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70 ÷ 7	10		facts-divide-by-7
77 ÷ 7	11		facts-divide-by-7
84 ÷ 7	12		facts-divide-by-7
0 ÷ 8	0		facts-divide-by-8
8 ÷ 8	1		facts-divide-by-8
16 ÷ 8	2		facts-divide-by-8
24 ÷ 8	3		facts-divide-by-8
32 ÷ 8	4		facts-divide-by-8
40 ÷ 8	5		facts-divide-by-8
48 ÷ 8	6		facts-divide-by-8
56 ÷ 8	7		facts-divide-by-8
64 ÷ 8	8		facts-divide-by-8
72 ÷ 8	9		facts-divide-by-8
80 ÷ 8	10		facts-divide-by-8
88 ÷ 8	11		facts-divide-by-8
96 ÷ 8	12		facts-divide-by-8
0 ÷ 9	0		facts-divide-by-9
9 ÷ 9	1		facts-divide-by-9
18 ÷ 9	2		facts-divide-by-9
27 ÷ 9	3		facts-divide-by-9
36 ÷ 9	4		facts-divide-by-9
45 ÷ 9	5		facts-divide-by-9
54 ÷ 9	6		facts-divide-by-9
63 ÷ 9	7		facts-divide-by-9
72 ÷ 9	8		facts-divide-by-9
81 ÷ 9	9		facts-divide-by-9
90 ÷ 9	10		facts-divide-by-9
99 ÷ 9	11		facts-divide-by-9
108 ÷ 9	12		facts-divide-by-9
1 + 1	2		facts-doubles
Half of 2	1		facts-doubles
2 + 2	4		facts-doubles
Half of 4	2		facts-doubles
3 + 3	6		facts-doubles
Half of 6	3		facts-doubles
4 + 4	8		facts-doubles
Half of 8	4		facts-doubles
5 + 5	10		facts-doubles
Half of 10	5		facts-doubles
6 + 6	12		facts-doubles
Half of 12	6		facts-doubles
7 + 7	14		facts-doubles
Half of 14	7		facts-doubles
8 + 8	16		facts-doubles
Half of 16	8		facts-doubles
9 + 9	18		facts-doubles
Half of 18	9		facts-doubles
10 + 10	20		facts-doubles
Half of 20	10		facts-doubles
11 + 11	22		facts-doubles
Half of 22	11		facts-doubles
12 + 12	24		facts-doubles
Half of 24	12		facts-doubles
13 + 13	26		facts-doubles
Half of 26	13		facts-doubles
14 + 14	28		facts-doubles
Half of 28	14		facts-doubles
15 + 15	30		facts-doubles
Half of 30	15		facts-doubles
16 + 16	32		facts-doubles
Half of 32	16		facts-doubles
17 + 17	34		facts-doubles
Half of 34	17		facts-doubles
18 + 18	36		facts-doubles
Half of 36	18		facts-doubles
19 + 19	38		facts-doubles
Half of 38	19		facts-doubles
20 + 20	40		facts-doubles
Half of 40	20		facts-doubles
0 + ? = 10	10		facts-make-ten
1 + ? = 10	9		facts-make-ten
2 + ? = 10	8		facts-make-ten
3 + ? = 10	7		facts-make-ten
4 + ? = 10	6		facts-make-ten
5 + ? = 10	5		facts-make-ten
6 + ? = 10	4		facts-make-ten
7 + ? = 10	3		facts-make-ten
8 + ? = 10	2		facts-make-ten
9 + ? = 10	1		facts-make-ten
10 + ? = 10	0		facts-make-ten
13 × 2	26		facts-multiply-teens
13 × 3	39		facts-multiply-teens
13 × 4	52		facts-multiply-teens
13 × 5	65		facts-multiply-teens
13 × 6	78		facts-multiply-teens
13 × 7	91		facts-multiply-teens
13 × 8	104		facts-multiply-teens
13 × 9	117		facts-multiply-teens
14 × 2	28		facts-multiply-teens
14 × 3	42		facts-multiply-teens
14 × 4	56		facts-multiply-teens
14 × 5	70		facts-multiply-teens
14 × 6	84		facts-multiply-teens
14 × 7	98		facts-multiply-teens
14 × 8	112		facts-multiply-teens
14 × 9	126		facts-multiply-teens
15 × 2	30		facts-multiply-teens
15 × 3	45		facts-multiply-teens
15 × 4	60		facts-multiply-teens
15 × 5	75		facts-multiply-teens
15 × 6	90		facts-multiply-teens
15 × 7	105		facts-multiply-teens
15 × 8	120		facts-multiply-teens
15 × 9	135		facts-multiply-teens
16 × 2	32		facts-multiply-teens
16 × 3	48		facts-multiply-teens
16 × 4	64		facts-multiply-teens
16 × 5	80		facts-multiply-teens
16 × 6	96		facts-multiply-teens
16 × 7	112		facts-multiply-teens
16 × 8	128		facts-multiply-teens
16 × 9	144		facts-multiply-teens
17 × 2	34		facts-multiply-teens
17 × 3	51		facts-multiply-teens
17 × 4	68		facts-multiply-teens
17 × 5	85		facts-multiply-teens
17 × 6	102		facts-multiply-teens
17 × 7	119		facts-multiply-teens
17 × 8	136		facts-multiply-teens
17 × 9	153		facts-multiply-teens
18 × 2	36		facts-multiply-teens
18 × 3	54		facts-multiply-teens
18 × 4	72		facts-multiply-teens
18 × 5	90		facts-multiply-teens
18 × 6	108		facts-multiply-teens
18 × 7	126		facts-multiply-teens
18 × 8	144		facts-multiply-teens
18 × 9	162		facts-multiply-teens
19 × 2	38		facts-multiply-teens
19 × 3	57		facts-multiply-teens
19 × 4	76		facts-multiply-teens
19 × 5	95		facts-multiply-teens
19 × 6	114		facts-multiply-teens
19 × 7	133		facts-multiply-teens
19 × 8	152		facts-multiply-teens
19 × 9	171		facts-multiply-teens
20 × 2	40		facts-multiply-teens
20 × 3	60		facts-multiply-teens
20 × 4	80		facts-multiply-teens
20 × 5	100		facts-multiply-teens
20 × 6	120		facts-multiply-teens
20 × 7	140		facts-multiply-teens
20 × 8	160		facts-multiply-teens
20 × 9	180		facts-multiply-teens
10⁰	1		facts-powers-of-10
10¹	10 (ten)		facts-powers-of-10
10²	100 (hundred)		facts-powers-of-10
10³	1,000 (thousand)		facts-powers-of-10
10⁴	10,000 (ten thousand)		facts-powers-of-10
10⁵	100,000 (hundred thousand)		facts-powers-of-10
10⁶	1,000,000 (million)		facts-powers-of-10
10⁹	1,000,000,000 (billion)		facts-powers-of-10
10¹²	1,000,000,000,000 (trillion)		facts-powers-of-10
10⁻¹	0.1 (tenth)		facts-powers-of-10
10⁻²	0.01 (hundredth)		facts-powers-of-10
10⁻³	0.001 (thousandth)		facts-powers-of-10
2^0	1		facts-powers-of-2
2^1	2		facts-powers-of-2
2^2	4		facts-powers-of-2
2^3	8		facts-powers-of-2
2^4	16		facts-powers-of-2
2^5	32		facts-powers-of-2
2^6	64		facts-powers-of-2
2^7	128		facts-powers-of-2
2^8	256		facts-powers-of-2
2^9	512		facts-powers-of-2
2^10	1024		facts-powers-of-2
2^11	2048		facts-powers-of-2
2^12	4096		facts-powers-of-2
2^13	8192		facts-powers-of-2
2^14	16384		facts-powers-of-2
2^15	32768		facts-powers-of-2
2^16	65536		facts-powers-of-2
2^17	131072		facts-powers-of-2
2^18	262144		facts-powers-of-2
2^19	524288		facts-powers-of-2
2^20	1048576		facts-powers-of-2
Is 2 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 3 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 4 prime?	No: 4 = 2 × 2		facts-primes-100
Is 5 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 6 prime?	No: 6 = 2 × 3		facts-primes-100
Is 7 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 8 prime?	No: 8 = 2 × 4		facts-primes-100
Is 9 prime?	No: 9 = 3 × 3		facts-primes-100
Is 10 prime?	No: 10 = 2 × 5		facts-primes-100
Is 11 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 12 prime?	No: 12 = 2 × 6		facts-primes-100
Is 13 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 14 prime?	No: 14 = 2 × 7		facts-primes-100
Is 15 prime?	No: 15 = 3 × 5		facts-primes-100
Is 16 prime?	No: 16 = 2 × 8		facts-primes-100
Is 17 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 18 prime?	No: 18 = 2 × 9		facts-primes-100
Is 19 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 20 prime?	No: 20 = 2 × 10		facts-primes-100
Is 21 prime?	No: 21 = 3 × 7		facts-primes-100
Is 22 prime?	No: 22 = 2 × 11		facts-primes-100
Is 23 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 24 prime?	No: 24 = 2 × 12		facts-primes-100
Is 25 prime?	No: 25 = 5 × 5		facts-primes-100
Is 26 prime?	No: 26 = 2 × 13		facts-primes-100
Is 27 prime?	No: 27 = 3 × 9		facts-primes-100
Is 28 prime?	No: 28 = 2 × 14		facts-primes-100
Is 29 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 30 prime?	No: 30 = 2 × 15		facts-primes-100
Is 31 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 32 prime?	No: 32 = 2 × 16		facts-primes-100
Is 33 prime?	No: 33 = 3 × 11		facts-primes-100
Is 34 prime?	No: 34 = 2 × 17		facts-primes-100
Is 35 prime?	No: 35 = 5 × 7		facts-primes-100
Is 36 prime?	No: 36 = 2 × 18		facts-primes-100
Is 37 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 38 prime?	No: 38 = 2 × 19		facts-primes-100
Is 39 prime?	No: 39 = 3 × 13		facts-primes-100
Is 40 prime?	No: 40 = 2 × 20		facts-primes-100
Is 41 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 42 prime?	No: 42 = 2 × 21		facts-primes-100
Is 43 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 44 prime?	No: 44 = 2 × 22		facts-primes-100
Is 45 prime?	No: 45 = 3 × 15		facts-primes-100
Is 46 prime?	No: 46 = 2 × 23		facts-primes-100
Is 47 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 48 prime?	No: 48 = 2 × 24		facts-primes-100
Is 49 prime?	No: 49 = 7 × 7		facts-primes-100
Is 50 prime?	No: 50 = 2 × 25		facts-primes-100
Is 51 prime?	No: 51 = 3 × 17		facts-primes-100
Is 52 prime?	No: 52 = 2 × 26		facts-primes-100
Is 53 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 54 prime?	No: 54 = 2 × 27		facts-primes-100
Is 55 prime?	No: 55 = 5 × 11		facts-primes-100
Is 56 prime?	No: 56 = 2 × 28		facts-primes-100
Is 57 prime?	No: 57 = 3 × 19		facts-primes-100
Is 58 prime?	No: 58 = 2 × 29		facts-primes-100
Is 59 prime?	Yes		facts-primes-100
Is 60 prime?	No: 60 = 2 × 30		facts-primes-100
1st number counting by 10s	10		facts-skip-count-10
2nd number counting by 10s	20		facts-skip-count-10
3rd number counting by 10s	30		facts-skip-count-10
4th number counting by 10s	40		facts-skip-count-10
5th number counting by 10s	50		facts-skip-count-10
6th number counting by 10s	60		facts-skip-count-10
7th number counting by 10s	70		facts-skip-count-10
8th number counting by 10s	80		facts-skip-count-10
9th number counting by 10s	90		facts-skip-count-10
10th number counting by 10s	100		facts-skip-count-10
11th number counting by 10s	110		facts-skip-count-10
12th number counting by 10s	120		facts-skip-count-10
1st number counting by 11s	11		facts-skip-count-11
2nd number counting by 11s	22		facts-skip-count-11
3rd number counting by 11s	33		facts-skip-count-11
4th number counting by 11s	44		facts-skip-count-11
5th number counting by 11s	55		facts-skip-count-11
6th number counting by 11s	66		facts-skip-count-11
7th number counting by 11s	77		facts-skip-count-11
8th number counting by 11s	88		facts-skip-count-11
9th number counting by 11s	99		facts-skip-count-11
10th number counting by 11s	110		facts-skip-count-11
11th number counting by 11s	121		facts-skip-count-11
12th number counting by 11s	132		facts-skip-count-11
1st number counting by 12s	12		facts-skip-count-12
2nd number counting by 12s	24		facts-skip-count-12
3rd number counting by 12s	36		facts-skip-count-12
4th number counting by 12s	48		facts-skip-count-12
5th number counting by 12s	60		facts-skip-count-12
6th number counting by 12s	72		facts-skip-count-12
7th number counting by 12s	84		facts-skip-count-12
8th number counting by 12s	96		facts-skip-count-12
9th number counting by 12s	108		facts-skip-count-12
10th number counting by 12s	120		facts-skip-count-12
11th number counting by 12s	132		facts-skip-count-12
12th number counting by 12s	144		facts-skip-count-12
1st number counting by 15s	15		facts-skip-count-15
2nd number counting by 15s	30		facts-skip-count-15
3rd number counting by 15s	45		facts-skip-count-15
4th number counting by 15s	60		facts-skip-count-15
5th number counting by 15s	75		facts-skip-count-15
6th number counting by 15s	90		facts-skip-count-15
7th number counting by 15s	105		facts-skip-count-15
8th number counting by 15s	120		facts-skip-count-15
9th number counting by 15s	135		facts-skip-count-15
10th number counting by 15s	150		facts-skip-count-15
11th number counting by 15s	165		facts-skip-count-15
12th number counting by 15s	180		facts-skip-count-15
1st number counting by 2s	2		facts-skip-count-2
2nd number counting by 2s	4		facts-skip-count-2
3rd number counting by 2s	6		facts-skip-count-2
4th number counting by 2s	8		facts-skip-count-2
5th number counting by 2s	10		facts-skip-count-2
6th number counting by 2s	12		facts-skip-count-2
7th number counting by 2s	14		facts-skip-count-2
8th number counting by 2s	16		facts-skip-count-2
9th number counting by 2s	18		facts-skip-count-2
10th number counting by 2s	20		facts-skip-count-2
11th number counting by 2s	22		facts-skip-count-2
12th number counting by 2s	24		facts-skip-count-2
1st number counting by 20s	20		facts-skip-count-20
2nd number counting by 20s	40		facts-skip-count-20
3rd number counting by 20s	60		facts-skip-count-20
4th number counting by 20s	80		facts-skip-count-20
5th number counting by 20s	100		facts-skip-count-20
6th number counting by 20s	120		facts-skip-count-20
7th number counting by 20s	140		facts-skip-count-20
8th number counting by 20s	160		facts-skip-count-20
9th number counting by 20s	180		facts-skip-count-20
10th number counting by 20s	200		facts-skip-count-20
11th number counting by 20s	220		facts-skip-count-20
12th number counting by 20s	240		facts-skip-count-20
1st number counting by 25s	25		facts-skip-count-25
2nd number counting by 25s	50		facts-skip-count-25
3rd number counting by 25s	75		facts-skip-count-25
4th number counting by 25s	100		facts-skip-count-25
5th number counting by 25s	125		facts-skip-count-25
6th number counting by 25s	150		facts-skip-count-25
7th number counting by 25s	175		facts-skip-count-25
8th number counting by 25s	200		facts-skip-count-25
9th number counting by 25s	225		facts-skip-count-25
10th number counting by 25s	250		facts-skip-count-25
11th number counting by 25s	275		facts-skip-count-25
12th number counting by 25s	300		facts-skip-count-25
1st number counting by 3s	3		facts-skip-count-3
2nd number counting by 3s	6		facts-skip-count-3
3rd number counting by 3s	9		facts-skip-count-3
4th number counting by 3s	12		facts-skip-count-3
5th number counting by 3s	15		facts-skip-count-3
6th number counting by 3s	18		facts-skip-count-3
7th number counting by 3s	21		facts-skip-count-3
8th number counting by 3s	24		facts-skip-count-3
9th number counting by 3s	27		facts-skip-count-3
10th number counting by 3s	30		facts-skip-count-3
11th number counting by 3s	33		facts-skip-count-3
12th number counting by 3s	36		facts-skip-count-3
1st number counting by 4s	4		facts-skip-count-4
2nd number counting by 4s	8		facts-skip-count-4
3rd number counting by 4s	12		facts-skip-count-4
4th number counting by 4s	16		facts-skip-count-4
5th number counting by 4s	20		facts-skip-count-4
6th number counting by 4s	24		facts-skip-count-4
7th number counting by 4s	28		facts-skip-count-4
8th number counting by 4s	32		facts-skip-count-4
9th number counting by 4s	36		facts-skip-count-4
10th number counting by 4s	40		facts-skip-count-4
11th number counting by 4s	44		facts-skip-count-4
12th number counting by 4s	48		facts-skip-count-4
1st number counting by 5s	5		facts-skip-count-5
2nd number counting by 5s	10		facts-skip-count-5
3rd number counting by 5s	15		facts-skip-count-5
4th number counting by 5s	20		facts-skip-count-5
5th number counting by 5s	25		facts-skip-count-5
6th number counting by 5s	30		facts-skip-count-5
7th number counting by 5s	35		facts-skip-count-5
8th number counting by 5s	40		facts-skip-count-5
9th number counting by 5s	45		facts-skip-count-5
10th number counting by 5s	50		facts-skip-count-5
11th number counting by 5s	55		facts-skip-count-5
12th number counting by 5s	60		facts-skip-count-5
1st number counting by 6s	6		facts-skip-count-6
2nd number counting by 6s	12		facts-skip-count-6
3rd number counting by 6s	18		facts-skip-count-6
4th number counting by 6s	24		facts-skip-count-6
5th number counting by 6s	30		facts-skip-count-6
6th number counting by 6s	36		facts-skip-count-6
7th number counting by 6s	42		facts-skip-count-6
8th number counting by 6s	48		facts-skip-count-6
9th number counting by 6s	54		facts-skip-count-6
10th number counting by 6s	60		facts-skip-count-6
11th number counting by 6s	66		facts-skip-count-6
12th number counting by 6s	72		facts-skip-count-6
1st number counting by 7s	7		facts-skip-count-7
2nd number counting by 7s	14		facts-skip-count-7
3rd number counting by 7s	21		facts-skip-count-7
4th number counting by 7s	28		facts-skip-count-7
5th number counting by 7s	35		facts-skip-count-7
6th number counting by 7s	42		facts-skip-count-7
7th number counting by 7s	49		facts-skip-count-7
8th number counting by 7s	56		facts-skip-count-7
9th number counting by 7s	63		facts-skip-count-7
10th number counting by 7s	70		facts-skip-count-7
11th number counting by 7s	77		facts-skip-count-7
12th number counting by 7s	84		facts-skip-count-7
1st number counting by 8s	8		facts-skip-count-8
2nd number counting by 8s	16		facts-skip-count-8
3rd number counting by 8s	24		facts-skip-count-8
4th number counting by 8s	32		facts-skip-count-8
5th number counting by 8s	40		facts-skip-count-8
6th number counting by 8s	48		facts-skip-count-8
7th number counting by 8s	56		facts-skip-count-8
8th number counting by 8s	64		facts-skip-count-8
9th number counting by 8s	72		facts-skip-count-8
10th number counting by 8s	80		facts-skip-count-8
11th number counting by 8s	88		facts-skip-count-8
12th number counting by 8s	96		facts-skip-count-8
1st number counting by 9s	9		facts-skip-count-9
2nd number counting by 9s	18		facts-skip-count-9
3rd number counting by 9s	27		facts-skip-count-9
4th number counting by 9s	36		facts-skip-count-9
5th number counting by 9s	45		facts-skip-count-9
6th number counting by 9s	54		facts-skip-count-9
7th number counting by 9s	63		facts-skip-count-9
8th number counting by 9s	72		facts-skip-count-9
9th number counting by 9s	81		facts-skip-count-9
10th number counting by 9s	90		facts-skip-count-9
11th number counting by 9s	99		facts-skip-count-9
12th number counting by 9s	108		facts-skip-count-9
√1	1		facts-square-roots
√4	2		facts-square-roots
√9	3		facts-square-roots
√16	4		facts-square-roots
√25	5		facts-square-roots
√36	6		facts-square-roots
√49	7		facts-square-roots
√64	8		facts-square-roots
√81	9		facts-square-roots
√100	10		facts-square-roots
√121	11		facts-square-roots
√144	12		facts-square-roots
√169	13		facts-square-roots
√196	14		facts-square-roots
√225	15		facts-square-roots
√256	16		facts-square-roots
√289	17		facts-square-roots
√324	18		facts-square-roots
√361	19		facts-square-roots
√400	20		facts-square-roots
√441	21		facts-square-roots
√484	22		facts-square-roots
√529	23		facts-square-roots
√576	24		facts-square-roots
√625	25		facts-square-roots
√676	26		facts-square-roots
√729	27		facts-square-roots
√784	28		facts-square-roots
√841	29		facts-square-roots
√900	30		facts-square-roots
1²	1		facts-squares-1-30
2²	4		facts-squares-1-30
3²	9		facts-squares-1-30
4²	16		facts-squares-1-30
5²	25		facts-squares-1-30
6²	36		facts-squares-1-30
7²	49		facts-squares-1-30
8²	64		facts-squares-1-30
9²	81		facts-squares-1-30
10²	100		facts-squares-1-30
11²	121		facts-squares-1-30
12²	144		facts-squares-1-30
13²	169		facts-squares-1-30
14²	196		facts-squares-1-30
15²	225		facts-squares-1-30
16²	256		facts-squares-1-30
17²	289		facts-squares-1-30
18²	324		facts-squares-1-30
19²	361		facts-squares-1-30
20²	400		facts-squares-1-30
21²	441		facts-squares-1-30
22²	484		facts-squares-1-30
23²	529		facts-squares-1-30
24²	576		facts-squares-1-30
25²	625		facts-squares-1-30
26²	676		facts-squares-1-30
27²	729		facts-squares-1-30
28²	784		facts-squares-1-30
29²	841		facts-squares-1-30
30²	900		facts-squares-1-30
0 − 0	0		facts-subtract-from-20
1 − 0	1		facts-subtract-from-20
2 − 0	2		facts-subtract-from-20
3 − 0	3		facts-subtract-from-20
4 − 0	4		facts-subtract-from-20
5 − 0	5		facts-subtract-from-20
6 − 0	6		facts-subtract-from-20
7 − 0	7		facts-subtract-from-20
8 − 0	8		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 0	9		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 0	10		facts-subtract-from-20
1 − 1	0		facts-subtract-from-20
2 − 1	1		facts-subtract-from-20
3 − 1	2		facts-subtract-from-20
4 − 1	3		facts-subtract-from-20
5 − 1	4		facts-subtract-from-20
6 − 1	5		facts-subtract-from-20
7 − 1	6		facts-subtract-from-20
8 − 1	7		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 1	8		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 1	9		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 1	10		facts-subtract-from-20
2 − 2	0		facts-subtract-from-20
3 − 2	1		facts-subtract-from-20
4 − 2	2		facts-subtract-from-20
5 − 2	3		facts-subtract-from-20
6 − 2	4		facts-subtract-from-20
7 − 2	5		facts-subtract-from-20
8 − 2	6		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 2	7		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 2	8		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 2	9		facts-subtract-from-20
12 − 2	10		facts-subtract-from-20
3 − 3	0		facts-subtract-from-20
4 − 3	1		facts-subtract-from-20
5 − 3	2		facts-subtract-from-20
6 − 3	3		facts-subtract-from-20
7 − 3	4		facts-subtract-from-20
8 − 3	5		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 3	6		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 3	7		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 3	8		facts-subtract-from-20
12 − 3	9		facts-subtract-from-20
13 − 3	10		facts-subtract-from-20
4 − 4	0		facts-subtract-from-20
5 − 4	1		facts-subtract-from-20
6 − 4	2		facts-subtract-from-20
7 − 4	3		facts-subtract-from-20
8 − 4	4		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 4	5		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 4	6		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 4	7		facts-subtract-from-20
12 − 4	8		facts-subtract-from-20
13 − 4	9		facts-subtract-from-20
14 − 4	10		facts-subtract-from-20
5 − 5	0		facts-subtract-from-20
6 − 5	1		facts-subtract-from-20
7 − 5	2		facts-subtract-from-20
8 − 5	3		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 5	4		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 5	5		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 5	6		facts-subtract-from-20
12 − 5	7		facts-subtract-from-20
13 − 5	8		facts-subtract-from-20
14 − 5	9		facts-subtract-from-20
15 − 5	10		facts-subtract-from-20
6 − 6	0		facts-subtract-from-20
7 − 6	1		facts-subtract-from-20
8 − 6	2		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 6	3		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 6	4		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 6	5		facts-subtract-from-20
12 − 6	6		facts-subtract-from-20
13 − 6	7		facts-subtract-from-20
14 − 6	8		facts-subtract-from-20
15 − 6	9		facts-subtract-from-20
16 − 6	10		facts-subtract-from-20
7 − 7	0		facts-subtract-from-20
8 − 7	1		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 7	2		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 7	3		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 7	4		facts-subtract-from-20
12 − 7	5		facts-subtract-from-20
13 − 7	6		facts-subtract-from-20
14 − 7	7		facts-subtract-from-20
15 − 7	8		facts-subtract-from-20
16 − 7	9		facts-subtract-from-20
17 − 7	10		facts-subtract-from-20
8 − 8	0		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 8	1		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 8	2		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 8	3		facts-subtract-from-20
12 − 8	4		facts-subtract-from-20
13 − 8	5		facts-subtract-from-20
14 − 8	6		facts-subtract-from-20
15 − 8	7		facts-subtract-from-20
16 − 8	8		facts-subtract-from-20
17 − 8	9		facts-subtract-from-20
18 − 8	10		facts-subtract-from-20
9 − 9	0		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 9	1		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 9	2		facts-subtract-from-20
12 − 9	3		facts-subtract-from-20
13 − 9	4		facts-subtract-from-20
14 − 9	5		facts-subtract-from-20
15 − 9	6		facts-subtract-from-20
16 − 9	7		facts-subtract-from-20
17 − 9	8		facts-subtract-from-20
18 − 9	9		facts-subtract-from-20
19 − 9	10		facts-subtract-from-20
10 − 10	0		facts-subtract-from-20
11 − 10	1		facts-subtract-from-20
12 − 10	2		facts-subtract-from-20
13 − 10	3		facts-subtract-from-20
14 − 10	4		facts-subtract-from-20
15 − 10	5		facts-subtract-from-20
16 − 10	6		facts-subtract-from-20
17 − 10	7		facts-subtract-from-20
18 − 10	8		facts-subtract-from-20
19 − 10	9		facts-subtract-from-20
20 − 10	10		facts-subtract-from-20
0 × 0	0		facts-times-0
0 × 1	0		facts-times-0
0 × 2	0		facts-times-0
0 × 3	0		facts-times-0
0 × 4	0		facts-times-0
0 × 5	0		facts-times-0
0 × 6	0		facts-times-0
0 × 7	0		facts-times-0
0 × 8	0		facts-times-0
0 × 9	0		facts-times-0
0 × 10	0		facts-times-0
0 × 11	0		facts-times-0
0 × 12	0		facts-times-0
1 × 0	0		facts-times-1
1 × 1	1		facts-times-1
1 × 2	2		facts-times-1
1 × 3	3		facts-times-1
1 × 4	4		facts-times-1
1 × 5	5		facts-times-1
1 × 6	6		facts-times-1
1 × 7	7		facts-times-1
1 × 8	8		facts-times-1
1 × 9	9		facts-times-1
1 × 10	10		facts-times-1
1 × 11	11		facts-times-1
1 × 12	12		facts-times-1
10 × 0	0		facts-times-10
10 × 1	10		facts-times-10
10 × 2	20		facts-times-10
10 × 3	30		facts-times-10
10 × 4	40		facts-times-10
10 × 5	50		facts-times-10
10 × 6	60		facts-times-10
10 × 7	70		facts-times-10
10 × 8	80		facts-times-10
10 × 9	90		facts-times-10
10 × 10	100		facts-times-10
10 × 11	110		facts-times-10
10 × 12	120		facts-times-10
11 × 0	0		facts-times-11
11 × 1	11		facts-times-11
11 × 2	22		facts-times-11
11 × 3	33		facts-times-11
11 × 4	44		facts-times-11
11 × 5	55		facts-times-11
11 × 6	66		facts-times-11
11 × 7	77		facts-times-11
11 × 8	88		facts-times-11
11 × 9	99		facts-times-11
11 × 10	110		facts-times-11
11 × 11	121		facts-times-11
11 × 12	132		facts-times-11
12 × 0	0		facts-times-12
12 × 1	12		facts-times-12
12 × 2	24		facts-times-12
12 × 3	36		facts-times-12
12 × 4	48		facts-times-12
12 × 5	60		facts-times-12
12 × 6	72		facts-times-12
12 × 7	84		facts-times-12
12 × 8	96		facts-times-12
12 × 9	108		facts-times-12
12 × 10	120		facts-times-12
12 × 11	132		facts-times-12
12 × 12	144		facts-times-12
2 × 0	0		facts-times-2
2 × 1	2		facts-times-2
2 × 2	4		facts-times-2
2 × 3	6		facts-times-2
2 × 4	8		facts-times-2
2 × 5	10		facts-times-2
2 × 6	12		facts-times-2
2 × 7	14		facts-times-2
2 × 8	16		facts-times-2
2 × 9	18		facts-times-2
2 × 10	20		facts-times-2
2 × 11	22		facts-times-2
2 × 12	24		facts-times-2
3 × 0	0		facts-times-3
3 × 1	3		facts-times-3
3 × 2	6		facts-times-3
3 × 3	9		facts-times-3
3 × 4	12		facts-times-3
3 × 5	15		facts-times-3
3 × 6	18		facts-times-3
3 × 7	21		facts-times-3
3 × 8	24		facts-times-3
3 × 9	27		facts-times-3
3 × 10	30		facts-times-3
3 × 11	33		facts-times-3
3 × 12	36		facts-times-3
4 × 0	0		facts-times-4
4 × 1	4		facts-times-4
4 × 2	8		facts-times-4
4 × 3	12		facts-times-4
4 × 4	16		facts-times-4
4 × 5	20		facts-times-4
4 × 6	24		facts-times-4
4 × 7	28		facts-times-4
4 × 8	32		facts-times-4
4 × 9	36		facts-times-4
4 × 10	40		facts-times-4
4 × 11	44		facts-times-4
4 × 12	48		facts-times-4
5 × 0	0		facts-times-5
5 × 1	5		facts-times-5
5 × 2	10		facts-times-5
5 × 3	15		facts-times-5
5 × 4	20		facts-times-5
5 × 5	25		facts-times-5
5 × 6	30		facts-times-5
5 × 7	35		facts-times-5
5 × 8	40		facts-times-5
5 × 9	45		facts-times-5
5 × 10	50		facts-times-5
5 × 11	55		facts-times-5
5 × 12	60		facts-times-5
6 × 0	0		facts-times-6
6 × 1	6		facts-times-6
6 × 2	12		facts-times-6
6 × 3	18		facts-times-6
6 × 4	24		facts-times-6
6 × 5	30		facts-times-6
6 × 6	36		facts-times-6
6 × 7	42		facts-times-6
6 × 8	48		facts-times-6
6 × 9	54		facts-times-6
6 × 10	60		facts-times-6
6 × 11	66		facts-times-6
6 × 12	72		facts-times-6
7 × 0	0		facts-times-7
7 × 1	7		facts-times-7
7 × 2	14		facts-times-7
7 × 3	21		facts-times-7
7 × 4	28		facts-times-7
7 × 5	35		facts-times-7
7 × 6	42		facts-times-7
7 × 7	49		facts-times-7
7 × 8	56		facts-times-7
7 × 9	63		facts-times-7
7 × 10	70		facts-times-7
7 × 11	77		facts-times-7
7 × 12	84		facts-times-7
8 × 0	0		facts-times-8
8 × 1	8		facts-times-8
8 × 2	16		facts-times-8
8 × 3	24		facts-times-8
8 × 4	32		facts-times-8
8 × 5	40		facts-times-8
8 × 6	48		facts-times-8
8 × 7	56		facts-times-8
8 × 8	64		facts-times-8
8 × 9	72		facts-times-8
8 × 10	80		facts-times-8
8 × 11	88		facts-times-8
8 × 12	96		facts-times-8
9 × 0	0		facts-times-9
9 × 1	9		facts-times-9
9 × 2	18		facts-times-9
9 × 3	27		facts-times-9
9 × 4	36		facts-times-9
9 × 5	45		facts-times-9
9 × 6	54		facts-times-9
9 × 7	63		facts-times-9
9 × 8	72		facts-times-9
9 × 9	81		facts-times-9
9 × 10	90		facts-times-9
9 × 11	99		facts-times-9
9 × 12	108		facts-times-9
0 × 0	0		facts-times-all
0 × 1	0		facts-times-all
0 × 2	0		facts-times-all
0 × 3	0		facts-times-all
0 × 4	0		facts-times-all
0 × 5	0		facts-times-all
0 × 6	0		facts-times-all
0 × 7	0		facts-times-all
0 × 8	0		facts-times-all
0 × 9	0		facts-times-all
0 × 10	0		facts-times-all
0 × 11	0		facts-times-all
0 × 12	0		facts-times-all
1 × 0	0		facts-times-all
1 × 1	1		facts-times-all
1 × 2	2		facts-times-all
1 × 3	3		facts-times-all
1 × 4	4		facts-times-all
1 × 5	5		facts-times-all
1 × 6	6		facts-times-all
1 × 7	7		facts-times-all
1 × 8	8		facts-times-all
1 × 9	9		facts-times-all
1 × 10	10		facts-times-all
1 × 11	11		facts-times-all
1 × 12	12		facts-times-all
2 × 0	0		facts-times-all
2 × 1	2		facts-times-all
2 × 2	4		facts-times-all
2 × 3	6		facts-times-all
2 × 4	8		facts-times-all
2 × 5	10		facts-times-all
2 × 6	12		facts-times-all
2 × 7	14		facts-times-all
2 × 8	16		facts-times-all
2 × 9	18		facts-times-all
2 × 10	20		facts-times-all
2 × 11	22		facts-times-all
2 × 12	24		facts-times-all
3 × 0	0		facts-times-all
3 × 1	3		facts-times-all
3 × 2	6		facts-times-all
3 × 3	9		facts-times-all
3 × 4	12		facts-times-all
3 × 5	15		facts-times-all
3 × 6	18		facts-times-all
3 × 7	21		facts-times-all
3 × 8	24		facts-times-all
3 × 9	27		facts-times-all
3 × 10	30		facts-times-all
3 × 11	33		facts-times-all
3 × 12	36		facts-times-all
4 × 0	0		facts-times-all
4 × 1	4		facts-times-all
4 × 2	8		facts-times-all
4 × 3	12		facts-times-all
4 × 4	16		facts-times-all
4 × 5	20		facts-times-all
4 × 6	24		facts-times-all
4 × 7	28		facts-times-all
4 × 8	32		facts-times-all
4 × 9	36		facts-times-all
4 × 10	40		facts-times-all
4 × 11	44		facts-times-all
4 × 12	48		facts-times-all
5 × 0	0		facts-times-all
5 × 1	5		facts-times-all
5 × 2	10		facts-times-all
5 × 3	15		facts-times-all
5 × 4	20		facts-times-all
5 × 5	25		facts-times-all
5 × 6	30		facts-times-all
5 × 7	35		facts-times-all
5 × 8	40		facts-times-all
5 × 9	45		facts-times-all
5 × 10	50		facts-times-all
5 × 11	55		facts-times-all
5 × 12	60		facts-times-all
6 × 0	0		facts-times-all
6 × 1	6		facts-times-all
6 × 2	12		facts-times-all
6 × 3	18		facts-times-all
6 × 4	24		facts-times-all
6 × 5	30		facts-times-all
6 × 6	36		facts-times-all
6 × 7	42		facts-times-all
6 × 8	48		facts-times-all
6 × 9	54		facts-times-all
6 × 10	60		facts-times-all
6 × 11	66		facts-times-all
6 × 12	72		facts-times-all
7 × 0	0		facts-times-all
7 × 1	7		facts-times-all
7 × 2	14		facts-times-all
7 × 3	21		facts-times-all
7 × 4	28		facts-times-all
7 × 5	35		facts-times-all
7 × 6	42		facts-times-all
7 × 7	49		facts-times-all
7 × 8	56		facts-times-all
7 × 9	63		facts-times-all
7 × 10	70		facts-times-all
7 × 11	77		facts-times-all
7 × 12	84		facts-times-all
8 × 0	0		facts-times-all
8 × 1	8		facts-times-all
8 × 2	16		facts-times-all
8 × 3	24		facts-times-all
8 × 4	32		facts-times-all
8 × 5	40		facts-times-all
8 × 6	48		facts-times-all
8 × 7	56		facts-times-all
8 × 8	64		facts-times-all
8 × 9	72		facts-times-all
8 × 10	80		facts-times-all
8 × 11	88		facts-times-all
8 × 12	96		facts-times-all
9 × 0	0		facts-times-all
9 × 1	9		facts-times-all
9 × 2	18		facts-times-all
9 × 3	27		facts-times-all
9 × 4	36		facts-times-all
9 × 5	45		facts-times-all
9 × 6	54		facts-times-all
9 × 7	63		facts-times-all
9 × 8	72		facts-times-all
9 × 9	81		facts-times-all
9 × 10	90		facts-times-all
9 × 11	99		facts-times-all
9 × 12	108		facts-times-all
10 × 0	0		facts-times-all
10 × 1	10		facts-times-all
10 × 2	20		facts-times-all
10 × 3	30		facts-times-all
10 × 4	40		facts-times-all
10 × 5	50		facts-times-all
10 × 6	60		facts-times-all
10 × 7	70		facts-times-all
10 × 8	80		facts-times-all
10 × 9	90		facts-times-all
10 × 10	100		facts-times-all
10 × 11	110		facts-times-all
10 × 12	120		facts-times-all
11 × 0	0		facts-times-all
11 × 1	11		facts-times-all
11 × 2	22		facts-times-all
11 × 3	33		facts-times-all
11 × 4	44		facts-times-all
11 × 5	55		facts-times-all
11 × 6	66		facts-times-all
11 × 7	77		facts-times-all
11 × 8	88		facts-times-all
11 × 9	99		facts-times-all
11 × 10	110		facts-times-all
11 × 11	121		facts-times-all
11 × 12	132		facts-times-all
12 × 0	0		facts-times-all
12 × 1	12		facts-times-all
12 × 2	24		facts-times-all
12 × 3	36		facts-times-all
12 × 4	48		facts-times-all
12 × 5	60		facts-times-all
12 × 6	72		facts-times-all
12 × 7	84		facts-times-all
12 × 8	96		facts-times-all
12 × 9	108		facts-times-all
12 × 10	120		facts-times-all
12 × 11	132		facts-times-all
12 × 12	144		facts-times-all
Triangle	3 sides, 3 angles		math-2d-shapes
Quadrilateral	4 sides, 4 angles		math-2d-shapes
Pentagon	5 sides		math-2d-shapes
Hexagon	6 sides		math-2d-shapes
Heptagon	7 sides (Also called a septagon)		math-2d-shapes
Octagon	8 sides (A stop sign)		math-2d-shapes
Nonagon	9 sides		math-2d-shapes
Decagon	10 sides		math-2d-shapes
Hendecagon	11 sides (Also called an undecagon)		math-2d-shapes
Dodecagon	12 sides		math-2d-shapes
Circle	All points the same distance from the center; no sides or corners		math-2d-shapes
Oval (ellipse)	A stretched circle		math-2d-shapes
Square	4 equal sides and 4 right angles		math-2d-shapes
Rectangle	4 right angles; opposite sides equal		math-2d-shapes
Rhombus	4 equal sides; opposite angles equal		math-2d-shapes
Parallelogram	Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal		math-2d-shapes
Trapezoid	A quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides		math-2d-shapes
Kite	A quadrilateral with two pairs of equal sides that meet side by side		math-2d-shapes
Equilateral triangle	All 3 sides equal; all angles 60 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Isosceles triangle	At least 2 equal sides and 2 equal angles		math-2d-shapes
Scalene triangle	No equal sides		math-2d-shapes
Right triangle	Has one 90-degree angle		math-2d-shapes
Acute triangle	All three angles are less than 90 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Obtuse triangle	Has one angle greater than 90 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Regular polygon	A polygon with all sides equal and all angles equal		math-2d-shapes
Irregular polygon	A polygon whose sides or angles are not all equal		math-2d-shapes
Convex polygon	A polygon with no angle pointing inward		math-2d-shapes
Concave polygon	A polygon with at least one angle pointing inward		math-2d-shapes
Sum of angles in a triangle	180 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Sum of angles in a quadrilateral	360 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Sum of angles in a pentagon	540 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Sum of angles in a hexagon	720 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Sum of angles in an n-sided polygon	(n − 2) × 180 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Each angle of a regular hexagon	120 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Each angle of a regular pentagon	108 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Each angle of a regular octagon	135 degrees		math-2d-shapes
Number of diagonals of a quadrilateral	2		math-2d-shapes
Number of diagonals of a pentagon	5		math-2d-shapes
Number of diagonals of a hexagon	9		math-2d-shapes
Diagonal	A segment joining two corners of a polygon that are not next to each other		math-2d-shapes
Is a square a rectangle?	Yes. A square is a rectangle with all sides equal.		math-2d-shapes
Is a square a rhombus?	Yes. A square is a rhombus with right angles.		math-2d-shapes
Is a rectangle a parallelogram?	Yes. Its opposite sides are parallel.		math-2d-shapes
Do the diagonals of a rectangle have equal lengths?	Yes		math-2d-shapes
Do the diagonals of a rhombus meet at right angles?	Yes, and they bisect each other		math-2d-shapes
Crescent	A moon shape formed by two arcs		math-2d-shapes
Semicircle	Half of a circle		math-2d-shapes
Quarter circle	A quarter of a circle; a 90-degree sector		math-2d-shapes
Star shape (pentagram)	A five-pointed star drawn with five straight lines		math-2d-shapes
Cube	6 square faces, 12 edges, 8 vertices		math-3d-solids
Rectangular prism	6 rectangular faces, 12 edges, 8 vertices (A shoebox)		math-3d-solids
Triangular prism	5 faces, 9 edges, 6 vertices		math-3d-solids
Square pyramid	5 faces, 8 edges, 5 vertices		math-3d-solids
Triangular pyramid (tetrahedron)	4 faces, 6 edges, 4 vertices		math-3d-solids
Pentagonal prism	7 faces, 15 edges, 10 vertices		math-3d-solids
Hexagonal prism	8 faces, 18 edges, 12 vertices		math-3d-solids
Cylinder	2 flat circular faces and 1 curved surface; no vertices		math-3d-solids
Cone	1 flat circular face, 1 curved surface, 1 vertex		math-3d-solids
Sphere	A perfectly round solid; every surface point is the same distance from the center		math-3d-solids
Hemisphere	Half of a sphere		math-3d-solids
Face	A flat surface of a solid		math-3d-solids
Edge	A line where two faces meet		math-3d-solids
Vertex	A corner where edges meet		math-3d-solids
Base	The face a solid sits on, or the matching ends of a prism		math-3d-solids
Prism	A solid with two parallel identical bases and flat rectangular sides		math-3d-solids
Pyramid	A solid with one base and triangular sides meeting at an apex		math-3d-solids
Apex	The top point of a pyramid or cone		math-3d-solids
Euler's formula for polyhedra	Vertices − Edges + Faces = 2 (V − E + F = 2)		math-3d-solids
Polyhedron	A solid with only flat faces		math-3d-solids
Platonic solid	A polyhedron whose faces are all the same regular polygon, with the same number meeting at each vertex		math-3d-solids
How many Platonic solids are there?	Five		math-3d-solids
Tetrahedron	Platonic solid with 4 triangular faces		math-3d-solids
Cube (hexahedron)	Platonic solid with 6 square faces		math-3d-solids
Octahedron	Platonic solid with 8 triangular faces		math-3d-solids
Dodecahedron	Platonic solid with 12 pentagonal faces		math-3d-solids
Icosahedron	Platonic solid with 20 triangular faces		math-3d-solids
Net of a cube	A flat pattern of 6 connected squares that folds into a cube		math-3d-solids
Lateral face	A side face of a prism or pyramid (not a base)		math-3d-solids
Slant height	The distance along the sloped side of a cone or pyramid from apex to base edge		math-3d-solids
Which solid rolls and slides?	A cylinder		math-3d-solids
Which solid rolls but does not stack?	A sphere		math-3d-solids
Cuboid	Another name for a rectangular prism		math-3d-solids
Torus	A donut shape		math-3d-solids
Ellipsoid	A stretched sphere, like a rugby ball		math-3d-solids
Frustum	A cone or pyramid with its top sliced off parallel to the base		math-3d-solids
Commutative property of addition	a + b = b + a		math-algebra-rules
Commutative property of multiplication	ab = ba		math-algebra-rules
Associative property of addition	(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)		math-algebra-rules
Associative property of multiplication	(ab)c = a(bc)		math-algebra-rules
Distributive property	a(b + c) = ab + ac		math-algebra-rules
Additive identity	a + 0 = a		math-algebra-rules
Multiplicative identity	a × 1 = a		math-algebra-rules
Additive inverse	a + (−a) = 0		math-algebra-rules
Multiplicative inverse	a × (1/a) = 1, for a not zero		math-algebra-rules
Zero property of multiplication	a × 0 = 0		math-algebra-rules
Reflexive property	a = a		math-algebra-rules
Symmetric property	If a = b, then b = a		math-algebra-rules
Transitive property	If a = b and b = c, then a = c		math-algebra-rules
Addition property of equality	If a = b, then a + c = b + c		math-algebra-rules
Multiplication property of equality	If a = b, then ac = bc		math-algebra-rules
Substitution property	If a = b, then b can replace a in any expression		math-algebra-rules
Rule for multiplying two negatives	The product is positive		math-algebra-rules
Rule for multiplying a negative and a positive	The product is negative		math-algebra-rules
Rule for dividing two negatives	The quotient is positive		math-algebra-rules
Subtracting a negative	a − (−b) = a + b		math-algebra-rules
Solve x + 7 = 12	x = 5		math-algebra-rules
Solve 3x = 21	x = 7		math-algebra-rules
Solve 2x − 5 = 9	x = 7		math-algebra-rules
Solve x/4 = 6	x = 24		math-algebra-rules
Solve 5x + 3 = 2x + 15	x = 4		math-algebra-rules
Rule for inequalities	Multiplying or dividing by a negative number flips the inequality sign		math-algebra-rules
Solve −2x > 6	x < −3		math-algebra-rules
Solve |x| = 5	x = 5 or x = −5		math-algebra-rules
Solve |x| < 3	−3 < x < 3		math-algebra-rules
Solve |x| > 3	x < −3 or x > 3		math-algebra-rules
FOIL	First, Outer, Inner, Last: multiplying two binomials		math-algebra-rules
Expand (x + 3)(x + 2)	x² + 5x + 6		math-algebra-rules
Expand (x + 4)²	x² + 8x + 16		math-algebra-rules
Expand (x − 5)²	x² − 10x + 25		math-algebra-rules
Expand (x + 3)(x − 3)	x² − 9		math-algebra-rules
Factor x² + 7x + 12	(x + 3)(x + 4)		math-algebra-rules
Factor x² − 9	(x − 3)(x + 3)		math-algebra-rules
Factor x² − 5x + 6	(x − 2)(x − 3)		math-algebra-rules
Factor x² + 2x + 1	(x + 1)²		math-algebra-rules
Factor 2x² + 6x	2x(x + 3)		math-algebra-rules
Sum of cubes	a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²)		math-algebra-rules
Difference of cubes	a³ − b³ = (a − b)(a² + ab + b²)		math-algebra-rules
Binomial cube	(a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³		math-algebra-rules
Solve x² = 49	x = 7 or x = −7		math-algebra-rules
Solve x² − 5x + 6 = 0	x = 2 or x = 3		math-algebra-rules
Midpoint of two numbers	Their average: (a + b)/2		math-algebra-rules
Cross-multiplication	If a/b = c/d, then ad = bc		math-algebra-rules
Adding fractions with unlike denominators	Use a common denominator first		math-algebra-rules
Slope between two points	(y₂ − y₁)/(x₂ − x₁)		math-algebra-rules
Perpendicular to slope 2	Slope −1/2		math-algebra-rules
Distance, rate, time	d = r × t		math-algebra-rules
Percent change	(new − old) / old × 100%		math-algebra-rules
Simple interest	I = P r t		math-algebra-rules
Average (mean) formula	Sum of values divided by number of values		math-algebra-rules
Order of solving with variables on both sides	Collect variable terms on one side, constants on the other, then divide		math-algebra-rules
Check a solution	Substitute it back into the original equation		math-algebra-rules
Variable	A letter that stands for a number		math-algebra-terms
Constant	A fixed number that does not change		math-algebra-terms
Coefficient	The number multiplying a variable (In −4y, it is −4)		math-algebra-terms
Term	A part of an expression separated by + or −		math-algebra-terms
Like terms	Terms with the same variables raised to the same powers		math-algebra-terms
Expression	A combination of numbers, variables and operations without an equals sign		math-algebra-terms
Equation	A statement that two expressions are equal		math-algebra-terms
Inequality	A statement comparing two expressions using <, >, ≤ or ≥		math-algebra-terms
Solve	Find the value of the variable that makes the statement true		math-algebra-terms
Evaluate	Replace variables with numbers and compute the result		math-algebra-terms
Simplify	Combine like terms and reduce an expression		math-algebra-terms
Factor	Write an expression as a product of simpler expressions		math-algebra-terms
Expand	Multiply out brackets to remove them		math-algebra-terms
Substitution	Replacing a variable with a value or another expression		math-algebra-terms
Linear equation	An equation whose graph is a straight line; the variable has degree 1		math-algebra-terms
Slope-intercept form	y = mx + b		math-algebra-terms
Point-slope form	y − y₁ = m(x − x₁)		math-algebra-terms
Standard form of a line	Ax + By = C		math-algebra-terms
Slope	Rise over run; change in y divided by change in x		math-algebra-terms
Rise	The vertical change between two points		math-algebra-terms
Run	The horizontal change between two points		math-algebra-terms
Y-intercept	Where a graph crosses the y-axis (x = 0)		math-algebra-terms
X-intercept	Where a graph crosses the x-axis (y = 0)		math-algebra-terms
Parallel lines (slopes)	Have equal slopes		math-algebra-terms
Perpendicular lines (slopes)	Slopes are negative reciprocals; their product is −1		math-algebra-terms
Slope of a horizontal line	0		math-algebra-terms
Slope of a vertical line	Undefined		math-algebra-terms
Function	A rule that gives each input exactly one output		math-algebra-terms
Function notation	f(x) is read 'f of x'; the output for input x		math-algebra-terms
Domain	All allowed input values		math-algebra-terms
Range	All resulting output values		math-algebra-terms
