Around","pericardium"],["poly-","Many; much","polyuria"],["post-","After","postoperative"],["pre-","Before","prenatal"],["pro-","Before; in favor of","prognosis"],["pseudo-","False","pseudocyst"],["quadri-","Four","quadriceps"],["re-","Again; back","regurgitate"],["retro-","Behind; backward","retroperitoneal"],["semi-","Half","semiconscious"],["sub-","Under","subcutaneous"],["super-, supra-","Above","suprapubic"],["sym-, syn-","Together","synapse"],["tachy-","Fast","tachycardia"],["tetra-","Four","tetralogy"],["tri-","Three","triceps"],["trans-","Across","transfusion"],["ultra-","Beyond","ultrasound"],["uni-","One","unilateral"],["pre-natal vs post-natal","Before birth versus after birth"],["brachy-","Short","brachydactyly"],["mega-, megalo-","Large","megacolon"],["olig-","Little","oligohydramnios"],["primi-","First","primigravida"],["multi-gravida","A woman who has been pregnant more than once"],["intro-","Into","introvert"],["xero-","Dry","xerosis"],["peri vs endo","Peri- is around the outside; endo- is within"],["hydro-","Water","hydrocephalus"],["hemo-, hemato-","Blood","hematology"],["necro-","Death","necrosis"],["pyo-","Pus","pyoderma"],["dextro-","Right","dextrocardia"],["levo-","Left","levoscoliosis"],["ortho-","Straight; correct","orthopedics"],["tox-, toxo-","Poison","toxicology"],["pachy-","Thick","pachyderm"],["lepto-","Thin; slender","leptomeninges"],["pleo-","More","pleomorphic"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-roots","id":"tp-med-roots","title":"Medical Terminology: Word Roots","category":"test-prep","subject":"Medical Terminology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"The Greek and Latin roots for body parts and body processes.","tags":["medical","terminology","roots"],"frontLabel":"Root","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abdomin/o","Abdomen","abdominal"],["aden/o","Gland","adenoma"],["adip/o","Fat","adipose"],["angi/o","Vessel","angiogram"],["arteri/o","Artery","arteriosclerosis"],["arthr/o","Joint","arthritis"],["bronch/o","Bronchus","bronchitis"],["card/o, cardi/o","Heart","cardiology"],["cephal/o","Head","cephalic"],["cerebr/o","Cerebrum; brain","cerebral"],["cheil/o","Lip","cheilitis"],["chol/e","Bile","cholecyst"],["chondr/o","Cartilage","chondroma"],["col/o, colon/o","Colon","colonoscopy"],["cost/o","Rib","intercostal"],["crani/o","Skull","cranium"],["cutane/o","Skin","subcutaneous"],["cyst/o","Bladder; sac","cystitis"],["cyt/o","Cell","cytology"],["dent/i, dent/o","Tooth","dentist"],["derm/o, dermat/o","Skin","dermatitis"],["duoden/o","Duodenum","duodenal"],["encephal/o","Brain","encephalitis"],["enter/o","Small intestine","gastroenteritis"],["erythr/o","Red","erythrocyte"],["gastr/o","Stomach","gastritis"],["gingiv/o","Gums","gingivitis"],["gloss/o","Tongue","glossitis"],["gluc/o, glyc/o","Sugar; glucose","hypoglycemia"],["gyn/o, gynec/o","Woman; female","gynecology"],["hem/o, hemat/o","Blood","hematology"],["hepat/o","Liver","hepatitis"],["hist/o","Tissue","histology"],["hydr/o","Water","dehydration"],["hyster/o","Uterus","hysterectomy"],["ile/o","Ileum","ileitis"],["ili/o","Ilium","iliac"],["kerat/o","Cornea; hard","keratitis"],["lact/o","Milk","lactation"],["lapar/o","Abdominal wall","laparoscopy"],["laryng/o","Larynx","laryngitis"],["leuk/o","White","leukocyte"],["lip/o","Fat","liposuction"],["lith/o","Stone","lithotripsy"],["mamm/o, mast/o","Breast","mammogram"],["mening/o","Meninges","meningitis"],["my/o","Muscle","myocardium"],["myel/o","Bone marrow; spinal cord","myelogram"],["nas/o, rhin/o","Nose","rhinitis"],["nephr/o, ren/o","Kidney","nephritis"],["neur/o","Nerve","neurology"],["ocul/o, ophthalm/o","Eye","ophthalmologist"],["onc/o","Tumor","oncology"],["oste/o","Bone","osteoporosis"],["ot/o","Ear","otitis"],["ovari/o, oophor/o","Ovary","oophorectomy"],["path/o","Disease","pathology"],["ped/o","Child; foot (context)","pediatrics"],["phleb/o, ven/o","Vein","phlebitis"],["pneum/o, pneumon/o","Lung; air","pneumonia"],["pod/o","Foot","podiatrist"],["psych/o","Mind","psychology"],["pulmon/o","Lung","pulmonary"],["rect/o","Rectum","rectal"],["rhin/o","Nose","rhinoplasty"],["salping/o","Fallopian tube","salpingitis"],["splen/o","Spleen","splenectomy"],["spondyl/o","Vertebra","spondylitis"],["stomat/o","Mouth","stomatitis"],["thorac/o","Chest","thoracic"],["thromb/o","Clot","thrombosis"],["thyr/o","Thyroid","thyroidectomy"],["trache/o","Trachea","tracheostomy"],["ureter/o","Ureter","ureteral"],["urethr/o","Urethra","urethritis"],["ur/o, urin/o","Urine; urinary tract","urology"],["uter/o","Uterus","uterine"],["vas/o","Vessel; vas deferens","vasoconstriction"],["vertebr/o","Vertebra; spine","vertebral"],["viscer/o","Internal organs","visceral"],["blephar/o","Eyelid","blepharitis"],["carcin/o","Cancer","carcinoma"],["cervic/o","Neck; cervix","cervical"],["cutis","Skin","cutaneous"],["dactyl/o","Finger or toe","polydactyly"],["hepat/o vs splen/o","Liver versus spleen"],["lingu/o","Tongue","sublingual"],["or/o","Mouth","oral"],["rhabd/o","Rod-shaped; striated","rhabdomyoma"],["scler/o","Hard; white of the eye","scleroderma"],["tend/o, ten/o","Tendon","tendonitis"],["tonsill/o","Tonsil","tonsillectomy"],["gnath/o","Jaw","prognathism"],["pharyng/o","Throat","pharyngitis"],["pyel/o","Renal pelvis","pyelonephritis"],["sperm/o, spermat/o","Sperm","spermatozoon"],["orchi/o, orchid/o","Testis","orchiectomy"],["mamm/o","Breast","mammary"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-suffixes","id":"tp-med-suffixes","title":"Medical Terminology: Suffixes","category":"test-prep","subject":"Medical Terminology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Word endings that signal a condition, procedure or measurement.","tags":["medical","terminology","suffix"],"frontLabel":"Suffix","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["-algia","Pain","neuralgia"],["-cele","Hernia; swelling","cystocele"],["-centesis","Surgical puncture to remove fluid","amniocentesis"],["-cide","Killing","bactericide"],["-clasis, -clast","Break; breaking","osteoclast"],["-cyte","Cell","erythrocyte"],["-ectasis","Expansion; dilation","bronchiectasis"],["-ectomy","Surgical removal","appendectomy"],["-emia","Condition of the blood","anemia"],["-genesis","Origin; production","pathogenesis"],["-genic","Producing; originating in","carcinogenic"],["-gram","A record","electrocardiogram"],["-graph","Instrument for recording","electrocardiograph"],["-graphy","Process of recording","radiography"],["-iasis","Condition; formation of","lithiasis"],["-ism","Condition; process","hypothyroidism"],["-itis","Inflammation","arthritis"],["-kinesis","Movement","dyskinesia"],["-lithiasis","Presence of stones","cholelithiasis"],["-logist","One who studies","cardiologist"],["-logy","Study of","cardiology"],["-lysis","Breakdown; loosening","hemolysis"],["-malacia","Softening","osteomalacia"],["-mania","Obsessive preoccupation","kleptomania"],["-megaly","Enlargement","hepatomegaly"],["-meter","Instrument for measuring","thermometer"],["-metry","Measurement","spirometry"],["-oid","Resembling","thyroid"],["-ologist","Specialist in the study of","dermatologist"],["-oma","Tumor; mass","lipoma"],["-opia","Vision condition","myopia"],["-opsy","View of; examination","biopsy"],["-osis","Abnormal condition","fibrosis"],["-ostomy","Creating a surgical opening","colostomy"],["-otomy","Cutting into","laparotomy"],["-pathy","Disease","neuropathy"],["-penia","Deficiency","leukopenia"],["-pexy","Surgical fixation","nephropexy"],["-phagia","Eating; swallowing","dysphagia"],["-phasia","Speech","aphasia"],["-philia","Attraction to","hemophilia"],["-phobia","Fear","claustrophobia"],["-plasia","Formation; growth","hyperplasia"],["-plasty","Surgical repair","rhinoplasty"],["-plegia","Paralysis","paraplegia"],["-pnea","Breathing","apnea"],["-poiesis","Formation","hematopoiesis"],["-ptosis","Drooping; prolapse","blepharoptosis"],["-rrhage, -rrhagia","Excessive flow; bursting forth","hemorrhage"],["-rrhaphy","Suture of","herniorrhaphy"],["-rrhea","Flow; discharge","diarrhea"],["-rrhexis","Rupture","arteriorrhexis"],["-sclerosis","Hardening","arteriosclerosis"],["-scope","Instrument for viewing","endoscope"],["-scopy","Visual examination","colonoscopy"],["-spasm","Involuntary contraction","bronchospasm"],["-stasis","Stopping; controlling","hemostasis"],["-stenosis","Narrowing","pyloric stenosis"],["-therapy","Treatment","chemotherapy"],["-tome","Instrument for cutting","microtome"],["-tripsy","Crushing","lithotripsy"],["-trophy","Nourishment; development","atrophy"],["-uria","Urine condition","hematuria"],["-ia","Condition","pneumonia"],["-ic, -al, -ar, -ary","Pertaining to","cardiac"],["-ous","Pertaining to","venous"],["-ase","Enzyme","lipase"],["-emesis","Vomiting","hematemesis"],["-esthesia","Sensation","anesthesia"],["-ferous","Bearing; carrying","sudoriferous"],["-gnosis","Knowledge","prognosis"],["-gen","Substance that produces","antigen"],["-ule","Small","venule"],["-trophic","Pertaining to nourishment","neurotrophic"],["-ectopy","Displacement","cardiac ectopy"],["-ar vs -al","Both mean 'pertaining to'; the choice depends on the root"],["-iatrics, -iatry","Medical treatment; field of medicine","pediatrics"],["-ist","A specialist","podiatrist"],["-ptysis","Spitting","hemoptysis"],["-stomy vs -tomy","-stomy makes an opening; -tomy is just a cut"],["-desis","Binding; fusion","arthrodesis"],["-lepsy","Seizure","epilepsy"],["-pepsia","Digestion","dyspepsia"],["-phoria","Feeling; bearing","euphoria"],["-physis","Growing","epiphysis"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-nautical-terms","id":"tp-nautical-terms","title":"Nautical and Sailing Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Boating","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of a boat, directions, sailing moves and sea words.","tags":["nautical","sailing","boating"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Bow","The front of a boat"],["Stern","The back of a boat"],["Port","The left side when facing the bow"],["Starboard","The right side when facing the bow"],["Fore","Toward the bow"],["Aft","Toward the stern"],["Abeam","At right angles to the boat's length"],["Amidships","In the middle of the boat"],["Hull","The body of a boat"],["Keel","Central beam along the bottom of the hull"],["Deck","The floor of a boat"],["Cabin","Enclosed living or sleeping space"],["Galley","A boat's kitchen"],["Head","A boat's toilet"],["Bunk (berth)","A bed on a boat"],["Helm","The steering position or the wheel"],["Tiller","A lever used to steer"],["Rudder","Underwater blade that steers the boat"],["Draft","Depth of the boat below the waterline"],["Freeboard","Height of the hull above the water"],["Beam","The widest part of the boat"],["Gunwale","Upper edge of the side of the boat"],["Transom","Flat vertical surface at the stern"],["Bilge","The lowest inside part of the hull"],["Mast","Tall vertical pole holding sails"],["Boom","Horizontal pole at the bottom of the mainsail"],["Mainsail","Main sail on the mast"],["Jib","Triangular sail at the front"],["Spinnaker","Large, balloon-like sail used downwind"],["Genoa","A large jib that overlaps the mast"],["Halyard","Rope that raises a sail"],["Sheet","Rope that controls a sail's angle"],["Rigging","The ropes and wires that support masts and control sails"],["Shroud","Wire supporting the mast from the sides"],["Stay","Wire supporting the mast fore and aft"],["Line","The nautical word for rope"],["Cleat","Fitting used to secure a line"],["Winch","Device to pull lines with a crank"],["Fender","Cushion hung between boat and dock"],["Anchor","Heavy hook that holds a boat in place"],["Rode","Line and chain connecting boat to anchor"],["Windlass","Winch that raises the anchor"],["Mooring","A permanent anchor point for boats"],["Dock","Structure where boats tie up"],["Pier","A platform extending into the water"],["Marina","Harbor with docking for boats"],["Harbor","Sheltered water where ships can anchor"],["Knot (speed)","One nautical mile per hour"],["Nautical mile","About 1.15 land miles"],["Fathom","Six feet of water depth"],["Leeward","The side away from the wind"],["Windward","The side toward the wind"],["Lee shore","Land that wind blows toward; dangerous for boats"],["Tack","To turn the bow through the wind; also a boat's course relative to the wind"],["Jibe","To turn the stern through the wind"],["Close-hauled","Sailing as close to the wind as possible"],["Beam reach","Sailing with the wind from the side"],["Broad reach","Sailing with the wind coming from behind at an angle"],["Running","Sailing with the wind directly behind"],["In irons","Stuck facing into the wind with no steering"],["Heeling","Leaning over from the force of the wind"],["Capsize","To turn over"],["Reef","To reduce sail area in strong wind"],["Luff","The front edge of a sail; also when the sail flaps"],["Leech","The back edge of a sail"],["Clew","The lower back corner of a sail"],["Head of the sail","The top corner"],["Point of sail","Boat's direction relative to the wind"],["Bearing","Direction from one point to another"],["Heading","The direction the bow is pointing"],["Course","The intended path"],["Chart","A nautical map"],["Compass","Instrument showing direction"],["Latitude","Distance north or south of the equator"],["Longitude","Distance east or west of the prime meridian"],["Dead reckoning","Estimating position from speed, time and heading"],["Sextant","Instrument for measuring the angle of the sun or stars"],["GPS","Satellite navigation"],["Buoy","Floating marker on the water"],["Red right returning","When entering a harbor from the sea, keep red markers on your right"],["Lighthouse","Tower with a light to guide ships"],["Tide","The rise and fall of the sea level"],["Ebb tide","Falling tide"],["Flood tide","Rising tide"],["Current","A steady flow of water"],["Swell","Long wave moving across open water"],["Wake","Trail of waves behind a boat"],["Squall","A sudden strong wind"],["Beaufort scale","Scale describing wind strength"],["PFD (life jacket)","Personal flotation device"],["Man overboard","A cry meaning someone has fallen into the water"],["Ahoy","A call to attract attention"],["Aye aye","I understand and will obey"],["Mayday","Radio distress call"],["Skipper","The person in charge of a boat"],["Crew","People who work on a boat"],["Mate","An officer ranking below the captain"],["Bosun","Officer in charge of deck crew and equipment"],["Vessel","A boat or ship"],["Knot (rope)","A fastening made by tying rope; examples are bowline and cleat hitch"],["Bowline","A knot that makes a fixed loop"],["Clove hitch","A knot that fastens a line to a post"],["Figure eight","A stopper knot at the end of a line"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-nursing-basics","id":"tp-nursing-basics","title":"Nursing Fundamentals Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Nursing","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Core concepts for nursing students: process, safety, vitals and common terms. Education only.","tags":["nursing","healthcare"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Nursing process","Assess, diagnose, plan, implement, evaluate"],["ADPIE","Memory aid for the five steps of the nursing process"],["Assessment","Gathering information about the patient"],["Subjective data","What the patient reports (symptoms)"],["Objective data","What the nurse observes or measures (signs)"],["Nursing diagnosis","A clinical judgment about a patient's response to a health problem"],["Care plan","Written plan of goals and nursing actions"],["Evaluation","Judging whether goals were met"],["Vital signs","Temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and often oxygen saturation"],["Normal adult pulse","About 60 to 100 beats per minute"],["Normal adult respirations","About 12 to 20 breaths per minute"],["Normal adult temperature","About 98.6 F (37 C), with some natural variation"],["Normal blood pressure","About 120/80 mmHg or lower"],["Bradycardia","Slow heart rate"],["Tachycardia","Fast heart rate"],["Hypotension","Low blood pressure"],["Hypertension","High blood pressure"],["Hypoxia","Low oxygen in body tissues"],["Dyspnea","Difficulty breathing"],["Apnea","Pause in breathing"],["Pulse oximeter","Device that measures oxygen saturation"],["Hand hygiene","The most important way to prevent infection"],["Standard precautions","Basic infection control used for every patient"],["Contact precautions","Gloves and gowns to prevent spread by touch"],["Droplet precautions","Mask for germs spread by large respiratory droplets"],["Airborne precautions","Special room and respirator for germs that travel on air"],["PPE","Personal protective equipment such as gloves, gown, mask and goggles"],["Aseptic technique","Methods to prevent contamination by germs"],["Sterile field","Area kept free of all microorganisms"],["Fomite","An object that can carry infection"],["Nosocomial infection","Infection acquired in a healthcare setting"],["Six rights of medication","Right patient, drug, dose, route, time and documentation"],["Medication reconciliation","Comparing a patient's medication lists to avoid errors"],["Allergy","Overreaction of the immune system to a substance"],["Anaphylaxis","Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction"],["Informed consent","A patient agrees to treatment after understanding it"],["HIPAA","US law protecting patients' health information"],["Confidentiality","Keeping patient information private"],["Advance directive","Written wishes about future medical care"],["Patient advocate","Someone who speaks up for a patient's rights and needs"],["Scope of practice","What a licensed professional is legally allowed to do"],["Delegation","Assigning a task to someone else while keeping accountability"],["Chain of command","Order of reporting concerns"],["SBAR","Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation: a communication format"],["Therapeutic communication","Communication that helps and supports patients"],["Active listening","Fully focusing on and responding to what is said"],["Documentation","Writing accurate records of care"],["Charting by exception","Recording only findings that differ from normal"],["Maslow's hierarchy","Basic needs come before higher needs"],["Activities of daily living","Everyday self-care tasks like bathing and eating"],["Fall risk","Likelihood that a patient will fall"],["Pressure injury","Skin damage from prolonged pressure"],["Turning schedule","Repositioning to prevent pressure injuries"],["Ambulation","Walking"],["Body mechanics","Using the body safely when lifting and moving"],["Range of motion","The full movement a joint can make"],["Intake and output","Measuring fluids a patient takes in and puts out"],["Dehydration","Not enough water in the body"],["Edema","Swelling from excess fluid in tissue"],["Isotonic IV fluid","Fluid with the same concentration as blood plasma"],["Catheter","A tube inserted into the body to drain or deliver fluid"],["Enteral nutrition","Feeding through the digestive tract, such as a tube"],["Parenteral nutrition","Nutrients given directly into the bloodstream"],["NPO","Nothing by mouth"],["Aspiration","Food or fluid entering the airway"],["Wound healing","Stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling"],["Dressing","Material that covers and protects a wound"],["Pain scale","Tool for patients to rate pain, such as 0 to 10"],["Palliative care","Care focused on comfort and quality of life"],["Hospice","End-of-life care focusing on comfort"],["Triage","Sorting patients by urgency of need"],["Rapid response","Team called when a patient is getting worse quickly"],["Code blue","Hospital emergency call for cardiac or respiratory arrest"],["Restraint","A device limiting movement, used only as a last resort"],["Cultural competence","Respecting and meeting patients' cultural needs"],["Health literacy","Ability to understand health information"],["Teach-back","Asking patients to explain instructions in their own words"],["Primary prevention","Stopping disease before it starts, like vaccination"],["Secondary prevention","Early detection, like screening"],["Tertiary prevention","Reducing the effects of existing disease"],["Evidence-based practice","Using the best research along with clinical judgment"],["Chain of infection","Agent, reservoir, exit, transmission, entry, host"],["Sharps container","Rigid, puncture-proof box for needles"],["Incident report","Record of an unusual event, such as a fall or error"],["Near miss","An error caught before it reaches the patient"],["Bedsore stages","Stages 1 to 4 describing the depth of pressure injury"],["Orthostatic hypotension","Blood pressure drop when standing up"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-orgchem-functional-groups","id":"tp-orgchem-functional-groups","title":"Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups","category":"test-prep","subject":"Organic Chemistry","levels":["college"],"description":"Names and structures of common functional groups.","tags":["chemistry","organic"],"frontLabel":"Group","backLabel":"Structure and notes","cards":[["Alkane","Only C-C single bonds; saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2)"],["Alkene","Contains a C=C double bond"],["Alkyne","Contains a C-C triple bond"],["Aromatic ring","Cyclic ring with delocalized pi electrons, like benzene"],["Alkyl halide","R-X where X is F, Cl, Br or I"],["Alcohol","R-OH; a hydroxyl on a saturated carbon"],["Phenol","OH group attached directly to an aromatic ring"],["Ether","R-O-R'; oxygen between two carbons"],["Epoxide","A three-membered ring containing oxygen"],["Thiol","R-SH; sulfur analog of alcohol"],["Sulfide (thioether)","R-S-R'"],["Disulfide","R-S-S-R'"],["Aldehyde","RCHO; carbonyl at the end of a carbon chain"],["Ketone","R-CO-R'; carbonyl between two carbons"],["Carboxylic acid","R-COOH"],["Ester","R-COO-R'"],["Amide","R-CO-NR2; carbonyl bonded to nitrogen"],["Acid chloride","R-COCl; very reactive acid derivative"],["Acid anhydride","Two acyl groups joined through an oxygen"],["Nitrile","R-C triple bond N"],["Amine","Nitrogen bonded to carbon with lone pair; basic"],["Primary amine","RNH2"],["Secondary amine","R2NH"],["Tertiary amine","R3N"],["Quaternary ammonium","N bonded to four carbons with positive charge"],["Imine","C=N double bond"],["Nitro group","R-NO2"],["Azide","R-N3"],["Carbonyl","C=O double bond"],["Hydroxyl","-OH group"],["Carboxyl","-COOH group"],["Amino","-NH2 group"],["Methyl","-CH3"],["Ethyl","-CH2CH3"],["Propyl","-CH2CH2CH3"],["Isopropyl","-CH(CH3)2"],["Butyl","Four-carbon chain group"],["tert-Butyl","-C(CH3)3"],["Vinyl","-CH=CH2"],["Allyl","-CH2-CH=CH2"],["Phenyl","-C6H5"],["Benzyl","-CH2-C6H5"],["Acetyl","-COCH3"],["Cycloalkane","Alkane arranged in a ring"],["Diene","Two double bonds"],["Conjugated diene","Double bonds separated by one single bond"],["Cumulene","Consecutive double bonds"],["Enol","A C=C bonded to an OH"],["Enolate","Anion formed by removing the alpha proton from a carbonyl"],["Hemiacetal","A carbon bonded to both OH and OR"],["Acetal","A carbon bonded to two OR groups"],["Lactone","A cyclic ester"],["Lactam","A cyclic amide"],["Peptide bond","Amide bond linking amino acids"],["Glycosidic bond","Linkage between sugar units"],["Phosphate ester","Ester formed with phosphoric acid"],["Sulfonic acid","R-SO3H"],["Isocyanate","R-N=C=O"],["Hydrazine","N-N single bond derivative"],["Carbamate","R-O-CO-NR2"],["Urea","Carbonyl bonded to two nitrogens"],["Heterocycle","A ring containing at least one atom other than carbon"],["Pyridine","Six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen"],["Furan","Five-membered aromatic ring with one oxygen"],["Pyrrole","Five-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen"],["Thiophene","Five-membered aromatic ring with one sulfur"],["Priority of groups in naming","Acids > esters > amides > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines"],["IUPAC suffix -ol","Alcohol"],["IUPAC suffix -al","Aldehyde"],["IUPAC suffix -one","Ketone"],["IUPAC suffix -oic acid","Carboxylic acid"],["IUPAC suffix -oate","Ester"],["IUPAC suffix -amide","Amide"],["IUPAC suffix -amine","Amine"],["IUPAC suffix -nitrile","Nitrile"],["IUPAC suffix -ene","Alkene"],["IUPAC suffix -yne","Alkyne"],["Chirality center","A carbon bonded to four different groups"],["Enantiomers","Non-superimposable mirror image molecules"],["Diastereomers","Stereoisomers that are not mirror images"],["Constitutional isomers","Same formula, different connectivity"],["R/S configuration","Labels for chirality using CIP priority rules"],["E/Z configuration","Labels for alkene geometry using CIP rules"],["Hydrogen bond donor","N-H or O-H group"],["Hydrophilic group","A polar group that interacts with water"],["Hydrophobic group","A nonpolar group that avoids water"],["Degree of unsaturation","Rings plus pi bonds in a molecule"],["Markovnikov's rule","In HX addition to alkenes, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-orgchem-reactions","id":"tp-orgchem-reactions","title":"Organic Chemistry: Reactions and Mechanisms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Organic Chemistry","levels":["college"],"description":"Named reactions, reaction types and what they do.","tags":["chemistry","organic","reactions"],"frontLabel":"Reaction","backLabel":"What happens","cards":[["SN1 reaction","Two-step substitution through a carbocation; favors tertiary substrates and polar protic solvents"],["SN2 reaction","One-step substitution with backside attack and inversion; favors methyl and primary substrates"],["E1 reaction","Two-step elimination through a carbocation"],["E2 reaction","One-step elimination needing a strong base and anti-periplanar geometry"],["Zaitsev's rule","Elimination gives the more substituted alkene as the major product"],["Hofmann product","The less substituted alkene, favored by bulky bases"],["Carbocation stability","Tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl"],["Leaving group","A group that departs with a pair of electrons; good ones are weak bases"],["Nucleophile","An electron-rich species that attacks an electrophile"],["Electrophile","An electron-poor species that accepts electrons"],["Polar protic solvent","Solvent with O-H or N-H bonds, like water or ethanol"],["Polar aprotic solvent","Polar solvent without O-H, like acetone or DMSO"],["Electrophilic addition","Alkene pi bond attacks an electrophile, adding across the double bond"],["Hydrohalogenation","Adding HX across an alkene"],["Hydration of alkenes","Adding water to form an alcohol"],["Hydrogenation","Adding H2 across a double or triple bond using a metal catalyst"],["Halogenation of alkenes","Adding X2 across a double bond to give anti addition"],["Hydroboration-oxidation","Anti-Markovnikov syn addition of water to an alkene"],["Oxymercuration-demercuration","Markovnikov hydration of alkenes without rearrangements"],["Epoxidation","Converting an alkene to an epoxide with a peroxyacid"],["Ozonolysis","Cleaving a double bond with ozone to give carbonyls"],["Dihydroxylation","Adding two OH groups across a double bond"],["Free radical halogenation","Substituting H on an alkane by a halogen through radical steps"],["Radical chain mechanism","Initiation, propagation, termination"],["Electrophilic aromatic substitution","Replacing a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with an electrophile"],["Nitration","Adding NO2 to an aromatic ring using nitric and sulfuric acid"],["Friedel-Crafts alkylation","Adding an alkyl group to an aromatic ring using AlCl3"],["Friedel-Crafts acylation","Adding an acyl group to an aromatic ring"],["Ortho/para director","Group that directs incoming electrophiles to positions 2 and 4"],["Meta director","Group that directs incoming electrophiles to position 3"],["Activating group","Electron-donating group that speeds up aromatic substitution"],["Deactivating group","Electron-withdrawing group that slows aromatic substitution"],["Nucleophilic acyl substitution","Nucleophile replaces a leaving group on a carbonyl carbon"],["Fischer esterification","Acid-catalyzed reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester"],["Saponification","Base hydrolysis of an ester to a carboxylate and alcohol"],["Amide formation","Reaction of an acid derivative with an amine"],["Grignard reaction","Organomagnesium reagent adds to carbonyl compounds to form alcohols"],["Organolithium reagent","Strongly basic carbon nucleophile like Grignards"],["Reduction with NaBH4","Mild reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols"],["Reduction with LiAlH4","Strong reduction of carbonyls, esters and acids to alcohols"],["PCC oxidation","Oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes"],["Jones oxidation","Strong oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids"],["Swern oxidation","Mild oxidation of alcohols using DMSO"],["Aldol reaction","An enolate adds to a carbonyl to form a beta-hydroxy carbonyl"],["Aldol condensation","Aldol addition followed by loss of water"],["Claisen condensation","Ester enolate attacks another ester to give a beta-keto ester"],["Michael addition","Nucleophile adds to the beta carbon of an alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyl"],["Wittig reaction","Converts aldehydes and ketones into alkenes"],["Diels-Alder reaction","A diene and a dienophile form a six-membered ring"],["Cycloaddition","Concerted reaction forming a ring"],["Williamson ether synthesis","Alkoxide attacks alkyl halide to form an ether"],["Gabriel synthesis","Preparing primary amines from alkyl halides using phthalimide"],["Hofmann elimination","Converts quaternary ammonium to the less substituted alkene"],["Diazonium salt","Intermediate from aryl amines used to introduce many groups on rings"],["Sandmeyer reaction","Replacing a diazonium group with a halide or cyanide using copper salts"],["Cannizzaro reaction","Aldehydes without alpha hydrogens react to give an alcohol and an acid"],["Baeyer-Villiger oxidation","Converts ketones into esters using a peracid"],["Hydrolysis","Breaking a bond with water"],["Dehydration of alcohols","Acid-catalyzed loss of water to form alkenes"],["Tautomerization","Interconversion of keto and enol forms"],["Resonance stabilization","Delocalization of electrons lowers energy"],["Hammond postulate","Transition states resemble the nearest-energy species"],["Kinetic vs. thermodynamic control","Fastest-formed versus most stable product"],["Inversion of configuration","Stereochemical result of an SN2 reaction"],["Racemization","Formation of equal amounts of both enantiomers"],["Syn addition","Both groups add to the same face of a double bond"],["Anti addition","Groups add to opposite faces"],["Stereospecific","Different stereoisomers give different stereoisomeric products"],["Regioselective","One direction of bond making is favored over another"],["Protecting group","A temporary group masking a reactive site"],["Retrosynthesis","Planning a synthesis by working backward from the target"],["Rearrangement (hydride shift)","Carbocation moves hydrogen to become more stable"],["Polymerization","Joining monomers into long chains"],["Addition polymer","Polymer formed by adding monomers without losing atoms"],["Condensation polymer","Polymer formed with loss of a small molecule such as water"],["Beckmann rearrangement","Oxime converts to an amide under acid"],["Pinacol rearrangement","Diol converts to a ketone under acid"],["Fries rearrangement","Aryl ester converts to a hydroxy aryl ketone"],["Clemmensen reduction","Reduces a ketone or aldehyde to an alkane using zinc and acid"],["Wolff-Kishner reduction","Reduces a ketone or aldehyde to an alkane under basic conditions"],["Birch reduction","Reduces aromatic rings to dienes"],["Heck reaction","Palladium-catalyzed coupling of an alkene with an aryl or vinyl halide"],["Suzuki coupling","Palladium-catalyzed coupling of organoboron and organohalide"],["Click chemistry","Fast, reliable reactions that join molecules, like azide-alkyne cycloaddition"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-pharmacology-classes","id":"tp-pharmacology-classes","title":"Pharmacology: Drug Classes and Their Purpose","category":"test-prep","subject":"Pharmacology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"General drug categories and what each class is used for. Education only, not medical advice.","tags":["pharmacology","nursing","drug-classes"],"frontLabel":"Drug class","backLabel":"General purpose","cards":[["Analgesic","Relieves pain"],["Opioid analgesic","Strong pain reliever acting on opioid receptors; carries risk of dependence"],["NSAID","Reduces pain, fever and inflammation"],["Antipyretic","Lowers fever"],["Antibiotic","Kills or stops bacteria"],["Antiviral","Treats viral infections"],["Antifungal","Treats fungal infections"],["Antiparasitic","Treats parasite infections"],["Penicillins","Antibiotic class that blocks bacterial cell walls"],["Cephalosporins","Antibiotic class related to penicillins"],["Macrolides","Antibiotics that block bacterial protein making"],["Fluoroquinolones","Antibiotics that block bacterial DNA copying"],["Tetracyclines","Broad-spectrum antibiotics"],["Antihistamine","Blocks histamine to ease allergy symptoms"],["Decongestant","Reduces swelling in nasal passages"],["Expectorant","Helps loosen mucus"],["Antitussive","Suppresses cough"],["Bronchodilator","Opens airways"],["Corticosteroid","Reduces inflammation and immune activity"],["Antihypertensive","Lowers high blood pressure"],["ACE inhibitor","Relaxes blood vessels by blocking an enzyme; lowers blood pressure"],["ARB","Angiotensin receptor blocker; relaxes blood vessels"],["Beta blocker","Slows the heart and lowers blood pressure"],["Calcium channel blocker","Relaxes blood vessels and the heart"],["Diuretic","Increases urine output to remove fluid"],["Vasodilator","Widens blood vessels"],["Antiarrhythmic","Controls abnormal heart rhythms"],["Anticoagulant","Slows blood clotting"],["Antiplatelet","Stops platelets from clumping"],["Thrombolytic","Dissolves existing clots"],["Statin","Lowers cholesterol by blocking its production in the liver"],["Nitrate","Widens vessels to relieve chest pain"],["Cardiac glycoside","Strengthens the heartbeat"],["Antidiabetic","Lowers blood sugar"],["Insulin","Hormone replacement to lower blood glucose"],["Thyroid replacement","Supplies thyroid hormone when the thyroid is underactive"],["Antacid","Neutralizes stomach acid"],["Proton pump inhibitor","Strongly reduces stomach acid production"],["H2 blocker","Reduces stomach acid by blocking histamine receptors"],["Antiemetic","Prevents nausea and vomiting"],["Laxative","Promotes bowel movements"],["Antidiarrheal","Slows diarrhea"],["Anticonvulsant","Prevents seizures"],["Antidepressant","Treats depression"],["SSRI","Antidepressant that raises serotonin availability"],["Anxiolytic","Reduces anxiety"],["Benzodiazepine","Sedating class used for anxiety and seizures; can cause dependence"],["Antipsychotic","Treats psychosis and certain mood disorders"],["Mood stabilizer","Evens out highs and lows in mood"],["Stimulant","Increases alertness and attention"],["Sedative-hypnotic","Promotes sleep or calm"],["Muscle relaxant","Eases muscle spasm"],["Local anesthetic","Numbs a small area"],["General anesthetic","Produces unconsciousness for surgery"],["Antiparkinson agent","Replaces or mimics dopamine to ease movement symptoms"],["Cholinesterase inhibitor","Used to slow memory symptoms in dementia"],["Immunosuppressant","Reduces immune activity, as after transplant"],["Antineoplastic","Treats cancer"],["Vaccine","Trains the immune system to recognize a germ"],["Hormonal contraceptive","Prevents pregnancy using hormones"],["Bisphosphonate","Slows bone loss"],["Antigout agent","Lowers uric acid or relieves gout"],["Antimalarial","Prevents or treats malaria"],["Antitubercular","Treats tuberculosis"],["Pharmacokinetics","What the body does to a drug: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion"],["Pharmacodynamics","What a drug does to the body"],["Half-life","Time for the drug concentration in the body to fall by half"],["Bioavailability","Fraction of a dose that reaches the bloodstream"],["First-pass effect","Liver metabolism of an oral drug before it reaches circulation"],["Therapeutic index","Gap between a helpful dose and a harmful one"],["Agonist","A drug that activates a receptor"],["Antagonist","A drug that blocks a receptor"],["Side effect","An unintended effect of a drug"],["Adverse reaction","A harmful, unintended response to a drug"],["Drug interaction","One drug changes the effect of another"],["Contraindication","A condition making a drug unsafe to use"],["Generic name","The drug's official non-brand name"],["Brand name","A manufacturer's trade name"],["Prescription drug","Needs a licensed prescriber's order"],["Over-the-counter drug","Sold without a prescription"],["Tolerance","Needing more drug to get the same effect"],["Dependence","Body adapts so stopping causes withdrawal"],["Route: oral","By mouth"],["Route: topical","Applied to the skin"],["Route: intravenous","Into a vein"],["Route: inhaled","Breathed into the lungs"],["Route: sublingual","Under the tongue"],["Route: transdermal","Through a skin patch"],["Controlled substance schedule","Legal classification of drugs by abuse potential"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-philosophers","id":"tp-philosophers","title":"Famous Philosophers and Their Big Ideas","category":"test-prep","subject":"Philosophy","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Major thinkers from ancient times to the modern era and what each is known for.","tags":["philosophy","history-of-ideas"],"frontLabel":"Philosopher","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Thales","Early Greek thinker who said water is the basic stuff of everything"],["Heraclitus","Said everything is in flux: 'you cannot step into the same river twice'"],["Parmenides","Argued that reality is unchanging and that change is an illusion"],["Pythagoras","Greek thinker linking number and harmony to the structure of the universe"],["Democritus","Proposed that all matter is made of tiny indivisible atoms"],["Zeno of Elea","Posed paradoxes arguing that motion is impossible"],["Socrates","Questioned others to find truth; 'the unexamined life is not worth living'"],["Plato","Student of Socrates; theory of Forms and the Republic"],["Aristotle","Student of Plato; logic, virtue ethics and the golden mean"],["Epicurus","Taught that a good life is tranquility and freedom from fear and pain"],["Zeno of Citium","Founder of Stoicism"],["Epictetus","Stoic who taught focusing on what is within our control"],["Marcus Aurelius","Roman emperor and Stoic; wrote the Meditations"],["Seneca","Roman Stoic who wrote letters on living well"],["Confucius","Chinese thinker who stressed virtue, family duty and respect"],["Laozi","Traditional author of the Tao Te Ching, central to Daoism"],["Mencius","Confucian thinker who held that human nature is good"],["Sun Tzu","Author of The Art of War"],["Siddhartha Gautama","The Buddha, founder of Buddhism, who taught the path ending suffering"],["Augustine of Hippo","Early Christian thinker who wrote Confessions and City of God"],["Boethius","Roman philosopher who wrote The Consolation of Philosophy"],["Avicenna (Ibn Sina)","Persian philosopher and physician whose works shaped medieval thought"],["Averroes (Ibn Rushd)","Andalusian philosopher who commented on Aristotle"],["Maimonides","Medieval Jewish philosopher who wrote the Guide for the Perplexed"],["Thomas Aquinas","Medieval thinker who blended Aristotle with Christian theology"],["Ibn Khaldun","North African scholar who studied the rise and fall of societies"],["Niccolo Machiavelli","Wrote The Prince on power and politics"],["Thomas More","Wrote Utopia, describing an imagined ideal society"],["Francis Bacon","Champion of the scientific method based on observation"],["Thomas Hobbes","Argued that strong government is needed to avoid a life that is 'nasty, brutish and short'"],["Rene Descartes","'I think, therefore I am'; mind-body dualism"],["Blaise Pascal","Mathematician and thinker who proposed Pascal's wager"],["Baruch Spinoza","Rationalist who saw god and nature as one"],["John Locke","Empiricist who argued for natural rights and government by consent"],["Gottfried Leibniz","Rationalist who said we live in 'the best of all possible worlds'"],["George Berkeley","Idealist: 'to be is to be perceived'"],["David Hume","Empiricist skeptic who questioned cause and effect and induction"],["Jean-Jacques Rousseau","Wrote The Social Contract and the idea of the general will"],["Voltaire","Enlightenment writer who defended tolerance and free speech"],["Montesquieu","Argued for the separation of powers"],["Adam Smith","Moral philosopher and economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations"],["Immanuel Kant","Categorical imperative; argued the mind shapes experience"],["Mary Wollstonecraft","Early advocate for women's education and rights"],["G.W.F. Hegel","Idealist who saw history as the unfolding of reason; dialectic"],["Arthur Schopenhauer","Pessimist who saw will as the root of suffering"],["Jeremy Bentham","Founder of utilitarianism"],["John Stuart Mill","Utilitarian who defended liberty in On Liberty"],["Soren Kierkegaard","Founder of existentialism; the leap of faith"],["Karl Marx","Analyzed capitalism and class struggle"],["Friedrich Nietzsche","Declared 'God is dead'; will to power and the overman"],["William James","American pragmatist and psychologist"],["Charles Sanders Peirce","Founder of pragmatism"],["John Dewey","Pragmatist who championed learning by doing"],["Henry David Thoreau","Wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience"],["Ralph Waldo Emerson","Transcendentalist who urged self-reliance"],["Edmund Husserl","Founder of phenomenology"],["Martin Heidegger","Wrote Being and Time on the meaning of being"],["Bertrand Russell","Logician and philosopher who co-wrote Principia Mathematica"],["Ludwig Wittgenstein","Philosopher of language: 'the limits of my language mean the limits of my world'"],["Karl Popper","Proposed falsifiability as the mark of science"],["Thomas Kuhn","Wrote about scientific revolutions and paradigm shifts"],["Jean-Paul Sartre","Existentialist: 'existence precedes essence'"],["Simone de Beauvoir","Existentialist feminist who wrote The Second Sex"],["Albert Camus","Writer on the absurd who wrote The Myth of Sisyphus"],["Hannah Arendt","Political thinker who wrote about totalitarianism and the 'banality of evil'"],["Maurice Merleau-Ponty","Phenomenologist who emphasized the lived body"],["Michel Foucault","Studied how power and knowledge shape society"],["John Rawls","Wrote A Theory of Justice with the veil of ignorance"],["Robert Nozick","Libertarian philosopher who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia"],["Peter Singer","Utilitarian ethicist known for work on animals and global poverty"],["Martha Nussbaum","Philosopher of the capabilities approach and emotions"],["Alan Turing","Mathematician who posed the Turing test for machine intelligence"],["Gottlob Frege","Founder of modern logic and philosophy of language"],["Kurt Godel","Logician whose incompleteness theorems limit formal systems"],["John Searle","Proposed the Chinese room argument"],["Daniel Dennett","Philosopher of mind who wrote about consciousness and evolution"],["Thomas Nagel","Asked 'What is it like to be a bat?'"],["Derek Parfit","Philosopher of personal identity and ethics"],["W.E.B. Du Bois","Scholar who developed the idea of double consciousness"],["Frantz Fanon","Thinker on colonialism and identity"],["Mahatma Gandhi","Developed nonviolent resistance as a philosophy and strategy"],["Martin Luther King Jr.","Applied nonviolent philosophy to civil rights"],["Rumi","Persian poet and mystic of the 13th century"],["Al-Farabi","Philosopher who blended Greek and Islamic thought"],["Al-Ghazali","Islamic theologian who critiqued the philosophers"],["Nagarjuna","Buddhist philosopher of emptiness"],["Zhuangzi","Daoist thinker known for stories about perspective and freedom"],["Mozi","Chinese philosopher who taught impartial care"],["Xunzi","Confucian who held that human nature needs shaping"],["Wang Yangming","Chinese Neo-Confucian who stressed the unity of knowledge and action"],["Hypatia","Alexandrian philosopher and mathematician"],["Aristotle's Lyceum","School Aristotle founded in Athens"],["Plato's Academy","School Plato founded in Athens"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-philosophy-concepts","id":"tp-philosophy-concepts","title":"Philosophy Concepts","category":"test-prep","subject":"Philosophy","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Big ideas in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, logic and political philosophy.","tags":["philosophy","ethics"],"frontLabel":"Concept","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Metaphysics","The study of the basic nature of reality"],["Epistemology","The study of knowledge and how we know things"],["Ethics","The study of right and wrong, good and bad"],["Logic","The study of correct reasoning"],["Aesthetics","The study of beauty and art"],["Ontology","The study of what exists"],["Dualism","The view that mind and body are distinct kinds of things"],["Monism","The view that reality is made of one kind of thing"],["Materialism","The view that everything is physical"],["Idealism","The view that reality is fundamentally mental"],["Empiricism","Knowledge comes mainly from sense experience"],["Rationalism","Knowledge comes mainly from reason"],["Skepticism","Doubt about whether we can have certain knowledge"],["A priori","Knowable independent of experience"],["A posteriori","Knowable only through experience"],["Analytic statement","True by the meaning of its terms"],["Synthetic statement","True or false depending on how the world is"],["Epistemic justification","Good reasons for a belief"],["Solipsism","The view that only one's own mind is certain to exist"],["Cogito","'I think, therefore I am'; Descartes' starting point"],["Free will","The ability to choose among alternatives"],["Determinism","Every event is caused by prior events"],["Compatibilism","Free will and determinism can both be true"],["Libertarianism (free will)","We have free will and determinism is false"],["Mind-body problem","How mental states relate to physical states"],["Personal identity","What makes someone the same person over time"],["Consciousness","Subjective awareness and experience"],["Qualia","The felt quality of experiences, like redness"],["Utilitarianism","The right action produces the greatest good for the greatest number"],["Deontology","Morality is about duties and rules, whatever the outcome"],["Virtue ethics","Morality is about developing good character"],["Categorical imperative","Kant's rule to act only as you would will everyone to act"],["Consequentialism","An action's rightness depends on its results"],["Moral relativism","Moral truths depend on culture or individual"],["Moral objectivism","Some moral claims are true regardless of opinion"],["Egoism","People should act in their own self-interest"],["Altruism","Acting for the benefit of others"],["Social contract theory","Political authority comes from an agreement among people"],["Natural rights","Rights people have simply by being human"],["Justice as fairness","Rawls' idea that just principles are those chosen behind a veil of ignorance"],["Veil of ignorance","Choosing rules without knowing your place in society"],["Existentialism","Individuals create their own meaning through free choices"],["Nihilism","The view that life lacks inherent meaning or value"],["Absurdism","Seeking meaning in a universe that offers none; Camus"],["Stoicism","Peace comes from accepting what we cannot control"],["Epicureanism","The good life is pleasure understood as calm and freedom from pain"],["Cynicism (ancient)","Living simply and in accordance with nature, rejecting convention"],["Pragmatism","The truth of an idea lies in its practical effects"],["Phenomenology","Study of the structures of experience"],["Hermeneutics","Theory of interpretation"],["Positivism","Only knowledge from scientific observation is valid"],["Logical positivism","Meaningful statements must be verifiable or logically true"],["Falsifiability","Karl Popper's idea that scientific claims must be testable and refutable"],["Paradigm shift","A major change in scientific thinking; Kuhn"],["Occam's razor","Prefer the simplest explanation"],["Problem of induction","We cannot logically prove that the future will resemble the past"],["Problem of evil","How can evil exist if a perfect god exists?"],["Theodicy","An attempt to explain evil in a world made by a good god"],["Cosmological argument","Argument for a first cause of the universe"],["Teleological argument","Argument from apparent design"],["Ontological argument","Argument for god from the concept of a perfect being"],["Pascal's wager","A practical argument about whether to believe in god"],["Agnosticism","The view that the existence of god is unknown or unknowable"],["Allegory of the cave","Plato's image of people mistaking shadows for reality"],["Theory of forms","Plato's view that ideal abstract forms are the true reality"],["Golden mean","Aristotle's idea that virtue lies between extremes"],["Eudaimonia","Flourishing or living well"],["Telos","Purpose or end of a thing"],["Trolley problem","A thought experiment about choosing to harm one to save many"],["Thought experiment","Imagined scenario used to test an idea"],["Brain in a vat","Thought experiment questioning how we know our experiences are real"],["Ship of Theseus","Puzzle: is a ship the same if all its parts are replaced?"],["Chinese room","Searle's argument that running a program is not the same as understanding"],["Turing test","A test of whether a machine's conversation is indistinguishable from a human's"],["Experience machine","Nozick's thought experiment about whether pleasure is all that matters"],["Social justice","Fair distribution of advantages and burdens in society"],["Distributive justice","Fair allocation of resources"],["Liberty","Freedom from unjust restraint"],["Harm principle","Mill: society may limit freedom only to prevent harm to others"],["Paternalism","Overriding someone's choices for their own good"],["Tragedy of the commons","Shared resources are overused when each acts alone"],["Authority","The right to command and be obeyed"],["Civil disobedience","Openly breaking an unjust law to appeal to conscience"],["Anarchism","The view that the state is unnecessary or harmful"],["Pluralism","Acceptance of multiple values and views"],["Relativism","Truth or value depends on perspective"],["Hedonism","Pleasure is the highest good"],["Meritocracy","Position based on ability and achievement"],["Authenticity","Living true to one's own values"],["Bad faith","Sartre's term for denying one's freedom"],["The Other","A concept in philosophy about how we recognize those different from us"],["Intentionality","The mind's property of being about something"],["Emergence","Complex properties arising from simpler parts"],["Reductionism","Explaining a whole by its parts"],["Holism","The whole has properties not found in its parts"],["Syllogism","A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion"],["Soundness","A valid argument with true premises"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-physics-formulas","id":"tp-physics-formulas","title":"Physics Formulas","category":"test-prep","subject":"Physics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Key equations in mechanics, waves, electricity and thermal physics.","tags":["physics","formulas"],"frontLabel":"Quantity","backLabel":"Formula","cards":[["Average velocity","v = delta x / delta t"],["Acceleration","a = delta v / delta t"],["Velocity with constant acceleration","v = v0 + at"],["Displacement with constant acceleration","x = x0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t^2"],["Velocity-displacement relation","v^2 = v0^2 + 2a(x - x0)"],["Free-fall acceleration","g = 9.8 m/s^2 (about)"],["Newton's second law","F = ma"],["Weight","W = mg"],["Friction force","f = mu N"],["Hooke's law","F = -kx"],["Centripetal acceleration","a = v^2 / r"],["Centripetal force","F = mv^2 / r"],["Universal gravitation","F = G m1 m2 / r^2"],["Gravitational field near a planet","g = GM / r^2"],["Orbital speed","v = sqrt(GM / r)"],["Work","W = F d cos theta"],["Kinetic energy","KE = 1/2 m v^2"],["Gravitational potential energy","PE = mgh"],["Spring potential energy","PE = 1/2 k x^2"],["Power","P = W / t"],["Momentum","p = mv"],["Impulse","J = F delta t = delta p"],["Torque","tau = r F sin theta"],["Angular velocity","omega = delta theta / delta t"],["Rotational kinetic energy","KE = 1/2 I omega^2"],["Angular momentum","L = I omega"],["Period and frequency","T = 1/f"],["Wave speed","v = f lambda"],["Spring period","T = 2 pi sqrt(m / k)"],["Pendulum period","T = 2 pi sqrt(L / g)"],["Pressure","P = F / A"],["Hydrostatic pressure","P = P0 + rho g h"],["Buoyant force","F = rho_fluid V g"],["Continuity equation","A1 v1 = A2 v2"],["Bernoulli's equation","P + 1/2 rho v^2 + rho g h = constant"],["Density","rho = m / V"],["Heat transfer","Q = m c delta T"],["Heat for phase change","Q = m L"],["Ideal gas law","PV = nRT"],["Average kinetic energy of gas","KE = 3/2 k_B T"],["First law of thermodynamics","delta U = Q - W"],["Efficiency of a heat engine","e = W / Q_hot"],["Carnot efficiency","e = 1 - T_cold / T_hot"],["Coulomb's law","F = k q1 q2 / r^2"],["Electric field","E = F / q"],["Electric field of a point charge","E = k q / r^2"],["Electric potential energy","U = k q1 q2 / r"],["Electric potential","V = k q / r"],["Capacitance","C = Q / V"],["Energy stored in a capacitor","U = 1/2 C V^2"],["Current","I = delta Q / delta t"],["Ohm's law","V = IR"],["Electric power","P = IV = I^2 R = V^2 / R"],["Resistors in series","R = R1 + R2 + R3"],["Resistors in parallel","1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3"],["Magnetic force on a charge","F = q v B sin theta"],["Magnetic force on a wire","F = I L B sin theta"],["Magnetic flux","Phi = B A cos theta"],["Induced emf (Faraday)","emf = -N delta Phi / delta t"],["Snell's law","n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2"],["Index of refraction","n = c / v"],["Lens/mirror equation","1/f = 1/do + 1/di"],["Magnification","m = -di / do"],["Photon energy","E = h f"],["Speed of light","c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s"],["Photoelectric effect","KE max = h f - work function"],["de Broglie wavelength","lambda = h / p"],["Mass-energy equivalence","E = m c^2"],["Radioactive decay","N = N0 (1/2)^(t / half-life)"],["Time dilation","t = t0 / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)"],["Doppler effect (moving source approaching)","f' = f v / (v - v_s)"],["Sound intensity level","beta = 10 log10(I / I0) decibels"],["Diffraction grating","d sin theta = m lambda"],["Single-slit minima","a sin theta = m lambda"],["Escape velocity","v = sqrt(2GM / r)"],["Kepler's third law","T^2 is proportional to r^3"],["Projectile range (level ground)","R = v0^2 sin(2 theta) / g"],["Terminal velocity","Reached when drag force equals weight"],["Conservation of momentum","m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1' + m2 v2'"],["Elastic collision","Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved"],["Center of mass","x_cm = sum of m x / sum of m"],["Power in rotation","P = tau omega"],["Moment of inertia of a point mass","I = m r^2"],["Moment of inertia, solid disk","I = 1/2 m r^2"],["Simple harmonic motion position","x = A cos(omega t)"],["Angular frequency","omega = 2 pi f"],["Thermal expansion","delta L = alpha L0 delta T"],["Heat conduction","Q/t = k A delta T / d"],["Stefan-Boltzmann law","P = e sigma A T^4"],["Wien's law","lambda_max T = constant"],["Unit of force","Newton, N = kg m/s^2"],["Unit of energy","Joule, J = N m"],["Unit of power","Watt, W = J/s"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-political-science","id":"tp-political-science","title":"Intro Political Science Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Political Science","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Ideas, systems and theories used to study government and politics around the world.","tags":["political-science","college"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Politics","The process of deciding who gets what, when and how in a society"],["State","An organization with authority over a territory and population"],["Sovereignty","Supreme authority within a territory"],["Legitimacy","Widespread belief that authority is rightful"],["Weber's three types of authority","Traditional, charismatic and legal-rational"],["Power","The ability to get others to do what they otherwise would not"],["Social contract","Idea that government rests on an agreement among the governed"],["Thomas Hobbes","Wrote Leviathan; argued strong rule prevents chaos"],["John Locke","Argued for natural rights to life, liberty and property"],["Jean-Jacques Rousseau","Wrote about the general will and popular sovereignty"],["Montesquieu","Advocated separation of powers"],["Democracy","Government by the people, directly or through representatives"],["Direct democracy","Citizens decide issues themselves"],["Representative democracy","Citizens elect officials to decide for them"],["Autocracy","Rule by one person with unlimited power"],["Oligarchy","Rule by a small group"],["Monarchy","Rule by a king or queen"],["Constitutional monarchy","A monarch whose powers are limited by a constitution"],["Totalitarianism","A government seeking total control of public and private life"],["Authoritarianism","Strong central power with limited political freedom"],["Theocracy","Government ruled by religious authorities"],["Liberalism","Ideology stressing individual liberty and limited government"],["Conservatism","Ideology valuing tradition and gradual change"],["Socialism","Ideology favoring collective or public ownership"],["Communism","Ideology of classless society with common ownership"],["Fascism","Ultranationalist, authoritarian ideology"],["Anarchism","Opposition to all forms of government"],["Libertarianism","Ideology maximizing individual freedom and minimizing the state"],["Nationalism","Devotion to one's nation and its interests"],["Capitalism","Economic system with private ownership and markets"],["Parliamentary system","Executive is chosen by and accountable to the legislature"],["Presidential system","Executive is elected separately from the legislature"],["Semi-presidential system","Shares power between a president and a prime minister"],["Unitary state","Power concentrated in a central government"],["Federal system","Power divided between national and regional governments"],["Confederation","A loose league of independent states"],["Bicameral legislature","A legislature with two chambers"],["Proportional representation","Seats awarded in proportion to votes"],["Plurality system","The candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority"],["Majority system","Winner needs more than half of votes"],["Duverger's law","Plurality systems tend toward two parties"],["Coalition government","Several parties share power"],["Vote of no confidence","Legislature's vote to remove a government"],["Political party","Group that organizes to win elections"],["Interest group","Organization seeking to influence policy"],["Civil society","Voluntary associations outside government and business"],["Political culture","Shared attitudes about politics"],["Political socialization","How people acquire political beliefs"],["Civil liberties","Freedoms protected from government interference"],["Civil rights","Guarantees of equal treatment"],["Rule of law","Everyone, including officials, is subject to the law"],["Judicial independence","Courts free from political pressure"],["Constitutionalism","Government limited by a constitution"],["Bureaucracy","Appointed officials carrying out policy"],["Patronage","Rewarding supporters with jobs or favors"],["Corruption","Misuse of public office for private gain"],["Clientelism","Exchanging benefits for political support"],["Public policy","Government decisions and actions on public problems"],["Public good","A good available to all, like national defense"],["Collective action problem","Individuals benefit from a shared effort without contributing"],["Rational choice theory","People act to maximize their own benefit"],["Median voter theorem","Parties move toward the center to win the median voter"],["Realism","International relations theory: states seek power in an anarchic world"],["Liberalism in IR","Cooperation and institutions can produce peace"],["Constructivism","Ideas and identities shape international politics"],["Anarchic international system","No higher authority above states"],["Balance of power","States counter strong rivals to prevent domination"],["Hegemony","Dominance of one state over others"],["Soft power","Influence through attraction and culture, not force"],["Hard power","Influence through military or economic force"],["Deterrence","Preventing attack by threatening retaliation"],["Security dilemma","One state's defense measures make others feel less secure"],["Collective security","States agree to respond together to aggression"],["Alliance","Formal agreement for mutual support"],["Treaty","Binding agreement between states"],["Sanctions","Penalties used to pressure a country"],["International organization","Group of states or bodies cooperating, such as the UN"],["Nongovernmental organization","Private group working on public issues across borders"],["Human rights","Rights belonging to all people"],["Globalization","Increasing connection of economies, cultures and politics"],["Diplomacy","Managing relations between states by negotiation"],["Foreign aid","Assistance given by one country to another"],["Revolution","Fundamental change of a political system, often rapid"],["Coup","Sudden seizure of power by a small group"],["Failed state","A state unable to provide basic order and services"],["Democratization","Process of becoming more democratic"],["Political efficacy","Belief that one's participation matters"],["Turnout","Share of eligible citizens who vote"],["Gerrymandering","Drawing district lines to benefit a party or group"],["Referendum","Direct popular vote on a question"],["Initiative","Citizens propose laws by petition"],["Recall","Voters remove an official before the term ends"],["Federalism and subsidiarity","Decisions made at the lowest level able to handle them"],["Comparative politics","Comparing political systems across countries"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-project-management","id":"tp-project-management","title":"Project Management Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Project Management","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Planning, scheduling, risk and agile vocabulary used in project work.","tags":["project-management","agile","business"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Project","A temporary effort to create a unique product, service or result"],["Project manager","Person responsible for leading a project to its goals"],["Stakeholder","Anyone affected by or interested in the project"],["Sponsor","The person who funds and champions a project"],["Scope","The work that must be done to deliver the project"],["Scope creep","Uncontrolled growth of scope"],["Deliverable","A tangible output the project produces"],["Milestone","A significant point or event in a project"],["Work breakdown structure","Hierarchical division of the work into smaller parts"],["Task","A single piece of work"],["Dependency","A relationship where one task relies on another"],["Finish-to-start","A task cannot start until its predecessor finishes"],["Critical path","The longest sequence of tasks, determining the shortest project time"],["Float (slack)","Time a task can slip without delaying the project"],["Gantt chart","Bar chart showing tasks over time"],["PERT","Technique estimating time with optimistic, likely and pessimistic values"],["Baseline","The approved plan against which progress is compared"],["Schedule","Plan of when work will happen"],["Budget","Approved cost plan"],["Cost variance","Earned value minus actual cost"],["Earned value","A measure of work completed in terms of budget"],["Schedule performance index","Earned value divided by planned value"],["Cost performance index","Earned value divided by actual cost"],["Triple constraint","Scope, time and cost, balanced against quality"],["Quality assurance","Preventing defects through good processes"],["Quality control","Inspecting results to find defects"],["Risk","An uncertain event that could affect objectives"],["Risk register","A log of identified risks and responses"],["Risk mitigation","Reducing the chance or impact of a risk"],["Risk avoidance","Changing plans to eliminate a risk"],["Risk transfer","Shifting a risk to a third party, like insurance"],["Risk acceptance","Choosing to tolerate a risk"],["Contingency plan","Backup response if a risk occurs"],["Issue","A problem that has already happened"],["Assumption","Something believed true for planning purposes"],["Constraint","A limitation on the project"],["Charter","A document formally authorizing a project"],["Kickoff meeting","The meeting that launches a project"],["Status report","A summary of progress"],["Change request","A formal proposal to alter the project"],["Change control","Process for reviewing and approving changes"],["Requirements","Needs the project must satisfy"],["Acceptance criteria","Conditions a deliverable must meet to be accepted"],["Stakeholder register","List of stakeholders and their interests"],["RACI matrix","Chart assigning Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed"],["Communication plan","Plan for who gets what information and when"],["Resource leveling","Adjusting the schedule to avoid overusing people"],["Fast tracking","Doing tasks in parallel to shorten time"],["Crashing","Adding resources to shorten the schedule"],["Waterfall","Sequential approach where each phase finishes before the next"],["Agile","Iterative approach delivering working increments"],["Scrum","Agile framework using short sprints"],["Sprint","A fixed short period of work in Scrum"],["Product owner","Scrum role that prioritizes the work"],["Scrum master","Scrum role that helps the team follow the process"],["Development team","People who build the product increment"],["Product backlog","Prioritized list of everything wanted in the product"],["Sprint backlog","Items chosen for the current sprint"],["User story","A short description of a need from a user's view"],["Story points","Relative units estimating effort"],["Daily stand-up","A brief daily team meeting"],["Sprint review","Meeting to show completed work"],["Retrospective","Meeting to reflect on how to improve"],["Velocity","Amount of work a team completes per sprint"],["Burndown chart","Graph of remaining work over time"],["Kanban","Method visualizing work on a board with limits on work in progress"],["Work in progress limit","A cap on tasks being worked on at once"],["Definition of done","Shared checklist for when work is complete"],["Minimum viable product","Simplest version that delivers value and tests assumptions"],["Iteration","One cycle of repeated work"],["Lean","Maximizing value and minimizing waste"],["Timebox","A fixed time limit for an activity"],["Prototype","An early sample used to test ideas"],["Lessons learned","Insights recorded for future projects"],["Project closure","Formally ending a project"],["Handoff","Transferring deliverables to the owner"],["Procurement","Acquiring goods or services from outside"],["Vendor","An outside seller of goods or services"],["Statement of work","Description of work a vendor will do"],["Service level agreement","Contract defining expected service performance"],["Program","A group of related projects managed together"],["Portfolio","A collection of projects and programs aligned to strategy"],["PMO","Project management office"],["PMBOK","A guide of project management knowledge published by PMI"],["Project lifecycle","Phases from start to finish"],["Feasibility study","Analysis of whether a project is practical"],["Cost-benefit analysis","Comparing expected costs to expected benefits"],["Return on investment","Benefit gained relative to cost"],["Bottleneck","A step that limits the speed of a process"],["Escalation","Raising an issue to a higher authority"],["Critical chain","Method focusing on resource constraints and buffers"],["Buffer","Extra time or money reserved for uncertainty"],["Gold plating","Adding unrequested extras beyond requirements"],["Fishbone diagram","Cause-and-effect diagram to find root causes"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sat-vocab-1","id":"tp-sat-vocab-1","title":"SAT/ACT Vocabulary 1: Warm-Up Words","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Fifty-five common high-school words that show up in reading passages, from easiest to a bit harder.","tags":["sat","act","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abandon","To leave behind or give up completely"],["abundant","Present in large amounts; plentiful"],["accurate","Correct and free from error"],["adapt","To change to fit new conditions"],["adequate","Enough for what is needed"],["advocate","To publicly support an idea or cause"],["ambiguous","Having more than one possible meaning"],["analyze","To study something closely by breaking it into parts"],["ancient","From a very long time ago"],["anticipate","To expect or look forward to"],["apparent","Easy to see or understand; obvious"],["assert","To state something firmly"],["assume","To accept as true without proof"],["attain","To reach or achieve"],["authentic","Real; not a copy or fake"],["barrier","Something that blocks the way"],["benefit","A good or helpful result"],["bias","An unfair leaning toward one side"],["brief","Short in time or length"],["capable","Having the ability to do something"],["cautious","Careful to avoid danger or mistakes"],["clarify","To make clearer"],["coherent","Logical and easy to follow"],["commence","To begin"],["compel","To force or strongly urge"],["complex","Made of many parts; complicated"],["comprehend","To understand fully"],["conceal","To hide from view"],["concise","Saying a lot in few words"],["conflict","A serious disagreement or struggle"],["consequence","A result of an action"],["considerable","Fairly large in amount or importance"],["constant","Staying the same; not changing"],["contrast","A clear difference between things"],["controversy","A public argument over an issue"],["convey","To communicate or carry across"],["crucial","Extremely important"],["curious","Eager to learn or know"],["decline","To become smaller or weaker; also, to politely refuse"],["deliberate","Done on purpose"],["demonstrate","To show clearly, often by example"],["denote","To be a sign of; to mean"],["depict","To show in a picture or in words"],["despise","To dislike intensely"],["detect","To notice or discover"],["diminish","To make or become smaller"],["discard","To throw away"],["distinct","Clearly different or separate"],["diverse","Made up of many different kinds"],["dominant","Most powerful or most noticeable"],["dubious","Doubtful; not to be trusted"],["eager","Very keen to do or have something"],["elaborate","Detailed and carefully worked out; also, to add detail"],["eliminate","To remove completely"],["emerge","To come out or come into view"],["emphasize","To give special importance to"],["endure","To last, or to bear without giving up"],["enhance","To improve or increase in quality"],["essential","Absolutely necessary"],["evident","Plain to see"],["evolve","To develop gradually"],["exaggerate","To make something seem bigger or better than it is"],["exhibit","To show publicly; also, a display"],["expand","To grow larger"],["explicit","Stated clearly and directly"],["fundamental","Forming the basic foundation"],["generate","To produce or create"],["genuine","Truly what it is said to be; sincere"],["hesitate","To pause before acting because of doubt"],["hostile","Unfriendly or opposed"],["hypothesis","A proposed explanation to be tested"],["ignore","To pay no attention to"],["illustrate","To explain with examples or pictures"],["impact","A strong effect"],["imply","To suggest without saying directly"],["inevitable","Certain to happen; unavoidable"],["infer","To reach a conclusion from evidence"],["initial","Happening at the beginning"],["innovative","Using new ideas or methods"],["integrate","To combine into a whole"],["intense","Very strong or extreme"],["interpret","To explain the meaning of"],["isolate","To set apart from others"],["justify","To show or prove to be reasonable"],["liberal","Generous; also, open to new ideas"],["maintain","To keep in good condition or keep going"],["minimal","The smallest amount possible"],["modify","To change slightly"],["negligible","So small it is not worth considering"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sat-vocab-2","id":"tp-sat-vocab-2","title":"SAT/ACT Vocabulary 2: Building Words","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["9-12"],"description":"Eighty medium-difficulty words common in college-prep reading and writing.","tags":["sat","act","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["acute","Sharp, intense or very perceptive"],["adversity","Hardship or misfortune"],["aesthetic","Having to do with beauty or taste"],["alleviate","To make pain or a problem less severe"],["altruistic","Caring about the welfare of others without seeking reward"],["ambivalent","Having mixed or conflicting feelings"],["amiable","Friendly and pleasant"],["analogous","Similar in a way that allows comparison"],["anomaly","Something that departs from what is normal"],["apathy","Lack of interest or concern"],["arbitrary","Based on random choice, not reason"],["arduous","Requiring great effort; difficult"],["articulate","Able to express ideas clearly"],["astute","Clever and quick to see how to gain advantage"],["audacious","Boldly daring, sometimes rudely so"],["austere","Plain and strict; without luxury"],["autonomy","Freedom to govern oneself"],["benevolent","Kind and generous"],["candid","Open and honest"],["capricious","Changing mood or behavior suddenly and unpredictably"],["censure","To criticize formally and severely"],["circumvent","To find a way around"],["cogent","Clear, logical and convincing"],["complacent","Smugly satisfied and unaware of possible trouble"],["compromise","An agreement reached by each side giving up something"],["condone","To accept or overlook behavior that is wrong"],["conventional","Following accepted customs"],["corroborate","To confirm with additional evidence"],["credible","Believable; able to be trusted"],["cynical","Distrustful of people's motives"],["debilitate","To weaken seriously"],["decorum","Polite and proper behavior"],["deference","Respectful yielding to another's wishes"],["deplete","To use up; reduce greatly"],["derive","To obtain from a source"],["detrimental","Causing harm"],["didactic","Intended to teach, often too much so"],["diligent","Hard-working and careful"],["discern","To recognize or make out clearly"],["disparity","A noticeable difference or inequality"],["divulge","To reveal a secret"],["eccentric","Unconventional and slightly strange"],["eloquent","Fluent and persuasive in speech or writing"],["empirical","Based on observation or experiment"],["enigma","A puzzling person or thing"],["ephemeral","Lasting a very short time"],["equivocal","Open to more than one interpretation; deliberately vague"],["erroneous","Wrong; mistaken"],["esoteric","Understood by only a small group"],["exemplify","To be a typical example of"],["exonerate","To clear of blame"],["facilitate","To make easier"],["feasible","Possible to do"],["fervent","Showing intense and sincere feeling"],["frugal","Careful about spending money"],["futile","Having no useful result"],["gregarious","Fond of company; sociable"],["haughty","Arrogantly proud"],["hinder","To get in the way of"],["hypocrisy","Claiming standards one does not follow"],["impartial","Treating all sides equally"],["impetus","A force that sets something in motion"],["implicit","Suggested but not stated outright"],["incessant","Continuing without pause"],["indifferent","Having no particular interest or sympathy"],["indigenous","Native to a particular place"],["inherent","Existing as a permanent part of something"],["innate","Present from birth"],["innocuous","Not harmful or offensive"],["integrity","Honesty and strong moral principles"],["intricate","Having many small interlocking parts"],["jeopardize","To put at risk"],["lethargic","Sluggish and lacking energy"],["lucid","Clearly expressed; easy to understand"],["magnanimous","Generous in forgiving"],["malleable","Easily shaped or influenced"],["meticulous","Showing great attention to detail"],["mitigate","To make less severe"],["mundane","Ordinary; dull"],["nostalgia","A wistful longing for the past"],["novice","A beginner"],["obscure","Hard to see or understand; little known"],["obsolete","No longer in use"],["ominous","Suggesting that something bad will happen"],["optimal","Best possible"],["ostentatious","Showy in a way meant to impress"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sat-vocab-3","id":"tp-sat-vocab-3","title":"SAT/ACT Vocabulary 3: Stretch Words","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Eighty harder words that appear in challenging passages.","tags":["sat","act","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["paradigm","A typical model or pattern; a framework of ideas"],["paradox","A statement or situation that seems to contradict itself yet may be true"],["pragmatic","Practical rather than idealistic"],["precarious","Dangerously unstable"],["precedent","An earlier case used as a guide"],["prodigious","Remarkably large or impressive"],["proficient","Skilled; competent"],["proliferate","To increase rapidly in number"],["prudent","Wise and careful about the future"],["pervasive","Spreading widely through everything"],["placate","To calm someone's anger"],["plausible","Seeming reasonable or probable"],["polarize","To divide into sharply opposed groups"],["pretentious","Trying to seem more important than one is"],["quell","To put an end to, usually by force"],["rebuke","To criticize sharply"],["recalcitrant","Stubbornly resisting authority"],["reclusive","Avoiding other people"],["refute","To prove wrong"],["reiterate","To say again"],["relinquish","To give up or let go"],["reproach","To express disapproval of"],["repudiate","To reject as untrue or unacceptable"],["resilient","Able to recover quickly"],["reticent","Reluctant to speak"],["revere","To feel deep respect for"],["rhetoric","The art of persuasive speaking or writing"],["rudimentary","Basic; undeveloped"],["sagacious","Wise and showing good judgment"],["sanction","To approve; also, a penalty"],["scrutinize","To examine very closely"],["serene","Calm and peaceful"],["skeptical","Doubtful; questioning"],["solemn","Serious and formal"],["spurious","False; not genuine"],["squander","To waste"],["static","Not moving or changing"],["stoic","Enduring pain or hardship without complaint"],["substantiate","To support with evidence"],["subtle","Delicate or hard to notice"],["succinct","Briefly and clearly expressed"],["superfluous","More than is needed"],["supplant","To take the place of"],["surmise","To guess on limited evidence"],["tangible","Able to be touched; real"],["tenacious","Holding firmly; persistent"],["tenuous","Very thin or weak"],["terse","Using very few words, sometimes rudely"],["thwart","To prevent from succeeding"],["tranquil","Free from disturbance"],["transient","Lasting only a short time"],["trivial","Of little importance"],["ubiquitous","Seeming to be everywhere"],["undermine","To weaken gradually"],["unprecedented","Never done or known before"],["vacillate","To waver between choices"],["validate","To confirm as correct or worthy"],["venerate","To honor deeply"],["verbose","Using more words than needed"],["versatile","Able to do many different things"],["vindicate","To clear of blame; to prove right"],["volatile","Quickly changing, often explosively"],["wary","Cautious about possible danger"],["whimsical","Playfully odd or fanciful"],["zealous","Full of eager enthusiasm"],["abstain","To choose not to do something"],["acquiesce","To accept something reluctantly without protest"],["acrimony","Bitter, sharp feeling in words or manner"],["admonish","To warn or scold gently"],["aloof","Distant and unfriendly in manner"],["ameliorate","To make something better"],["antipathy","Strong dislike"],["appease","To satisfy by giving in to demands"],["ardent","Passionate and enthusiastic"],["assuage","To ease or soothe"],["banal","So ordinary it is boring"],["belligerent","Eager to fight"],["bolster","To support or strengthen"],["bombastic","High-sounding but meaningless"],["brevity","Shortness of expression"],["burgeon","To grow or flourish quickly"],["cacophony","A harsh mixture of loud sounds"],["coalesce","To come together into one"],["conundrum","A confusing problem"],["copious","Abundant"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sat-vocab-4","id":"tp-sat-vocab-4","title":"SAT/ACT Vocabulary 4: Hardest Words","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Seventy-five of the harder words, for students aiming at top scores.","tags":["sat","act","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abstruse","Hard to understand; deep or obscure"],["accolade","An expression of praise or honor"],["acerbic","Sharp and biting in tone"],["alacrity","Cheerful eagerness and speed"],["amalgamate","To combine into one"],["anachronism","Something placed in the wrong time period"],["antediluvian","Extremely old-fashioned; from before the Flood"],["apocryphal","Of doubtful authenticity; widely told but probably untrue"],["approbation","Approval or praise"],["arcane","Known by few; mysterious"],["ascetic","Living with strict self-denial"],["assiduous","Hard-working and persistent"],["attenuate","To weaken or reduce in force"],["axiomatic","Self-evident; accepted as true without proof"],["bellicose","Inclined to start fights"],["blandishment","Flattery used to persuade"],["bucolic","Pleasantly rural"],["cajole","To persuade by flattery or coaxing"],["canny","Shrewd, especially in practical matters"],["castigate","To criticize severely"],["caustic","Bitingly sarcastic; able to burn"],["chicanery","Trickery used to get one's way"],["circumspect","Careful to consider all consequences"],["clandestine","Kept secret, often for improper reasons"],["colloquial","Used in informal conversation"],["connoisseur","An expert judge in matters of taste"],["contentious","Likely to cause argument"],["contrite","Feeling sorry for wrongdoing"],["convoluted","Extremely complex and twisting"],["credulous","Too ready to believe"],["culpable","Deserving blame"],["cursory","Hasty and not thorough"],["daunting","Seeming difficult in a discouraging way"],["decry","To publicly condemn"],["deleterious","Harmful"],["demur","To raise doubts or objections"],["denigrate","To belittle someone's reputation"],["desultory","Lacking a plan; jumping from one thing to another"],["diatribe","A bitter, lengthy verbal attack"],["dichotomy","A division into two contrasting parts"],["diffident","Lacking self-confidence"],["disseminate","To spread widely"],["dogmatic","Insisting that one's opinions are correct"],["ebullient","Overflowing with enthusiasm"],["efficacious","Producing the desired result"],["effusive","Gushing with feeling"],["egregious","Outstandingly bad"],["elucidate","To make clear"],["empathy","Understanding another person's feelings"],["enervate","To drain of energy"],["equanimity","Calmness under stress"],["erudite","Having great learning"],["euphemism","A mild word used in place of a harsher one"],["exacerbate","To make worse"],["exculpate","To free from blame"],["exigent","Urgent; demanding immediate action"],["extraneous","Not belonging to the subject at hand"],["fastidious","Very attentive to detail; hard to please"],["fatuous","Silly and pointless"],["felicitous","Well chosen; fitting"],["fortuitous","Happening by lucky chance"],["garrulous","Talking too much"],["grandiloquent","Using pompous language"],["iconoclast","Someone who attacks cherished beliefs"],["ignominious","Deserving shame; humiliating"],["impervious","Not allowing anything to pass through or affect"],["imperturbable","Unable to be upset"],["inchoate","Just begun and not fully formed"],["incorrigible","Impossible to reform"],["inexorable","Impossible to stop"],["insidious","Spreading harmfully in a hidden way"],["intransigent","Refusing to change one's position"],["inundate","To flood or overwhelm"],["inure","To accustom to something unpleasant"],["laconic","Using very few words"],["laud","To praise highly"],["loquacious","Very talkative"],["maudlin","Overly sentimental"],["mendacious","Dishonest; lying"],["nefarious","Wicked"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sociology","id":"tp-sociology","title":"Intro Sociology Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Sociology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Core ideas and thinkers from an introductory sociology course.","tags":["sociology","college"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Sociology","The scientific study of society and social behavior"],["Sociological imagination","Seeing how personal troubles connect to larger social forces; C. Wright Mills"],["Auguste Comte","Coined the word 'sociology'"],["Emile Durkheim","Studied social facts and suicide; founder of modern sociology"],["Karl Marx","Focused on class conflict and capitalism"],["Max Weber","Studied bureaucracy, authority and the Protestant ethic"],["W.E.B. Du Bois","Pioneer of empirical sociology; wrote The Souls of Black Folk"],["Functionalism","Society is a system of parts that work together for stability"],["Conflict theory","Society is shaped by struggles over resources and power"],["Symbolic interactionism","Society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings"],["Manifest function","Intended, recognized effect of a social structure"],["Latent function","Unintended, often unrecognized effect"],["Dysfunction","A harmful effect of a social pattern"],["Social structure","Patterns of relationships that organize society"],["Status","A position in society"],["Ascribed status","A status one is born with"],["Achieved status","A status earned through effort"],["Master status","The status that most shapes a person's identity"],["Role","Behavior expected of someone with a status"],["Role conflict","Tension between roles of different statuses"],["Role strain","Tension within a single role"],["Culture","Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group"],["Material culture","Physical objects a society creates"],["Nonmaterial culture","Ideas, beliefs and values"],["Norm","A rule for expected behavior"],["Folkway","A casual norm; violation brings mild disapproval"],["Mores","Serious norms tied to moral standards"],["Taboo","A strongly forbidden behavior"],["Sanction","Reward or punishment that enforces norms"],["Value","A shared idea of what is good or desirable"],["Subculture","A group with distinct norms inside a larger culture"],["Counterculture","A group that rejects mainstream norms"],["Ethnocentrism","Judging other cultures by one's own standards"],["Cultural relativism","Understanding a culture on its own terms"],["Culture shock","Disorientation in an unfamiliar culture"],["Cultural lag","Society's norms trail behind technology"],["Socialization","Learning the norms and roles of society"],["Agents of socialization","Family, school, peers, media and religion"],["Looking-glass self","Our self-image forms from how we think others see us; Cooley"],["Generalized other","Society's expectations internalized; George Herbert Mead"],["Anticipatory socialization","Preparing for a future role"],["Resocialization","Learning new norms, as in an institution"],["Total institution","A place that controls all aspects of residents' lives"],["Deviance","Violating social norms"],["Strain theory","Deviance arises when goals cannot be met legitimately; Merton"],["Labeling theory","Deviance is a result of being labeled"],["Differential association","Deviance is learned from close associates"],["Anomie","Normlessness when social rules weaken"],["Social control","Ways society encourages conformity"],["Social stratification","Ranking people in layers by wealth, power or prestige"],["Caste system","Rigid stratification based on birth"],["Class system","Stratification based on wealth and occupation, with some mobility"],["Social mobility","Movement between social classes"],["Intergenerational mobility","Change in class position compared with one's parents"],["Socioeconomic status","Combined measure of income, education and occupation"],["Cultural capital","Knowledge and tastes that help one advance socially; Bourdieu"],["Social capital","Benefits from social networks and relationships"],["Poverty line","Income level used to define poverty"],["Meritocracy","System where advancement is based on ability and effort"],["Race","A social category based on perceived physical traits"],["Ethnicity","Shared cultural heritage"],["Minority group","A group with less power, not necessarily smaller numbers"],["Institutional discrimination","Unequal treatment built into laws and practices"],["Segregation","Physical separation of groups"],["Gender","Social and cultural meanings of masculinity and femininity"],["Sex","Biological category of male or female"],["Patriarchy","A system in which men hold most power"],["Gender role","Behaviors expected of a gender"],["Glass ceiling","Invisible barrier to advancement"],["Family","A group related by blood, marriage or adoption"],["Nuclear family","Parents and their children"],["Extended family","Nuclear family plus other relatives"],["Monogamy","Marriage to one partner at a time"],["Endogamy","Marrying within one's group"],["Exogamy","Marrying outside one's group"],["Institution","An established system that meets social needs"],["Bureaucracy","A formal organization with hierarchy and rules"],["McDonaldization","Spread of efficiency, predictability and control; Ritzer"],["Primary group","Small, close group with personal ties"],["Secondary group","Larger, impersonal group organized around a goal"],["In-group","A group one belongs to and identifies with"],["Out-group","A group one does not belong to"],["Reference group","A group used as a standard for self-evaluation"],["Social network","A web of social ties"],["Gemeinschaft","Community based on close personal ties"],["Gesellschaft","Society based on impersonal, contractual ties"],["Demography","Study of populations"],["Urbanization","Growth in the proportion of people living in cities"],["Collective behavior","Spontaneous group action"],["Social movement","Organized effort to promote or resist change"],["Globalization","Increasing interconnection of the world's societies"],["Dramaturgy","Viewing social life as theater; Erving Goffman"],["Impression management","Controlling how others see us"],["Social construction of reality","Meanings of things are created by social interaction"],["Thomas theorem","If people define situations as real, they are real in consequence"],["Quantitative research","Studies using numbers and statistics"],["Qualitative research","Studies using interviews and observation"],["Participant observation","Researcher joins a group to study it"],["Survey","Collecting data through questions"],["Correlation versus causation","Two things related does not mean one causes the other"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-stats-formulas","id":"tp-stats-formulas","title":"Statistics Formulas","category":"test-prep","subject":"Statistics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Core statistics formulas and what each one calculates.","tags":["statistics","formulas","math"],"frontLabel":"Name","backLabel":"Formula","cards":[["Sample mean","x-bar = (sum of x) / n"],["Population mean","mu = (sum of x) / N"],["Median of an odd count","The middle value when sorted"],["Median of an even count","The average of the two middle values"],["Range","Maximum minus minimum"],["Interquartile range","IQR = Q3 - Q1"],["Upper outlier fence","Q3 + 1.5 x IQR"],["Lower outlier fence","Q1 - 1.5 x IQR"],["Sample variance","s^2 = sum of (x - x-bar)^2 / (n - 1)"],["Population variance","sigma^2 = sum of (x - mu)^2 / N"],["Sample standard deviation","s = square root of sample variance"],["Z-score","z = (x - mean) / standard deviation"],["Standard error of the mean","s / sqrt(n)"],["Standard error of a proportion","sqrt(p(1 - p) / n)"],["Coefficient of variation","(standard deviation / mean) x 100 percent"],["Percentile rank","(number of values below x / total values) x 100"],["Probability of an event","Favorable outcomes / total outcomes"],["Complement rule","P(A') = 1 - P(A)"],["Addition rule","P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)"],["Multiplication rule, independent","P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)"],["Conditional probability","P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B)"],["Bayes' theorem","P(A|B) = P(B|A) x P(A) / P(B)"],["Permutations","nPr = n! / (n - r)!"],["Combinations","nCr = n! / (r!