Independent variable	The input variable, usually x		math-algebra-terms
Dependent variable	The output variable, usually y; it depends on x		math-algebra-terms
Vertical line test	A graph is a function if no vertical line crosses it twice		math-algebra-terms
Absolute value	The distance of a number from zero, written |x|		math-algebra-terms
System of equations	Two or more equations solved together		math-algebra-terms
Substitution method	Solve one equation for a variable and substitute into the other		math-algebra-terms
Elimination method	Add or subtract equations to cancel a variable		math-algebra-terms
Consistent system	A system with at least one solution		math-algebra-terms
Inconsistent system	A system with no solution, such as parallel lines		math-algebra-terms
Dependent system	A system with infinitely many solutions; the same line		math-algebra-terms
Polynomial	An expression of terms with whole-number powers of variables		math-algebra-terms
Degree	The highest power of the variable in a polynomial		math-algebra-terms
Standard form of a polynomial	Terms written from the highest power to the lowest		math-algebra-terms
Quadratic equation	An equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0		math-algebra-terms
Quadratic formula	x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a		math-algebra-terms
Completing the square	Rewriting a quadratic so a perfect square trinomial appears		math-algebra-terms
Vertex form	y = a(x − h)² + k		math-algebra-terms
Difference of squares	a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b)		math-algebra-terms
Perfect square trinomial	a² + 2ab + b² = (a + b)²		math-algebra-terms
Greatest common factor (GCF)	The largest factor shared by all the terms		math-algebra-terms
Zero product property	If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0		math-algebra-terms
Root, zero or solution	An x value where the function equals 0		math-algebra-terms
Radical	A root symbol, such as √		math-algebra-terms
Rationalize the denominator	Rewrite a fraction so the denominator has no radical		math-algebra-terms
Rational expression	A fraction whose numerator and denominator are polynomials		math-algebra-terms
Inverse variation	y = k/x; as one quantity goes up, the other goes down		math-algebra-terms
Direct variation	y = kx; the ratio y/x is constant		math-algebra-terms
Constant of variation	The constant k in a variation equation		math-algebra-terms
Arithmetic sequence formula	aₙ = a₁ + (n − 1)d		math-algebra-terms
Geometric sequence formula	aₙ = a₁ · rⁿ⁻¹		math-algebra-terms
Exponential growth	y = a(1 + r)^t with r > 0		math-algebra-terms
Exponential decay	y = a(1 − r)^t with 0 < r < 1		math-algebra-terms
Compound interest formula	A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)		math-algebra-terms
Continuous compounding formula	A = Pe^(rt)		math-algebra-terms
Acute angle	Between 0° and 90°		math-angles-lines
Right angle	Exactly 90°		math-angles-lines
Obtuse angle	Between 90° and 180°		math-angles-lines
Straight angle	Exactly 180°		math-angles-lines
Reflex angle	Between 180° and 360°		math-angles-lines
Full rotation	360°		math-angles-lines
Complementary angles	Add up to 90°		math-angles-lines
Supplementary angles	Add up to 180°		math-angles-lines
Complement of 30°	60°		math-angles-lines
Supplement of 110°	70°		math-angles-lines
Vertical angles	Opposite angles made by two crossing lines; they are equal		math-angles-lines
Adjacent angles	Share a vertex and a side, with no overlap		math-angles-lines
Linear pair	Two adjacent angles that form a straight line; add up to 180°		math-angles-lines
Corresponding angles	Angles in matching positions at two different crossings of a transversal		math-angles-lines
Alternate interior angles	Angles inside the two lines on opposite sides of the transversal		math-angles-lines
Alternate exterior angles	Angles outside the two lines on opposite sides of the transversal		math-angles-lines
Same-side interior angles	Angles inside the two lines on the same side of the transversal		math-angles-lines
Vertex of an angle	The point where the two rays meet		math-angles-lines
Angle bisector	A ray that splits an angle into two equal angles		math-angles-lines
Protractor	A tool for measuring angles in degrees		math-angles-lines
Line	A straight path that goes on forever in both directions		math-angles-lines
Line segment	A piece of a line between two endpoints		math-angles-lines
Ray	A part of a line with one endpoint, going on forever one way		math-angles-lines
Collinear points	Points that lie on the same line		math-angles-lines
Coplanar	Lying in the same flat plane		math-angles-lines
Parallel lines	Lines in a plane that never meet		math-angles-lines
Perpendicular lines	Lines that meet at 90°		math-angles-lines
Skew lines	Lines in 3D that do not meet and are not parallel		math-angles-lines
Midpoint	The point exactly halfway along a segment		math-angles-lines
Perpendicular bisector	A line that cuts a segment in half at a right angle		math-angles-lines
Transversal	A line that crosses two or more lines		math-angles-lines
Plane	A flat surface that extends forever in every direction		math-angles-lines
Center of a circle	The point equally far from every point on the circle		math-angles-lines
Radius	A segment from the center to the circle		math-angles-lines
Diameter	A chord through the center; the longest chord		math-angles-lines
Chord	A segment joining two points on a circle		math-angles-lines
Secant	A line that cuts through a circle at two points		math-angles-lines
Tangent	A line that touches a circle at one point		math-angles-lines
Arc	A piece of the circle's outline		math-angles-lines
Minor arc	An arc smaller than a semicircle		math-angles-lines
Major arc	An arc larger than a semicircle		math-angles-lines
Semicircle	Half a circle; an arc of 180°		math-angles-lines
Sector	A region bounded by two radii and an arc		math-angles-lines
Segment of a circle	A region bounded by a chord and an arc		math-angles-lines
Central angle	An angle with its vertex at the center of a circle		math-angles-lines
Inscribed angle	An angle with its vertex on the circle		math-angles-lines
Concentric circles	Circles that share the same center		math-angles-lines
Congruent circles	Circles with equal radii		math-angles-lines
Degrees in a circle	360		math-angles-lines
Radians in a full circle	2π		math-angles-lines
Degrees in one radian	About 57.3°		math-angles-lines
Convert 180° to radians	π radians		math-angles-lines
Convert 90° to radians	π/2		math-angles-lines
Convert 60° to radians	π/3		math-angles-lines
Convert π/4 to degrees	45°		math-angles-lines
Convert π/6 to degrees	30°		math-angles-lines
Limit	The value a function approaches as the input approaches a number		math-calculus-concepts
One-sided limit	A limit approached only from the left or only from the right		math-calculus-concepts
Limit at infinity	The value a function approaches as x grows without bound		math-calculus-concepts
Continuous at a point	The limit equals the function value there		math-calculus-concepts
Removable discontinuity	A hole in the graph that could be filled in		math-calculus-concepts
Jump discontinuity	The left and right limits exist but differ		math-calculus-concepts
Infinite discontinuity	The function grows without bound near that point (vertical asymptote)		math-calculus-concepts
Intermediate value theorem	A continuous function takes every value between f(a) and f(b)		math-calculus-concepts
Extreme value theorem	A continuous function on a closed interval has a maximum and a minimum		math-calculus-concepts
Differentiable	Having a derivative at a point; the graph is smooth there		math-calculus-concepts
Differentiable implies	Continuous		math-calculus-concepts
Local maximum	A point higher than nearby points		math-calculus-concepts
Local minimum	A point lower than nearby points		math-calculus-concepts
Absolute (global) extremum	The highest or lowest point over the whole domain		math-calculus-concepts
Optimization	Using derivatives to find the best (largest or smallest) value		math-calculus-concepts
Linear approximation	Using the tangent line to estimate nearby values		math-calculus-concepts
Differential	dy = f'(x) dx; a small change in y		math-calculus-concepts
Antiderivative	A function whose derivative is the given function		math-calculus-concepts
Riemann sum	A sum of rectangle areas that approximates an area		math-calculus-concepts
Definite integral	A number: signed area under a curve between limits		math-calculus-concepts
Net change	The integral of a rate of change		math-calculus-concepts
Slope field	A picture of tangent slopes for a differential equation		math-calculus-concepts
Differential equation	An equation involving a function and its derivatives		math-calculus-concepts
Separable differential equation	One where the variables can be moved to opposite sides		math-calculus-concepts
Exponential growth equation	dy/dt = ky has solution y = Ce^(kt)		math-calculus-concepts
Sequence limit	The value the terms approach as n grows		math-calculus-concepts
Geometric series test	Converges if |r| < 1, with sum a/(1 − r)		math-calculus-concepts
p-series	Σ 1/nᵖ converges if p > 1 and diverges if p ≤ 1		math-calculus-concepts
Ratio test	Compare consecutive terms; convergence if the limit of |aₙ₊₁/aₙ| is less than 1		math-calculus-concepts
Alternating series test	Converges if terms alternate sign, decrease in size and go to 0		math-calculus-concepts
Taylor series	A power series that matches a function's derivatives at a point		math-calculus-concepts
Maclaurin series	A Taylor series centered at 0		math-calculus-concepts
Maclaurin series of eˣ	1 + x + x²/2! + x³/3! + ...		math-calculus-concepts
Maclaurin series of sin x	x − x³/3! + x⁵/5! − ...		math-calculus-concepts
Maclaurin series of cos x	1 − x²/2! + x⁴/4! − ...		math-calculus-concepts
Maclaurin series of 1/(1 − x)	1 + x + x² + x³ + ... for |x| < 1		math-calculus-concepts
Radius of convergence	How far from the center a power series converges		math-calculus-concepts
lim (x→0) sin x / x	1		math-calculus-concepts
lim (x→0) (1 − cos x) / x	0		math-calculus-concepts
lim (x→0) (eˣ − 1) / x	1		math-calculus-concepts
lim (x→∞) (1 + 1/x)ˣ	e		math-calculus-concepts
lim (x→∞) 1/x	0		math-calculus-concepts
lim (x→1) (x² − 1)/(x − 1)	2		math-calculus-concepts
lim (x→∞) (3x² + 1)/(x² + 5)	3		math-calculus-concepts
lim (x→0) ln(1 + x)/x	1		math-calculus-concepts
Squeeze theorem	If a function is trapped between two functions with the same limit, it has that limit		math-calculus-concepts
Vertical asymptote	A vertical line the graph approaches where values blow up		math-calculus-concepts
Horizontal asymptote	A horizontal line the graph approaches as x goes to ±∞		math-calculus-concepts
Indeterminate form	A limit form such as 0/0 or ∞/∞ that needs more work		math-calculus-concepts
Partial derivative	A derivative with respect to one variable, others held constant		math-calculus-concepts
Gradient	A vector of partial derivatives pointing in the direction of steepest increase		math-calculus-concepts
Double integral	Integral over a 2D region, finding volume under a surface		math-calculus-concepts
Multivariable calculus	Calculus of functions with more than one input		math-calculus-concepts
Differential vs. derivative	The derivative is a rate; the differential is a small change		math-calculus-concepts
Leibniz notation	dy/dx		math-calculus-concepts
Lagrange notation	f'(x)		math-calculus-concepts
Newton's notation	ẏ, a dot over the variable		math-calculus-concepts
Who developed calculus independently?	Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz		math-calculus-concepts
Horizontal axis	The x-axis		math-coordinate-graphing
Vertical axis	The y-axis		math-coordinate-graphing
Origin	The point (0, 0)		math-coordinate-graphing
Ordered pair (x, y)	First number is across, second is up or down		math-coordinate-graphing
Quadrant I	x positive, y positive (top right)		math-coordinate-graphing
Quadrant II	x negative, y positive (top left)		math-coordinate-graphing
Quadrant III	x negative, y negative (bottom left)		math-coordinate-graphing
Quadrant IV	x positive, y negative (bottom right)		math-coordinate-graphing
Where is (0, 5)?	On the y-axis, 5 units above the origin		math-coordinate-graphing
Where is (−3, 0)?	On the x-axis, 3 units left of the origin		math-coordinate-graphing
Which quadrant is (3, −2)?	IV		math-coordinate-graphing
Which quadrant is (−4, −1)?	III		math-coordinate-graphing
Which quadrant is (−2, 6)?	II		math-coordinate-graphing
Reflect (3, 4) over the x-axis	(3, −4)		math-coordinate-graphing
Reflect (3, 4) over the y-axis	(−3, 4)		math-coordinate-graphing
Reflect (3, 4) through the origin	(−3, −4)		math-coordinate-graphing
Reflect (a, b) over the line y = x	(b, a)		math-coordinate-graphing
Translate (2, 1) by 3 right and 2 up	(5, 3)		math-coordinate-graphing
Rotate (a, b) 90° counterclockwise about the origin	(−b, a)		math-coordinate-graphing
Rotate (a, b) 180° about the origin	(−a, −b)		math-coordinate-graphing
Dilate (2, 3) by scale factor 2 about the origin	(4, 6)		math-coordinate-graphing
Distance from (0, 0) to (3, 4)	5		math-coordinate-graphing
Distance from (1, 2) to (4, 6)	5		math-coordinate-graphing
Midpoint of (2, 4) and (6, 8)	(4, 6)		math-coordinate-graphing
Midpoint of (−2, 3) and (4, −1)	(1, 1)		math-coordinate-graphing
Slope through (0, 0) and (2, 4)	2		math-coordinate-graphing
Slope through (1, 5) and (3, 1)	−2		math-coordinate-graphing
Slope of y = 3x + 2	3		math-coordinate-graphing
Y-intercept of y = 3x + 2	2		math-coordinate-graphing
X-intercept of y = 2x − 6	3		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of y = 5	A horizontal line		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of x = −2	A vertical line		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of y = x	A line through the origin with slope 1		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of y = x²	A parabola opening up with vertex at the origin		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of y = −x²	A parabola opening down		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of y = |x|	A V shape with vertex at the origin		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of y = 1/x	A hyperbola with branches in quadrants I and III		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of y = √x	Half of a sideways parabola starting at the origin		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of y = 2ˣ	A curve that rises quickly and passes through (0, 1)		math-coordinate-graphing
Graph of x² + y² = 9	A circle with center (0, 0) and radius 3		math-coordinate-graphing
Shift y = f(x) up 3	y = f(x) + 3		math-coordinate-graphing
Shift y = f(x) right 2	y = f(x − 2)		math-coordinate-graphing
Reflect y = f(x) over the x-axis	y = −f(x)		math-coordinate-graphing
Reflect y = f(x) over the y-axis	y = f(−x)		math-coordinate-graphing
Stretch y = f(x) vertically by 3	y = 3f(x)		math-coordinate-graphing
Vertex of y = (x − 2)² + 5	(2, 5)		math-coordinate-graphing
Axis of symmetry of y = (x − 2)² + 5	x = 2		math-coordinate-graphing
Parallel to y = 2x + 1	Any line with slope 2		math-coordinate-graphing
Perpendicular to y = 2x + 1	Any line with slope −1/2		math-coordinate-graphing
Rise over run	Slope		math-coordinate-graphing
Positive slope	The line goes up from left to right		math-coordinate-graphing
Negative slope	The line goes down from left to right		math-coordinate-graphing
Where lines of a system meet	The solution of the system		math-coordinate-graphing
Line graph	Plots points joined by lines to show change over time		math-coordinate-graphing
Scale of a graph	The value each grid mark stands for		math-coordinate-graphing
Interval of an axis	The step between marked numbers		math-coordinate-graphing
Latitude and longitude	A coordinate system for locations on Earth		math-coordinate-graphing
Battleship grid	A game that uses coordinates like B7		math-coordinate-graphing
Plotting order	Start at the origin, move across x, then up or down y		math-coordinate-graphing
René Descartes	Introduced the Cartesian coordinate system		math-coordinate-graphing
Polar coordinates (r, θ)	Distance from the origin and angle from the positive x-axis		math-coordinate-graphing
3D coordinates	Add a z-axis: (x, y, z)		math-coordinate-graphing
Number of axes in a 3D grid	3		math-coordinate-graphing
∛1	1		math-cube-roots
∛8	2		math-cube-roots
∛27	3		math-cube-roots
∛64	4		math-cube-roots
∛125	5		math-cube-roots
∛216	6		math-cube-roots
∛343	7		math-cube-roots
∛512	8		math-cube-roots
∛729	9		math-cube-roots
∛1000	10		math-cube-roots
∛1331	11		math-cube-roots
∛1728	12		math-cube-roots
∛2197	13		math-cube-roots
∛2744	14		math-cube-roots
∛3375	15		math-cube-roots
∛4096	16		math-cube-roots
∛4913	17		math-cube-roots
∛5832	18		math-cube-roots
∛6859	19		math-cube-roots
∛8000	20		math-cube-roots
Constant: d/dx [c]	0		math-derivative-rules
Power rule: d/dx [xⁿ]	n xⁿ⁻¹		math-derivative-rules
Constant multiple rule	d/dx [c f(x)] = c f'(x)		math-derivative-rules
Sum rule	d/dx [f + g] = f' + g'		math-derivative-rules
Difference rule	d/dx [f − g] = f' − g'		math-derivative-rules
Product rule	d/dx [fg] = f'g + fg'		math-derivative-rules
Quotient rule	d/dx [f/g] = (f'g − fg') / g²		math-derivative-rules
Chain rule	d/dx [f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) · g'(x)		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [x]	1		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [x²]	2x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [x³]	3x²		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [√x]	1/(2√x)		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [1/x]	−1/x²		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [eˣ]	eˣ		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [aˣ]	aˣ ln a		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [ln x]	1/x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [log_a x]	1/(x ln a)		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [sin x]	cos x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [cos x]	−sin x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [tan x]	sec² x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [cot x]	−csc² x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [sec x]	sec x tan x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [csc x]	−csc x cot x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [arcsin x]	1/√(1 − x²)		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [arccos x]	−1/√(1 − x²)		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [arctan x]	1/(1 + x²)		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [sinh x]	cosh x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [cosh x]	sinh x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [e^(2x)]	2e^(2x)		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [sin(3x)]	3 cos(3x)		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [(x² + 1)³]	6x(x² + 1)²		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [x eˣ]	eˣ(x + 1)		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [x sin x]	sin x + x cos x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [ln(x²)]	2/x		math-derivative-rules
d/dx [5x⁴ − 3x + 7]	20x³ − 3		math-derivative-rules
Derivative as slope	The slope of the tangent line at a point		math-derivative-rules
Limit definition of derivative	f'(x) = lim (h→0) [f(x + h) − f(x)] / h		math-derivative-rules
Second derivative	The derivative of the derivative; tells concavity		math-derivative-rules
Critical point	A point where f' = 0 or f' does not exist		math-derivative-rules
First derivative test	f' changes from + to − at a local maximum, and − to + at a local minimum		math-derivative-rules
Second derivative test	f'' > 0 gives a local minimum; f'' < 0 gives a local maximum		math-derivative-rules
Inflection point	A point where concavity changes		math-derivative-rules
Concave up	f'' > 0; the graph curves like a cup		math-derivative-rules
Concave down	f'' < 0; the graph curves like a cap		math-derivative-rules
Velocity from position	v(t) = s'(t)		math-derivative-rules
Acceleration from position	a(t) = s''(t)		math-derivative-rules
Mean value theorem	A smooth curve has a point where the slope equals the average slope over the interval		math-derivative-rules
L'Hôpital's rule	For 0/0 or ∞/∞ forms, lim f/g = lim f'/g' (if that limit exists)		math-derivative-rules
Implicit differentiation	Differentiate both sides with respect to x, using dy/dx for y terms		math-derivative-rules
Related rates	Differentiate an equation in time to link rates of change		math-derivative-rules
Tangent line equation	y − f(a) = f'(a)(x − a)		math-derivative-rules
Rolle's theorem	If f(a) = f(b) and f is smooth, there is a point between where f' = 0		math-derivative-rules
Product rule	aᵐ · aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ (Same base: add exponents)		math-exponent-rules
Quotient rule	aᵐ / aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ (Same base: subtract exponents)		math-exponent-rules
Power of a power	(aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿ (Multiply exponents)		math-exponent-rules
Power of a product	(ab)ⁿ = aⁿbⁿ		math-exponent-rules
Power of a quotient	(a/b)ⁿ = aⁿ/bⁿ		math-exponent-rules
Zero exponent	a⁰ = 1, for a not zero		math-exponent-rules
Negative exponent	a⁻ⁿ = 1/aⁿ		math-exponent-rules
Fractional exponent	a^(1/n) = the nth root of a		math-exponent-rules
Rational exponent	a^(m/n) = (nth root of a)^m		math-exponent-rules
Exponent of 1	a¹ = a		math-exponent-rules
2³ · 2⁴	2⁷ = 128		math-exponent-rules
5⁶ / 5²	5⁴ = 625		math-exponent-rules
(3²)³	3⁶ = 729		math-exponent-rules
(2x)³	8x³		math-exponent-rules
(x²)⁴	x⁸		math-exponent-rules
x³ · x⁵	x⁸		math-exponent-rules
x⁹ / x³	x⁶		math-exponent-rules
(−2)²	4		math-exponent-rules
−2²	−4 (The exponent applies only to the 2)		math-exponent-rules
(−2)³	−8		math-exponent-rules
10⁰	1		math-exponent-rules
0⁰	Usually left undefined (or treated as 1 in some settings)		math-exponent-rules
2⁻³	1/8		math-exponent-rules
10⁻²	0.01		math-exponent-rules
4^(1/2)	2		math-exponent-rules
8^(1/3)	2		math-exponent-rules
27^(2/3)	9		math-exponent-rules
16^(3/4)	8		math-exponent-rules
9^(−1/2)	1/3		math-exponent-rules
Is (a + b)² equal to a² + b²?	No. (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²		math-exponent-rules
Is aᵐ + aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ?	No. The product rule works for multiplying, not adding		math-exponent-rules
Negative base with even power	The result is positive		math-exponent-rules
Negative base with odd power	The result is negative		math-exponent-rules
Scientific notation of 45,000	4.5 × 10⁴		math-exponent-rules
Scientific notation of 0.0007	7 × 10⁻⁴		math-exponent-rules
(3 × 10²)(2 × 10³)	6 × 10⁵		math-exponent-rules
Square root as an exponent	√a = a^(1/2)		math-exponent-rules
Cube root as an exponent	∛a = a^(1/3)		math-exponent-rules
Reciprocal of x⁻²	x²		math-exponent-rules
Simplify (x³y²)²	x⁶y⁴		math-exponent-rules
Simplify x⁻²y³ with positive exponents	y³/x²		math-exponent-rules
0!	1 (By definition)		math-factorials
1!	1		math-factorials
2!	2		math-factorials
3!	6		math-factorials
4!	24		math-factorials
5!	120		math-factorials
6!	720		math-factorials
7!	5040		math-factorials
8!	40320		math-factorials
9!	362880		math-factorials
10!	3628800		math-factorials
11!	39916800		math-factorials
12!	479001600		math-factorials
1/2 as a decimal	0.5		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/2 as a percent	50%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/3 as a decimal	0.333... (3 repeats)		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/3 as a percent	about 33.3%, exactly 33 and 1/3%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
2/3 as a decimal	0.666... (6 repeats)		math-fraction-decimal-percent
2/3 as a percent	about 66.7%, exactly 66 and 2/3%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/4 as a decimal	0.25		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/4 as a percent	25%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/4 as a decimal	0.75		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/4 as a percent	75%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/5 as a decimal	0.2		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/5 as a percent	20%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
2/5 as a decimal	0.4		math-fraction-decimal-percent
2/5 as a percent	40%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/5 as a decimal	0.6		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/5 as a percent	60%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
4/5 as a decimal	0.8		math-fraction-decimal-percent
4/5 as a percent	80%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/6 as a decimal	0.1666... (6 repeats)		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/6 as a percent	about 16.7%, exactly 16 and 2/3%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
5/6 as a decimal	0.8333... (3 repeats)		math-fraction-decimal-percent
5/6 as a percent	about 83.3%, exactly 83 and 1/3%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/8 as a decimal	0.125		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/8 as a percent	12.5%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/8 as a decimal	0.375		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/8 as a percent	37.5%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
5/8 as a decimal	0.625		math-fraction-decimal-percent
5/8 as a percent	62.5%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
7/8 as a decimal	0.875		math-fraction-decimal-percent
7/8 as a percent	87.5%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/10 as a decimal	0.1		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/10 as a percent	10%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/10 as a decimal	0.3		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/10 as a percent	30%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
7/10 as a decimal	0.7		math-fraction-decimal-percent
7/10 as a percent	70%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
9/10 as a decimal	0.9		math-fraction-decimal-percent
9/10 as a percent	90%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/20 as a decimal	0.05		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/20 as a percent	5%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/25 as a decimal	0.04		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/25 as a percent	4%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/20 as a decimal	0.15		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/20 as a percent	15%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/50 as a decimal	0.02		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/50 as a percent	2%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/100 as a decimal	0.01		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/100 as a percent	1%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/12 as a decimal	0.08333... (3 repeats)		math-fraction-decimal-percent
1/12 as a percent	about 8.3%, exactly 8 and 1/3%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
2/8 as a decimal	0.25		math-fraction-decimal-percent
2/8 as a percent	25%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
9/20 as a decimal	0.45		math-fraction-decimal-percent
9/20 as a percent	45%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
11/20 as a decimal	0.55		math-fraction-decimal-percent
11/20 as a percent	55%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
13/20 as a decimal	0.65		math-fraction-decimal-percent
13/20 as a percent	65%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
17/20 as a decimal	0.85		math-fraction-decimal-percent
17/20 as a percent	85%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
19/20 as a decimal	0.95		math-fraction-decimal-percent
19/20 as a percent	95%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/25 as a decimal	0.12		math-fraction-decimal-percent
3/25 as a percent	12%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
7/20 as a decimal	0.35		math-fraction-decimal-percent
7/20 as a percent	35%		math-fraction-decimal-percent
What does the denominator tell you?	How many equal parts the whole is divided into		math-fractions-skills
What does the numerator tell you?	How many of those parts are being counted		math-fractions-skills
Proper fraction	Numerator is smaller than denominator, like 3/5		math-fractions-skills
Improper fraction	Numerator is equal to or larger than denominator, like 9/4		math-fractions-skills
Mixed number	A whole number plus a fraction, like 2 1/4		math-fractions-skills
Equivalent fractions	Different fractions with the same value		math-fractions-skills
How to make an equivalent fraction	Multiply or divide top and bottom by the same number		math-fractions-skills
Simplify 6/8	3/4		math-fractions-skills
Simplify 10/15	2/3		math-fractions-skills
Simplify 12/18	2/3		math-fractions-skills
Simplify 24/36	2/3		math-fractions-skills
Simplify 15/45	1/3		math-fractions-skills
Simplify 18/24	3/4		math-fractions-skills
Simplify 20/50	2/5		math-fractions-skills
Convert 7/4 to a mixed number	1 3/4		math-fractions-skills
Convert 11/3 to a mixed number	3 2/3		math-fractions-skills
Convert 2 1/2 to an improper fraction	5/2		math-fractions-skills
Convert 3 2/5 to an improper fraction	17/5		math-fractions-skills
Convert 1 3/4 to an improper fraction	7/4		math-fractions-skills
1/2 + 1/4	3/4		math-fractions-skills
1/3 + 1/6	1/2		math-fractions-skills
2/5 + 1/10	1/2		math-fractions-skills
3/8 + 1/4	5/8		math-fractions-skills
1/2 + 1/3	5/6		math-fractions-skills
3/4 + 2/3	1 5/12		math-fractions-skills
3/4 − 1/4	1/2		math-fractions-skills
5/6 − 1/3	1/2		math-fractions-skills
7/8 − 1/2	3/8		math-fractions-skills
2/3 − 1/4	5/12		math-fractions-skills
1 − 3/5	2/5		math-fractions-skills
2/3 × 3/4	1/2		math-fractions-skills
1/2 × 1/2	1/4		math-fractions-skills
3/5 × 5/6	1/2		math-fractions-skills
2/7 × 14	4		math-fractions-skills
1/3 of 12	4		math-fractions-skills
3/4 of 20	15		math-fractions-skills
2/5 of 25	10		math-fractions-skills
1/2 ÷ 1/4	2		math-fractions-skills
3/4 ÷ 3/8	2		math-fractions-skills
2/3 ÷ 4	1/6		math-fractions-skills
4 ÷ 1/2	8		math-fractions-skills
How to divide fractions	Multiply by the reciprocal of the second fraction		math-fractions-skills
Reciprocal of 5/7	7/5		math-fractions-skills
Reciprocal of 4	1/4		math-fractions-skills
Common denominator	A shared multiple of the denominators, needed for adding and subtracting		math-fractions-skills
Least common denominator of 1/4 and 1/6	12		math-fractions-skills
Least common denominator of 2/3 and 3/5	15		math-fractions-skills
Which is greater, 3/4 or 2/3?	3/4		math-fractions-skills
Which is greater, 5/8 or 3/5?	5/8		math-fractions-skills
Which is smaller, 1/3 or 2/7?	2/7		math-fractions-skills
Compare 4/9 and 1/2	4/9 < 1/2		math-fractions-skills
Order 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 from least to greatest	1/4, 1/3, 1/2		math-fractions-skills
Unit fractions get smaller as the denominator	Gets bigger		math-fractions-skills
Benchmark fractions	0, 1/2 and 1, used for comparing and estimating		math-fractions-skills
Is 5/9 more or less than 1/2?	More		math-fractions-skills
Is 3/8 more or less than 1/2?	Less		math-fractions-skills
Fraction of a day that is 6 hours	1/4		math-fractions-skills
Fraction of an hour that is 20 minutes	1/3		math-fractions-skills
Fraction of a dollar that is a quarter	1/4		math-fractions-skills
Fraction as division	a/b means a ÷ b		math-fractions-skills
1/0	Undefined; you cannot divide by zero		math-fractions-skills
0/5	0		math-fractions-skills
Fraction bar also means	Divide		math-fractions-skills
Fraction of a circle in a half turn	1/2		math-fractions-skills
Number line fraction: halfway between 0 and 1	1/2		math-fractions-skills
Complex fraction	A fraction with a fraction in the numerator or denominator		math-fractions-skills
Area of a rectangle	A = l × w		math-geometry-formulas
Perimeter of a rectangle	P = 2l + 2w		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a square	A = s²		math-geometry-formulas
Perimeter of a square	P = 4s		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a triangle	A = ½ × b × h		math-geometry-formulas
Perimeter of a triangle	Add the three sides		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a parallelogram	A = b × h		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a trapezoid	A = ½ × (b₁ + b₂) × h		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a rhombus	A = ½ × d₁ × d₂ (The two diagonals)		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a kite	A = ½ × d₁ × d₂		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a circle	A = πr²		math-geometry-formulas
Circumference of a circle	C = 2πr = πd		math-geometry-formulas
Diameter in terms of radius	d = 2r		math-geometry-formulas
Length of an arc	(θ/360) × 2πr, with θ in degrees		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a sector	(θ/360) × πr², with θ in degrees		math-geometry-formulas
Area of an equilateral triangle	A = (√3/4) × s²		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a regular polygon	A = ½ × apothem × perimeter		math-geometry-formulas
Heron's formula	A = √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)], where s is half the perimeter		math-geometry-formulas
Area of a triangle with two sides and the included angle	A = ½ ab sin C		math-geometry-formulas
Area of an ellipse	A = πab (a and b are the semi-axes)		math-geometry-formulas
Volume of a cube	V = s³		math-geometry-formulas
Surface area of a cube	SA = 6s²		math-geometry-formulas
Volume of a rectangular prism	V = l × w × h		math-geometry-formulas
Surface area of a rectangular prism	SA = 2(lw + lh + wh)		math-geometry-formulas
Volume of any prism	V = base area × height		math-geometry-formulas
Volume of a cylinder	V = πr²h		math-geometry-formulas
Lateral surface area of a cylinder	2πrh		math-geometry-formulas
Total surface area of a cylinder	SA = 2πr² + 2πrh		math-geometry-formulas
Volume of a cone	V = ⅓πr²h		math-geometry-formulas
Lateral surface area of a cone	πrl, where l is the slant height		math-geometry-formulas
Total surface area of a cone	SA = πr² + πrl		math-geometry-formulas
Volume of a pyramid	V = ⅓ × base area × height		math-geometry-formulas
Volume of a sphere	V = 4/3 πr³		math-geometry-formulas
Surface area of a sphere	SA = 4πr²		math-geometry-formulas
Volume of a hemisphere	V = 2/3 πr³		math-geometry-formulas
Slant height of a cone	l = √(r² + h²)		math-geometry-formulas
Diagonal of a rectangle	d = √(l² + w²)		math-geometry-formulas
Diagonal of a square	d = s√2		math-geometry-formulas
Space diagonal of a rectangular prism	d = √(l² + w² + h²)		math-geometry-formulas
Pythagorean theorem	a² + b² = c²		math-geometry-formulas
Distance formula	d = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]		math-geometry-formulas
Midpoint formula	((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)		math-geometry-formulas
Slope formula	m = (y₂−y₁)/(x₂−x₁)		math-geometry-formulas
Sum of interior angles of an n-gon	(n − 2) × 180°		math-geometry-formulas
Each interior angle of a regular n-gon	(n − 2) × 180° / n		math-geometry-formulas
Sum of exterior angles of any polygon	360°		math-geometry-formulas
Number of diagonals of an n-gon	n(n − 3)/2		math-geometry-formulas
Equation of a circle	(x − h)² + (y − k)² = r²		math-geometry-formulas
Surface area of a triangular prism	2 × base area + perimeter of base × height		math-geometry-formulas
Volume of a torus	V = 2π²Rr²		math-geometry-formulas
Perimeter of an equilateral triangle	P = 3s		math-geometry-formulas
Area of an annulus (ring)	A = π(R² − r²)		math-geometry-formulas
Area scale factor	If lengths scale by k, area scales by k²		math-geometry-formulas
Volume scale factor	If lengths scale by k, volume scales by k³		math-geometry-formulas
Triangle angle sum theorem	The three angles of a triangle add up to 180°		math-geometry-theorems
Exterior angle theorem	An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two remote interior angles		math-geometry-theorems
Isosceles triangle theorem	Angles opposite equal sides are equal		math-geometry-theorems
Converse of the isosceles triangle theorem	Sides opposite equal angles are equal		math-geometry-theorems
Triangle inequality theorem	The sum of any two sides is greater than the third side		math-geometry-theorems
Pythagorean theorem	In a right triangle, a² + b² = c²		math-geometry-theorems
Converse of the Pythagorean theorem	If a² + b² = c², the triangle is a right triangle		math-geometry-theorems
45-45-90 triangle	Sides are in the ratio 1 : 1 : √2		math-geometry-theorems
30-60-90 triangle	Sides are in the ratio 1 : √3 : 2		math-geometry-theorems
Midsegment theorem	A segment joining midpoints of two sides is parallel to the third side and half as long		math-geometry-theorems
Triangle angle bisector theorem	An angle bisector splits the opposite side in the ratio of the adjacent sides		math-geometry-theorems
SSS congruence	Three pairs of equal sides make triangles congruent		math-geometry-theorems
SAS congruence	Two sides and the angle between them equal makes triangles congruent		math-geometry-theorems
ASA congruence	Two angles and the side between them equal makes triangles congruent		math-geometry-theorems
AAS congruence	Two angles and a non-included side equal makes triangles congruent		math-geometry-theorems
HL congruence	Right triangles with equal hypotenuse and one equal leg are congruent		math-geometry-theorems
CPCTC	Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent		math-geometry-theorems
AA similarity	Two triangles with two equal angles are similar		math-geometry-theorems
SAS similarity	Two proportional sides with equal included angle make triangles similar		math-geometry-theorems
SSS similarity	Three proportional sides make triangles similar		math-geometry-theorems
Vertical angles theorem	Vertical angles are equal		math-geometry-theorems
Linear pair postulate	Two angles that form a straight line add up to 180°		math-geometry-theorems
Corresponding angles postulate	Parallel lines cut by a transversal make equal corresponding angles		math-geometry-theorems
Alternate interior angles theorem	Parallel lines cut by a transversal make equal alternate interior angles		math-geometry-theorems
Same-side interior angles theorem	Parallel lines cut by a transversal make supplementary same-side interior angles		math-geometry-theorems
Perpendicular bisector theorem	A point on the perpendicular bisector is equally far from the segment's endpoints		math-geometry-theorems
Angle bisector theorem (points)	A point on an angle bisector is equally far from the angle's sides		math-geometry-theorems
Centroid	The point where a triangle's three medians meet		math-geometry-theorems
Circumcenter	The point where perpendicular bisectors meet; the center of the circumscribed circle		math-geometry-theorems
Incenter	The point where angle bisectors meet; the center of the inscribed circle		math-geometry-theorems
Orthocenter	The point where a triangle's altitudes meet		math-geometry-theorems
Centroid ratio	The centroid divides each median in a 2 : 1 ratio, longer part toward the vertex		math-geometry-theorems
Inscribed angle theorem	An inscribed angle is half its intercepted arc		math-geometry-theorems
Central angle theorem	A central angle equals its intercepted arc		math-geometry-theorems
Thales' theorem	An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle		math-geometry-theorems
Tangent-radius theorem	A tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the point of tangency		math-geometry-theorems
Two tangents theorem	Tangent segments from one outside point to a circle are equal		math-geometry-theorems
Chord-chord theorem	If two chords cross, the products of their pieces are equal		math-geometry-theorems
Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral	They add up to 180°		math-geometry-theorems
Parallelogram theorem: sides	Opposite sides are equal		math-geometry-theorems
Parallelogram theorem: angles	Opposite angles are equal; consecutive angles add up to 180°		math-geometry-theorems
Parallelogram theorem: diagonals	Diagonals bisect each other		math-geometry-theorems
Rectangle diagonals	Diagonals of a rectangle are equal		math-geometry-theorems
Rhombus diagonals	Diagonals are perpendicular and bisect the angles		math-geometry-theorems
Kite diagonals	Diagonals are perpendicular		math-geometry-theorems
Isosceles trapezoid base angles	Base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are equal		math-geometry-theorems
Side-splitter theorem	A line parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally		math-geometry-theorems
Geometric mean (altitude) theorem	The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the geometric mean of the two segments it makes		math-geometry-theorems
Law of sines	a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C		math-geometry-theorems
Law of cosines	c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos C		math-geometry-theorems
Euler line	The centroid, circumcenter and orthocenter of a triangle lie on one line		math-geometry-theorems
Ceva's theorem	Cevians through a point in a triangle satisfy (AF/FB)(BD/DC)(CE/EA) = 1		math-geometry-theorems
Pick's theorem	Area of a lattice polygon = i + b/2 − 1, with i inside points and b boundary points		math-geometry-theorems
Euler's polyhedron formula	V − E + F = 2		math-geometry-theorems
∫ 0 dx	C		math-integral-rules
∫ k dx	kx + C		math-integral-rules
∫ xⁿ dx (n ≠ −1)	xⁿ⁺¹/(n + 1) + C		math-integral-rules
∫ 1/x dx	ln|x| + C		math-integral-rules
∫ eˣ dx	eˣ + C		math-integral-rules
∫ aˣ dx	aˣ/ln a + C		math-integral-rules
∫ sin x dx	−cos x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ cos x dx	sin x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ sec² x dx	tan x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ csc² x dx	−cot x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ sec x tan x dx	sec x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ csc x cot x dx	−csc x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ tan x dx	−ln|cos x| + C		math-integral-rules
∫ cot x dx	ln|sin x| + C		math-integral-rules
∫ sec x dx	ln|sec x + tan x| + C		math-integral-rules
∫ ln x dx	x ln x − x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ 1/(1 + x²) dx	arctan x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ 1/√(1 − x²) dx	arcsin x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ x² dx	x³/3 + C		math-integral-rules
∫ x³ dx	x⁴/4 + C		math-integral-rules
∫ √x dx	(2/3) x^(3/2) + C		math-integral-rules
∫ 1/x² dx	−1/x + C		math-integral-rules
∫ e^(2x) dx	e^(2x)/2 + C		math-integral-rules
∫ cos(3x) dx	sin(3x)/3 + C		math-integral-rules
∫ 2x dx	x² + C		math-integral-rules
∫ (3x² + 2) dx	x³ + 2x + C		math-integral-rules
Constant of integration	+ C, since many functions share the same derivative		math-integral-rules
Linearity of integrals	∫ (af + bg) dx = a∫f dx + b∫g dx		math-integral-rules
Fundamental theorem of calculus, part 1	d/dx ∫ₐˣ f(t) dt = f(x)		math-integral-rules
Fundamental theorem of calculus, part 2	∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a), where F' = f		math-integral-rules
Definite integral	The signed area between a curve and the x-axis over an interval		math-integral-rules
Indefinite integral	The family of all antiderivatives of a function		math-integral-rules
Integration by parts	∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du		math-integral-rules
Substitution (u-substitution)	Let u = g(x), then replace g'(x) dx with du		math-integral-rules
Partial fractions	Split a rational function into simpler fractions before integrating		math-integral-rules