(n - r)!)"],["Factorial","n! = n x (n-1) x ... x 1"],["Expected value","E(X) = sum of x x P(x)"],["Variance of a random variable","sum of (x - mu)^2 x P(x)"],["Binomial probability","P(X = k) = nCk x p^k x (1 - p)^(n - k)"],["Binomial mean","mu = np"],["Binomial standard deviation","sigma = sqrt(np(1 - p))"],["Geometric probability","P(first success on trial k) = (1 - p)^(k - 1) x p"],["Poisson probability","P(X = k) = e^(-lambda) x lambda^k / k!"],["Normal approx. to binomial condition","np >= 10 and n(1 - p) >= 10"],["Empirical rule","68, 95, 99.7 percent within 1, 2, 3 standard deviations"],["Chebyshev's inequality","At least 1 - 1/k^2 of data lie within k standard deviations"],["Confidence interval for a mean","x-bar +/- t* x s/sqrt(n)"],["Confidence interval for a proportion","p-hat +/- z* x sqrt(p-hat(1 - p-hat)/n)"],["Margin of error (proportion)","z* x sqrt(p-hat(1 - p-hat)/n)"],["Sample size for a proportion","n = (z*/E)^2 x p(1 - p)"],["One-sample t statistic","t = (x-bar - mu0) / (s / sqrt(n))"],["One-sample z statistic for proportion","z = (p-hat - p0) / sqrt(p0(1 - p0)/n)"],["Two-sample t statistic","t = (x1-bar - x2-bar) / sqrt(s1^2/n1 + s2^2/n2)"],["Degrees of freedom, one sample","n - 1"],["Chi-square statistic","sum of (observed - expected)^2 / expected"],["Expected count in a table","(row total x column total) / grand total"],["Degrees of freedom, chi-square table","(rows - 1)(columns - 1)"],["Pearson correlation","r = (1/(n-1)) x sum of (z_x x z_y)"],["Regression line","y-hat = a + bx"],["Slope of the regression line","b = r x (s_y / s_x)"],["Intercept of the regression line","a = y-bar - b x x-bar"],["Residual","observed y - predicted y"],["Coefficient of determination","r^2"],["Sum of squares total","sum of (y - y-bar)^2"],["ANOVA F statistic","F = mean square between / mean square within"],["Effect size, Cohen's d","(mean1 - mean2) / pooled standard deviation"],["Type I error probability","Alpha, the significance level"],["Power","1 - beta"],["Odds","p / (1 - p)"],["Odds ratio","(a/b) / (c/d) for a 2 by 2 table"],["Relative risk","Risk in exposed group / risk in unexposed group"],["Percent change","(new - old) / old x 100"],["Weighted mean","sum of (w x x) / sum of w"],["Geometric mean","nth root of the product of n values"],["Harmonic mean","n / sum of (1/x)"],["Mode","The most frequent value"],["Skewness direction","Mean greater than median suggests right skew"],["Mean absolute deviation","sum of |x - mean| / n"],["Law of total probability","P(B) = sum of P(B|A_i) x P(A_i)"],["Hypergeometric probability","P(X = k) = [C(K,k) x C(N-K, n-k)] / C(N,n)"],["Central limit theorem standard deviation","sigma / sqrt(n)"],["Finite population correction","sqrt((N - n)/(N - 1))"],["Pooled proportion","(x1 + x2) / (n1 + n2)"],["Z critical value 95%","1.96"],["Z critical value 99%","2.576"],["Z critical value 90%","1.645"],["Cumulative relative frequency","Running total of relative frequencies"],["Class width","(max - min) / number of classes"],["Sturges' rule","Number of classes is about 1 + log2(n)"],["Standard score for sample mean","z = (x-bar - mu) / (sigma / sqrt(n))"],["Tukey fences","Boundaries for outliers based on the IQR"],["Lower quartile position","(n + 1) / 4"],["Rule for sample variance denominator","Use n - 1 for samples to correct bias"],["Joint probability, dependent","P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A)"],["Mutually exclusive events","P(A and B) = 0"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-trades-carpentry","id":"tp-trades-carpentry","title":"Carpentry and Building Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Trades","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Tools, lumber, framing and finish terms used in woodworking and construction.","tags":["trades","carpentry","construction"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Stud","Vertical framing member in a wall"],["Joist","Horizontal framing member supporting a floor or ceiling"],["Rafter","Sloped framing member supporting a roof"],["Truss","Pre-built triangular frame supporting a roof"],["Beam","Large horizontal member carrying heavy loads"],["Header","Beam above a door or window carrying the load"],["Sill plate","Lumber bolted to the foundation that the walls rest on"],["Top plate","Horizontal board across the tops of wall studs"],["Bottom plate","Horizontal board at the base of wall studs"],["King stud","Full-height stud beside a window or door opening"],["Jack stud","Shorter stud under a header"],["Cripple stud","Short stud above or below an opening"],["Subfloor","Structural layer beneath finished flooring"],["Sheathing","Panels covering the outside of the frame"],["Plywood","Panel of thin wood layers glued with alternating grain"],["OSB","Oriented strand board, panels made of wood strands"],["Drywall","Gypsum board used for interior walls"],["Dimensional lumber","Standard-sized lumber like 2x4"],["2x4","A board whose actual size is about 1.5 by 3.5 inches"],["Nominal size","The name size of lumber before drying and milling"],["Board foot","Lumber volume: 1 inch thick by 12 inches by 12 inches"],["Grain","The pattern of wood fibers"],["Hardwood","Wood from broadleaf trees, like oak and maple"],["Softwood","Wood from conifers, like pine and fir"],["Pressure-treated lumber","Wood treated against rot and insects"],["Knot","A section of a branch visible in a board"],["Kiln-dried","Dried in an oven to reduce moisture"],["Warp","A bend or twist in a board"],["Level","Tool showing whether a surface is horizontal"],["Plumb","Perfectly vertical"],["Square","Exactly 90 degrees; also a tool to check it"],["Chalk line","String coated in chalk, snapped to mark a straight line"],["Tape measure","Flexible ruler"],["Speed square","Triangular tool for marking angles"],["Framing square","Large L-shaped tool for checking angles and layout"],["Hammer","Tool for driving nails"],["Claw hammer","Hammer with a split end to pull nails"],["Mallet","A wooden or rubber hammer"],["Handsaw","Manual saw"],["Circular saw","Handheld power saw with a round blade"],["Miter saw","Saw for precise angled crosscuts"],["Table saw","Stationary saw with a blade rising through a table"],["Jigsaw","Power saw for curves"],["Reciprocating saw","Power saw with a push-pull blade for demolition"],["Router","Tool that hollows or shapes edges"],["Chisel","Sharp-edged hand tool for carving wood"],["Plane","Tool for shaving wood smooth"],["Sander","Tool using abrasive to smooth wood"],["Drill","Tool for making holes or driving screws"],["Pilot hole","Small starter hole drilled before a screw"],["Countersink","Hole widened to let a screw head sit flush"],["Nail gun","Powered tool that shoots nails"],["Clamp","Tool that holds pieces together"],["Wood glue","Adhesive for joining wood"],["Common nail","Heavy nail used in framing"],["Finish nail","Thin nail with a small head for trim"],["Brad nail","A very small, thin nail"],["Wood screw","Threaded fastener for wood"],["Lag bolt","Heavy screw bolt for structural connections"],["Joist hanger","Metal bracket supporting joist ends"],["Hurricane tie","Metal connector securing rafters to walls"],["Butt joint","Two boards joined end to face"],["Miter joint","Two pieces cut at angles to form a corner"],["Dado","Groove cut across the grain"],["Rabbet","Notch cut along an edge"],["Dovetail joint","Interlocking wedge-shaped joint prized for strength"],["Mortise and tenon","A peg-shaped end fitted into a hole"],["Lap joint","Two members overlapped"],["Trim","Decorative molding around openings and edges"],["Baseboard","Trim along the bottom of a wall"],["Crown molding","Trim where the wall meets the ceiling"],["Casing","Trim around doors and windows"],["Jamb","The vertical side of a door or window frame"],["Threshold","Strip at the bottom of a doorway"],["Sash","The movable frame of a window"],["Stair stringer","Sloped board supporting stair treads"],["Tread","The horizontal part of a stair step"],["Riser","The vertical part of a stair step"],["Rise and run","Vertical and horizontal measurements of a stair step or roof"],["Pitch","Slope of a roof"],["Eave","The lower edge of a roof that overhangs the wall"],["Ridge","The peak of a roof"],["Fascia","Board along the roof edge"],["Soffit","Underside of the roof overhang"],["Flashing","Metal that guides water away from joints"],["Shingles","Overlapping roofing pieces"],["Footing","Concrete base that supports a foundation"],["Foundation","Structure that transfers a building's load to the ground"],["Load-bearing wall","A wall that supports weight above it"],["Blueprint","A technical drawing of a building"],["On center (OC)","Spacing measured from the center of one member to the next"],["Kerf","The width of material removed by a saw blade"],["Cut list","List of pieces and sizes to be cut"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-trades-electrical","id":"tp-trades-electrical","title":"Electrical Trade Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Trades","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"Basic electrical terms for students and apprentices. Electrical work can be deadly; always follow local code and use a licensed electrician.","tags":["trades","electrical","vocational"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Voltage","Electrical pressure that pushes current; measured in volts"],["Current","Flow of electric charge; measured in amperes"],["Resistance","Opposition to current; measured in ohms"],["Power","Rate of using energy; measured in watts"],["Ohm's law","Volts = amps x ohms"],["Watt's law","Watts = volts x amps"],["Conductor","Material that carries current easily, like copper"],["Insulator","Material that resists current, like rubber"],["Circuit","A complete path for current"],["Open circuit","A broken path; no current flows"],["Short circuit","An unintended low-resistance path causing very high current"],["Series circuit","Components in one path"],["Parallel circuit","Components on separate branches"],["AC","Alternating current, which changes direction"],["DC","Direct current, which flows one way"],["Hot wire","Carries current from the source; usually black or red"],["Neutral wire","Returns current to the source; usually white"],["Ground wire","Safety path to earth; bare copper or green"],["Circuit breaker","Switch that opens automatically when current is too high"],["Fuse","A safety device with a link that melts on overcurrent"],["GFCI","Ground fault circuit interrupter, which cuts power when current leaks"],["AFCI","Arc fault circuit interrupter, which guards against arcing"],["Panel (breaker box)","Enclosure holding circuit breakers"],["Service entrance","Where utility power enters a building"],["Meter","Device measuring electricity use"],["Receptacle","Outlet where plugs connect"],["Switch","Device that opens and closes a circuit"],["Three-way switch","Allows control of a light from two places"],["Junction box","Enclosure for wire connections"],["Conduit","Protective tube for wiring"],["EMT conduit","Electrical metallic tubing, a thin-walled metal conduit"],["Romex","Common brand name for non-metallic sheathed cable"],["Wire gauge (AWG)","Size of wire; a smaller number means thicker wire"],["14 AWG wire","Commonly used on 15-amp circuits"],["12 AWG wire","Commonly used on 20-amp circuits"],["Ampacity","Maximum current a conductor can carry safely"],["Voltage drop","Loss of voltage along a wire"],["Wire nut","Cap used to join wires"],["Lug","A connector point for a wire"],["Terminal","A screw or clamp point where wire attaches"],["Strip","Remove insulation from a wire end"],["Pigtail","A short wire used to connect multiple wires to one terminal"],["Load","A device that uses electrical power"],["Line side","The side of a device connected to the power source"],["Load side","The side leading to the devices"],["Multimeter","Tool measuring voltage, current and resistance"],["Voltage tester","Tool that detects live circuits"],["Lockout/tagout","Safety procedure keeping a circuit off while working on it"],["NEC","National Electrical Code, setting US wiring standards"],["Permit","Official permission to do regulated electrical work"],["Inspection","Official check that work meets code"],["Journeyman electrician","A licensed electrician who has completed an apprenticeship"],["Master electrician","A highly experienced, licensed electrician"],["Apprentice","A trainee learning the trade on the job"],["Transformer","Device that changes voltage levels"],["Step-down transformer","Reduces voltage"],["Motor","Device converting electrical energy to motion"],["Capacitor","Component that stores charge"],["Relay","A switch operated by an electromagnet"],["Contactor","A heavy-duty relay for high-current loads"],["Phase","One of the alternating currents in a power system"],["Single-phase","Power common in homes"],["Three-phase","Power common in industry"],["120 volts","Standard household outlet voltage in the US"],["240 volts","Higher household voltage for appliances like dryers"],["Frequency","Cycles per second; 60 Hz in the US"],["Kilowatt-hour","A unit of energy used on electric bills"],["Load calculation","Figuring the total power demand of a building"],["Overcurrent","More current than a circuit is designed to carry"],["Arc flash","A dangerous explosion of energy from an electrical fault"],["Electrical shock","Current passing through the body; potentially deadly"],["PPE","Personal protective equipment, such as insulated gloves"],["Bonding","Connecting metal parts to make them electrically continuous"],["Grounding electrode","A rod or pipe that connects the system to the earth"],["Dimmer","A switch that varies light brightness"],["Smart switch","A switch controlled by an app or voice"],["Solar panel","Device turning sunlight into DC electricity"],["Inverter","Converts DC power to AC"],["Surge protector","Device limiting voltage spikes"],["Extension cord rating","Must match or exceed the load's amperage"],["Knockout","A removable circle in a box for cable entry"],["Fish tape","A tool for pulling wire through walls and conduit"],["Lineman's pliers","Heavy pliers for cutting and twisting wire"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-trades-plumbing","id":"tp-trades-plumbing","title":"Plumbing Basics Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Trades","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Pipes, fittings, fixtures and how water systems work.","tags":["trades","plumbing"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Supply line","Pipe bringing clean water into a fixture"],["Drain line","Pipe carrying used water away"],["Vent pipe","Pipe letting air into the drain system so water flows"],["DWV","Drain-waste-vent system"],["Main shutoff valve","Valve that turns off water to the whole building"],["Water meter","Device measuring water used"],["Water heater","Appliance that heats and stores hot water"],["Tankless water heater","Heater that warms water only as it is used"],["Pressure","Force of water in pipes, often measured in psi"],["Water pressure regulator","Valve that reduces incoming pressure to a safe level"],["Gate valve","Valve with a sliding gate; fully open or fully closed"],["Ball valve","Valve that opens and closes with a quarter turn"],["Globe valve","Valve for regulating flow"],["Check valve","Valve that lets water flow in only one direction"],["Shutoff valve (angle stop)","Small valve under a sink or toilet"],["Copper pipe","Durable metal pipe used for water supply"],["PVC","White plastic pipe used for drains and vents"],["ABS","Black plastic pipe used for drains in some areas"],["CPVC","Plastic pipe rated for hot water"],["PEX","Flexible cross-linked polyethylene tubing for supply lines"],["Galvanized steel pipe","Zinc-coated steel pipe, older and prone to corrosion"],["Cast iron pipe","Heavy pipe used for drains"],["Fitting","A connector that joins or redirects pipes"],["Coupling","Fitting joining two straight pipes"],["Elbow","Fitting that changes pipe direction"],["Tee","T-shaped fitting that creates a branch"],["Union","Fitting that can be disconnected without cutting pipe"],["Reducer","Fitting joining pipes of different sizes"],["Cap","Fitting that seals a pipe end"],["Plug","Fitting that seals a female threaded opening"],["Nipple","Short threaded pipe"],["Adapter","Fitting connecting different pipe types"],["Sweating (soldering)","Joining copper with heated solder"],["Flux","Chemical applied to copper joints before soldering"],["Solvent cement","Glue that welds PVC and similar plastics"],["Primer","Cleaner applied to plastic pipe before cementing"],["Compression fitting","Fitting sealed by tightening a nut over a ring"],["Crimp ring","Metal ring squeezed onto PEX fittings"],["Thread seal tape","Thin white tape that seals threaded joints"],["Pipe dope","Paste that seals threaded joints"],["Teflon tape","Common name for thread seal tape"],["Pipe wrench","Wrench with serrated jaws for gripping pipe"],["Basin wrench","Long-necked wrench for tight faucet nuts"],["Tubing cutter","Tool for making clean cuts in pipe"],["Plunger","Tool using pressure to clear clogs"],["Drain snake (auger)","Flexible tool that clears blockages"],["Trap","Curved pipe holding water to block sewer gas"],["P-trap","Trap shaped like a P under sinks"],["Sewer gas","Foul gas that traps and vents keep out of living spaces"],["Cleanout","Access point for clearing drains"],["Floor drain","Drain set in a floor"],["Septic system","On-site wastewater treatment for homes without city sewers"],["Sewer main","Large pipe carrying waste from many buildings"],["Backflow","Reverse flow of water that can contaminate the supply"],["Backflow preventer","Device that stops contaminated water flowing backward"],["Air gap","Open space that keeps drain water from entering a supply line"],["Fixture","A device like a sink, toilet or tub"],["Faucet","Valve controlling water flow from a sink or tub"],["Aerator","Screen at the faucet tip that mixes air with water"],["Cartridge","Internal faucet part that controls flow and temperature"],["Washer","Rubber ring that seals a valve seat"],["O-ring","Rubber ring that seals joints"],["Flapper","Rubber seal at the bottom of a toilet tank"],["Fill valve","Valve that refills the toilet tank"],["Wax ring","Seal between a toilet and the floor flange"],["Closet flange","Pipe fitting on the floor that secures a toilet"],["Showerhead","Fixture that sprays water in a shower"],["Tub spout","Faucet end that fills the tub"],["Garbage disposal","Appliance under a sink that grinds food waste"],["Dishwasher drain","Hose carrying dishwasher water into the drain system"],["Hose bib","Outdoor faucet for a hose"],["Sump pump","Pump removing water from a basement pit"],["Water softener","Equipment reducing hard water minerals"],["Hard water","Water with high mineral content"],["Water hammer","Banging noise when flow stops suddenly"],["Air chamber","Small vertical pipe that cushions pressure surges"],["Expansion tank","Tank absorbing pressure from heated water"],["Pressure relief valve","Safety valve that releases excess pressure"],["Anode rod","Rod in a water heater that corrodes first to protect the tank"],["Slope (pitch) of drains","Drains need a gentle downhill slope, often 1/4 inch per foot"],["Gravity flow","Water moving downhill without pumps"],["Frozen pipe","Pipe blocked or damaged by ice"],["Pipe insulation","Foam or wrap that protects pipes from heat loss or freezing"],["Leak","Unwanted escape of water"],["Corrosion","Gradual damage to metal"],["Plumbing code","Rules for safe plumbing work"],["Licensed plumber","Tradesperson legally qualified to do plumbing work"],["Apprentice plumber","Trainee learning the trade"],["Rough-in","Installing pipes before walls are closed"],["Trim-out","Installing fixtures after walls are finished"],["Hot and cold side","Convention: hot is on the left, cold on the right"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-us-citizenship-topics","id":"tp-us-citizenship-topics","title":"U.S. Civics and Citizenship Topics","category":"test-prep","subject":"Civics","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Lasting facts about American government, history and symbols that a new citizen or student should know. Written in original wording; not official test items.","tags":["civics","citizenship","government"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What is the supreme law of the land?","The Constitution"],["What does the Constitution do?","Sets up the government, defines its powers and protects basic rights"],["What are the first three words of the Constitution?","We the People"],["What is an amendment?","A change or addition to the Constitution"],["What is the Bill of Rights?","The first ten amendments"],["How many amendments does the Constitution have?","Twenty-seven"],["What is one right in the First Amendment?","Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly or petition"],["What is the economic system of the United States?","A mixed market economy based on capitalism"],["What is the rule of law?","Everyone, including leaders, must follow the law"],["What are the three branches of government?","Legislative, executive and judicial"],["Who makes federal laws?","Congress"],["What are the two parts of Congress?","The Senate and the House of Representatives"],["How many U.S. senators are there?","One hundred"],["How long is a senator's term?","Six years"],["How many voting members are in the House?","Four hundred thirty-five"],["How long is a House member's term?","Two years"],["How many senators does each state have?","Two"],["Who does a member of the House represent?","The people of their district"],["What stops one branch from becoming too powerful?","Checks and balances and the separation of powers"],["Who is in charge of the executive branch?","The President"],["How long is a presidential term?","Four years"],["How many times can a person be elected president?","Twice; the 22nd Amendment limits it to two elected terms"],["Who signs bills to become laws?","The President"],["Who is commander in chief of the military?","The President"],["What does the President's Cabinet do?","Advises the President"],["Who becomes president if the president can no longer serve?","The Vice President"],["What does the judicial branch do?","Reviews laws, explains laws and decides if a law goes against the Constitution"],["What is the highest court in the United States?","The Supreme Court"],["How many justices are on the Supreme Court?","Nine"],["How are Supreme Court justices chosen?","Nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate"],["What is the capital of the United States?","Washington, D.C."],["Where is the Statue of Liberty?","New York Harbor, on Liberty Island"],["How many states are there?","Fifty"],["How many stripes are on the flag?","Thirteen, for the original colonies"],["How many stars are on the flag?","Fifty, one for each state"],["What are the colors of the flag?","Red, white and blue"],["What is the national anthem?","The Star-Spangled Banner"],["What is the Pledge of Allegiance?","A promise of loyalty to the flag and the country"],["What is the Fourth of July?","Independence Day, celebrating the Declaration of Independence"],["Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?","Thomas Jefferson was its main author"],["When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?","July 4, 1776"],["What did the Declaration of Independence say?","That the colonies were free of British rule and that people have rights"],["What are two rights in the Declaration?","Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"],["Who was the first President?","George Washington"],["Who was President during the Civil War?","Abraham Lincoln"],["What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?","Declared enslaved people in Confederate-held areas free"],["Which amendment ended slavery?","The 13th Amendment"],["Who fought in the Civil War?","The Union (North) and the Confederacy (South)"],["What was the main reason for the Civil War?","Slavery, along with states' rights and economic differences"],["What did Susan B. Anthony do?","Fought for women's rights and the right to vote"],["What did Martin Luther King Jr. do?","Led nonviolent efforts for civil rights and equal treatment"],["Which amendment gave women the right to vote?","The 19th Amendment"],["What was the Great Depression?","A severe economic downturn in the 1930s"],["Who was President during the Great Depression and World War II?","Franklin D. Roosevelt"],["Which countries did the U.S. fight in World War II?","Germany, Italy and Japan (the Axis powers)"],["What was the Cold War?","A long rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after World War II"],["Who were the first people living in America?","Native Americans"],["Why did the Pilgrims come to America?","To seek religious freedom"],["Who is the 'Father of Our Country'?","George Washington"],["What was the Louisiana Purchase?","The 1803 purchase of land from France that doubled the country's size"],["What happened at the Constitutional Convention?","The Constitution was written in 1787"],["Who wrote the Federalist Papers?","Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay"],["Who was one important Founding Father?","Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison or others"],["What is the capital of your state?","Depends on the state; every state has a capital city"],["What are the two major political parties?","Democratic and Republican parties"],["Who can vote in federal elections?","Citizens age 18 and older"],["What is one way Americans can participate in democracy?","Vote, join a party, run for office, join a community group or contact elected officials"],["Which amendment lowered the voting age to 18?","The 26th Amendment"],["What is one responsibility of citizens?","Serving on a jury, paying taxes or obeying laws"],["What is one right only for citizens?","Voting in federal elections or running for federal office"],["What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge?","The United States and the flag"],["When must men register for the Selective Service?","At age 18"],["When are federal taxes due?","Generally by April 15"],["What is the Electoral College?","The group of electors who choose the President"],["What is a census?","A count of the population done every ten years"],["What is a jury?","A group of citizens who decide the facts in a trial"],["What is the Mayflower?","The ship that carried the Pilgrims to America in 1620"],["What is the Mississippi River?","One of the longest rivers in the country, flowing to the Gulf of Mexico"],["Which oceans border the U.S.?","The Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west"],["Which countries border the continental U.S.?","Canada and Mexico"],["What is Memorial Day?","A day honoring those who died serving in the military"],["What is Veterans Day?","A day honoring all who have served in the military"],["What is Labor Day?","A holiday honoring workers, on the first Monday of September"],["What is Thanksgiving?","A November holiday for giving thanks"],["What is the bald eagle?","The national bird of the United States"],["What is the Liberty Bell?","A symbol of American independence, kept in Philadelphia"],["What is the Great Seal?","The official seal of the United States"],["What is federalism?","Power shared between national and state governments"],["What does the 10th Amendment say?","Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or the people"],["Who governs a state?","A governor"],["What is a mayor?","The leader of a city government"],["What is due process?","Fair treatment under the law"],["What is freedom of religion?","The right to practice any religion or none"],["What is the Mayflower Compact?","An agreement to make fair laws for the Plymouth colony"],["What is naturalization?","The process by which a non-citizen becomes a citizen"],["What is an immigrant?","A person who moves to a new country to live"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-aesop-fables","id":"fun-aesop-fables","title":"Aesop's Fables and Morals","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Fables","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Short stories attributed to Aesop and the lesson each teaches.","tags":["fables","morals","stories"],"frontLabel":"Fable","backLabel":"Story and moral","cards":[["The Tortoise and the Hare","A slow tortoise beats a speedy, overconfident hare. Slow and steady wins the race."],["The Boy Who Cried Wolf","A boy lies about a wolf, then nobody believes him when it is real. Liars are not trusted even when they tell the truth."],["The Ant and the Grasshopper","The ant works all summer while the grasshopper plays, and has no food in winter. Prepare for the future."],["The Fox and the Grapes","A fox cannot reach the grapes and says they were sour anyway. It is easy to scorn what you cannot have."],["The Lion and the Mouse","A tiny mouse frees a lion from a net. Even small friends can help big ones."],["The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs","A farmer who wants all the gold at once loses the goose. Greed can cost you everything."],["The Crow and the Pitcher","A thirsty crow drops pebbles into a pitcher to raise the water. Clever thinking solves problems."],["The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse","A country mouse prefers a simple, safe life over the town mouse's fancy but risky one. Simple and safe beats rich and scary."],["The Fox and the Crow","A fox tricks a crow into dropping its cheese by praising its singing. Beware of flattery."],["The Dog and His Reflection","A dog with a bone sees his reflection in a stream and drops the bone to grab another. Greed can make you lose what you have."],["The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing","A wolf dresses as a sheep and is found out. Looks can fool, so be careful."],["The North Wind and the Sun","The sun makes a traveler remove his coat gently, while the wind fails by force. Kindness works better than force."],["The Lion's Share","A lion takes everything for himself after a hunt. Power can make people unfair."],["The Milkmaid and Her Pail","A girl dreams of what she will buy with milk money and spills it. Don't count your chickens before they hatch."],["The Bundle of Sticks","A father shows his sons that sticks bound together cannot be broken. Together we are strong."],["The Tortoise and the Eagle","A tortoise wishes to fly and is dropped by an eagle. Be happy with who you are."],["The Frogs Who Wanted a King","Frogs ask for a king and get a stork that eats them. Be careful what you wish for."],["The Dog in the Manger","A dog guards the hay he cannot eat and keeps the ox from it. Don't spoil things you cannot use."],["The Lion and the Boar","Two animals fight over a spring while vultures wait. Fighting over little things can hurt both sides."],["The Mice in Council","Mice agree to put a bell on the cat but nobody will do it. Easy to say, hard to do."],["The Hare and the Tortoise (retold)","Confidence without effort loses to patience and work."],["The Shepherd Boy (shortened)","A shepherd boy's false alarms leave him unheard when real danger comes."],["The Oak and the Reeds","A stiff oak breaks in a storm while bending reeds survive. Be flexible."],["The Cat and the Mice","Mice hear that a cat is hiding and stay away. Beware of those pretending to be harmless."],["The Farmer and the Snake","A man warms a frozen snake and is bitten. Not everyone you help is grateful."],["The Two Goats","Two goats meet on a narrow bridge and neither gives way, so both fall. Pride can hurt everyone."],["The Lark and Her Young Ones","If you want something done well, do it yourself."],["The Wind and the Sun","A kind approach is stronger than a harsh one."],["The Fox and the Stork","A fox serves soup on a flat plate, then the stork serves food in a tall jar. Treat others as you want to be treated."],["The Donkey in the Lion's Skin","A donkey dresses as a lion and his bray gives him away. Pretending does not last."],["The Wolf and the Crane","A crane helps a wolf with a bone and gets no reward. Be careful who you help, and be thankful when helped."],["The Peacock and the Crane","A peacock mocks a crane's plain feathers, but the crane can fly. Skill beats show."],["The Lion and the Statue","Whoever makes the story tells it his own way."],["The Gnat and the Bull","A gnat thinks the bull noticed it. Do not think you matter more than you do."],["The Sick Lion","A sick lion pretends nothing is wrong. People may use you if you look weak."],["The Miser","A man buries gold and never uses it. Wealth that is not used has no value."],["The Belly and the Members","The parts of the body quarrel with the stomach and all suffer. Everyone depends on each other."],["The Fisherman and the Little Fish","A small fish begs to be thrown back until he is bigger. A little now is better than a lot later maybe."],["The Ass and the Lap Dog","A donkey copies a lap dog and causes trouble. Be yourself."],["The Horse and the Groom","Someone who wants praise should earn it first."],["The Blind Men and the Elephant","Each feels a different part of an elephant and thinks he knows it all. A part is not the whole. (An old folktale told with Aesop's.)"],["Who was Aesop?","A storyteller of ancient Greece, thought to have lived about 2,600 years ago"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-alphabet-words","id":"fun-alphabet-words","title":"Alphabet Letters and Words","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Early Learning","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"Each letter of the alphabet with a word that starts with it.","tags":["alphabet","letters","toddlers"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Word","cards":[["A a","Apple","A is for apple."],["B b","Ball","B is for ball."],["C c","Cat","C is for cat."],["D d","Dog","D is for dog."],["E e","Elephant","E is for elephant."],["F f","Fish","F is for fish."],["G g","Goat","G is for goat."],["H h","Hat","H is for hat."],["I i","Igloo","I is for igloo."],["J j","Jam","J is for jam."],["K k","Kite","K is for kite."],["L l","Lion","L is for lion."],["M m","Moon","M is for moon."],["N n","Nest","N is for nest."],["O o","Octopus","O is for octopus."],["P p","Pig","P is for pig."],["Q q","Queen","Q is for queen."],["R r","Rabbit","R is for rabbit."],["S s","Sun","S is for sun."],["T t","Tiger","T is for tiger."],["U u","Umbrella","U is for umbrella."],["V v","Van","V is for van."],["W w","Whale","W is for whale."],["X x","Xylophone","X is for xylophone."],["Y y","Yo-yo","Y is for yo-yo."],["Z z","Zebra","Z is for zebra."],["How many letters are in the alphabet?","26"],["What are the vowels?","A, E, I, O, U (and sometimes Y)"],["What are the other letters called?","Consonants"],["What letter comes after A?","B"],["What letter comes after M?","N"],["What letter comes before Z?","Y"],["What is the first letter?","A"],["What is the last letter?","Z"],["What letter comes between R and T?","S"],["What letter comes between F and H?","G"],["Which letter looks like a circle?","O"],["Which letter has a tail and looks like a hook?","J"],["Which letter is the sound of a bee?","B (buzz)"],["Which letter sounds like 'you'?","U"],["Which letter sounds like 'why'?","Y"],["Which letter sounds like 'see'?","C"],["Which letter sounds like 'tea'?","T"],["Which letter sounds like 'eye'?","I"],["Which letter sounds like 'are'?","R"],["What is uppercase?","Big letters like A, B and C"],["What is lowercase?","Small letters like a, b and c"],["What is the letter after Q?","R"],["What is the letter after D?","E"],["What word starts like 'bat'?","Ball or bed (B)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-animal-alphabet","id":"fun-animal-alphabet","title":"Animal ABCs","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"An animal for every letter, with one fun fact.","tags":["animals","alphabet","early learning"],"frontLabel":"Letter","backLabel":"Animal and fact","cards":[["A","Alligator: a reptile with a wide snout"],["A (again)","Ant: can carry many times its own weight"],["B","Bear: some sleep through winter"],["B (again)","Butterfly: starts life as a caterpillar"],["C","Camel: has a hump that stores fat"],["C (again)","Cat: purrs when content"],["D","Dolphin: a smart sea mammal"],["D (again)","Duck: has waterproof feathers"],["E","Elephant: the biggest land animal"],["E (again)","Eagle: has sharp eyesight"],["F","Frog: starts life as a tadpole"],["F (again)","Fox: has a bushy tail"],["G","Giraffe: the tallest animal"],["G (again)","Gorilla: a gentle ape"],["H","Hippo: spends most days in water"],["H (again)","Horse: runs fast"],["I","Iguana: a lizard that likes to bask"],["I (again)","Impala: an antelope that leaps high"],["J","Jellyfish: has no brain"],["J (again)","Jaguar: a spotted cat that swims"],["K","Kangaroo: hops and has a pouch"],["K (again)","Koala: sleeps most of the day"],["L","Lion: lives in a pride"],["L (again)","Llama: a woolly animal from the Andes"],["M","Monkey: swings in trees"],["M (again)","Moose: the biggest deer"],["N","Newt: a small salamander"],["N (again)","Narwhal: a whale with a long tusk"],["O","Octopus: has eight arms"],["O (again)","Owl: hunts at night"],["P","Penguin: swims but cannot fly"],["P (again)","Panda: eats bamboo"],["Q","Quail: a small, plump bird"],["Q (again)","Quokka: a small smiling marsupial from Australia"],["R","Rabbit: hops and has long ears"],["R (again)","Raccoon: has clever paws"],["S","Snake: has no legs"],["S (again)","Sloth: moves slowly"],["T","Tiger: has stripes"],["T (again)","Turtle: has a shell"],["U","Uakari: a monkey with a bright red face"],["U (again)","Urial: a wild sheep of Asia"],["V","Vulture: a bird that cleans up dead animals"],["V (again)","Vampire bat: a bat that feeds on animal blood"],["W","Whale: the biggest animals in the sea"],["W (again)","Wolf: lives in a pack"],["X","X-ray tetra: a small fish with see-through skin"],["X (again)","Xerus: an African ground squirrel"],["Y","Yak: a shaggy animal of the Himalayas"],["Y (again)","Yellow-bellied marmot: a mountain rodent"],["Z","Zebra: has black and white stripes"],["Z (again)","Zebra finch: a small Australian songbird"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-animal-group-names","id":"fun-animal-group-names","title":"Animal Group Names","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"What do we call a group of each animal?","tags":["animals","groups","collective nouns"],"frontLabel":"Group of","backLabel":"Called a","cards":[["Lions","A pride"],["Fish","A school","Or a shoal."],["Wolves","A pack"],["Cows","A herd"],["Sheep","A flock"],["Birds","A flock"],["Geese (flying)","A skein","On the ground they are a gaggle."],["Geese (on the ground)","A gaggle"],["Crows","A murder"],["Owls","A parliament"],["Bees","A swarm"],["Ants","A colony"],["Whales","A pod"],["Dolphins","A pod"],["Elephants","A herd"],["Giraffes","A tower"],["Zebras","A dazzle"],["Hippos","A bloat"],["Rhinos","A crash"],["Apes","A shrewdness"],["Monkeys","A troop"],["Kangaroos","A mob"],["Penguins","A colony","In the water a group is a raft."],["Flamingos","A flamboyance"],["Peacocks","An ostentation"],["Ducks (in water)","A paddling"],["Cats","A clowder"],["Kittens","A litter"],["Puppies","A litter"],["Dogs","A pack"],["Horses","A herd"],["Bears","A sloth"],["Foxes","A skulk"],["Frogs","An army"],["Toads","A knot"],["Snakes","A nest"],["Turtles","A bale"],["Jellyfish","A smack"],["Sharks","A shiver"],["Butterflies","A flutter"],["Caterpillars","An army"],["Hawks","A kettle","When they circle together in the sky."],["Eagles","A convocation"],["Ravens","An unkindness"],["Larks","An exaltation"],["Starlings","A murmuration"],["Pigs","A drove"],["Goats","A tribe"],["Camels","A caravan"],["Bats","A colony"],["Squirrels","A scurry"],["Otters","A romp"],["Raccoons","A gaze"],["Rabbits","A colony"],["Hedgehogs","An array"],["Porcupines","A prickle"],["Moles","A labor"],["Deer","A herd"],["Moose","A herd"],["Buffalo","A herd"],["Seals","A pod"],["Cheetahs","A coalition"],["Leopards","A leap"],["Tigers","An ambush"],["Cranes","A sedge"],["Swans","A bevy"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-animal-homes","id":"fun-animal-homes","title":"Animal Homes","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Where do animals live?","tags":["animals","homes"],"frontLabel":"Animal","backLabel":"Home","cards":[["Bird","Nest"],["Bee","Hive"],["Ant","Anthill or colony"],["Bear","Den or cave"],["Fox","Den","A fox den is also called an earth."],["Rabbit","Burrow or warren"],["Beaver","Lodge","Built from sticks and mud in a pond."],["Wolf","Den"],["Squirrel","Drey","A nest of leaves and twigs high in a tree."],["Spider","Web"],["Pig","Sty or pen"],["Horse","Stable"],["Cow","Barn or pasture"],["Chicken","Coop"],["Dog","Kennel or doghouse"],["Fish","Pond, river or sea"],["Hen","Henhouse"],["Sheep","Pen or fold"],["Lion","Pride territory on the grassland"],["Termite","Mound"],["Wasp","Paper nest"],["Mole","Tunnels underground"],["Prairie dog","Burrow town"],["Eagle","Eyrie","A huge nest high on a cliff or tree."],["Otter","Holt"],["Badger","Sett"],["Hare","Form","A shallow dent in the grass."],["Pigeon","Loft or cote"],["Hermit crab","A borrowed shell"],["Snail","Its own shell"],["Tortoise","Burrow or its shell"],["Penguin","Colony on the ice"],["Polar bear","Snow den"],["Camel","Desert"],["Frog","Pond or wet place"],["Seal","Rocks and coast"],["Gopher","Underground tunnels"],["Bat","Cave or roost"],["Owl","Tree hollow"],["Woodpecker","A hole it digs in a tree"],["Weaver bird","A woven hanging nest"],["Orangutan","Nest of branches in a tree"],["Gorilla","Nest of leaves on the ground or low in trees"],["Wild boar","Wallow and thicket"],["Mouse","Hole or nest in walls and fields"],["Raccoon","Hollow tree or den"],["Skunk","Burrow"],["Clownfish","Sea anemone"],["Coral polyp","Coral reef"],["Kangaroo","Open grassland, no den"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-animal-records","id":"fun-animal-records","title":"Record-Breaking Animals","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"The biggest, fastest, tallest and most amazing animals.","tags":["animals","records","facts"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Biggest animal ever to live?","The blue whale"],["Biggest animal on land today?","The African elephant"],["Tallest animal?","The giraffe"],["Fastest land animal?","The cheetah","It can sprint over 60 miles an hour for a short burst."],["Fastest bird in a dive?","The peregrine falcon","Over 180 miles an hour while diving."],["Fastest fish?","The sailfish","One of the quickest swimmers in the sea."],["Largest bird alive?","The ostrich"],["Smallest bird?","The bee hummingbird","It lives in Cuba and weighs about as much as a dime or two."],["Bird with the biggest wingspan?","The wandering albatross"],["Largest fish?","The whale shark","It is gentle and eats tiny plankton."],["Largest reptile?","The saltwater crocodile"],["Largest big cat?","The tiger"],["Largest bear?","The polar bear"],["Largest rodent?","The capybara"],["Largest primate?","The gorilla"],["Largest deer?","The moose"],["Largest frog?","The goliath frog"],["Largest snake by weight?","The green anaconda"],["Longest snake?","The reticulated python"],["Largest octopus?","The giant Pacific octopus"],["Largest insect by weight?","Some giant weta, a cricket-like insect from New Zealand"],["Animal with the longest neck?","The giraffe"],["Mammal that sleeps the most?","Some bats and opossums sleep up to 18 or more hours a day"],["Slowest mammal?","The sloth"],["Only mammal that truly flies?","The bat"],["Mammal that lays eggs?","The platypus and the echidna"],["Fastest flying insect?","Dragonflies are among the fastest"],["Bird that can hover backward?","The hummingbird"],["Bird that cannot fly but runs fast?","The ostrich"],["Animal with the loudest call on land?","The howler monkey is one of the loudest"],["Longest migration of any bird?","The Arctic tern, it flies from pole to pole"],["Animal that can live the longest?","Some sea creatures, like the ocean quahog clam, live hundreds of years"],["Longest-living land animal?","The giant tortoise","Some live more than 150 years."],["Animal with the biggest eyes?","The giant squid and the colossal squid"],["Animal with the biggest ears?","The African elephant"],["Animal with the longest tongue for its size?","The chameleon"],["Animal with the most legs?","Some millipedes have hundreds"],["Animal with the strongest bite?","The saltwater crocodile"],["Best digger among animals?","The giant armadillo and the aardvark are famous diggers"],["Which animal has the biggest heart?","The blue whale, about as big as a small car"],["Animal that can run on water?","The basilisk lizard, called the Jesus lizard"],["Which animal is the loudest in the sea?","The sperm whale clicks and the blue whale calls are among the loudest"],["Animal that can change color to hide?","The chameleon and the octopus"],["Animal that never stops growing teeth?","Rodents like beavers and rabbits"],["Tallest dog breed?","The Great Dane"],["Smallest dog breed?","The Chihuahua"],["Most popular pet in many homes?","Dogs and cats"],["Tallest bird?","The ostrich"],["Which animal has the longest horns?","The water buffalo is among the longest"],["Animal with the longest hibernation?","Some ground squirrels and bears sleep through much of winter"],["Fastest swimming bird?","The gentoo penguin"],["Which animal has the most teeth?","Snails can have thousands of tiny teeth on their tongues"],["Which animal builds the biggest structure?","Coral polyps build the Great Barrier Reef"],["Which insect lifts the most for its size?","The ant can carry many times its own weight"],["Biggest cat in the Americas?","The jaguar"],["Largest owl?","Eurasian eagle-owl and Blakiston's fish owl are among the largest"],["Animal with the thickest fur?","The sea otter, about one million hairs per square inch"],["Which animal can jump the highest for its size?","The flea"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-animal-riddles","id":"fun-animal-riddles","title":"Animal Riddles","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Riddles","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Guess the animal from the clues.","tags":["riddles","animals","guessing"],"frontLabel":"Riddle","backLabel":"Animal","cards":[["I have a long trunk and big floppy ears. Who am I?","An elephant"],["I have a black-and-white stripy coat and I look like a horse. Who am I?","A zebra"],["I have a very long neck and I eat leaves from tall trees. Who am I?","A giraffe"],["I hop and carry my baby in a pouch. Who am I?","A kangaroo"],["I am slow and carry my house on my back. Who am I?","A snail or turtle"],["I have eight arms and live in the sea. Who am I?","An octopus"],["I roar and I am the king of the jungle. Who am I?","A lion"],["I hoot at night and turn my head all the way around. Who am I?","An owl"],["I have a bushy tail and bury nuts. Who am I?","A squirrel"],["I have long ears and a fluffy tail and hop. Who am I?","A rabbit"],["I quack and swim in the pond. Who am I?","A duck"],["I give you milk and say moo. Who am I?","A cow"],["I wake up the farm with my cock-a-doodle-doo. Who am I?","A rooster"],["I have a big black-and-white body and live on ice. I waddle. Who am I?","A penguin"],["I swing from trees and love bananas. Who am I?","A monkey"],["I wear a mask and wash my food. Who am I?","A raccoon"],["I have a shell and a long neck and live for a very long time. Who am I?","A tortoise"],["I make honey and buzz around flowers. Who am I?","A bee"],["I have spots and wings and I am red. Who am I?","A ladybug"],["I start as a caterpillar and turn into something with wings. Who am I?","A butterfly"],["I have a hump on my back and live in the desert. Who am I?","A camel"],["I am big and gray with a horn on my nose. Who am I?","A rhinoceros"],["I have a pink color and stand on one leg. Who am I?","A flamingo"],["I am the biggest animal in the sea. Who am I?","A blue whale"],["I have a big smile and clicks, and I jump from the waves. Who am I?","A dolphin"],["I have a pouch under my beak and I scoop fish. Who am I?","A pelican"],["I have eight legs and a web. Who am I?","A spider"],["I have a long tongue for catching ants. Who am I?","An anteater"],["I am small and green and hop and say ribbit. Who am I?","A frog"],["I am a cat with stripes and I am the biggest cat. Who am I?","A tiger"],["I have a stinger and live in a hive. Who am I?","A bee"],["I can change my colors and have a curly tail. Who am I?","A chameleon"],["I love honey and sleep all winter. Who am I?","A bear"],["I am a bird that cannot fly but I run very fast. Who am I?","An ostrich"],["I look like a little tank and roll into a ball. Who am I?","An armadillo"],["I have quills and roll up when scared. Who am I?","A hedgehog or porcupine"],["I howl at the moon. Who am I?","A wolf"],["I wag my tail and love to fetch. Who am I?","A dog"],["I purr and chase mice. Who am I?","A cat"],["I gobble and have a fan of feathers. Who am I?","A turkey"],["I live in a pond and build dams. Who am I?","A beaver"],["I am a tropical bird with a huge, colorful bill. Who am I?","A toucan"],["I glow at night in summer. Who am I?","A firefly"],["I hang upside down in caves and sleep all day. Who am I?","A bat"],["I swim in a tank, say nothing, and have fins. Who am I?","A fish"],["I wear a woolly coat and say baa. Who am I?","A sheep"],["I oink and love mud. Who am I?","A pig"],["I have a pointed horn and live in fairy tales. Who am I?","A unicorn"],["I breathe fire and fly in stories. Who am I?","A dragon"],["I am in the sea, with five arms and no head. Who am I?","A starfish"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-animal-sounds","id":"fun-animal-sounds","title":"Animal Sounds","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"What sound does each animal make?","tags":["animals","sounds","toddlers"],"frontLabel":"Animal","backLabel":"Sound","cards":[["Dog","Woof! Woof!"],["Cat","Meow!"],["Cow","Moo!"],["Pig","Oink!"],["Sheep","Baa!"],["Horse","Neigh!"],["Duck","Quack!"],["Rooster","Cock-a-doodle-doo!"],["Hen","Cluck cluck!"],["Lion","Roar!"],["Tiger","Roar!"],["Frog","Ribbit!"],["Owl","Hoo hoo!"],["Bee","Buzz!"],["Snake","Hiss!"],["Mouse","Squeak!"],["Donkey","Hee-haw!"],["Goat","Maa!"],["Turkey","Gobble gobble!"],["Wolf","Howl!"],["Elephant","Trumpet!"],["Bird","Tweet tweet!"],["Crow","Caw caw!"],["Dove","Coo coo!"],["Bear","Growl!"],["Monkey","Ooh ooh ah ah!"],["Cricket","Chirp chirp!"],["Seal","Arf arf!"],["Dolphin","Click and whistle!"],["Bat","Squeak, too high for most people to hear"],["Mosquito","Buzzzz"],["Fly","Buzz"],["Cuckoo bird","Cuck-oo!"],["Peacock","A loud call that sounds like 'may-awe'"],["Goose","Honk!"],["Seagull","Squawk!"],["Parrot","Squawk, and it can copy words"],["Camel","Grunt and groan"],["Hyena","A laughing cackle"],["Kookaburra","A laughing 'koo-hoo-hoo-ha-ha-ha'"],["Whale","Long, low songs"],["Pigeon","Coo"],["Chick","Peep peep!"],["Rabbit","Mostly quiet; it thumps its foot"],["Lamb","Baa!"],["Cat purring","Purr"],["Rattlesnake","Rattle"],["Giraffe","Mostly quiet; it hums at night"],["Zebra","A bark or a whinny"],["Cicada","A loud buzzing whirr"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-athletes-historical","id":"fun-athletes-historical","title":"Sports Legends of the Past","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Sports","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous athletes who are no longer living, and what they are remembered for.","tags":["sports","athletes","history"],"frontLabel":"Athlete","backLabel":"Remembered for","cards":[["Jesse Owens","Won four gold medals in track and field at the 1936 Olympics"],["Jackie Robinson","Broke baseball's color barrier in 1947 with the Brooklyn Dodgers"],["Babe Ruth","Baseball slugger and pitcher, a New York Yankees star of the 1920s"],["Lou Gehrig","Yankees first baseman known as the Iron Horse"],["Roberto Clemente","Pirates outfielder, 3,000 hits, and a great humanitarian"],["Hank Aaron","Baseball home run king for decades, with 755 career homers"],["Willie Mays","Baseball star known for amazing catches"],["Muhammad Ali","Heavyweight boxing champion who called himself the Greatest"],["Wilma Rudolph","Won three gold medals in running at the 1960 Olympics"],["Jim Thorpe","Olympic gold medalist in 1912 and football and baseball star"],["Althea Gibson","First Black player to win a Grand Slam tennis title (1956)"],["Arthur Ashe","Tennis star who won Wimbledon in 1975"],["Bill Russell","Boston Celtics center who won 11 NBA titles"],["Wilt Chamberlain","Basketball center who once scored 100 points in an NBA game"],["Kobe Bryant","Los Angeles Lakers star with five NBA titles"],["Pele","Brazilian soccer star who won three World Cups"],["Diego Maradona","Argentine soccer star of the 1980s"],["Johan Cruyff","Dutch soccer star and thinker of 'total football'"],["Walter Payton","Chicago Bears running back nicknamed Sweetness"],["Jim Brown","Football running back and star of the 1950s-60s"],["Vince Lombardi","Green Bay Packers coach; the Super Bowl trophy bears his name"],["Gordie Howe","Hockey star known as Mr. Hockey"],["Joe DiMaggio","Yankees outfielder with a 56-game hitting streak in 1941"],["Ty Cobb","Early baseball star with a high batting average"],["Cy Young","Pitcher with 511 wins; the best pitcher award is named for him"],["Satchel Paige","Pitcher in the Negro leagues and later the majors"],["Josh Gibson","Negro leagues catcher called the Black Babe Ruth"],["Honus Wagner","Early baseball shortstop; his card is one of the most famous"],["Joe Louis","Heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949"],["Jack Johnson","First Black heavyweight boxing champion (1908)"],["Bobby Jones","Golfer who won the Grand Slam in 1930"],["Seabiscuit","A racehorse who became a Depression-era hero"],["Secretariat","Racehorse who won the 1973 Triple Crown"],["Man o' War","Famous racehorse of the 1920s"],["Bill Walsh","NFL coach known for the West Coast offense"],["Babe Didrikson Zaharias","Won Olympic golds in track in 1932 and became a champion golfer"],["Sonja Henie","Norwegian figure skater with three Olympic golds"],["Paavo Nurmi","Finnish distance runner, a star of the 1920s"],["Emil Zatopek","Czech runner who won three golds in 1952"],["Abebe Bikila","Ethiopian runner who won the 1960 Olympic marathon barefoot"],["Johnny Weissmuller","Olympic swimmer who later played Tarzan"],["Duke Kahanamoku","Hawaiian swimmer and the father of modern surfing"],["Gertrude Ederle","First woman to swim the English Channel (1926)"],["Pat Summitt","Tennessee women's basketball coach with many wins"],["Lou Brock","Baseball base-stealing star"],["Mickey Mantle","Yankees slugger of the 1950s and 60s"],["Ted Williams","Red Sox hitter, the last to hit .400 in a season (1941)"],["Roger Bannister","First person to run a mile in under four minutes (1954)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-baby-animal-names","id":"fun-baby-animal-names","title":"Baby Animal Names","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"What we call the young of many animals.","tags":["animals","babies"],"frontLabel":"Grown-up animal","backLabel":"Baby name","cards":[["Dog","Puppy"],["Cat","Kitten"],["Cow","Calf"],["Horse","Foal","A young girl horse is a filly, a young boy horse is a colt."],["Sheep","Lamb"],["Goat","Kid"],["Pig","Piglet"],["Chicken","Chick"],["Duck","Duckling"],["Goose","Gosling"],["Swan","Cygnet"],["Frog","Tadpole","Tadpoles have tails and live in water."],["Butterfly","Caterpillar","The caterpillar is a larva that turns into a butterfly."],["Deer","Fawn"],["Bear","Cub"],["Lion","Cub"],["Tiger","Cub"],["Wolf","Pup"],["Fox","Kit","Also called a pup or cub."],["Rabbit","Kit","Also called a bunny."],["Kangaroo","Joey"],["Koala","Joey"],["Elephant","Calf"],["Giraffe","Calf"],["Whale","Calf"],["Dolphin","Calf"],["Seal","Pup"],["Owl","Owlet"],["Eagle","Eaglet"],["Eel","Elver"],["Fish","Fry","Very young fish are called fry."],["Salmon","Alevin","Then they become fry and later smolt."],["Frog (young)","Tadpole"],["Hen's egg hatches into a","Chick"],["Pigeon","Squab"],["Turkey","Poult"],["Peacock or peahen","Peachick"],["Penguin","Chick"],["Hippopotamus","Calf"],["Rhinoceros","Calf"],["Zebra","Foal"],["Donkey","Foal"],["Camel","Calf"],["Monkey","Infant","Some are called babies or infants."],["Gorilla","Infant"],["Squirrel","Kit","Also called a kitten or pup."],["Beaver","Kit"],["Otter","Pup"],["Bat","Pup"],["Mouse","Pup","Also called a pinkie when newborn."],["Hedgehog","Hoglet"],["Alligator","Hatchling"],["Turtle","Hatchling"],["Snake","Hatchling","Some baby snakes are called snakelets."],["Skunk","Kit"],["Porcupine","Porcupette"],["Crow","Chick","Young crows are also called fledglings."],["Flamingo","Chick"],["Ostrich","Chick"],["Kiwi","Chick"],["Hawk","Eyas","A young hawk or falcon taken for training is called an eyas."],["Spider","Spiderling"],["Beetle","Grub","The young stage of many beetles."],["Fly","Maggot"],["Bee","Larva"],["Ant","Larva"],["Octopus","Paralarva","Newly hatched ones float in the sea."],["Shark","Pup"],["Starfish","Larva"],["Llama","Cria"],["Alpaca","Cria"],["Antelope","Calf"],["Moose","Calf"],["Walrus","Calf"],["Platypus","Puggle"],["Opossum","Joey"],["Wombat","Joey"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-bird-songs","id":"fun-bird-songs","title":"Bird Songs and Calls","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Birds","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"How do some common birds sound? Birders use words to remember songs.","tags":["birds","sounds","birdwatching"],"frontLabel":"Bird","backLabel":"Sounds like","cards":[["Black-capped Chickadee","Chick-a-dee-dee-dee, or a whistled fee-bee"],["American Robin","Cheerily, cheer-up, cheerio, a rolling song"],["Northern Cardinal","Cheer, cheer, cheer, or birdie, birdie, birdie"],["Blue Jay","A loud 'jay! jay!' and sometimes a bell-like sound"],["American Crow","Caw, caw"],["Mourning Dove","A soft 'coo-AH, coo, coo, coo'"],["Great Horned Owl","Hoo, hoo-hoo, hoo, hoo"],["Barred Owl","Who cooks for you? Who cooks for you all?"],["Eastern Screech-Owl","A trembling, whinny-like trill"],["Barn Owl","A harsh screech, not a hoot"],["Whip-poor-will","Whip-poor-will, repeated"],["Eastern Phoebe","Fee-bee"],["Eastern Towhee","Drink your tea"],["White-throated Sparrow","Old Sam Peabody, Peabody, Peabody"],["Song Sparrow","Maids, maids, maids, put on your tea-kettle-ettle"],["American Goldfinch","Per-chick-o-ree in flight, a bouncy twittering"],["Carolina Wren","Teakettle, teakettle, teakettle"],["Ovenbird","Teacher, teacher, teacher, getting louder"],["Common Yellowthroat","Witchety, witchety, witchety"],["Yellow Warbler","Sweet, sweet, I'm so sweet"],["Red-winged Blackbird","Conk-la-ree"],["Western Meadowlark","A flute-like gurgling song"],["Killdeer","Kill-dee, kill-dee"],["Common Loon","A wavering wail and a yodel"],["Mallard","A raspy quack from the female"],["Canada Goose","Honk, honk"],["Sandhill Crane","A rolling, rattling bugle"],["Wild Turkey","Gobble gobble from males"],["Ruffed Grouse","A drumming sound made with wings"],["Northern Bobwhite","Bob-white!"],["Common Nighthawk","A buzzy 'peent' at dusk"],["Brown Thrasher","Sings each phrase twice"],["Northern Mockingbird","Copies many sounds, repeating each three times"],["Gray Catbird","A mew like a cat plus a mixed song"],["Wood Thrush","Ee-oh-lay, a flute-like song"],["Hermit Thrush","A clear, airy, flute-like song"],["Chipping Sparrow","A long dry trill, chip-chip-chip"],["House Wren","A bubbling jumble of notes"],["Rose-breasted Grosbeak","Like a robin that took singing lessons"],["Blue-gray Gnatcatcher","A thin, mewing zeee"],["Pileated Woodpecker","A loud wild laugh, kuk-kuk-kuk, and big drumming on wood"],["Downy Woodpecker","A whinny and a soft pik"],["Hummingbird","A tiny squeak and a humming wing buzz"],["Kookaburra","A loud laughing cackle"],["Cuckoo (the clock bird)","Cuck-oo, cuck-oo"],["Bald Eagle","A weak high chirp, not the scream in the movies"],["Red-tailed Hawk","A harsh, rasping scream, kee-eeeee-arr"],["Common Raven","A deep croak"],["Rooster","Cock-a-doodle-doo"],["Peacock","A loud, cat-like cry"],["Snow Goose","A high honking chorus"],["Blue-winged Teal","Peeping and whistles"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-birds-world","id":"fun-birds-world","title":"Birds of the World","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Birds","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Amazing birds from every continent and what makes each one special.","tags":["birds","world","facts"],"frontLabel":"Bird","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["What makes a bird a bird?","Feathers, a beak, two wings and eggs with hard shells"],["Ostrich","The largest bird; it cannot fly but runs fast"],["Emu","A big Australian bird that cannot fly"],["Kiwi","A small flightless bird of New Zealand"],["Penguin","A flightless swimmer of the Southern Hemisphere"],["Albatross","Has the widest wingspan; glides over the ocean for hours"],["Bald eagle","A sea eagle of North America"],["Golden eagle","A powerful brown eagle of mountains in the Northern Hemisphere"],["Condor","A giant vulture of the Andes"],["Peregrine falcon","The fastest diving bird"],["Hummingbird","The only birds that can fly backward"],["Owl","Silent night hunter with forward-facing eyes"],["Parrot","A colorful bird that can copy sounds"],["Macaw","A large, brightly colored parrot"],["Cockatoo","A parrot with a crest"],["Budgie (parakeet)","A small parrot kept as a pet"],["Toucan","A tropical bird with a huge colorful bill"],["Flamingo","A pink bird that stands on one leg"],["Peacock","The male fans out a huge, showy tail"],["Swan","A graceful water bird"],["Goose","A big water bird that flies in a V"],["Duck","A swimming bird with waterproof feathers"],["Pelican","Has a large throat pouch for scooping fish"],["Stork","A long-legged bird with a big bill"],["Heron","A tall wading bird that hunts fish"],["Crane","A tall bird known for its dancing"],["Puffin","A seabird with a colorful beak"],["Seagull","A seabird found near coasts and cities"],["Cormorant","A diving seabird that dries its wings in the sun"],["Kingfisher","Dives to catch fish"],["Woodpecker","Pecks wood to find insects"],["Crow","A very smart black bird"],["Raven","A big black bird that can solve puzzles"],["Magpie","A black and white bird in the crow family"],["Robin","A songbird known for its red-orange chest"],["Nightingale","A bird famous for its beautiful song"],["Skylark","Sings while flying high"],["Swallow","A fast flyer that catches insects"],["Swift","A bird that can stay in the air for months"],["Cuckoo","Lays eggs in other birds' nests"],["Kookaburra","An Australian bird with a laughing call"],["Lyrebird","An Australian bird that copies sounds"],["Bird of paradise","A bird with amazing feathers and dances of New Guinea"],["Hoatzin","A South American bird with claws on its young wings"],["Secretary bird","A tall African bird that stomps on snakes"],["Shoebill","A huge-billed bird from African swamps"],["Cassowary","A big flightless bird with a bony casque on its head"],["Rhea","A flightless South American bird like an ostrich"],["Dodo","A flightless bird of Mauritius that went extinct in the 1600s"],["Turkey","A large bird of North America, bred for food"],["Chicken","The most common domestic bird"],["Pigeon","A city bird that can find its way home"],["Dove","A symbol of peace"],["Snowy owl","A white Arctic owl"],["Great horned owl","An owl with feather tufts shaped like horns"],["Harpy eagle","A rainforest eagle with big talons"],["Vulture","A scavenger that eats dead animals"],["Roadrunner","A fast ground bird of the Southwest"],["Tern","A graceful seabird; the Arctic tern migrates the farthest"],["Sandpiper","A small shorebird"],["Ibis","A wading bird with a curved bill"],["Quetzal","A sacred bird of Central America with long tail feathers"],["Weaver bird","A bird that weaves intricate nests"],["Bowerbird","A bird that decorates a stage to impress a mate"],["Hornbill","A bird with a large curved bill and a casque"],["Sparrow","A small brown songbird"],["Finch","A small seed-eating songbird; Darwin studied Galapagos finches"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-board-games","id":"fun-board-games","title":"Board Games and How to Play","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Games","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Classic board games and what you do in them.","tags":["board games","rules","games"],"frontLabel":"Game","backLabel":"Goal or rule","cards":[["Checkers (Draughts)","Jump over opponent's pieces to capture; reach the far row to be crowned king"],["Chess","Checkmate the other king"],["Monopoly","Buy and trade properties and collect rent; the last player with money wins"],["Scrabble","Make words on a board with letter tiles to score points"],["Clue","Work out who did it, with what, and where"],["Risk","Move armies to conquer the map"],["Candy Land","Follow colored spaces to reach the Candy Castle"],["Chutes and Ladders","Climb ladders and slide down chutes to reach 100"],["Connect Four","Drop discs to line up four of your color in a row"],["Battleship","Guess where the other player's ships are hiding on a grid"],["Sorry!","Move your pawns around the board and send others back to start"],["Parcheesi","Race four pawns around the board and home"],["Ludo","A race game where you roll a die to bring tokens home"],["Backgammon","Race checkers around the board using dice"],["Mancala","Move stones around pits to capture more than your opponent"],["Go","Surround more territory than your opponent with stones; it began in China over 2,500 years ago"],["Dominoes","Match the dots on tiles end to end"],["Yahtzee","Roll five dice to score combinations"],["Boggle","Find words in a grid of letter cubes before time runs out"],["Jenga","Pull blocks from a tower without making it fall"],["Operation","Remove silly body parts without touching the sides"],["Twister","Put your hands and feet on colored circles"],["Pictionary","Draw clues so teammates can guess the word"],["Charades","Act out words with no talking"],["Trivial Pursuit","Answer questions of many kinds to collect wedges"],["Catan","Trade resources and build roads and settlements"],["Ticket to Ride","Collect train cards and claim railway routes"],["Carcassonne","Place tiles to build roads, cities and fields"],["Guess Who?","Ask yes or no questions to find the other player's character"],["Hungry Hungry Hippos","Marbles race to be gobbled up by your hippo"],["Mouse Trap","Build a silly contraption to catch the mouse"],["Othello (Reversi)","Flip your opponent's discs by trapping them between yours"],["Tic-tac-toe","Get three of your marks in a row"],["Hangman","Guess letters to reveal a word before the drawing is done"],["Dots and Boxes","Draw lines to complete boxes"],["Sudoku","Fill a grid so each row, column and box has 1 to 9"],["Rubik's Cube","Twist the faces until each side is one color"],["Tangram","Arrange seven shapes to make a picture"],["Jigsaw puzzle","Fit pieces together to make a picture"],["Stratego","Capture the opponent's flag using hidden ranked pieces"],["Pente","Get five stones in a row"],["Nine Men's Morris","Make 'mills' of three in a row to capture"],["Senet","An ancient Egyptian race game"],["Royal Game of Ur","An ancient game from Mesopotamia, about 4,500 years old"],["Pachisi","The ancient Indian game that Parcheesi and Ludo came from"],["Snakes and Ladders","The Indian game that inspired Chutes and Ladders"],["Die","One of a pair of dice; has six sides with 1 to 6 dots"],["Opposite sides of a standard die add to","7"],["Pawn","A small game piece that moves on the board"],["Turn","Your chance to play"],["Fair play","Following the rules and being kind whether you win or lose"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-book-characters","id":"fun-book-characters","title":"Famous Book Characters (Classics)","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Literature","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Characters from well-known classic books and the books they come from.","tags":["books","characters","classics"],"frontLabel":"Character","backLabel":"Book and author","cards":[["Alice","Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll"],["The Mad Hatter","Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll"],["The Cheshire Cat","Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll"],["Dorothy Gale","The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum"],["The Scarecrow","The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum"],["Tom Sawyer","The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain"],["Huckleberry Finn","Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain"],["Peter Pan","Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie"],["Captain Hook","Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie"],["Mowgli","The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling"],["Baloo","The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling"],["Heidi","Heidi by Johanna Spyri"],["Anne Shirley","Anne of Green Gables by L. M. Montgomery"],["Pollyanna","Pollyanna by Eleanor H. Porter"],["Jo March","Little Women by Louisa May Alcott"],["Mary Lennox","The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett"],["Sara Crewe","A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett"],["Black Beauty","Black Beauty by Anna Sewell"],["Pinocchio","The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi"],["Robinson Crusoe","Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe"],["Gulliver","Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift"],["Long John Silver","Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson"],["Jim Hawkins","Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson"],["Sherlock Holmes","Detective stories by Arthur Conan Doyle"],["Dr. Watson","Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle"],["Oliver Twist","Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens"],["Ebenezer Scrooge","A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens"],["Tiny Tim","A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens"],["David Copperfield","David Copperfield by Charles Dickens"],["Pip","Great Expectations by Charles Dickens"],["Elizabeth Bennet","Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen"],["Jane Eyre","Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte"],["Don Quixote","Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes"],["Captain Nemo","Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne"],["Phileas Fogg","Around the World in 80 Days by Jules Verne"],["Captain Ahab","Moby-Dick by Herman Melville"],["Ishmael","Moby-Dick by Herman Melville"],["Rip Van Winkle","A short story by Washington Irving"],["Ichabod Crane","The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving"],["Toad of Toad Hall","The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame"],["Ratty and Mole","The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame"],["Peter Rabbit","The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter"],["Winnie-the-Pooh","Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne"],["Christopher Robin","Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne"],["Eeyore","Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne"],["Rapunzel","A tale collected by the Brothers Grimm"],["Hansel and Gretel","A tale collected by the Brothers Grimm"],["The Ugly Duckling","A tale by Hans Christian Andersen"],["The Little Mermaid","A tale by Hans Christian Andersen"],["Cinderella","A tale retold by Charles Perrault"],["Puss in Boots","A tale retold by Charles Perrault"],["Aladdin","A tale from The Thousand and One Nights"],["Scheherazade","The storyteller of The Thousand and One Nights"],["Frankenstein's creature","Frankenstein by Mary Shelley"],["Dr. Jekyll","Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson"],["Hercule Poirot","Detective stories by Agatha Christie"],["Tarzan","Tarzan of the Apes by Edgar Rice Burroughs"],["Raggedy Ann","A doll created by Johnny Gruelle"],["The Velveteen Rabbit","The Velveteen Rabbit by Margery Williams"],["Paul Bunyan","American tall tale hero"],["Johnny Appleseed","American folk hero who planted apple trees"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-card-games-poker","id":"fun-card-games-poker","title":"Card Games and Poker Hand Ranks","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Games","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The standard deck, popular family card games, and the order of poker hands.","tags":["cards","poker","games"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["How many cards are in a standard deck?","52, not counting jokers"],["What are the four suits?","Hearts, diamonds, clubs and spades"],["Which suits are red?","Hearts and diamonds"],["Which suits are black?","Clubs and spades"],["How many cards are in each suit?","13"],["What are the face cards?","Jack, queen and king"],["What is an ace?","The card marked A; high or low depending on the game"],["How many face cards are in a deck?","12"],["What is a royal flush?","Ace, king, queen, jack and ten all of the same suit; the top poker hand"],["What is a straight flush?","Five cards in a row, all of the same suit"],["What is four of a kind?","Four cards of the same rank"],["What is a full house?","Three of a kind plus a pair"],["What is a flush?","Five cards of the same suit, not in order"],["What is a straight?","Five cards in order, any suits"],["What is three of a kind?","Three cards of the same rank"],["What is two pair?","Two different pairs"],["What is one pair?","Two cards of the same rank"],["What is a high card?","No pairs or sets; the highest card plays"],["Order of poker hands, strongest to weakest?","Royal flush, straight flush, four of a kind, full house, flush, straight, three of a kind, two pair, pair, high card"],["What does 'ante' mean?","A small bet placed before cards are dealt"],["What does 'fold' mean?","To quit the hand"],["What does 'call' mean?","To match another player's bet"],["What does 'raise' mean?","To bet more than the last bet"],["What is Go Fish?","A game where you ask for matching cards to make sets of four"],["What is War?","A game where players flip cards and the higher one wins both"],["What is Old Maid?","A game where players try not to be left with the odd queen"],["What is Crazy Eights?","A game where you match suit or rank and eights are wild"],["What is Rummy?","A game about making sets and runs"],["What is Gin Rummy?","A two-player rummy game where you try to match all your cards"],["What is Blackjack?","A game where you try to reach 21 without going over"],["In blackjack, what is a face card worth?","10"],["In blackjack, what is an ace worth?","1 or 11"],["What is Solitaire?","A card game played alone"],["What is Klondike?","The most common kind of solitaire"],["What is Spades?","A trick-taking game where spades are always trump"],["What is Hearts?","A trick-taking game where you try to avoid hearts"],["What is Bridge?","A partnership trick-taking game with bidding"],["What is Uno?","A game with colored number and action cards; first to empty their hand wins"],["What is Snap?","A speed game where you shout when two matching cards appear"],["What is Spit or Speed?","A fast two-player game where you play cards onto center piles"],["What is Memory or Concentration?","A game of flipping cards to find matching pairs"],["What is a trick?","One round in which each player plays a card"],["What is trump?","A suit that beats other suits in some games"],["What is shuffling?","Mixing up the cards"],["What does it mean to 'deal'?","To hand out the cards"],["What is the 'stock' pile?","The pile of leftover cards you draw from"],["What is the 'discard' pile?","The pile where used cards are placed"],["What is a run or sequence?","Cards of the same suit in order"],["What is a 'set' in rummy?","Three or four cards of the same rank"],["What is cribbage?","A game scored with pegs on a board"],["What is a 'wild card'?","A card that can stand for any other card"],["What are jokers?","Extra cards often used as wild cards"],["What is a pip?","A symbol on a card showing its suit and number"],["How many cards in a Texas Hold'em hand?","Each player has two private cards plus five shared cards"],["How many cards are in a pinochle deck?","48"],["What are the red-suit queens?","Queen of hearts and queen of diamonds"],["Which king has no mustache?","The king of hearts, in many decks"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-cat-breeds","id":"fun-cat-breeds","title":"Cat Breeds and Cat Facts","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Pets","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Popular cat breeds and fun cat facts.","tags":["cats","pets","breeds"],"frontLabel":"Cat","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Siamese","Slim, cream-colored cat with dark face, ears, paws and tail, and a loud voice"],["Persian","Long fluffy fur and a flat face"],["Maine Coon","One of the largest house cats, with a bushy tail and tufted ears"],["Bengal","Spotted coat like a small leopard"],["Ragdoll","Large, calm and goes limp when held"],["Sphynx","A cat with almost no fur"],["Scottish Fold","Ears that fold forward"],["British Shorthair","Round face and thick plush gray-blue coat"],["Abyssinian","Sleek, active cat with a ticked coat"],["Russian Blue","Silvery-blue coat and green eyes"],["Manx","A cat with no tail or a very short one"],["Norwegian Forest Cat","Long thick coat for cold winters"],["Birman","Long hair, blue eyes and white paws"],["Burmese","Sleek and friendly cat from Southeast Asia"],["Turkish Angora","Silky white long-haired cat"],["Calico","A coat color pattern of white, orange and black; not a breed"],["Tabby","A coat pattern of stripes, dots or swirls; not a breed"],["Tuxedo","A black and white coat pattern; not a breed"],["A cat's whiskers","Help it sense space and objects around it"],["A cat's purr","Usually means it is happy, but cats may also purr to calm themselves"],["Cat sleep","Cats sleep about 12 to 16 hours a day"],["Cat paws","Claws can pull back in so they stay sharp"],["Cat eyes","Cats see well in dim light"],["Cat jump","A cat can leap about five or six times its body length"],["Cat land","Cats can twist in the air to land on their feet"],["Cat tail","A tail held straight up often means a friendly cat"],["Cat meow","Cats mostly meow to talk to people, not other cats"],["Cat kneading","Pressing paws in and out, a cozy habit from kittenhood"],["Cat grooming","Cats lick their fur to stay clean"],["Cat's rough tongue","Tiny hooks on it work like a comb"],["Cat teeth","Adult cats have 30 teeth"],["Kitten count","A mother cat can have a litter of about three to five kittens"],["Kitten eyes","Kittens are born with their eyes closed and open them after about a week"],["Cat nap","A short, light sleep"],["Hairball","Fur a cat swallowed while grooming and then coughs up"],["Catnip","A plant that makes many cats playful"],["Big cat family","Lions, tigers, leopards and jaguars are all relatives of house cats"],["House cat history","Cats have lived with people for thousands of years"],["Ancient Egypt cats","Egyptians honored cats and a cat goddess named Bastet"],["Cats and milk","Many adult cats cannot digest cow's milk well; fresh water is best"],["Cat ears","Cats can turn each ear to hear sounds from different directions"],["Cat's nose","Each cat's nose print is unique, like a fingerprint"],["Cat whisker length","About as wide as the cat's body"],["Cats sweat","Only a little, through their paws"],["Cat age in human years","A one-year-old cat is about like a teenager"],["Stray vs feral","Strays were once pets; feral cats grew up wild"],["Cat doors","A cat flap lets pets come and go"],["Tortoiseshell","A coat of black and orange patches; not a breed"],["Lynx","A wild cat with ear tufts and a short tail"],["Cheetah","Wild cat that cannot fully pull in its claws"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-chess-openings-notation","id":"fun-chess-openings-notation","title":"Chess: Openings and Notation","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Chess","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous opening names, their first moves, and how chess moves are written.","tags":["chess","openings","notation"],"frontLabel":"Opening or symbol","backLabel":"Meaning or moves","cards":[["Italian Game","1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4"],["Ruy Lopez (Spanish Game)","1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5"],["Scotch Game","1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4"],["Sicilian Defense","1. e4 c5"],["French Defense","1. e4 e6"],["Caro-Kann Defense","1. e4 c6"],["Pirc Defense","1. e4 d6 2. d4 Nf6"],["Scandinavian Defense","1. e4 d5"],["Queen's Gambit","1. d4 d5 2. c4"],["Queen's Gambit Declined","1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6"],["Slav Defense","1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6"],["King's Indian Defense","1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 and Black plays Bg7"],["Nimzo-Indian Defense","1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4"],["English Opening","1. c4"],["Reti Opening","1. Nf3 followed by c4"],["King's Gambit","1. e4 e5 2. f4"],["Vienna Game","1. e4 e5 2. Nc3"],["London System","A setup with d4, Nf3, Bf4, e3 and c3"],["Dutch Defense","1. d4 f5"],["Petrov's Defense","1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6"],["Alekhine's Defense","1. e4 Nf6"],["Evans Gambit","1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4"],["Fried Liver Attack","A sharp Italian line with Nxf7 after Ng5 and Nxd5"],["Two Knights Defense","1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6"],["K","King"],["Q","Queen"],["R","Rook"],["B","Bishop"],["N","Knight"],["No letter","A pawn move, like e4"],["x","A capture, like Nxe5"],["+","Check"],["#","Checkmate"],["O-O","Castling kingside (short castling)"],["O-O-O","Castling queenside (long castling)"],["=Q","Promotes a pawn to a queen, like e8=Q"],["!","A good move"],["?","A mistake"],["??","A blunder"],["!!","A brilliant move"],["1-0","White won the game"],["0-1","Black won the game"],["1/2-1/2","The game was a draw"],["e4","The square on file e, rank 4"],["a1","The bottom-left corner square from White's side, a dark square"],["h8","The top-right corner from White's side, a dark square"],["Algebraic notation","The standard way to record chess moves using squares and piece letters"],["FEN","A line of text that describes a chess position"],["PGN","A file format for saving chess games"],["Elo rating","A number that estimates a player's strength"],["Grandmaster","The highest title a chess player can earn"],["Mikhail Botvinnik","World champion from the Soviet Union and teacher of future champions"],["Bobby Fischer","American world champion in 1972"],["Deep Blue","IBM computer that beat the world champion Kasparov in a match in 1997"],["Capablanca","Cuban world champion, famous for clear, simple play"],["Paul Morphy","American chess star of the 1850s"],["Wilhelm Steinitz","The first official world champion, 1886"],["Alekhine","Russian-born world champion who gave his name to an opening"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-chess-pieces-rules","id":"fun-chess-pieces-rules","title":"Chess: Pieces and Rules","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Chess","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"How every chess piece moves and the basic rules of the game.","tags":["chess","board games","rules"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["How does the king move?","One square in any direction"],["How does the queen move?","Any number of squares in any straight line: sideways, forward, backward or diagonal"],["How does the rook move?","Any number of squares forward, backward or sideways"],["How does the bishop move?","Any number of squares diagonally, staying on its color"],["How does the knight move?","In an L shape: two squares one way and one square the other. It can jump over pieces"],["How does a pawn move?","Forward one square; on its first move it may go two"],["How does a pawn capture?","One square diagonally forward"],["How many squares are on a chessboard?","64, in an 8 by 8 grid"],["How many pieces does each player start with?","16"],["Who moves first in chess?","White"],["What is the goal of chess?","To checkmate the other player's king"],["What is check?","When a king is under attack"],["What is checkmate?","A king in check with no escape; the game ends"],["What is stalemate?","A player has no legal move but is not in check; the game is a draw"],["What is castling?","Moving the king two squares toward a rook, with the rook jumping to the other side"],["What is promotion?","A pawn reaching the far end becomes a queen, rook, bishop or knight"],["What is en passant?","A special pawn capture of a pawn that has just moved two squares"],["Which piece can jump?","The knight"],["Which pieces start on the back row?","Rooks, knights, bishops, queen and king"],["Where does the queen start?","On her own color: white queen on a light square, black queen on a dark square"],["What is a draw?","A tie game"],["What are some ways a game can be drawn?","Stalemate, agreement, repeating positions, or not enough pieces"],["What is a fork?","One piece attacks two or more pieces at once"],["What is a pin?","A piece cannot move without exposing a more valuable piece behind it"],["What is a skewer?","A valuable piece is attacked and when it moves, a piece behind it is captured"],["What is the touch-move rule?","If you touch a piece you must move it if you can"],["How many points is a pawn worth?","1"],["How many points is a knight worth?","3"],["How many points is a bishop worth?","3"],["How many points is a rook worth?","5"],["How many points is the queen worth?","9"],["What are the files?","The columns of the chessboard, labeled a to h"],["What are the ranks?","The rows of the board, numbered 1 to 8"],["What is the center?","The four middle squares: d4, e4, d5, e5"],["What does 'J'adoube' mean?","French for 'I adjust'; said when fixing a piece without moving it"],["What is a gambit?","An opening where a player gives up a pawn for an advantage"],["What is the endgame?","The late stage when few pieces are left"],["What is the middlegame?","The part after the opening when most fighting happens"],["What is the opening?","The first moves, used to develop pieces"],["Why develop pieces early?","To get knights and bishops into the game and prepare to castle"],["What is a blunder?","A bad mistake"],["What is a sacrifice?","Giving up material to gain something better"],["What does 'resign' mean?","To end the game by giving up"],["What is a tempo?","A move or a unit of time in the game"],["What is a passed pawn?","A pawn with no enemy pawns blocking its path"],["What is a doubled pawn?","Two pawns of the same color on the same file"],["What is the fool's mate?","The shortest checkmate, in two moves"],["What is scholar's mate?","A quick four-move checkmate that beginners should watch for"],["What is a discovered attack?","Moving one piece reveals an attack from another"],["What is zugzwang?","When every move a player can make makes things worse"],["What is a rank mate or back-rank mate?","A checkmate on the back row when the king is trapped by its own pawns"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-counting-animals","id":"fun-counting-animals","title":"Counting Animals","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Early Learning","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"Count the animals and learn numbers one to twenty.","tags":["counting","numbers","animals","toddlers"],"frontLabel":"Count","backLabel":"Number","cards":[["One sun in the sky","1 (one)"],["Two ears on a rabbit","2 (two)"],["Three little pigs","3 (three)"],["Four legs on a dog","4 (four)"],["Five toes on a foot","5 (five)"],["Six legs on a bee","6 (six)"],["Seven dwarfs","7 (seven)"],["Eight legs on a spider","8 (eight)"],["Eight arms on an octopus","8 (eight)"],["Nine lives of a cat","9 (nine)"],["Ten fingers on two hands","10 (ten)"],["Eleven players on a soccer team","11 (eleven)"],["Twelve eggs in a dozen","12 (twelve)"],["Thirteen","13 (thirteen)"],["Fourteen","14 (fourteen)"],["Fifteen","15 (fifteen)"],["Sixteen","16 (sixteen)"],["Seventeen","17 (seventeen)"],["Eighteen","18 (eighteen)"],["Nineteen","19 (nineteen)"],["Twenty","20 (twenty)"],["How many wings does a bird have?","2"],["How many legs does a chicken have?","2"],["How many legs does a cow have?","4"],["How many legs does an insect have?","6"],["How many eyes does a person have?","2"],["How many ears does an elephant have?","2"],["How many tails does a cat have?","1"],["How many horns does a unicorn have?","1"],["How many horns does a triceratops have?","3"],["How many arms does a starfish usually have?","5"],["How many hearts does an octopus have?","3"],["How many legs does a horse have?","4"],["How many legs does a snake have?","0"],["How many days in a week?","7"],["How many colors in a rainbow?","7"],["How many ducks in a row if there are 3 and 2 more come?","5"],["2 cats + 1 cat =","3 cats"],["3 dogs + 2 dogs =","5 dogs"],["5 fish - 1 fish =","4 fish"],["Count by twos","2, 4, 6, 8, 10"],["Count by fives","5, 10, 15, 20"],["Count by tens","10, 20, 30, 40, 50"],["Count backward from 5","5, 4, 3, 2, 1, blast off!"],["Count backward from 10","10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1"],["What number comes after 9?","10"],["What number comes after 19?","20"],["What number comes before 5?","4"],["What number is between 6 and 8?","7"],["What is a pair?","Two of something, like two shoes"],["What is a dozen?","Twelve"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-dinosaurs-more","id":"fun-dinosaurs-more","title":"More Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Dinosaurs","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"More dinosaurs, Ice Age animals and how scientists learn about them.","tags":["dinosaurs","prehistoric","fossils"],"frontLabel":"Name or question","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Sauroposeidon","One of the tallest dinosaurs, with a very long neck"],["Amargasaurus","A sauropod with two rows of tall spines on its neck"],["Dreadnoughtus","A giant sauropod found in Argentina"],["Patagotitan","One of the biggest dinosaurs known, from Patagonia"],["Saltasaurus","A sauropod with bony armor on its back"],["Stegoceras","A small dome-headed dinosaur"],["Corythosaurus","A duck-billed dinosaur with a rounded crest"],["Lambeosaurus","A duck-billed dinosaur with a hatchet-shaped crest"],["Hadrosaurus","The first dinosaur skeleton found in North America"],["Tenontosaurus","A plant-eater that was prey for Deinonychus"],["Psittacosaurus","A small dinosaur with a parrot-like beak"],["Triceratops horn count","Three horns: two long over the eyes and one short on the nose"],["Pentaceratops","A horned dinosaur with a huge frill"],["Torosaurus","A relative of Triceratops with a very long frill"],["Centrosaurus","A horned dinosaur that lived in herds"],["Nodosaurus","An armored dinosaur with no tail club"],["Euoplocephalus","An armored dinosaur with a tail club"],["Minmi","A small armored dinosaur from Australia"],["Scutellosaurus","A tiny early armored dinosaur"],["Troodon","A smart-looking dinosaur with large eyes"],["Oviraptor name","Egg thief, a name later found to be unfair"],["Microraptor","A tiny feathered dinosaur with four wings"],["Sinosauropteryx","One of the first feathered dinosaurs found in China"],["Yutyrannus","A big feathered tyrannosaur"],["Albertosaurus","A tyrannosaur from Canada"],["Gorgosaurus","A tyrannosaur with a slimmer build"],["Tarbosaurus","An Asian relative of T. rex"],["Acrocanthosaurus","A big meat-eater with a ridge on its back"],["Megalosaurus","The first dinosaur ever given a scientific name (1824)"],["Iguanodon discovery","One of the first dinosaurs scientists identified"],["Eoraptor","A small early dinosaur from Argentina"],["Liliensternus","An early meat-eater with a crest"],["Cryolophosaurus","A dinosaur from Antarctica with a head crest"],["Leaellynasaura","A small dinosaur found in Australia that lived in dim polar light"],["Dracorex","A dome-headed dinosaur with spikes; the name means dragon king"],["Pteranodon wingspan","About 20 feet or more across"],["Wooly mammoth","An Ice Age elephant relative with long tusks and shaggy fur"],["Mastodon","An elephant relative of North America with a lower, longer body"],["Smilodon","The sabertooth cat with long upper fangs"],["Woolly rhinoceros","An Ice Age rhino with thick hair"],["Giant ground sloth","A huge sloth of the Ice Age"],["Glyptodon","A giant armored mammal like a huge armadillo"],["Megalodon timeline","Lived millions of years after the dinosaurs ended"],["Dire wolf","A big Ice Age wolf"],["Terror bird","A large flightless bird that hunted in South America"],["Irish elk","A giant deer with very wide antlers"],["La Brea Tar Pits","Tar pits in Los Angeles where many Ice Age animals were found"],["Ice Age","A time when ice sheets covered much of the Earth"],["Extinct","No longer alive anywhere"],["Endangered","At risk of becoming extinct"],["Fossil record","The history of life shown by fossils"],["Amber","Hardened tree resin that can trap insects for millions of years"],["Footprint fossil","A track left in mud that turned to stone"],["Bone bed","A place with many fossil bones together"],["Excavation","Carefully digging up fossils"],["Mounted skeleton","A fossil skeleton put together for a museum"],["Cast","A copy of a fossil bone"],["Where was Sue found?","South Dakota, in 1990"],["Where is the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History?","Washington, D.C."],["Fossil formation","Minerals slowly replace the bone or shell until it becomes stone"],["What is a trace fossil?","A sign of life like a footprint, rather than a body"],["What do we call plant-eating dinosaurs?","Herbivores"],["What do we call meat-eating dinosaurs?","Carnivores"],["How do we know the colors of some dinosaurs?","Scientists study tiny structures in fossil feathers"],["Did all dinosaurs roar?","No one knows; some may have made low booms like birds and crocodiles"],["Are birds dinosaurs?","Yes, birds are living dinosaurs"],["Largest known meat-eating dinosaur, often said","Spinosaurus"],["What dinosaurs were the biggest overall?","Giant long-necked sauropods"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-dinosaurs","id":"fun-dinosaurs","title":"Dinosaurs","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Dinosaurs","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Famous dinosaurs and what made each one special.","tags":["dinosaurs","prehistoric"],"frontLabel":"Dinosaur","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Tyrannosaurus rex","A giant meat-eater with a huge head and tiny arms","Say: tie-RAN-oh-SORE-us"],["Triceratops","A plant-eater with three horns and a bony frill","Say: try-SER-uh-tops"],["Stegosaurus","A plant-eater with plates on its back and spikes on its tail"],["Velociraptor","A small, fast, feathered hunter about the size of a turkey"],["Brachiosaurus","A tall plant-eater with a long neck and front legs longer than back legs"],["Diplodocus","A very long dinosaur with a whip-like tail"],["Ankylosaurus","A plant-eater with armor and a clubbed tail"],["Spinosaurus","A huge meat-eater with a sail on its back that hunted fish"],["Allosaurus","A big meat-eater that lived before T. rex"],["Parasaurolophus","A duck-billed dinosaur with a long hollow crest"],["Pachycephalosaurus","A dinosaur with a thick, domed skull"],["Iguanodon","A plant-eater with thumb spikes"],["Compsognathus","A tiny meat-eater about the size of a chicken"],["Apatosaurus","A giant long-necked plant-eater once called Brontosaurus"],["Argentinosaurus","One of the largest dinosaurs ever found, from Argentina"],["Giganotosaurus","A giant meat-eater from South America"],["Archaeopteryx","A feathered animal that links dinosaurs and birds"],["Carnotaurus","A meat-eater with horns above its eyes"],["Dilophosaurus","A meat-eater with two crests on its head"],["Gallimimus","A fast, ostrich-like dinosaur"],["Maiasaura","A duck-billed dinosaur called 'good mother lizard' that cared for its young"],["Protoceratops","A small horned relative of Triceratops"],["Styracosaurus","A dinosaur with a frill of long spikes"],["Therizinosaurus","A dinosaur with enormous claws"],["Utahraptor","A big raptor with a large sickle claw"],["Oviraptor","A feathered dinosaur with a toothless beak"],["Herrerasaurus","One of the earliest known dinosaurs"],["Plateosaurus","An early long-necked plant-eater"],["Coelophysis","A slim, fast early meat-eater"],["Edmontosaurus","A large duck-billed plant-eater"],["Camarasaurus","A big long-necked plant-eater with a boxy head"],["Baryonyx","A fish-eating dinosaur with a long snout and big claws"],["Deinonychus","A clawed hunter that helped show dinosaurs were like birds"],["Mamenchisaurus","A dinosaur with one of the longest necks"],["Kentrosaurus","A spiky cousin of Stegosaurus"],["Ceratosaurus","A meat-eater with a horn on its nose"],["What is a fossil?","The remains or print of a plant or animal preserved in rock"],["What is a paleontologist?","A scientist who studies fossils and ancient life"],["Herbivore","An animal that eats only plants"],["Carnivore","An animal that eats meat"],["Omnivore","An animal that eats both plants and meat"],["Mesozoic Era","The time of the dinosaurs"],["Triassic Period","The first of the three dinosaur periods"],["Jurassic Period","The middle dinosaur period, with giants like Diplodocus"],["Cretaceous Period","The last dinosaur period, home of T. rex and Triceratops"],["Did dinosaurs live with people?","No, dinosaurs died out about 66 million years ago"],["What are dinosaurs' living relatives?","Birds"],["What probably ended the age of the dinosaurs?","A huge asteroid hit the Earth and changed the climate"],["Dinosaur eggs","Dinosaurs laid eggs, like birds and reptiles"],["Coprolite","Fossilized dinosaur dung that tells us what they ate"],["Dinosaur footprints","Fossil tracks show how dinosaurs walked"],["What does 'dinosaur' mean?","Terrible lizard"],["Pterosaurs","Flying reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs but were not dinosaurs"],["Pteranodon","A flying reptile with a long head