Riemann sum	A sum of rectangle areas that approximates a definite integral		math-integral-rules
Trapezoidal rule	Approximating area using trapezoids instead of rectangles		math-integral-rules
Average value of a function	(1/(b − a)) ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx		math-integral-rules
Area between curves	∫ (top − bottom) dx		math-integral-rules
Disk method	V = π ∫ [R(x)]² dx		math-integral-rules
Washer method	V = π ∫ ([R(x)]² − [r(x)]²) dx		math-integral-rules
Shell method	V = 2π ∫ (radius)(height) dx		math-integral-rules
Arc length	L = ∫ √(1 + [f'(x)]²) dx		math-integral-rules
∫₀¹ x dx	1/2		math-integral-rules
∫₀¹ x² dx	1/3		math-integral-rules
∫₀^π sin x dx	2		math-integral-rules
∫₁^e (1/x) dx	1		math-integral-rules
∫₀^1 eˣ dx	e − 1		math-integral-rules
Improper integral	An integral with an infinite limit or an unbounded function, defined with a limit		math-integral-rules
Position from velocity	s(t) = ∫ v(t) dt		math-integral-rules
Velocity from acceleration	v(t) = ∫ a(t) dt		math-integral-rules
Even function integral over [−a, a]	2 ∫₀ᵃ f(x) dx		math-integral-rules
Odd function integral over [−a, a]	0		math-integral-rules
Swapping limits of integration	∫ₐᵇ f = −∫ᵦᵃ f		math-integral-rules
Scalar	A single number, as opposed to a vector		math-linear-algebra
Vector	An ordered list of numbers; has magnitude and direction		math-linear-algebra
Magnitude (norm) of a vector	Its length, √(x² + y² + ...)		math-linear-algebra
Unit vector	A vector of length 1		math-linear-algebra
Zero vector	The vector whose entries are all 0		math-linear-algebra
Vector addition	Add matching entries		math-linear-algebra
Scalar multiplication	Multiply every entry of a vector or matrix by the same number		math-linear-algebra
Dot product	Sum of products of matching entries; a · b = |a||b| cos θ		math-linear-algebra
Perpendicular vectors	Their dot product is 0 (orthogonal)		math-linear-algebra
Cross product	A vector perpendicular to two 3D vectors; length |a||b| sin θ		math-linear-algebra
Linear combination	A sum of vectors each multiplied by a scalar		math-linear-algebra
Span	The set of all linear combinations of some vectors		math-linear-algebra
Linear independence	No vector in the set is a linear combination of the others		math-linear-algebra
Linear dependence	At least one vector can be built from the others		math-linear-algebra
Basis	A linearly independent set of vectors that spans a space		math-linear-algebra
Dimension	The number of vectors in a basis		math-linear-algebra
Standard basis of R²	(1, 0) and (0, 1)		math-linear-algebra
Vector space	A set where vectors can be added and scaled by numbers following set rules		math-linear-algebra
Subspace	A vector space inside a larger one		math-linear-algebra
Matrix	A rectangular array of numbers in rows and columns		math-linear-algebra
Order (size) of a matrix	Rows × columns, such as 2 × 3		math-linear-algebra
Square matrix	A matrix with the same number of rows and columns		math-linear-algebra
Identity matrix	A square matrix with 1s on the main diagonal and 0s elsewhere; AI = A		math-linear-algebra
Zero matrix	A matrix with all entries 0		math-linear-algebra
Diagonal matrix	A square matrix with zeros off the main diagonal		math-linear-algebra
Symmetric matrix	A matrix equal to its transpose		math-linear-algebra
Transpose	Swap rows and columns; written Aᵀ		math-linear-algebra
Matrix addition	Add matching entries; matrices need the same size		math-linear-algebra
Matrix multiplication rule	An m × n matrix times an n × p matrix gives an m × p matrix		math-linear-algebra
Is matrix multiplication commutative?	No. AB is usually not equal to BA		math-linear-algebra
Inverse matrix	A⁻¹ such that A A⁻¹ = I		math-linear-algebra
Invertible (nonsingular) matrix	A square matrix with an inverse; its determinant is not 0		math-linear-algebra
Singular matrix	A matrix with no inverse; determinant 0		math-linear-algebra
Determinant of a 2×2 matrix [a b; c d]	ad − bc		math-linear-algebra
Determinant meaning	Scale factor of area or volume under the matrix's transformation		math-linear-algebra
Trace of a matrix	The sum of the diagonal entries		math-linear-algebra
Rank	The number of linearly independent rows (or columns)		math-linear-algebra
Null space	All vectors x with Ax = 0		math-linear-algebra
Column space	The span of the columns of a matrix		math-linear-algebra
Row space	The span of the rows of a matrix		math-linear-algebra
Linear transformation	A function T where T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v) and T(cu) = cT(u)		math-linear-algebra
System of linear equations as a matrix	Ax = b		math-linear-algebra
Augmented matrix	The coefficient matrix with the constants column attached		math-linear-algebra
Gaussian elimination	Using row operations to turn a matrix into row-echelon form		math-linear-algebra
Row operations	Swap rows, multiply a row by a nonzero number, add a multiple of one row to another		math-linear-algebra
Row-echelon form	A staircase form with leading entries moving to the right		math-linear-algebra
Reduced row-echelon form	Row-echelon form with leading 1s and zeros above and below them		math-linear-algebra
Pivot	A leading nonzero entry in a row used in elimination		math-linear-algebra
Eigenvalue	A number λ such that Av = λv for some nonzero vector v		math-linear-algebra
Eigenvector	A nonzero vector that only gets scaled by a matrix		math-linear-algebra
Characteristic polynomial	det(A − λI); its roots are the eigenvalues		math-linear-algebra
Orthogonal matrix	A square matrix whose columns are perpendicular unit vectors; Qᵀ = Q⁻¹		math-linear-algebra
Projection	The shadow of one vector onto another		math-linear-algebra
Rotation matrix in 2D	[cos θ, −sin θ; sin θ, cos θ]		math-linear-algebra
Cramer's rule	Solve a system using ratios of determinants		math-linear-algebra
Orthonormal basis	A basis of perpendicular unit vectors		math-linear-algebra
Gram-Schmidt process	A method to turn a basis into an orthonormal one		math-linear-algebra
Diagonalization	Writing A = PDP⁻¹ with D diagonal		math-linear-algebra
Singular value decomposition (SVD)	Factoring a matrix into rotations and stretches: A = UΣVᵀ		math-linear-algebra
Definition of a logarithm	log_b(x) = y means bʸ = x		math-log-rules
Product rule	log_b(xy) = log_b x + log_b y		math-log-rules
Quotient rule	log_b(x/y) = log_b x − log_b y		math-log-rules
Power rule	log_b(xⁿ) = n log_b x		math-log-rules
Change of base	log_b x = log x / log b (any base)		math-log-rules
Log of 1	log_b 1 = 0		math-log-rules
Log of the base	log_b b = 1		math-log-rules
Inverse property 1	b^(log_b x) = x		math-log-rules
Inverse property 2	log_b(bˣ) = x		math-log-rules
Common logarithm	Base 10, written log x		math-log-rules
Natural logarithm	Base e, written ln x		math-log-rules
Binary logarithm	Base 2, written log₂ x		math-log-rules
Domain of log x	x > 0		math-log-rules
log of a negative number	Not defined among the real numbers		math-log-rules
log 100	2		math-log-rules
log 1,000	3		math-log-rules
log 0.1	−1		math-log-rules
log 0.01	−2		math-log-rules
log 10	1		math-log-rules
log₂ 8	3		math-log-rules
log₂ 64	6		math-log-rules
log₂ 1024	10		math-log-rules
log₃ 81	4		math-log-rules
log₅ 125	3		math-log-rules
log₄ 2	1/2		math-log-rules
log₂ (1/8)	−3		math-log-rules
ln e	1		math-log-rules
ln 1	0		math-log-rules
ln(e²)	2		math-log-rules
e^(ln 5)	5		math-log-rules
Expand log(ab/c)	log a + log b − log c		math-log-rules
Condense 2 log x + log y	log(x²y)		math-log-rules
Solve 2ˣ = 16	x = 4		math-log-rules
Solve 3ˣ = 5	x = log 5 / log 3 (about 1.465)		math-log-rules
Solve log₂ x = 5	x = 32		math-log-rules
Is log(x + y) = log x + log y?	No. The product rule needs log(xy)		math-log-rules
Is log(x)/log(y) the same as log(x/y)?	No. They are different quantities		math-log-rules
Graph of y = log x: vertical asymptote	x = 0		math-log-rules
Graph of y = log x: x-intercept	x = 1		math-log-rules
Value of e (to 5 decimals)	2.71828		math-log-rules
Half-life formula idea	Amount = start × (1/2)^(t / half-life)		math-log-rules
Decibel scale uses	A logarithm of a power ratio (10 log₁₀)		math-log-rules
Richter scale uses	A base-10 logarithm of shaking amplitude		math-log-rules
pH formula	pH = −log₁₀[H⁺]		math-log-rules
Euclid	Wrote the Elements, the foundation of geometry (about 300 BCE)		math-mathematicians
Pythagoras	Greek thinker linked to the Pythagorean theorem (6th century BCE)		math-mathematicians
Archimedes	Greek scholar who found area and volume of the sphere and estimated pi		math-mathematicians
Eratosthenes	Greek scholar who estimated Earth's size and made a sieve for primes		math-mathematicians
Thales	Early Greek geometer; the inscribed angle in a semicircle theorem		math-mathematicians
Hypatia	Mathematician and teacher in Alexandria, about 400 CE		math-mathematicians
Diophantus	Greek writer on equations, often called a father of algebra		math-mathematicians
Aryabhata	Indian mathematician and astronomer (born 476 CE); worked on pi and sines		math-mathematicians
Brahmagupta	Indian mathematician who gave rules for zero and negative numbers (628 CE)		math-mathematicians
Al-Khwarizmi	Persian scholar whose book on equations gave us the word algebra; 'algorithm' comes from his name		math-mathematicians
Omar Khayyam	Persian poet and mathematician who studied cubic equations		math-mathematicians
Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa)	Brought Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe; the Fibonacci sequence		math-mathematicians
Zu Chongzhi	Chinese mathematician who found pi to about 7 digits (5th century)		math-mathematicians
Liu Hui	Chinese mathematician who estimated pi with polygons (3rd century)		math-mathematicians
Madhava	Indian mathematician who found infinite series for sine, cosine and pi (14th century)		math-mathematicians
Ramanujan	Indian mathematician known for remarkable formulas and number theory (1887-1920)		math-mathematicians
René Descartes	Created the coordinate plane linking algebra and geometry		math-mathematicians
Pierre de Fermat	Number theory; Fermat's Last Theorem		math-mathematicians
Blaise Pascal	Pascal's triangle and early probability		math-mathematicians
Isaac Newton	Co-inventor of calculus; laws of motion and gravity		math-mathematicians
Gottfried Leibniz	Co-inventor of calculus; the integral and derivative notation we use		math-mathematicians
Leonhard Euler	Prolific Swiss mathematician; e, i, graph theory, Euler's formula		math-mathematicians
Carl Friedrich Gauss	German 'prince of mathematicians'; number theory, the bell curve, 1 to 100 sum story		math-mathematicians
Joseph-Louis Lagrange	Mechanics and number theory		math-mathematicians
Pierre-Simon Laplace	Probability and celestial mechanics		math-mathematicians
Sophie Germain	French mathematician who worked on primes and elasticity		math-mathematicians
Évariste Galois	Showed which polynomial equations can be solved by formulas; founded group theory		math-mathematicians
Niels Henrik Abel	Norwegian mathematician; proved the quintic has no general formula		math-mathematicians
Bernhard Riemann	German mathematician; Riemann hypothesis, geometry of curved spaces		math-mathematicians
Georg Cantor	Founded set theory; showed that some infinities are bigger than others		math-mathematicians
David Hilbert	German mathematician who posed 23 famous problems in 1900		math-mathematicians
Henri Poincaré	French mathematician; topology and chaos		math-mathematicians
Emmy Noether	German mathematician; abstract algebra and Noether's theorem		math-mathematicians
Ada Lovelace	Wrote the first published computer program (1843) for Babbage's engine		math-mathematicians
Charles Babbage	Designed early mechanical computers		math-mathematicians
Florence Nightingale	Nurse who used statistical charts to improve health care		math-mathematicians
Mary Somerville	Scottish science writer and mathematician (1780-1872)		math-mathematicians
Maria Gaetana Agnesi	Italian mathematician who wrote an early calculus textbook		math-mathematicians
Kurt Gödel	Showed math systems have true statements that cannot be proven (1931)		math-mathematicians
Alan Turing	Founded theoretical computer science; broke wartime codes		math-mathematicians
John von Neumann	Game theory and computer architecture		math-mathematicians
Claude Shannon	Founded information theory		math-mathematicians
Katherine Johnson	NASA mathematician who calculated orbits and flight paths		math-mathematicians
Dorothy Vaughan	NASA mathematician and computer programmer		math-mathematicians
Mary Jackson	NASA mathematician and the agency's first Black female engineer		math-mathematicians
Grace Hopper	Computer scientist and Navy admiral; early programming languages		math-mathematicians
Maryam Mirzakhani	Iranian mathematician; first woman to win the Fields Medal (2014)		math-mathematicians
Terence Tao	Australian-American mathematician; Fields Medal in 2006		math-mathematicians
Andrew Wiles	Proved Fermat's Last Theorem (1994-95)		math-mathematicians
Paul Erdős	Hungarian mathematician who wrote with hundreds of collaborators		math-mathematicians
Benoit Mandelbrot	Fractal geometry		math-mathematicians
John Napier	Scottish inventor of logarithms (1614)		math-mathematicians
Robert Recorde	Introduced the equals sign in 1557		math-mathematicians
William Oughtred	Invented the slide rule; used × for multiplication		math-mathematicians
George Boole	Boolean algebra, the basis of computer logic		math-mathematicians
Carl Jacobi	German mathematician; elliptic functions and determinants		math-mathematicians
Augustin-Louis Cauchy	French mathematician who made calculus rigorous		math-mathematicians
Johannes Kepler	Astronomer and mathematician; laws of planetary motion		math-mathematicians
Galileo Galilei	Italian scientist who used math to describe motion		math-mathematicians
Thomas Bayes	English statistician; Bayes' theorem		math-mathematicians
Karl Pearson	Founded modern statistics; the correlation coefficient		math-mathematicians
G. H. Hardy	English mathematician who recognized Ramanujan's genius		math-mathematicians
Hipparchus	Greek astronomer who began trigonometry tables		math-mathematicians
Kilo- means	1,000 times the base unit		math-metric-units
Hecto- means	100 times the base unit		math-metric-units
Deka- means	10 times the base unit		math-metric-units
Deci- means	One tenth of the base unit		math-metric-units
Centi- means	One hundredth of the base unit		math-metric-units
Milli- means	One thousandth of the base unit		math-metric-units
Micro- means	One millionth of the base unit		math-metric-units
Nano- means	One billionth of the base unit		math-metric-units
Mega- means	One million times the base unit		math-metric-units
Giga- means	One billion times the base unit		math-metric-units
Tera- means	One trillion times the base unit		math-metric-units
Base unit of length in the metric system	Meter (m)		math-metric-units
Base unit of mass in the metric system	Kilogram (kg) (Gram is the small everyday unit)		math-metric-units
Base unit of volume often used for liquids	Liter (L)		math-metric-units
Millimeters in 1 centimeter	10		math-metric-units
Centimeters in 1 meter	100		math-metric-units
Millimeters in 1 meter	1,000		math-metric-units
Meters in 1 kilometer	1,000		math-metric-units
Centimeters in 1 kilometer	100,000		math-metric-units
Grams in 1 kilogram	1,000		math-metric-units
Milligrams in 1 gram	1,000		math-metric-units
Kilograms in 1 metric ton	1,000		math-metric-units
Milliliters in 1 liter	1,000		math-metric-units
Liters in 1 kiloliter	1,000		math-metric-units
Cubic centimeters in 1 milliliter	1		math-metric-units
Cubic centimeters in 1 liter	1,000		math-metric-units
Mass of 1 liter of water	About 1 kilogram		math-metric-units
Mass of 1 milliliter of water	About 1 gram		math-metric-units
Convert 3 m to cm	300 cm		math-metric-units
Convert 250 cm to m	2.5 m		math-metric-units
Convert 4.5 km to m	4,500 m		math-metric-units
Convert 7,000 g to kg	7 kg		math-metric-units
Convert 2.5 L to mL	2,500 mL		math-metric-units
Convert 600 mm to cm	60 cm		math-metric-units
Convert 0.8 kg to g	800 g		math-metric-units
Convert 35 mg to g	0.035 g		math-metric-units
Which is larger: 1 cm or 1 mm?	1 cm (10 mm)		math-metric-units
Which is longer: 1 km or 1,200 m?	1,200 m		math-metric-units
About how thick is a dime?	About 1 millimeter		math-metric-units
About how wide is a fingernail?	About 1 centimeter		math-metric-units
About how tall is a door?	About 2 meters		math-metric-units
About how long is a 15-minute walk?	About 1 kilometer		math-metric-units
About how much does a paper clip weigh?	About 1 gram		math-metric-units
About how much does a big textbook weigh?	About 1 kilogram		math-metric-units
About how much does a spoonful hold?	About 5 milliliters (a teaspoon)		math-metric-units
About how much does a soda bottle hold?	About 2 liters (large) or 0.5 liter (small)		math-metric-units
Symbol for centimeter	cm		math-metric-units
Symbol for kilogram	kg		math-metric-units
Symbol for milliliter	mL		math-metric-units
Symbol for micrometer	μm		math-metric-units
Which direction when going from a large unit to a small unit?	Multiply (there are more small units)		math-metric-units
Hectare	A metric unit of land area, 10,000 square meters		math-metric-units
Square meters in 1 hectare	10,000		math-metric-units
Celsius freezing point of water	0 degrees C		math-metric-units
Celsius boiling point of water (sea level)	100 degrees C		math-metric-units
Normal human body temperature in Celsius	About 37 degrees C		math-metric-units
Room temperature in Celsius	About 20 to 22 degrees C		math-metric-units
Kelvin value of 0 degrees C	273.15 K		math-metric-units
Absolute zero in Celsius	−273.15 degrees C		math-metric-units
Mass of 1 cubic meter of water	About 1,000 kilograms (1 metric ton)		math-metric-units
Value of a penny	1 cent		math-money
Value of a nickel	5 cents		math-money
Value of a dime	10 cents		math-money
Value of a quarter	25 cents		math-money
Value of a half dollar	50 cents		math-money
Value of a dollar coin	100 cents, or $1		math-money
Cents in a dollar	100		math-money
Pennies in a nickel	5		math-money
Nickels in a dime	2		math-money
Value of 2 dimes and a nickel	25 cents, the same as a quarter		math-money
Quarters in a dollar	4		math-money
Dimes in a dollar	10		math-money
Nickels in a dollar	20		math-money
Pennies in a dollar	100		math-money
Quarters in $5	20		math-money
Total of 2 quarters and 1 dime	60 cents		math-money
Total of 3 dimes and 2 nickels	40 cents		math-money
Total of 1 quarter, 1 dime, 1 nickel	40 cents		math-money
Total of 4 dimes and 3 pennies	43 cents		math-money
Fewest coins for 41 cents	1 quarter, 1 dime, 1 nickel, 1 penny		math-money
Fewest coins for 30 cents	1 quarter and 1 nickel		math-money
Fewest coins for 65 cents	2 quarters, 1 dime, 1 nickel		math-money
Common bills in US money	$1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100		math-money
Change from $5 for a $3.50 purchase	$1.50		math-money
Change from $10 for a $6.25 purchase	$3.75		math-money
Change from $20 for a $13.80 purchase	$6.20		math-money
Change from a dollar for 35 cents	65 cents		math-money
Counting up to make change	Start at the price and count up to the amount paid		math-money
Write 7 dollars and 5 cents with a dollar sign	$7.05		math-money
Write 275 cents in dollars	$2.75		math-money
Write $0.08 in cents	8 cents		math-money
Cost of 3 items at $1.25 each	$3.75		math-money
Cost of 4 items at $2.50 each	$10.00		math-money
Unit price	The cost for one unit, such as one ounce or one item		math-money
Better buy: 6 for $3 or 10 for $4.50	10 for $4.50 (45 cents each vs 50 cents each)		math-money
Sales tax	A percent of the price added at the register		math-money
Total with 10% tax on $20	$22		math-money
Total with 5% tax on $40	$42		math-money
Tip of 20% on $30	$6		math-money
Tip of 15% on $40	$6		math-money
Quick 10% of a price	Move the decimal one place left		math-money
20% off a $50 item	Pay $40		math-money
25% off a $60 item	Pay $45		math-money
50% off a $18 item	Pay $9		math-money
Discount	An amount taken off the price		math-money
Profit	Money earned minus money spent		math-money
Revenue	Money coming in from sales		math-money
Budget	A plan for how to spend and save money		math-money
Income	Money you receive		math-money
Expense	Money you spend		math-money
Savings	Money set aside for later		math-money
Interest	Money paid for using money, or earned on savings		math-money
Simple interest on $100 at 5% for 2 years	$10		math-money
Compound interest	Interest earned on both the original amount and past interest		math-money
Principal	The starting amount of a loan or deposit		math-money
Allowance saved: $4 a week for 6 weeks	$24		math-money
Need vs. want	A need is required to live; a want is nice to have		math-money
Wage	Pay for work, often per hour		math-money
Pay for 8 hours at $12 per hour	$96		math-money
Salary	Fixed pay per year, not by the hour		math-money
Exchange rate	How much of one currency equals another		math-money
Currency	The money used in a country		math-money
Check vs. cash	A check is a written order for the bank to pay; cash is physical money		math-money
Divisible by 2 if	The last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8)		math-number-theory
Divisible by 3 if	The sum of the digits is divisible by 3		math-number-theory
Divisible by 4 if	The last two digits form a number divisible by 4		math-number-theory
Divisible by 5 if	The last digit is 0 or 5		math-number-theory
Divisible by 6 if	It is divisible by both 2 and 3		math-number-theory
Divisible by 8 if	The last three digits form a number divisible by 8		math-number-theory
Divisible by 9 if	The sum of the digits is divisible by 9		math-number-theory
Divisible by 10 if	The last digit is 0		math-number-theory
Divisible by 11 if	The alternating sum of the digits is divisible by 11		math-number-theory
Is 2,346 divisible by 3?	Yes, digit sum 15		math-number-theory
Is 4,125 divisible by 9?	No, digit sum 12		math-number-theory
Is 1,716 divisible by 4?	Yes, 16 is divisible by 4		math-number-theory
Is 121 divisible by 11?	Yes: 1 − 2 + 1 = 0		math-number-theory
Factors of 12	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12		math-number-theory
Factors of 24	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24		math-number-theory
Factors of 36	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36		math-number-theory
Factors of 48	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48		math-number-theory
Factors of 60	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60		math-number-theory
Factors of 100	1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100		math-number-theory
Prime factorization of 12	2² × 3		math-number-theory
Prime factorization of 36	2² × 3²		math-number-theory
Prime factorization of 60	2² × 3 × 5		math-number-theory
Prime factorization of 100	2² × 5²		math-number-theory
Prime factorization of 72	2³ × 3²		math-number-theory
Prime factorization of 84	2² × 3 × 7		math-number-theory
Prime factorization of 90	2 × 3² × 5		math-number-theory
Prime factorization of 120	2³ × 3 × 5		math-number-theory
Prime factorization of 144	2⁴ × 3²		math-number-theory
GCF of 12 and 18	6		math-number-theory
GCF of 24 and 36	12		math-number-theory
GCF of 15 and 25	5		math-number-theory
GCF of 48 and 72	24		math-number-theory
GCF of 17 and 31	1 (both prime)		math-number-theory
LCM of 4 and 6	12		math-number-theory
LCM of 6 and 8	24		math-number-theory
LCM of 3 and 5	15		math-number-theory
LCM of 9 and 12	36		math-number-theory
LCM of 10 and 15	30		math-number-theory
Relationship of GCF and LCM	GCF(a, b) × LCM(a, b) = a × b		math-number-theory
Coprime (relatively prime)	Two numbers whose only common factor is 1		math-number-theory
Euclidean algorithm	Find the GCF by repeatedly replacing the larger number with the remainder		math-number-theory
Sieve of Eratosthenes	A method that crosses out multiples to find primes		math-number-theory
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic	Every integer above 1 has exactly one prime factorization		math-number-theory
Largest prime factor idea	Test divisors only up to the square root		math-number-theory
Number of factors of a prime	2		math-number-theory
Is there a largest prime?	No. Euclid proved there are infinitely many primes		math-number-theory
Is 97 prime?	Yes		math-number-theory
Is 101 prime?	Yes		math-number-theory
Is 111 prime?	No: 3 × 37		math-number-theory
Is 143 prime?	No: 11 × 13		math-number-theory
Is 221 prime?	No: 13 × 17		math-number-theory
Remainder of 17 ÷ 5	2		math-number-theory
17 mod 5	2		math-number-theory
Modular arithmetic	Arithmetic where numbers wrap around after reaching a set value		math-number-theory
Clock arithmetic example	5 hours after 10 o'clock is 3 o'clock (15 mod 12)		math-number-theory
Even + even	Even		math-number-theory
Odd + odd	Even		math-number-theory
Odd + even	Odd		math-number-theory
Odd × odd	Odd		math-number-theory
Even × any integer	Even		math-number-theory
Sum of the first n odd numbers	n²		math-number-theory
Sum of the first n whole numbers	n(n + 1)/2		math-number-theory
Sum of 1 to 100	5,050		math-number-theory
Goldbach's conjecture	Every even number above 2 is the sum of two primes (unproven)		math-number-theory
Fermat's Last Theorem	No positive integers satisfy aⁿ + bⁿ = cⁿ for n above 2; proved in 1994-95		math-number-theory
Pythagorean triple	Three whole numbers a, b, c with a² + b² = c²		math-number-theory
Common Pythagorean triples	3-4-5, 5-12-13, 8-15-17, 7-24-25		math-number-theory
Natural (counting) numbers	1, 2, 3, 4, ...		math-number-types
Whole numbers	0, 1, 2, 3, ...		math-number-types
Integers	..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...		math-number-types
Rational numbers	Numbers that can be written as a fraction of two integers		math-number-types
Irrational numbers	Numbers that cannot be written as a fraction		math-number-types
Real numbers	All rational and irrational numbers		math-number-types
Imaginary numbers	Multiples of i, where i² = −1		math-number-types
Complex numbers	Numbers of the form a + bi		math-number-types
Even numbers	Whole numbers divisible by 2		math-number-types
Odd numbers	Whole numbers not divisible by 2		math-number-types
Prime numbers	Numbers above 1 with exactly two factors		math-number-types
Composite numbers	Numbers above 1 that are not prime		math-number-types
Square numbers	1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...		math-number-types
Cube numbers	1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ...		math-number-types
Triangular numbers	1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, ...		math-number-types
Fibonacci numbers	1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ...		math-number-types
Perfect numbers	Numbers equal to the sum of their proper factors: 6, 28, 496		math-number-types
Is 6 perfect?	Yes: 1 + 2 + 3 = 6		math-number-types
Is 28 perfect?	Yes: 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28		math-number-types
Palindromic number	A number that reads the same backward and forward (121)		math-number-types
Twin primes	Primes that differ by 2 (11 and 13)		math-number-types
Mersenne prime	A prime of the form 2ⁿ − 1 (7, 31, 127)		math-number-types
Pi is rational or irrational?	Irrational		math-number-types
√2 is rational or irrational?	Irrational		math-number-types
√9 is rational or irrational?	Rational (it equals 3)		math-number-types
0.5 is rational or irrational?	Rational		math-number-types
0.333... is rational or irrational?	Rational (1/3)		math-number-types
Is e rational or irrational?	Irrational		math-number-types
Is zero positive or negative?	Neither		math-number-types
Is zero even?	Yes		math-number-types
Is 1 prime?	No		math-number-types
Is 0 an integer?	Yes		math-number-types
Is −4 a whole number?	No		math-number-types
Is −4 an integer?	Yes		math-number-types
Is 3/4 an integer?	No, it is rational		math-number-types
Is every integer a rational number?	Yes (n = n/1)		math-number-types
Is every rational number an integer?	No		math-number-types
Is every real number rational?	No		math-number-types
Ordinal numbers	First, second, third: tell position		math-number-types
Cardinal numbers	One, two, three: tell how many		math-number-types
Nominal numbers	Numbers used as names or labels, like a jersey number		math-number-types
Opposite of 7	−7		math-number-types
Reciprocal of 7	1/7		math-number-types
Absolute value of −7	7		math-number-types
Negative of a negative	A positive: −(−7) = 7		math-number-types
Googol	10^100		math-number-types
Googolplex	10 to the power of a googol		math-number-types
Infinity	Not a number; the idea of going on without end		math-number-types
Golden ratio	About 1.618, an irrational number: (1 + √5)/2		math-number-types
What does PEMDAS stand for?	Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction (Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally)		math-order-of-operations
What does BODMAS stand for?	Brackets, Orders, Division and Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction		math-order-of-operations
Which comes first, parentheses or exponents?	Parentheses		math-order-of-operations
Which is done first, multiplication or division?	Whichever comes first, going left to right		math-order-of-operations
Which is done first, addition or subtraction?	Whichever comes first, going left to right		math-order-of-operations
Is multiplication always done before division?	No. They have equal rank; work left to right		math-order-of-operations
2 + 3 × 4	14		math-order-of-operations
(2 + 3) × 4	20		math-order-of-operations
10 − 2 × 3	4		math-order-of-operations
(10 − 2) × 3	24		math-order-of-operations
8 ÷ 2 × 4	16		math-order-of-operations
8 ÷ (2 × 4)	1		math-order-of-operations
12 − 4 + 2	10		math-order-of-operations
12 − (4 + 2)	6		math-order-of-operations
3² + 4	13		math-order-of-operations
3 × 2²	12		math-order-of-operations
(3 × 2)²	36		math-order-of-operations
5 + 2³	13		math-order-of-operations
20 ÷ 5 + 3	7		math-order-of-operations
20 ÷ (5 + 3)	2.5		math-order-of-operations
6 + 4 ÷ 2	8		math-order-of-operations
(6 + 4) ÷ 2	5		math-order-of-operations
2 × (3 + 4) − 5	9		math-order-of-operations
18 ÷ 3 × 2	12		math-order-of-operations
7 − 3 × 2 + 1	2		math-order-of-operations
4 + 6 × (5 − 3)	16		math-order-of-operations
100 − 5²	75		math-order-of-operations
3 + 2 × 5²	53		math-order-of-operations
(8 − 2)² ÷ 4	9		math-order-of-operations
2 + 3 × 4 − 5	9		math-order-of-operations
9 − 3 ÷ 3 + 1	9		math-order-of-operations
5 × 4 ÷ 2 + 1	11		math-order-of-operations
−3²	−9 (Square first, then negate)		math-order-of-operations
(−3)²	9		math-order-of-operations
6 ÷ 2(1 + 2)	9 by strict left-to-right; the notation is ambiguous, so write it clearly		math-order-of-operations
Where do roots fit in PEMDAS?	With exponents		math-order-of-operations
Where does the fraction bar fit?	It groups the top and bottom like parentheses		math-order-of-operations
Evaluate (4 + 2) / (5 − 2)	2		math-order-of-operations
Evaluate 2 + |3 − 5|	4 (Absolute value bars group like parentheses)		math-order-of-operations
√16 + 3 × 2	10		math-order-of-operations
Evaluate 5 + 3(2 + 1)²	32		math-order-of-operations
1³	1		math-perfect-cubes
2³	8		math-perfect-cubes
3³	27		math-perfect-cubes
4³	64		math-perfect-cubes
5³	125		math-perfect-cubes
6³	216		math-perfect-cubes
7³	343		math-perfect-cubes
8³	512		math-perfect-cubes
9³	729		math-perfect-cubes
10³	1000		math-perfect-cubes
11³	1331		math-perfect-cubes
12³	1728		math-perfect-cubes
13³	2197		math-perfect-cubes
14³	2744		math-perfect-cubes
15³	3375		math-perfect-cubes
16³	4096		math-perfect-cubes
17³	4913		math-perfect-cubes
18³	5832		math-perfect-cubes
19³	6859		math-perfect-cubes
20³	8000		math-perfect-cubes
1²	1		math-perfect-squares
2²	4		math-perfect-squares
3²	9		math-perfect-squares
4²	16		math-perfect-squares
5²	25		math-perfect-squares
6²	36		math-perfect-squares
7²	49		math-perfect-squares
8²	64		math-perfect-squares
9²	81		math-perfect-squares
10²	100		math-perfect-squares
11²	121		math-perfect-squares
12²	144		math-perfect-squares
13²	169		math-perfect-squares
14²	196		math-perfect-squares
15²	225		math-perfect-squares
16²	256		math-perfect-squares
17²	289		math-perfect-squares
18²	324		math-perfect-squares
19²	361		math-perfect-squares
20²	400		math-perfect-squares
21²	441		math-perfect-squares
22²	484		math-perfect-squares
23²	529		math-perfect-squares
24²	576		math-perfect-squares
25²	625		math-perfect-squares
26²	676		math-perfect-squares
27²	729		math-perfect-squares
28²	784		math-perfect-squares
29²	841		math-perfect-squares
30²	900		math-perfect-squares
31²	961		math-perfect-squares
32²	1024		math-perfect-squares
33²	1089		math-perfect-squares
34²	1156		math-perfect-squares
35²	1225		math-perfect-squares
36²	1296		math-perfect-squares
37²	1369		math-perfect-squares
38²	1444		math-perfect-squares
39²	1521		math-perfect-squares
40²	1600		math-perfect-squares
How many ones in a ten?	10		math-place-value
How many tens in a hundred?	10		math-place-value
How many hundreds in a thousand?	10		math-place-value
How many thousands in a million?	1,000		math-place-value
How many millions in a billion?	1,000		math-place-value
How many billions in a trillion?	1,000		math-place-value
Which place is the first to the left of the ones?	Tens		math-place-value
Place values from the right in 5-digit numbers	Ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands		math-place-value
What is the value of the 4 in 4,567?	4,000		math-place-value
What is the value of the 5 in 4,567?	500		math-place-value
What is the value of the 6 in 4,567?	60		math-place-value
What is the value of the 7 in 4,567?	7		math-place-value
Write 3,000 + 400 + 20 + 1	3,421		math-place-value
Write 5 hundreds + 0 tens + 8 ones	508		math-place-value
Expanded form of 7,306	7,000 + 300 + 6		math-place-value
Expanded form of 24,018	20,000 + 4,000 + 10 + 8		math-place-value
Which place is the first to the right of the decimal point?	Tenths		math-place-value
Second place after the decimal point	Hundredths		math-place-value
Third place after the decimal point	Thousandths		math-place-value
Fourth place after the decimal point	Ten-thousandths		math-place-value
Fifth place after the decimal point	Hundred-thousandths		math-place-value
Sixth place after the decimal point	Millionths		math-place-value
What is the value of the 3 in 0.37?	3 tenths, or 0.3		math-place-value
What is the value of the 7 in 0.37?	7 hundredths, or 0.07		math-place-value
What is the value of the 2 in 5.012?	2 thousandths, or 0.002		math-place-value
How many hundredths in a tenth?	10		math-place-value
Name for 1,000,000	One million		math-place-value
Name for 1,000,000,000	One billion		math-place-value
Name for 1,000,000,000,000	One trillion		math-place-value
Name for 10^15	One quadrillion		math-place-value
Name for 10^18	One quintillion		math-place-value
How many zeros in one million?	6		math-place-value
How many zeros in one billion?	9		math-place-value
How many zeros in one trillion?	12		math-place-value
What is a googol?	1 followed by 100 zeros (10^100)		math-place-value
Round 3,468 to the nearest hundred	3,500		math-place-value
Round 7,249 to the nearest thousand	7,000		math-place-value
Round 85 to the nearest ten	90 (Round half up)		math-place-value
Round 3.14159 to the nearest hundredth	3.14		math-place-value
Which is greater, 0.5 or 0.45?	0.5 (0.50 versus 0.45)		math-place-value
What does multiplying by 10 do to place value?	Moves every digit one place to the left		math-place-value
What does dividing by 10 do to place value?	Moves every digit one place to the right		math-place-value
What does multiplying by 100 do to a decimal point?	Moves it two places to the right		math-place-value
Standard form of seven million, four hundred thousand	7,400,000		math-place-value
How is 10,000 read?	Ten thousand		math-place-value
How is 100,000 read?	One hundred thousand		math-place-value
Digit in the ten-thousands place of 82,915	8		math-place-value
Digit in the millions place of 6,248,000	6		math-place-value
2⁰	1		math-powers
2¹	2		math-powers
2²	4		math-powers
2³	8		math-powers
2⁴	16		math-powers
2⁵	32		math-powers
2⁶	64		math-powers
2⁷	128		math-powers
2⁸	256		math-powers
2⁹	512		math-powers
2¹⁰	1024		math-powers
2¹¹	2048		math-powers
2¹²	4096		math-powers
2¹³	8192		math-powers
2¹⁴	16384		math-powers
2¹⁵	32768		math-powers
2¹⁶	65536		math-powers
2¹⁷	131072		math-powers
2¹⁸	262144		math-powers
2¹⁹	524288		math-powers
2²⁰	1048576		math-powers
3²	9		math-powers
3³	27		math-powers
3⁴	81		math-powers
3⁵	243		math-powers
3⁶	729		math-powers
3⁷	2187		math-powers
3⁸	6561		math-powers
3⁹	19683		math-powers
3¹⁰	59049		math-powers
5²	25		math-powers
5³	125		math-powers
5⁴	625		math-powers
5⁵	3125		math-powers
5⁶	15625		math-powers
5⁷	78125		math-powers
5⁸	390625		math-powers
6²	36		math-powers
6³	216		math-powers
6⁴	1296		math-powers
6⁵	7776		math-powers
6⁶	46656		math-powers
7²	49		math-powers
7³	343		math-powers
7⁴	2401		math-powers
7⁵	16807		math-powers
7⁶	117649		math-powers
10²	100		math-powers
10³	1000		math-powers
10⁴	10000		math-powers
10⁵	100000		math-powers
10⁶	1000000		math-powers
What is the 1st prime number?	2		math-prime-numbers
What is the 2nd prime number?	3		math-prime-numbers
What is the 3rd prime number?	5		math-prime-numbers
What is the 4th prime number?	7		math-prime-numbers
What is the 5th prime number?	11		math-prime-numbers
What is the 6th prime number?	13		math-prime-numbers
What is the 7th prime number?	17		math-prime-numbers
What is the 8th prime number?	19		math-prime-numbers
What is the 9th prime number?	23		math-prime-numbers
What is the 10th prime number?	29		math-prime-numbers
What is the 11th prime number?	31		math-prime-numbers
What is the 12th prime number?	37		math-prime-numbers
What is the 13th prime number?	41		math-prime-numbers
What is the 14th prime number?	43		math-prime-numbers
What is the 15th prime number?	47		math-prime-numbers
What is the 16th prime number?	53		math-prime-numbers
What is the 17th prime number?	59		math-prime-numbers
What is the 18th prime number?	61		math-prime-numbers
What is the 19th prime number?	67		math-prime-numbers
What is the 20th prime number?	71		math-prime-numbers
What is the 21st prime number?	73		math-prime-numbers
What is the 22nd prime number?	79		math-prime-numbers
What is the 23rd prime number?	83		math-prime-numbers
What is the 24th prime number?	89		math-prime-numbers
What is the 25th prime number?	97		math-prime-numbers
What is the 26th prime number?	101		math-prime-numbers
What is the 27th prime number?	103		math-prime-numbers
What is the 28th prime number?	107		math-prime-numbers
What is the 29th prime number?	109		math-prime-numbers
What is the 30th prime number?	113		math-prime-numbers
What is the 31st prime number?	127		math-prime-numbers
What is the 32nd prime number?	131		math-prime-numbers
What is the 33rd prime number?	137		math-prime-numbers
What is the 34th prime number?	139		math-prime-numbers
What is the 35th prime number?	149		math-prime-numbers
What is the 36th prime number?	151		math-prime-numbers
What is the 37th prime number?	157		math-prime-numbers
What is the 38th prime number?	163		math-prime-numbers
What is the 39th prime number?	167		math-prime-numbers
What is the 40th prime number?	173		math-prime-numbers
What is the 41st prime number?	179		math-prime-numbers
What is the 42nd prime number?	181		math-prime-numbers
What is the 43rd prime number?	191		math-prime-numbers
What is the 44th prime number?	193		math-prime-numbers
What is the 45th prime number?	197		math-prime-numbers
What is the 46th prime number?	199		math-prime-numbers
What is the 47th prime number?	211		math-prime-numbers
What is the 48th prime number?	223		math-prime-numbers
What is the 49th prime number?	227		math-prime-numbers
What is the 50th prime number?	229		math-prime-numbers
What is the 51st prime number?	233		math-prime-numbers
What is the 52nd prime number?	239		math-prime-numbers
What is the 53rd prime number?	241		math-prime-numbers
What is the 54th prime number?	251		math-prime-numbers
What is the 55th prime number?	257		math-prime-numbers
What is the 56th prime number?	263		math-prime-numbers
What is the 57th prime number?	269		math-prime-numbers
What is the 58th prime number?	271		math-prime-numbers
What is the 59th prime number?	277		math-prime-numbers
What is the 60th prime number?	281		math-prime-numbers
What is the only even prime number?	2		math-prime-numbers
Is 1 a prime number?	No. A prime has exactly two factors, and 1 has only one.		math-prime-numbers
Is 91 prime?	No: 91 = 7 × 13 (It looks prime but is not)		math-prime-numbers
Is 51 prime?	No: 51 = 3 × 17		math-prime-numbers
Is 57 prime?	No: 57 = 3 × 19		math-prime-numbers
Is 87 prime?	No: 87 = 3 × 29		math-prime-numbers
Probability	A number from 0 to 1 telling how likely an event is		math-probability-terms
Impossible event	Probability 0		math-probability-terms
Certain event	Probability 1		math-probability-terms
Outcome	One possible result of an experiment		math-probability-terms
Event	A set of outcomes		math-probability-terms
Sample space	The set of all possible outcomes		math-probability-terms
Experiment (trial)	An action with an uncertain result, like rolling a die		math-probability-terms
Theoretical probability	Favorable outcomes divided by all equally likely outcomes		math-probability-terms
Experimental probability	Number of times it happened divided by number of trials		math-probability-terms
Complement of an event	All outcomes where the event does not happen; P(not A) = 1 − P(A)		math-probability-terms
Independent events	One event does not change the probability of the other		math-probability-terms
Dependent events	One event changes the probability of the other		math-probability-terms
Mutually exclusive events	Events that cannot happen at the same time		math-probability-terms
Multiplication rule (independent)	P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)		math-probability-terms
Addition rule	P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B)		math-probability-terms
Conditional probability	P(A | B) = P(A and B) / P(B)		math-probability-terms
Bayes' theorem	P(A | B) = P(B | A) P(A) / P(B)		math-probability-terms
Law of large numbers	With many trials, experimental probability gets close to theoretical probability		math-probability-terms
Expected value	The long-run average: sum of each value times its probability		math-probability-terms
Random variable	A variable whose value comes from a random process		math-probability-terms
Probability of heads on a fair coin	1/2		math-probability-terms
Probability of a 4 on a fair die	1/6		math-probability-terms
Probability of an even number on a die	1/2		math-probability-terms
Probability of a heart from a standard deck	13/52 = 1/4		math-probability-terms
Probability of an ace from a standard deck	4/52 = 1/13		math-probability-terms
Cards in a standard deck	52		math-probability-terms
Probability of two heads in two fair flips	1/4		math-probability-terms
Probability of a sum of 7 with two dice	6/36 = 1/6		math-probability-terms
Number of outcomes when rolling two dice	36		math-probability-terms
Number of outcomes in 3 coin flips	8		math-probability-terms
Fundamental counting principle	Multiply the number of choices at each step		math-probability-terms
Outfits from 3 shirts and 4 pants	12		math-probability-terms
Factorial n!	n × (n − 1) × ... × 1		math-probability-terms
Permutation	An ordered arrangement		math-probability-terms
Permutation formula	P(n, r) = n! / (n − r)!		math-probability-terms
Combination	A selection where order does not matter		math-probability-terms