crest"],["Plesiosaurs","Sea reptiles with long necks; not dinosaurs"],["Mosasaurus","A giant sea reptile that lived near the end of the dinosaur age"],["Ichthyosaurus","A dolphin-shaped sea reptile"],["Mammoth","A woolly elephant relative from the Ice Age, long after the dinosaurs"],["Sabertooth cat","An Ice Age cat with long fangs, not a dinosaur"],["Dimetrodon","A sail-backed animal that lived before dinosaurs"],["Quetzalcoatlus","One of the biggest flying animals ever, a pterosaur"],["Sauropod","A giant long-necked plant-eating dinosaur"],["Theropod","A two-legged dinosaur group that includes T. rex and birds"],["Ornithopod","A group of plant-eaters like Iguanodon and duck-bills"],["Ceratopsian","A horned and frilled dinosaur group such as Triceratops"],["Where was the first T. rex 'Sue' found?","South Dakota, in the United States"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-dog-breeds","id":"fun-dog-breeds","title":"Dog Breeds","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Pets","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Popular dog breeds and what makes each one special.","tags":["dogs","pets","breeds"],"frontLabel":"Breed","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Labrador Retriever","Friendly and loves to fetch and swim; often a helper dog"],["Golden Retriever","Gentle and golden-coated; great family dog"],["German Shepherd","Smart, loyal; works as a police and service dog"],["Beagle","A small hound with a super nose and a loud bay"],["Poodle","Curly coat and very smart; comes in toy, miniature and standard sizes"],["Bulldog","Wrinkly face, stocky body, calm nature"],["Dachshund","Long body and short legs; nicknamed the wiener dog"],["Chihuahua","The smallest dog breed"],["Great Dane","One of the tallest dog breeds, gentle giants"],["Siberian Husky","Thick coat, blue eyes, pulls sleds"],["Border Collie","Very smart herding dog that loves jobs"],["Dalmatian","White coat with black spots; famous firehouse dog"],["Pug","Small, wrinkled face, curled tail"],["Boxer","Playful, energetic, strong"],["Corgi","Short legs and big ears; herds cattle"],["Saint Bernard","Huge Swiss rescue dog"],["Greyhound","The fastest dog breed, built to run"],["Shih Tzu","Small and fluffy with a long silky coat"],["Yorkshire Terrier","Tiny but brave, with long silky hair"],["Rottweiler","Strong and loyal guard dog"],["Australian Shepherd","Energetic herding dog with a merle coat"],["Cocker Spaniel","Long floppy ears and a happy nature"],["Pomeranian","Tiny, fluffy, foxlike face"],["Basset Hound","Low body, droopy ears, great sniffer"],["Bernese Mountain Dog","Big, fluffy, black, white and brown"],["Newfoundland","Giant, webbed feet, strong swimmer"],["Samoyed","White fluffy coat with a smiling face"],["Akita","Large, loyal dog from Japan"],["Shiba Inu","Small fox-like dog from Japan"],["Maltese","Small white dog with silky hair"],["Bloodhound","Famous for its amazing sense of smell"],["Whippet","Slim and fast, like a small greyhound"],["Irish Setter","Gleaming red coat"],["Afghan Hound","Long silky hair and a regal look"],["Chow Chow","Fluffy lion-like mane and a blue-black tongue"],["Jack Russell Terrier","Small, bouncy and full of energy"],["Papillon","Small dog with butterfly-shaped ears"],["Lhasa Apso","Small long-haired dog from Tibet"],["Doberman Pinscher","Sleek, quick, smart guard dog"],["Alaskan Malamute","Large sled-pulling dog"],["Old English Sheepdog","Shaggy gray and white herding dog"],["Scottish Terrier","Small with a beard and perky ears; nicknamed the Scottie"],["Basenji","Known as the barkless dog; it yodels"],["Vizsla","Golden-red hunting dog from Hungary"],["Weimaraner","Silvery-gray coat and light eyes"],["Pembroke Welsh Corgi","The Queen of England's favorite kind of dog"],["Mastiff","Huge, calm and powerful"],["Bichon Frise","Small, white, fluffy powder puff"],["Collie","Long-haired herding dog, made famous by Lassie"],["Siberian Husky voice","Huskies often 'talk' and howl instead of barking"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-egyptian-myths","id":"fun-egyptian-myths","title":"Egyptian Gods and Ancient Egypt","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Mythology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Gods, symbols and wonders of ancient Egypt.","tags":["mythology","egypt","gods"],"frontLabel":"Name","backLabel":"Who or what","cards":[["Ra","Sun god, shown with a falcon head and a sun disk"],["Osiris","God of the afterlife and rebirth"],["Isis","Goddess of magic, motherhood and healing"],["Horus","Falcon-headed sky god; the Eye of Horus is a symbol of protection"],["Set","God of storms, deserts and chaos"],["Anubis","Jackal-headed god of mummification and guide of the dead"],["Thoth","Ibis-headed god of writing, wisdom and the moon"],["Bastet","Cat goddess of home and protection"],["Hathor","Goddess of music, joy and love, shown with cow horns"],["Sekhmet","Lioness goddess of power"],["Ptah","God of craftspeople and builders"],["Nut","Goddess of the sky"],["Geb","God of the Earth"],["Nephthys","Goddess who guards the dead, sister of Isis"],["Sobek","Crocodile god of the Nile"],["Khnum","Ram-headed god who shapes people on a potter's wheel"],["Maat","Goddess of truth and balance, shown with a feather"],["Taweret","Hippo goddess who protected mothers and babies"],["Bes","A funny dwarf god who guarded homes and children"],["Pharaoh","The king or queen of ancient Egypt"],["Pyramid","A huge stone tomb for a pharaoh"],["Great Pyramid of Giza","Built for Pharaoh Khufu about 4,500 years ago"],["Sphinx","A statue with a lion's body and a human head, near the Pyramids"],["Mummy","A body preserved so it would last"],["Sarcophagus","A stone coffin"],["Hieroglyphs","Egyptian picture writing"],["Papyrus","Paper made from a river plant"],["Rosetta Stone","A stone that helped scholars read hieroglyphs"],["Nile River","The long river that gave Egypt water and rich soil"],["Scarab","A beetle symbol of rebirth and the rising sun"],["Ankh","A cross with a loop that means life"],["Eye of Horus","A symbol of protection and health"],["Cartouche","An oval with a royal name written in hieroglyphs"],["Tutankhamun","The 'boy king' whose tomb was found nearly full of treasures in 1922"],["Cleopatra VII","The last active ruler of ancient Egypt"],["Ramses II","A famous pharaoh who built great temples"],["Hatshepsut","A woman who ruled as pharaoh"],["Valley of the Kings","Where many pharaohs were buried"],["Canopic jars","Jars that held preserved organs"],["Book of the Dead","A collection of spells to guide a person in the afterlife"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-emoji-meanings","id":"fun-emoji-meanings","title":"Emoji Meanings","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Word Play","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"What do these emoji usually mean or show?","tags":["emoji","symbols","fun"],"frontLabel":"Emoji","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["😀","Grinning face: happy"],["😂","Face with tears of joy: laughing"],["🙂","Slight smile: friendly"],["😊","Smiling face with happy eyes: warm and pleased"],["😍","Heart eyes: loves something"],["😎","Sunglasses face: cool"],["😢","Crying face: sad"],["😡","Angry face: mad"],["😴","Sleeping face: sleepy"],["🤔","Thinking face: wondering"],["😮","Open mouth: surprised"],["🥳","Party face: celebrating"],["😱","Screaming face: shocked"],["🤗","Hugging face: a hug"],["👍","Thumbs up: good or yes"],["👎","Thumbs down: bad or no"],["👋","Waving hand: hello or goodbye"],["👏","Clapping hands: applause"],["🙏","Folded hands: please, thank you, or hope"],["💪","Flexed arm: strong"],["❤️","Red heart: love"],["💔","Broken heart: sadness"],["⭐","Star: great or favorite"],["🌟","Glowing star: shining"],["🔥","Fire: hot or awesome"],["💯","One hundred: perfect score"],["✅","Check mark: done or correct"],["❌","Cross mark: wrong or no"],["⚠️","Warning: be careful"],["🚫","Prohibited: not allowed"],["🎉","Party popper: celebration"],["🎂","Birthday cake: birthday"],["🎁","Gift: present"],["🌈","Rainbow: colors after rain"],["☀️","Sun: sunny weather"],["🌧️","Rain cloud: rainy weather"],["⛄","Snowman: snow or winter"],["🐶","Dog face: dog"],["🐱","Cat face: cat"],["🐢","Turtle: slow"],["🐝","Honeybee: bee"],["🦋","Butterfly: butterfly"],["🌸","Cherry blossom: spring flower"],["🍎","Red apple: apple or school"],["🍕","Pizza: pizza"],["🍦","Ice cream: ice cream"],["⚽","Soccer ball: soccer"],["🏀","Basketball: basketball"],["🎵","Musical note: music"],["📚","Books: reading or school"],["✏️","Pencil: writing"],["💡","Light bulb: an idea"],["🔒","Lock: locked or private"],["⏰","Alarm clock: time"],["🚗","Car: car"],["✈️","Airplane: flying or travel"],["🚀","Rocket: fast or space"],["🏠","House: home"],["📱","Mobile phone: phone"],["💻","Laptop: computer"],["🙈","See-no-evil monkey: embarrassed or shy"],["🤝","Handshake: agreement"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-fairy-tales","id":"fun-fairy-tales","title":"Fairy Tales and Their Characters","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Stories","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Famous fairy tales, who is in them, and what happens.","tags":["fairy tales","stories","characters"],"frontLabel":"Story","backLabel":"What happens","cards":[["Cinderella","A kind girl loses a glass slipper at the prince's ball and is found by it"],["Snow White","A princess lives with seven dwarfs and is saved from a wicked queen"],["Sleeping Beauty","A princess falls into a long sleep until she is woken"],["Little Red Riding Hood","A girl visits her grandmother and meets a wolf"],["Goldilocks and the Three Bears","A girl tries the porridge, chairs and beds of three bears"],["The Three Little Pigs","Three pigs build houses of straw, sticks and bricks, and the wolf huffs and puffs"],["Hansel and Gretel","Two children follow a trail of crumbs and outsmart a witch in a candy house"],["Jack and the Beanstalk","A boy climbs a giant beanstalk to a giant's castle"],["Rapunzel","A girl with very long hair lives in a tall tower"],["The Ugly Duckling","A duckling teased by others grows into a beautiful swan"],["The Little Mermaid","A mermaid wants to live on land"],["Beauty and the Beast","A kind girl learns to see the goodness in a beast"],["Rumpelstiltskin","A little man spins straw into gold and wants a name guessed"],["The Frog Prince","A princess kisses or befriends a frog who becomes a prince"],["Puss in Boots","A clever cat helps his owner win a fortune"],["The Gingerbread Man","A cookie runs away shouting, 'Catch me if you can!'"],["The Princess and the Pea","A true princess is found because she feels a pea under many mattresses"],["Thumbelina","A tiny girl born in a flower has adventures"],["The Elves and the Shoemaker","Tiny helpers make shoes at night for a poor shoemaker"],["Pinocchio","A wooden puppet who wants to become a real boy"],["The Emperor's New Clothes","A vain emperor is tricked into wearing nothing, and a child tells the truth"],["The Little Match Girl","A poor girl strikes matches to see warm visions"],["The Brave Little Tailor","A tailor boasts 'seven at one blow' about flies and becomes a hero"],["The Pied Piper of Hamelin","A piper plays music to lead rats and later children out of a town"],["Aladdin","A boy finds a magic lamp with a genie"],["Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves","A man says 'Open sesame' to enter a cave of treasure"],["Sinbad the Sailor","A sailor has seven voyages with strange creatures"],["Peter Pan","A boy who never grows up lives in Neverland"],["Alice in Wonderland","A girl follows a white rabbit down a hole"],["The Wizard of Oz","Dorothy and her friends follow the yellow brick road"],["The Velveteen Rabbit","A toy rabbit becomes real through love"],["Stone Soup","Travelers make soup from a stone and get a village to share"],["The Little Red Hen","A hen bakes bread alone because no one will help"],["Chicken Little","A chick thinks the sky is falling after an acorn lands on it"],["Henny Penny","A hen tells everyone the sky is falling"],["The Three Billy Goats Gruff","Three goats trick a troll under a bridge"],["The Billy Goats and the Troll","The littlest goat goes first, the biggest goat last"],["The Enormous Turnip","Many hands pull up a huge turnip"],["Tom Thumb","A boy no bigger than a thumb has adventures"],["Dick Whittington and His Cat","A poor boy becomes Lord Mayor of London with the help of his cat"],["The Snow Queen","A girl rescues her friend from a cold queen"],["The Twelve Dancing Princesses","Princesses secretly wear out their shoes each night"],["Bremen Town Musicians","Four old animals set out to become musicians"],["The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids","Seven young goats are saved from a wolf"],["Mother Goose","An imaginary storyteller of rhymes and tales"],["Brothers Grimm","Two German brothers who collected folk tales in the 1800s"],["Hans Christian Andersen","A Danish writer of fairy tales like The Little Mermaid"],["Charles Perrault","A French writer who published tales like Cinderella in 1697"],["Once upon a time","A classic way to begin a fairy tale"],["Happily ever after","A classic way to end a fairy tale"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-famous-explorers","id":"fun-famous-explorers","title":"Famous Explorers","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"People","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Explorers of history and where they went.","tags":["explorers","history","people"],"frontLabel":"Explorer","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Christopher Columbus","Sailed from Spain across the Atlantic in 1492 and reached the Caribbean"],["Ferdinand Magellan","Led the first voyage around the world (1519-1522); he died on the way"],["Marco Polo","Venetian merchant who traveled to China in the 1200s"],["Leif Erikson","Viking who reached North America about 1000 CE"],["Vasco da Gama","Sailed from Portugal around Africa to India (1498)"],["Zheng He","Chinese admiral who led huge treasure fleets in the early 1400s"],["Ibn Battuta","Moroccan traveler who journeyed across much of the known world in the 1300s"],["James Cook","British captain who mapped the Pacific in the 1700s"],["Lewis and Clark","Led an expedition across the western United States (1804-1806)"],["Sacagawea","Shoshone woman who guided and helped the Lewis and Clark expedition"],["Roald Amundsen","Led the first team to reach the South Pole (1911)"],["Robert Falcon Scott","British explorer who reached the South Pole in 1912, just after Amundsen"],["Ernest Shackleton","Led a famous Antarctic expedition where his whole crew survived"],["Edmund Hillary","With Tenzing Norgay, first to climb Mount Everest (1953)"],["Tenzing Norgay","Sherpa who summited Everest with Hillary"],["Neil Armstrong","First person on the Moon (1969)"],["Yuri Gagarin","First person in space (1961)"],["Amelia Earhart","First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic (1932)"],["Charles Lindbergh","First solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic (1927)"],["Henry Hudson","Explored the river and bay in North America named for him"],["Jacques Cartier","French explorer of the St. Lawrence River (1530s)"],["Samuel de Champlain","Explored and founded Quebec (1608)"],["Hernan Cortes","Spanish conquistador who invaded the Aztec Empire (1519)"],["Francisco Pizarro","Spanish conquistador who invaded the Inca Empire"],["Juan Ponce de Leon","Spanish explorer who reached Florida (1513)"],["Hernando de Soto","Spanish explorer in the American Southeast"],["Francisco Coronado","Spanish explorer in the American Southwest"],["Amerigo Vespucci","Italian explorer whose first name was used for America"],["Bartolomeu Dias","First European sailor to round the southern tip of Africa (1488)"],["Prince Henry the Navigator","Portuguese prince who backed ocean exploration"],["John Cabot","Italian explorer who reached North America in 1497 for England"],["Sir Francis Drake","English sea captain who sailed around the world (1577-1580)"],["Abel Tasman","Dutch explorer who found Tasmania and New Zealand (1642)"],["David Livingstone","Scottish explorer of Africa in the 1800s"],["Mungo Park","Scottish explorer of the Niger River"],["Matthew Henson","African American explorer who reached the North Pole area with Peary (1909)"],["Robert Peary","American explorer who led the 1909 Arctic expedition"],["Jacques Cousteau","French ocean explorer and filmmaker"],["Daniel Boone","American frontiersman who helped open Kentucky"],["Zebulon Pike","American explorer in the Rocky Mountains; Pikes Peak is named for him"],["John Wesley Powell","Led a river trip through the Grand Canyon in 1869"],["Alexander von Humboldt","German scientist-explorer in South America"],["Sally Ride","First American woman in space (1983)"],["Alan Shepard","First American in space (1961)"],["John Glenn","First American to orbit the Earth (1962)"],["Samuel Hearne","English explorer of northern Canada"],["Pytheas","Greek explorer who sailed to the far north about 325 BCE"],["Erik the Red","Viking who founded settlements in Greenland"],["Hanno the Navigator","Carthaginian sailor who explored Africa's west coast"],["Jedediah Smith","American trapper who explored routes across the West"],["Fridtjof Nansen","Norwegian polar explorer"],["Thor Heyerdahl","Sailed a raft, the Kon-Tiki, across the Pacific in 1947"],["Gertrude Bell","British traveler and writer in the Middle East"],["Mary Kingsley","British traveler who explored West Africa in the 1890s"],["Nellie Bly","Journalist who raced around the world in 72 days (1889-1890)"],["Annie Londonderry","Cyclist who traveled around the world in 1894-1895"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-famous-landmarks","id":"fun-famous-landmarks","title":"Famous Landmarks Around the World","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Landmarks","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Where in the world is each famous landmark?","tags":["landmarks","world","travel"],"frontLabel":"Landmark","backLabel":"Where","cards":[["Eiffel Tower","Paris, France"],["Statue of Liberty","New York Harbor, USA"],["Big Ben (clock tower)","London, England"],["Great Wall","China"],["Pyramids of Giza","Egypt"],["Colosseum","Rome, Italy"],["Leaning Tower of Pisa","Pisa, Italy"],["Taj Mahal","Agra, India"],["Machu Picchu","Peru"],["Christ the Redeemer","Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],["Sydney Opera House","Sydney, Australia"],["Golden Gate Bridge","San Francisco, USA"],["Mount Rushmore","South Dakota, USA"],["Stonehenge","England"],["Parthenon","Athens, Greece"],["Acropolis","Athens, Greece"],["Angkor Wat","Cambodia"],["Petra","Jordan"],["Chichen Itza","Mexico"],["Mount Everest","Nepal and Tibet (China), the highest mountain on Earth"],["Mount Fuji","Japan"],["Niagara Falls","On the border of Canada and the USA"],["Grand Canyon","Arizona, USA"],["Great Barrier Reef","Off the coast of Australia"],["Victoria Falls","Zambia and Zimbabwe"],["Mount Kilimanjaro","Tanzania, the highest mountain in Africa"],["Uluru (Ayers Rock)","Australia"],["Burj Khalifa","Dubai, UAE, a very tall skyscraper"],["CN Tower","Toronto, Canada"],["Space Needle","Seattle, USA"],["Gateway Arch","St. Louis, USA"],["Empire State Building","New York City, USA"],["White House","Washington, D.C., USA"],["Lincoln Memorial","Washington, D.C., USA"],["Washington Monument","Washington, D.C., USA"],["Alamo","San Antonio, Texas, USA"],["Brandenburg Gate","Berlin, Germany"],["Neuschwanstein Castle","Bavaria, Germany"],["Notre-Dame Cathedral","Paris, France"],["Louvre Museum","Paris, France, home of the Mona Lisa"],["Versailles","France, a grand royal palace"],["Buckingham Palace","London, England"],["Tower Bridge","London, England"],["Sagrada Familia","Barcelona, Spain"],["Alhambra","Granada, Spain"],["Kremlin and Red Square","Moscow, Russia"],["Saint Basil's Cathedral","Moscow, Russia"],["Hagia Sophia","Istanbul, Turkey"],["Blue Mosque","Istanbul, Turkey"],["Forbidden City","Beijing, China"],["Terracotta Army","Xi'an, China"],["Potala Palace","Lhasa, Tibet"],["Great Buddha of Kamakura","Japan"],["Himeji Castle","Japan"],["Petronas Towers","Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],["Marina Bay Sands","Singapore"],["Table Mountain","Cape Town, South Africa"],["Cairo Citadel","Cairo, Egypt"],["Abu Simbel","Egypt, temples of Ramses II"],["Easter Island statues (moai)","Chile"],["Galapagos Islands","Ecuador"],["Iguazu Falls","On the border of Argentina and Brazil"],["Amazon River","South America"],["Sahara Desert","North Africa, the largest hot desert"],["Mount Vesuvius","Near Naples, Italy"],["Trevi Fountain","Rome, Italy"],["St. Peter's Basilica","Vatican City"],["Piazza San Marco","Venice, Italy"],["Matterhorn","On the border of Switzerland and Italy"],["Atomium","Brussels, Belgium"],["Little Mermaid statue","Copenhagen, Denmark"],["Mount McKinley (Denali)","Alaska, USA, the tallest mountain in North America"],["Old Faithful","Yellowstone National Park, USA"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-famous-scientists","id":"fun-famous-scientists","title":"Famous Scientists and Inventors (Past)","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"People","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Great scientists of history and what each is known for.","tags":["scientists","history","people"],"frontLabel":"Person","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Isaac Newton","Laws of motion and gravity (1600s)"],["Albert Einstein","Theory of relativity (1900s)"],["Galileo Galilei","Used a telescope to study the Moon and Jupiter's moons (1600s)"],["Marie Curie","Studied radioactivity; won two Nobel Prizes"],["Charles Darwin","Theory of evolution by natural selection (1859)"],["Louis Pasteur","Germ theory, pasteurization and vaccines"],["Nikola Tesla","Alternating current electricity and many inventions"],["Thomas Edison","Light bulb, phonograph, and many patents"],["Alexander Graham Bell","Telephone"],["Leonardo da Vinci","Painter and inventor who sketched flying machines (1400s-1500s)"],["Copernicus","Said the planets orbit the Sun (1500s)"],["Johannes Kepler","Laws of planetary motion (1600s)"],["Archimedes","Ancient Greek who found the principle of buoyancy"],["Aristotle","Greek thinker who studied many sciences"],["Ptolemy","Ancient astronomer who mapped the stars"],["Gregor Mendel","Founder of genetics using pea plants"],["Rosalind Franklin","Her X-ray work helped reveal DNA's structure"],["Ada Lovelace","Wrote the first computer program idea"],["Alan Turing","Founder of modern computing ideas (1900s)"],["Michael Faraday","Electricity and magnetism experiments"],["James Clerk Maxwell","Equations of light and electricity"],["Dmitri Mendeleev","Created the periodic table (1869)"],["Antoine Lavoisier","Father of modern chemistry"],["Robert Hooke","Looked at cork and named 'cells'"],["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","Saw tiny microbes with early microscopes"],["Edward Jenner","Developed the smallpox vaccine"],["Florence Nightingale","Founder of modern nursing"],["Joseph Lister","Used clean methods in surgery"],["Alexander Fleming","Discovered penicillin"],["Jonas Salk","Created a polio vaccine"],["Wilhelm Roentgen","Discovered X-rays (1895)"],["Ernest Rutherford","Showed that atoms have a nucleus"],["Niels Bohr","Model of the atom"],["Max Planck","Started quantum theory"],["Stephen Hawking","Studied black holes (1942-2018)"],["Carl Linnaeus","Created the system for naming living things"],["Alfred Wegener","Proposed continental drift"],["Edwin Hubble","Showed other galaxies exist and the universe expands"],["Henrietta Leavitt","Found a way to measure distances to stars"],["Annie Jump Cannon","Sorted stars into classes"],["Mary Anning","Fossil hunter who found early marine reptile skeletons"],["George Washington Carver","Taught farmers about crop rotation and peanut uses"],["Rachel Carson","Wrote Silent Spring about nature and pesticides"],["Hypatia","Ancient mathematician and teacher in Alexandria"],["Pythagoras","Greek thinker linked to the triangle rule"],["Euclid","Wrote the Elements, a famous geometry book"],["Blaise Pascal","Mathematician who studied pressure and probability"],["Evangelista Torricelli","Invented the barometer"],["Robert Boyle","Studied gases and pressure"],["Benjamin Franklin","Studied lightning and invented the lightning rod"],["Lise Meitner","Helped explain nuclear fission"],["Katherine Johnson","NASA mathematician who calculated spaceflight paths"],["Wright brothers","Built and flew the first successful airplane"],["Samuel Morse","Telegraph and Morse code"],["Guglielmo Marconi","Wireless radio"],["Henry Ford","Assembly line cars"],["James Watt","Improved the steam engine"],["Johannes Gutenberg","Printing press in Europe"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-farm-animals","id":"fun-farm-animals","title":"Farm Animals","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"What farm animals give us and what they eat.","tags":["farm","animals","food"],"frontLabel":"Farm animal","backLabel":"Gives us or fact","cards":[["Cow","Milk and beef; eats grass and hay"],["Chicken","Eggs and meat; eats seeds and grain"],["Sheep","Wool and meat; eats grass"],["Pig","Pork; eats many kinds of food and loves mud"],["Goat","Milk, cheese and meat; climbs well"],["Horse","Rides and farm work; eats grass and hay"],["Duck","Eggs and feathers; swims in ponds"],["Turkey","Meat; males gobble"],["Donkey","Carries loads; brays"],["Rooster","Crows at dawn"],["Hen","A female chicken that lays eggs"],["Lamb","A baby sheep"],["Calf","A baby cow"],["Piglet","A baby pig"],["Foal","A baby horse"],["Bull","An adult male cow"],["Ewe","A female sheep"],["Ram","A male sheep"],["Sow","A female pig"],["Boar","A male pig"],["Mare","A female horse"],["Stallion","A male horse"],["Barn","A building for animals, hay and equipment"],["Silo","A tall tower that stores grain or feed"],["Tractor","A strong farm machine for pulling tools"],["Hay","Dried grass used to feed animals"],["Pasture","Grassy land where animals graze"],["Coop","A house for chickens"],["Pen","A small fence for animals"],["Trough","A long container for animal food or water"],["Scarecrow","A dummy that scares birds from crops"],["Farmer","A person who grows food and raises animals"],["Crop","A plant grown for food"],["Harvest","Gathering crops when they are ripe"],["Dairy","Foods made from milk"],["What is butter made from?","Cream from milk"],["What is cheese made from?","Milk"],["What is wool?","Hair from sheep that is spun into yarn"],["What do you call shearing?","Cutting the wool off a sheep"],["Where do eggs come from?","Hens"],["How do cows chew?","They chew cud, bringing food back up to chew again"],["How many stomach parts does a cow have?","Four"],["What does a sheepdog do?","Helps herd sheep"],["What does a barn cat do?","Keeps mice away"],["What is a farm cooperative?","A group of farmers who share work and sell together"],["County fair","A community event with animals, rides and prizes"],["4-H","A youth group that teaches farming, science and community skills"],["Organic farming","Farming without most synthetic pesticides"],["Compost","Rotted plant scraps that feed the soil"],["Fertilizer","Material that helps plants grow"],["Plow","A tool that turns over soil"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-first-words-toddler","id":"fun-first-words-toddler","title":"First Words","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Early Learning","levels":["pre-k"],"description":"Simple first words: people, food, body, home and toys.","tags":["first words","toddlers","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Say it!","cards":[["Mama","The person who loves you and takes care of you","Say: MAH-mah"],["Dada","Dad or papa","Say: DAH-dah"],["Baby","A very young child"],["Dog","A pet that barks"],["Cat","A pet that meows"],["Ball","A round toy that bounces"],["Cup","You drink from it"],["Milk","A white drink"],["Water","Clear drink"],["Apple","A crunchy fruit"],["Banana","A yellow fruit"],["Cookie","A sweet treat"],["Bread","Baked food for sandwiches"],["Eat","To put food in your mouth"],["Drink","To sip water or milk"],["Sleep","What you do in bed at night"],["Bed","Where you sleep"],["Book","Something to read"],["Shoe","You wear it on your foot"],["Sock","You wear it under your shoe"],["Hat","You wear it on your head"],["Hand","At the end of your arm"],["Foot","At the end of your leg"],["Nose","Smell with it"],["Eyes","See with them"],["Mouth","Eat and talk with it"],["Ears","Hear with them"],["Hair","Grows on your head"],["Hello","A greeting"],["Bye-bye","What you say when you leave"],["Please","A polite word when you ask"],["Thank you","A polite word when you get something"],["Yes","A way to agree"],["No","A way to say not"],["More","A little extra"],["All done","Finished"],["Up","Toward the sky"],["Down","Toward the floor"],["Hot","Not safe to touch"],["Cold","Like ice"],["Car","Vroom vroom"],["Bus","Wheels on the bus go round and round"],["Truck","A big vehicle"],["Train","Choo choo"],["Bird","Tweet tweet"],["Cow","Moo"],["Duck","Quack"],["Fish","Swims in water"],["Sun","Warm and bright in the sky"],["Moon","Shines at night"],["Star","Twinkles in the sky"],["Tree","Tall with leaves"],["Flower","Pretty and smells nice"],["Door","You open it to go through"],["Chair","You sit on it"],["Bath","Splash in the tub"],["Teddy","A soft toy bear"],["Hug","Wrap your arms around someone"],["Kiss","A sweet touch with your lips"],["Play","Have fun"],["Love","A warm feeling for people you care about"],["Friend","Someone you like to play with"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-flags-fun","id":"fun-flags-fun","title":"Flags With a Twist","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Flags","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Fun facts about flags and their designs.","tags":["flags","countries","fun facts"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Which country's flag is not a rectangle or square?","Nepal, made of two stacked triangles"],["Which country has a square flag?","Switzerland (and Vatican City)"],["Which flag has a dragon on it?","Bhutan"],["Which flag has a red maple leaf?","Canada"],["Which flag has a cedar tree on it?","Lebanon"],["Which flag has an eagle and a snake on a cactus?","Mexico"],["Which flags have a Union Jack in the corner and stars?","Australia and New Zealand"],["Which flag has a red circle on white?","Japan"],["Which flag is called the Stars and Stripes?","The United States"],["How many stripes are on the US flag?","13, for the original colonies"],["How many stars are on the US flag?","50, one for each state"],["What is the Union Jack?","The flag of the United Kingdom"],["Which flag has a red cross on white?","England (St. George's Cross)"],["Which flag is vertical blue, white and red?","France (the tricolore)"],["Which flag is vertical green, white and red?","Italy"],["Which flag has a crescent moon and a star on red?","Turkey"],["What does a white flag usually mean?","Peace or a request to talk"],["What does a checkered flag mean in racing?","The race is over"],["What is a pirate flag called?","The Jolly Roger"],["What is a pennant?","A triangular flag"],["What is the study of flags called?","Vexillology"],["What is a person who studies flags called?","A vexillologist"],["Which flag has a lion holding a sword?","Sri Lanka"],["Which flag is the St. Andrew's Cross?","Scotland's blue flag with a white X"],["What is on the Olympic flag?","Five linked rings on a white background"],["What is on the United Nations flag?","A white world map surrounded by olive branches, on blue"],["Which flags have a Nordic cross?","Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland"],["Which Nordic flag is blue with a yellow cross?","Sweden"],["Which flag is red with a white cross and is square?","Switzerland"],["Which flag is red with a white Nordic cross?","Denmark"],["Which flag is green with a yellow diamond and a blue circle?","Brazil"],["Which flag has a blue Star of David between two blue stripes?","Israel"],["Which flag has horizontal black, red and gold stripes?","Germany"],["What words are on Brazil's flag?","Ordem e Progresso, which means Order and Progress"],["Which flag has two bars, red over white?","Indonesia"],["Which flag has two bars, white over red?","Poland"],["Which flag is horizontal red, white and blue?","The Netherlands"],["Which flag has a green field and a red circle?","Bangladesh"],["Which flag has a black star on stripes of red, gold and green?","Ghana"],["Which flag has a red-white-red pattern with a maple leaf in the middle?","Canada"],["Which flag is often called the oldest continuously used national flag?","Denmark's Dannebrog"],["What do the stars on the Australian flag form?","The Southern Cross constellation, and a large star for the Commonwealth"],["What do the colors of the Irish flag stand for?","Green for the Irish, orange for the followers of William of Orange, white for peace"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-food-around-the-world","id":"fun-food-around-the-world","title":"Food Around the World","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Food","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Famous dishes and the places they come from.","tags":["food","world","cultures"],"frontLabel":"Dish","backLabel":"Where from, and what it is","cards":[["Pizza","Italy; flatbread with tomato, cheese and toppings"],["Pasta","Italy; noodles in many shapes"],["Sushi","Japan; rice with fish, egg or vegetables"],["Ramen","Japan; noodle soup"],["Tacos","Mexico; a tortilla folded around fillings"],["Tamales","Mexico; corn dough wrapped in a husk and steamed"],["Guacamole","Mexico; mashed avocado dip"],["Burrito","Mexico; a large tortilla rolled around fillings"],["Croissant","France; flaky crescent-shaped pastry"],["Baguette","France; long thin loaf of bread"],["Crepe","France; very thin pancake"],["Paella","Spain; rice with vegetables, seafood or chicken"],["Gazpacho","Spain; cold tomato soup"],["Fish and chips","England; fried fish with fries"],["Hamburger","United States; a patty in a bun"],["Hot dog","United States; a sausage in a bun"],["Apple pie","United States and England; a fruit pie"],["Poutine","Canada; fries with gravy and cheese curds"],["Maple syrup","Canada and the northeastern US; made from maple tree sap"],["Curry","India; spiced sauce dishes"],["Naan","India; soft oven-baked flatbread"],["Samosa","India; fried pastry with spiced filling"],["Dumplings","China and many places; dough wrapped around filling"],["Fried rice","China; rice stir-fried with vegetables"],["Peking duck","China; roast duck served with thin pancakes"],["Pad thai","Thailand; stir-fried rice noodles"],["Pho","Vietnam; noodle soup with herbs"],["Kimchi","Korea; spicy fermented cabbage"],["Bibimbap","Korea; rice bowl with vegetables and egg"],["Falafel","Middle East; fried chickpea balls"],["Hummus","Middle East; chickpea dip"],["Pita","Middle East; round pocket bread"],["Shawarma","Middle East; meat shaved off a rotating spit"],["Couscous","North Africa; tiny steamed grains of semolina"],["Injera","Ethiopia; spongy flatbread"],["Jollof rice","West Africa; rice cooked in tomato sauce"],["Goulash","Hungary; a hearty stew of meat and paprika"],["Pierogi","Poland; filled dumplings"],["Borscht","Eastern Europe; beet soup"],["Bratwurst","Germany; grilled sausage"],["Pretzel","Germany; twisted baked bread"],["Schnitzel","Austria and Germany; breaded fried cutlet"],["Fondue","Switzerland; melted cheese for dipping"],["Waffles","Belgium; grid-patterned batter cakes"],["Baklava","Turkey and Greece; layered pastry with nuts and honey"],["Moussaka","Greece; layered eggplant and meat dish"],["Feta","Greece; crumbly salty cheese"],["Empanada","Spain and Latin America; stuffed pastry"],["Arepa","Venezuela and Colombia; cornmeal cake"],["Ceviche","Peru; raw fish cured in citrus juice"],["Feijoada","Brazil; black bean stew"],["Pavlova","Australia and New Zealand; meringue dessert with fruit"],["Meat pie","Australia and New Zealand; a pie with savory filling"],["Mochi","Japan; chewy rice cake"],["Churros","Spain and Mexico; fried dough sticks"],["Gelato","Italy; creamy ice cream"],["Tiramisu","Italy; coffee-flavored layered dessert"],["Risotto","Italy; creamy rice dish"],["Lasagna","Italy; layers of pasta, sauce and cheese"],["Sauerkraut","Germany; fermented cabbage"],["Haggis","Scotland; traditional savory pudding"],["Scones","England and Scotland; small baked cakes served with jam"],["Cornbread","United States; bread made from cornmeal"],["Bagel","Jewish bakers in Poland and New York; ring-shaped boiled bread"],["Tortilla","Mexico; thin flatbread of corn or wheat"],["Quesadilla","Mexico; a tortilla filled with cheese"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-fruits-vegetables","id":"fun-fruits-vegetables","title":"Fruits and Vegetables","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Food","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Fruits and vegetables: colors, how they grow, and fun facts.","tags":["fruit","vegetables","healthy eating"],"frontLabel":"Food","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Apple","Grows on trees; comes in red, green and yellow"],["Banana","Yellow when ripe; grows in bunches called hands"],["Orange","A citrus fruit full of vitamin C"],["Strawberry","A red berry with seeds on the outside"],["Blueberry","A small round blue berry"],["Grapes","Grow in bunches on vines; raisins are dried grapes"],["Watermelon","Big green fruit with red juicy inside"],["Pineapple","Spiky fruit with a leafy crown"],["Mango","Sweet tropical fruit with one big pit"],["Kiwi","Fuzzy brown outside, green inside with tiny black seeds"],["Peach","Fuzzy fruit with a big pit"],["Pear","Shaped like a bell, with a sweet juicy center"],["Cherry","Small red fruit with a pit"],["Lemon","Sour yellow citrus"],["Lime","Small green sour citrus"],["Coconut","A big hard-shelled fruit with water and white flesh"],["Avocado","Creamy green fruit with a large seed"],["Pomegranate","A fruit full of juicy red seeds"],["Papaya","Orange tropical fruit with black seeds"],["Raspberry","A red berry made of tiny round parts"],["Carrot","Orange root vegetable; grows underground"],["Potato","A tuber that grows underground"],["Sweet potato","Orange root with sweet flavor"],["Broccoli","Green vegetable that looks like little trees"],["Cauliflower","A white cousin of broccoli"],["Spinach","Leafy green vegetable"],["Lettuce","Leafy vegetable used in salads"],["Cabbage","Round head of tightly packed leaves"],["Corn","Yellow kernels on a cob"],["Peas","Round green seeds in a pod"],["Green beans","Long green pods"],["Tomato","Botanically a fruit; usually used as a vegetable"],["Cucumber","Long green and crunchy; pickles are made from it"],["Onion","A bulb that can make you cry when cut"],["Garlic","A bulb with cloves and a strong smell"],["Celery","Crunchy green stalks"],["Radish","A small, spicy root"],["Beet","A dark red root"],["Pumpkin","Big orange squash"],["Zucchini","Long green squash"],["Eggplant","Shiny purple vegetable"],["Bell pepper","Crunchy and available in red, green, yellow and orange"],["Asparagus","Green spears that grow from the ground"],["Mushroom","Not a plant but a fungus, eaten as a vegetable"],["Brussels sprouts","Tiny cabbage-like buds on a stalk"],["Kale","Dark curly leafy green"],["Turnip","A round white and purple root"],["Parsnip","A pale root like a carrot"],["Artichoke","A thistle flower bud that is eaten"],["Okra","Green pods used in Southern cooking"],["Rainbow eating","Eating many colors gives your body many different nutrients"],["Vitamin C","Found in oranges, peppers, kiwi and strawberries"],["Fiber","Found in fruits, vegetables and whole grains; helps digestion"],["Seed","Part of a plant that can grow into a new plant"],["Root vegetable","Grows underground, such as carrots and beets"],["Leafy green","A vegetable whose leaves we eat, such as spinach"],["Citrus","A family that includes oranges, lemons and limes"],["Berries","Small juicy fruits such as blueberries and raspberries"],["Orchard","A place where fruit trees grow"],["Farmers market","A place where farmers sell fresh food directly"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-general-fun-facts","id":"fun-general-fun-facts","title":"Did You Know? Fun Facts Mix","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Fun Facts","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"A mix of true, surprising facts. Guess before flipping.","tags":["fun facts","trivia","mix"],"frontLabel":"Did you know?","backLabel":"True fact","cards":[["Which has more bones, a baby or an adult?","A baby, about 300; many join together to make 206"],["What is the only food that never spoils?","Honey (properly stored)"],["Which planet has days longer than years?","Venus"],["How many hearts does an octopus have?","Three"],["Which animal's fingerprints look like a human's?","The koala"],["How long is a day on Earth?","About 24 hours"],["What is the hardest natural substance?","Diamond"],["Which is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature?","Mercury"],["What color is a polar bear's skin?","Black"],["How many legs does a butterfly have?","Six"],["What is the fastest land animal?","The cheetah"],["What is the tallest land animal?","The giraffe"],["How many eyes does a bee have?","Five: two big compound eyes and three small ones"],["What is a group of flamingos called?","A flamboyance"],["What is the smallest planet in our solar system?","Mercury"],["What is the largest ocean?","The Pacific"],["What is the longest river in Europe?","The Volga"],["How much of Earth is covered by water?","About 71 percent"],["What is the Earth's hottest layer?","The inner core"],["What do you call baby kangaroos?","Joeys"],["What fruit floats in water because it is mostly air?","Apples (about 25 percent air)"],["How many hours do giraffes sleep?","Only a few hours, often in short naps"],["Which animal sleeps standing up?","Horses can sleep standing"],["What animal has the biggest eyes of any land animal?","The ostrich"],["Which bird lays the biggest egg?","The ostrich"],["Which bird lays the smallest egg?","The hummingbird"],["What is a rainbow's shape?","A full circle, but we usually see an arc from the ground"],["How fast does sound travel in air?","About 767 miles per hour (343 m/s) at room temperature"],["How fast does light travel?","About 186,000 miles per second"],["What are the Great Lakes?","Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario"],["Which US state has the most lakes?","Alaska has the most lakes by number; Minnesota is the Land of 10,000 Lakes"],["What was the first toy advertised on TV?","Mr. Potato Head (1952)"],["Where did popcorn come from?","Corn people have popped for thousands of years in the Americas"],["Where were fortune cookies popularized?","In the United States, not China"],["What came first, the fork or the spoon?","The spoon, thousands of years before forks became common"],["How many dots are on a pair of dice?","42"],["How many keys does a standard piano have?","88"],["How many strings does a standard guitar have?","Six"],["How many players are on a soccer team on the field?","Eleven"],["How many points is a touchdown?","Six"],["How many innings are in a baseball game?","Nine"],["How many rings are on the Olympic flag?","Five"],["How many continents are there?","Seven"],["How many oceans are there?","Five: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic"],["How many days in a leap year?","366"],["How many sides does a stop sign have?","Eight"],["How many colors are on a Rubik's Cube?","Six"],["How many strings on a violin?","Four"],["What is the world's most popular sport by fans?","Soccer (football)"],["What is the smallest bone in the body?","The stapes in the ear"],["What is the longest bone in the body?","The femur"],["How long is a marathon?","26.2 miles"],["What animal is on the Welsh flag?","A red dragon"],["What is the national bird of the United States?","The bald eagle"],["What tree do pandas eat?","Bamboo (it's a grass)"],["What is the biggest cat in the Americas?","The jaguar"],["Which Great Lake is entirely inside the US?","Lake Michigan"],["What do you call the study of insects?","Entomology"],["What do you call the study of birds?","Ornithology"],["What do you call the study of weather?","Meteorology"],["What do you call the study of stars and planets?","Astronomy"],["What do you call the study of fossils?","Paleontology"],["What do you call the study of animals?","Zoology"],["What do you call the study of plants?","Botany"],["What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?","A ring of volcanoes and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean"],["What is the largest hot desert's name?","The Sahara"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-greek-gods","id":"fun-greek-gods","title":"Greek Gods and Goddesses","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Mythology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The gods of ancient Greek myths and what each ruled.","tags":["mythology","greek","gods"],"frontLabel":"God or goddess","backLabel":"Who they were","cards":[["Zeus","King of the gods and ruler of the sky and thunder"],["Hera","Queen of the gods, goddess of marriage"],["Poseidon","God of the sea, earthquakes and horses; carries a trident"],["Hades","God of the underworld, the place of the dead"],["Athena","Goddess of wisdom and crafts; she sprang from Zeus's head"],["Apollo","God of music, the sun, poetry and healing"],["Artemis","Goddess of the hunt and the moon, twin of Apollo"],["Ares","God of war"],["Aphrodite","Goddess of love and beauty"],["Hephaestus","God of fire and the forge; the gods' blacksmith"],["Hermes","Messenger of the gods with winged sandals"],["Demeter","Goddess of the harvest and farming"],["Dionysus","God of wine and festivals"],["Hestia","Goddess of the hearth and home"],["Persephone","Queen of the underworld, daughter of Demeter; her story explains the seasons"],["Eros","God of love, shown with a bow and arrows"],["Pan","Half-goat god of shepherds and the wild"],["Nike","Goddess of victory"],["Helios","Titan who drove the sun across the sky"],["Selene","Goddess of the moon"],["Eos","Goddess of the dawn"],["Iris","Goddess of the rainbow and a messenger"],["Morpheus","God of dreams"],["Hypnos","God of sleep"],["Nemesis","Goddess of fairness who punishes pride"],["Tyche","Goddess of luck and fortune"],["Asclepius","God of medicine and healing"],["Gaia","Mother Earth"],["Uranus","The sky, father of the Titans"],["Cronus","Titan, father of Zeus"],["Rhea","Titan, mother of Zeus"],["Atlas","Titan who held up the sky"],["Prometheus","Titan who gave fire to people"],["Mount Olympus","Home of the twelve main gods"],["Titans","The older generation of gods before Zeus"],["Olympians","The twelve main gods who lived on Olympus"],["Nymphs","Nature spirits of trees, rivers and mountains"],["Muses","Nine goddesses of arts and learning"],["The Fates","Three goddesses who spin the thread of life"],["Satyr","A woodland being, part man and part goat"],["Centaur","Half man and half horse"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-greek-heroes-monsters","id":"fun-greek-heroes-monsters","title":"Greek Heroes and Monsters","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Mythology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Heroes, monsters and famous tales from Greek myths, told plainly.","tags":["mythology","greek","heroes","monsters"],"frontLabel":"Name","backLabel":"Who or what","cards":[["Hercules (Heracles)","Hero of great strength who completed twelve labors"],["Perseus","Hero who defeated Medusa using a mirror-like shield"],["Theseus","Hero who found his way out of the Labyrinth"],["Odysseus","Clever hero whose long trip home from Troy is told in the Odyssey"],["Achilles","The greatest Greek warrior at Troy; his weak spot was his heel"],["Jason","Hero who sailed on the Argo to find the Golden Fleece"],["Atalanta","A famous runner and hunter"],["Orpheus","A musician whose songs charmed animals and trees"],["Bellerophon","Hero who rode the winged horse Pegasus"],["Pegasus","A winged horse"],["Medusa","A monster with snakes for hair"],["Minotaur","A bull-headed creature in the Labyrinth"],["Cyclops","A one-eyed giant"],["Polyphemus","The Cyclops that trapped Odysseus"],["Hydra","A many-headed water serpent that regrew heads"],["Cerberus","The three-headed dog guarding the underworld"],["Chimera","A fire-breathing mix of lion, goat and snake"],["Sphinx","A creature with a riddle that people had to answer"],["Sirens","Sea creatures whose singing lured sailors"],["Scylla and Charybdis","A sea monster and a whirlpool on either side of a narrow strait"],["Harpies","Winged creatures that snatched food"],["Gorgon","A monster like Medusa"],["Phoenix","A bird that bursts into flame and is reborn from its ashes"],["Griffin","A creature with an eagle's head and wings and a lion's body"],["Trojan Horse","A giant wooden horse used to sneak soldiers into the city of Troy"],["Helen of Troy","A woman whose story started the Trojan War"],["Paris","The prince of Troy who took Helen"],["Hector","The bravest defender of Troy"],["Penelope","Odysseus's wife who waited twenty years"],["Circe","A sorceress who turned men into pigs"],["Calypso","A nymph who kept Odysseus on her island"],["Daedalus","The inventor who built the Labyrinth and wings of wax and feathers"],["Icarus","Daedalus's son who flew too near the sun"],["Midas","A king whose touch turned things to gold"],["Pandora","The first woman in a tale about a jar of troubles and hope"],["Narcissus","A youth who fell in love with his own reflection"],["Echo","A nymph who could only repeat the last words she heard"],["Arachne","A weaver who became a spider"],["Sisyphus","A king who had to roll a boulder uphill again and again"],["The Golden Fleece","A magical golden sheepskin sought by Jason"],["Argonauts","The crew of heroes who sailed with Jason"],["The Twelve Labors","The twelve tasks given to Hercules"],["Labyrinth","A maze built to hold the Minotaur"],["The Iliad","Homer's epic poem about the Trojan War"],["The Odyssey","Homer's epic poem about Odysseus's journey home"],["Achilles' heel","A single weak spot, now meaning any hidden weakness"],["Pandora's box","Something that causes many problems when opened"],["Midas touch","A talent for making money"],["Herculean","Needing great strength"],["Odyssey (word)","Any long, adventurous journey"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-holidays-around-world","id":"fun-holidays-around-world","title":"Holidays and Traditions Around the World","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Culture","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Festivals and celebrations from many countries and cultures, told respectfully.","tags":["holidays","traditions","cultures"],"frontLabel":"Holiday","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[["New Year's Day","January 1; many countries celebrate the new calendar year"],["Lunar New Year","A spring festival in many East Asian cultures, with family meals, red decorations and the zodiac animal year"],["Diwali","The Hindu, Sikh and Jain festival of lights, in autumn"],["Holi","The Hindu spring festival of colors in India"],["Hanukkah","A Jewish eight-day festival of lights"],["Passover","A Jewish spring holiday remembering the exodus from Egypt"],["Rosh Hashanah","The Jewish New Year"],["Yom Kippur","The Jewish Day of Atonement"],["Christmas","December 25; Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus"],["Easter","A Christian spring holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus"],["Ramadan","The Muslim holy month of fasting from dawn to sunset"],["Eid al-Fitr","The Muslim festival that ends Ramadan"],["Eid al-Adha","The Muslim festival of sacrifice, linked to the pilgrimage to Mecca"],["Kwanzaa","A week-long celebration of African American culture, December 26 to January 1"],["Day of the Dead (Dia de los Muertos)","A Mexican celebration to remember loved ones, with marigolds and altars"],["Thanksgiving (US)","Fourth Thursday of November; a day to give thanks and share a meal"],["Canadian Thanksgiving","Second Monday of October"],["Independence Day (US)","July 4; marks the Declaration of Independence in 1776"],["Bastille Day","July 14; France's national day"],["Canada Day","July 1"],["Halloween","October 31; costumes, jack-o'-lanterns and trick-or-treating"],["Bonfire Night","November 5 in the UK, with fireworks"],["Valentine's Day","February 14; a day for sharing cards and kind words"],["St. Patrick's Day","March 17; Irish culture and green clothes"],["April Fools' Day","April 1; a day for harmless pranks"],["Mother's Day","A day to honor mothers, held in different months in different countries"],["Father's Day","A day to honor fathers"],["Earth Day","April 22; a day to care for the planet"],["Cinco de Mayo","May 5; remembers a Mexican victory in 1862 and celebrates Mexican culture"],["Mexican Independence Day","September 16"],["Oktoberfest","A beer and folk festival in Munich, Germany, held in late September and October"],["Carnival","A pre-Lent festival with parades, famous in Rio de Janeiro"],["Mardi Gras","The day before Lent begins; New Orleans has parades and beads"],["Songkran","Thai New Year with water splashing"],["Obon","A Japanese summer festival to honor ancestors"],["Tanabata","A Japanese star festival on July 7"],["Cherry Blossom Festival","Spring celebration of flowering cherry trees in Japan"],["Mid-Autumn Festival","East Asian harvest festival with mooncakes and moon watching"],["Dragon Boat Festival","Chinese festival with boat races and rice dumplings"],["Chuseok","Korean harvest festival"],["Vesak","Buddhist celebration of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and passing"],["Nowruz","Persian New Year at the spring equinox"],["Lantern Festival","End of Lunar New Year celebrations with lanterns"],["Hogmanay","Scottish New Year's Eve party"],["St. Lucia Day","December 13 in Sweden, with candles and white gowns"],["Three Kings Day","January 6; celebrated in Spain and Latin America"],["Guy Fawkes Night","Another name for Bonfire Night in the UK"],["Juneteenth","June 19; marks the end of slavery in the US in 1865"],["Martin Luther King Jr. Day","Third Monday in January in the US"],["Veterans Day","November 11 in the US; honors those who served in the military"],["Remembrance Day","November 11 in Commonwealth countries"],["Groundhog Day","February 2; a groundhog 'predicts' spring in the US and Canada"],["Labor Day","First Monday in September in the US; honors workers"],["Pi Day","March 14, a math fan holiday for the number 3.14"],["Boxing Day","December 26 in the UK and Commonwealth countries"],["Bonfire of San Juan","Midsummer bonfires in Spain on June 23"],["Midsummer","A Scandinavian celebration of the longest days with flowers and dancing"],["Pancake Day","The day before Lent; people eat pancakes in the UK"],["Pongal","Indian harvest festival in January, especially in Tamil Nadu"],["Onam","A harvest festival in Kerala, India"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-human-body-facts","id":"fun-human-body-facts","title":"Human Body Fun Facts","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Human Body","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Surprising true facts about the human body.","tags":["body","health","facts"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["How many bones does an adult have?","206"],["Which is the biggest bone in the body?","The femur (thigh bone)"],["Which is the smallest bone?","The stapes, in the ear"],["How many teeth do most adults have?","32, including wisdom teeth"],["How many baby teeth do children have?","20"],["What organ pumps blood?","The heart"],["What are the lungs for?","Breathing in oxygen and out carbon dioxide"],["What is the biggest organ?","The skin"],["Which organ is used for thinking?","The brain"],["How many chambers does the heart have?","Four"],["What color is blood inside the body?","Red"],["What do red blood cells carry?","Oxygen"],["What do white blood cells do?","Fight germs"],["What is the job of the stomach?","To break down food with acid and churning"],["What does the liver do?","Cleans the blood and helps digest fat"],["What do kidneys do?","Filter waste from blood to make urine"],["What organ protects your brain?","The skull"],["What protects your heart and lungs?","The rib cage"],["What are muscles for?","Moving the body"],["Which muscle never gets a rest?","The heart muscle"],["How many senses do we usually count?","Five: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch"],["What part of the eye lets in light?","The pupil"],["What part of the eye is colored?","The iris"],["What do ears help us do?","Hear and keep balance"],["What are taste buds?","Tiny sensors on the tongue that detect tastes"],["What are the basic tastes?","Sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami"],["What are fingerprints?","Unique patterns on fingertips"],["What does the skeleton do?","Gives shape, protects organs, and helps movement"],["How many ribs do most people have?","24, in 12 pairs"],["What is the spine?","A column of bones (vertebrae) that protects the spinal cord"],["What are joints?","Places where two bones meet"],["What is the windpipe called?","The trachea"],["What tube carries food to your stomach?","The esophagus"],["How long is the small intestine?","About 20 feet (6 meters) in adults"],["What happens when you sneeze?","Your body pushes out dust or germs from your nose"],["Why do we get hiccups?","The diaphragm twitches suddenly"],["Why do we sweat?","To cool the body down"],["How much of your body is water?","About 60 percent in adults"],["How often does your heart beat?","About 60 to 100 times a minute for adults at rest"],["How many hours of sleep do kids need?","About 9 to 12 hours, depending on age"],["What does sleep do?","Lets your body and brain rest and grow"],["What are vitamins for?","Helping the body work and grow"],["What is calcium good for?","Strong bones and teeth"],["What is the nervous system?","The brain, spinal cord and nerves that send messages"],["What is DNA?","The instruction code inside cells"],["What is a cell?","The smallest building block of living things"],["How many muscles help you smile?","It takes several muscles in your face"],["What is the funny bone?","A spot on your elbow where a nerve runs near the surface"],["What is goosebumps?","Tiny muscles at the base of hairs tighten"],["What does the cerebellum control?","Balance and coordination"],["What are tonsils?","Tissue at the back of the throat that helps fight germs"],["What is an appendix?","A small pouch attached to the large intestine"],["What do eyelashes do?","Help keep dust out of your eyes"],["What do nails protect?","The tips of your fingers and toes"],["What is the pulse?","The beat of your heart felt in your wrist or neck"],["What is the diaphragm?","A muscle under the lungs that helps you breathe"],["What is the largest muscle?","The gluteus maximus in the bottom"],["What helps wash hands clean?","Soap and water for at least 20 seconds"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-insects-and-bugs","id":"fun-insects-and-bugs","title":"Insects and Bugs","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Insects","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Insects, spiders and other creepy-crawlies.","tags":["insects","bugs","spiders"],"frontLabel":"Bug","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Ladybug","A beetle with spots that eats aphids"],["Honeybee","Makes honey and pollinates flowers"],["Bumblebee","A big fuzzy bee"],["Butterfly","Has colorful wings and drinks nectar"],["Moth","A winged insect that often flies at night"],["Dragonfly","A fast flyer with two pairs of wings"],["Grasshopper","Jumps with strong back legs"],["Cricket","Chirps by rubbing its wings together"],["Praying mantis","A hunter that holds its front legs like it is praying"],["Firefly","A beetle that glows to find friends"],["Ant","Lives in colonies and works as a team"],["Termite","Chews wood and builds mounds"],["Mosquito","Female bites to drink blood"],["Housefly","Tastes with its feet"],["Beetle","Has hard wing covers; the biggest group of insects"],["Stag beetle","A beetle with large jaws like antlers"],["Dung beetle","Rolls balls of dung"],["Cicada","Spends years underground, then sings loudly"],["Walking stick","An insect that looks like a twig"],["Aphid","A tiny insect that sucks plant juices"],["Flea","A tiny jumper"],["Earwig","An insect with pincers on its tail"],["Cockroach","A tough insect that has been around since before dinosaurs"],["Wasp","A stinging insect that builds paper nests"],["Hornet","A large kind of wasp"],["Caterpillar","The larva of a butterfly or moth"],["Chrysalis","The case a butterfly caterpillar forms to change inside"],["Cocoon","The silk case many moth caterpillars spin"],["Metamorphosis","A big body change, like caterpillar to butterfly"],["Monarch butterfly","Migrates thousands of miles to Mexico"],["Luna moth","A big pale green moth"],["Silkworm","A caterpillar whose cocoon gives us silk"],["Spider","Not an insect: it has eight legs"],["Black widow","A spider with a red hourglass mark; wild ones are best left alone"],["Tarantula","A large hairy spider"],["Orb weaver","A spider that spins round webs"],["Jumping spider","A tiny spider with good eyes that leaps on prey"],["Scorpion","A relative of spiders with a stinging tail"],["Tick","A tiny spider relative that feeds on blood"],["Centipede","Has one pair of legs per body segment"],["Millipede","Has two pairs of legs per segment"],["Pill bug","Also called a roly-poly; it curls into a ball"],["Snail","Not an insect; it is a mollusk"],["Earthworm","Not an insect; it helps soil"],["How many legs does an insect have?","Six"],["How many body parts does an insect have?","Three: head, thorax and abdomen"],["How many legs does a spider have?","Eight"],["Antennae","Feelers used to smell and touch"],["Exoskeleton","A hard outside skeleton"],["Pollinator","An animal that moves pollen from flower to flower"],["Larva","The young, wormlike stage of many insects"],["Pupa","The resting stage when a larva changes"],["Nymph","A young insect that looks like a small adult"],["Compound eye","An eye made of many tiny lenses"],["Hive","A beehive where honeybees live"],["Queen bee","The bee that lays all the eggs"],["Worker bee","A bee that gathers food and cares for the hive"],["Waggle dance","A honeybee dance that tells where flowers are"],["Entomologist","A scientist who studies insects"],["Camouflage","Colors that help an animal hide"],["Swarm","A large group of flying insects"],["Locust","A kind of grasshopper that can swarm"],["Leafcutter ant","Cuts leaves to grow fungus for food"],["Water strider","An insect that walks on water"],["Mayfly","An insect that lives only a short time as an adult"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-inventions-who","id":"fun-inventions-who","title":"Inventions and Who Made Them","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Inventions","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous inventions, their inventors, and when.","tags":["inventions","inventors","history"],"frontLabel":"Invention","backLabel":"Inventor and year","cards":[["Telephone","Alexander Graham Bell, patented 1876"],["Light bulb (practical)","Thomas Edison, 1879, building on others' work"],["Airplane (first powered flight)","Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1903"],["Printing press with movable type (Europe)","Johannes Gutenberg, about 1440"],["Phonograph","Thomas Edison, 1877"],["Steam engine (improved)","James Watt, 1760s-1770s"],["Radio (wireless)","Guglielmo Marconi, 1890s"],["Television (electronic)","Philo Farnsworth, 1927"],["Cotton gin","Eli Whitney, 1793"],["Sewing machine (practical)","Elias Howe, 1846"],["Dynamite","Alfred Nobel, 1867"],["Vaccination (smallpox)","Edward Jenner, 1796"],["Pasteurization","Louis Pasteur, 1860s"],["Penicillin discovery","Alexander Fleming, 1928"],["World Wide Web","Tim Berners-Lee, 1989"],["Telescope (first)","Hans Lippershey applied in 1608; Galileo improved it in 1609"],["Microscope (early)","Zacharias Janssen and others, about 1590s"],["Compass","Invented in ancient China, over 1,000 years ago"],["Paper","Invented in China, traditionally credited to Cai Lun about 105 CE"],["Gunpowder","Invented in China around 800 CE"],["Wheel","Used by ancient peoples in Mesopotamia about 5,500 years ago"],["Zipper (modern)","Gideon Sundback, 1913"],["Safety pin","Walter Hunt, 1849"],["Bicycle (pedal)","Pierre Michaux and others, 1860s"],["Automobile (gas-powered)","Karl Benz, 1885-1886"],["Model T mass production","Henry Ford, 1908 onward"],["Elevator safety brake","Elisha Otis, 1850s"],["Refrigerator (early)","Several inventors; Jacob Perkins built an early one in 1834"],["Camera (photograph)","Louis Daguerre's daguerreotype, 1839"],["Movie camera (kinetoscope)","Thomas Edison and W.K.L. Dickson, 1890s"],["Morse code and telegraph","Samuel Morse, 1830s-1840s"],["Braille","Louis Braille, 1824"],["Stethoscope","Rene Laennec, 1816"],["Thermometer (Fahrenheit)","Daniel Fahrenheit, 1714"],["Barometer","Evangelista Torricelli, 1643"],["Parachute (sketch)","Leonardo da Vinci drew one in about 1485"],["Hot air balloon","The Montgolfier brothers, 1783"],["Steamboat (successful)","Robert Fulton, 1807"],["Locomotive (early)","Richard Trevithick, 1804; George Stephenson's Rocket, 1829"],["Battery","Alessandro Volta, 1800"],["Electric generator principle","Michael Faraday, 1831"],["Alternating current systems","Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, 1880s-1890s"],["Transistor","Bell Labs: Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, 1947"],["Computer (Analytical Engine design)","Charles Babbage, 1830s"],["First programmer","Ada Lovelace, wrote notes with the first algorithm in 1843"],["Helicopter (practical)","Igor Sikorsky, 1939"],["Rocket (liquid fuel)","Robert Goddard, 1926"],["Post-it notes","Spencer Silver and Art Fry at 3M, 1970s"],["Velcro","George de Mestral, 1941"],["Ballpoint pen","Laszlo Biro, 1938"],["Pencil with eraser","Hymen Lipman patented one in 1858"],["Crayons (modern)","Binney and Smith, 1903"],["Basketball","James Naismith, 1891"],["Frisbee","Walter Morrison, 1948 (Pluto Platter, then Frisbee)"],["Potato chips","Said to be created by George Crum, 1853"],["Chocolate chip cookie","Ruth Wakefield, 1938"],["Popsicle","Frank Epperson, 1905 as a boy; patented 1923"],["Earmuffs","Chester Greenwood, 1873 at age 15"],["Trampoline","George Nissen, 1930s"],["Snowboard (Snurfer)","Sherman Poppen, 1965"],["Skateboard","California surfers of the 1940s-50s"],["Traffic light (electric)","James Hoge and others, 1914"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-jokes-animals","id":"fun-jokes-animals","title":"Animal Jokes","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Jokes","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Clean, silly animal jokes. Read the setup, guess, then flip for the punchline.","tags":["jokes","animals","humor"],"frontLabel":"Setup","backLabel":"Punchline","cards":[["What do you call a bear with no teeth?","A gummy bear"],["Why do fish live in salt water?","Because pepper makes them sneeze"],["What do you call a sleeping bull?","A bulldozer"],["Why did the chicken cross the road?","To get to the other side"],["What do you call a fish with no eyes?","A fsh"],["What do cows read in the morning?","The moos-paper"],["Why are cats good at video games?","They have nine lives"],["What do you call a pig that does karate?","A pork chop"],["What is a cat's favorite color?","Purr-ple"],["Why was the cat sitting on the computer?","To keep an eye on the mouse"],["What do you get when you cross a snowman with a dog?","Frostbite"],["What do you call a dinosaur that never gives up?","Try, try, try-ceratops"],["Why can't a leopard hide?","Because it is always spotted"],["What do you call a sheep with no legs?","A cloud"],["What do you call a dog magician?","A labracadabrador"],["Why do bees have sticky hair?","Because they use honeycombs"],["What do you call a duck that gets all A's?","A wise quacker"],["What do you call two birds in love?","Tweethearts"],["Why did the owl invite his friends over?","He didn't want to be owl by himself"],["How do you count cows?","With a cowculator"],["What is a frog's favorite drink?","Croak-a-cola"],["What do you call a sleeping dinosaur?","A dino-snore"],["Why do elephants never forget?","Because nobody ever tells them anything"],["What do you call a happy cowboy's horse?","A hay-ppy horse"],["Why was the snake so good at math?","He was an adder"],["What's black and white and bouncy?","A penguin on a pogo stick"],["Why don't oysters share?","Because they are shellfish"],["What is a rabbit's favorite dance?","Hip-hop"],["What do you call a bee that can't make up its mind?","A maybe"],["What's a horse's favorite game?","Stable tennis"],["Where do sheep go to get haircuts?","The baa-baa shop"],["What do you call a bird that's afraid to fly?","A chicken"],["What sits on the bottom of the sea and shakes?","A nervous wreck"],["What kind of dog loves bubble baths?","A shampoodle"],["What do lions say before they eat?","Let us prey"],["Why did the dog sit in the shade?","He didn't want to be a hot dog"],["What do you call a lazy kangaroo?","A pouch potato"],["Why are frogs so happy?","They eat whatever bugs them"],["Where do fish keep their money?","In the river bank"],["What do you call a cow with two legs?","Lean beef"],["What did the spider do on the computer?","Made a website"],["What do you call a boomerang that doesn't come back?","A stick"],["What do you get from a pampered cow?","Spoiled milk"],["How does a penguin build its house?","Igloos it together"],["What do you call a pony with a cough?","A little hoarse"],["Why do ducks have feathers?","To cover their butt quacks"],["Why did the turtle cross the road?","To get to the shell station"],["What kind of key opens a banana?","A monkey"],["What do you call a fly without wings?","A walk"],["Why was the baby ant confused?","All his uncles were ants"],["What is a cheetah's least favorite game?","Hide and seek, they're always spotted"],["What did the buffalo say when his son left?","Bison"],["How do you make a bee feel better?","Give it a buzz"],["What do you call a fish wearing a bowtie?","Sofishticated"],["Why did the squirrel go to the party?","To get a few nuts to eat"],["What do you call an elephant that doesn't matter?","An irrelephant"],["What do you call cows with a sense of humor?","Laughing stock"],["What do you call a cat that loves to bowl?","An alley cat"],["What do you call a bear in the rain?","A drizzly bear"],["Why did the bird get in trouble in class?","It was acting tweet"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-jokes-everyday","id":"fun-jokes-everyday","title":"Silly Jokes and Puns","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Jokes","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Clean jokes and puns about school, food and everyday life.","tags":["jokes","puns","humor"],"frontLabel":"Setup","backLabel":"Punchline","cards":[["Why did the student eat his homework?","The teacher said it was a piece of cake"],["Why was the math book sad?","It had too many problems"],["What did zero say to eight?","Nice belt"],["Why is six afraid of seven?","Because seven eight nine"],["What kind of tree fits in your hand?","A palm tree"],["What do you call cheese that is not yours?","Nacho cheese"],["Why did the cookie go to the doctor?","It felt crummy"],["What do you call a fake noodle?","An impasta"],["Why did the tomato turn red?","It saw the salad dressing"],["What do you call a sleeping pizza?","A pizzzzzzza"],["What did the plate say to the other plate?","Dinner is on me"],["Why did the banana go to the doctor?","It wasn't peeling well"],["What do you call an apple that plays the trumpet?","A tooty fruity"],["What is a ghost's favorite fruit?","Boo-berries"],["Why can't you trust stairs?","They are always up to something"],["What do you call a boat full of sleeping people?","A snooze cruise"],["How do you make a lemon drop?","Let it fall"],["Why did the scarecrow win an award?","He was outstanding in his field"],["What did one wall say to the other?","I'll meet you at the corner"],["Why was the broom late?","It over-swept"],["What do you call a snowman in July?","A puddle"],["What kind of music do mummies listen to?","Wrap music"],["Why did the clock get sent to school?","It tocked too much"],["What do you call a train carrying bubble gum?","A chew-chew train"],["What has ears but cannot hear?","A cornfield"],["Why did the golfer bring two pairs of pants?","In case he got a hole in one"],["Why did the bicycle fall over?","It was two-tired"],["What did the ocean say to the shore?","Nothing, it just waved"],["What do you call a pencil with no point?","Pointless"],["Why did the music teacher need a ladder?","To reach the high notes"],["What do you call a dancing bean?","A jumping bean"],["What did the sock say to the shoe?","I'll be right behind you"],["What is a vampire's favorite fruit?","A blood orange"],["Why do bakers work so hard?","They knead the dough"],["What time is it when an elephant sits on your fence?","Time to get a new fence"],["What did the left eye say to the right eye?","Between us, something smells"],["Why did the girl bring a ladder to school?","She wanted to go to high school"],["Why are teddy bears never hungry?","They are always stuffed"],["What do you call a robot that takes the long way?","R2-Detour"],["What do you call a computer that sings?","A Dell"],["What is a computer's favorite snack?","Microchips"],["Why was the computer cold?","It left its Windows open"],["What did the pirate say on his 80th birthday?","Aye matey"],["Why did the astronaut break up with her girlfriend?","She needed space"],["What do planets like to read?","Comet books"],["How does the moon cut its hair?","Eclipse it"],["What do you call a three-legged donkey?","A wonkey"],["Why did the pillow go to the doctor?","It was feeling run down"],["What kind of shoes do ninjas wear?","Sneakers"],["What is a sleepy rabbit's favorite game?","Bed-ball"],["Why was the equal sign so humble?","It knew it wasn't less than or greater than anyone"],["What did the big flower say to the little flower?","Hi, bud"],["Why did the spoon run away with the fork?","They wanted to elope"],["Where do pencils go on vacation?","Pencil-vania"],["What did the janitor say when he jumped out of the closet?","Supplies"],["What do you call a nosy pepper?","Jalapeno business"],["What do you call an alligator in a vest?","An investigator"],["What is the best day to go to the beach?","Sunday"],["Why did the picture go to jail?","It was framed"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-knock-knock-jokes","id":"fun-knock-knock-jokes","title":"Knock-Knock Jokes","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Jokes","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Clean knock-knock jokes. Front is who's there; back is the punchline.","tags":["jokes","knock-knock","humor"],"frontLabel":"Who's there?","backLabel":"Punchline","cards":[["Lettuce","Lettuce in, it's cold out here!"],["Boo","Don't cry, it's only a joke!"],["Orange","Orange you glad to see me?"],["Interrupting cow","Interrupting cow wh- MOO!"],["Atch","Bless you!"],["Dishes","Dishes the police, open up!"],["Who","Who who? Is there an owl in here?"],["Howard","Howard you like to let me in?"],["Ice cream","Ice cream if you don't let me in!"],["Olive","Olive you!"],["Alpaca","Alpaca the suitcase, you load the car"],["Harry","Harry up and open the door!"],["Tank","You're welcome!"],["Cash","No thanks, I prefer peanuts!"],["Doughnut","Doughnut ask, it's a secret!"],["Needle","Needle little help getting in here"],["Wooden shoe","Wooden shoe like to hear another joke?"],["Mikey","Mikey doesn't fit in the keyhole!"],["Ben","Ben knocking for ten minutes!"],["Justin","Justin time for dinner!"],["Annie","Annie thing you can do, I can do better!"],["Yoda","Yoda one who knows how to open the door!"],["Isabel","Isabel broken? I had to knock!"],["Kenya","Kenya open the door?"],["Luke","Luke through the peephole and find out!"],["Hawaii","I'm fine, Hawaii you?"],["Nobel","Nobel, so I knocked!"],["Aida","Aida whole pizza, now I'm full!"],["Bacon","Bacon a cake for your birthday!"],["Beets","Beets me, I forgot my name!"],["Consumption","Consumption be done about this door?"],["Dozen","Dozen anybody want to let me in?"],["Figs","Figs the doorbell, it's broken!"],["Guitar","Guitar you open the door!"],["Ida","Ida know, let me in and I'll tell you!"],["Jewel","Jewel know who it is when you open the door!"],["Kanga","No, kangaroo!"],["Lass","That's what cowboys say!"],["Mustache","I mustache you a question!"],["Noah","Noah good place to eat?"],["Offer","Offer got my keys!"],["Pasta","Pasta the salt, please!"],["Quacker","Quacker another joke!"],["Radio","Radio not, here I come!"],["Sherlock","Sherlock your door, so I can't get in!"],["Thermos","Thermos be a better way to get in!"],["Uriah","Uriah in the neighborhood and thought I'd stop by!"],["Vera","Vera nice to see you!"],["Walrus","Walrus be a good time to chat!"],["Xavier","Xavier breath, I'm coming in!"],["Yellow","Yellow! Is anybody home?"],["Zany","Zany body home?"],["Cargo","No, car go beep beep!"],["Rhino","Rhino every knock-knock joke there is!"],["Snow","Snow use, I forgot my name!"],["Stopwatch","Stopwatch you're doing and let me in!"],["Hoo","Is there an echo in here?"],["Ears","Ears another knock-knock joke for you!"],["Tarzan","Tarzan stripes forever!"],["Beehive","Beehive yourself!"],["Pizza","Pizza trouble if you don't open up!"],["Waiter","Waiter minute while I find my key!"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-logic-brain-teasers","id":"fun-logic-brain-teasers","title":"Brain Teasers and Logic Puzzles","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Puzzles","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Short puzzles that need clear thinking. Try before flipping.","tags":["puzzles","logic","brain teasers"],"frontLabel":"Puzzle","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["A farmer has 17 sheep. All but 9 run away. How many are left?","9"],["Some months have 31 days. How many have 28?","All twelve"],["If you have only one match and enter a dark room with a candle, a lamp and a fireplace, what do you light first?","The match"],["How many times can you subtract 5 from 25?","Once, because after that it is 20, not 25"],["Which weighs more, a pound of feathers or a pound of bricks?","They weigh the same"],["A rooster lays an egg on top of a barn roof. Which way does it roll?","Roosters don't lay eggs"],["What is half of two plus two?","Three (half of two is 1, plus 2)"],["How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the ark?","None, it was Noah"],["Divide 30 by half and add 10. What is the answer?","70"],["There are 3 apples and you take away 2. How many do you have?","2"],["A bat and ball cost $1.10 total. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much is the ball?","5 cents"],["If 5 machines make 5 widgets in 5 minutes, how long for 100 machines to make 100 widgets?","5 minutes"],["What number comes next? 2, 4, 8, 16, ...","32"],["What number comes next? 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...","13 (the Fibonacci numbers)"],["What number comes next? 1, 4, 9, 16, ...","25 (square numbers)"],["What number comes next? 3, 6, 9, 12, ...","15"],["What letter comes next? O, T, T, F, F, S, S, ...","E (One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight)"],["What letter comes next? J, F, M, A, M, J, ...","J (months of the year: July)"],["Mary's father has five daughters: Nana, Nene, Nini, Nono, and who?","Mary"],["A man is looking at a photo. 'Brothers and sisters, I have none, but that man's father is my father's son.' Who is in the photo?","His son"],["You are in a race and pass the person in second place. What place are you in?","Second"],["Two coins add up to 30 cents and one of them is not a nickel. What are they?","A quarter and a nickel (one of them, the quarter, is not a nickel)"],["What can be broken without being touched?","A promise"],["If a red house is made of red bricks and a blue house of blue bricks, what is a greenhouse made of?","Glass"],["A clock strikes 6 in 5 seconds. How long to strike 12?","11 seconds (count the gaps)"],["There are 3 boxes labeled apples, oranges, and both, all labeled wrong. You pick one fruit from one box. Which box?","The box labeled 'both'"],["A snail climbs 3 feet up a 10-foot wall each day and slips back 2 feet each night. When does it reach the top?","On day 8"],["If it takes 3 people 3 hours to dig 3 holes, how long for 1 person to dig 1 hole?","3 hours"],["Tom's mother has 4 children: April, May, June and who?","Tom"],["How many two-cent stamps are in a dozen?","Twelve"],["What is 100 divided by 2, then plus 1, then divided by 3?","17"],["The more you take, the more you leave behind. What are they?","Footsteps"],["How can you make the number 7 even without adding or subtracting?","Take away the S: seven becomes even"],["Which is bigger, 0.5 or 0.45?","0.5"],["What is the next shape? circle, square, triangle, circle, square, ...","Triangle"],["Five people shake hands once each with every other person. How many handshakes?","10"],["A father is 4 times as old as his son. In 20 years he will be twice as old. How old is the son now?","10 years old"],["Which is heavier, a ton of coal or a ton of cotton?","Same"],["Which number is missing? 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, __, 17","13 (prime numbers)"],["What are the next two letters? A, C, E, G, I, __, __","K and M"],["How can two girls be born to the same mother on the same day at the same time and not be twins?","They are part of triplets (or more)"],["Two fathers and two sons go fishing and each catch one fish, but only three fish are caught. How?","There are three people: a grandfather, father and son"],["What goes up when rain comes down?","An umbrella"],["What word is spelled wrong in every dictionary?","Wrong"],["What is the smallest three-digit number using different digits?","102"],["If you have 3 quarters, 4 dimes and 5 nickels, how many coins do you have?","12"],["Which is bigger, 1/2 or 1/3?","1/2"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-mammals-world","id":"fun-mammals-world","title":"Mammals of the World","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Animals with fur or hair that feed their young milk.","tags":["mammals","animals","facts"],"frontLabel":"Mammal","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["What makes an animal a mammal?","It has hair or fur, feeds babies milk, and is warm-blooded"],["African elephant","The biggest land animal; uses its trunk like a hand"],["Giraffe","The tallest animal; its tongue is dark and about 18 inches long"],["Hippopotamus","Spends the day in water and comes out at night to graze"],["Rhinoceros","Has one or two horns made of keratin, like fingernails"],["Lion","Lives in groups called prides; the male has a mane"],["Cheetah","The fastest land animal"],["Leopard","A spotted cat that carries prey into trees"],["Tiger","The largest cat; each has its own stripe pattern"],["Zebra","Black and white stripes; no two are the same"],["Gorilla","A gentle forest ape that lives in family groups"],["Chimpanzee","Shares most of its genes with humans"],["Orangutan","The name means person of the forest in Malay"],["Wolf","Lives and hunts in packs"],["Red fox","A small wild dog with a bushy tail"],["Grizzly bear","A large brown bear of North America"],["Panda","Eats bamboo most of the day"],["Koala","Eats eucalyptus leaves and sleeps up to 20 hours a day"],["Kangaroo","Hops and carries babies in a pouch"],["Platypus","A mammal that lays eggs, with a bill like a duck"],["Bat","The only mammal that can truly fly"],["Dolphin","A smart sea mammal that breathes air"],["Blue whale","The largest animal ever"],["Sea otter","Floats on its back and holds hands while sleeping"],["Beaver","Builds dams with sticks and mud"],["Porcupine","Has sharp quills for defense"],["Hedgehog","Rolls into a spiny ball"],["Squirrel","Buries nuts and sometimes forgets where"],["Rabbit","Hops and has long ears and strong back legs"],["Mole","Digs tunnels with big front paws"],["Armadillo","Has a bony shell; some can curl into a ball"],["Anteater","Uses a long sticky tongue to eat ants"],["Sloth","Moves slowly and hangs upside down"],["Camel","Stores fat in its hump"],["Llama","A woolly South American animal that carries loads"],["Moose","The largest deer; has big flat antlers"],["Reindeer","Both males and females grow antlers"],["Bison","A large shaggy animal of North American plains"],["Mountain goat","Climbs steep cliffs with sure feet"],["Meerkat","Takes turns standing guard"],["Lemur","A primate of Madagascar with a ringed tail"],["Walrus","Has two long tusks and whiskers"],["Seal","Swims fast and rests on ice or rocks"],["Polar bear","The largest land carnivore"],["Hyena","A scavenger and hunter with a laughing call"],["Warthog","A wild pig of Africa with tusks"],["Okapi","Looks like a zebra-horse and is related to the giraffe"],["Capybara","The largest rodent"],["Red panda","A small tree-climbing animal that eats bamboo"],["Tasmanian devil","A meat-eating marsupial of Tasmania"],["Wombat","A digger that makes cube-shaped poop"],["Narwhal","A whale with a long spiral tusk"],["Manatee","A gentle sea cow"],["Aardvark","A night digger that eats ants and termites"],["Pangolin","A scaly mammal that curls into a ball"],["Tapir","A forest animal with a flexible snout"],["Raccoon","Has clever front paws and a masked face"],["Skunk","Sprays a smelly liquid when scared"],["Chipmunk","Stores seeds in cheek pouches"],["Opossum","North America's only marsupial"],["Bobcat","A wild cat with a short tail"],["Mountain lion","A large American wild cat also called a cougar"],["Coyote","A clever wild dog of North America"],["Elk","A large deer with big antlers"],["Fennec fox","A tiny desert fox with huge ears"],["Ocelot","A beautiful spotted wild cat of the Americas"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-math-fun-facts","id":"fun-math-fun-facts","title":"Number and Math Fun Facts","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Fun Facts","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Surprising and fun facts about numbers and shapes.","tags":["math","numbers","fun facts"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What is a googol?","The number 1 followed by 100 zeros"],["What is pi?","About 3.14159, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter"],["When is Pi Day?","March 14 (3/14)"],["What is the only even prime number?","2"],["What is a prime number?","A number greater than 1 with only two factors: 1 and itself"],["What are the first five prime numbers?","2, 3, 5, 7, 11"],["What is a perfect number?","A number equal to the sum of its smaller factors, like 6 (1+2+3)"],["What is the next perfect number after 6?","28"],["What is a square number?","The result of a number times itself, like 25"],["What are the first five square numbers?","1, 4, 9, 16, 25"],["What is a cube number?","A number times itself twice, like 27"],["What is the Fibonacci sequence?","1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13... each number is the sum of the previous two"],["Where do Fibonacci numbers show up in nature?","In spirals of sunflowers, pinecones and shells"],["What is the golden ratio?","About 1.618, a special ratio found in art and nature"],["Who is the father of geometry?","Euclid"],["What is the Pythagorean theorem?","In a right triangle, a squared plus b squared equals c squared"],["How many degrees in a circle?","360"],["How many degrees in a triangle's angles?","180"],["How many degrees in a right angle?","90"],["How many sides does a hexagon have?","Six"],["How many sides does an octagon have?","Eight"],["What shape is a honeycomb cell?","A hexagon"],["What is a polygon?","A closed shape with straight sides"],["What is a number with no end after the decimal and no pattern?","An irrational number, like pi"],["What is zero?","The number that means none, invented in India"],["Who invented our digits 0 to 9?","They came from India and spread through the Arab world (Hindu-Arabic numerals)"],["What number system do computers use?","Binary, using 0 and 1"],["What is 1,000,000 called?","A million"],["What is 1,000,000,000 called?","A billion"],["What is 1,000,000,000,000 called?","A trillion"],["What is a dozen?","Twelve"],["What is a gross?","144, or twelve dozen"],["What is a score?","Twenty"],["How many seconds in a minute?","60"],["How many minutes in an hour?","60"],["How many hours in a day?","24"],["How many days in a year?","365 (366 in a leap year)"],["How many weeks in a year?","52"],["What are Roman numerals for 1, 5, 10, 50, 100?","I, V, X, L, C"],["What is the Roman numeral for 500?","D"],["What is the Roman numeral for 1,000?","M"],["What is 12 x 12?","144"],["What is 9 x 9?","81"],["What is 7 x 8?","56"],["What happens when you add the digits of a multiple of 9?","The digits add up to a multiple of 9"],["What is the 9s trick on fingers?","Fold down the finger for the number; fingers left of it are tens and right are ones"],["What is a tessellation?","A pattern of shapes that fit together with no gaps"],["What shape tiles a floor without gaps?","Squares, triangles and hexagons"],["What is symmetry?","When one half of a shape mirrors the other"],["How many lines of symmetry does a square have?","Four"],["How many lines of symmetry does a circle have?","Endless"],["What is an average?","The sum of numbers divided by how many there are"],["What is a mean, median and mode?","Average, middle value, and most common value"],["What does 'infinity' mean?","Without end"],["What is the symbol for infinity?","A sideways eight"],["What is the Möbius strip?","A one-sided loop made by twisting a paper strip and joining its ends"],["Who was Ada Lovelace?","An early thinker about computer programs in the 1840s"],["Who was Carl Friedrich Gauss?","A German mathematician; as a boy he quickly added 1 to 100"],["What is the sum of 1 to 100?","5,050"],["What is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5?","15"],["Why is a circle special?","Every point on it is the same distance from the center"],["How many cents in a dollar?","100"],["What is a percent?","Out of 100"],["What is 50 percent of 80?","40"],["What number is half of 100?","50"],["What is the biggest 3-digit number?","999"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-mushroom-safety","id":"fun-mushroom-safety","title":"Mushrooms and Fungi: Look but Don't Eat","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Nature","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"What fungi are, the parts of a mushroom, and the safety rules for wild mushrooms.","tags":["mushrooms","fungi","safety","nature"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Is a mushroom a plant?","No, it is a fungus"],["What is the kingdom of mushrooms, molds and yeasts?","Fungi"],["Can fungi make their own food from sunlight?","No, they absorb food from what they grow on"],["What is the mushroom you see above ground?","The fruiting body, like an apple on a tree"],["What is mycelium?","The web of thin threads that is the main body of a fungus"],["What are spores?","Tiny cells that fungi release to make new fungi"],["What is the cap?","The top part of a mushroom"],["What are gills?","Thin plates under the cap that hold spores"],["What is the stipe?","The stem of a mushroom"],["Where do many mushrooms grow?","On damp ground, rotting logs and leaves"],["What is a decomposer?","A living thing that breaks down dead plants and animals"],["Why are fungi helpful to forests?","They break down dead wood and return nutrients to the soil"],["Should you ever eat a wild mushroom you find?","No, unless an expert has identified it"],["Can you tell if a mushroom is safe by how it looks?","No, some poisonous ones look like edible ones"],["What should you do if you see a wild mushroom?","Look and take a photo, but don't touch it with a bare hand or taste it"],["What should you do after touching wild mushrooms?","Wash your hands"],["Which grown-up can check mushrooms?","A trained expert, such as a mycologist"],["What is a mycologist?","A scientist who studies fungi"],["Is there a rule to tell poisonous from safe?","No simple rule works; never rely on tricks"],["What if a pet or small child eats a wild mushroom?","Call a grown-up and poison control right away"],["What is the poison control number in the US?","1-800-222-1222"],["Are all mushrooms in the grocery store safe?","Store-bought ones sold for food are grown to be safe"],["Button mushroom","The common white mushroom sold in stores"],["Portobello","A large brown mushroom grown for food"],["Shiitake","A mushroom grown for food in Asia and elsewhere"],["Oyster mushroom","A soft, shell-shaped mushroom grown for food"],["Truffle","A rare fungus that grows underground and is very costly"],["Puffball","A round fungus that puffs out clouds of spores"],["Fly agaric","A red cap with white spots in many fairy tales; it is poisonous"],["Death cap","A deadly mushroom; never touch or taste wild mushrooms"],["Shelf fungus","A fungus that grows out of trees like a shelf"],["Fairy ring","A circle of mushrooms in a lawn"],["Yeast","A tiny fungus that makes bread rise"],["Mold","A fuzzy fungus that grows on old food"],["Should you eat moldy food?","No, throw it away"],["Penicillin","A medicine first found from a mold"],["Athlete's foot","A skin problem caused by a fungus"],["Lichen","A partnership between a fungus and algae"],["Largest living thing by area?","A honey fungus in Oregon's Blue Mountains, mostly underground"],["Bioluminescent mushrooms","Some mushrooms glow in the dark"],["Do mushrooms need light to grow?","No, many grow in the dark"],["Do mushrooms have seeds?","No, they have spores"],["Are mushrooms animals?","No, they are in a kingdom of their own"],["Which is closer to animals, a mushroom or a plant?","Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants"],["Why do mushrooms pop up after rain?","They like moisture"],["Why do some mushrooms have bright colors?","Colors can be a warning, but never trust color to decide if it is safe"],["Are mushrooms healthy to eat?","Cooked store-bought mushrooms have vitamins and minerals"],["Is it okay to pick mushrooms in a park?","Better to leave them for the forest and animals"],["Who eats mushrooms in nature?","Squirrels, deer, snails and insects eat some kinds"],["What is a field guide?","A book that helps identify plants, animals or fungi"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-mythical-creatures","id":"fun-mythical-creatures","title":"Mythical Creatures Around the World","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Mythology","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Dragons, unicorns and other creatures from legends and stories.","tags":["mythology","creatures","legends"],"frontLabel":"Creature","backLabel":"What the legend says","cards":[["Dragon (European)","A huge winged reptile that breathes fire and guards treasure"],["Dragon (Chinese)","A long, wise, lucky water dragon without wings"],["Unicorn","A white horse with one spiral horn"],["Phoenix","A bird that bursts into flame and is reborn from the ashes"],["Griffin","Half eagle, half lion"],["Pegasus","A winged horse from Greek myths"],["Centaur","Half human, half horse"],["Mermaid","A sea person with a fish tail"],["Merman","A male sea person with a fish tail"],["Siren","In Greek stories, sea beings whose songs lured sailors"],["Sphinx","A lion with