Combination formula	C(n, r) = n! / (r!(n − r)!)		math-probability-terms
Ways to arrange 5 books on a shelf	5! = 120		math-probability-terms
P(5, 2)	20		math-probability-terms
C(5, 2)	10		math-probability-terms
C(6, 3)	20		math-probability-terms
C(10, 2)	45		math-probability-terms
C(n, 0) and C(n, n)	Both equal 1		math-probability-terms
Pascal's triangle	A triangle where each number is the sum of the two above it; rows give combinations		math-probability-terms
Binomial distribution	The distribution of the number of successes in a fixed number of independent yes/no trials		math-probability-terms
With replacement	Each item is put back before the next draw		math-probability-terms
Without replacement	Items are not put back; later probabilities change		math-probability-terms
Tree diagram	A branching picture that lists outcomes of a multi-step event		math-probability-terms
Venn diagram	Overlapping circles showing how sets share members		math-probability-terms
Odds	Ratio of favorable outcomes to unfavorable outcomes		math-probability-terms
Fair game	A game where each player has the same expected value		math-probability-terms
Simulation	Using random numbers or objects to imitate a real chance process		math-probability-terms
What do the seven letters I V X L C D M stand for?	1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000		math-roman-numerals
1	I		math-roman-numerals
2	II		math-roman-numerals
3	III		math-roman-numerals
4	IV		math-roman-numerals
5	V		math-roman-numerals
6	VI		math-roman-numerals
7	VII		math-roman-numerals
8	VIII		math-roman-numerals
9	IX		math-roman-numerals
10	X		math-roman-numerals
11	XI		math-roman-numerals
12	XII		math-roman-numerals
13	XIII		math-roman-numerals
14	XIV		math-roman-numerals
15	XV		math-roman-numerals
16	XVI		math-roman-numerals
17	XVII		math-roman-numerals
18	XVIII		math-roman-numerals
19	XIX		math-roman-numerals
20	XX		math-roman-numerals
21	XXI		math-roman-numerals
22	XXII		math-roman-numerals
23	XXIII		math-roman-numerals
24	XXIV		math-roman-numerals
25	XXV		math-roman-numerals
26	XXVI		math-roman-numerals
27	XXVII		math-roman-numerals
28	XXVIII		math-roman-numerals
29	XXIX		math-roman-numerals
30	XXX		math-roman-numerals
35	XXXV		math-roman-numerals
40	XL		math-roman-numerals
44	XLIV		math-roman-numerals
49	XLIX		math-roman-numerals
50	L		math-roman-numerals
60	LX		math-roman-numerals
70	LXX		math-roman-numerals
80	LXXX		math-roman-numerals
90	XC		math-roman-numerals
99	XCIX		math-roman-numerals
100	C		math-roman-numerals
105	CV		math-roman-numerals
144	CXLIV		math-roman-numerals
200	CC		math-roman-numerals
400	CD		math-roman-numerals
444	CDXLIV		math-roman-numerals
500	D		math-roman-numerals
900	CM		math-roman-numerals
1000	M		math-roman-numerals
1492	MCDXCII		math-roman-numerals
1776	MDCCLXXVI		math-roman-numerals
1999	MCMXCIX		math-roman-numerals
2000	MM		math-roman-numerals
2024	MMXXIV		math-roman-numerals
2026	MMXXVI		math-roman-numerals
3000	MMM		math-roman-numerals
3999	MMMCMXCIX		math-roman-numerals
Which Roman numerals can be repeated up to three times?	I, X, C and M		math-roman-numerals
Sequence	An ordered list of numbers following a rule		math-sequences-series
Term of a sequence	One number in the list		math-sequences-series
Arithmetic sequence	Each term is found by adding the same number		math-sequences-series
Common difference	The number added each time in an arithmetic sequence		math-sequences-series
Geometric sequence	Each term is found by multiplying by the same number		math-sequences-series
Common ratio	The number multiplied each time in a geometric sequence		math-sequences-series
Explicit formula, arithmetic	aₙ = a₁ + (n − 1)d		math-sequences-series
Explicit formula, geometric	aₙ = a₁ · rⁿ⁻¹		math-sequences-series
Recursive formula	Gives each term from the term before it		math-sequences-series
Sum of an arithmetic series	Sₙ = n(a₁ + aₙ)/2		math-sequences-series
Sum of a finite geometric series	Sₙ = a₁(1 − rⁿ)/(1 − r)		math-sequences-series
Sum of an infinite geometric series	S = a₁/(1 − r), when |r| < 1		math-sequences-series
Next term: 2, 4, 6, 8, ...	10 (add 2)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 5, 10, 15, 20, ...	25 (add 5)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 3, 6, 12, 24, ...	48 (multiply by 2)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 1, 4, 9, 16, ...	25 (squares)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 1, 3, 6, 10, ...	15 (triangular numbers, add 5)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 100, 90, 80, ...	70 (subtract 10)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 81, 27, 9, 3, ...	1 (divide by 3)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...	13 (Fibonacci)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 2, 6, 18, 54, ...	162 (multiply by 3)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, ...	16 (differences grow by 1)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 1, 8, 27, 64, ...	125 (cubes)		math-sequences-series
Next term: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...	13 (primes)		math-sequences-series
10th term of 3, 7, 11, ...	39		math-sequences-series
20th term of 5, 8, 11, ...	62		math-sequences-series
8th term of 2, 4, 8, ...	256		math-sequences-series
Common difference of 7, 12, 17, ...	5		math-sequences-series
Common ratio of 5, 15, 45, ...	3		math-sequences-series
Common ratio of 16, 8, 4, ...	1/2		math-sequences-series
Sum of 1 + 2 + ... + 10	55		math-sequences-series
Sum of 1 + 2 + ... + 100	5,050		math-sequences-series
Sum of the first 5 odd numbers	25		math-sequences-series
Sum of the first 10 even numbers	110		math-sequences-series
Sum of 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ... forever	2		math-sequences-series
Fibonacci rule	Each term is the sum of the two before it		math-sequences-series
Fibonacci numbers up to 144	1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144		math-sequences-series
Ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers	Approaches the golden ratio, about 1.618		math-sequences-series
Triangular numbers formula	n(n + 1)/2		math-sequences-series
Square numbers formula	n²		math-sequences-series
Pentagonal number idea	n(3n − 1)/2: 1, 5, 12, 22, ...		math-sequences-series
Pascal's triangle rows	1; 1 1; 1 2 1; 1 3 3 1; 1 4 6 4 1		math-sequences-series
Row sums of Pascal's triangle	Powers of 2		math-sequences-series
Sigma notation	Σ means add up the terms for the given range		math-sequences-series
Σ from k=1 to 4 of k	10		math-sequences-series
Σ from k=1 to 3 of k²	14		math-sequences-series
Σ from k=1 to 5 of 2	10		math-sequences-series
Pattern	Something that repeats or changes by a rule		math-sequences-series
Growth pattern	A pattern in which a number or shape grows by a rule each step		math-sequences-series
Limit of a sequence	The value the terms get close to		math-sequences-series
Converge	The terms or sum settle toward a number		math-sequences-series
Diverge	The terms or sum do not settle toward a number		math-sequences-series
Harmonic series	1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... ; it grows without bound		math-sequences-series
Arithmetic mean of two numbers	Their average		math-sequences-series
Geometric mean of two numbers	The square root of their product		math-sequences-series
Geometric mean of 4 and 9	6		math-sequences-series
Compound interest as a sequence	A geometric sequence, multiplying by (1 + r) each period		math-sequences-series
Set	A collection of distinct objects		math-sets-logic
Element (member)	An object that is in a set		math-sets-logic
Empty set	The set with no elements, written ∅ or { }		math-sets-logic
Subset	A set whose elements are all in another set		math-sets-logic
Proper subset	A subset that is not the whole set		math-sets-logic
Union (A ∪ B)	Elements in A or B or both		math-sets-logic
Intersection (A ∩ B)	Elements in both A and B		math-sets-logic
Complement (A′)	Elements in the universal set that are not in A		math-sets-logic
Universal set	The set of everything under consideration		math-sets-logic
Disjoint sets	Sets with no elements in common		math-sets-logic
Cardinality	The number of elements in a set, written |A|		math-sets-logic
Roster form	Listing the elements: {1, 2, 3}		math-sets-logic
Set-builder notation	{x | x > 2} means all x such that x is greater than 2		math-sets-logic
Venn diagram	Overlapping circles showing how sets relate		math-sets-logic
Cardinality of a union	|A ∪ B| = |A| + |B| − |A ∩ B|		math-sets-logic
If A = {1,2,3} and B = {3,4}, A ∪ B	{1, 2, 3, 4}		math-sets-logic
If A = {1,2,3} and B = {3,4}, A ∩ B	{3}		math-sets-logic
Number of subsets of a set with n elements	2ⁿ		math-sets-logic
Number of subsets of {a, b, c}	8		math-sets-logic
Is ∅ a subset of every set?	Yes		math-sets-logic
Natural numbers symbol	ℕ		math-sets-logic
Integers symbol	ℤ		math-sets-logic
Rational numbers symbol	ℚ		math-sets-logic
Real numbers symbol	ℝ		math-sets-logic
Statement (proposition)	A sentence that is either true or false		math-sets-logic
Negation	The statement with the opposite truth value (not P)		math-sets-logic
Conjunction	P and Q; true only when both are true		math-sets-logic
Disjunction	P or Q; true when at least one is true		math-sets-logic
Conditional	If P then Q; false only when P is true and Q is false		math-sets-logic
Hypothesis	The 'if' part of a conditional		math-sets-logic
Conclusion	The 'then' part of a conditional		math-sets-logic
Converse	Swap the parts: if Q then P		math-sets-logic
Inverse	Negate both parts: if not P then not Q		math-sets-logic
Contrapositive	Swap and negate: if not Q then not P; same truth as the original		math-sets-logic
Biconditional	P if and only if Q; true when both have the same truth value		math-sets-logic
Truth table	A table listing the truth value of a statement for every case		math-sets-logic
Tautology	A statement that is always true		math-sets-logic
Contradiction	A statement that is always false		math-sets-logic
De Morgan's law 1	not (P and Q) is the same as (not P) or (not Q)		math-sets-logic
De Morgan's law 2	not (P or Q) is the same as (not P) and (not Q)		math-sets-logic
Counterexample	An example showing a statement is false		math-sets-logic
Direct proof	Proving a statement by a chain of logical steps from facts		math-sets-logic
Proof by contradiction	Assume the opposite and show it leads to something impossible		math-sets-logic
Proof by induction	Show it for a first case, then show each case leads to the next		math-sets-logic
Inductive reasoning	Reaching a general rule from patterns		math-sets-logic
Deductive reasoning	Reaching a conclusion that must follow from given facts		math-sets-logic
Axiom	A basic statement accepted without proof		math-sets-logic
Lemma	A small proven result used to prove a bigger one		math-sets-logic
Corollary	A result that follows easily from a theorem		math-sets-logic
Q.E.D.	Latin 'quod erat demonstrandum': which was to be shown		math-sets-logic
Necessary condition	Something that must be true for another thing to be true		math-sets-logic
Sufficient condition	Something that, if true, guarantees another thing		math-sets-logic
Quantifier ∀	For all		math-sets-logic
Quantifier ∃	There exists		math-sets-logic
Boolean value	True or false, often written 1 or 0		math-sets-logic
AND gate output	1 only if both inputs are 1		math-sets-logic
OR gate output	1 if at least one input is 1		math-sets-logic
NOT gate output	The opposite of the input		math-sets-logic
Binary number system	Base 2, using only digits 0 and 1		math-sets-logic
Binary 101 in decimal	5		math-sets-logic
Decimal 10 in binary	1010		math-sets-logic
Binary 1111 in decimal	15		math-sets-logic
√1	1		math-square-roots
√4	2		math-square-roots
√9	3		math-square-roots
√16	4		math-square-roots
√25	5		math-square-roots
√36	6		math-square-roots
√49	7		math-square-roots
√64	8		math-square-roots
√81	9		math-square-roots
√100	10		math-square-roots
√121	11		math-square-roots
√144	12		math-square-roots
√169	13		math-square-roots
√196	14		math-square-roots
√225	15		math-square-roots
√256	16		math-square-roots
√289	17		math-square-roots
√324	18		math-square-roots
√361	19		math-square-roots
√400	20		math-square-roots
√441	21		math-square-roots
√484	22		math-square-roots
√529	23		math-square-roots
√576	24		math-square-roots
√625	25		math-square-roots
√676	26		math-square-roots
√729	27		math-square-roots
√784	28		math-square-roots
√841	29		math-square-roots
√900	30		math-square-roots
√961	31		math-square-roots
√1024	32		math-square-roots
√1089	33		math-square-roots
√1156	34		math-square-roots
√1225	35		math-square-roots
√1296	36		math-square-roots
√1369	37		math-square-roots
√1444	38		math-square-roots
√1521	39		math-square-roots
√1600	40		math-square-roots
Data	Facts or measurements that have been collected		math-statistics-terms
Population	The whole group you want to learn about		math-statistics-terms
Sample	A smaller group taken from the population		math-statistics-terms
Random sample	A sample where every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen		math-statistics-terms
Bias	A systematic error that tilts results in one direction		math-statistics-terms
Survey	A way of collecting data by asking people questions		math-statistics-terms
Census	A survey of every member of the population		math-statistics-terms
Variable	A characteristic that can take different values		math-statistics-terms
Categorical data	Data sorted into groups or names (Eye color)		math-statistics-terms
Numerical (quantitative) data	Data that are numbers you can measure or count		math-statistics-terms
Discrete data	Data that can only take separate values, like counts		math-statistics-terms
Continuous data	Data that can take any value in a range, like height		math-statistics-terms
Mean	Sum of all values divided by how many values		math-statistics-terms
Median	Middle value of ordered data		math-statistics-terms
Mode	Most frequently occurring value		math-statistics-terms
Range	Maximum minus minimum		math-statistics-terms
Outlier	A value far away from the rest of the data		math-statistics-terms
Quartile	One of three values that split ordered data into four equal parts		math-statistics-terms
Q1 (first quartile)	The median of the lower half of the data		math-statistics-terms
Q3 (third quartile)	The median of the upper half of the data		math-statistics-terms
Interquartile range (IQR)	Q3 − Q1		math-statistics-terms
Five-number summary	Minimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum		math-statistics-terms
Outlier rule (1.5 × IQR)	Values below Q1 − 1.5·IQR or above Q3 + 1.5·IQR are flagged as outliers		math-statistics-terms
Percentile	The value below which a given percent of data fall		math-statistics-terms
Variance	The average squared distance from the mean		math-statistics-terms
Standard deviation	The square root of variance; typical distance from the mean		math-statistics-terms
Z-score	How many standard deviations a value is from the mean: (x − mean)/s		math-statistics-terms
Frequency	How many times a value occurs		math-statistics-terms
Relative frequency	Frequency divided by the total count		math-statistics-terms
Cumulative frequency	A running total of frequencies		math-statistics-terms
Histogram	A bar graph for numerical data grouped into intervals		math-statistics-terms
Box plot (box-and-whisker)	A graph of the five-number summary		math-statistics-terms
Dot plot	A graph with a dot above a number line for each data value		math-statistics-terms
Stem-and-leaf plot	A table that splits each value into a stem and a leaf		math-statistics-terms
Scatter plot	A graph of ordered pairs showing how two variables relate		math-statistics-terms
Bar graph	A graph using separate bars to compare categories		math-statistics-terms
Pie chart	A circle graph that shows parts of a whole		math-statistics-terms
Line graph	A graph that connects points to show change over time		math-statistics-terms
Symmetric distribution	The left and right sides mirror each other		math-statistics-terms
Skewed right	A longer tail on the right; mean is usually greater than median		math-statistics-terms
Skewed left	A longer tail on the left; mean is usually less than median		math-statistics-terms
Normal distribution	A symmetric bell-shaped distribution		math-statistics-terms
Empirical rule	About 68%, 95% and 99.7% of normal data fall within 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations of the mean		math-statistics-terms
Correlation	A measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship		math-statistics-terms
Correlation coefficient (r)	A number from −1 to 1 measuring linear correlation		math-statistics-terms
Positive correlation	As one variable increases, so does the other		math-statistics-terms
Negative correlation	As one variable increases, the other decreases		math-statistics-terms
Correlation vs. causation	Two things moving together does not prove one causes the other		math-statistics-terms
Line of best fit	A line drawn to match the trend in a scatter plot		math-statistics-terms
Regression	A method for fitting a model to describe how one variable depends on another		math-statistics-terms
Residual	Actual value minus predicted value		math-statistics-terms
Extrapolation	Predicting beyond the range of the data		math-statistics-terms
Interpolation	Predicting between known data points		math-statistics-terms
Hypothesis test	A procedure for deciding whether data support a claim		math-statistics-terms
Null hypothesis	The default claim that nothing special is going on		math-statistics-terms
P-value	The probability of results at least as extreme as observed if the null hypothesis is true		math-statistics-terms
Confidence interval	A range of values likely to contain the true population value		math-statistics-terms
Margin of error	The amount added and subtracted from an estimate to form an interval		math-statistics-terms
Sampling distribution	The distribution of a statistic over many samples		math-statistics-terms
Central limit theorem	Sample means tend toward a normal shape as sample size grows		math-statistics-terms
Control group	The group in an experiment that does not get the treatment		math-statistics-terms
Random assignment	Using chance to place subjects in experiment groups		math-statistics-terms
Observational study	A study that observes without assigning treatments		math-statistics-terms
Experiment	A study where researchers assign treatments		math-statistics-terms
+	Plus: add		math-symbols
−	Minus: subtract		math-symbols
×	Times: multiply		math-symbols
÷	Divided by: divide		math-symbols
=	Equals: is the same value as		math-symbols
≠	Is not equal to		math-symbols
<	Is less than		math-symbols
>	Is greater than		math-symbols
≤	Is less than or equal to		math-symbols
≥	Is greater than or equal to		math-symbols
≈	Is approximately equal to		math-symbols
≡	Is identical to or congruent (mod) to		math-symbols
±	Plus or minus		math-symbols
∓	Minus or plus		math-symbols
√	Square root (radical)		math-symbols
∛	Cube root		math-symbols
π	Pi: about 3.14159, circumference over diameter		math-symbols
∞	Infinity: unbounded, without end		math-symbols
%	Percent: out of 100		math-symbols
‰	Per mille: out of 1,000		math-symbols
°	Degree: a unit of angle or temperature		math-symbols
′	Prime: minutes, feet, or a related variable		math-symbols
″	Double prime: seconds, inches		math-symbols
|x|	Absolute value of x		math-symbols
!	Factorial		math-symbols
Σ	Sigma: sum of a series		math-symbols
Π (capital pi)	Product of a series		math-symbols
Δ	Delta: change in		math-symbols
∂	Partial derivative		math-symbols
∫	Integral		math-symbols
∮	Contour or closed-loop integral		math-symbols
lim	Limit		math-symbols
θ	Theta: commonly an angle		math-symbols
λ	Lambda: wavelength, eigenvalue		math-symbols
μ	Mu: mean of a population		math-symbols
σ	Sigma (lowercase): standard deviation		math-symbols
ε (epsilon)	A very small positive number in limits		math-symbols
φ	Phi: the golden ratio (about 1.618) or an angle		math-symbols
e	Euler's number, about 2.71828		math-symbols
i	Imaginary unit, where i² = −1		math-symbols
ℝ	The set of real numbers		math-symbols
ℚ	The set of rational numbers		math-symbols
ℤ	The set of integers		math-symbols
ℕ	The set of natural numbers		math-symbols
ℂ	The set of complex numbers		math-symbols
∈	Is an element of		math-symbols
∉	Is not an element of		math-symbols
⊂	Is a subset of		math-symbols
∪	Union: in either set		math-symbols
∩	Intersection: in both sets		math-symbols
∅	Empty set: no elements		math-symbols
∀	For all		math-symbols
∃	There exists		math-symbols
∴	Therefore		math-symbols
∵	Because		math-symbols
⇒	Implies		math-symbols
⇔	If and only if		math-symbols
∥	Is parallel to		math-symbols
⊥	Is perpendicular to		math-symbols
∠	Angle		math-symbols
△	Triangle		math-symbols
≅	Is congruent to		math-symbols
∼	Is similar to		math-symbols
∝	Is proportional to		math-symbols
f(x)	Function f of x		math-symbols
f⁻¹	Inverse function of f		math-symbols
n!	n factorial: product of 1 to n		math-symbols
a:b	Ratio of a to b		math-symbols
⌊x⌋	Floor: greatest integer not above x		math-symbols
⌈x⌉	Ceiling: least integer not below x		math-symbols
mod	Modulo: the remainder after division		math-symbols
·	Dot: multiplication		math-symbols
→ (arrow)	Approaches, or maps to		math-symbols
Seconds in a minute	60		math-time
Minutes in an hour	60		math-time
Seconds in an hour	3,600		math-time
Hours in a day	24		math-time
Minutes in a day	1,440		math-time
Seconds in a day	86,400		math-time
Days in a week	7		math-time
Days in a year	365		math-time
Days in a leap year	366		math-time
Weeks in a year	52 (plus 1 or 2 days)		math-time
Months in a year	12		math-time
Years in a decade	10		math-time
Years in a century	100		math-time
Years in a millennium	1,000		math-time
Months with 31 days	January, March, May, July, August, October, December		math-time
Months with 30 days	April, June, September, November		math-time
Days in February	28, or 29 in a leap year		math-time
Knuckle trick for month lengths	Knuckles are 31-day months, valleys between are shorter months		math-time
Leap year rule	Every 4 years, except century years not divisible by 400		math-time
Is 2000 a leap year?	Yes		math-time
Is 1900 a leap year?	No		math-time
Is 2028 a leap year?	Yes		math-time
Is 2026 a leap year?	No		math-time
Order of the days of the week	Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday		math-time
Order of the months	January through December		math-time
Seasons in order (northern hemisphere)	Winter, spring, summer, fall		math-time
Quarter past 3	3:15		math-time
Half past 7	7:30		math-time
Quarter to 9	8:45		math-time
Ten minutes to 6	5:50		math-time
Meaning of a.m.	From midnight to just before noon		math-time
Meaning of p.m.	From noon to just before midnight		math-time
12:00 a.m. is	Midnight		math-time
12:00 p.m. is	Noon		math-time
3:00 p.m. in 24-hour time	15:00		math-time
18:30 in 12-hour time	6:30 p.m.		math-time
00:00 in 12-hour time	12:00 a.m. (midnight)		math-time
Elapsed time from 2:15 to 4:45	2 hours 30 minutes		math-time
Elapsed time from 9:40 a.m. to 11:10 a.m.	1 hour 30 minutes		math-time
Time 45 minutes after 3:30	4:15		math-time
Time 2 hours before 1:00 p.m.	11:00 a.m.		math-time
Minutes in 2 and a half hours	150		math-time
Hours in 3 days	72		math-time
Hours in a week	168		math-time
Minutes in a quarter hour	15		math-time
Convert 90 minutes to hours	1.5 hours		math-time
Convert 2 hours to seconds	7,200		math-time
Convert 3 weeks to days	21		math-time
Convert 18 months to years	1.5 years		math-time
Fortnight	Two weeks (14 days)		math-time
Biweekly	Every two weeks		math-time
Semester	Half of a school year		math-time
Which hand moves faster, hour or minute?	Minute hand		math-time
How far does the minute hand move in 5 minutes?	From one number to the next (30 degrees)		math-time
Degrees the minute hand turns in an hour	360		math-time
Time zone	A region that shares the same standard time		math-time
Number of time zones in the contiguous US	Four: Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific		math-time
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)	Time at the 0 degree longitude line through Greenwich, England		math-time
Calendar year starts and ends	January 1 to December 31		math-time
BCE and CE	Before Common Era and Common Era, used to number years		math-time
Digital vs. analog clock	Digital shows numbers; analog uses hands on a dial		math-time
SOH-CAH-TOA: sine	sin = opposite / hypotenuse		math-trig-identities
SOH-CAH-TOA: cosine	cos = adjacent / hypotenuse		math-trig-identities
SOH-CAH-TOA: tangent	tan = opposite / adjacent		math-trig-identities
Cosecant	csc θ = 1 / sin θ		math-trig-identities
Secant	sec θ = 1 / cos θ		math-trig-identities
Cotangent	cot θ = 1 / tan θ = cos θ / sin θ		math-trig-identities
Tangent in terms of sine and cosine	tan θ = sin θ / cos θ		math-trig-identities
Pythagorean identity	sin² θ + cos² θ = 1		math-trig-identities
Pythagorean identity with tangent	1 + tan² θ = sec² θ		math-trig-identities
Pythagorean identity with cotangent	1 + cot² θ = csc² θ		math-trig-identities
Even-odd: sin(−θ)	−sin θ (sine is odd)		math-trig-identities
Even-odd: cos(−θ)	cos θ (cosine is even)		math-trig-identities
Even-odd: tan(−θ)	−tan θ (tangent is odd)		math-trig-identities
Cofunction: sin(90° − θ)	cos θ		math-trig-identities
Cofunction: cos(90° − θ)	sin θ		math-trig-identities
Cofunction: tan(90° − θ)	cot θ		math-trig-identities
Supplementary: sin(180° − θ)	sin θ		math-trig-identities
Supplementary: cos(180° − θ)	−cos θ		math-trig-identities
Shift: sin(θ + 180°)	−sin θ		math-trig-identities
Shift: cos(θ + 180°)	−cos θ		math-trig-identities
Shift: tan(θ + 180°)	tan θ		math-trig-identities
Sum formula for sine	sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B		math-trig-identities
Difference formula for sine	sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B		math-trig-identities
Sum formula for cosine	cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B		math-trig-identities
Difference formula for cosine	cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B		math-trig-identities
Sum formula for tangent	tan(A + B) = (tan A + tan B) / (1 − tan A tan B)		math-trig-identities
Difference formula for tangent	tan(A − B) = (tan A − tan B) / (1 + tan A tan B)		math-trig-identities
Double-angle: sine	sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ		math-trig-identities
Double-angle: cosine	cos 2θ = cos² θ − sin² θ		math-trig-identities
Double-angle: cosine (other form 1)	cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin² θ		math-trig-identities
Double-angle: cosine (other form 2)	cos 2θ = 2 cos² θ − 1		math-trig-identities
Double-angle: tangent	tan 2θ = 2 tan θ / (1 − tan² θ)		math-trig-identities
Power reducing: sin² θ	(1 − cos 2θ) / 2		math-trig-identities
Power reducing: cos² θ	(1 + cos 2θ) / 2		math-trig-identities
Half-angle: sin(θ/2)	±√((1 − cos θ) / 2)		math-trig-identities
Half-angle: cos(θ/2)	±√((1 + cos θ) / 2)		math-trig-identities
Product to sum: sin A cos B	½[sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)]		math-trig-identities
Product to sum: cos A cos B	½[cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)]		math-trig-identities
Law of sines	a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C		math-trig-identities
Law of cosines	c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos C		math-trig-identities
Area of a triangle with trig	½ ab sin C		math-trig-identities
Arc length formula (radians)	s = rθ		math-trig-identities
Sector area formula (radians)	A = ½ r² θ		math-trig-identities
Degrees to radians	Multiply by π/180		math-trig-identities
Radians to degrees	Multiply by 180/π		math-trig-identities
Amplitude of y = A sin(Bx)	|A|		math-trig-identities
Period of y = A sin(Bx)	2π / |B|		math-trig-identities
Phase shift of y = sin(x − C)	C units to the right		math-trig-identities
Inverse sine range	−π/2 to π/2		math-trig-identities
Inverse cosine range	0 to π		math-trig-identities
Inverse tangent range	−π/2 to π/2 (not including the ends)		math-trig-identities
Euler's formula	e^(iθ) = cos θ + i sin θ		math-trig-identities
Euler's identity	e^(iπ) + 1 = 0		math-trig-identities
De Moivre's theorem	(cos θ + i sin θ)ⁿ = cos nθ + i sin nθ		math-trig-identities
sin 0°	0		math-trig-values
sin 30°	1/2		math-trig-values
sin 45°	√2/2		math-trig-values
sin 60°	√3/2		math-trig-values
sin 90°	1		math-trig-values
sin 120°	√3/2		math-trig-values
sin 135°	√2/2		math-trig-values
sin 150°	1/2		math-trig-values
sin 180°	0		math-trig-values
sin 210°	−1/2		math-trig-values
sin 225°	−√2/2		math-trig-values
sin 240°	−√3/2		math-trig-values
sin 270°	−1		math-trig-values
sin 300°	−√3/2		math-trig-values
sin 315°	−√2/2		math-trig-values
sin 330°	−1/2		math-trig-values
sin 360°	0		math-trig-values
cos 0°	1		math-trig-values
cos 30°	√3/2		math-trig-values
cos 45°	√2/2		math-trig-values
cos 60°	1/2		math-trig-values
cos 90°	0		math-trig-values
cos 120°	−1/2		math-trig-values
cos 135°	−√2/2		math-trig-values
cos 150°	−√3/2		math-trig-values
cos 180°	−1		math-trig-values
cos 210°	−√3/2		math-trig-values
cos 225°	−√2/2		math-trig-values
cos 240°	−1/2		math-trig-values
cos 270°	0		math-trig-values
cos 300°	1/2		math-trig-values
cos 315°	√2/2		math-trig-values
cos 330°	√3/2		math-trig-values
cos 360°	1		math-trig-values
tan 0°	0		math-trig-values
tan 30°	√3/3 (1/√3)		math-trig-values
tan 45°	1		math-trig-values
tan 60°	√3		math-trig-values
tan 90°	Undefined		math-trig-values
tan 120°	−√3		math-trig-values
tan 135°	−1		math-trig-values
tan 150°	−√3/3		math-trig-values
tan 180°	0		math-trig-values
tan 225°	1		math-trig-values
tan 270°	Undefined		math-trig-values
sin(π/6)	1/2		math-trig-values
sin(π/4)	√2/2		math-trig-values
sin(π/3)	√3/2		math-trig-values
sin(π/2)	1		math-trig-values
cos(π/6)	√3/2		math-trig-values
cos(π/4)	√2/2		math-trig-values
cos(π/3)	1/2		math-trig-values
cos(π)	−1		math-trig-values
sin(π)	0		math-trig-values
cos(2π/3)	−1/2		math-trig-values
sin(5π/6)	1/2		math-trig-values
sin(3π/2)	−1		math-trig-values
sin(7π/6)	−1/2		math-trig-values
cos(5π/4)	−√2/2		math-trig-values
cos(7π/4)	√2/2		math-trig-values
tan(π/4)	1		math-trig-values
tan(π/3)	√3		math-trig-values
tan(π/6)	√3/3		math-trig-values
csc 30°	2		math-trig-values
sec 60°	2		math-trig-values
cot 45°	1		math-trig-values
sec 0°	1		math-trig-values
Where is sine positive?	Quadrants I and II		math-trig-values
Where is cosine positive?	Quadrants I and IV		math-trig-values
Where is tangent positive?	Quadrants I and III		math-trig-values
Memory rule for signs (All Students Take Calculus)	All positive in I, Sine in II, Tangent in III, Cosine in IV		math-trig-values
The unit circle point at 90°	(0, 1)		math-trig-values
The unit circle point at 180°	(−1, 0)		math-trig-values
The unit circle point at 45°	(√2/2, √2/2)		math-trig-values
Range of sine and cosine	−1 to 1		math-trig-values
Period of sine and cosine	360° or 2π		math-trig-values
Period of tangent	180° or π		math-trig-values
Inches in 1 foot	12		math-us-units
Feet in 1 yard	3		math-us-units
Inches in 1 yard	36		math-us-units
Feet in 1 mile	5,280		math-us-units
Yards in 1 mile	1,760		math-us-units
Ounces in 1 pound	16		math-us-units
Pounds in 1 ton	2,000		math-us-units
Teaspoons in 1 tablespoon	3		math-us-units
Tablespoons in 1 fluid ounce	2		math-us-units
Tablespoons in 1 cup	16		math-us-units
Fluid ounces in 1 cup	8		math-us-units
Cups in 1 pint	2		math-us-units
Pints in 1 quart	2		math-us-units
Cups in 1 quart	4		math-us-units
Quarts in 1 gallon	4		math-us-units
Pints in 1 gallon	8		math-us-units
Cups in 1 gallon	16		math-us-units
Fluid ounces in 1 gallon	128		math-us-units
Square feet in 1 square yard	9		math-us-units
Square inches in 1 square foot	144		math-us-units
Square feet in 1 acre	43,560		math-us-units
Cubic feet in 1 cubic yard	27		math-us-units
Cubic inches in 1 cubic foot	1,728		math-us-units
Convert 5 ft to inches	60 inches		math-us-units
Convert 2 yd to feet	6 feet		math-us-units
Convert 48 inches to feet	4 feet		math-us-units
Convert 3 lb to oz	48 oz		math-us-units
Convert 32 oz to lb	2 lb		math-us-units
Convert 3 gal to qt	12 qt		math-us-units
Convert 6 cups to pints	3 pints		math-us-units
Convert 10 qt to gal	2.5 gal		math-us-units
Convert 1 mile to yards	1,760 yards		math-us-units
Convert 4,000 lb to tons	2 tons		math-us-units
Inches in 1 centimeter (about)	0.39 inches		math-us-units
Centimeters in 1 inch	2.54 exactly		math-us-units
Meters in 1 yard	0.9144 exactly		math-us-units
Kilometers in 1 mile (about)	1.61 kilometers		math-us-units
Miles in 1 kilometer (about)	0.62 miles		math-us-units
Pounds in 1 kilogram (about)	2.2 pounds		math-us-units
Grams in 1 ounce (about)	28.35 grams		math-us-units
Liters in 1 gallon (US, about)	3.785 liters		math-us-units
Liters in 1 quart (about)	0.95 liters		math-us-units
Feet in 1 meter (about)	3.28 feet		math-us-units
Fahrenheit freezing point of water	32 degrees F		math-us-units
Fahrenheit boiling point of water (sea level)	212 degrees F		math-us-units
Normal body temperature in Fahrenheit	About 98.6 degrees F		math-us-units
Formula: Fahrenheit to Celsius	C = (F − 32) × 5/9		math-us-units
Formula: Celsius to Fahrenheit	F = C × 9/5 + 32		math-us-units
Convert 212 degrees F to Celsius	100 degrees C		math-us-units
Convert 0 degrees C to Fahrenheit	32 degrees F		math-us-units
Convert 20 degrees C to Fahrenheit	68 degrees F		math-us-units
Convert 100 degrees F to Celsius	About 37.8 degrees C		math-us-units
At what temperature are Celsius and Fahrenheit equal?	−40 degrees		math-us-units
Which is longer, a foot or a meter?	A meter (about 3.28 feet)		math-us-units
Which is heavier, a pound or a kilogram?	A kilogram		math-us-units
Which is bigger, a quart or a liter?	A liter is slightly bigger		math-us-units
Which is bigger, a mile or a kilometer?	A mile		math-us-units
What is a baker's dozen?	13		math-us-units
What is a dozen?	12		math-us-units
What is a gross?	144 (12 dozen)		math-us-units
What is a score?	20		math-us-units
What is a ream of paper?	500 sheets		math-us-units
What is a nautical mile?	About 1.15 miles (1,852 meters)		math-us-units
What is a knot?	A speed of one nautical mile per hour		math-us-units
What is a fathom?	6 feet, used to measure water depth		math-us-units
What is a furlong?	One eighth of a mile (220 yards)		math-us-units
What is a hand (horse height)?	4 inches		math-us-units
Factor	A number that multiplies with another to make a product (3 and 4 are factors of 12)		math-vocab-3-5
Product	The answer to a multiplication problem		math-vocab-3-5
Quotient	The answer to a division problem		math-vocab-3-5
Dividend	The number being divided (In 12 ÷ 3, it is 12)		math-vocab-3-5
Divisor	The number you divide by (In 12 ÷ 3, it is 3)		math-vocab-3-5
Remainder	What is left over after dividing		math-vocab-3-5
Multiple	What you get when you multiply a number by 1, 2, 3, ... (Multiples of 5: 5, 10, 15)		math-vocab-3-5
Prime number	A number greater than 1 with exactly two factors, 1 and itself		math-vocab-3-5
Composite number	A number with more than two factors		math-vocab-3-5
Array	Objects arranged in equal rows and columns		math-vocab-3-5
Equation	A math sentence with an equals sign		math-vocab-3-5
Expression	Numbers and operation signs with no equals sign (3 × 4 + 2)		math-vocab-3-5
Variable	A letter that stands for an unknown number		math-vocab-3-5
Numerator	The top number in a fraction; how many parts we have		math-vocab-3-5
Denominator	The bottom number in a fraction; how many equal parts in the whole		math-vocab-3-5
Equivalent fractions	Fractions that name the same amount (1/2 and 2/4)		math-vocab-3-5
Mixed number	A whole number and a fraction together (2 1/3)		math-vocab-3-5
Improper fraction	A fraction whose numerator is greater than or equal to its denominator (7/4)		math-vocab-3-5
Unit fraction	A fraction with 1 on top (1/5)		math-vocab-3-5
Simplest form	A fraction that cannot be made smaller; the top and bottom share no factor but 1		math-vocab-3-5
Decimal	A number written with a decimal point to show parts of a whole (0.75)		math-vocab-3-5
Decimal point	The dot that separates ones from tenths		math-vocab-3-5
Tenths	The first place right of the decimal point		math-vocab-3-5
Hundredths	The second place right of the decimal point		math-vocab-3-5
Round	Replace a number with a nearby number that is easier to use		math-vocab-3-5
Estimate	Find an answer that is close but not exact		math-vocab-3-5
Regroup	Trade between place values, such as 10 ones for 1 ten		math-vocab-3-5
Place value	The value of a digit based on where it sits in a number		math-vocab-3-5
Perimeter	The distance around a shape		math-vocab-3-5
Area	The amount of flat space inside a shape, in square units		math-vocab-3-5
Volume	The amount of space inside a solid, in cubic units		math-vocab-3-5
Capacity	How much a container can hold		math-vocab-3-5
Angle	Formed where two rays meet at a point		math-vocab-3-5
Right angle	An angle of exactly 90 degrees, like a square corner		math-vocab-3-5
Acute angle	An angle less than 90 degrees		math-vocab-3-5
Obtuse angle	An angle greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees		math-vocab-3-5
Straight angle	An angle of exactly 180 degrees		math-vocab-3-5
Parallel lines	Lines that stay the same distance apart and never meet		math-vocab-3-5
Perpendicular lines	Lines that meet at a right angle		math-vocab-3-5
Intersecting lines	Lines that cross each other		math-vocab-3-5
Line segment	Part of a line with two endpoints		math-vocab-3-5
Ray	Part of a line with one endpoint that goes on forever in one direction		math-vocab-3-5
Point	An exact location with no size		math-vocab-3-5
Polygon	A closed flat shape made of straight sides		math-vocab-3-5
Quadrilateral	Any polygon with 4 sides		math-vocab-3-5
Pentagon	A polygon with 5 sides		math-vocab-3-5
Hexagon	A polygon with 6 sides		math-vocab-3-5
Octagon	A polygon with 8 sides		math-vocab-3-5
Symmetry	When a shape can be folded so both halves match exactly		math-vocab-3-5
Line of symmetry	The fold line that makes two matching halves		math-vocab-3-5
Congruent	Exactly the same size and shape		math-vocab-3-5
Face	A flat surface of a solid shape		math-vocab-3-5
Edge	Where two faces of a solid meet		math-vocab-3-5
Vertex	A corner point of a shape or solid; plural is vertices		math-vocab-3-5
Elapsed time	The amount of time that passes from start to end		math-vocab-3-5
Data	Facts or numbers collected to learn something		math-vocab-3-5
Bar graph	A graph that uses bars to compare amounts		math-vocab-3-5
Line plot	A number line with marks above it to show how often values occur		math-vocab-3-5
Pictograph	A graph that uses pictures to show data		math-vocab-3-5
Survey	Asking a group of people questions to collect data		math-vocab-3-5
Mean	The average: add all values and divide by how many there are		math-vocab-3-5
Median	The middle value when the data are in order		math-vocab-3-5
Mode	The value that appears most often		math-vocab-3-5
Range	The highest value minus the lowest value		math-vocab-3-5
Commutative property	You can swap the order of numbers when adding or multiplying (3 × 4 = 4 × 3)		math-vocab-3-5
Associative property	You can regroup numbers when adding or multiplying and get the same answer		math-vocab-3-5
Distributive property	Multiplying a sum equals multiplying each part and adding (3 × (4 + 2) = 3 × 4 + 3 × 2)		math-vocab-3-5
Identity property	Adding 0 or multiplying by 1 leaves a number unchanged		math-vocab-3-5
Inverse operations	Operations that undo each other (Addition and subtraction)		math-vocab-3-5
Ordered pair	Two numbers in parentheses that name a point on a grid ((3, 5))		math-vocab-3-5
Coordinate plane	A flat grid made by a horizontal and a vertical number line		math-vocab-3-5
Digit	One of the symbols 0 to 9		math-vocab-3-5
Compatible numbers	Numbers that are easy to compute with in your head		math-vocab-3-5
Unit	A fixed amount used to measure, like an inch or a gram		math-vocab-3-5
Weight	How heavy something is		math-vocab-3-5
Mass	The amount of matter in an object		math-vocab-3-5
Fraction	A number that names equal parts of a whole		math-vocab-3-5
Ratio	A comparison of two quantities by division (3 to 5, or 3:5)		math-vocab-6-8
Rate	A ratio that compares two different kinds of units (60 miles per hour)		math-vocab-6-8
Unit rate	A rate with 1 as the second quantity ($2 per pound)		math-vocab-6-8
Proportion	An equation that says two ratios are equal		math-vocab-6-8
Percent	A ratio out of 100		math-vocab-6-8
Integer	A whole number or its opposite: ..., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ...		math-vocab-6-8
Rational number	A number that can be written as a fraction of two integers		math-vocab-6-8
Irrational number	A number that cannot be written as a fraction; its decimal never ends or repeats (π, √2)		math-vocab-6-8
Real numbers	All rational and irrational numbers together		math-vocab-6-8
Absolute value	A number's distance from zero on the number line		math-vocab-6-8
Opposite numbers	Two numbers the same distance from zero on opposite sides (5 and −5)		math-vocab-6-8
Negative number	A number less than zero		math-vocab-6-8
Greatest common factor (GCF)	The largest factor two numbers share		math-vocab-6-8
Least common multiple (LCM)	The smallest multiple two numbers share		math-vocab-6-8
Prime factorization	Writing a number as a product of primes (12 = 2 × 2 × 3)		math-vocab-6-8
Exponent	A small raised number that tells how many times to use the base as a factor		math-vocab-6-8
Base	The number that is multiplied by itself in a power		math-vocab-6-8
Power	A number written with a base and an exponent		math-vocab-6-8
Square root	A number that, multiplied by itself, gives the original number		math-vocab-6-8
Scientific notation	Writing a number as a number from 1 to 10 times a power of 10 (3.2 × 10^4)		math-vocab-6-8
Term	A number, variable, or product in an expression		math-vocab-6-8
Coefficient	The number multiplied by a variable (In 7x, the coefficient is 7)		math-vocab-6-8
Constant	A term that does not change; a plain number		math-vocab-6-8
Like terms	Terms with the same variable part (3x and 5x)		math-vocab-6-8
Inequality	A statement that two values are not equal (x > 4)		math-vocab-6-8
Solution	A value that makes an equation or inequality true		math-vocab-6-8
Slope	How steep a line is; rise over run		math-vocab-6-8
Y-intercept	The point where a graph crosses the y-axis		math-vocab-6-8
Function	A rule that gives exactly one output for each input		math-vocab-6-8
Input	The value you put into a function		math-vocab-6-8
Output	The value that comes out of a function		math-vocab-6-8
Linear equation	An equation whose graph is a straight line		math-vocab-6-8
Quadrant	One of the four regions of a coordinate plane		math-vocab-6-8
Origin	The point (0, 0) where the axes cross		math-vocab-6-8
Pythagorean theorem	In a right triangle, a² + b² = c²		math-vocab-6-8
Hypotenuse	The longest side of a right triangle, opposite the right angle		math-vocab-6-8
Legs	The two shorter sides of a right triangle		math-vocab-6-8
Circumference	The distance around a circle		math-vocab-6-8
Radius	The distance from the center of a circle to its edge		math-vocab-6-8
Diameter	The distance across a circle through its center; twice the radius		math-vocab-6-8
Pi (π)	The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter; about 3.14159		math-vocab-6-8
Surface area	The total area of all the faces of a solid		math-vocab-6-8
Prism	A solid with two identical parallel bases and rectangular sides		math-vocab-6-8
Pyramid	A solid with one base and triangular faces that meet at a point		math-vocab-6-8
Net	A flat pattern that folds up into a solid		math-vocab-6-8
Similar figures	Shapes with the same angles and proportional sides		math-vocab-6-8
Scale factor	The number you multiply lengths by to enlarge or shrink a figure		math-vocab-6-8
Transformation	A move that changes a figure's position or size		math-vocab-6-8
Translation	Slide a figure without turning or flipping it		math-vocab-6-8
Reflection	Flip a figure over a line		math-vocab-6-8
Rotation	Turn a figure around a point		math-vocab-6-8
Dilation	Enlarge or shrink a figure from a center point		math-vocab-6-8
Complementary angles	Two angles that add up to 90 degrees		math-vocab-6-8
Supplementary angles	Two angles that add up to 180 degrees		math-vocab-6-8
Vertical angles	Opposite angles formed by two crossing lines; they are equal		math-vocab-6-8
Adjacent angles	Two angles that share a side and a vertex		math-vocab-6-8
Transversal	A line that crosses two or more other lines		math-vocab-6-8
Mean	The average of a set of numbers		math-vocab-6-8
Median	The middle value of ordered data		math-vocab-6-8
Mode	The most frequent value		math-vocab-6-8
Range	Greatest value minus least value		math-vocab-6-8
Outlier	A value far from the rest of the data		math-vocab-6-8
Quartile	One of the three values that split ordered data into four equal parts		math-vocab-6-8
Interquartile range (IQR)	The third quartile minus the first quartile		math-vocab-6-8
Box plot	A graph that shows the median, quartiles and extremes of data		math-vocab-6-8
Histogram	A bar graph with no gaps that shows how data are spread across intervals		math-vocab-6-8
Probability	A number from 0 to 1 that tells how likely an event is		math-vocab-6-8
Sample space	The set of all possible outcomes		math-vocab-6-8
Compound event	An event made of two or more simple events		math-vocab-6-8
Variable	A letter that stands for a number that can change		math-vocab-6-8
Evaluate	Find the value of an expression by putting in numbers		math-vocab-6-8
Simplify	Rewrite an expression in its simplest form		math-vocab-6-8
Inverse operation	An operation that undoes another		math-vocab-6-8
Reciprocal	The number that multiplies with another to make 1 (The reciprocal of 3/4 is 4/3)		math-vocab-6-8
Terminating decimal	A decimal that ends (0.25)		math-vocab-6-8
Repeating decimal	A decimal with a digit or group of digits that repeats forever (0.333...)		math-vocab-6-8
Markup	An amount added to a cost to set the selling price		math-vocab-6-8
Discount	An amount subtracted from a price		math-vocab-6-8
Simple interest	Interest earned only on the starting amount: I = Prt		math-vocab-6-8
Domain	The set of all possible inputs of a function		math-vocab-9-12
Range (of a function)	The set of all possible outputs of a function		math-vocab-9-12
Relation	A set of ordered pairs		math-vocab-9-12
Inverse function	A function that undoes another function (f⁻¹(x))		math-vocab-9-12
Composition of functions	Using the output of one function as the input of another (f(g(x)))		math-vocab-9-12
Polynomial	A sum of terms, each a number times a variable to a whole-number power		math-vocab-9-12
Degree (of a polynomial)	The highest exponent of the variable		math-vocab-9-12
Leading coefficient	The coefficient of the term with the highest power		math-vocab-9-12
Monomial	A polynomial with one term		math-vocab-9-12
Binomial	A polynomial with two terms		math-vocab-9-12
Trinomial	A polynomial with three terms		math-vocab-9-12
Root (zero)	An input that makes a function equal zero		math-vocab-9-12
Quadratic	A polynomial of degree 2 (ax² + bx + c)		math-vocab-9-12
Parabola	The U-shaped graph of a quadratic function		math-vocab-9-12
Vertex (of a parabola)	The highest or lowest point of the parabola		math-vocab-9-12
Axis of symmetry	The line that splits a parabola into mirror halves		math-vocab-9-12
Discriminant	b² − 4ac; tells how many real roots a quadratic has		math-vocab-9-12
Imaginary unit (i)	The number whose square is −1		math-vocab-9-12
Complex number	A number of the form a + bi		math-vocab-9-12
Conjugate	The binomial with the opposite sign in the middle (a + bi and a − bi)		math-vocab-9-12
Asymptote	A line that a graph gets closer and closer to		math-vocab-9-12
Exponential function	A function where the variable is in the exponent (y = 2^x)		math-vocab-9-12
Logarithm	The exponent you need on a base to get a number		math-vocab-9-12
Natural logarithm	A logarithm with base e, written ln		math-vocab-9-12
Euler's number (e)	An irrational constant, about 2.71828		math-vocab-9-12
Sequence	A list of numbers in order		math-vocab-9-12
Arithmetic sequence	A sequence with a constant difference between terms		math-vocab-9-12
Geometric sequence	A sequence with a constant ratio between terms		math-vocab-9-12
Series	The sum of the terms of a sequence		math-vocab-9-12
Sigma (Σ)	The symbol meaning add up a list of terms		math-vocab-9-12
Matrix	A rectangular array of numbers in rows and columns		math-vocab-9-12
System of equations	Two or more equations with the same variables		math-vocab-9-12
Linear programming	Finding the best value of a quantity under linear limits		math-vocab-9-12
Theorem	A statement that has been proven		math-vocab-9-12
Postulate (axiom)	A statement accepted as true without proof		math-vocab-9-12
Proof	A logical argument that shows a statement is true		math-vocab-9-12
Conjecture	A guess based on a pattern that has not been proven		math-vocab-9-12
Counterexample	An example that shows a statement is false		math-vocab-9-12
Converse	A conditional statement with its parts swapped (If Q, then P)		math-vocab-9-12
Contrapositive	The converse of the inverse; it always has the same truth as the original statement		math-vocab-9-12
Inductive reasoning	Drawing a general rule from patterns		math-vocab-9-12
Deductive reasoning	Drawing a conclusion from facts that are known to be true		math-vocab-9-12
Congruent triangles	Triangles with all matching sides and angles equal		math-vocab-9-12
Locus	The set of all points that follow a given rule		math-vocab-9-12
Inscribed	Drawn inside another figure and touching it		math-vocab-9-12
Circumscribed	Drawn around another figure and touching it		math-vocab-9-12
Tangent (to a circle)	A line that touches a circle at exactly one point		math-vocab-9-12
Secant	A line that cuts through a circle at two points		math-vocab-9-12
Chord	A segment with both endpoints on a circle		math-vocab-9-12
Arc	A part of a circle's edge		math-vocab-9-12
Sector	A pie-slice region of a circle		math-vocab-9-12
Radian	An angle measure; the angle whose arc equals the radius		math-vocab-9-12
Sine	In a right triangle, opposite over hypotenuse		math-vocab-9-12
Cosine	In a right triangle, adjacent over hypotenuse		math-vocab-9-12
Tangent (trigonometry)	In a right triangle, opposite over adjacent		math-vocab-9-12
Unit circle	A circle of radius 1 centered at the origin		math-vocab-9-12
Amplitude	Half the distance between the highest and lowest values of a wave		math-vocab-9-12
Period	The length of one full cycle of a repeating graph		math-vocab-9-12
Limit	The value a function gets close to as the input approaches a number		math-vocab-9-12
Continuous	Having a graph with no breaks, jumps or holes		math-vocab-9-12
Derivative	The rate at which a function changes; the slope of its tangent		math-vocab-9-12
Integral	The accumulated total under a curve; area under a graph		math-vocab-9-12
Vector	A quantity with both size and direction		math-vocab-9-12
Scalar	A quantity with size only		math-vocab-9-12
Permutation	An arrangement of items in which order matters		math-vocab-9-12
Combination	A selection of items in which order does not matter		math-vocab-9-12
Standard deviation	A measure of how spread out data are around the mean		math-vocab-9-12
Normal distribution	A bell-shaped, symmetric distribution		math-vocab-9-12
Correlation	A measure of how two variables move together		math-vocab-9-12
Regression line	The line of best fit through a scatter plot		math-vocab-9-12
Residual	The difference between an actual value and the predicted value		math-vocab-9-12
Conic section	A curve from slicing a cone: circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola		math-vocab-9-12
Ellipse	An oval shape; the set of points whose distances to two foci add to a constant		math-vocab-9-12
Hyperbola	A curve with two branches; the set of points whose distances to two foci differ by a constant		math-vocab-9-12
Polar coordinates	Describing a point by distance from the origin and an angle		math-vocab-9-12
Rational function	A function that is a ratio of two polynomials		math-vocab-9-12
Extraneous solution	A solution that comes from the working but does not fit the original equation		math-vocab-9-12
Add	Put numbers together to find how many in all		math-vocab-k-2
Plus sign (+)	The sign that means add		math-vocab-k-2
Subtract	Take away to find how many are left		math-vocab-k-2
Minus sign (−)	The sign that means subtract		math-vocab-k-2
Equals (=)	Means the same amount as		math-vocab-k-2
Sum	The answer when you add (In 3 + 4 = 7, the sum is 7)		math-vocab-k-2
Difference	The answer when you subtract (In 9 − 4 = 5, the difference is 5)		math-vocab-k-2
Number	A word or symbol that tells how many		math-vocab-k-2
Digit	One of the ten symbols 0 to 9 used to write numbers		math-vocab-k-2
Zero	The number that means none		math-vocab-k-2
Even number	A number you can split into two equal groups with none left over (2, 4, 6, 8, 10)		math-vocab-k-2
Odd number	A number that leaves one left over when you make pairs (1, 3, 5, 7, 9)		math-vocab-k-2
Greater than (>)	Bigger than (The open side faces the bigger number)		math-vocab-k-2
Less than (<)	Smaller than		math-vocab-k-2
Compare	Look at two things to see which is more, less, or the same		math-vocab-k-2
More	A larger amount		math-vocab-k-2
Fewer	A smaller number of things you can count		math-vocab-k-2
Same	Not different; equal		math-vocab-k-2
Order	Put numbers or things in a line by size or by rule		math-vocab-k-2
Count	Say numbers in order to find how many		math-vocab-k-2
Skip count	Count by jumping over numbers (2, 4, 6, 8)		math-vocab-k-2
Number line	A line with numbers placed in order, used to count and add		math-vocab-k-2
Ones	The place on the right in a number (In 36, the 6 is in the ones place)		math-vocab-k-2
Tens	The place next to the ones; each ten is a group of 10 (In 36, the 3 is in the tens place)		math-vocab-k-2
Hundreds	The place that counts groups of 100		math-vocab-k-2
Half	One of two equal parts		math-vocab-k-2
Fourth (quarter)	One of four equal parts		math-vocab-k-2
Whole	All of something, with nothing missing		math-vocab-k-2
Equal parts	Parts that are exactly the same size		math-vocab-k-2
Circle	A round shape with no corners		math-vocab-k-2
Triangle	A shape with 3 sides and 3 corners		math-vocab-k-2
Square	A shape with 4 equal sides and 4 square corners		math-vocab-k-2
Rectangle	A shape with 4 sides and 4 square corners		math-vocab-k-2
Side	A straight edge of a flat shape		math-vocab-k-2
Corner (vertex)	The point where two sides meet		math-vocab-k-2
Cube	A solid shape like a dice; 6 square faces		math-vocab-k-2
Sphere	A solid shape shaped like a ball		math-vocab-k-2
Cone	A solid shape like an ice cream cone		math-vocab-k-2
Cylinder	A solid shape like a can		math-vocab-k-2
Pattern	Something that repeats in the same way (red, blue, red, blue)		math-vocab-k-2
Measure	Find out how long, tall, heavy or full something is		math-vocab-k-2
Length	How long something is		math-vocab-k-2
Height	How tall something is		math-vocab-k-2
Longer	Having more length		math-vocab-k-2
Shorter	Having less length		math-vocab-k-2
Heavier	Weighing more		math-vocab-k-2
Lighter	Weighing less		math-vocab-k-2
Inch	A small unit for length; about the width of a thumb		math-vocab-k-2
Foot	A unit of length equal to 12 inches		math-vocab-k-2
Penny	A coin worth 1 cent		math-vocab-k-2
Nickel	A coin worth 5 cents		math-vocab-k-2
Dime	A coin worth 10 cents		math-vocab-k-2
Quarter (coin)	A coin worth 25 cents		math-vocab-k-2
Hour hand	The short hand on a clock		math-vocab-k-2
Minute hand	The long hand on a clock		math-vocab-k-2
Graph	A picture that shows information so it is easy to compare		math-vocab-k-2
Tally mark	A mark used to keep count; four lines and a slash make five		math-vocab-k-2
Before	Comes earlier in order (4 comes before 5)		math-vocab-k-2
After	Comes later in order (6 comes after 5)		math-vocab-k-2
Between	In the middle of two things (5 is between 4 and 6)		math-vocab-k-2
Double	Two times a number; add it to itself (Double 4 is 8)		math-vocab-k-2
Number sentence	A math idea written with numbers and signs (2 + 3 = 5)		math-vocab-k-2
Fact family	Add and subtract facts that use the same three numbers (2, 3, 5)		math-vocab-k-2
Group	A set of things that belong together		math-vocab-k-2
Row	Things lined up side to side		math-vocab-k-2
Column	Things lined up top to bottom		math-vocab-k-2
In all	Add		math-word-problem-keywords
Altogether	Add		math-word-problem-keywords
Total	Add		math-word-problem-keywords
Sum	Add		math-word-problem-keywords
Combined	Add		math-word-problem-keywords
Plus	Add		math-word-problem-keywords
More than	Add (but 'A is 3 more than B' means A = B + 3)		math-word-problem-keywords
Increased by	Add		math-word-problem-keywords
Gained	Add		math-word-problem-keywords
Both	Add the two amounts		math-word-problem-keywords
How many are left	Subtract		math-word-problem-keywords
Remain	Subtract		math-word-problem-keywords
Difference	Subtract		math-word-problem-keywords
Fewer than	Subtract		math-word-problem-keywords
Less than	Subtract (order is flipped: '5 less than 9' is 9 − 5)		math-word-problem-keywords
Decreased by	Subtract		math-word-problem-keywords
Take away	Subtract		math-word-problem-keywords
How many more	Subtract to compare two amounts		math-word-problem-keywords
Lost	Subtract		math-word-problem-keywords
Gave away	Subtract		math-word-problem-keywords
Minus	Subtract		math-word-problem-keywords
Times	Multiply		math-word-problem-keywords
Product	Multiply		math-word-problem-keywords
Of (with a fraction or percent)	Multiply (1/2 of 10 is 1/2 × 10)		math-word-problem-keywords
Each (with a total needed)	Multiply		math-word-problem-keywords
Every	Multiply or divide, depending on the question		math-word-problem-keywords
Twice	Multiply by 2		math-word-problem-keywords
Double	Multiply by 2		math-word-problem-keywords
Triple	Multiply by 3		math-word-problem-keywords
Per	Multiply or divide; it marks a rate (Miles per hour)		math-word-problem-keywords
At this rate	Multiply a rate by an amount		math-word-problem-keywords
Groups of	Multiply		math-word-problem-keywords
Rows of	Multiply		math-word-problem-keywords
Quotient	Divide		math-word-problem-keywords
Divided equally	Divide		math-word-problem-keywords
Shared equally	Divide		math-word-problem-keywords
Split among	Divide		math-word-problem-keywords
Half of	Divide by 2		math-word-problem-keywords
Average	Add the values, then divide by how many		math-word-problem-keywords
Per person	Divide the total by the number of people		math-word-problem-keywords
How many in each group	Divide		math-word-problem-keywords
How many groups	Divide		math-word-problem-keywords
Ratio of	Compare using division or a fraction		math-word-problem-keywords
Percent of	Convert to a decimal and multiply		math-word-problem-keywords
Is (as an equals sign)	=		math-word-problem-keywords
What is	The unknown value, a variable		math-word-problem-keywords
At most	≤		math-word-problem-keywords
At least	≥		math-word-problem-keywords
No more than	≤		math-word-problem-keywords
No less than	≥		math-word-problem-keywords
More than (inequality)	>		math-word-problem-keywords
Fewer than (inequality)	<		math-word-problem-keywords
Is the same as	=		math-word-problem-keywords
Consecutive numbers	Numbers in order with no gaps, such as n, n + 1, n + 2		math-word-problem-keywords
Consecutive even numbers	n, n + 2, n + 4		math-word-problem-keywords
Perimeter	Add the lengths of all the sides		math-word-problem-keywords
Area	Multiply (for a rectangle, length times width)		math-word-problem-keywords
Step 1 of solving a word problem	Read it and decide what the question asks		math-word-problem-keywords
Step 2 of solving a word problem	Pick out the numbers and units you need		math-word-problem-keywords
Step 3 of solving a word problem	Choose the operation and write an equation		math-word-problem-keywords
Step 4 of solving a word problem	Solve it, then check that the answer makes sense and has the right units		math-word-problem-keywords
Extra information	A number in a problem you do not need		math-word-problem-keywords
Multi-step problem	A problem needing two or more operations		math-word-problem-keywords
Adaptation	A trait that helps a living thing survive		animal-adaptations-habitats
Habitat	The natural home of a plant or animal		animal-adaptations-habitats
Camouflage	Coloring that helps an animal blend in		animal-adaptations-habitats
Mimicry	When one species looks like another to stay safe		animal-adaptations-habitats
Hibernation	A deep sleep through winter to save energy		animal-adaptations-habitats
Migration	Traveling to another place for food, warmth or breeding		animal-adaptations-habitats
Nocturnal	Active at night		animal-adaptations-habitats
Diurnal	Active during the day		animal-adaptations-habitats
Crepuscular	Active at dawn and dusk		animal-adaptations-habitats
Warning coloration	Bright colors that tell predators an animal is harmful, like a poison dart frog		animal-adaptations-habitats
Which animal changes color to match its surroundings?	The chameleon		animal-adaptations-habitats
Which animal can drop its tail to escape a predator?	A lizard		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do polar bears have thick fur and blubber?	To stay warm in cold Arctic weather		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why does an Arctic hare turn white in winter?	To blend in with snow		animal-adaptations-habitats
How does a camel survive in a desert?	It stores fat in its hump and can go a long time without water		animal-adaptations-habitats
What do a camel's wide feet do?	Keep it from sinking in sand		animal-adaptations-habitats
How does a cactus store water?	In its thick stem		animal-adaptations-habitats
How do owls hunt in the dark?	Large eyes, sharp hearing and silent flight		animal-adaptations-habitats
How do bats find food in the dark?	Echolocation		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do cheetahs have long legs?	To run very fast		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do giraffes have long necks?	To reach leaves high in trees		animal-adaptations-habitats
What is an elephant's trunk used for?	Breathing, smelling, drinking and grabbing things		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do ducks have webbed feet?	To swim well		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do woodpeckers have strong beaks?	To peck into trees for insects		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do hummingbirds have long thin beaks?	To drink nectar from flowers		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do eagles have sharp talons?	To catch and hold prey		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do fish have gills?	To take oxygen from water		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do whales have blubber?	To stay warm in cold water		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do skunks spray?	To scare away predators		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do porcupines have quills?	To protect themselves		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do turtles have shells?	For protection		animal-adaptations-habitats
What does an octopus do to escape danger?	Squirts ink and changes color		animal-adaptations-habitats
How does a snake sense prey?	By smelling with its tongue		animal-adaptations-habitats
How do penguins keep warm?	Thick feathers and a layer of fat; they huddle together		animal-adaptations-habitats
How does a frog catch insects?	With a long sticky tongue		animal-adaptations-habitats
What is a spider's web for?	Catching prey		animal-adaptations-habitats
How do bees help plants?	They carry pollen between flowers		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do beavers have flat tails?	To steer when swimming and slap warnings		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do seals have flippers?	To swim		animal-adaptations-habitats
How do arctic foxes stay warm?	Thick fur and small ears		animal-adaptations-habitats
Why do desert foxes have big ears?	To release heat		animal-adaptations-habitats
How do monarch butterflies survive winter?	They migrate to warmer places		animal-adaptations-habitats
Where do salmon go to lay eggs?	Back up rivers where they were born		animal-adaptations-habitats
Where do Arctic terns migrate?	From the Arctic to the Antarctic and back, a very long trip		animal-adaptations-habitats
What do gray whales do each year?	Migrate between cold feeding waters and warm breeding lagoons		animal-adaptations-habitats
Ocean habitat	Salt water home for fish, whales and more		animal-adaptations-habitats
Desert habitat	Dry land with little rain, like the Sahara		animal-adaptations-habitats
Rainforest habitat	Warm, wet forest with many species		animal-adaptations-habitats
Grassland habitat	Open land covered with grasses		animal-adaptations-habitats
Arctic habitat	The cold region around the North Pole		animal-adaptations-habitats
Wetland habitat	Land with shallow water like marshes		animal-adaptations-habitats
Pond habitat	Small body of still fresh water		animal-adaptations-habitats
Coral reef habitat	Warm shallow seas with coral		animal-adaptations-habitats
Mountain habitat	High, cold, windy land		animal-adaptations-habitats
Cave habitat	Dark underground home for bats and blind fish		animal-adaptations-habitats
Deep-sea adaptation: bioluminescence	Making light to find food or mates		animal-adaptations-habitats
Anglerfish	A deep-sea fish with a glowing lure		animal-adaptations-habitats
Symbiosis example: clownfish and anemone	The clownfish is protected by the anemone and cleans it		animal-adaptations-habitats
Instinct	Behavior an animal is born knowing		animal-adaptations-habitats
Learned behavior	Something an animal learns, like a dog sitting on command		animal-adaptations-habitats
Baby cat	Kitten		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby dog	Puppy		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby cow	Calf		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby horse	Foal		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby sheep	Lamb		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby goat	Kid		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby pig	Piglet		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby chicken	Chick		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby duck	Duckling		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby goose	Gosling		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby swan	Cygnet		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby frog	Tadpole		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby kangaroo	Joey		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby bear	Cub		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby lion	Cub		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby fox	Kit or cub		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby wolf	Pup		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby seal	Pup		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby deer	Fawn		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby rabbit	Kit or bunny		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby owl	Owlet		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby eagle	Eaglet		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby elephant	Calf		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby giraffe	Calf		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby whale	Calf		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby dolphin	Calf		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby fish	Fry		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby insect (like a butterfly) after the egg	Larva		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby butterfly stage	Caterpillar		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby bat	Pup		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby turtle	Hatchling		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby crocodile	Hatchling		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby penguin	Chick		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby hippo	Calf		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby spider	Spiderling		animal-babies-and-homes
Baby pigeon	Squab		animal-babies-and-homes
Male chicken	Rooster		animal-babies-and-homes
Female chicken	Hen		animal-babies-and-homes
Male cow	Bull		animal-babies-and-homes
Female cow	Cow		animal-babies-and-homes
Male horse	Stallion		animal-babies-and-homes
Female horse	Mare		animal-babies-and-homes
Male sheep	Ram		animal-babies-and-homes
Female sheep	Ewe		animal-babies-and-homes
Male pig	Boar		animal-babies-and-homes
Female pig	Sow		animal-babies-and-homes
Male duck	Drake		animal-babies-and-homes
Female duck	Duck		animal-babies-and-homes
Male goose	Gander		animal-babies-and-homes
Male deer	Buck or stag		animal-babies-and-homes
Female deer	Doe		animal-babies-and-homes
Female lion	Lioness		animal-babies-and-homes
Male peafowl	Peacock		animal-babies-and-homes
Female peafowl	Peahen		animal-babies-and-homes
Male goat	Billy or buck		animal-babies-and-homes
Female goat	Nanny or doe		animal-babies-and-homes
Male fox	Dog or tod		animal-babies-and-homes
Female fox	Vixen		animal-babies-and-homes
Male swan	Cob		animal-babies-and-homes
Female swan	Pen		animal-babies-and-homes
Male turkey	Tom		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a bird live?	In a nest		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a bee live?	In a hive		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does an ant live?	In an anthill or colony		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a spider live?	On a web		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a bear sleep in winter?	In a den		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a beaver live?	In a lodge		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a fox live?	In a den or burrow		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a rabbit live?	In a burrow or warren		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a horse live?	In a stable		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a cow live?	In a barn or pasture		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a pig live?	In a pen or sty		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a chicken live?	In a coop		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a dog live?	In a house or kennel		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a fish live?	In water		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does an eagle live?	In an eyrie, a high nest		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a squirrel live?	In a tree nest called a drey		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a mole live?	Underground in tunnels		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a wasp live?	In a paper nest		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a polar bear live?	In the Arctic		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a penguin live?	Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, many in Antarctica		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a camel live?	In deserts		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a monkey live?	In forests and jungles		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does an octopus live?	In the sea, often in a den among rocks		animal-babies-and-homes
Where does a whale live?	In the ocean		animal-babies-and-homes
Bald eagle	The national bird of the United States; has a white head as an adult		animal-birds
Peregrine falcon	The fastest bird in a dive		animal-birds
Ostrich	The largest bird; cannot fly but runs fast		animal-birds
Emperor penguin	The largest penguin; lives in Antarctica		animal-birds
Bee hummingbird	The smallest bird, from Cuba		animal-birds
Hummingbird	Can hover and fly backward; drinks nectar		animal-birds
Albatross	A seabird with one of the longest wingspans		animal-birds
Owl	A night hunter with silent flight and big eyes		animal-birds
Barn owl	A pale owl with a heart-shaped face		animal-birds
Great horned owl	An owl with tufts that look like horns		animal-birds
Snowy owl	A white Arctic owl		animal-birds
Robin	A songbird with an orange-red breast		animal-birds
Blue jay	A loud blue crested bird		animal-birds
Cardinal	A bright red songbird; males are red		animal-birds
Crow	A very smart black bird		animal-birds
Raven	A large black bird, bigger than a crow		animal-birds
Magpie	A black and white bird of the crow family		animal-birds
Sparrow	A small brown songbird		animal-birds
Finch	A small seed-eating songbird		animal-birds
Chickadee	A tiny gray-and-black bird with a call that says its name		animal-birds
Woodpecker	Pecks at trees for insects		animal-birds
Toucan	A tropical bird with a huge colorful beak		animal-birds
Parrot	A colorful bird that can copy sounds		animal-birds
Macaw	A large colorful parrot		animal-birds
Flamingo	A pink wading bird that often stands on one leg		animal-birds
Heron	A tall wading bird that hunts fish		animal-birds
Crane	A tall bird known for dancing displays		animal-birds
Stork	A long-legged wading bird		animal-birds
Pelican	A seabird with a large throat pouch		animal-birds
Seagull	A common bird at the shore		animal-birds
Puffin	A seabird with a colorful beak, called the clown of the sea		animal-birds
Cormorant	A diving bird that dries its wings in the sun		animal-birds
Swan	A graceful long-necked water bird		animal-birds
Goose	A large water bird that flies in V formation		animal-birds
Mallard	The most common wild duck; males have green heads		animal-birds
Wood duck	A colorful duck that nests in trees		animal-birds
Loon	A diving water bird with a haunting call		animal-birds
Kiwi	A flightless bird from New Zealand		animal-birds
Emu	A large flightless bird from Australia		animal-birds
Cassowary	A large flightless bird with a bony crest, from Australia and New Guinea		animal-birds
Rhea	A large flightless bird from South America		animal-birds
Peacock	A male peafowl with a fan of colorful tail feathers		animal-birds
Turkey	A large ground bird; wild turkeys live in North America		animal-birds
Chicken	A farm bird kept for eggs and meat		animal-birds
Pigeon	A city bird that can find its way home		animal-birds
Dove	A gentle bird related to pigeons		animal-birds
Mockingbird	A songbird that mimics other sounds		animal-birds
Meadowlark	A grassland bird with a yellow chest		animal-birds
Kingfisher	A bird that dives to catch fish		animal-birds
Hawk	A hunting bird with sharp talons		animal-birds
Red-tailed hawk	A common hawk with a reddish tail		animal-birds
Osprey	A hawk-like bird that dives for fish		animal-birds
Vulture	A scavenger that eats dead animals		animal-birds
California condor	A giant vulture that was brought back from near extinction		animal-birds
Secretary bird	An African bird that stomps on snakes		animal-birds
Roadrunner	A fast-running bird of the American Southwest		animal-birds
Cuckoo	A bird that lays eggs in other birds' nests		animal-birds
Swallow	A fast flyer that catches insects in the air		animal-birds
Swift	A bird that eats and sleeps in flight		animal-birds
Arctic tern	Migrates from Arctic to Antarctic each year		animal-birds
Bar-tailed godwit	A bird that flies nonstop across the Pacific		animal-birds
Penguin	A flightless bird that swims using flippers		animal-birds
Dodo	An extinct flightless bird from Mauritius		animal-birds
Passenger pigeon	A once-numerous North American bird that went extinct in 1914		animal-birds
Wren	A small, brown, perky songbird		animal-birds
Oriole	A bright orange and black songbird		animal-birds
Bluebird	A small blue songbird		animal-birds
Goldfinch	A small yellow songbird		animal-birds
Starling	A glossy bird that flies in huge flocks		animal-birds
Bird feathers	Light, strong coverings that help flight and keep birds warm		animal-birds
Beak	A bird's mouth; shape depends on what it eats		animal-birds
Talons	Sharp claws of birds of prey		animal-birds
Nest	A home where birds lay eggs		animal-birds
Incubate	To sit on eggs to keep them warm		animal-birds
Fledgling	A young bird learning to fly		animal-birds
Molting	Shedding old feathers and growing new ones		animal-birds
Preening	A bird cleaning and arranging its feathers		animal-birds
Migration	Birds traveling long distances with the seasons		animal-birds
Bird of prey	A bird that hunts other animals, like eagles		animal-birds
Waterfowl	Ducks, geese and swans		animal-birds
Songbird	A bird that sings, such as a robin		animal-birds
Flightless bird	A bird that can't fly, such as an ostrich or kiwi		animal-birds
Ornithology	The study of birds		animal-birds
Birdsong	Sounds birds make to claim territory or attract mates		animal-birds
Mammals	Warm-blooded animals with hair or fur that feed their babies milk		animal-classes-facts
Birds	Warm-blooded animals with feathers, wings and beaks that lay eggs		animal-classes-facts
Reptiles	Cold-blooded animals with dry scaly skin		animal-classes-facts
Amphibians	Animals that start life in water and often live on land as adults		animal-classes-facts
Fish	Cold-blooded animals with gills and fins that live in water		animal-classes-facts
Insects	Animals with six legs and three body parts		animal-classes-facts
Arachnids	Animals with eight legs, like spiders		animal-classes-facts
Crustaceans	Animals with a hard shell and many legs, like crabs		animal-classes-facts
Mollusks	Soft-bodied animals often with shells, like snails		animal-classes-facts
Vertebrate	An animal with a backbone		animal-classes-facts
Invertebrate	An animal without a backbone		animal-classes-facts
Warm-blooded	Keeps a steady body temperature		animal-classes-facts
Cold-blooded	Body temperature changes with the surroundings		animal-classes-facts
Is a bat a bird or a mammal?	A mammal		animal-classes-facts
Is a whale a fish or a mammal?	A mammal		animal-classes-facts
Is a dolphin a fish or a mammal?	A mammal		animal-classes-facts
Is a penguin a bird?	Yes, a flightless bird		animal-classes-facts
Is a frog a reptile or an amphibian?	An amphibian		animal-classes-facts
Is a snake a reptile or an amphibian?	A reptile		animal-classes-facts
Is a spider an insect?	No; it's an arachnid with eight legs		animal-classes-facts
Is a shark a mammal or a fish?	A fish		animal-classes-facts
Is a platypus a mammal that lays eggs?	Yes		animal-classes-facts
Which mammals lay eggs?	Monotremes: the platypus and echidnas		animal-classes-facts
Which mammals have pouches?	Marsupials, like kangaroos and koalas		animal-classes-facts
Largest animal on Earth	The blue whale		animal-classes-facts
Largest land animal	The African elephant		animal-classes-facts
Tallest animal	The giraffe		animal-classes-facts
Fastest land animal	The cheetah		animal-classes-facts
Fastest bird in a dive	The peregrine falcon		animal-classes-facts
Largest bird alive	The ostrich		animal-classes-facts
Smallest bird	The bee hummingbird		animal-classes-facts
Largest reptile	The saltwater crocodile		animal-classes-facts
Largest fish	The whale shark		animal-classes-facts
Largest living cat	The tiger		animal-classes-facts
Largest land carnivore	The polar bear		animal-classes-facts
Slowest mammal	The sloth		animal-classes-facts
Longest living land animal	The Galapagos giant tortoise, over 100 years		animal-classes-facts
Largest rodent	The capybara		animal-classes-facts
Largest primate	The gorilla		animal-classes-facts
Only mammal that can truly fly	The bat		animal-classes-facts
Which animal has the largest eyes?	The giant squid		animal-classes-facts
How many legs does an insect have?	Six		animal-classes-facts
How many legs does a spider have?	Eight		animal-classes-facts
How many legs does a crab have?	Ten		animal-classes-facts
How many arms does an octopus have?	Eight		animal-classes-facts
Insect body parts	Head, thorax and abdomen		animal-classes-facts
Metamorphosis	A big change in body form as an animal grows		animal-classes-facts
Complete metamorphosis	Egg, larva, pupa, adult		animal-classes-facts
Incomplete metamorphosis	Egg, nymph, adult		animal-classes-facts
Butterfly life cycle	Egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, butterfly		animal-classes-facts
Frog life cycle	Egg, tadpole, froglet, adult frog		animal-classes-facts
Exoskeleton	A hard outer covering that supports and protects the body		animal-classes-facts
Molting	Shedding an old outer layer		animal-classes-facts
Herd animals	Cattle, zebras and elephants live in herds		animal-classes-facts
Pack animals	Wolves and wild dogs hunt in packs		animal-classes-facts
Predator	An animal that hunts others		animal-classes-facts
Prey	An animal that is hunted		animal-classes-facts
Scavenger	Eats dead animals it did not kill, like vultures		animal-classes-facts
Vultures help by	Cleaning up dead animals		animal-classes-facts
Marine mammal	A mammal that lives in the sea, like seals and whales		animal-classes-facts
Endangered animal	A species in danger of dying out		animal-classes-facts
Extinct animal	A species that has died out		animal-classes-facts
Dodo	A flightless bird from Mauritius that went extinct in the 1600s		animal-classes-facts
Lions	A pride		animal-groups-collective
Wolves	A pack		animal-groups-collective
Fish	A school (or shoal)		animal-groups-collective
Whales	A pod		animal-groups-collective
Dolphins	A pod		animal-groups-collective
Geese on the ground	A gaggle		animal-groups-collective
Geese in the air	A skein		animal-groups-collective
Crows	A murder		animal-groups-collective
Owls	A parliament		animal-groups-collective
Ducks on water	A paddling		animal-groups-collective
Bees	A swarm or colony		animal-groups-collective
Ants	A colony		animal-groups-collective
Cattle	A herd		animal-groups-collective
Sheep	A flock		animal-groups-collective
Birds	A flock		animal-groups-collective
Elephants	A herd		animal-groups-collective
Giraffes	A tower		animal-groups-collective
Zebras	A dazzle		animal-groups-collective
Hippos	A bloat		animal-groups-collective
Rhinos	A crash		animal-groups-collective
Apes	A shrewdness		animal-groups-collective
Monkeys	A troop		animal-groups-collective
Gorillas	A band or troop		animal-groups-collective
Kangaroos	A mob		animal-groups-collective
Bears	A sleuth or sloth		animal-groups-collective
Foxes	A skulk		animal-groups-collective
Hyenas	A cackle		animal-groups-collective
Cats	A clowder		animal-groups-collective
Kittens	A kindle or litter		animal-groups-collective
Puppies	A litter		animal-groups-collective
Horses	A herd		animal-groups-collective
Pigs	A drove or herd		animal-groups-collective
Goats	A herd or tribe		animal-groups-collective
Deer	A herd		animal-groups-collective
Buffalo	A herd		animal-groups-collective
Camels	A caravan		animal-groups-collective
Penguins on land	A colony or waddle		animal-groups-collective
Flamingos	A flamboyance		animal-groups-collective
Peacocks	An ostentation		animal-groups-collective
Parrots	A pandemonium		animal-groups-collective
Ravens	An unkindness		animal-groups-collective
Eagles	A convocation		animal-groups-collective
Hawks	A kettle (when circling)		animal-groups-collective
Starlings	A murmuration		animal-groups-collective
Swans	A bevy or wedge		animal-groups-collective
Turkeys	A rafter or flock		animal-groups-collective
Chickens	A flock or brood		animal-groups-collective
Frogs	An army		animal-groups-collective
Toads	A knot		animal-groups-collective
Snakes	A nest or knot		animal-groups-collective
Turtles	A bale		animal-groups-collective
Crocodiles	A float or bask		animal-groups-collective
Sharks	A shiver		animal-groups-collective
Jellyfish	A smack or bloom		animal-groups-collective
Seals	A colony or pod		animal-groups-collective
Otters on water	A raft		animal-groups-collective
Beavers	A colony		animal-groups-collective
Squirrels	A scurry		animal-groups-collective
Rabbits	A colony or warren		animal-groups-collective
Mice	A mischief		animal-groups-collective
Rats	A mischief		animal-groups-collective
Porcupines	A prickle		animal-groups-collective
Moles	A labour		animal-groups-collective
Butterflies	A kaleidoscope		animal-groups-collective
Caterpillars	An army		animal-groups-collective
Locusts	A plague or swarm		animal-groups-collective
Fireflies	A glow		animal-groups-collective
Jays	A party		animal-groups-collective
Finches	A charm		animal-groups-collective
Larks	An exaltation		animal-groups-collective
Cranes	A sedge		animal-groups-collective
Lemurs	A conspiracy		animal-groups-collective
Leopards	A leap		animal-groups-collective
Tigers	A streak or ambush		animal-groups-collective
Cheetahs	A coalition		animal-groups-collective
Crabs	A cast		animal-groups-collective
Oysters	A bed		animal-groups-collective
Insect	An animal with six legs and three body parts		animal-insects-bugs
Arthropod	An animal with jointed legs and an exoskeleton		animal-insects-bugs
Ant	A social insect that lives in colonies with a queen		animal-insects-bugs
Honeybee	An insect that makes honey and pollinates flowers		animal-insects-bugs
Bumblebee	A fuzzy, large bee		animal-insects-bugs
Wasp	A stinging insect, many build paper nests		animal-insects-bugs
Hornet	A large wasp		animal-insects-bugs
Butterfly	An insect with colorful wings that drinks nectar		animal-insects-bugs
Moth	A mostly nocturnal relative of butterflies		animal-insects-bugs
Monarch butterfly	An orange and black butterfly that migrates		animal-insects-bugs
Caterpillar	The larva of a butterfly or moth		animal-insects-bugs
Chrysalis	The hard case a butterfly pupa lives in		animal-insects-bugs
Cocoon	A silk case made by many moth larvae		animal-insects-bugs
Ladybug	A small red beetle with spots that eats aphids		animal-insects-bugs
Beetle	An insect with hard front wings; the largest group of animals		animal-insects-bugs
Firefly (lightning bug)	A beetle that glows to find mates		animal-insects-bugs
Dragonfly	A fast insect with two pairs of wings that eats mosquitoes		animal-insects-bugs
Damselfly	A slimmer relative of the dragonfly		animal-insects-bugs
Grasshopper	An insect with strong back legs for jumping		animal-insects-bugs
Cricket	An insect that chirps by rubbing its wings together		animal-insects-bugs
Katydid	A green insect like a grasshopper that sings at night		animal-insects-bugs
Praying mantis	An insect that catches prey with spiny front legs		animal-insects-bugs
Stick insect	An insect that looks like a twig		animal-insects-bugs
Cicada	An insect that spends years underground and then sings loudly		animal-insects-bugs
Aphid	A tiny plant-sucking insect		animal-insects-bugs
Mosquito	A small flying insect; females drink blood		animal-insects-bugs
Housefly	A common fly that tastes with its feet		animal-insects-bugs
Flea	A tiny jumping insect that lives on animals		animal-insects-bugs
Termite	An insect that eats wood and builds big mounds		animal-insects-bugs
Cockroach	A hardy insect found all over the world		animal-insects-bugs
Earwig	An insect with pincers at the tail		animal-insects-bugs
Mayfly	An insect whose adult stage lasts only a day or so		animal-insects-bugs
Water strider	A bug that walks on water		animal-insects-bugs
Dung beetle	A beetle that rolls dung into balls		animal-insects-bugs
Rhinoceros beetle	A strong beetle with a horn		animal-insects-bugs
Goliath beetle	One of the heaviest insects		animal-insects-bugs