a human head, known for riddles"],["Minotaur","Half man, half bull, in the Labyrinth"],["Cyclops","A giant with one eye"],["Hydra","A many-headed serpent"],["Medusa","A woman with snakes for hair"],["Cerberus","A three-headed dog guarding the underworld"],["Chimera","A mix of lion, goat and snake"],["Kraken","A giant sea monster from Norse tales"],["Troll","A big, grumpy creature of Scandinavian stories, often under bridges"],["Elf","A magical, long-lived being of northern European folklore"],["Dwarf","A short, strong miner and smith in legends"],["Giant","A huge person in many folk tales"],["Ogre","A giant that eats people in tales"],["Goblin","A small, tricky creature in folk tales"],["Fairy","A tiny magical being with wings"],["Pixie","A playful fairy of English folk tales"],["Leprechaun","An Irish fairy shoemaker who hides a pot of gold"],["Banshee","An Irish spirit whose wail warns of trouble"],["Selkie","A seal who can take human form in Scottish and Irish tales"],["Kelpie","A Scottish water horse spirit"],["Loch Ness Monster","A legendary creature said to live in a Scottish lake"],["Bigfoot (Sasquatch)","A giant hairy creature said to live in North American forests"],["Yeti","A snowy mountain creature of the Himalayas"],["Thunderbird","A giant bird that makes thunder in many Native American stories"],["Jackalope","A tall tale rabbit with antlers"],["Kitsune","A Japanese fox spirit with many tails"],["Tengu","A Japanese bird-like spirit with a long nose"],["Kappa","A Japanese water imp who loves cucumbers"],["Oni","Japanese ogres"],["Tanuki","A Japanese raccoon dog spirit that can change its shape"],["Qilin","A Chinese creature that looks like a mix of deer and dragon"],["Fenghuang","The Chinese phoenix"],["Garuda","A bird king in Hindu and Buddhist stories"],["Naga","A serpent being in Hindu and Buddhist stories"],["Ganesha","The elephant-headed Hindu god"],["Hanuman","A monkey hero in the Ramayana"],["Djinn (genie)","A being of smokeless fire in Middle Eastern stories"],["Roc","A giant bird in Arabian tales"],["Anansi","A spider trickster in West African and Caribbean stories"],["Baba Yaga","A witch in Slavic tales who lives in a hut on chicken legs"],["Firebird","A glowing magical bird in Russian tales"],["Golem","A clay figure brought to life in Jewish folklore"],["Werewolf","A person who turns into a wolf in tales"],["Vampire","A legendary being who drinks blood, from old folktales"],["Ghost","The spirit of someone who died, in stories"],["Mummy","A wrapped body in Egyptian stories that comes to life in movies"],["Basilisk","A legendary serpent king whose gaze was deadly"],["Cockatrice","A creature with a rooster head and serpent body"],["Hippogriff","A creature with a horse body and eagle head, from old romances"],["Manticore","A Persian creature with a lion body, human face and scorpion tail"],["Wyvern","A two-legged dragon in European heraldry"],["Jabberwock","A creature in a nonsense poem by Lewis Carroll"],["Snark","A made-up creature in a poem by Lewis Carroll"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-national-parks-us","id":"fun-national-parks-us","title":"US National Parks","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Landmarks","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous national parks and what each is known for.","tags":["national parks","usa","nature"],"frontLabel":"Park","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Yellowstone (WY, MT, ID)","The first national park (1872); Old Faithful geyser and bison"],["Yosemite (CA)","Granite cliffs, waterfalls and giant sequoias"],["Grand Canyon (AZ)","A huge canyon cut by the Colorado River"],["Zion (UT)","Red rock canyons and narrow slot canyons"],["Bryce Canyon (UT)","Tall rock spires called hoodoos"],["Arches (UT)","More than 2,000 natural sandstone arches"],["Canyonlands (UT)","Deep canyons and mesas carved by rivers"],["Great Smoky Mountains (TN, NC)","Misty mountains and lots of different plants and animals"],["Acadia (ME)","Rocky coast and first sunrise views in the US in some seasons"],["Glacier (MT)","Mountains, glaciers and clear lakes"],["Rocky Mountain (CO)","High peaks and elk"],["Grand Teton (WY)","Jagged mountains rising from a valley"],["Olympic (WA)","Rainforest, mountains and Pacific beaches"],["Mount Rainier (WA)","A giant volcano with glaciers"],["Redwood (CA)","The tallest trees on Earth"],["Sequoia (CA)","Giant sequoias, the largest trees by volume"],["Joshua Tree (CA)","Desert with twisted Joshua trees"],["Death Valley (CA, NV)","The hottest, driest place in North America"],["Everglades (FL)","A huge wetland with alligators and wading birds"],["Biscayne (FL)","Mostly underwater, with coral reefs"],["Dry Tortugas (FL)","Islands with an old fort, far out in the Gulf"],["Mammoth Cave (KY)","The longest known cave system in the world"],["Carlsbad Caverns (NM)","Huge limestone caves and a bat flight at dusk"],["Big Bend (TX)","Desert, mountains and the Rio Grande"],["Badlands (SD)","Striped, eroded hills and fossils"],["Wind Cave (SD)","A cave with rare boxwork formations"],["Theodore Roosevelt (ND)","Rugged badlands and wild horses"],["Voyageurs (MN)","Lakes and canoeing"],["Isle Royale (MI)","A wilderness island in Lake Superior"],["Cuyahoga Valley (OH)","A park with waterfalls and a scenic train"],["Shenandoah (VA)","Skyline Drive and fall colors"],["Hot Springs (AR)","Natural hot springs and old bathhouses"],["Congaree (SC)","A forest in a floodplain"],["Denali (AK)","Home of North America's tallest mountain"],["Glacier Bay (AK)","Tidewater glaciers and whales"],["Kenai Fjords (AK)","Fjords, glaciers and sea life"],["Katmai (AK)","Brown bears catching salmon"],["Haleakala (HI)","A huge volcano crater on Maui"],["Hawaii Volcanoes (HI)","Active volcanoes"],["Petrified Forest (AZ)","Trees turned to stone"],["Saguaro (AZ)","Giant cactus forest"],["Mesa Verde (CO)","Ancient cliff homes built by Ancestral Puebloans"],["Great Sand Dunes (CO)","The tallest sand dunes in North America"],["Crater Lake (OR)","The deepest lake in the US, in an old volcano"],["Lassen Volcanic (CA)","Hot springs and volcanic mud pots"],["Pinnacles (CA)","Rock spires and rare California condors"],["Channel Islands (CA)","Island wildlife off the coast"],["North Cascades (WA)","Rugged peaks and glaciers"],["Great Basin (NV)","Ancient bristlecone pines and dark skies"],["Capitol Reef (UT)","A long wrinkle in the Earth called a monocline"],["Black Canyon of the Gunnison (CO)","A very steep, narrow canyon"],["Guadalupe Mountains (TX)","Highest point in Texas"],["White Sands (NM)","Glowing white gypsum dunes"],["Gateway Arch (MO)","A national park with the famous Arch in St. Louis"],["Indiana Dunes (IN)","Sand dunes on Lake Michigan"],["Virgin Islands (USVI)","Beaches and coral reefs"],["National Park Service","The agency that cares for national parks; founded in 1916"],["Ranger","A person who protects and teaches about parks"],["Junior Ranger","A kids' program where you earn a badge"],["Leave No Trace","Take only photos, leave only footprints"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-norse-myths","id":"fun-norse-myths","title":"Norse Gods and Creatures","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Mythology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The gods, giants and places of Viking-age Norse myths, told plainly.","tags":["mythology","norse","vikings"],"frontLabel":"Name","backLabel":"Who or what","cards":[["Odin","Chief of the gods, wise, with one eye and two ravens"],["Thor","God of thunder who carries the hammer Mjolnir"],["Loki","A clever trickster god who makes mischief"],["Freya","Goddess of love and beauty, and also of magic"],["Frigg","Odin's wife, goddess of the home"],["Baldur","Gentle god of light and joy"],["Tyr","Brave god of law and war; Tuesday is named for him"],["Heimdall","Guardian of the rainbow bridge, with sharp ears and eyes"],["Freyr","God of sunshine, rain and crops"],["Sif","Thor's wife, famous for her golden hair"],["Idun","Goddess who keeps the apples of youth"],["Bragi","God of poetry and song"],["Hel","Ruler of the world of the dead that shares her name"],["Mjolnir","Thor's magic hammer"],["Gungnir","Odin's magic spear"],["Sleipnir","Odin's eight-legged horse"],["Huginn and Muninn","Odin's two ravens, Thought and Memory"],["Asgard","Home of the gods"],["Midgard","The world of people"],["Jotunheim","Land of the giants"],["Bifrost","The rainbow bridge between Asgard and Midgard"],["Yggdrasil","The giant world tree that connects nine worlds"],["Valhalla","Odin's great hall for brave warriors"],["Valkyries","Warrior maidens who serve Odin"],["Fenrir","A giant wolf, son of Loki"],["Jormungandr","The huge sea serpent that circles the world"],["Ragnarok","The great final battle and the end of the old world"],["Aesir","The main family of Norse gods"],["Vanir","A second family of gods tied to nature and farming"],["Giants","Powerful beings who often clash with the gods"],["Dwarves","Skilled craftspeople who made magic items"],["Elves","Bright beings of the world Alfheim"],["Norns","Three women who shape fate"],["Odin's missing eye","He gave an eye for a drink from the well of wisdom"],["Wednesday","Named for Woden, another name for Odin"],["Thursday","Named for Thor"],["Friday","Named for Frigg or Freya"],["Runes","Letters of the old Norse alphabet"],["Longship","The Vikings' fast sailing ship"],["Skald","A Viking poet"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-north-american-birds","id":"fun-north-american-birds","title":"Birds of North America","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Birds","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Common birds you may see in backyards and parks, and how to spot them.","tags":["birds","birdwatching","north america"],"frontLabel":"Bird","backLabel":"How to spot it","cards":[["American Robin","Orange-red breast, gray-brown back; hops on lawns hunting worms"],["Northern Cardinal","Male is bright red with a crest; female is tan with red touches"],["Blue Jay","Blue, white and black with a crest and loud call"],["American Goldfinch","Male is bright yellow with a black cap in summer"],["House Sparrow","Small brown bird common near people"],["Black-capped Chickadee","Small, black cap and bib, says 'chick-a-dee-dee'"],["Tufted Titmouse","Gray with a crest and big black eyes"],["White-breasted Nuthatch","Climbs down tree trunks head first"],["Downy Woodpecker","Small black and white woodpecker"],["Red-bellied Woodpecker","Zebra-striped back and a red cap"],["Pileated Woodpecker","Crow-sized with a bright red crest"],["Mourning Dove","Soft gray-brown bird with a gentle cooing call"],["Rock Pigeon","City bird in gray with iridescent neck"],["Canada Goose","Black neck, white chin strap, honks in V formation"],["Mallard","Male has a shiny green head; female is brown"],["Bald Eagle","Large with a white head and tail, the US national bird"],["Red-tailed Hawk","Big hawk with a rusty tail, often seen on poles"],["Great Horned Owl","Large owl with ear tufts that hoots at night"],["Barn Owl","Pale heart-shaped face, hunts at night"],["Ruby-throated Hummingbird","Tiny, the male has a red throat; the only hummingbird in most of the eastern US"],["Turkey Vulture","Big dark bird with a red head, soars in the sky"],["American Crow","All black, says 'caw'"],["Common Raven","Bigger than a crow, deep croak"],["Northern Mockingbird","Gray bird that copies other birds' songs"],["Gray Catbird","Slate gray bird with a call like a cat's mew"],["Brown Thrasher","Reddish-brown with a streaked chest, sings long songs"],["Eastern Bluebird","Blue back and orange chest"],["Baltimore Oriole","Bright orange and black bird that weaves hanging nests"],["Red-winged Blackbird","Black with red and yellow shoulder patches"],["Common Grackle","Glossy black bird with a long tail"],["European Starling","Speckled, shiny and chatty; it came from Europe"],["Cedar Waxwing","Silky brown with a crest and a yellow tail tip"],["Barn Swallow","Blue back, orange chest, forked tail"],["Purple Martin","A large swallow that nests in birdhouses"],["Killdeer","Plover with two black chest bands; fakes a hurt wing to lure foes from its nest"],["Great Blue Heron","Tall gray-blue wader with a long neck"],["Sandhill Crane","Tall gray bird with a red forehead patch"],["Herring Gull","The classic seagull, white and gray"],["Brown Pelican","Dives into the sea for fish"],["Osprey","A fish hawk that dives feet first"],["American Kestrel","Our smallest falcon; hovers over fields"],["Peregrine Falcon","The fastest diving bird"],["Wild Turkey","Big ground bird; males fan their tails"],["Common Loon","Black and white bird with an eerie call; Minnesota's state bird"],["Scarlet Tanager","Male is bright red with black wings"],["Indigo Bunting","A small bird that looks deep blue"],["Dark-eyed Junco","Gray bird with a white belly; called the snowbird"],["White-throated Sparrow","Song sounds like 'Oh sweet Canada, Canada'"],["Song Sparrow","Streaky brown with a central chest spot"],["House Finch","Male has a red head and chest"],["Eastern Towhee","Black head, rusty sides, says 'drink your tea'"],["Carolina Wren","Loud small reddish-brown bird with a white stripe over the eye"],["Ruby-crowned Kinglet","A tiny, active bird that flicks its wings"],["Belted Kingfisher","Blue-gray fisher with a shaggy crest"],["Wood Duck","Colorful duck that nests in tree holes"],["Roadrunner","A long-legged bird of the Southwest that runs fast"],["Western Meadowlark","Yellow chest with a black V; sweet flute-like song"],["Steller's Jay","Dark blue jay with a black crest of the West"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-nursery-rhymes","id":"fun-nursery-rhymes","title":"Nursery Rhymes","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Rhymes","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"Who or what is in each classic nursery rhyme? Tap to remember the next line.","tags":["nursery rhymes","toddlers","songs"],"frontLabel":"Rhyme starts","backLabel":"It continues","cards":[["Twinkle, twinkle, little star","How I wonder what you are"],["Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall","Humpty Dumpty had a great fall"],["Jack and Jill went up the hill","To fetch a pail of water"],["Mary had a little lamb","Its fleece was white as snow"],["Hickory, dickory, dock","The mouse ran up the clock"],["Baa, baa, black sheep","Have you any wool?"],["Little Miss Muffet","Sat on a tuffet eating her curds and whey"],["Itsy Bitsy Spider","Climbed up the water spout"],["Row, row, row your boat","Gently down the stream"],["Old MacDonald had a farm","E-I-E-I-O"],["Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man","Bake me a cake as fast as you can"],["London Bridge is falling down","Falling down, falling down"],["Jack be nimble, Jack be quick","Jack jump over the candlestick"],["Little Bo Peep has lost her sheep","And doesn't know where to find them"],["Little Jack Horner","Sat in a corner eating his Christmas pie"],["Hey diddle diddle","The cat and the fiddle, the cow jumped over the moon"],["Wee Willie Winkie","Runs through the town"],["Georgie Porgie, pudding and pie","Kissed the girls and made them cry"],["Rock-a-bye baby, on the treetop","When the wind blows the cradle will rock"],["Peter Piper picked","A peck of pickled peppers"],["Pease porridge hot","Pease porridge cold"],["Simple Simon met a pieman","Going to the fair"],["Three blind mice","See how they run"],["Old King Cole","Was a merry old soul"],["The Grand Old Duke of York","Had ten thousand men"],["Ring around the rosie","A pocket full of posies"],["The wheels on the bus","Go round and round"],["Five little monkeys","Jumping on the bed"],["Ten in the bed","And the little one said, 'Roll over!'"],["Rain, rain, go away","Come again another day"],["This little piggy went to market","This little piggy stayed home"],["Polly put the kettle on","We'll all have tea"],["Sing a song of sixpence","A pocket full of rye"],["Mary, Mary, quite contrary","How does your garden grow?"],["Little Boy Blue","Come blow your horn"],["Yankee Doodle","Went to town riding on a pony"],["I'm a little teapot","Short and stout"],["If you're happy and you know it","Clap your hands"],["The Muffin Man","Do you know the muffin man?"],["Pop goes the weasel","Round and round the mulberry bush"],["Doctor Foster went to Gloucester","In a shower of rain"],["There was an old woman who lived in a shoe","She had so many children she didn't know what to do"],["Jack Sprat could eat no fat","His wife could eat no lean"],["Little Tommy Tucker","Sings for his supper"],["Cock-a-doodle-doo","My dame has lost her shoe"],["Mary Mary","Quite contrary"],["One, two, buckle my shoe","Three, four, shut the door"],["Hot cross buns","One a penny, two a penny"],["Old Mother Hubbard","Went to the cupboard"],["Twinkle Twinkle author","The words come from a poem by Jane Taylor, 1806"],["Who is Mother Goose?","A made-up storyteller linked with rhymes"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-olympics","id":"fun-olympics","title":"Olympic Games and Host Cities","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Sports","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Olympic sports, symbols and host cities.","tags":["olympics","sports","host cities"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Where did the ancient Olympics start?","Olympia, Greece, in 776 BCE"],["When did the modern Olympics begin?","1896 in Athens, Greece"],["How often are the Summer Olympics held?","Every four years"],["What are the Olympic rings?","Five linked rings in blue, yellow, black, green and red on a white background"],["What do the five rings stand for?","The five inhabited continents joined together"],["What is the Olympic motto?","Faster, Higher, Stronger, now with 'Together'"],["What is the Olympic flame?","A torch lit in Olympia and carried to the host city"],["What do gold, silver and bronze medals stand for?","First, second and third place"],["Who founded the modern Olympics?","Pierre de Coubertin of France"],["Where were the 1900 Olympics held?","Paris, France"],["Where were the 1904 Olympics?","St. Louis, USA"],["Where were the 1908 Olympics?","London, England"],["Where were the 1912 Olympics?","Stockholm, Sweden"],["Where were the 1924 Summer Olympics?","Paris, France"],["Where were the 1928 Summer Olympics?","Amsterdam, Netherlands"],["Where were the 1932 Summer Olympics?","Los Angeles, USA"],["Where were the 1936 Summer Olympics?","Berlin, Germany"],["Where were the 1948 Summer Olympics?","London, England"],["Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics?","Helsinki, Finland"],["Where were the 1956 Summer Olympics?","Melbourne, Australia"],["Where were the 1960 Summer Olympics?","Rome, Italy"],["Where were the 1964 Summer Olympics?","Tokyo, Japan"],["Where were the 1968 Summer Olympics?","Mexico City, Mexico"],["Where were the 1972 Summer Olympics?","Munich, West Germany"],["Where were the 1976 Summer Olympics?","Montreal, Canada"],["Where were the 1980 Summer Olympics?","Moscow, Soviet Union"],["Where were the 1984 Summer Olympics?","Los Angeles, USA"],["Where were the 1988 Summer Olympics?","Seoul, South Korea"],["Where were the 1992 Summer Olympics?","Barcelona, Spain"],["Where were the 1996 Summer Olympics?","Atlanta, USA"],["Where were the 2000 Summer Olympics?","Sydney, Australia"],["Where were the 2004 Summer Olympics?","Athens, Greece"],["Where were the 2008 Summer Olympics?","Beijing, China"],["Where were the 2012 Summer Olympics?","London, England"],["Where were the 2016 Summer Olympics?","Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],["Where were the 2020 Summer Olympics (held in 2021)?","Tokyo, Japan"],["Where were the 2024 Summer Olympics?","Paris, France"],["Where are the 2028 Summer Olympics?","Los Angeles, USA"],["Where were the 1980 Winter Olympics?","Lake Placid, USA"],["Where were the 1988 Winter Olympics?","Calgary, Canada"],["Where were the 1994 Winter Olympics?","Lillehammer, Norway"],["Where were the 1998 Winter Olympics?","Nagano, Japan"],["Where were the 2002 Winter Olympics?","Salt Lake City, USA"],["Where were the 2006 Winter Olympics?","Turin, Italy"],["Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics?","Vancouver, Canada"],["Where were the 2014 Winter Olympics?","Sochi, Russia"],["Where were the 2018 Winter Olympics?","PyeongChang, South Korea"],["Where were the 2022 Winter Olympics?","Beijing, China"],["Where were the 2026 Winter Olympics?","Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy"],["Name three track and field events.","Sprint, long jump, shot put (and many more)"],["Name some Summer Olympic sports.","Swimming, gymnastics, athletics, soccer, basketball, cycling"],["Name some Winter Olympic sports.","Skiing, skating, snowboarding, ice hockey, curling"],["What is the marathon distance?","About 26.2 miles (42.195 km)"],["Why is it called a marathon?","Named after a famous run from Marathon to Athens in Greek legend"],["What is the decathlon?","A ten-event track and field contest"],["What is the heptathlon?","A seven-event contest for women"],["What is curling?","Sliding stones on ice toward a target and sweeping the ice"],["What is the biathlon?","Cross-country skiing and rifle shooting; a winter sport"],["Who was Jesse Owens?","American runner who won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics"],["Who was Jim Thorpe?","A Native American athlete who won gold in 1912"],["What are the Paralympic Games?","Games for athletes with disabilities"],["What are the Youth Olympic Games?","Games for teen athletes"],["What is the Olympic oath?","A promise by athletes to compete fairly"],["What is the Parade of Nations?","Teams from each country march in at the opening"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-optical-illusions-magic","id":"fun-optical-illusions-magic","title":"Optical Illusions and Magic Words","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Mind Tricks","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous optical illusions and the words magicians use.","tags":["illusions","magic","psychology"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Optical illusion","A picture that tricks your eyes or brain"],["Muller-Lyer illusion","Two lines look different lengths because of the arrow ends, but they are the same"],["Ponzo illusion","Two same-size lines look different when placed between converging lines"],["Ebbinghaus illusion","A circle looks bigger or smaller depending on the circles around it"],["Rubin vase","An image that looks like a vase or two faces"],["Duck-rabbit","A drawing that can look like a duck or a rabbit"],["Necker cube","A line cube that seems to flip which face is in front"],["Penrose triangle","An impossible triangle that cannot exist in real life"],["Penrose stairs","An endless staircase that always goes up, impossible in real life"],["Cafe wall illusion","Straight lines look tilted because of shifted black and white tiles"],["Hermann grid","Gray dots seem to appear where white lines cross"],["Checker shadow illusion","Two squares look different but are the same shade"],["Afterimage","Staring at a color and looking away shows the opposite color"],["Stroop effect","It is hard to say the color of ink when the word names another color"],["Troxler fading","Staring makes things in your side vision fade"],["Motion illusion","A still picture seems to move"],["Moon illusion","The Moon looks bigger near the horizon than high in the sky"],["Mirage","A trick of light that makes water seem to appear on hot ground"],["Camouflage","Blending in so you are hard to see"],["Forced perspective","Using distance to make something look bigger or smaller in a photo"],["Impossible object","A drawing that looks real but cannot be built as drawn"],["Hidden image","A picture hidden in another picture"],["Stereogram (Magic Eye)","A flat picture that shows 3D shapes when you relax your eyes"],["Blind spot","The small spot in your vision where the optic nerve leaves the eye"],["Persistence of vision","Why a quick series of pictures looks like movement"],["Flipbook","Pages of drawings that make movement when flipped fast"],["Zoetrope","A spinning drum that makes pictures appear to move"],["Illusion of size","Same-size objects look different because of surroundings"],["Sleight of hand","Using fast, clever hand moves to fool the eye"],["Misdirection","Drawing attention away from the secret move"],["Prestidigitation","A fancy word for magic done with the hands"],["Illusionist","A magician who performs large tricks"],["Magician's assistant","A helper on stage in a trick"],["Wand","A thin stick magicians wave"],["Top hat","A tall hat from which rabbits seem to appear"],["Abracadabra","A magic word said before a trick"],["Presto","A word magicians say when the trick is done"],["Patter","The words a magician says during a trick"],["The reveal","The moment when the trick is shown"],["The prestige","The final surprising part of a trick"],["Force","When a magician makes you choose the card they want"],["Palming","Hiding a small object in the palm"],["Shuffle","Mixing a deck of cards"],["Card trick","A trick done with playing cards"],["Coin trick","A trick where a coin seems to vanish or move"],["Rope trick","A trick with a rope that seems to cut and join"],["Mind reading act","A show that seems to guess your thoughts"],["Houdini","Harry Houdini, a famous escape artist of the early 1900s"],["Escapology","The art of escaping from ropes, chains or boxes"],["Pull a rabbit out of a hat","A classic magic trick image"],["Cut and restored rope","A trick where the rope is cut and magically fixed"],["Linking rings","A trick with metal rings that join and separate"],["Vanishing","Making something seem to disappear"],["Levitation","Making something seem to float"],["Fooled you!","Good magicians never reveal their secrets"],["Close-up magic","Tricks done right in front of people at a table"],["Stage magic","Large tricks done for a big audience"],["Street magic","Magic performed for people out in public"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-pet-care","id":"fun-pet-care","title":"Caring for Pets","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Pets","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"How to take good care of common family pets.","tags":["pets","care","responsibility"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What do all pets need every day?","Fresh water, food, shelter and love"],["How often should a dog be walked?","At least once or twice a day"],["Who takes dogs to the vet?","The pet's owner, with a grown-up's help"],["What is a vet?","A doctor for animals"],["What are vaccines?","Shots that protect pets from diseases"],["What is a microchip?","A tiny chip under the skin that helps find a lost pet"],["What is a collar tag for?","Shows the pet's name and your phone number"],["Should dogs eat chocolate?","No, chocolate is bad for dogs"],["Should cats eat onions?","No, onions can make cats and dogs sick"],["What do cats use a litter box for?","Going to the bathroom"],["How often should you change a cat's water?","Every day"],["What do hamsters like to do on a wheel?","Run"],["When are hamsters most active?","At night"],["What do rabbits eat the most?","Hay"],["What do guinea pigs need in their food?","Vitamin C"],["Can guinea pigs live alone?","They are happier with a companion"],["What do pet fish need?","Clean water, food and the right tank temperature"],["How much should you feed a fish?","A small pinch only; too much makes the water dirty"],["What do pet birds need?","A roomy cage, toys, seed or pellets and fresh water"],["What does a bearded dragon eat?","Insects and vegetables"],["What do turtles need in a tank?","Water, a dry basking spot and a heat lamp"],["What is a pet's habitat?","The home you set up for it"],["What should you do before petting a dog you don't know?","Ask the owner first"],["Where do you let a dog sniff you?","Let it sniff the back of your hand first"],["What does a wagging tail mean?","Usually happy, but not always"],["What does a cat's purr mean?","Usually content, sometimes it is calming itself"],["What does a cat's slow blink mean?","A relaxed, friendly sign"],["Why do dogs pant?","To cool down"],["Why must pets not be left in a hot car?","It heats up fast and can be deadly"],["Why brush a pet's fur?","Keeps the coat clean and healthy"],["Why trim a pet's nails?","So they don't get too long or hurt"],["Why do dogs need training?","So they behave and stay safe"],["What is a treat for?","A small reward for good behavior"],["What is a leash for?","Keeps your dog safe on walks"],["What is a crate?","A safe den-like space for a dog or cat"],["What is adoption?","Taking in a pet from a shelter"],["What is an animal shelter?","A place that cares for homeless animals"],["What does spaying or neutering do?","Prevents a pet from having babies"],["What does it mean for a pet to be house-trained?","It knows where to go to the bathroom"],["How long do dogs usually live?","About 10 to 15 years, depending on the breed"],["How long do indoor cats live?","Often 12 to 18 years or more"],["How long do hamsters live?","About two to three years"],["How long do parakeets live?","About 5 to 10 years"],["What should you do after touching a pet?","Wash your hands"],["What should you do if a pet is sick?","Tell a grown-up so a vet can help"],["What do puppies chew on?","Toys made for chewing"],["Why do dogs need exercise?","To stay healthy and happy"],["Why do cats scratch?","To stretch and keep claws healthy"],["What is a scratching post for?","Gives a cat a place to scratch"],["What do ferrets love?","Playing and tunnels"],["What is pet insurance?","Pays part of vet bills"],["What does responsible pet ownership mean?","Giving a pet care for its whole life"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-polar-desert-animals","id":"fun-polar-desert-animals","title":"Polar and Desert Animals","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"How animals survive the coldest and driest places on Earth.","tags":["polar","desert","animals","adaptations"],"frontLabel":"Animal","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Polar bear","Arctic hunter with black skin under white-looking fur"],["Penguin","Flightless bird of the southern oceans; the emperor is the tallest"],["Arctic fox","Turns white in winter to match the snow"],["Arctic hare","Has thick white fur and long hind legs"],["Snowy owl","White owl that hunts in the Arctic"],["Walrus","Uses tusks to haul itself onto ice"],["Seal","Has blubber to keep warm in icy water"],["Narwhal","A whale with a long spiral tusk"],["Beluga whale","A white whale of Arctic waters"],["Reindeer (caribou)","A deer that travels long distances across the tundra"],["Musk ox","A shaggy, thick-coated animal of the Arctic"],["Lemming","A small rodent of the Arctic tundra"],["Orca","A black and white whale that hunts in cold seas"],["Arctic tern","Flies from the Arctic to the Antarctic each year"],["Krill","Tiny shrimp that feed many Antarctic animals"],["Leopard seal","A big spotted seal of Antarctica"],["Emperor penguin","The largest penguin; dads keep the egg warm on their feet"],["Adelie penguin","A smaller penguin with a white ring around its eye"],["Blubber","A thick layer of fat that keeps animals warm"],["Tundra","A cold, treeless land where soil under the surface stays frozen"],["Permafrost","Ground that stays frozen all year"],["Camel","Stores fat in its hump and can go a long time without water"],["Fennec fox","A small desert fox with big ears that let heat escape"],["Meerkat","A small desert mammal that stands guard on its hind legs"],["Kangaroo rat","A desert rodent that gets water from seeds"],["Roadrunner","A fast ground bird of the American desert"],["Gila monster","A venomous lizard of the American Southwest; it is shy"],["Horned lizard","A spiky desert lizard that can squirt blood from its eyes to scare enemies"],["Sidewinder","A snake that moves sideways over loose sand"],["Rattlesnake","A snake that warns with a rattle"],["Scorpion","Hunts at night in deserts"],["Tarantula hawk","A big wasp that hunts tarantulas"],["Coyote","A wild dog that lives in many habitats, deserts included"],["Javelina (collared peccary)","A wild pig-like animal of the Southwest"],["Desert tortoise","Digs burrows to escape the heat"],["Addax","A pale antelope of the Sahara"],["Oryx","A desert antelope with long straight horns"],["Dromedary","A camel with one hump"],["Bactrian camel","A camel with two humps"],["Jerboa","A tiny hopping desert rodent with long hind legs"],["Saguaro cactus","A huge cactus of the Sonoran Desert; birds nest in it"],["Cactus","A plant that stores water in its stem"],["Oasis","A place in a desert with water and plants"],["Dune","A hill of sand built by wind"],["Mirage","A trick of light that makes water appear on hot ground"],["Nocturnal","Active at night; many desert animals are"],["Hibernate","To sleep through winter"],["Camouflage","Colors that help animals hide in their surroundings"],["Adaptation","A body part or behavior that helps an animal survive where it lives"],["Sahara","The largest hot desert, in North Africa"],["Antarctica","A frozen continent at the South Pole"],["Arctic","The cold region around the North Pole"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-rainforest-jungle-animals","id":"fun-rainforest-jungle-animals","title":"Rainforest and Jungle Animals","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Animals of the rainforest and what makes each special.","tags":["rainforest","jungle","animals"],"frontLabel":"Animal","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Jaguar","A strong spotted cat of the Americas that likes water"],["Toucan","A bird with a huge colorful bill"],["Macaw","A big, bright parrot with a long tail"],["Sloth","A slow tree-dweller that sleeps a lot"],["Howler monkey","Has one of the loudest calls of any land animal"],["Spider monkey","Uses its tail like a fifth hand"],["Capuchin monkey","A smart monkey that uses tools"],["Orangutan","A red-haired ape of Borneo and Sumatra"],["Gorilla","The largest ape; lives in African forests"],["Chimpanzee","A smart ape that uses tools"],["Bonobo","An ape related to chimpanzees, found in Congo"],["Tapir","Has a short flexible trunk-like snout"],["Capybara","The world's largest rodent"],["Okapi","A forest animal with zebra-like legs, related to giraffes"],["Poison dart frog","A tiny, bright frog; its colors warn that it is poisonous"],["Red-eyed tree frog","Has bright red eyes and green skin"],["Green anaconda","A very heavy snake that lives in water"],["Boa constrictor","A big snake that squeezes prey"],["Emerald tree boa","A green snake that hangs in trees"],["Chameleon","Changes color and has eyes that move on their own"],["Leafcutter ant","Carries pieces of leaf like little umbrellas"],["Morpho butterfly","A butterfly with shiny blue wings"],["Hercules beetle","One of the biggest beetles"],["Tarantula","A big hairy spider"],["Piranha","A fish with sharp teeth in South American rivers"],["Electric eel","Makes electricity in rivers"],["Pink river dolphin","A freshwater dolphin of the Amazon"],["Harpy eagle","A huge forest eagle with big talons"],["Quetzal","A bird with long green tail feathers in Central America"],["Hummingbird","Tiny bird that hovers to sip nectar"],["Bengal tiger","A large striped cat of Asia's forests"],["Asian elephant","Has smaller ears than African elephants"],["Sun bear","Smallest bear, with a long tongue for honey"],["Binturong","Smells like buttered popcorn and has a gripping tail"],["Flying fox","A large fruit bat"],["Pangolin","An animal covered in scales that rolls into a ball"],["Tarsier","A small primate with giant eyes"],["Lemur","Primates of Madagascar"],["Aye-aye","A lemur with a long thin finger for finding insects"],["Cassowary","A big flightless bird with a helmet-like crest"],["Bird of paradise","A bird with showy feathers that dances"],["Komodo dragon","The largest lizard, found on a few Indonesian islands"],["Rainforest layers","Forest floor, understory, canopy and emergent layer"],["Canopy","The thick layer of treetops"],["Emergent layer","The tallest trees poking above the canopy"],["Understory","A shady layer beneath the canopy"],["Epiphyte","A plant that grows on another plant, like many orchids"],["Why are rainforests important?","They are home to many species and help clean the air"],["Amazon rainforest","The largest tropical rainforest, in South America"],["Congo rainforest","A big rainforest in Africa"],["Daintree rainforest","An ancient rainforest in Australia"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-reptiles-amphibians","id":"fun-reptiles-amphibians","title":"Reptiles and Amphibians","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Animals","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Frogs, lizards, snakes, turtles and other cold-blooded animals.","tags":["reptiles","amphibians","animals"],"frontLabel":"Animal or term","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Reptile","A cold-blooded animal with scaly skin, like a snake or lizard"],["Amphibian","An animal that starts life in water and often lives on land as an adult"],["Cold-blooded","Body heat comes from the surroundings"],["Frog","Smooth skin and long legs; starts as a tadpole"],["Toad","Bumpy, drier skin and shorter legs than a frog"],["Salamander","A lizard-like amphibian with a tail"],["Newt","A small salamander that often lives in water"],["Axolotl","A salamander that keeps its feathery gills as an adult"],["Caecilian","A legless amphibian that looks like a worm"],["Tadpole","The baby of a frog, with gills and a tail"],["Metamorphosis (frog)","The change from tadpole to frog"],["Bullfrog","A big North American frog with a deep call"],["Tree frog","A small climbing frog with sticky toe pads"],["Poison dart frog","Bright, tiny frog; its colors warn of poison"],["Snake","A legless reptile that flicks its tongue to smell"],["Python","A big snake that squeezes its prey"],["Cobra","A snake that spreads a hood"],["Rattlesnake","A snake with a rattle on its tail; best left alone"],["Garter snake","A common, harmless snake with stripes"],["King cobra","The longest venomous snake"],["Lizard","A scaly reptile, usually with four legs"],["Gecko","A lizard that climbs walls with sticky toes"],["Iguana","A big plant-eating lizard"],["Chameleon","Changes color and has independently moving eyes"],["Komodo dragon","The biggest lizard"],["Bearded dragon","A friendly pet lizard from Australia"],["Skink","A lizard with smooth shiny scales"],["Anole","A small lizard that can change from green to brown"],["Turtle","A reptile with a shell; lives mostly in water"],["Tortoise","A land turtle with sturdy legs"],["Snapping turtle","A turtle with a strong bite"],["Sea turtle","Swims thousands of miles; females return to beaches to lay eggs"],["Painted turtle","A colorful pond turtle"],["Galapagos tortoise","The largest living tortoise"],["Alligator","A reptile with a wide, U-shaped snout"],["Crocodile","A reptile with a longer V-shaped snout"],["Caiman","A smaller relative of the alligator"],["Gharial","A crocodilian with a very long, narrow snout"],["Tuatara","A rare reptile of New Zealand that looks like a lizard"],["Shedding","Snakes and lizards shed their old skin as they grow"],["Hibernation","Winter sleep"],["Brumation","Reptile winter slowdown"],["Egg","Most reptiles lay leathery eggs on land"],["Amphibian eggs","Laid in water, soft and jelly-covered"],["Camouflage","Hiding by blending in"],["Venom","Poison injected by a bite or sting"],["Forked tongue","Helps snakes smell and sense the air"],["Basking","Lying in the sun to warm up"],["Terrarium","A glass home for small reptiles or amphibians"],["Herpetologist","A scientist who studies reptiles and amphibians"],["Tail dropping","Some lizards can drop their tail to escape and regrow it"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-riddles-easy","id":"fun-riddles-easy","title":"Easy Riddles","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Riddles","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Simple riddles for kids. Read the riddle, think, then flip.","tags":["riddles","puzzles","fun"],"frontLabel":"Riddle","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What has hands but cannot clap?","A clock"],["What has a face but no eyes?","A clock"],["What goes up but never comes down?","Your age"],["What has four legs but cannot walk?","A table"],["What gets wetter as it dries?","A towel"],["What has a neck but no head?","A bottle"],["What has teeth but cannot bite?","A comb"],["What has an eye but cannot see?","A needle"],["What can you catch but not throw?","A cold"],["What has a ring but no finger?","A telephone"],["What has legs but cannot walk?","A chair"],["What is full of holes but still holds water?","A sponge"],["What has one eye and cannot see?","A needle"],["What goes up and down but never moves?","A staircase"],["What can run but never walks?","Water"],["What has a thumb and four fingers but is not alive?","A glove"],["What building has the most stories?","A library"],["What kind of room has no doors or windows?","A mushroom"],["What do you break by saying its name?","Silence"],["What comes once in a minute, twice in a moment, and never in a thousand years?","The letter M"],["What starts with T, ends with T, and has T in it?","A teapot"],["What has keys but no locks?","A piano"],["What has a bark but no bite?","A tree"],["What has a bottom at the top?","Your legs"],["What begins with an E and only has one letter in it?","An envelope"],["What can fill a room but takes no space?","Light"],["What is always in front of you but cannot be seen?","The future"],["What has a head and a tail but no body?","A coin"],["What can travel around the world while staying in a corner?","A stamp"],["What gets bigger the more you take from it?","A hole"],["What has many keys but cannot open a door?","A keyboard"],["What is black and white and read all over?","A newspaper"],["I am tall when I am young and short when I am old. What am I?","A candle"],["What is yours but others use it more than you?","Your name"],["What has words but never speaks?","A book"],["What goes through towns and over hills but never moves?","A road"],["What do you throw out to use and take in when you are done?","An anchor"],["What kind of band never plays music?","A rubber band"],["What has a spine but no bones?","A book"],["What tastes better than it smells?","A tongue"],["What invention lets you look right through a wall?","A window"],["What flies without wings?","Time"],["What cries without eyes?","A cloud, when it rains"],["What is easy to get into but hard to get out of?","Trouble"],["What has a heart that does not beat?","An artichoke"],["What has four wheels and flies?","A garbage truck"],["Which month has 28 days?","All of them"],["What is cut but never eaten like a cake?","A deck of cards"],["What goes around the house but never moves?","A fence"],["What has a mouth but never eats?","A river"],["What can you hold without touching it?","A conversation"],["What has 13 hearts but no other organs?","A deck of cards"],["What is lighter than a feather but even the strongest person cannot hold it for long?","Their breath"],["What goes in the water black and comes out red?","A lobster"],["What has a lap but cannot sit?","A racetrack"],["What starts with P and ends with E and has thousands of letters?","A post office"],["What can you keep after giving it to someone?","Your word"],["What is never asked a question but always answers?","A doorbell"],["What has one horn and gives milk?","A milk truck"],["What is round, has numbers, and goes tick-tock?","A clock"],["What do you call a bear with no teeth?","A gummy bear"],["What is white when dirty?","A blackboard"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-riddles-harder","id":"fun-riddles-harder","title":"Trickier Riddles","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Riddles","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Riddles that need a little more thinking.","tags":["riddles","puzzles","word play"],"frontLabel":"Riddle","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["I speak without a mouth and hear without ears. I have no body but come alive with wind. What am I?","An echo"],["The more of me there is, the less you see. What am I?","Darkness"],["I can be cracked, made, told and played. What am I?","A joke"],["I have cities but no houses, mountains but no trees, and water but no fish. What am I?","A map"],["What has to be broken before you can use it?","An egg"],["I am not alive, but I grow. I do not have lungs, but I need air. What am I?","Fire"],["What belongs to you but is used more by others?","Your name"],["What can you hear but not touch or see?","A sound"],["What word becomes shorter when you add two letters?","Short"],["Forward I am heavy, backward I am not. What am I?","The word 'ton'"],["What has a head, a tail, is brown, and has no legs?","A penny"],["I have branches but no fruit, trunk or leaves. What am I?","A bank"],["What building has the most stories but no one lives in it?","A library"],["What is so fragile that saying its name breaks it?","Silence"],["I get wet while drying. What am I?","A towel"],["What can run but cannot walk, has a mouth but cannot talk?","A river"],["What kind of coat is always wet when you put it on?","A coat of paint"],["I'm light as a feather yet the strongest person can't hold me for more than a few minutes. What am I?","Breath"],["What has 88 keys but cannot open a single door?","A piano"],["What has a golden head and a golden tail but no body?","A gold coin"],["What do you fill with empty hands?","Gloves"],["What word contains 26 letters but has only three syllables?","Alphabet"],["What starts with a P, ends with an X, and has a million letters?","A postbox"],["What has roots that nobody sees, is taller than trees, up, up it goes, and yet never grows?","A mountain"],["What is seen in the middle of March and April that cannot be seen at the beginning or end of either month?","The letter R"],["What English word has three consecutive double letters?","Bookkeeper"],["What can you add to a bucket of water to make it lighter?","A hole"],["What gets sharper the more you use it?","Your brain"],["What has no beginning, end or middle?","A circle"],["What kind of cup can't hold water?","A cupcake"],["Where does today come before yesterday?","In the dictionary"],["What is the beginning of eternity, the end of time and space, the beginning of every end, and the end of every place?","The letter E"],["Which letter of the alphabet has the most water?","The C (sea)"],["What is always coming but never arrives?","Tomorrow"],["What goes up but never comes down, and is measured in years?","Your age"],["I shave every day but my beard stays the same. Who am I?","A barber"],["What can you break, even if you never pick it up or touch it?","A promise"],["What type of ship has two mates but no captain?","A relationship"],["What begins with 'e', ends with 'e', and contains one letter?","An envelope"],["Which word in the dictionary is spelled incorrectly?","Incorrectly"],["What do you call a word that reads the same backward?","A palindrome"],["What has a thumb and four fingers but isn't alive?","A glove"],["What loses its head every morning and gets it back every night?","A pillow"],["What goes through a door but never goes in or out?","A keyhole"],["What has a face and two hands but no arms or legs?","A clock"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-roman-gods","id":"fun-roman-gods","title":"Roman Gods and Their Greek Twins","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Mythology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Roman gods, what they ruled, and the Greek god each matches. Many planets are named after them.","tags":["mythology","roman","gods","planets"],"frontLabel":"Roman god","backLabel":"Greek twin and role","cards":[["Jupiter","Greek: Zeus. King of the