Silkworm	A caterpillar that spins silk, used to make cloth		animal-insects-bugs
Spider	An arachnid with eight legs that makes silk		animal-insects-bugs
Tarantula	A large hairy spider		animal-insects-bugs
Black widow	A venomous spider with a red hourglass mark		animal-insects-bugs
Orb weaver	A spider that makes round webs		animal-insects-bugs
Jumping spider	A small spider with great eyesight		animal-insects-bugs
Scorpion	An arachnid with pincers and a stinging tail		animal-insects-bugs
Tick	A small blood-sucking arachnid		animal-insects-bugs
Mite	A tiny arachnid		animal-insects-bugs
Millipede	A many-legged arthropod that eats decaying matter		animal-insects-bugs
Centipede	An arthropod with one pair of legs per body segment		animal-insects-bugs
Pill bug (roly-poly)	A crustacean that curls into a ball		animal-insects-bugs
Snail	A mollusk with a spiral shell, not an insect		animal-insects-bugs
Slug	A snail without a shell, not an insect		animal-insects-bugs
Earthworm	A segmented worm that loosens soil		animal-insects-bugs
Antennae	Feelers on an insect's head for smelling and touching		animal-insects-bugs
Compound eye	An eye made of many tiny lenses		animal-insects-bugs
Thorax	The middle body part where wings and legs attach		animal-insects-bugs
Abdomen	The rear body part of an insect		animal-insects-bugs
Exoskeleton	A hard outer skeleton		animal-insects-bugs
Metamorphosis	Big change in body form during growth		animal-insects-bugs
Complete metamorphosis	Egg, larva, pupa, adult		animal-insects-bugs
Incomplete metamorphosis	Egg, nymph, adult		animal-insects-bugs
Larva	A young insect that looks different from the adult		animal-insects-bugs
Pupa	A resting stage between larva and adult		animal-insects-bugs
Nymph	A young insect that looks like a small adult		animal-insects-bugs
Pollinator	An animal that carries pollen between flowers		animal-insects-bugs
Colony	A group of social insects living together		animal-insects-bugs
Queen bee	The egg-laying bee in a hive		animal-insects-bugs
Worker bee	A female bee that collects food and builds the hive		animal-insects-bugs
Drone	A male bee		animal-insects-bugs
Hive	A bee home		animal-insects-bugs
Honeycomb	Wax cells where bees store honey and raise young		animal-insects-bugs
Waggle dance	How honeybees tell others where flowers are		animal-insects-bugs
Anthill	A mound of earth built by ants		animal-insects-bugs
Camouflage in insects	Walking sticks and leaf insects blend in		animal-insects-bugs
Entomologist	A scientist who studies insects		animal-insects-bugs
Insect with the most species	Beetles		animal-insects-bugs
Do spiders count as insects?	No; they have eight legs and two body parts		animal-insects-bugs
Silk	Strong thread made by spiders and silkworms		animal-insects-bugs
Web	A trap made of spider silk		animal-insects-bugs
Insect wings	Most adult insects have four wings; flies have two		animal-insects-bugs
Pheromone	A chemical signal used by insects		animal-insects-bugs
Beneficial insects	Insects that help people, like bees and ladybugs		animal-insects-bugs
Pest	An insect that harms crops or spreads disease		animal-insects-bugs
Reptile	A cold-blooded animal with dry scaly skin that usually lays eggs		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Amphibian	A cold-blooded animal with moist skin that starts life in water		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Snake	A legless reptile that swallows prey whole		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Lizard	A reptile with legs and a long tail, usually		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Turtle	A reptile with a shell that can often live in water		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Tortoise	A land turtle with stumpy legs and a domed shell		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Crocodile	A large reptile with a pointed snout		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Alligator	A large reptile with a rounded snout		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Gecko	A lizard that can climb walls with sticky toes		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Chameleon	A lizard that changes color and has a long sticky tongue		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Iguana	A large plant-eating lizard		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Komodo dragon	The largest living lizard		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Gila monster	A venomous lizard of the American Southwest		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Horned lizard	A spiky lizard that can squirt blood from its eyes to scare predators		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Anole	A small lizard that can puff out a throat fan		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Skink	A shiny smooth-scaled lizard		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Python	A large snake that squeezes prey		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Boa constrictor	A snake that squeezes its prey		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Anaconda	One of the heaviest snakes, living in South America		animal-reptiles-amphibians
King cobra	The longest venomous snake		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Rattlesnake	A venomous snake with a rattle on its tail		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Garter snake	A harmless, common snake with stripes		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Coral snake	A venomous snake with red, yellow and black bands		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Sea turtle	A turtle adapted to the ocean		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Snapping turtle	A freshwater turtle with a strong bite		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Leatherback turtle	The largest sea turtle		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Galapagos tortoise	The largest living tortoise		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Tuatara	A lizard-like reptile from New Zealand		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Frog	An amphibian with smooth skin and long legs for jumping		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Toad	An amphibian with dry, bumpy skin		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Tree frog	A small frog with sticky toe pads		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Poison dart frog	A tiny brightly colored frog with toxic skin		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Bullfrog	A large frog with a deep call		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Salamander	An amphibian with a long tail and four legs		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Newt	A kind of salamander that spends time in water		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Axolotl	A salamander that keeps its gills and can regrow limbs		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Hellbender	A giant salamander of North American streams		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Caecilian	A legless amphibian that looks like a worm		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Tadpole	A baby frog or toad that lives in water		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Metamorphosis in frogs	Tadpole grows legs, loses its tail and gills, and breathes air		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Frog life cycle	Egg, tadpole, froglet, adult		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Reptile eggs	Leathery shells laid on land		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Amphibian eggs	Jelly-like eggs laid in water		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Cold-blooded	Body temperature depends on the surroundings		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Basking	Sitting in the sun to warm up		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Shedding skin	Snakes and lizards shed their outer skin as they grow		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Scutes	The bony plates on a turtle's shell		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Carapace	The top part of a turtle's shell		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Plastron	The bottom part of a turtle's shell		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Forked tongue	Helps snakes smell their surroundings		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Jacobson's organ	A smell organ on the roof of a snake's mouth		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Venom	Poison injected by a bite or sting		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Constrictor	A snake that squeezes prey		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Brumation	A reptile's winter slowdown, like hibernation		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Camouflage in reptiles	Chameleons and geckos can blend into their surroundings		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Tail dropping	Some lizards drop their tails to escape and regrow them		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Frog call	Males call to attract mates		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Do frogs drink with their mouths?	They absorb water through their skin		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Herpetologist	A scientist who studies reptiles and amphibians		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Dinosaur relatives alive today	Crocodiles, as well as birds, are dinosaur relatives		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Largest living reptile	Saltwater crocodile		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Smallest chameleons	Brookesia micra, only about an inch long		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Why do amphibians need clean water?	Their thin skin absorbs substances easily		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Why are frogs a warning sign for the environment?	They react quickly to pollution and habitat change		animal-reptiles-amphibians
Circulatory system	Moves blood, oxygen and nutrients around the body		bio-body-systems
Respiratory system	Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide		bio-body-systems
Digestive system	Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients		bio-body-systems
Nervous system	Sends signals between the brain and body		bio-body-systems
Skeletal system	Supports the body, protects organs and makes blood cells		bio-body-systems
Muscular system	Moves the body and keeps the heart beating		bio-body-systems
Excretory (urinary) system	Removes liquid waste and balances water		bio-body-systems
Endocrine system	Uses hormones to control growth and body activities		bio-body-systems
Immune system	Defends the body against germs		bio-body-systems
Lymphatic system	Drains fluid and helps fight infection		bio-body-systems
Integumentary system	Skin, hair and nails; protects the body		bio-body-systems
Reproductive system	Makes new life		bio-body-systems
Main organs of the circulatory system	Heart, blood vessels and blood		bio-body-systems
Main organs of the respiratory system	Nose, trachea, bronchi and lungs		bio-body-systems
Main organs of the digestive system	Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas		bio-body-systems
Main organs of the nervous system	Brain, spinal cord and nerves		bio-body-systems
Main organs of the excretory system	Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra		bio-body-systems
Heart	Muscle that pumps blood		bio-body-systems
Lungs	Organs where oxygen enters the blood		bio-body-systems
Brain	Control center of the body		bio-body-systems
Stomach	Churns food with acid and enzymes		bio-body-systems
Small intestine	Absorbs most nutrients from food		bio-body-systems
Large intestine	Absorbs water and forms waste		bio-body-systems
Liver	Cleans blood and makes bile		bio-body-systems
Pancreas	Makes insulin and digestive enzymes		bio-body-systems
Kidneys	Filter blood and make urine		bio-body-systems
Skin	The body's largest organ		bio-body-systems
Esophagus	Tube that carries food from mouth to stomach		bio-body-systems
Trachea	Windpipe that carries air to the lungs		bio-body-systems
Diaphragm	Muscle below the lungs that helps you breathe		bio-body-systems
Alveoli	Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gases are exchanged		bio-body-systems
Artery	Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart		bio-body-systems
Vein	Blood vessel that carries blood to the heart		bio-body-systems
Capillary	Tiny blood vessel where materials pass into and out of the blood		bio-body-systems
Red blood cells	Carry oxygen		bio-body-systems
White blood cells	Fight germs		bio-body-systems
Platelets	Help blood clot		bio-body-systems
Plasma	The liquid part of blood		bio-body-systems
Hemoglobin	Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen		bio-body-systems
Neuron	Nerve cell		bio-body-systems
Spinal cord	Bundle of nerves in the backbone that links brain and body		bio-body-systems
Reflex	A fast automatic response		bio-body-systems
Hormone	A chemical messenger made by glands		bio-body-systems
Thyroid	Gland in the neck that controls metabolism		bio-body-systems
Pituitary gland	Small master gland at the base of the brain		bio-body-systems
Adrenal glands	Make adrenaline for the fight-or-flight response		bio-body-systems
Saliva	Starts breaking down food in the mouth		bio-body-systems
Bile	Fluid from the liver that helps digest fats		bio-body-systems
Peristalsis	Wave-like muscle squeezes that push food along		bio-body-systems
Antibody	A protein that fights a particular germ		bio-body-systems
Vaccine	Trains the immune system to recognize a germ		bio-body-systems
Epidermis	The outer layer of skin		bio-body-systems
Dermis	The thicker layer of skin below the epidermis		bio-body-systems
Melanin	Pigment that gives skin color and protects from the Sun		bio-body-systems
Pulse	The beat felt as the heart pushes blood through arteries		bio-body-systems
Blood pressure	The force of blood against vessel walls		bio-body-systems
Homeostasis	The body keeping conditions steady inside		bio-body-systems
Metabolism	All the chemical reactions that keep an organism alive		bio-body-systems
Which system includes the stomach?	Digestive		bio-body-systems
Which system includes the bones?	Skeletal		bio-body-systems
Which system includes the heart?	Circulatory		bio-body-systems
Which system includes the lungs?	Respiratory		bio-body-systems
Which system includes the brain?	Nervous		bio-body-systems
Cranium	The skull bones that protect the brain		bio-bones
Mandible	The jawbone; the only movable bone of the skull		bio-bones
Maxilla	The upper jaw		bio-bones
Clavicle	The collarbone		bio-bones
Scapula	The shoulder blade		bio-bones
Sternum	The breastbone in the middle of the chest		bio-bones
Ribs	Curved bones that protect the heart and lungs		bio-bones
Vertebrae	The bones of the backbone		bio-bones
Spine (vertebral column)	Supports the body and protects the spinal cord		bio-bones
Humerus	The upper arm bone		bio-bones
Radius	Forearm bone on the thumb side		bio-bones
Ulna	Forearm bone on the pinky side		bio-bones
Carpals	The wrist bones		bio-bones
Metacarpals	The bones of the palm of the hand		bio-bones
Phalanges	The bones of the fingers and toes		bio-bones
Pelvis	The hip bones that support the upper body		bio-bones
Femur	The thigh bone; the longest and strongest bone		bio-bones
Patella	The kneecap		bio-bones
Tibia	The shinbone, the larger lower leg bone		bio-bones
Fibula	The thinner lower leg bone		bio-bones
Tarsals	The ankle bones		bio-bones
Metatarsals	The bones of the middle of the foot		bio-bones
Calcaneus	The heel bone		bio-bones
Coccyx	The tailbone		bio-bones
Sacrum	Triangle-shaped bone at the base of the spine		bio-bones
Stapes	Smallest bone in the body, in the ear		bio-bones
Malleus	The hammer bone in the ear		bio-bones
Incus	The anvil bone in the ear		bio-bones
How many bones does an adult have?	206		bio-bones
How many bones does a baby have, about?	Around 300, some of which fuse		bio-bones
Cervical vertebrae	The 7 neck bones		bio-bones
Thoracic vertebrae	The 12 vertebrae in the upper and middle back		bio-bones
Lumbar vertebrae	The 5 vertebrae of the lower back		bio-bones
How many pairs of ribs do people have?	12 pairs		bio-bones
Joint	Where two bones meet		bio-bones
Ligament	Tough tissue that connects bone to bone		bio-bones
Tendon	Tough tissue that connects muscle to bone		bio-bones
Cartilage	Flexible tissue that cushions joints and shapes ears and nose		bio-bones
Marrow	Soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells		bio-bones
Ball-and-socket joint	A joint that moves in all directions, like the shoulder and hip		bio-bones
Hinge joint	A joint that moves back and forth, like the knee and elbow		bio-bones
Pivot joint	A joint that rotates, like the neck		bio-bones
Gliding joint	A joint where bones slide past each other, as in the wrist		bio-bones
Fixed (immovable) joint	A joint that does not move, as in the skull		bio-bones
Calcium	The mineral that makes bones hard		bio-bones
Osteoporosis	A condition in which bones become weak and thin		bio-bones
Fracture	A break in a bone		bio-bones
Hyoid	A small U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue		bio-bones
Zygomatic bone	The cheekbone		bio-bones
Occipital bone	The bone at the back and base of the skull		bio-bones
Frontal bone	The forehead bone		bio-bones
Sutures	The joints between skull bones		bio-bones
Axial skeleton	Skull, spine and rib cage		bio-bones
Appendicular skeleton	The limbs and the bones that attach them		bio-bones
Periosteum	The tough covering on the outside of a bone		bio-bones
Compact bone	The hard, dense outer layer of bone		bio-bones
Spongy bone	Lighter bone with small holes inside		bio-bones
Cell	The basic unit of all living things		bio-cell-parts
Nucleus	Holds the DNA and controls the cell's activities		bio-cell-parts
Nucleolus	Inside the nucleus; makes parts of ribosomes		bio-cell-parts
Nuclear envelope	Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus		bio-cell-parts
Cell membrane	Thin outer layer that controls what enters and leaves		bio-cell-parts
Cell wall	Rigid outer layer that supports plant, fungus and bacteria cells		bio-cell-parts
Cytoplasm	Jelly-like fluid that fills the cell		bio-cell-parts
Cytosol	The liquid part of the cytoplasm		bio-cell-parts
Mitochondrion	Releases energy from food (The powerhouse of the cell)		bio-cell-parts
Chloroplast	Where plants make food by photosynthesis		bio-cell-parts
Ribosome	Builds proteins		bio-cell-parts
Rough endoplasmic reticulum	Folded membranes covered in ribosomes; makes proteins		bio-cell-parts
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum	Makes lipids and helps remove toxins		bio-cell-parts
Golgi apparatus	Packages and ships proteins and lipids (Like the post office)		bio-cell-parts
Vacuole	Storage sac for water, food and waste		bio-cell-parts
Central vacuole	Large water-filled sac in plant cells that gives support		bio-cell-parts
Lysosome	Contains enzymes that break down waste and old parts		bio-cell-parts
Vesicle	Small sac that moves materials inside the cell		bio-cell-parts
Cytoskeleton	Network of fibers that gives shape and helps movement		bio-cell-parts
Centriole	Helps organize cell division in animal cells		bio-cell-parts
Flagellum	Whip-like tail that helps a cell swim		bio-cell-parts
Cilia	Short hair-like structures that move fluid or the cell		bio-cell-parts
Pseudopod	A temporary arm-like extension, as in amoeba		bio-cell-parts
Plasmid	A small ring of DNA in bacteria		bio-cell-parts
Chromosome	A coiled package of DNA		bio-cell-parts
Chromatin	DNA and proteins in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing		bio-cell-parts
Peroxisome	Breaks down fats and harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide		bio-cell-parts
Thylakoid	Disk-like membranes in chloroplasts where light is captured		bio-cell-parts
Stroma	Fluid inside chloroplasts where sugar is built		bio-cell-parts
Cristae	Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion		bio-cell-parts
Prokaryote	A cell without a nucleus, like bacteria		bio-cell-parts
Eukaryote	A cell with a nucleus and organelles		bio-cell-parts
Do animal cells have cell walls?	No		bio-cell-parts
Do plant cells have chloroplasts?	Yes		bio-cell-parts
Do animal cells have chloroplasts?	No		bio-cell-parts
Organelle	A tiny structure inside a cell with a specific job		bio-cell-parts
Tissue	A group of similar cells working together		bio-cell-parts
Organ	A group of tissues working together		bio-cell-parts
Organ system	A group of organs working together		bio-cell-parts
Organism	A whole living thing		bio-cell-parts
Unicellular	Made of just one cell		bio-cell-parts
Multicellular	Made of many cells		bio-cell-parts
Cell theory: first idea	All living things are made of one or more cells		bio-cell-parts
Cell theory: second idea	The cell is the basic unit of life		bio-cell-parts
Cell theory: third idea	All cells come from other cells		bio-cell-parts
Who first named cells in 1665?	Robert Hooke, looking at cork		bio-cell-parts
Who first saw living microbes with a microscope?	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek		bio-cell-parts
Selectively permeable	Lets some things through the membrane but not others		bio-cell-parts
Phospholipid bilayer	The double layer of fat molecules that makes up a membrane		bio-cell-parts
Diffusion	Particles moving from crowded to less crowded areas		bio-cell-parts
Osmosis	Diffusion of water across a membrane		bio-cell-parts
Active transport	Moving materials across a membrane using energy		bio-cell-parts
Passive transport	Moving materials across a membrane without energy		bio-cell-parts
Endocytosis	The cell takes material in by wrapping the membrane around it		bio-cell-parts
Exocytosis	The cell sends material out in vesicles		bio-cell-parts
Mitosis	Cell division that makes two identical cells		bio-cell-parts
Cytokinesis	The splitting of the cytoplasm at the end of cell division		bio-cell-parts
Meiosis	Cell division that makes sex cells with half the chromosomes		bio-cell-parts
Cell cycle	The life of a cell from one division to the next		bio-cell-parts
Stem cell	A cell that can become many different types of cells		bio-cell-parts
Red blood cell	Carries oxygen in blood and has no nucleus		bio-cell-parts
White blood cell	Helps the body fight germs		bio-cell-parts
Neuron	A nerve cell that carries signals		bio-cell-parts
Guard cells	Pairs of plant cells that open and close stomata		bio-cell-parts
Taxonomy	The science of naming and classifying living things		bio-classification
Who created the system of naming species with two names?	Carl Linnaeus		bio-classification
Binomial nomenclature	Naming each species with a two-part Latin name		bio-classification
Genus	The first part of a scientific name, capitalized		bio-classification
Species	The second part of a scientific name, lowercase; a group that can breed together		bio-classification
Scientific name of humans	Homo sapiens		bio-classification
Scientific name of the domestic dog	Canis familiaris		bio-classification
Scientific name of the house cat	Felis catus		bio-classification
Taxonomic ranks from biggest to smallest	Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species		bio-classification
Memory trick for ranks	Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup		bio-classification
How many domains of life are there?	Three: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya		bio-classification
Domain Bacteria	Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, common everywhere		bio-classification
Domain Archaea	Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, often in extreme places		bio-classification
Domain Eukarya	Organisms whose cells have a nucleus		bio-classification
Kingdom Animalia	Multicellular organisms that eat food and can move		bio-classification
Kingdom Plantae	Multicellular organisms that make food by photosynthesis		bio-classification
Kingdom Fungi	Organisms that absorb food from their surroundings, like mushrooms		bio-classification
Kingdom Protista	Mostly single-celled eukaryotes, like amoebas and algae		bio-classification
Phylum Chordata	Animals with a backbone or notochord		bio-classification
Phylum Arthropoda	Animals with jointed legs and an exoskeleton		bio-classification
Phylum Mollusca	Soft-bodied animals, often with shells, like snails and clams		bio-classification
Phylum Annelida	Segmented worms like earthworms		bio-classification
Phylum Cnidaria	Animals with stinging cells like jellyfish and corals		bio-classification
Phylum Echinodermata	Spiny-skinned animals like sea stars		bio-classification
Phylum Porifera	Sponges		bio-classification
Phylum Platyhelminthes	Flatworms		bio-classification
Class Mammalia	Animals with hair that feed milk to their young		bio-classification
Class Aves	Birds		bio-classification
Class Reptilia	Reptiles		bio-classification
Class Amphibia	Amphibians		bio-classification
Class Insecta	Insects		bio-classification
Class Arachnida	Spiders, scorpions and ticks		bio-classification
Vertebrate	An animal with a backbone		bio-classification
Invertebrate	An animal without a backbone		bio-classification
Dichotomous key	A tool that identifies organisms with a series of two-choice questions		bio-classification
Cladogram	A branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships		bio-classification
Phylogeny	The evolutionary history of a group of organisms		bio-classification
Autotroph	An organism that makes its own food		bio-classification
Heterotroph	An organism that gets food from other organisms		bio-classification
Prokaryote	A cell with no nucleus		bio-classification
Eukaryote	A cell with a nucleus		bio-classification
Homologous structures	Body parts with a shared origin but different jobs, like a bat wing and human arm		bio-classification
Analogous structures	Parts with similar jobs but different origins, like bird and insect wings		bio-classification
Vestigial structure	A body part that has lost most of its original use		bio-classification
Species definition	A group that can breed and make fertile offspring		bio-classification
Hybrid example: mule	Offspring of a horse and a donkey, usually sterile		bio-classification
Warm-blooded (endotherm)	Keeps a steady body temperature using its own heat		bio-classification
Cold-blooded (ectotherm)	Body temperature depends on the surroundings		bio-classification
Monotreme	An egg-laying mammal, like the platypus		bio-classification
Marsupial	A mammal whose young develop mostly in a pouch, like a kangaroo		bio-classification
Placental mammal	A mammal whose young develop inside the mother before birth		bio-classification
Angiosperm	A flowering plant		bio-classification
Mycology	The study of fungi		bio-classification
Botany	The study of plants		bio-classification
Zoology	The study of animals		bio-classification
Microbiology	The study of microscopic organisms		bio-classification
Entomology	The study of insects		bio-classification
Ornithology	The study of birds		bio-classification
Herpetology	The study of reptiles and amphibians		bio-classification
Ichthyology	The study of fish		bio-classification
Mammalogy	The study of mammals		bio-classification
Ecosystem	Living things and their nonliving surroundings interacting		bio-ecology
Habitat	The place where an organism lives		bio-ecology
Niche	An organism's role and way of life in its ecosystem		bio-ecology
Population	All members of one species in an area		bio-ecology
Community	All the populations living in an area		bio-ecology
Biosphere	All the parts of Earth where life exists		bio-ecology
Biome	A large region defined by climate, plants and animals		bio-ecology
Biotic factor	A living part of an ecosystem		bio-ecology
Abiotic factor	A nonliving part, like sunlight or water		bio-ecology
Producer	An organism that makes its own food, like a plant		bio-ecology
Consumer	An organism that eats other organisms		bio-ecology
Herbivore	An animal that eats only plants		bio-ecology
Carnivore	An animal that eats only animals		bio-ecology
Omnivore	An animal that eats both plants and animals		bio-ecology
Decomposer	An organism that breaks down dead matter, like fungi		bio-ecology
Scavenger	An animal that eats dead animals it did not kill		bio-ecology
Predator	An animal that hunts other animals		bio-ecology
Prey	An animal that is hunted		bio-ecology
Food chain	A single path of energy from one organism to the next		bio-ecology
Food web	Many connected food chains		bio-ecology
Trophic level	A step in a food chain		bio-ecology
Energy pyramid	A diagram showing energy decreasing at each level		bio-ecology
How much energy passes to the next level, roughly?	About 10 percent		bio-ecology
Primary consumer	An herbivore that eats producers		bio-ecology
Secondary consumer	An animal that eats primary consumers		bio-ecology
Apex predator	A predator at the top of the food chain		bio-ecology
Symbiosis	A close relationship between two species		bio-ecology
Mutualism	Both species benefit		bio-ecology
Commensalism	One species benefits and the other is not affected		bio-ecology
Parasitism	One species benefits and the other is harmed		bio-ecology
Competition	Organisms using the same limited resources		bio-ecology
Carrying capacity	The most individuals an environment can support		bio-ecology
Limiting factor	Something that keeps a population from growing, like food		bio-ecology
Succession	The slow change in an ecosystem's community over time		bio-ecology
Primary succession	Life starting in a place with no soil, like new rock		bio-ecology
Secondary succession	Regrowth after a disturbance where soil remains		bio-ecology
Pioneer species	The first species to move into a new area		bio-ecology
Keystone species	A species that has a big effect on its ecosystem		bio-ecology
Invasive species	A non-native species that spreads and harms an ecosystem		bio-ecology
Native species	A species that naturally lives in an area		bio-ecology
Endangered species	A species at risk of dying out		bio-ecology
Extinct	No members of the species are left alive		bio-ecology
Biodiversity	The variety of life in an area		bio-ecology
Tundra	Cold, treeless biome with frozen ground		bio-ecology
Taiga (boreal forest)	Cold forest biome with evergreen trees		bio-ecology
Temperate forest	Forest with four seasons and deciduous trees		bio-ecology
Tropical rainforest	Warm, wet forest with the most species		bio-ecology
Grassland	Biome of grasses with few trees		bio-ecology
Savanna	Tropical grassland with scattered trees		bio-ecology
Desert	Biome that gets very little rain		bio-ecology
Wetland	Land covered with water for much of the year, like a marsh		bio-ecology
Estuary	Where a river meets the sea and fresh and salt water mix		bio-ecology
Coral reef	An underwater ecosystem built by coral animals		bio-ecology
Nitrogen cycle	How nitrogen moves between air, soil and living things		bio-ecology
Carbon cycle	How carbon moves between air, living things and Earth		bio-ecology
Water cycle	How water moves between Earth's surface and the air		bio-ecology
Nitrogen fixation	Bacteria turning nitrogen gas into a form plants can use		bio-ecology
Hibernation	A long winter sleep to save energy		bio-ecology
Migration	Moving from one region to another with the seasons		bio-ecology
Camouflage	Coloring that helps an organism blend into its surroundings		bio-ecology
Mimicry	When one species looks like another		bio-ecology
Estivation	A summer sleep to survive heat or drought		bio-ecology
Overpopulation	When there are too many individuals for the resources		bio-ecology
Ecological footprint	The amount of nature a person or group uses		bio-ecology
Heredity	Passing of traits from parents to offspring		bio-genetics-terms
Gene	A section of DNA that codes for a trait or protein		bio-genetics-terms
DNA	The molecule that carries genetic instructions (Deoxyribonucleic acid)		bio-genetics-terms
RNA	A molecule that helps carry out DNA's instructions		bio-genetics-terms
Chromosome	A packaged strand of DNA		bio-genetics-terms
How many chromosomes do humans have in body cells?	46 (23 pairs)		bio-genetics-terms
Allele	A version of a gene		bio-genetics-terms
Dominant allele	One that shows up when present		bio-genetics-terms
Recessive allele	One that shows only when two copies are present		bio-genetics-terms
Genotype	The set of alleles an organism has		bio-genetics-terms
Phenotype	The visible traits of an organism		bio-genetics-terms
Homozygous	Having two of the same allele		bio-genetics-terms
Heterozygous	Having two different alleles		bio-genetics-terms
Punnett square	A grid used to predict the results of a genetic cross		bio-genetics-terms
Trait	A characteristic passed from parent to child		bio-genetics-terms
Mutation	A change in DNA		bio-genetics-terms
Genome	All the DNA of an organism		bio-genetics-terms
Base pairs in DNA	A with T, and C with G		bio-genetics-terms
Adenine pairs with	Thymine in DNA		bio-genetics-terms
Cytosine pairs with	Guanine		bio-genetics-terms
In RNA, thymine is replaced by	Uracil		bio-genetics-terms
Nucleotide	A building block of DNA: sugar, phosphate and base		bio-genetics-terms
Double helix	The twisted-ladder shape of DNA		bio-genetics-terms
Who described the double helix in 1953?	James Watson and Francis Crick, using work by Rosalind Franklin		bio-genetics-terms
Who is the father of genetics?	Gregor Mendel		bio-genetics-terms
What did Mendel study?	Pea plants		bio-genetics-terms
Replication	Making a copy of DNA		bio-genetics-terms
Transcription	Copying DNA into messenger RNA		bio-genetics-terms
Translation	Reading mRNA to build a protein		bio-genetics-terms
Codon	Three bases in mRNA that code for one amino acid		bio-genetics-terms
Amino acid	A building block of protein		bio-genetics-terms
mRNA	Messenger RNA: carries a gene's message to the ribosome		bio-genetics-terms
tRNA	Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome		bio-genetics-terms
Sex chromosomes	X and Y; they help determine sex		bio-genetics-terms
Autosome	A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome		bio-genetics-terms
Karyotype	A picture of all of an organism's chromosomes		bio-genetics-terms
Gamete	A sex cell: sperm or egg		bio-genetics-terms
Zygote	A fertilized egg cell		bio-genetics-terms
Diploid	Having two sets of chromosomes		bio-genetics-terms
Haploid	Having one set of chromosomes		bio-genetics-terms
Incomplete dominance	A blend of two alleles, like pink from red and white		bio-genetics-terms
Codominance	Both alleles show up fully		bio-genetics-terms
Polygenic trait	A trait controlled by many genes, like height		bio-genetics-terms
Sex-linked trait	A trait whose gene is on a sex chromosome		bio-genetics-terms
Carrier	A person who has one copy of a recessive allele but no symptoms		bio-genetics-terms
Pedigree	A chart showing how a trait passes through a family		bio-genetics-terms
Hybrid	Offspring of two different parent types		bio-genetics-terms
Purebred	An organism with identical alleles for a trait		bio-genetics-terms
Selective breeding	Choosing parents with wanted traits to breed		bio-genetics-terms
Genetic engineering	Changing an organism's DNA on purpose		bio-genetics-terms
Clone	An organism genetically identical to its parent		bio-genetics-terms
Biotechnology	Using living things to make products or solve problems		bio-genetics-terms
CRISPR	A tool for editing genes		bio-genetics-terms
PCR	A method that copies tiny amounts of DNA many times		bio-genetics-terms
Gel electrophoresis	A method that separates DNA pieces by size		bio-genetics-terms
Human Genome Project	An effort that mapped human DNA, completed in 2003		bio-genetics-terms
Law of segregation	Alleles separate when sex cells form		bio-genetics-terms
Law of independent assortment	Genes for different traits are passed on separately		bio-genetics-terms
Evolution by natural selection	Traits that help survival become more common over time		bio-genetics-terms
Adaptation	A trait that helps an organism survive		bio-genetics-terms
Variation	Differences among individuals of a species		bio-genetics-terms
Epigenetics	Changes in how genes are used without changing the DNA code		bio-genetics-terms
Locus	The position of a gene on a chromosome		bio-genetics-terms
Down syndrome	A condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21		bio-genetics-terms
Characteristics of living things	They grow, reproduce, use energy, respond to surroundings and are made of cells		bio-life-processes-evolution
Photosynthesis	Making sugar from light, water and carbon dioxide		bio-life-processes-evolution
Photosynthesis equation (words)	Carbon dioxide + water + light gives glucose + oxygen		bio-life-processes-evolution
Photosynthesis equation (formula)	6CO2 + 6H2O gives C6H12O6 + 6O2		bio-life-processes-evolution
Where does photosynthesis happen?	In chloroplasts		bio-life-processes-evolution
Light-dependent reactions	Capture light energy; happen in the thylakoids		bio-life-processes-evolution
Calvin cycle	Uses energy to build sugar from carbon dioxide; happens in the stroma		bio-life-processes-evolution
Cellular respiration	Breaking down glucose to release energy		bio-life-processes-evolution
Cellular respiration equation (words)	Glucose + oxygen gives carbon dioxide + water + energy		bio-life-processes-evolution
Where does cellular respiration happen?	Mostly in mitochondria		bio-life-processes-evolution
Glycolysis	The first step of respiration, splitting glucose in the cytoplasm		bio-life-processes-evolution
Aerobic respiration	Respiration that uses oxygen		bio-life-processes-evolution
Anaerobic respiration	Releasing energy without oxygen		bio-life-processes-evolution
Fermentation	Anaerobic energy release that makes lactic acid or alcohol		bio-life-processes-evolution
ATP	The energy currency molecule of cells		bio-life-processes-evolution
Autotroph	Makes its own food		bio-life-processes-evolution
Heterotroph	Gets food from other organisms		bio-life-processes-evolution
Producer	An autotroph at the base of a food chain		bio-life-processes-evolution
Digestion	Breaking food into small pieces the body can absorb		bio-life-processes-evolution
Excretion	Removing wastes from the body		bio-life-processes-evolution
Respiration vs breathing	Breathing moves air; respiration releases energy in cells		bio-life-processes-evolution
Homeostasis	Keeping a stable internal environment		bio-life-processes-evolution
Metabolism	All chemical reactions in an organism		bio-life-processes-evolution
Reproduction	Making new organisms		bio-life-processes-evolution
Asexual reproduction	One parent makes identical offspring		bio-life-processes-evolution
Sexual reproduction	Two parents' cells combine to make varied offspring		bio-life-processes-evolution
Budding	A new organism grows out of the parent, as in yeast and hydra		bio-life-processes-evolution
Binary fission	A cell splits in two, as in bacteria		bio-life-processes-evolution
Regeneration	Regrowing lost parts, as a starfish does		bio-life-processes-evolution
Stimulus	Something that causes a reaction		bio-life-processes-evolution
Response	A reaction to a stimulus		bio-life-processes-evolution
Growth	Increase in size and cell number		bio-life-processes-evolution
Development	Changes an organism goes through in its life		bio-life-processes-evolution
Evolution	Change in the traits of a population over generations		bio-life-processes-evolution
Natural selection	Organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce more		bio-life-processes-evolution
Who wrote On the Origin of Species in 1859?	Charles Darwin		bio-life-processes-evolution
Where did Darwin study finches?	The Galapagos Islands		bio-life-processes-evolution
Survival of the fittest	Those best suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring		bio-life-processes-evolution
Variation	Differences among individuals		bio-life-processes-evolution
Inheritance	Passing traits to offspring		bio-life-processes-evolution
Adaptation	A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce		bio-life-processes-evolution
Selective breeding	People choosing which animals or plants to breed		bio-life-processes-evolution
Artificial selection	Another name for selective breeding		bio-life-processes-evolution
Fossil record	Fossils showing how life has changed over time		bio-life-processes-evolution
Common ancestor	A shared ancestor of different species		bio-life-processes-evolution
Homologous structures	Parts of different species with similar bones, like a human arm and a whale flipper		bio-life-processes-evolution
Vestigial structure	A body part that has lost most of its function		bio-life-processes-evolution
Speciation	Formation of a new species		bio-life-processes-evolution
Extinction	Death of an entire species		bio-life-processes-evolution
Mass extinction	Many species die out in a short geologic time		bio-life-processes-evolution
Peppered moth	An example of natural selection in changing environments		bio-life-processes-evolution
Antibiotic resistance	Bacteria evolving to survive antibiotics		bio-life-processes-evolution
Gene pool	All the alleles in a population		bio-life-processes-evolution
Mutation	A change in DNA that may create new traits		bio-life-processes-evolution
Genetic drift	Chance changes in allele frequency, especially in small populations		bio-life-processes-evolution
Geologic time scale	A calendar of Earth's history in eras and periods		bio-life-processes-evolution
Age of Earth	About 4.5 billion years		bio-life-processes-evolution
Oldest known fossils of life, about	3.5 billion years old		bio-life-processes-evolution
Cambrian explosion	About 540 million years ago, when many animal groups appeared		bio-life-processes-evolution
Human origin region	Africa		bio-life-processes-evolution
Homo sapiens	The species of modern humans		bio-life-processes-evolution
Lucy	A famous Australopithecus fossil found in Ethiopia in 1974		bio-life-processes-evolution
Hominin	A human or humanlike relative		bio-life-processes-evolution
Transitional fossil	A fossil showing features of two groups		bio-life-processes-evolution
Archaeopteryx	A fossil with features of dinosaurs and birds		bio-life-processes-evolution
Tiktaalik	A fossil fish with limb-like fins, about 375 million years old		bio-life-processes-evolution
Evolution of whales	Whales came from land mammals with legs		bio-life-processes-evolution
Coevolution	Two species evolving in response to each other		bio-life-processes-evolution
Convergent evolution	Unrelated species evolve similar traits, as in sharks and dolphins		bio-life-processes-evolution
Microorganism	A living thing too small to see without a microscope		bio-microbes
Bacteria	Single-celled organisms with no nucleus; some are helpful, some cause disease		bio-microbes
Virus	A tiny particle that needs a host cell to reproduce		bio-microbes
Is a virus alive?	Scientists usually say no; it cannot reproduce on its own		bio-microbes
Fungus	An organism that absorbs nutrients, like mold or yeast		bio-microbes
Yeast	A single-celled fungus used in baking		bio-microbes
Mold	A fuzzy fungus that grows on food and damp places		bio-microbes
Mushroom	The fruiting body of some fungi		bio-microbes
Protist	A mostly single-celled eukaryote, like an amoeba		bio-microbes
Amoeba	A protist that moves with pseudopods		bio-microbes
Paramecium	A slipper-shaped protist covered in cilia		bio-microbes
Euglena	A protist that can make food and swim with a flagellum		bio-microbes
Algae	Simple organisms that make food from sunlight, found in water		bio-microbes
Plankton	Tiny organisms that drift in water		bio-microbes
Phytoplankton	Plant-like plankton that make food from sunlight		bio-microbes
Zooplankton	Animal-like plankton		bio-microbes
Pathogen	A germ that causes disease		bio-microbes
Infection	When germs enter the body and multiply		bio-microbes
Antibiotic	Medicine that kills bacteria		bio-microbes
Do antibiotics work on viruses?	No		bio-microbes
Vaccine	Prepares the body to fight a specific germ		bio-microbes
Antibody	A protein the body makes to attack a germ		bio-microbes
Immunity	The body's ability to resist a disease		bio-microbes
Contagious	Able to spread from one person to another		bio-microbes
Quarantine	Keeping sick people apart to stop disease from spreading		bio-microbes
Sterilize	Kill all microbes on an object		bio-microbes
Pasteurization	Heating a food to kill harmful germs		bio-microbes
Who developed pasteurization and early vaccines?	Louis Pasteur		bio-microbes
Who discovered penicillin in 1928?	Alexander Fleming		bio-microbes
Who first built a smallpox vaccine in 1796?	Edward Jenner		bio-microbes
Germ theory	The idea that microbes cause many diseases		bio-microbes
Fermentation	Microbes turning sugars into other substances, as in bread and yogurt		bio-microbes
Probiotic	Helpful bacteria that live in the gut and some foods		bio-microbes
Gut bacteria	Helpful microbes in the intestines that help digest food		bio-microbes
Decomposers	Microbes and fungi that break down dead things		bio-microbes
Binary fission	How bacteria reproduce by splitting in two		bio-microbes
Capsid	The protein coat of a virus		bio-microbes
Host	An organism a germ or parasite lives in or on		bio-microbes
Parasite	An organism that lives on or in another and harms it		bio-microbes
Tapeworm	A parasite that lives in intestines		bio-microbes
Tick	A tiny arachnid that can carry germs		bio-microbes
Mosquito-borne disease: malaria	Caused by a parasite spread by mosquitoes		bio-microbes
Strep throat	An illness caused by bacteria		bio-microbes
Common cold	An illness caused by viruses		bio-microbes
Influenza	The flu, caused by a virus		bio-microbes
Athlete's foot	A skin infection caused by a fungus		bio-microbes
Why wash hands?	Soap lifts germs off the skin so they rinse away		bio-microbes
How should you cover a cough?	Into your elbow or a tissue		bio-microbes
Petri dish	Dish used to grow microbes in labs		bio-microbes
Agar	Jelly-like food used to grow microbes in a dish		bio-microbes
Colony	A visible group of microbes grown from one cell		bio-microbes
Spirillum	A spiral-shaped bacterium		bio-microbes
Bacillus	A rod-shaped bacterium		bio-microbes
Coccus	A round bacterium		bio-microbes
Lichen	A partnership between a fungus and an alga		bio-microbes
Mycorrhiza	A partnership between fungus and plant roots		bio-microbes
Penicillium	A mold that gave us the first antibiotic		bio-microbes
Flagellum on bacteria	A whip-like tail used to swim		bio-microbes
Spore	A tough cell that survives bad conditions and can grow later		bio-microbes
Endospore	A hardy dormant form made by some bacteria		bio-microbes
Epidemic	A disease that spreads quickly in a community		bio-microbes
Pandemic	A disease that spreads across many countries		bio-microbes
Biceps brachii	Front of the upper arm; bends the elbow		bio-muscles
Triceps brachii	Back of the upper arm; straightens the elbow		bio-muscles
Deltoid	Shoulder muscle that lifts the arm		bio-muscles
Pectoralis major	Large chest muscle		bio-muscles
Latissimus dorsi	Broad muscle of the back		bio-muscles
Trapezius	Muscle across the upper back and neck		bio-muscles
Abdominals	Muscles of the belly that help the trunk bend and twist		bio-muscles
Gluteus maximus	The largest muscle in the body, in the buttock		bio-muscles
Quadriceps	Four muscles at the front of the thigh that straighten the knee		bio-muscles
Hamstrings	Muscles at the back of the thigh that bend the knee		bio-muscles
Gastrocnemius	The big calf muscle		bio-muscles
Soleus	Calf muscle lying below the gastrocnemius		bio-muscles
Tibialis anterior	Muscle on the front of the shin		bio-muscles
Sartorius	Long strap-like muscle of the thigh		bio-muscles
Masseter	Chewing muscle in the jaw		bio-muscles
Orbicularis oculi	Muscle that closes the eyelids		bio-muscles
Diaphragm	Muscle that helps you breathe		bio-muscles
Intercostals	Muscles between the ribs		bio-muscles
Rotator cuff	Group of shoulder muscles that stabilize the joint		bio-muscles
Achilles tendon	Strong tendon that connects the calf muscles to the heel		bio-muscles
Skeletal muscle	Voluntary muscle attached to bones; striped		bio-muscles
Smooth muscle	Involuntary muscle in organs such as the stomach		bio-muscles
Cardiac muscle	Muscle of the heart		bio-muscles
Voluntary muscle	One you can control		bio-muscles
Involuntary muscle	One that works without you thinking		bio-muscles
Tendon	Connects muscle to bone		bio-muscles
Ligament	Connects bone to bone		bio-muscles
Contraction	When a muscle shortens		bio-muscles
Muscles can only	Pull; they cannot push		bio-muscles
Antagonistic pair	Two muscles that work in opposite ways, like biceps and triceps		bio-muscles
Flexor	A muscle that bends a joint		bio-muscles
Extensor	A muscle that straightens a joint		bio-muscles
Muscle fiber	A long muscle cell		bio-muscles
Myofibril	Thread-like part inside a muscle fiber that contracts		bio-muscles
Actin and myosin	Proteins that slide to make muscles contract		bio-muscles
ATP	The energy molecule muscles use		bio-muscles
Lactic acid	A by-product that can build up in tired muscles		bio-muscles
Muscle tone	The small constant tension in resting muscles		bio-muscles
Atrophy	Muscle shrinking from not being used		bio-muscles
Hypertrophy	Muscle growing larger from use		bio-muscles
Cramp	A sudden painful tightening of a muscle		bio-muscles
Sprain	An injury that stretches or tears a ligament		bio-muscles
Strain	An injury that stretches or tears a muscle or tendon		bio-muscles
Warm up	Gentle exercise before activity to prepare muscles		bio-muscles
Protein	A nutrient that helps build and repair muscle		bio-muscles
Fast-twitch fibers	Muscle fibers that contract quickly for sprints		bio-muscles
Slow-twitch fibers	Muscle fibers that work for a long time without tiring		bio-muscles
How many muscles do people have, about?	More than 600		bio-muscles
Which muscle in the body never rests?	The heart		bio-muscles
Neuromuscular junction	Where a nerve meets a muscle to tell it to contract		bio-muscles
Extraocular muscles	The six muscles that move each eye		bio-muscles
Sphincter	A ring-shaped muscle that opens and closes an opening		bio-muscles
Peristalsis	Waves of smooth muscle squeezing food along		bio-muscles
Sarcomere	The basic contracting unit of a muscle fiber		bio-muscles
Roots	Anchor the plant and take in water and minerals		bio-plants
Stem	Holds the plant up and carries water and food		bio-plants
Leaf	The main place where a plant makes food		bio-plants
Flower	The part of a plant that makes seeds		bio-plants
Fruit	A ripened ovary that holds seeds		bio-plants
Seed	Holds a baby plant and food to start growing		bio-plants
Petal	Colorful part of a flower that attracts pollinators		bio-plants
Sepal	Green leaf-like part that protects a flower bud		bio-plants
Stamen	Male part of a flower that makes pollen		bio-plants
Anther	Top of the stamen that holds pollen		bio-plants
Filament	The stalk that holds up the anther		bio-plants
Pistil	Female part of a flower		bio-plants
Stigma	Sticky top of the pistil that catches pollen		bio-plants
Style	Tube that connects the stigma to the ovary		bio-plants
Ovary	Part of the pistil that holds the ovules		bio-plants
Ovule	Part of the ovary that becomes a seed		bio-plants
Pollen	Tiny grains that carry male cells of plants		bio-plants
Pollination	Moving pollen to the female part of a flower		bio-plants
Pollinator	An animal such as a bee that moves pollen		bio-plants
Fertilization	When male and female cells join to start a seed		bio-plants
Germination	When a seed begins to grow		bio-plants
Photosynthesis	Plants turn light, water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen		bio-plants
Chlorophyll	Green pigment that captures light		bio-plants
Stomata	Tiny leaf openings that let gases in and out		bio-plants
Guard cells	Cells that open and close the stomata		bio-plants
Transpiration	Water evaporating from leaves		bio-plants
Xylem	Tubes that carry water up from the roots		bio-plants
Phloem	Tubes that carry sugar through the plant		bio-plants
Taproot	One thick main root, like a carrot		bio-plants
Fibrous roots	Many thin roots, like grass		bio-plants
Root hairs	Tiny extensions that absorb water		bio-plants
Cotyledon	A seed leaf that stores food in the seed		bio-plants
Monocot	A flowering plant with one seed leaf, like corn and grass		bio-plants
Dicot	A flowering plant with two seed leaves, like beans		bio-plants
Angiosperm	A plant that makes flowers and fruits		bio-plants
Gymnosperm	A plant with seeds not in fruit, like pine trees		bio-plants
Conifer	A tree that makes cones, such as pine or spruce		bio-plants
Deciduous	A tree that loses its leaves each fall		bio-plants
Evergreen	A plant that keeps green leaves all year		bio-plants
Annual	A plant that lives one growing season		bio-plants
Biennial	A plant that lives two years		bio-plants
Perennial	A plant that lives for many years		bio-plants
Vascular plant	A plant with tubes for carrying water and food		bio-plants
Nonvascular plant	A plant without such tubes, like moss		bio-plants
Spore	A tiny cell that can grow into a new fungus or fern or moss		bio-plants
Fern	A plant with fronds that reproduces with spores		bio-plants
Moss	A small nonvascular plant that grows in damp places		bio-plants
Tropism	A plant's growth response to something like light or gravity		bio-plants
Phototropism	Growing toward light		bio-plants
Gravitropism	Roots growing down and shoots growing up in response to gravity		bio-plants
Dormancy	A resting period when growth slows		bio-plants
Seed dispersal	How seeds travel away from the parent plant		bio-plants
Bulb	An underground storage stem, like an onion or tulip		bio-plants
Tuber	A thick underground stem, like a potato		bio-plants
Rhizome	An underground stem that spreads sideways		bio-plants
Cambium	A thin growing layer that makes new wood and bark		bio-plants
Tree rings	Rings in a trunk showing one year of growth each		bio-plants
Heartwood	The old, dense center of a tree trunk		bio-plants
Bark	The protective outer covering of a tree		bio-plants
Carnivorous plant	A plant that traps and digests insects, like a Venus flytrap		bio-plants
Parasitic plant	A plant that takes food from another plant		bio-plants
Epiphyte	A plant that grows on another plant without harming it		bio-plants
Compost	Decayed plant matter that enriches soil		bio-plants
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium	The main nutrients in fertilizer		bio-plants
What do plants release during photosynthesis?	Oxygen		bio-plants
What do plants take in from air for photosynthesis?	Carbon dioxide		bio-plants
Why are leaves green?	They contain chlorophyll		bio-plants
Why do leaves change color in fall?	Chlorophyll breaks down and other colors show		bio-plants
Sap	Fluid that moves through a plant		bio-plants
What do we use to see?	Eyes		bio-senses-and-organs
What do we use to hear?	Ears		bio-senses-and-organs
What do we use to smell?	Nose		bio-senses-and-organs
What do we use to taste?	Tongue		bio-senses-and-organs
What do we use to feel and touch?	Skin		bio-senses-and-organs
How many senses do we have (the basic ones)?	Five		bio-senses-and-organs
What are the five senses?	Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch		bio-senses-and-organs
What pumps blood around the body?	The heart		bio-senses-and-organs
What do we use to breathe?	Lungs		bio-senses-and-organs
What is the control center of the body?	The brain		bio-senses-and-organs
Where does food go after we swallow it?	To the stomach		bio-senses-and-organs
What protects our brain?	The skull		bio-senses-and-organs
What holds us up inside?	Our bones		bio-senses-and-organs
What do muscles do?	Help us move		bio-senses-and-organs
What covers our body?	Skin		bio-senses-and-organs
What do teeth do?	Bite and chew food		bio-senses-and-organs
What does the tongue taste?	Sweet, sour, salty, bitter and savory		bio-senses-and-organs
What part of the eye lets light in?	The pupil		bio-senses-and-organs
What is the colored part of the eye?	The iris		bio-senses-and-organs
What do eyelashes do?	Keep dust out of the eyes		bio-senses-and-organs
What part of the ear can we see?	The outer ear		bio-senses-and-organs
What helps you hear sounds?	Eardrum and tiny bones in the ear		bio-senses-and-organs
Which sense uses the nose?	Smell		bio-senses-and-organs
Which sense uses the tongue?	Taste		bio-senses-and-organs
What is the hardest part of the body?	Tooth enamel		bio-senses-and-organs
How many fingers on two hands?	Ten		bio-senses-and-organs
What happens to baby teeth?	They fall out and adult teeth grow in		bio-senses-and-organs
How many teeth do adults usually have?	32, including wisdom teeth		bio-senses-and-organs
What helps you stay healthy: sleep, food and what else?	Exercise		bio-senses-and-organs
What do we wash with soap to get rid of germs?	Hands		bio-senses-and-organs
What does a doctor use to listen to your heart?	A stethoscope		bio-senses-and-organs
What makes you sneeze?	Your nose clearing out dust or germs		bio-senses-and-organs
What are goosebumps?	Skin bumps from tiny muscles pulling hairs up		bio-senses-and-organs
Why do we sweat?	To cool the body down		bio-senses-and-organs
What is a pulse?	The beat of your heart you can feel in your wrist		bio-senses-and-organs
What fills your lungs when you breathe in?	Air		bio-senses-and-organs
What gas do we breathe out?	Carbon dioxide		bio-senses-and-organs
What gas do we need to breathe in?	Oxygen		bio-senses-and-organs
What do our ears help us do besides hear?	Keep our balance		bio-senses-and-organs
How do we feel hot or cold?	Nerves in the skin sense it		bio-senses-and-organs
Which sense do we use to feel a soft blanket?	Touch		bio-senses-and-organs
Which sense do we use to enjoy music?	Hearing		bio-senses-and-organs
Which sense do we use to read a book?	Sight		bio-senses-and-organs
Which part of the body helps us think?	The brain		bio-senses-and-organs
What is the biggest organ you can see?	Skin		bio-senses-and-organs
What do we call the bones in your back?	Spine		bio-senses-and-organs
What are the bendy places on your arm and leg?	Joints, like elbows and knees		bio-senses-and-organs
What do eyebrows do?	Help keep sweat out of your eyes		bio-senses-and-organs
What do fingernails do?	Protect the tips of fingers		bio-senses-and-organs
What helps blood move through the body?	Heart and blood vessels		bio-senses-and-organs
What does pH measure?	How acidic or basic a solution is		chem-acids-bases
pH range of the common scale	0 to 14		chem-acids-bases
pH of a neutral solution	7		chem-acids-bases
Acids have a pH	Less than 7		chem-acids-bases
Bases have a pH	Greater than 7		chem-acids-bases
pH of pure water	7		chem-acids-bases
Taste of acids	Sour (never taste in lab)		chem-acids-bases
Feel of bases	Slippery (never touch unknown ones)		chem-acids-bases
Taste of bases	Bitter		chem-acids-bases
Litmus paper in acid	Turns red		chem-acids-bases
Litmus paper in base	Turns blue		chem-acids-bases
Phenolphthalein in base	Turns pink		chem-acids-bases
Universal indicator	Changes color across the pH scale		chem-acids-bases
Indicator	A substance that changes color to show acidity or basicity		chem-acids-bases
Neutralization	An acid and a base react to form water and a salt		chem-acids-bases
Salt (in chemistry)	An ionic compound made when an acid reacts with a base		chem-acids-bases
Lemon juice	An acid, pH about 2		chem-acids-bases
Vinegar	An acid, containing acetic acid		chem-acids-bases
Stomach acid	Hydrochloric acid, very strong		chem-acids-bases
Baking soda	A weak base		chem-acids-bases
Soap	A base; it feels slippery		chem-acids-bases
Ammonia cleaner	A base		chem-acids-bases
Bleach	A strong base, pH about 12 to 13; do not mix with other cleaners		chem-acids-bases
Milk	Nearly neutral, slightly acidic		chem-acids-bases
Black coffee	A weak acid		chem-acids-bases
Orange juice	An acid, pH about 3 to 4		chem-acids-bases
Antacid	A base that neutralizes extra stomach acid		chem-acids-bases
Citric acid	The acid in lemons and oranges		chem-acids-bases
Carbonic acid	A weak acid in fizzy drinks		chem-acids-bases
Sulfuric acid	A strong acid used in car batteries and industry		chem-acids-bases
Hydrochloric acid	A strong acid, formula HCl		chem-acids-bases
Sodium hydroxide	A strong base, formula NaOH, also called lye		chem-acids-bases
Each step on the pH scale	Is ten times stronger or weaker than the next		chem-acids-bases
Which is more acidic, pH 3 or pH 5?	pH 3, a hundred times more acidic		chem-acids-bases
Strong acid	An acid that breaks apart fully in water		chem-acids-bases
Weak acid	An acid that only partly breaks apart in water		chem-acids-bases
Alkaline	Another word for basic		chem-acids-bases
Corrosive	Able to eat away at materials		chem-acids-bases
Acid rain	Rain made acidic by pollution, with pH below about 5.6		chem-acids-bases
H+	The hydrogen ion that acids release in water		chem-acids-bases
OH-	The hydroxide ion that bases release in water		chem-acids-bases
Hydronium	H3O+, formed when an acid adds H+ to water		chem-acids-bases
Buffer	A solution that resists changes in pH		chem-acids-bases
Titration	Adding a solution of known strength drop by drop to find an unknown concentration		chem-acids-bases
pH of blood	About 7.4, slightly basic		chem-acids-bases
Red cabbage juice	A natural indicator that changes color with pH		chem-acids-bases
Mixing vinegar and baking soda makes	Carbon dioxide gas, which fizzes		chem-acids-bases
Do acids conduct electricity in water?	Yes, because they form ions		chem-acids-bases
Which acid is in ant stings?	Formic acid		chem-acids-bases
Which acid is in vinegar?	Acetic acid		chem-acids-bases
Which acid is in yogurt and sour milk?	Lactic acid		chem-acids-bases
Which acid is in our muscles after hard exercise?	Lactic acid		chem-acids-bases
Which scientist invented the pH scale in 1909?	Soren Sorensen		chem-acids-bases
1	Hydrogen (H)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
2	Helium (He)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
3	Lithium (Li)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
4	Beryllium (Be)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
5	Boron (B)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
6	Carbon (C)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
7	Nitrogen (N)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
8	Oxygen (O)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
9	Fluorine (F)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
10	Neon (Ne)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
11	Sodium (Na)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
12	Magnesium (Mg)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
13	Aluminum (Al)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
14	Silicon (Si)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
15	Phosphorus (P)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
16	Sulfur (S)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
17	Chlorine (Cl)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
18	Argon (Ar)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
19	Potassium (K)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
20	Calcium (Ca)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
21	Scandium (Sc)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
22	Titanium (Ti)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
23	Vanadium (V)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
24	Chromium (Cr)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
25	Manganese (Mn)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
26	Iron (Fe)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
27	Cobalt (Co)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
28	Nickel (Ni)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
29	Copper (Cu)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
30	Zinc (Zn)		chem-atomic-numbers-1-30
31	Gallium (Ga)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
32	Germanium (Ge)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
33	Arsenic (As)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
34	Selenium (Se)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
35	Bromine (Br)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
36	Krypton (Kr)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
37	Rubidium (Rb)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
38	Strontium (Sr)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
39	Yttrium (Y)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
40	Zirconium (Zr)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
41	Niobium (Nb)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
42	Molybdenum (Mo)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
43	Technetium (Tc)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
44	Ruthenium (Ru)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
45	Rhodium (Rh)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
46	Palladium (Pd)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
47	Silver (Ag)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
48	Cadmium (Cd)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
49	Indium (In)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
50	Tin (Sn)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
51	Antimony (Sb)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
52	Tellurium (Te)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
53	Iodine (I)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
54	Xenon (Xe)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
55	Cesium (Cs)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
56	Barium (Ba)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
57	Lanthanum (La)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
58	Cerium (Ce)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
59	Praseodymium (Pr)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
60	Neodymium (Nd)		chem-atomic-numbers-31-60
61	Promethium (Pm)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
62	Samarium (Sm)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
63	Europium (Eu)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
64	Gadolinium (Gd)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
65	Terbium (Tb)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
66	Dysprosium (Dy)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
67	Holmium (Ho)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
68	Erbium (Er)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
69	Thulium (Tm)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
70	Ytterbium (Yb)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
71	Lutetium (Lu)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
72	Hafnium (Hf)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
73	Tantalum (Ta)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
74	Tungsten (W)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
75	Rhenium (Re)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
76	Osmium (Os)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
77	Iridium (Ir)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
78	Platinum (Pt)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
79	Gold (Au)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
80	Mercury (Hg)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
81	Thallium (Tl)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
82	Lead (Pb)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
83	Bismuth (Bi)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
84	Polonium (Po)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
85	Astatine (At)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
86	Radon (Rn)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
87	Francium (Fr)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
88	Radium (Ra)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
89	Actinium (Ac)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
90	Thorium (Th)		chem-atomic-numbers-61-90
91	Protactinium (Pa)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
92	Uranium (U)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
93	Neptunium (Np)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
94	Plutonium (Pu)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
95	Americium (Am)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
96	Curium (Cm)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
97	Berkelium (Bk)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
98	Californium (Cf)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
99	Einsteinium (Es)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
100	Fermium (Fm)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
101	Mendelevium (Md)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
102	Nobelium (No)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
103	Lawrencium (Lr)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
104	Rutherfordium (Rf)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
105	Dubnium (Db)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
106	Seaborgium (Sg)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
107	Bohrium (Bh)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
108	Hassium (Hs)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
109	Meitnerium (Mt)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
110	Darmstadtium (Ds)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
111	Roentgenium (Rg)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
112	Copernicium (Cn)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
113	Nihonium (Nh)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
114	Flerovium (Fl)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
115	Moscovium (Mc)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
116	Livermorium (Lv)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
117	Tennessine (Ts)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
118	Oganesson (Og)		chem-atomic-numbers-91-118
Atom	The smallest unit of an element that still has its properties		chem-basic-terms
Molecule	Two or more atoms joined together		chem-basic-terms
Element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom		chem-basic-terms
Compound	A substance made of two or more elements chemically joined		chem-basic-terms
Mixture	Two or more substances together but not chemically joined		chem-basic-terms
Proton	Positive particle in the nucleus		chem-basic-terms
Neutron	Particle with no charge in the nucleus		chem-basic-terms
Electron	Tiny negative particle that moves around the nucleus		chem-basic-terms
Nucleus	The center of an atom, holding protons and neutrons		chem-basic-terms
Ion	An atom or group of atoms with an electric charge		chem-basic-terms
Cation	A positive ion		chem-basic-terms
Anion	A negative ion		chem-basic-terms
Ionic bond	A bond formed when electrons move from one atom to another		chem-basic-terms
Covalent bond	A bond formed when atoms share electrons		chem-basic-terms
Metallic bond	A bond in which electrons flow freely among metal atoms		chem-basic-terms
Chemical formula	Symbols and numbers showing what atoms make up a substance		chem-basic-terms
Chemical reaction	A process in which substances change into new substances		chem-basic-terms
Reactant	A starting substance in a chemical reaction		chem-basic-terms
Product	A substance made by a chemical reaction		chem-basic-terms
Chemical equation	A way to show a reaction using formulas		chem-basic-terms
Law of conservation of mass	Matter is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction		chem-basic-terms
Catalyst	A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up		chem-basic-terms
Enzyme	A biological catalyst, made of protein		chem-basic-terms
Solution	A mixture that is the same all the way through		chem-basic-terms
Solute	The substance that is dissolved		chem-basic-terms
Solvent	The substance that does the dissolving		chem-basic-terms
Solubility	How much of a substance can dissolve in a solvent		chem-basic-terms
Concentration	How much solute is in a certain amount of solution		chem-basic-terms
Saturated solution	One that cannot dissolve any more solute		chem-basic-terms
Suspension	A mixture with particles that settle out if left alone		chem-basic-terms
Colloid	A mixture with tiny particles that stay spread out, like milk		chem-basic-terms
Density	How much mass is in a given volume		chem-basic-terms
Mass	The amount of matter in an object		chem-basic-terms
Volume	The amount of space something takes up		chem-basic-terms
Physical change	A change in form that does not make a new substance		chem-basic-terms
Chemical change	A change that makes new substances		chem-basic-terms
Physical property	A trait you can observe without changing the substance, like color		chem-basic-terms
Chemical property	How a substance can change into another, like flammability		chem-basic-terms
Exothermic reaction	A reaction that gives off heat		chem-basic-terms
Endothermic reaction	A reaction that takes in heat		chem-basic-terms
Oxidation	A reaction in which a substance loses electrons or combines with oxygen		chem-basic-terms
Reduction	A reaction in which a substance gains electrons		chem-basic-terms
Precipitate	A solid that forms from a liquid solution during a reaction		chem-basic-terms
Distillation	Separating liquids by boiling and condensing them		chem-basic-terms
Filtration	Separating solids from liquids using a filter		chem-basic-terms
Evaporation	A liquid changing to a gas at its surface		chem-basic-terms
Condensation	A gas changing into a liquid		chem-basic-terms
Mole	A unit for counting atoms: 6.02 x 10^23 particles		chem-basic-terms
Avogadro's number	6.02 x 10^23, the number of particles in one mole		chem-basic-terms
Molar mass	The mass of one mole of a substance		chem-basic-terms
Valence electron	An electron in the outer shell that takes part in bonding		chem-basic-terms
Atomic number	Number of protons in an atom		chem-basic-terms
Mass number	Protons plus neutrons in an atom		chem-basic-terms
Isotope	Atoms of one element with different numbers of neutrons		chem-basic-terms
Radioactivity	The giving off of energy and particles by unstable atoms		chem-basic-terms
Half-life	Time it takes half of a radioactive sample to decay		chem-basic-terms
Polymer	A large molecule made of many repeating units		chem-basic-terms
Organic compound	A compound built on carbon, usually with hydrogen		chem-basic-terms
Allotrope	One of different forms of the same element, like diamond and graphite		chem-basic-terms
Alloy	A mixture of metals, such as brass or steel		chem-basic-terms
Corrosion	The slow wearing away of metal by chemical reaction		chem-basic-terms
Combustion	Burning: a fast reaction of a fuel with oxygen		chem-basic-terms
Synthesis reaction	Two or more substances combine to make one product		chem-basic-terms
Decomposition reaction	One compound breaks down into simpler substances		chem-basic-terms
Electrolysis	Using electricity to split a compound		chem-basic-terms
Inert	Not reacting easily with other substances		chem-basic-terms
Reactivity	How easily a substance takes part in chemical reactions		chem-basic-terms
Malleable	Able to be hammered into thin sheets		chem-basic-terms
Ductile	Able to be pulled into wire		chem-basic-terms
Conductor	A material that lets heat or electricity flow easily		chem-basic-terms
Insulator	A material that does not let heat or electricity flow easily		chem-basic-terms
Electronegativity	How strongly an atom pulls on shared electrons		chem-basic-terms
Periodic law	Element properties repeat in a pattern as atomic number goes up		chem-basic-terms
Water	H2O		chem-compound-formulas
Carbon dioxide	CO2		chem-compound-formulas
Carbon monoxide	CO		chem-compound-formulas
Oxygen gas	O2		chem-compound-formulas
Hydrogen gas	H2		chem-compound-formulas
Nitrogen gas	N2		chem-compound-formulas
Ozone	O3		chem-compound-formulas
Table salt (sodium chloride)	NaCl		chem-compound-formulas
Hydrogen peroxide	H2O2		chem-compound-formulas
Methane	CH4		chem-compound-formulas
Ethane	C2H6		chem-compound-formulas
Propane	C3H8		chem-compound-formulas
Butane	C4H10		chem-compound-formulas
Ethanol	C2H5OH		chem-compound-formulas
Glucose	C6H12O6		chem-compound-formulas
Sucrose (table sugar)	C12H22O11		chem-compound-formulas
Ammonia	NH3		chem-compound-formulas
Ammonium ion	NH4+		chem-compound-formulas
Hydrochloric acid	HCl		chem-compound-formulas
Sulfuric acid	H2SO4		chem-compound-formulas
Nitric acid	HNO3		chem-compound-formulas
Acetic acid	CH3COOH		chem-compound-formulas
Carbonic acid	H2CO3		chem-compound-formulas
Phosphoric acid	H3PO4		chem-compound-formulas
Sodium hydroxide	NaOH		chem-compound-formulas
Potassium hydroxide	KOH		chem-compound-formulas
Calcium hydroxide	Ca(OH)2		chem-compound-formulas
Calcium carbonate (limestone, chalk)	CaCO3		chem-compound-formulas
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)	NaHCO3		chem-compound-formulas
Sodium carbonate (washing soda)	Na2CO3		chem-compound-formulas
Calcium oxide (quicklime)	CaO		chem-compound-formulas
Magnesium oxide	MgO		chem-compound-formulas
Iron(III) oxide (rust)	Fe2O3		chem-compound-formulas
Aluminum oxide	Al2O3		chem-compound-formulas
Silicon dioxide (quartz, sand)	SiO2		chem-compound-formulas
Sulfur dioxide	SO2		chem-compound-formulas
Nitrogen dioxide	NO2		chem-compound-formulas
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)	N2O		chem-compound-formulas
Sodium nitrate	NaNO3		chem-compound-formulas
Potassium chloride	KCl		chem-compound-formulas
Calcium chloride	CaCl2		chem-compound-formulas
Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt)	MgSO4		chem-compound-formulas
Copper sulfate	CuSO4		chem-compound-formulas
Silver nitrate	AgNO3		chem-compound-formulas
Potassium permanganate	KMnO4		chem-compound-formulas
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)	NaOCl		chem-compound-formulas
Calcium sulfate (gypsum)	CaSO4		chem-compound-formulas
Zinc oxide	ZnO		chem-compound-formulas
Hydrogen sulfide	H2S		chem-compound-formulas
Hydrogen fluoride	HF		chem-compound-formulas
Lithium fluoride	LiF		chem-compound-formulas
Potassium iodide	KI		chem-compound-formulas
Titanium dioxide	TiO2		chem-compound-formulas
Acetylene	C2H2		chem-compound-formulas
Ethylene	C2H4		chem-compound-formulas
Benzene	C6H6		chem-compound-formulas
Urea	CH4N2O or (NH2)2CO		chem-compound-formulas
Sulfate ion	SO4 2-		chem-compound-formulas
Nitrate ion	NO3-		chem-compound-formulas
Carbonate ion	CO3 2-		chem-compound-formulas
Hydroxide ion	OH-		chem-compound-formulas
Phosphate ion	PO4 3-		chem-compound-formulas
Which element is the lightest and most common in the universe?	Hydrogen		chem-element-facts
Which gas makes up about 78% of Earth's air?	Nitrogen		chem-element-facts
Which gas do we breathe in to live, about 21% of the air?	Oxygen		chem-element-facts
Which element is the basis of all known life?	Carbon		chem-element-facts
Which two forms of pure carbon are very different: one soft and one super hard?	Graphite and diamond		chem-element-facts
Which noble gas is used to fill party balloons that float?	Helium		chem-element-facts
Which element is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature?	Mercury		chem-element-facts
Which element has the symbol Au and is a shiny yellow metal?	Gold		chem-element-facts
Which metal is used in most electrical wires?	Copper		chem-element-facts
Which metal is the main ingredient of steel?	Iron		chem-element-facts
Which element do bones and teeth need, found in milk?	Calcium		chem-element-facts
Which element is in table salt along with chlorine?	Sodium		chem-element-facts
Which gas is used to disinfect swimming pools?	Chlorine		chem-element-facts
Which noble gas glows red-orange in signs?	Neon		chem-element-facts
Which element is the most common metal in Earth's crust?	Aluminum		chem-element-facts
Which element is the second most common in Earth's crust, found in sand and glass?	Silicon		chem-element-facts
Which element is used in computer chips?	Silicon		chem-element-facts
Which metal is a good conductor and is used for jewelry and mirrors, symbol Ag?	Silver		chem-element-facts
Which element makes matches burn and is found in DNA?	Phosphorus		chem-element-facts
Which yellow solid smells like rotten eggs in some compounds?	Sulfur		chem-element-facts
Which element helps prevent tooth decay in toothpaste?	Fluorine, as fluoride		chem-element-facts
Which element is needed in the thyroid gland and is added to table salt?	Iodine		chem-element-facts
Which element is at the center of the Sun's fuel and fuses into helium?	Hydrogen		chem-element-facts
Which element is the second most abundant in the universe?	Helium		chem-element-facts
Which element is the hardest natural material (a form of carbon)?	Diamond, which is carbon		chem-element-facts
Which metal is used to coat steel to stop rust, as in galvanizing?	Zinc		chem-element-facts
Which heavy, soft metal is used in car batteries?	Lead		chem-element-facts
Which element has the highest atomic number that occurs naturally in large amounts in Earth's crust?	Uranium (92)		chem-element-facts
Which element is named after the Sun's Greek name Helios?	Helium		chem-element-facts
Which metal is attracted to magnets and is the core of Earth?	Iron		chem-element-facts
Which light metal is used for airplane parts and soda cans?	Aluminum		chem-element-facts
Which bright white metal burns with a dazzling flame and is in fireworks and flares?	Magnesium		chem-element-facts
Which metal is soft enough to cut with a knife and reacts violently with water?	Sodium		chem-element-facts
Which element is the N in fertilizer labels like N-P-K?	Nitrogen		chem-element-facts
Which metal is mixed with copper to make bronze?	Tin		chem-element-facts
Which element is a purple-black solid that turns into purple vapor when heated?	Iodine		chem-element-facts
Which noble gas is used in light bulbs to protect the filament?	Argon		chem-element-facts
Which element is named for Poland, the homeland of Marie Curie?	Polonium		chem-element-facts
Which element was named after Marie and Pierre Curie?	Curium		chem-element-facts
Which element is named after Albert Einstein?	Einsteinium		chem-element-facts
Which element is named after Dmitri Mendeleev?	Mendelevium		chem-element-facts
Which element is named after Niels Bohr?	Bohrium		chem-element-facts
Which element is named after planet Neptune?	Neptunium		chem-element-facts
Which element is named after planet Uranus?	Uranium		chem-element-facts
Which element is named after the Greek word for "green"?	Chlorine (from chloros)		chem-element-facts
Which element is named after the state of California?	Californium		chem-element-facts
Which element is named after Selene, the Greek moon goddess?	Selenium		chem-element-facts
Which element is used to make the strongest magnets, the neodymium kind?	Neodymium		chem-element-facts
Which element is the most electronegative?	Fluorine		chem-element-facts
Which element is a green poisonous gas used long ago and in swimming pools?	Chlorine		chem-element-facts
Which metal is the best conductor of electricity?	Silver		chem-element-facts
Which element makes up the largest part of the human body by mass?	Oxygen		chem-element-facts
What is the most abundant element in the human body by number of atoms?	Hydrogen		chem-element-facts
Which element is liquid at room temperature besides mercury, a reddish-brown liquid?	Bromine		chem-element-facts
Which element has the symbol Pt and is very valuable and does not tarnish?	Platinum		chem-element-facts
Which metal has the highest melting point of all metals?	Tungsten		chem-element-facts
Which element is used in the filaments of old light bulbs?	Tungsten		chem-element-facts
Which element is a radioactive gas found in some basements?	Radon		chem-element-facts
Which element is used in nuclear power plants as fuel?	Uranium		chem-element-facts
Which element is the first in the noble gas family?	Helium		chem-element-facts
Which element is a shiny gray solid that is a metalloid and used in solar panels?	Silicon		chem-element-facts
Which element makes the flame of some fireworks red?	Strontium		chem-element-facts
Which element makes the flame of some fireworks green?	Barium		chem-element-facts
Which element makes the flame of some fireworks blue?	Copper		chem-element-facts
Which element is in chlorophyll at the center of the molecule?	Magnesium		chem-element-facts
Which element is at the center of hemoglobin and helps carry oxygen in blood?	Iron		chem-element-facts
Hydrogen	H		chem-element-symbols
Helium	He		chem-element-symbols
Lithium	Li		chem-element-symbols
Beryllium	Be		chem-element-symbols
Boron	B		chem-element-symbols
Carbon	C		chem-element-symbols
Nitrogen	N		chem-element-symbols
Oxygen	O		chem-element-symbols
Fluorine	F		chem-element-symbols
Neon	Ne		chem-element-symbols
Sodium	Na (From the Latin natrium)		chem-element-symbols
Magnesium	Mg		chem-element-symbols
Aluminum	Al		chem-element-symbols
Silicon	Si		chem-element-symbols
Phosphorus	P		chem-element-symbols
Sulfur	S		chem-element-symbols
Chlorine	Cl		chem-element-symbols
Argon	Ar		chem-element-symbols
Potassium	K (From the Latin kalium)		chem-element-symbols
Calcium	Ca		chem-element-symbols
Scandium	Sc		chem-element-symbols
Titanium	Ti		chem-element-symbols
Vanadium	V		chem-element-symbols
Chromium	Cr		chem-element-symbols
Manganese	Mn		chem-element-symbols
Iron	Fe (From the Latin ferrum)		chem-element-symbols
Cobalt	Co		chem-element-symbols
Nickel	Ni		chem-element-symbols
Copper	Cu (From the Latin cuprum)		chem-element-symbols
Zinc	Zn		chem-element-symbols
Gallium	Ga		chem-element-symbols
Germanium	Ge		chem-element-symbols
Arsenic	As		chem-element-symbols
Selenium	Se		chem-element-symbols
Bromine	Br		chem-element-symbols
Krypton	Kr		chem-element-symbols
Rubidium	Rb		chem-element-symbols
Strontium	Sr		chem-element-symbols
Zirconium	Zr		chem-element-symbols
Molybdenum	Mo		chem-element-symbols
Silver	Ag (From the Latin argentum)		chem-element-symbols
Cadmium	Cd		chem-element-symbols
Tin	Sn (From the Latin stannum)		chem-element-symbols
Antimony	Sb (From the Latin stibium)		chem-element-symbols
Iodine	I		chem-element-symbols
Xenon	Xe		chem-element-symbols
Cesium	Cs		chem-element-symbols
Barium	Ba		chem-element-symbols
Tungsten	W (From the German wolfram)		chem-element-symbols
Platinum	Pt		chem-element-symbols
Gold	Au (From the Latin aurum)		chem-element-symbols
Mercury	Hg (From the Latin hydrargyrum)		chem-element-symbols
Lead	Pb (From the Latin plumbum)		chem-element-symbols
Bismuth	Bi		chem-element-symbols
Radon	Rn		chem-element-symbols
Radium	Ra		chem-element-symbols
Uranium	U		chem-element-symbols
Plutonium	Pu		chem-element-symbols
Neodymium	Nd		chem-element-symbols
Lanthanum	La		chem-element-symbols
Cerium	Ce		chem-element-symbols
Thorium	Th		chem-element-symbols
Iridium	Ir		chem-element-symbols
Osmium	Os		chem-element-symbols
Palladium	Pd		chem-element-symbols
Tellurium	Te		chem-element-symbols
Francium	Fr		chem-element-symbols
Astatine	At		chem-element-symbols
Beaker	Holds, mixes and heats liquids; rough measuring only		chem-lab-equipment
Erlenmeyer flask	Cone-shaped flask for mixing and swirling liquids		chem-lab-equipment
Florence flask	Round flask with a long neck for heating liquids		chem-lab-equipment
Graduated cylinder	Measures the volume of a liquid accurately		chem-lab-equipment
Test tube	Holds small amounts of material for tests		chem-lab-equipment