gods, sky and thunder; also the largest planet"],["Juno","Greek: Hera. Queen of the gods, goddess of marriage"],["Neptune","Greek: Poseidon. God of the sea; also a planet"],["Pluto","Greek: Hades. God of the underworld; also a dwarf planet"],["Minerva","Greek: Athena. Goddess of wisdom"],["Mars","Greek: Ares. God of war; also the red planet"],["Venus","Greek: Aphrodite. Goddess of love; also the bright planet"],["Mercury","Greek: Hermes. Messenger of the gods; also the fastest planet"],["Apollo","Same name in Rome. God of music, healing and the sun"],["Diana","Greek: Artemis. Goddess of the hunt and moon"],["Vulcan","Greek: Hephaestus. God of fire and forges"],["Ceres","Greek: Demeter. Goddess of grain; the word 'cereal' comes from her"],["Bacchus","Greek: Dionysus. God of wine and festivals"],["Vesta","Greek: Hestia. Goddess of the hearth"],["Cupid","Greek: Eros. God of love with a bow and arrows"],["Proserpina","Greek: Persephone. Queen of the underworld"],["Saturn","Greek: Cronus. God of farming; also a planet with rings"],["Janus","Roman god of doors and beginnings, with two faces; January is named for him"],["Aurora","Roman goddess of dawn"],["Fortuna","Goddess of luck; her name gives us 'fortune'"],["Victoria","Goddess of victory"],["Flora","Goddess of flowers"],["Luna","Goddess of the moon"],["Sol","God of the sun"],["Somnus","God of sleep"],["Terra","The Earth goddess"],["Romulus","Legendary founder of Rome, raised with his twin by a wolf"],["Remus","Twin brother of Romulus"],["Aeneas","Trojan hero whose descendants founded Rome in legend"],["Lares","Household spirits that guarded the home"],["Pantheon","A temple to all the gods in Rome"],["Which month is named for Mars?","March"],["Which month is named for Juno?","June"],["Which month is named for Janus?","January"],["Which month honors Julius Caesar?","July"],["Which month honors Augustus Caesar?","August"],["Which day is named for Saturn?","Saturday"],["Which day is named for the sun?","Sunday"],["Which day is named for the moon?","Monday"],["Colosseum","Roman arena; it still stands in Rome today"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures","id":"fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures","title":"Sharks and Ocean Creatures","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Ocean Life","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Sharks, whales, and other creatures of the sea.","tags":["ocean","sharks","marine"],"frontLabel":"Sea creature","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Great white shark","A big hunter that lives in many coastal oceans"],["Whale shark","The largest fish; it eats tiny plankton"],["Hammerhead shark","A shark with a wide, flat head"],["Tiger shark","A shark with dark stripes that fade with age"],["Nurse shark","A calm, bottom-dwelling shark"],["Basking shark","A giant shark that filters plankton"],["Bull shark","A shark that can swim in fresh water"],["Megalodon","An extinct giant shark, long gone"],["Shark skeleton","Made of cartilage, the same bendy stuff as your ear"],["Shark teeth","They are replaced throughout life"],["Blue whale","The biggest animal ever to live"],["Humpback whale","Known for its songs and big leaps"],["Orca","A black and white whale also called a killer whale, really a big dolphin"],["Narwhal","A whale with a long tusk, nicknamed the unicorn of the sea"],["Beluga","A white whale that makes many sounds"],["Sperm whale","A deep diver with a huge head"],["Bottlenose dolphin","A smart, playful dolphin"],["Manatee","A gentle sea cow that eats plants"],["Sea otter","Floats on its back and uses rocks to crack shells"],["Walrus","A big seal relative with tusks"],["Seal","A sleek swimmer with flippers"],["Sea lion","A seal relative with ear flaps that can walk on its flippers"],["Octopus","Has eight arms and three hearts"],["Squid","Has ten arms and a streamlined body"],["Cuttlefish","Changes color to hide or talk"],["Giant squid","A deep-sea giant with huge eyes"],["Jellyfish","A soft sea animal with stinging tentacles and no brain"],["Starfish","A sea star with arms and no fish parts at all"],["Sea urchin","A spiny round animal on the sea floor"],["Sea cucumber","A soft, tube-like animal on the sea bottom"],["Seahorse","A fish where the dad carries the babies"],["Clownfish","Lives safely in sea anemones"],["Pufferfish","Puffs up like a ball when scared"],["Angelfish","A colorful, flat reef fish"],["Manta ray","A huge flat swimmer that looks like it flaps wings"],["Stingray","A flat fish with a stinging tail spine"],["Electric eel","Lives in rivers and can make a strong electric shock"],["Moray eel","A snake-like fish that hides in reef holes"],["Swordfish","A fast fish with a long pointed bill"],["Barracuda","A long, fast fish with sharp teeth"],["Tuna","A fast, strong ocean fish"],["Flying fish","A fish that glides above the waves"],["Anglerfish","A deep-sea fish with a glowing lure"],["Coral","Tiny animals that build reefs"],["Sea turtle","Reptile that lays eggs on beaches"],["Leatherback turtle","The largest sea turtle"],["Hermit crab","A crab that lives in borrowed shells"],["Lobster","A crustacean with big claws"],["Horseshoe crab","An old kind of animal with blue blood"],["Mantis shrimp","A colorful shrimp with a super-fast punch"],["Sea anemone","A flower-like animal with stinging tentacles"],["Nautilus","A sea animal with a coiled shell"],["Penguin","A bird that swims instead of flies"],["Pelican","A seabird with a big pouch"],["Coral reef","A busy underwater city for fish"],["Kelp forest","Underwater forest of giant seaweed"],["Plankton","Tiny drifting plants and animals in the ocean"],["Krill","Tiny shrimp-like animals eaten by many whales"],["Mariana Trench","The deepest part of the ocean"],["Bioluminescence","Light made by living things such as some jellyfish and fish"],["Sea","A large body of salt water"],["Tide","The rise and fall of the sea each day"],["Tsunami","A giant wave caused by an underwater earthquake"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-space-facts","id":"fun-space-facts","title":"Space Fun Facts","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Space","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Fun, true facts about the planets, stars, and space travel.","tags":["space","planets","astronomy"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What is the closest star to Earth?","The Sun"],["Which planet is closest to the Sun?","Mercury"],["Which planet is the hottest?","Venus"],["Which planet is called the Red Planet?","Mars"],["Which planet is the largest?","Jupiter"],["Which planet has the most famous rings?","Saturn"],["Which planet spins on its side?","Uranus"],["Which planet is the farthest from the Sun?","Neptune"],["How many planets are in our solar system?","Eight"],["What is the order of the planets?","Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune"],["What is the Moon?","Earth's natural satellite"],["How long does the Moon take to go around Earth?","About 27 days"],["Who was the first person on the Moon?","Neil Armstrong, in 1969"],["What is the Milky Way?","Our home galaxy"],["What is a galaxy?","A huge group of stars, gas and dust"],["What is a light-year?","The distance light travels in one year"],["What is a comet?","An icy body that grows a glowing tail near the Sun"],["What is an asteroid?","A rocky object that orbits the Sun"],["What is a meteor?","A streak of light when space rock burns in the air"],["What is a meteorite?","A space rock that lands on Earth"],["What is the Great Red Spot?","A giant storm on Jupiter"],["What is a black hole?","A place where gravity is so strong that light cannot escape"],["What is a supernova?","The huge explosion of a dying star"],["What is a constellation?","A pattern of stars, like the Big Dipper"],["What is the North Star?","Polaris, which stays nearly in the same place in the northern sky"],["What is an eclipse of the Sun?","When the Moon blocks the Sun's light from Earth"],["What is a lunar eclipse?","When Earth's shadow falls on the Moon"],["What causes day and night?","Earth spinning on its axis"],["What causes seasons?","Earth's tilt as it goes around the Sun"],["How long is a year on Earth?","About 365 days"],["What was the first animal to orbit Earth?","A dog named Laika, in 1957"],["What was the first artificial satellite?","Sputnik 1, launched in 1957"],["What is the ISS?","The International Space Station, where astronauts live and work"],["Who was the first person in space?","Yuri Gagarin, in 1961"],["What is NASA?","The United States space agency"],["What is the Hubble Space Telescope?","A telescope that orbits Earth and takes sharp pictures of space"],["What is the James Webb Space Telescope?","An infrared space telescope launched in 2021"],["What are Mars rovers?","Robot vehicles that explore Mars"],["Which planet has a day longer than its year?","Venus"],["Which planet has the most moons known?","Saturn has the most confirmed moons"],["What are Jupiter's four big moons called?","Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto"],["Which is the largest moon in the solar system?","Ganymede, a moon of Jupiter"],["What is Pluto now called?","A dwarf planet"],["What is the asteroid belt?","A ring of rocky objects between Mars and Jupiter"],["What makes the Sun shine?","Nuclear fusion in its core"],["What color are the hottest stars?","Blue-white"],["What is the Sun made of?","Mostly hydrogen and helium gas"],["How long does sunlight take to reach Earth?","About 8 minutes"],["What is the Big Bang?","The idea that the universe began about 13.8 billion years ago from a hot, dense start"],["What is gravity?","The pull between objects with mass"],["Why do astronauts float?","They are in free fall around the Earth"],["What is the Apollo program?","NASA's program that landed people on the Moon (1969-1972)"],["What is the Space Shuttle?","A reusable NASA spacecraft that flew from 1981 to 2011"],["What is a rocket's fuel for?","To push it up fast enough to escape Earth's gravity"],["What is Halley's Comet?","A famous comet seen from Earth about every 76 years"],["What is the Big Dipper?","Seven bright stars shaped like a ladle"],["What are Orion's belt stars?","Three bright stars in a row in the constellation Orion"],["What is the Aurora?","Colored lights in the sky near the poles, caused by particles from the Sun"],["What is the solar system?","The Sun and everything that orbits it"],["What is a satellite?","An object that orbits a larger one"],["What is an astronaut?","A person trained to travel in space"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-spices-herbs","id":"fun-spices-herbs","title":"Spices and Herbs","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Food","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Common spices and herbs, where they come from and how they taste.","tags":["spices","herbs","cooking"],"frontLabel":"Spice or herb","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[["Cinnamon","Bark from a tree; sweet and warm"],["Black pepper","Dried berry of a vine; the most traded spice"],["Ginger","A spicy root used fresh or dried"],["Turmeric","Bright yellow-orange root; colors curry"],["Cumin","Earthy seeds common in Mexican and Indian food"],["Paprika","Ground dried red peppers"],["Chili powder","A mix with ground chilies and other spices"],["Cayenne","A hot red pepper powder"],["Nutmeg","Seed of a tree grated into sweet dishes"],["Cloves","Dried flower buds with a strong smell"],["Allspice","A berry that tastes like cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves together"],["Cardamom","Seed pods with a sweet, citrusy flavor"],["Vanilla","Flavor from the pod of an orchid"],["Saffron","Thread-like stigmas of a crocus flower; the world's costliest spice"],["Coriander","Seeds of the cilantro plant"],["Cilantro","Leafy herb used in salsa and curry"],["Mustard seed","Tiny seeds ground into mustard"],["Sesame seed","Small seeds used on buns and in tahini"],["Poppy seed","Tiny blue-black seeds used in baking"],["Fennel seed","Licorice-flavored seeds"],["Star anise","Star-shaped pod with a licorice flavor"],["Basil","Sweet green herb used in pesto and pizza"],["Oregano","Herb popular in Italian and Greek food"],["Thyme","Small-leaved herb with a gentle flavor"],["Rosemary","Needle-like leaves with a piney smell"],["Sage","Soft gray-green herb"],["Parsley","Bright green herb; curly or flat leaf"],["Mint","Cool, fresh-tasting leaves"],["Dill","Feathery herb used on pickles and fish"],["Chives","Thin green stalks with a mild onion flavor"],["Bay leaf","Dried leaf added to soups and removed before eating"],["Tarragon","Herb with a mild licorice flavor"],["Lemongrass","Tall grass with a lemon scent, used in Thai food"],["Wasabi","Sharp green paste served with sushi"],["Garlic powder","Dried, ground garlic"],["Onion powder","Dried, ground onion"],["Curry powder","A blend of spices such as turmeric, cumin and coriander"],["Garam masala","An Indian spice blend"],["Italian seasoning","A blend of dried herbs such as oregano and basil"],["Herbes de Provence","A French herb blend"],["Salt","A mineral, not a spice, used to flavor food"],["Spice route","Old trade paths that carried spices between Asia and Europe"],["What are spices?","Seeds, bark, roots or buds used to flavor food"],["What are herbs?","Usually the green leaves of plants used to flavor food"],["Spice Islands","The Maluku Islands in Indonesia, once the only source of cloves and nutmeg"],["Pumpkin pie spice","A mix of cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg and cloves"],["Peppercorn colors","Black, white, green and pink peppercorns come from different stages or plants"],["Capsaicin","The chemical that makes chili peppers hot"],["Scoville scale","A scale for measuring how hot peppers are"],["Jalapeno","A medium-hot green pepper"],["Habanero","A very hot orange pepper"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-toddler-colors","id":"fun-toddler-colors","title":"Colors (Toddler)","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Early Learning","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"Colors and things that are that color.","tags":["colors","toddlers","early learning"],"frontLabel":"Color","backLabel":"Things that are that color","cards":[["Red","Apple, strawberry, fire truck, stop sign"],["Blue","Sky, ocean, blueberry, jeans"],["Yellow","Sun, banana, lemon, duckling"],["Green","Grass, frog, leaf, broccoli"],["Orange","Orange, carrot, pumpkin, goldfish"],["Purple","Grapes, eggplant, violet"],["Pink","Flamingo, bubble gum, piglet"],["Brown","Bear, chocolate, tree trunk, mud"],["Black","Night sky, crow, tire, coal"],["White","Snow, cloud, milk, polar bear"],["Gray","Elephant, rain cloud, mouse"],["Gold","Treasure, a crown, a trophy"],["Silver","A spoon, a coin, a robot"],["Red + yellow makes","Orange"],["Blue + yellow makes","Green"],["Red + blue makes","Purple"],["Red + white makes","Pink"],["Black + white makes","Gray"],["Primary colors","Red, yellow and blue"],["Secondary colors","Orange, green and purple"],["Rainbow colors","Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet"],["Which color is the sky on a sunny day?","Blue"],["Which color is a banana?","Yellow when ripe"],["Which color is a fire engine?","Red"],["Which color is grass?","Green"],["Which color is a pumpkin?","Orange"],["Which color is a grape?","Purple or green"],["Which color is a tomato?","Red"],["Which color is a ladybug?","Red with black spots"],["Which color is a bluebird?","Blue"],["Which color is a lemon?","Yellow"],["Which color is a school bus?","Yellow"],["Which color is a firefly's glow?","Yellow-green"],["Which color is a zebra?","Black and white stripes"],["Which color is a tiger?","Orange with black stripes"],["Which color is a rose?","Red, pink, white or yellow"],["Which color is chocolate?","Brown"],["Which color is the Moon?","Gray-white"],["Which color is a stop light for go?","Green"],["Which color is a stop light for stop?","Red"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-toddler-opposites","id":"fun-toddler-opposites","title":"Opposites","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Early Learning","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"Word pairs that mean the opposite of each other.","tags":["opposites","toddlers","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Opposite","cards":[["Up","Down"],["Hot","Cold"],["Big","Small"],["Fast","Slow"],["Happy","Sad"],["Day","Night"],["In","Out"],["On","Off"],["Open","Closed"],["Wet","Dry"],["Full","Empty"],["Old","New"],["Young","Old"],["Tall","Short"],["Long","Short"],["Hard","Soft"],["Heavy","Light"],["Loud","Quiet"],["Clean","Dirty"],["Good","Bad"],["Right","Left"],["Front","Back"],["Top","Bottom"],["Over","Under"],["Near","Far"],["Early","Late"],["First","Last"],["Push","Pull"],["Stop","Go"],["Come","Go"],["Give","Take"],["Laugh","Cry"],["Awake","Asleep"],["Wide","Narrow"],["Thick","Thin"],["Rough","Smooth"],["Sharp","Dull"],["Same","Different"],["Inside","Outside"],["Above","Below"],["Before","After"],["Begin","End"],["Win","Lose"],["Love","Hate"],["Yes","No"],["True","False"],["Rich","Poor"],["Strong","Weak"],["Brave","Scared"],["Sweet","Sour"],["Black","White"],["Sun","Moon"],["Boy","Girl"],["Mother","Father"],["Summer","Winter"],["Add","Subtract"],["Buy","Sell"],["Find","Lose"],["Work","Play"],["Ask","Answer"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-toddler-shapes","id":"fun-toddler-shapes","title":"Shapes (Toddler)","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Early Learning","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"Shapes with something in real life that looks like each one.","tags":["shapes","toddlers","early learning"],"frontLabel":"Shape","backLabel":"Looks like","cards":[["Circle","A ball, a wheel, a pizza, a cookie"],["Square","A window, a napkin, a block, a cracker"],["Triangle","A slice of pizza, a roof, a yield sign"],["Rectangle","A door, a book, a phone, a TV"],["Oval","An egg, a mirror, a football"],["Star","A star in the sky, a sheriff's badge"],["Heart","A valentine card"],["Diamond","A kite, a baseball field"],["Crescent","The moon on some nights"],["Pentagon","A shape with five sides, like a home plate in baseball"],["Hexagon","A shape with six sides, like a honeycomb cell"],["Octagon","A shape with eight sides, like a stop sign"],["Cube","A dice or a block"],["Sphere","A ball or an orange"],["Cone","An ice cream cone or a party hat"],["Cylinder","A can of soup"],["How many sides does a triangle have?","Three"],["How many sides does a square have?","Four, all the same length"],["How many sides does a rectangle have?","Four, with two long and two short"],["How many sides does a circle have?","None, it is round"],["How many corners does a triangle have?","Three"],["How many corners does a square have?","Four"],["Which shape rolls?","A circle or a ball"],["Which shape is a stop sign?","An octagon"],["Which shape is a pizza box?","A square"],["Which shape is a door?","A rectangle"],["Which shape is a cookie?","A circle"],["Which shape is a slice of watermelon?","A half circle"],["Which shape is a kite?","A diamond"],["Which shape is an egg?","An oval"],["Which shape is a clock face?","A circle"],["Which shape is a wheel?","A circle"],["Which shape is a roof?","A triangle"],["Which shape is a book?","A rectangle"],["Which shape is a window?","A square or a rectangle"],["Which shape is a party hat?","A cone"],["Which shape is a box?","A cube or rectangle prism"],["Which shape is a snowman's body?","Spheres"],["Which shape is a rainbow?","An arch"],["Which shape shines in the night sky?","A star"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-tongue-twisters","id":"fun-tongue-twisters","title":"Tongue Twisters","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Word Play","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Say them fast three times! Front gives the name, back gives the twister.","tags":["tongue twisters","speech","fun"],"frontLabel":"Sound","backLabel":"Twister","cards":[["S sounds","She sells seashells by the seashore"],["P sounds","Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers"],["W sounds","How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?"],["B sounds","Betty Botter bought some butter"],["F sounds","Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear; Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair"],["R sounds","Red lorry, yellow lorry"],["Sh and S","Sixty-six sick chicks"],["L and R","Really leery, rarely rural"],["T sounds","Two tiny tigers took two taxis to town"],["K sounds","Kim can catch crabs"],["C sounds","Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?"],["G sounds","Gobbling gorillas grow great gobs of grapes"],["Th sounds","Three thin thieves thought a thousand thoughts"],["M sounds","Mommy made me eat my M&M's"],["N sounds","Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely"],["D sounds","Dan the duck dug deep"],["Ch sounds","Chester Cheetah chews cheese"],["V sounds","Vincent vowed vengeance very vehemently"],["Z sounds","Zebras zig and zebras zag"],["H sounds","Henry Hippo hurried home hungry"],["J sounds","Jolly Jack jumps and jiggles"],["Y sounds","Yellow yo-yos yo yo yearly"],["B and P","Big black bugs bleed blue black blood"],["Fish","Fresh fried fish, fish fresh fried, fried fish fresh, fish fried fresh"],["Toy boat","Toy boat, toy boat, toy boat"],["Unique New York","Unique New York, unique New York, you know you need unique New York"],["Rubber baby buggy","Rubber baby buggy bumpers"],["Black bat","A black bug bit a big black bear"],["Flea and fly","A flea and a fly flew up in a flue"],["Cheese","I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream"],["Pickle","A proper copper coffee pot"],["Slippery","Six slippery snails slid slowly seaward"],["Brisk","The sixth sick sheikh's sixth sheep's sick"],["Silly","Silly Sally swiftly shooed seven silly sheep"],["Bug","Bug's black blood"],["Tutor","A tutor who tooted the flute tried to tutor two tooters to toot"],["Crisp","Crisp crusts crackle"],["Wristwatch","Which wristwatch is a Swiss wristwatch?"],["Lemon","Lemon liniment"],["Ladle","Lucky ladles lift lovely lumps"],["Mixed biscuits","Mixed biscuit mixer"],["Nick","Nick knocks on nine neat knobs"],["Truly","Truly rural"],["Weather","Whether the weather be fine or whether the weather be not"],["Brave","Brave Brad brought bright blue bread"],["Great grape","Great gray goats grow green grass"],["Zippers","Zany zebras zip zippers"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-trees-and-leaves","id":"fun-trees-and-leaves","title":"Trees and Leaves","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Plants","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Common trees and how to tell them by leaves, bark and fruit.","tags":["trees","leaves","nature"],"frontLabel":"Tree","backLabel":"How to spot it","cards":[["Oak","Lobed leaves and acorns"],["Maple","Leaves with pointed lobes, winged seeds, and sweet sap"],["Pine","Needles in bundles, cones"],["Spruce","Short stiff single needles, hanging cones"],["Fir","Flat soft needles; popular Christmas trees"],["Birch","White papery bark that peels"],["Aspen","Round leaves that shimmer and tremble in the wind"],["Elm","Lopsided toothed leaves, vase shape"],["Willow","Long narrow leaves and drooping branches near water"],["Cottonwood","Triangular leaves and fluffy seeds"],["Sycamore","Peeling patchy bark and large leaves"],["Beech","Smooth gray bark and oval toothed leaves"],["Hickory","Compound leaves and hard nuts"],["Walnut","Long compound leaves and round nuts in green husks"],["Cedar","Scale-like leaves and fragrant wood"],["Redwood","The tallest trees, on the California coast"],["Sequoia","The giant sequoia is the biggest tree by volume"],["Cypress","Some grow knobby 'knees' in swamps"],["Palm","Big fronds and no real branches"],["Apple tree","Pink-white blossoms in spring and apples in fall"],["Cherry tree","Pink blossoms and small red fruit"],["Orange tree","Evergreen with shiny leaves and white fragrant flowers"],["Ginkgo","Fan-shaped leaves; an ancient kind of tree"],["Sweetgum","Star-shaped leaves and spiky balls"],["Tulip tree","Leaves with a notched end and tulip-like flowers"],["Dogwood","Showy white or pink flower bracts in spring"],["Magnolia","Big creamy flowers and glossy leaves"],["Mulberry","Berries that look like blackberries"],["Hawthorn","Thorny small tree with red berries"],["Black locust","Rows of small leaves and thorns"],["Evergreen","A tree that stays green all year"],["Deciduous","A tree that drops its leaves in the fall"],["Conifer","A tree that bears cones"],["Broadleaf","A tree with wide, flat leaves"],["Photosynthesis","How leaves make food from sunlight, water and air"],["Chlorophyll","The green stuff in leaves that catches sunlight"],["Why leaves change color in fall","Chlorophyll fades, showing yellows and oranges that were hidden"],["Tree rings","Each ring is about one year of growth"],["Bark","Protective outer covering of a tree"],["Roots","Hold the tree and drink water from soil"],["Trunk","The main stem that holds up the tree"],["Canopy","The top layer of leaves in a forest"],["Sap","Liquid that carries food and water inside a tree"],["Maple syrup","Made by boiling maple sap"],["Acorn","The nut of an oak tree"],["Pinecone","Where pine seeds grow"],["Samara","A winged seed, like a maple 'helicopter'"],["Simple leaf","A leaf with one blade"],["Compound leaf","A leaf split into many small leaflets"],["Needle leaf","A thin, needle-shaped leaf"],["Arborist","A person who cares for trees"],["Forester","A person who manages forests"],["Arbor Day","A holiday for planting trees"],["Oldest living trees","Bristlecone pines live thousands of years"],["Banyan","A tree whose branches grow roots down to the ground"],["Baobab","African tree with a very thick trunk, nicknamed the upside-down tree"],["Mangrove","Tree with roots standing in salty water"],["Rubber tree","A tree whose sap is used to make rubber"],["Cork oak","Oak whose bark is used for corks"],["Eucalyptus","Tree whose leaves koalas eat"],["Coconut palm","Palm that grows coconuts"],["Poison ivy","A vine, not a tree: 'leaves of three, let it be'"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-weather-fun","id":"fun-weather-fun","title":"Weather and Sky Fun Facts","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Weather","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Clouds, storms, rainbows and other things in the sky.","tags":["weather","clouds","sky"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What are clouds made of?","Tiny drops of water or ice crystals"],["What are fluffy white clouds called?","Cumulus"],["What are thin, wispy clouds high in the sky called?","Cirrus"],["What are flat gray sheets of cloud called?","Stratus"],["What are tall dark storm clouds called?","Cumulonimbus"],["What is fog?","A cloud near the ground"],["What causes rain?","Water drops in clouds get heavy and fall"],["What is snow?","Frozen crystals that fall from clouds"],["What is hail?","Balls of ice that fall during storms"],["What is sleet?","Frozen raindrops"],["What causes thunder?","The sound of air heating up fast around lightning"],["What is lightning?","A giant spark of electricity in the sky"],["Which comes first, lightning or thunder?","You see lightning first because light travels faster than sound"],["What should you do in a thunderstorm?","Go indoors"],["What makes a rainbow?","Sunlight bending through raindrops"],["How many colors are in a rainbow?","Seven: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet"],["What is a tornado?","A spinning funnel of wind that touches the ground"],["What is a hurricane?","A huge ocean storm with strong winds and rain"],["What is the center of a hurricane called?","The eye"],["What is a blizzard?","A snowstorm with strong winds"],["What is a drought?","A long time with little rain"],["What is a flood?","Water covering land that is usually dry"],["What is wind?","Moving air"],["What do we use to measure temperature?","A thermometer"],["What do we use to measure wind speed?","An anemometer"],["What do we use to measure rain?","A rain gauge"],["What does a barometer measure?","Air pressure"],["What does a weather vane show?","Which way the wind blows"],["What is humidity?","How much water is in the air"],["What is the water cycle?","Water evaporates, makes clouds, falls as rain, and flows back"],["What is evaporation?","When liquid water turns into a gas"],["What is condensation?","When water vapor turns into drops"],["What is precipitation?","Rain, snow, sleet or hail falling from the sky"],["What is a meteorologist?","A scientist who studies and forecasts weather"],["What is a forecast?","A prediction of the weather"],["What is climate?","The usual weather of a place over many years"],["What are the four seasons?","Spring, summer, fall (autumn) and winter"],["What is the equinox?","A day with about equal day and night, in spring and fall"],["What is the solstice?","The longest or shortest day of the year"],["What is a frost?","A thin layer of ice crystals on cold surfaces"],["What is dew?","Tiny water drops that form on grass overnight"],["What is a monsoon?","A seasonal wind that brings heavy rains"],["What are the northern lights called?","Aurora borealis"],["What is a heat wave?","A long period of very hot weather"],["What is a sunbeam?","A ray of sunshine"],["What is a sundog?","A bright spot beside the Sun caused by ice crystals"],["What is a halo around the Moon?","A ring caused by light passing through ice crystals"],["What is a rain shadow?","A dry area behind mountains"],["Which US state gets the most tornadoes?","Texas"],["Where is the rainiest place in the continental US?","The Pacific Northwest coast, including parts of Washington"],["Why is the sky blue?","Air scatters blue light from the Sun more than other colors"],["Why are sunsets red?","Light travels through more air and the blue is scattered away"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-what-is-it","id":"fun-what-is-it","title":"What Is It? (Describe and Guess)","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Clues without pictures: guess the everyday object, animal or place.","tags":["guessing","vocabulary","description"],"frontLabel":"Clue","backLabel":"It is...","cards":[["You wear it on your feet. It has laces. It keeps your feet safe.","A shoe"],["It is round, it has numbers and hands, and it tells time.","A clock"],["It is white and cold and falls in winter.","Snow"],["It has four legs, a back, and you sit on it.","A chair"],["It is yellow, curved, and monkeys like it.","A banana"],["It lives in water, has fins and scales.","A fish"],["It is big and gray, has a trunk and big ears.","An elephant"],["It flies in the sky, has wings, but is not a bird. People ride in it.","An airplane"],["It is a sweet frozen treat in a cone.","Ice cream"],["It rolls on the road and has four wheels.","A car"],["It has pages and words and stories.","A book"],["It shines at night and changes shape.","The Moon"],["It is red, round, and grows on trees. You can bake it in a pie.","An apple"],["It has a long neck and spots and eats leaves from tall trees.","A giraffe"],["It is hot, bright and in the sky in the daytime.","The Sun"],["It falls from clouds and makes puddles.","Rain"],["It has eight legs and spins a web.","A spider"],["You use it to write. It has an eraser on the end.","A pencil"],["It keeps rain off your head. You hold it over you.","An umbrella"],["You sleep in it at night. It has pillows.","A bed"],["It buzzes, makes honey and stings.","A bee"],["It has a shell and walks slowly.","A turtle or snail"],["It's green, hops and says ribbit.","A frog"],["It has colors and arches in the sky after rain.","A rainbow"],["It is a place with lots of books you borrow.","A library"],["It is a place where you learn with a teacher.","A school"],["It is a big yellow vehicle that takes kids to school.","A school bus"],["It has a bark but is a pet. It wags its tail.","A dog"],["It purrs, has whiskers and likes to nap.","A cat"],["It is a big cat with a mane and a roar.","A lion"],["It has black and white stripes like a horse.","A zebra"],["It has a pouch and hops.","A kangaroo"],["It's black and white and lives in cold places. It waddles and cannot fly.","A penguin"],["You blow it up and it floats. It pops!","A balloon"],["It is a tall plant with leaves and a trunk of wood.","A tree"],["It grows in a garden, has petals, and smells nice.","A flower"],["You brush your teeth with it.","A toothbrush"],["You use it to cut paper. It has two blades.","Scissors"],["You use it to eat soup.","A spoon"],["You use it to see far-away stars.","A telescope"],["You use it to look at tiny things.","A microscope"],["You use it to find north.","A compass"],["It is a red vehicle that puts out fires.","A fire truck"],["It has a big wheel and flies in the wind with a string.","A kite"],["It is a vehicle with two wheels and pedals.","A bicycle"],["It runs on tracks and goes choo choo.","A train"],["It floats on water and carries people.","A boat"],["It goes up to space with fire at its tail.","A rocket"],["It is a room where food is cooked.","A kitchen"],["You wash in it with soap and water.","A bathtub or sink"],["It is a piece of clothing for your head.","A hat"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-wildflowers-and-garden","id":"fun-wildflowers-and-garden","title":"Wildflowers and Garden Flowers","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Plants","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Flowers you may see in meadows and gardens.","tags":["flowers","plants","garden"],"frontLabel":"Flower","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Dandelion","Yellow flower that turns into a white puffball of seeds"],["Daisy","White petals around a yellow center"],["Sunflower","Tall flower with a big seed head that follows the sun when young"],["Rose","Fragrant flower with thorns on its stem"],["Tulip","Spring bulb flower from the Netherlands and Turkey"],["Daffodil","Yellow trumpet-shaped spring flower"],["Violet","Small purple spring flower"],["Buttercup","Shiny yellow cup-shaped flower"],["Clover","Plant with three small leaves; four-leaf ones are lucky"],["Black-eyed Susan","Yellow petals with a dark brown center"],["Coneflower","Pink petals around a spiky cone"],["Lupine","Tall spikes of blue-purple flowers"],["Bluebonnet","The state flower of Texas"],["California poppy","Orange flower; California's state flower"],["Goldenrod","Late-summer tall plant with yellow plumes"],["Aster","Late-season daisy-like flowers"],["Cornflower","Bright blue flowers"],["Marigold","Orange or yellow flowers with a strong smell"],["Zinnia","Colorful flower that butterflies like"],["Pansy","Small flower with a face-like pattern"],["Petunia","Trumpet-shaped garden flower"],["Lily","Large flowers with six petals"],["Lavender","Purple fragrant flower and herb"],["Iris","A flower named for the Greek goddess of the rainbow"],["Orchid","A huge family of flowers; vanilla comes from one"],["Lilac","Fragrant purple spring flower clusters"],["Peony","Big, fluffy spring flower"],["Hydrangea","Big round heads of flowers; some change color with soil"],["Crocus","One of the first flowers of spring"],["Snowdrop","A small white flower that blooms in late winter"],["Foxglove","Tall spikes of bell-shaped flowers; do not eat, it is poisonous"],["Morning glory","Vine with flowers that open in the morning"],["Honeysuckle","Vine with sweet-smelling flowers"],["Queen Anne's lace","White lacy flower cluster on a wild carrot"],["Milkweed","The only plant monarch caterpillars eat"],["Bleeding heart","Pink heart-shaped flowers"],["Poppy","Papery red flowers, a memorial flower in some countries"],["Forget-me-not","Tiny sky-blue flowers"],["Cherry blossom","Pink spring flowers celebrated in Japan"],["Lotus","Water flower that rises from mud"],["Water lily","Floating flowers on a pond"],["Cattail","Marsh plant with a brown fuzzy spike"],["Petal","Colorful part of a flower"],["Stamen","The part of a flower that makes pollen"],["Pistil","The part of a flower that grows seeds"],["Sepal","Small green leaf-like parts under the petals"],["Pollen","Powder that helps flowers make seeds"],["Nectar","Sweet liquid that bees and butterflies drink"],["Bulb","An underground storage part that grows into some flowers"],["Annual","A plant that lives one year"],["Perennial","A plant that comes back year after year"],["Weed","A plant growing where people do not want it"],["Wildflower tip","Look and take photos; do not pick or eat unknown plants"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-wonders-of-world","id":"fun-wonders-of-world","title":"Wonders of the World","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Landmarks","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The ancient wonders, the new wonders, and natural wonders.","tags":["wonders","landmarks","history"],"frontLabel":"Wonder","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Great Pyramid of Giza","The only ancient wonder still standing; built about 4,500 years ago"],["Hanging Gardens of Babylon","Terraced gardens said to be in ancient Babylon; no one is sure they existed"],["Statue of Zeus at Olympia","A huge statue of the king of the Greek gods"],["Temple of Artemis at Ephesus","A grand temple to the Greek goddess of the hunt, in what is now Turkey"],["Mausoleum at Halicarnassus","A large tomb built for a king named Mausolus; gave us the word mausoleum"],["Colossus of Rhodes","A giant bronze statue of the sun god Helios on a Greek island"],["Lighthouse of Alexandria","A very tall lighthouse in Egypt"],["How many ancient wonders are there?","Seven"],["Great Wall of China","A defensive wall stretching thousands of miles"],["Petra","A city carved into rose-colored rock in Jordan"],["Christ the Redeemer","A giant statue above Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],["Machu Picchu","An Inca city high in the Andes of Peru"],["Chichen Itza","A Maya city with a great step pyramid in Mexico"],["Colosseum","A huge Roman arena in Rome"],["Taj Mahal","A white marble tomb in Agra, India, built in the 1600s"],["How many new wonders were chosen in 2007?","Seven"],["Grand Canyon","A natural wonder carved by the Colorado River"],["Great Barrier Reef","The largest living reef system, off Australia"],["Victoria Falls","A mile-wide waterfall on the Zambezi River"],["Mount Everest","The highest mountain above sea level"],["Northern Lights","Glowing colored lights in the sky near the poles"],["Amazon Rainforest","The world's largest tropical forest"],["Paricutin volcano","A volcano that rose from a Mexican cornfield in 1943"],["Harbor of Rio de Janeiro","A scenic bay in Brazil"],["Angel Falls","The world's tallest waterfall, in Venezuela"],["Niagara Falls","Huge waterfalls between Canada and the USA"],["Uluru","A giant red sandstone rock in Australia, sacred to the Anangu"],["Stonehenge","A ring of huge standing stones in England"],["Easter Island moai","Giant stone heads on Rapa Nui"],["Angkor Wat","The largest religious building in the world, in Cambodia"],["Hagia Sophia","A famous building in Istanbul, once a church, then a mosque"],["Eiffel Tower","An iron tower in Paris built for the 1889 World's Fair"],["Pyramids of Teotihuacan","Giant pyramids near Mexico City"],["Alhambra","A palace and fortress in Granada, Spain"],["Forbidden City","The palace city of Chinese emperors in Beijing"],["Acropolis","A hilltop with the Parthenon in Athens"],["Great Zimbabwe","Ruins of a stone city in Africa"],["Borobudur","A huge Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia"],["Pompeii","A Roman town preserved by volcanic ash from Vesuvius in 79 CE"],["Terracotta Army","Thousands of clay soldiers buried with China's first emperor"],["Lascaux caves","Famous cave paintings in France"],["Cappadocia","Fairy chimney rock formations in Turkey"],["Cliffs of Moher","High sea cliffs in Ireland"],["Giant's Causeway","Thousands of basalt columns on the coast of Northern Ireland"],["Halong Bay","Limestone islands rising from the sea in Vietnam"],["Mount Fuji","Japan's tallest mountain, a snowcapped volcano"],["Lake Baikal","The deepest lake in the world"],["Dead Sea","A salty lake where people float easily"],["Serengeti","Plains in Tanzania with huge animal migrations"],["Great Rift Valley","A long crack in the Earth's surface in Africa"],["Galapagos Islands","Home of unique wildlife that inspired Darwin"],["Sahara Desert","The largest hot desert"],["Antarctica","The southernmost continent"],["Yellowstone","First national park, with geysers"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes","id":"fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes","title":"Word Play: Homophones, Palindromes and Fun Words","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Word Play","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Words that sound alike, read the same backward, and other word fun.","tags":["word play","homophones","palindromes"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Fun fact","cards":[["Palindrome","A word or phrase that reads the same backward and forward"],["Mom","A palindrome"],["Dad","A palindrome"],["Wow","A palindrome"],["Racecar","A palindrome"],["Level","A palindrome"],["Radar","A palindrome"],["Kayak","A palindrome"],["Madam","A palindrome"],["Noon","A palindrome"],["Civic","A palindrome"],["Refer","A palindrome"],["A man, a plan, a canal: Panama","A famous palindrome sentence"],["Was it a car or a cat I saw?","A palindrome sentence"],["Homophone","Words that sound the same but are spelled differently"],["to, too, two","Homophones: to the park, too hot, two cats"],["there, their, they're","Homophones: over there, their dog, they're happy"],["see, sea","Homophones: see with eyes, the sea is salty"],["write, right","Homophones: write a note, turn right"],["night, knight","Homophones: dark night, a knight in armor"],["knew, new","Homophones: I knew it, a new toy"],["flower, flour","Homophones: a pretty flower, flour for baking"],["bear, bare","Homophones: a big bear, bare feet"],["hear, here","Homophones: hear with ears, come here"],["son, sun","Homophones: a boy, a star"],["pair, pear, pare","Homophones: two shoes, a fruit, to peel"],["red, read","Homophones: a color, past tense of read"],["mail, male","Homophones: letters, boy"],["tail, tale","Homophones: a dog's tail, a story"],["blue, blew","Homophones: a color, wind blew"],["plane, plain","Homophones: a flying plane, a plain shirt"],["steak, stake","Homophones: a meat dinner, a pointy stick"],["wait, weight","Homophones: wait for a bus, how heavy"],["way, weigh","Homophones: a path, to measure weight"],["so, sew, sow","Homophones: so happy, sew a button, sow seeds"],["ate, eight","Homophones: ate lunch, the number 8"],["by, buy, bye","Homophones: by the door, buy a toy, say bye"],["dear, deer","Homophones: dear friend, a woodland animal"],["whole, hole","Homophones: the whole pie, a hole in the ground"],["Homograph","Words spelled the same but with different meanings, like bat"],["Bat","An animal that flies, or a stick used in baseball"],["Bark","A dog's sound, or the covering of a tree"],["Bank","Where money is kept, or the side of a river"],["Lead","To guide, or a soft gray metal (said led)"],["Wind","Moving air, or to turn something around"],["Tear","A drop from the eye, or to rip"],["Present","A gift, or here and now"],["Close","To shut, or very near"],["Contronym","A word that means its own opposite, like 'cleave'"],["Anagram","A word made by rearranging the letters of another, like listen and silent"],["Listen","An anagram of silent"],["Evil","An anagram of live (or vile)"],["Stressed","Spelled backward it is desserts"],["Onomatopoeia","A word that sounds like what it means, like buzz or splash"],["Buzz","An onomatopoeia for a bee's sound"],["Splash","An onomatopoeia for water"],["Pop","An onomatopoeia for a balloon"],["Alliteration","Words close together that start with the same sound"],["Pun","A joke that plays on word meanings or sounds"],["Idiom","A saying whose meaning is not literal, like 'raining cats and dogs'"],["Simile","A comparison using like or as"],["Metaphor","A comparison that says one thing is another"],["Longest English word in the dictionary (often cited)","Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis"],["Longest word with no repeated letter, often cited","Uncopyrightable"],["Shortest complete sentence","I am."]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/fun-world-records","id":"fun-world-records","title":"Natural World Records","category":"trivia-fun","subject":"Records","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Big, tall, deep and long things in nature and geography. Stable facts only.","tags":["records","geography","nature"],"frontLabel":"Record","backLabel":"Holder","cards":[["Tallest mountain above sea level","Mount Everest, about 29,000 feet (8,849 m)"],["Longest river (often cited)","The Nile or the Amazon, depending on how it is measured"],["Largest ocean","The Pacific Ocean"],["Deepest ocean trench","The Mariana Trench in the Pacific"],["Largest desert on Earth","Antarctica, a polar desert"],["Largest hot desert","The Sahara"],["Largest continent","Asia"],["Smallest continent","Australia"],["Largest country by area","Russia"],["Smallest country by area","Vatican City"],["Largest island","Greenland (not counting continents)"],["Largest lake by surface area","The Caspian Sea"],["Largest freshwater lake by area","Lake Superior"],["Deepest lake","Lake Baikal in Russia"],["Highest waterfall","Angel Falls in Venezuela"],["Largest rainforest","The Amazon rainforest"],["Largest coral reef system","The Great Barrier Reef in Australia"],["Longest mountain range","The Andes in South America (on land)"],["Tallest mountain from base to peak","Mauna Kea in Hawaii"],["Largest volcano in the solar system","Olympus Mons on Mars"],["Biggest canyon in the US","The Grand Canyon"],["Biggest planet","Jupiter"],["Hottest planet","Venus"],["Coldest place on Earth","Antarctica"],["Driest place on Earth","Parts of the Atacama Desert in Chile"],["Highest capital city","La Paz, Bolivia"],["Longest wall","The Great Wall of China"],["Largest country in Africa by area","Algeria"],["Largest country in South America","Brazil"],["Largest country in North America by area","Canada"],["Tallest tree species","Coast redwood"],["Biggest tree by volume","Giant sequoia named General Sherman"],["Oldest living tree species (individual groves)","Great Basin bristlecone pine"],["Biggest single flower","Rafflesia arnoldii of Southeast Asia"],["Biggest cat","The tiger"],["Biggest animal","The blue whale"],["Fastest land animal","The cheetah"],["Tallest living animal","The giraffe"],["Largest bird","The ostrich"],["Longest-lived land animal","The Galapagos tortoise"],["Tallest building (2010 onward)","Burj Khalifa in Dubai, over 2,700 feet (828 m)"],["First person to reach the summit of Mount Everest","Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953"],["First to the South Pole","Roald Amundsen's team in 1911"],["First person in space","Yuri Gagarin in 1961"],["First person on the Moon","Neil Armstrong in 1969"],["First powered flight","The Wright brothers in 1903"],["First solo nonstop Atlantic flight","Charles Lindbergh in 1927"],["First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic","Amelia Earhart in 1932"],["First country to put a satellite in orbit","The Soviet Union, Sputnik 1 in 1957"],["First US astronaut in orbit","John Glenn in 1962"],["Hottest temperature measured on Earth (official)","134 degrees Fahrenheit (56.7 C) at Death Valley in 1913"],["Coldest temperature measured on Earth","About minus 128.6 F (minus 89.2 C) in Antarctica in 1983"],["Most spoken first language","Mandarin Chinese"],["Oldest city still lived in (often cited)","Damascus, Syria, or Jericho, depending on definition"],["Most visited museum (in most years)","The Louvre in Paris"]]}]