Test tube rack	Holds test tubes upright		chem-lab-equipment
Test tube holder	Grips a hot test tube		chem-lab-equipment
Test tube brush	Cleans the inside of test tubes		chem-lab-equipment
Bunsen burner	Gas burner used for heating		chem-lab-equipment
Hot plate	Electric surface for heating		chem-lab-equipment
Tongs	Pick up hot objects		chem-lab-equipment
Crucible tongs	Hold crucibles that are very hot		chem-lab-equipment
Crucible	Small cup for heating substances to very high temperatures		chem-lab-equipment
Ring stand	Metal stand that supports other lab equipment		chem-lab-equipment
Ring clamp	Attaches to a ring stand to hold a flask or funnel		chem-lab-equipment
Wire gauze	Spreads heat evenly under a beaker		chem-lab-equipment
Tripod	Three-legged stand to hold items over a flame		chem-lab-equipment
Funnel	Directs liquids into small openings		chem-lab-equipment
Filter paper	Traps solids when pouring a mixture through a funnel		chem-lab-equipment
Pipette	Moves small amounts of liquid, drop by drop		chem-lab-equipment
Dropper	Adds liquid in small drops		chem-lab-equipment
Buret	Long tube with a valve to deliver exact amounts of liquid		chem-lab-equipment
Volumetric flask	Makes solutions of an exact volume		chem-lab-equipment
Watch glass	Curved glass dish for holding or covering small samples		chem-lab-equipment
Petri dish	Shallow dish for growing cultures or holding samples		chem-lab-equipment
Evaporating dish	Used to evaporate liquid and leave the solid		chem-lab-equipment
Mortar and pestle	Grinds solids into powder		chem-lab-equipment
Spatula	Scoops and transfers solid chemicals		chem-lab-equipment
Stirring rod	Glass rod used to mix liquids		chem-lab-equipment
Forceps	Small tweezers for picking up tiny items		chem-lab-equipment
Balance (scale)	Measures mass		chem-lab-equipment
Triple beam balance	Measures mass by sliding weights on three beams		chem-lab-equipment
Thermometer	Measures temperature		chem-lab-equipment
Stopwatch	Measures time		chem-lab-equipment
Microscope	Magnifies tiny objects		chem-lab-equipment
Slide	Thin glass that holds a sample under a microscope		chem-lab-equipment
Cover slip	Thin square of glass or plastic placed over a sample on a slide		chem-lab-equipment
Magnifying glass	A lens that makes small things look larger		chem-lab-equipment
Meter stick	Measures length in centimeters and millimeters		chem-lab-equipment
Ruler	Measures short lengths		chem-lab-equipment
Safety goggles	Protect the eyes		chem-lab-equipment
pH paper	Paper that changes color to show if something is an acid or base		chem-lab-equipment
Litmus paper	Paper that turns red in acid and blue in base		chem-lab-equipment
Wash bottle	Squeeze bottle that holds water for rinsing		chem-lab-equipment
Dissecting pan	Tray used to hold specimens for dissection		chem-lab-equipment
Scalpel	Small sharp blade for dissection, used only by trained users		chem-lab-equipment
Dissecting probe	Pointer used to move parts of a specimen		chem-lab-equipment
Centrifuge	Spins samples quickly to separate parts by density		chem-lab-equipment
Desiccator	Sealed container that keeps things dry		chem-lab-equipment
Fume hood	Ventilated enclosure that removes harmful fumes		chem-lab-equipment
Spring scale	Measures force or weight		chem-lab-equipment
Barometer	Measures air pressure		chem-lab-equipment
Hydrometer	Measures the density of a liquid		chem-lab-equipment
Calorimeter	Measures heat given off or taken in by a reaction		chem-lab-equipment
Spectroscope	Splits light into a spectrum		chem-lab-equipment
Telescope	Makes distant objects like stars look closer		chem-lab-equipment
Compass	Shows direction by pointing toward magnetic north		chem-lab-equipment
Anemometer	Measures wind speed		chem-lab-equipment
Rain gauge	Measures how much rain falls		chem-lab-equipment
Before starting a lab	Read the directions and listen to your teacher		chem-lab-safety
Goggles	Wear them to protect your eyes whenever told to		chem-lab-safety
Long hair	Tie it back so it stays away from flames and chemicals		chem-lab-safety
Loose sleeves and jewelry	Roll up or remove them so they don't catch		chem-lab-safety
Shoes in lab	Wear closed-toe shoes, never sandals		chem-lab-safety
Lab apron or coat	Wear it to protect skin and clothes		chem-lab-safety
Gloves	Wear them when handling chemicals your teacher says need them		chem-lab-safety
Eating and drinking in the lab	Never do it		chem-lab-safety
Tasting chemicals	Never taste anything in the lab		chem-lab-safety
Smelling a chemical	Waft the fumes toward your nose with your hand; don't sniff directly		chem-lab-safety
Running in the lab	Don't; walk calmly		chem-lab-safety
Spill	Tell your teacher right away		chem-lab-safety
Broken glass	Tell your teacher; don't pick it up with bare hands		chem-lab-safety
Hot object	Use tongs or heat-proof gloves and treat it as hot		chem-lab-safety
Heating a test tube	Point the opening away from yourself and others		chem-lab-safety
Bunsen burner	Keep flammable things away and never leave it unattended		chem-lab-safety
Lighting a burner	Light the match first, then turn on the gas, with teacher watching		chem-lab-safety
Adding acid to water	Always add acid slowly to water, never water to acid		chem-lab-safety
Mixing unknown chemicals	Never do it		chem-lab-safety
Labels	Read the label twice before using a chemical		chem-lab-safety
Unused chemicals	Never pour them back in the original bottle		chem-lab-safety
Waste	Dispose of it the way your teacher says		chem-lab-safety
After the lab	Wash your hands with soap and water		chem-lab-safety
Eyewash station	Use it right away to flush chemicals from the eyes		chem-lab-safety
Safety shower	Used to rinse chemicals off the body in an emergency		chem-lab-safety
Fire extinguisher	Used to put out small fires, after telling the teacher		chem-lab-safety
Fire blanket	Wraps around a person to smother flames		chem-lab-safety
Clothes on fire	Stop, drop and roll		chem-lab-safety
Fume hood	A ventilated cabinet that pulls harmful fumes away		chem-lab-safety
Hazard symbol with a flame	Flammable: can catch fire		chem-lab-safety
Hazard symbol with a skull and crossbones	Toxic: can poison		chem-lab-safety
Hazard symbol with an exclamation mark	Irritant or other less severe health hazard		chem-lab-safety
Hazard symbol with a corroded hand	Corrosive: can damage skin and metal		chem-lab-safety
Hazard symbol with an exploding bomb	Explosive or reactive		chem-lab-safety
Hazard symbol with a dead tree and fish	Harmful to the environment		chem-lab-safety
SDS	Safety Data Sheet: tells how to handle a chemical safely		chem-lab-safety
Using electrical equipment	Keep cords and hands dry and away from water		chem-lab-safety
Working alone in the lab	Don't; always have an adult present		chem-lab-safety
Horseplay	Never; it causes accidents		chem-lab-safety
Pouring from a bottle	Hold the label side up against your palm		chem-lab-safety
Cleaning up	Leave your work area clean and tidy		chem-lab-safety
Cuts or burns	Tell the teacher at once		chem-lab-safety
Glassware that is cracked	Do not use it; give it to the teacher		chem-lab-safety
Carrying a microscope	Use two hands, one on the arm and one under the base		chem-lab-safety
Testing something that might be hot	Hold your hand near, not on it		chem-lab-safety
Group	A column of the periodic table; elements in it act alike		chem-periodic-table-groups
Period	A row of the periodic table		chem-periodic-table-groups
How many groups are in the standard periodic table?	18		chem-periodic-table-groups
How many periods are in the standard periodic table?	7		chem-periodic-table-groups
Alkali metals	Group 1 (except hydrogen): very reactive soft metals like sodium		chem-periodic-table-groups
Alkaline earth metals	Group 2: reactive metals like calcium and magnesium		chem-periodic-table-groups
Transition metals	The block in the middle, like iron, copper and gold		chem-periodic-table-groups
Halogens	Group 17: reactive nonmetals like chlorine and iodine		chem-periodic-table-groups
Noble gases	Group 18: very unreactive gases like helium and neon		chem-periodic-table-groups
Metalloids	Elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals, like silicon		chem-periodic-table-groups
Nonmetals	Elements that are usually dull, brittle and poor conductors		chem-periodic-table-groups
Metals	Shiny elements that conduct heat and electricity and can be shaped		chem-periodic-table-groups
Lanthanides	Row of 15 elements shown below the main table, from lanthanum		chem-periodic-table-groups
Actinides	Row of 15 elements shown below the main table, from actinium		chem-periodic-table-groups
Atomic number	The number of protons in an atom's nucleus		chem-periodic-table-groups
Atomic mass	The average mass of an element's atoms, in atomic mass units		chem-periodic-table-groups
Element symbol	One or two letters standing for an element; the first is capital		chem-periodic-table-groups
Who created the first widely used periodic table in 1869?	Dmitri Mendeleev		chem-periodic-table-groups
How did Mendeleev arrange the elements?	By atomic mass, leaving gaps for undiscovered elements		chem-periodic-table-groups
How is the modern table arranged?	By increasing atomic number		chem-periodic-table-groups
Valence electrons	Electrons in an atom's outermost shell		chem-periodic-table-groups
How many valence electrons do halogens have?	7		chem-periodic-table-groups
How many valence electrons do alkali metals have?	1		chem-periodic-table-groups
How many valence electrons do most noble gases have?	8 (helium has 2)		chem-periodic-table-groups
Which group contains carbon?	Group 14		chem-periodic-table-groups
Which group contains oxygen?	Group 16		chem-periodic-table-groups
Which group contains nitrogen?	Group 15		chem-periodic-table-groups
Which element is placed alone at the top-left, and is not an alkali metal?	Hydrogen		chem-periodic-table-groups
Which side of the table holds mostly metals?	The left side and middle		chem-periodic-table-groups
Which side of the table holds the nonmetals?	The upper right		chem-periodic-table-groups
What is the zigzag line on the right side of the table for?	It separates metals from nonmetals; metalloids sit along it		chem-periodic-table-groups
Why are noble gases unreactive?	Their outer electron shell is full		chem-periodic-table-groups
Why do elements in a group act alike?	They have the same number of valence electrons		chem-periodic-table-groups
Which period 1 elements exist?	Hydrogen and helium		chem-periodic-table-groups
Which is the lightest metal, atomic number 3?	Lithium		chem-periodic-table-groups
Synthetic element	One made in a lab and not found in nature in large amounts		chem-periodic-table-groups
Radioactive element	An element whose atoms break down and give off energy		chem-periodic-table-groups
Which element has the lowest atomic number?	Hydrogen (1)		chem-periodic-table-groups
Isotope	Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons		chem-periodic-table-groups
Matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space		chem-states-of-matter
Solid	Matter with a fixed shape and fixed volume		chem-states-of-matter
Liquid	Matter with a fixed volume that takes the shape of its container		chem-states-of-matter
Gas	Matter with no fixed shape or volume; it spreads out to fill space		chem-states-of-matter
Plasma	A hot, glowing state of matter made of charged particles		chem-states-of-matter
Where is plasma found?	In stars, lightning and neon signs		chem-states-of-matter
Bose-Einstein condensate	A state of matter formed near absolute zero where atoms act as one		chem-states-of-matter
Particles in a solid	Packed close and only vibrate in place		chem-states-of-matter
Particles in a liquid	Close together but able to slide past each other		chem-states-of-matter
Particles in a gas	Far apart and moving fast in all directions		chem-states-of-matter
Melting	Solid turns to liquid		chem-states-of-matter
Freezing	Liquid turns to solid		chem-states-of-matter
Evaporation	Liquid turns to gas at the surface		chem-states-of-matter
Boiling	Liquid turns to gas throughout, with bubbles		chem-states-of-matter
Condensation	Gas turns to liquid		chem-states-of-matter
Sublimation	Solid turns straight into gas		chem-states-of-matter
Deposition	Gas turns straight into solid		chem-states-of-matter
Melting point of water	0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit)		chem-states-of-matter
Boiling point of water	100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit) at sea level		chem-states-of-matter
Example of sublimation	Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) turning into gas		chem-states-of-matter
Example of deposition	Frost forming on a cold window		chem-states-of-matter
Is steam a gas or liquid droplets?	Invisible steam is a gas; the white cloud you see is tiny liquid drops		chem-states-of-matter
Does heating add or remove energy?	It adds energy, making particles move faster		chem-states-of-matter
What happens to particles when matter cools?	They slow down		chem-states-of-matter
Which state is the easiest to squeeze?	Gas		chem-states-of-matter
Which state is almost impossible to squeeze?	Solid and liquid		chem-states-of-matter
Does a liquid have a definite volume?	Yes		chem-states-of-matter
Does a gas have a definite volume?	No		chem-states-of-matter
Is ice a solid, liquid or gas?	Solid		chem-states-of-matter
Is water vapor a solid, liquid or gas?	Gas		chem-states-of-matter
Is air a solid, liquid or gas?	A mixture of gases		chem-states-of-matter
Is honey a solid or liquid?	Liquid		chem-states-of-matter
Is sand a solid?	Yes; each grain is a tiny solid		chem-states-of-matter
Which is denser, ice or liquid water?	Liquid water; ice floats		chem-states-of-matter
Why does ice float?	Water expands as it freezes, so ice is less dense		chem-states-of-matter
Viscosity	How much a liquid resists flowing		chem-states-of-matter
Surface tension	The pull between liquid molecules that makes a skin at the surface		chem-states-of-matter
Compressibility	How much a material can be squeezed into less space		chem-states-of-matter
Vapor	The gas form of a substance that is usually a liquid or solid		chem-states-of-matter
Freezing point	The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid		chem-states-of-matter
Latent heat	Energy absorbed or released during a change of state without changing temperature		chem-states-of-matter
Phase diagram	A graph showing the state of a substance at different temperatures and pressures		chem-states-of-matter
Absolute zero	The lowest possible temperature, -273.15 degrees Celsius		chem-states-of-matter
Pressure	Force pushing on a surface		chem-states-of-matter
Kinetic theory of matter	All matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion		chem-states-of-matter
Diffusion	Particles spreading from where there are many to where there are few		chem-states-of-matter
Which state of matter makes up most of the visible universe?	Plasma		chem-states-of-matter
Dry ice is made of what?	Frozen carbon dioxide		chem-states-of-matter
Is a cloud made of gas?	It is made of tiny liquid droplets or ice crystals in air		chem-states-of-matter
Is toothpaste a solid or liquid?	It acts like both, a gel-like material		chem-states-of-matter
Tyrannosaurus rex	A huge meat-eating dinosaur with a powerful bite and tiny arms		dinosaurs
Triceratops	A plant eater with three horns and a bony frill		dinosaurs
Stegosaurus	A plant eater with back plates and a spiked tail		dinosaurs
Velociraptor	A small feathered meat eater about the size of a turkey		dinosaurs
Brachiosaurus	A tall, long-necked plant eater		dinosaurs
Diplodocus	A very long plant eater with a whip-like tail		dinosaurs
Apatosaurus	A huge long-necked plant eater, once called Brontosaurus		dinosaurs
Ankylosaurus	An armored plant eater with a club tail		dinosaurs
Spinosaurus	A large meat eater with a sail on its back that lived near water		dinosaurs
Allosaurus	A large meat eater from the Jurassic		dinosaurs
Giganotosaurus	A giant meat eater from South America		dinosaurs
Parasaurolophus	A duck-billed dinosaur with a long hollow crest		dinosaurs
Iguanodon	A plant eater with thumb spikes		dinosaurs
Pachycephalosaurus	A dinosaur with a thick domed skull		dinosaurs
Compsognathus	A tiny chicken-sized meat eater		dinosaurs
Argentinosaurus	One of the largest known land animals, a titanosaur		dinosaurs
Archaeopteryx	An early feathered animal linking dinosaurs and birds		dinosaurs
Microraptor	A small four-winged feathered dinosaur		dinosaurs
Oviraptor	A feathered dinosaur whose name means egg thief, though it was probably a good parent		dinosaurs
Maiasaura	A duck-billed dinosaur whose name means good mother lizard		dinosaurs
Gallimimus	A fast, ostrich-like dinosaur		dinosaurs
Utahraptor	A big raptor from Utah		dinosaurs
Dilophosaurus	An early meat eater with two crests		dinosaurs
Carnotaurus	A meat eater with horns over its eyes		dinosaurs
Protoceratops	A small horned dinosaur that lived in Mongolia		dinosaurs
Pteranodon	A flying reptile (pterosaur) that was not a dinosaur		dinosaurs
Quetzalcoatlus	A giant pterosaur with a huge wingspan		dinosaurs
Mosasaurus	A giant sea reptile, not a dinosaur		dinosaurs
Plesiosaur	A long-necked sea reptile, not a dinosaur		dinosaurs
Ichthyosaur	A dolphin-shaped sea reptile		dinosaurs
Dimetrodon	A sail-backed animal older than dinosaurs, not a dinosaur		dinosaurs
Woolly mammoth	An ice age elephant relative with long tusks		dinosaurs
Saber-toothed cat	An ice age cat with long upper teeth		dinosaurs
Megalodon	A huge extinct shark		dinosaurs
Trilobite	An ancient sea arthropod found as fossils		dinosaurs
Mesozoic Era	The age of dinosaurs, about 252 to 66 million years ago		dinosaurs
Triassic Period	First part of the Mesozoic; the first dinosaurs appear		dinosaurs
Jurassic Period	Middle part of the Mesozoic; long-necked giants and early birds		dinosaurs
Cretaceous Period	Last part of the Mesozoic; T. rex and Triceratops lived		dinosaurs
How long ago did non-bird dinosaurs die out?	About 66 million years ago		dinosaurs
What likely caused the dinosaur extinction?	A giant asteroid hit Earth		dinosaurs
Where did the asteroid land?	Near the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico (Chicxulub)		dinosaurs
Do dinosaurs still live today?	Yes, as birds		dinosaurs
Fossil	The preserved remains or traces of ancient life		dinosaurs
Paleontologist	A scientist who studies fossils		dinosaurs
Trace fossil	Evidence like footprints or burrows		dinosaurs
Coprolite	Fossilized dung		dinosaurs
Amber	Fossilized tree resin that can trap insects		dinosaurs
Mold fossil	An imprint left in rock		dinosaurs
Petrified wood	Wood turned to stone by minerals		dinosaurs
Herbivore	Plant eater		dinosaurs
Carnivore	Meat eater		dinosaurs
Omnivore	Eats both plants and meat		dinosaurs
Sauropod	A giant long-necked, four-legged plant eater		dinosaurs
Theropod	A two-legged mostly meat-eating dinosaur		dinosaurs
Ornithopod	A plant-eating dinosaur like duck-billed hadrosaurs		dinosaurs
Ceratopsian	A horned, frilled dinosaur like Triceratops		dinosaurs
Dinosaur means	Terrible lizard		dinosaurs
Who coined the word dinosaur in 1842?	Richard Owen		dinosaurs
Mary Anning	A fossil collector who found early marine reptile skeletons in England		dinosaurs
Dinosaur National Monument	A park in Utah and Colorado with fossil bones		dinosaurs
Sue	A famous T. rex skeleton at the Field Museum in Chicago		dinosaurs
Longest dinosaurs	Some sauropods grew over 30 meters long		dinosaurs
Egg-laying	Dinosaurs laid eggs in nests		dinosaurs
Feathers	Many dinosaurs, especially raptors, had feathers		dinosaurs
Pangaea	The supercontinent where early dinosaurs lived		dinosaurs
Cirrus	High, thin, wispy clouds made of ice crystals		earth-clouds
Cirrostratus	High, thin sheet that can make a halo around the Sun		earth-clouds
Cirrocumulus	High, small rippled clouds in rows		earth-clouds
Altostratus	Middle-level gray or blue-gray sheet that can cover the sky		earth-clouds
Altocumulus	Middle-level puffy patches in rows		earth-clouds
Stratus	Low gray layer like fog above the ground		earth-clouds
Stratocumulus	Low, lumpy gray and white clouds		earth-clouds
Nimbostratus	Thick, dark layer that brings steady rain or snow		earth-clouds
Cumulus	Fluffy white clouds with flat bottoms		earth-clouds
Cumulonimbus	Tall thunderstorm clouds		earth-clouds
Which cloud makes thunderstorms?	Cumulonimbus		earth-clouds
Which cloud usually means fair weather?	Cumulus		earth-clouds
Which clouds are the highest?	Cirrus family		earth-clouds
Which clouds are low-level?	Stratus, stratocumulus and nimbostratus		earth-clouds
What does cirro- mean?	High, wispy or curly		earth-clouds
What does stratus mean?	Layer or sheet		earth-clouds
What does cumulus mean?	Heap or pile		earth-clouds
What does nimbus mean?	Rain-bearing		earth-clouds
What does alto- mean?	Middle level		earth-clouds
Contrail	A cloud-like trail left behind by a high-flying airplane		earth-clouds
Fog	A cloud that touches the ground		earth-clouds
Mist	A thin fog with tiny water droplets		earth-clouds
Lenticular cloud	A smooth, lens-shaped cloud often near mountains		earth-clouds
Mammatus cloud	Pouch-like bulges on the underside of a cloud		earth-clouds
Noctilucent cloud	Very high thin cloud that glows at twilight		earth-clouds
Anvil cloud	The flat top of a cumulonimbus		earth-clouds
Funnel cloud	A rotating cone of cloud that hasn't touched the ground		earth-clouds
Shelf cloud	Low wedge-shaped cloud at the front of a storm		earth-clouds
Wall cloud	A lowered cloud base under a storm that can produce tornadoes		earth-clouds
How do clouds form?	Rising air cools and water vapor condenses on tiny particles		earth-clouds
What are clouds made of?	Tiny water droplets or ice crystals		earth-clouds
Why do clouds float?	The droplets are so tiny that rising air keeps them up		earth-clouds
Condensation nuclei	Tiny bits of dust or salt that droplets form on		earth-clouds
Cloud cover	How much of the sky is covered by clouds		earth-clouds
Overcast	A sky fully covered by clouds		earth-clouds
Partly cloudy	A sky with some clouds and some blue		earth-clouds
Why are clouds white?	They scatter all colors of sunlight		earth-clouds
Why are storm clouds dark?	They are so thick that little light passes through		earth-clouds
Cumulus humilis	Small, flat fair-weather cumulus		earth-clouds
Cumulus congestus	Tall towering cumulus that can grow into storms		earth-clouds
Mackerel sky	Cirrocumulus or altocumulus that looks like fish scales		earth-clouds
Mares' tails	Long streaks of cirrus clouds		earth-clouds
Halo	A ring of light around the Sun or Moon from ice crystals in thin clouds		earth-clouds
Virga	Rain that evaporates before reaching the ground		earth-clouds
Altitude of high clouds	Above about 6 kilometers		earth-clouds
Altitude of low clouds	Below about 2 kilometers		earth-clouds
Crust	Earth's thin, rocky outer layer		earth-layers-landforms
Mantle	The thick layer of hot rock beneath the crust		earth-layers-landforms
Outer core	A layer of liquid iron and nickel		earth-layers-landforms
Inner core	A solid ball of iron and nickel at Earth's center		earth-layers-landforms
Which Earth layer is thickest?	The mantle		earth-layers-landforms
Which Earth layer is thinnest?	The crust		earth-layers-landforms
Continental crust	The thicker crust that makes up the continents		earth-layers-landforms
Oceanic crust	The thinner, denser crust under the oceans		earth-layers-landforms
Moho	The boundary between the crust and mantle		earth-layers-landforms
Troposphere	The lowest layer of the atmosphere, where weather happens		earth-layers-landforms
Stratosphere	The atmosphere layer above the troposphere, holding the ozone layer		earth-layers-landforms
Mesosphere	The layer where most meteors burn up		earth-layers-landforms
Thermosphere	The layer where auroras happen and the space station orbits		earth-layers-landforms
Exosphere	The outermost atmosphere layer fading into space		earth-layers-landforms
Ozone layer	A layer that absorbs harmful ultraviolet light		earth-layers-landforms
Hydrosphere	All the water on Earth		earth-layers-landforms
Lithosphere	Earth's rigid outer shell		earth-layers-landforms
Biosphere	All living things on Earth		earth-layers-landforms
Atmosphere	The blanket of gases around Earth		earth-layers-landforms
Percent of Earth covered by water, about	71 percent		earth-layers-landforms
Percent of Earth's water that is salty, about	97 percent		earth-layers-landforms
Mountain	A very high landform with steep sides		earth-layers-landforms
Hill	A raised landform lower than a mountain		earth-layers-landforms
Valley	Low land between hills or mountains		earth-layers-landforms
Canyon	A deep valley with steep sides, often cut by a river		earth-layers-landforms
Plateau	A high, flat landform		earth-layers-landforms
Plain	A large flat area of land		earth-layers-landforms
Mesa	A flat-topped hill with steep sides		earth-layers-landforms
Butte	A small, steep-sided hill with a flat top		earth-layers-landforms
Peninsula	Land surrounded by water on three sides		earth-layers-landforms
Island	Land completely surrounded by water		earth-layers-landforms
Isthmus	A narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses		earth-layers-landforms
Archipelago	A group of islands		earth-layers-landforms
Delta	Land built up where a river empties into a larger body of water		earth-layers-landforms
Cape	A point of land that sticks out into water		earth-layers-landforms
Bay	Part of the sea that curves into the land		earth-layers-landforms
Gulf	A large bay		earth-layers-landforms
Strait	A narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water		earth-layers-landforms
Lake	A body of water surrounded by land		earth-layers-landforms
River	A large stream flowing to a lake or sea		earth-layers-landforms
Tributary	A stream that flows into a larger river		earth-layers-landforms
Source of a river	Where a river begins		earth-layers-landforms
Mouth of a river	Where a river ends		earth-layers-landforms
Watershed	The area of land that drains into a river		earth-layers-landforms
Dune	A hill of sand made by wind		earth-layers-landforms
Cave	A natural hollow in rock or ground		earth-layers-landforms
Cliff	A steep rock face		earth-layers-landforms
Glacier	A large, slow-moving river of ice		earth-layers-landforms
Iceberg	A large floating piece of ice broken from a glacier		earth-layers-landforms
Oasis	A fertile spot in the desert with water		earth-layers-landforms
Reef	A ridge of coral or rock near the surface of the sea		earth-layers-landforms
Atoll	A ring-shaped coral island		earth-layers-landforms
Fjord	A long, narrow sea inlet between steep cliffs		earth-layers-landforms
Tundra	A cold treeless plain		earth-layers-landforms
Prairie	A large grassy plain		earth-layers-landforms
Basin	A low area where water collects		earth-layers-landforms
Elevation	Height above sea level		earth-layers-landforms
Topographic map	A map showing the shape and height of land with contour lines		earth-layers-landforms
Contour line	A line on a map connecting points of equal elevation		earth-layers-landforms
Longitude	Distance east or west of the Prime Meridian		earth-layers-landforms
Latitude	Distance north or south of the Equator		earth-layers-landforms
Equator	The imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude around Earth's middle		earth-layers-landforms
Axis	The imaginary line Earth spins around		earth-layers-landforms
Rotation	Earth spinning, one turn each day		earth-layers-landforms
Revolution	Earth traveling around the Sun, one trip each year		earth-layers-landforms
Earth's axial tilt	About 23.5 degrees		earth-layers-landforms
Cause of the seasons	Earth's tilted axis as it orbits the Sun		earth-layers-landforms
Solstice	The day with the most or least daylight in a year		earth-layers-landforms
Equinox	A day when day and night are nearly equal		earth-layers-landforms
Mineral	A natural, solid, nonliving substance with a crystal structure and set chemical makeup		earth-minerals
Luster	How the surface of a mineral reflects light		earth-minerals
Streak	The color of a mineral's powder when rubbed on a plate		earth-minerals
Hardness	How easily a mineral can be scratched		earth-minerals
Mohs scale	A scale of mineral hardness from 1 to 10		earth-minerals
Cleavage	When a mineral breaks along flat surfaces		earth-minerals
Fracture	When a mineral breaks unevenly		earth-minerals
Crystal form	The shape of a mineral's crystals		earth-minerals
Specific gravity	How heavy a mineral is compared to water		earth-minerals
Magnetism	Some minerals, like magnetite, are attracted to a magnet		earth-minerals
Ore	A rock that has enough metal to be worth mining		earth-minerals
Gemstone	A mineral cut and polished for jewelry		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 1	Talc		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 2	Gypsum		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 3	Calcite		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 4	Fluorite		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 5	Apatite		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 6	Orthoclase feldspar		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 7	Quartz		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 8	Topaz		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 9	Corundum		earth-minerals
Mohs hardness 10	Diamond		earth-minerals
Memory trick for the Mohs scale	Talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond		earth-minerals
Softest mineral	Talc		earth-minerals
Hardest natural mineral	Diamond		earth-minerals
Talc	Very soft mineral used to make baby powder		earth-minerals
Gypsum	Soft mineral used for plaster and drywall		earth-minerals
Calcite	Mineral that fizzes in vinegar; makes up limestone		earth-minerals
Quartz	Common hard mineral in sand and granite		earth-minerals
Feldspar	The most common mineral group in Earth's crust		earth-minerals
Mica	Mineral that splits into thin shiny sheets		earth-minerals
Halite	The mineral name for rock salt		earth-minerals
Pyrite	Brassy mineral called fool's gold		earth-minerals
Galena	The main ore of lead		earth-minerals
Hematite	An iron ore with a reddish-brown streak		earth-minerals
Magnetite	A magnetic iron ore		earth-minerals
Bauxite	The main ore of aluminum		earth-minerals
Graphite	Soft carbon mineral used in pencils		earth-minerals
Diamond	Carbon mineral, the hardest natural substance		earth-minerals
Corundum	Mineral that makes rubies and sapphires		earth-minerals
Ruby	A red gem form of corundum		earth-minerals
Sapphire	Usually blue gem form of corundum		earth-minerals
Emerald	A green gem form of beryl		earth-minerals
Amethyst	Purple quartz		earth-minerals
Topaz	A hard gem mineral that comes in many colors		earth-minerals
Garnet	A group of minerals, often deep red		earth-minerals
Opal	A gem with flashing colors, made of silica and water		earth-minerals
Turquoise	A blue-green mineral used in jewelry		earth-minerals
Jade	A green stone used for carvings		earth-minerals
Malachite	A bright green copper mineral		earth-minerals
Fluorite	A mineral that can glow under UV light and comes in many colors		earth-minerals
Sulfur	A yellow mineral element		earth-minerals
Gold	A soft, heavy, valuable native metal		earth-minerals
Native element	A mineral made of just one element, like gold or copper		earth-minerals
Geode	A rock with a hollow filled with crystals		earth-minerals
Stalactite	A mineral formation that hangs from a cave ceiling		earth-minerals
Stalagmite	A mineral formation that rises from a cave floor		earth-minerals
Mineral that your teeth and bones are like	Apatite		earth-minerals
Birthstone for April	Diamond		earth-minerals
Birthstone for January	Garnet		earth-minerals
Birthstone for September	Sapphire		earth-minerals
Plate tectonics	The theory that Earth's outer layer is broken into moving plates		earth-plate-tectonics
Tectonic plate	A large slab of Earth's lithosphere		earth-plate-tectonics
Lithosphere	Earth's rigid outer layer: crust and top of the mantle		earth-plate-tectonics
Asthenosphere	The soft, slowly flowing layer of mantle below the lithosphere		earth-plate-tectonics
Continental drift	The idea that continents slowly move over time		earth-plate-tectonics
Who proposed continental drift in 1912?	Alfred Wegener		earth-plate-tectonics
Pangaea	The supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago		earth-plate-tectonics
Seafloor spreading	New ocean floor forming at mid-ocean ridges and moving outward		earth-plate-tectonics
Mid-ocean ridge	An underwater mountain chain where new crust forms		earth-plate-tectonics
Convergent boundary	Two plates moving toward each other		earth-plate-tectonics
Divergent boundary	Two plates moving apart		earth-plate-tectonics
Transform boundary	Two plates sliding past each other		earth-plate-tectonics
Subduction	One plate sinking beneath another		earth-plate-tectonics
Subduction zone	The place where one plate dives under another		earth-plate-tectonics
Ocean trench	A deep, narrow valley in the seafloor at a subduction zone		earth-plate-tectonics
Mariana Trench	The deepest known ocean trench		earth-plate-tectonics
Rift valley	A valley formed where plates pull apart		earth-plate-tectonics
Fault	A crack in Earth's crust where blocks of rock move		earth-plate-tectonics
San Andreas Fault	A famous transform fault in California		earth-plate-tectonics
Earthquake	Shaking of the ground from sudden release of energy in Earth's crust		earth-plate-tectonics
Focus (hypocenter)	The point underground where an earthquake starts		earth-plate-tectonics
Epicenter	The point on the surface directly above the focus		earth-plate-tectonics
Seismic waves	Vibrations that travel through Earth during an earthquake		earth-plate-tectonics
P waves	Fast seismic waves that arrive first		earth-plate-tectonics
S waves	Slower seismic waves that arrive second		earth-plate-tectonics
Surface waves	Seismic waves that move along the ground and cause the most damage		earth-plate-tectonics
Seismograph	An instrument that records earthquake waves		earth-plate-tectonics
Seismologist	A scientist who studies earthquakes		earth-plate-tectonics
Richter scale	An older scale of earthquake size		earth-plate-tectonics
Moment magnitude scale	The scale scientists now use to measure earthquake size		earth-plate-tectonics
Aftershock	A smaller quake that follows a larger one		earth-plate-tectonics
Tsunami	A giant sea wave usually caused by an undersea earthquake		earth-plate-tectonics
Ring of Fire	A belt of volcanoes and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean		earth-plate-tectonics
Volcano	An opening in Earth's crust where lava, ash and gas escape		earth-plate-tectonics
Vent	An opening where magma comes out of a volcano		earth-plate-tectonics
Crater	A bowl-shaped dip at the top of a volcano		earth-plate-tectonics
Caldera	A large crater formed when a volcano collapses		earth-plate-tectonics
Magma chamber	An underground pool of magma		earth-plate-tectonics
Shield volcano	A wide, gently sloping volcano like those in Hawaii		earth-plate-tectonics
Composite (stratovolcano)	A steep cone built from layers of lava and ash		earth-plate-tectonics
Cinder cone	A small, steep cone of volcanic fragments		earth-plate-tectonics
Active volcano	One that is erupting or may erupt		earth-plate-tectonics
Dormant volcano	A volcano that is quiet but may erupt again		earth-plate-tectonics
Extinct volcano	A volcano that is not expected to erupt again		earth-plate-tectonics
Hot spot	A place deep in the mantle that feeds volcanoes, like Hawaii		earth-plate-tectonics
Pyroclastic flow	A fast cloud of hot gas and ash from a volcano		earth-plate-tectonics
Ash	Tiny rock and glass pieces thrown out by a volcano		earth-plate-tectonics
Mount St. Helens	A volcano in Washington State that erupted in 1980		earth-plate-tectonics
Mauna Loa	A huge shield volcano in Hawaii		earth-plate-tectonics
Mount Vesuvius	The volcano that buried Pompeii in the year 79		earth-plate-tectonics
Geyser	A hot spring that shoots water into the air		earth-plate-tectonics
Old Faithful	A famous geyser in Yellowstone National Park		earth-plate-tectonics
Fold mountains	Mountains formed when plates push together and crumple rock		earth-plate-tectonics
Himalayas	Mountains formed where India's plate pushes into Asia's		earth-plate-tectonics
Convection currents	Slow movements of hot mantle rock that help move the plates		earth-plate-tectonics
Evidence for drift: fossils	The same fossils appear on continents now far apart		earth-plate-tectonics
Evidence for drift: coastlines	South America and Africa fit together like puzzle pieces		earth-plate-tectonics
How fast do plates move?	A few centimeters a year, about as fast as fingernails grow		earth-plate-tectonics
Strike-slip fault	A fault where blocks slide sideways past each other		earth-plate-tectonics
Rock	A solid natural material made of one or more minerals		earth-rocks
Igneous rock	Rock formed when melted rock cools and hardens		earth-rocks
Sedimentary rock	Rock formed when sediments are pressed and cemented together		earth-rocks
Metamorphic rock	Rock changed by heat and pressure		earth-rocks
Magma	Melted rock beneath the surface		earth-rocks
Lava	Melted rock that has reached the surface		earth-rocks
Intrusive igneous rock	Igneous rock that cooled slowly underground, with large crystals		earth-rocks
Extrusive igneous rock	Igneous rock that cooled quickly at the surface, with small crystals		earth-rocks
Granite	A light-colored intrusive igneous rock with visible crystals		earth-rocks
Basalt	A dark, fine-grained extrusive igneous rock		earth-rocks
Obsidian	Natural volcanic glass		earth-rocks
Pumice	A light igneous rock full of holes that can float		earth-rocks
Rhyolite	An extrusive rock with the same makeup as granite		earth-rocks
Gabbro	A dark intrusive igneous rock		earth-rocks
Sandstone	Sedimentary rock made of cemented sand grains		earth-rocks
Limestone	Sedimentary rock made mostly of calcium carbonate		earth-rocks
Shale	Sedimentary rock made of compacted clay and mud		earth-rocks
Conglomerate	Sedimentary rock with rounded pebbles cemented in it		earth-rocks
Breccia	Sedimentary rock with angular fragments cemented together		earth-rocks
Coal	A sedimentary rock made from ancient plants		earth-rocks
Chalk	A soft, white form of limestone		earth-rocks
Marble	Metamorphic rock formed from limestone		earth-rocks
Slate	Metamorphic rock formed from shale; splits into flat sheets		earth-rocks
Quartzite	Metamorphic rock formed from sandstone		earth-rocks
Gneiss	A banded metamorphic rock formed from granite or similar rocks		earth-rocks
Schist	Metamorphic rock that shines with mica flakes		earth-rocks
Phyllite	Metamorphic rock between slate and schist		earth-rocks
Weathering	Breaking down of rock by wind, water, ice or plants		earth-rocks
Erosion	Moving of weathered material from one place to another		earth-rocks
Deposition	Dropping of sediments in a new place		earth-rocks
Sediment	Small pieces of rock, shell or soil moved by water, wind or ice		earth-rocks
Compaction	Pressing sediments together under weight		earth-rocks
Cementation	Minerals gluing sediments together		earth-rocks
Lithification	The process that turns sediment into rock		earth-rocks
Rock cycle	The never-ending change of rocks from one type to another		earth-rocks
Foliated	Having layers or bands, as in some metamorphic rocks		earth-rocks
Crystal	A solid with atoms arranged in a repeating pattern		earth-rocks
Fossil	The preserved remains or traces of ancient life		earth-rocks
Which rock type usually contains fossils?	Sedimentary		earth-rocks
Strata	Layers of sedimentary rock		earth-rocks
Law of superposition	In undisturbed layers, the oldest rock is at the bottom		earth-rocks
Core sample	A tube of rock or ice pulled from the ground for study		earth-rocks
Geologist	A scientist who studies Earth and its rocks		earth-rocks
Petrologist	A scientist who studies rocks		earth-rocks
Soil	A mix of weathered rock, organic matter, water and air		earth-rocks
Humus	Dark, rich decayed plant and animal matter in soil		earth-rocks
Topsoil	The top soil layer, rich in nutrients		earth-rocks
Bedrock	Solid rock beneath soil		earth-rocks
Clay	The smallest soil particles		earth-rocks
Silt	Soil particles of medium size		earth-rocks
Sand	Soil particles larger than silt and smaller than gravel		earth-rocks
Loam	A balanced soil of sand, silt and clay		earth-rocks
Frost wedging	Water freezing in cracks and splitting rock		earth-rocks
Chemical weathering	Rock changed by chemical reactions, like rusting		earth-rocks
Physical (mechanical) weathering	Rock broken into smaller pieces without chemical change		earth-rocks
Delta	Sediment fan built where a river meets a larger body of water		earth-rocks
Glacier	A large moving mass of ice that carves the land		earth-rocks
Rock that forms from lava cooling	Igneous		earth-rocks
Rock that forms from heat and pressure on other rocks	Metamorphic		earth-rocks
Rock that forms in layers	Sedimentary		earth-rocks
Water cycle	The continuous movement of water between Earth and the air		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Evaporation	Liquid water heated by the Sun turns into vapor		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Transpiration	Plants releasing water vapor from their leaves		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Condensation	Water vapor cools and forms tiny droplets, making clouds		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Precipitation	Water falling as rain, snow, sleet or hail		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Collection	Water gathering in oceans, lakes, rivers and underground		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Runoff	Water flowing over the land into streams and rivers		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Groundwater	Water stored underground in soil and rock		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Aquifer	An underground layer of rock that holds water		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Water table	The top of the groundwater		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Infiltration	Water soaking into the ground		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Surface water	Water in rivers, lakes and streams		earth-water-cycle-oceans
What gives energy to the water cycle?	The Sun		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Freshwater	Water with very little salt		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Saltwater	Water with lots of dissolved salt		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Percent of Earth's water that is fresh, about	3 percent		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Where is most of Earth's fresh water stored?	In glaciers and ice caps		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Five oceans	Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Largest ocean	Pacific		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Smallest ocean	Arctic		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Deepest known point in the ocean	Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Salinity	How salty water is		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Average salinity of seawater	About 3.5 percent		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Tide	The daily rise and fall of sea level		earth-water-cycle-oceans
What causes tides?	The pull of the Moon's and Sun's gravity		earth-water-cycle-oceans
High tide	When the water reaches its highest level		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Low tide	When the water reaches its lowest level		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Spring tide	A tide with the biggest range, at new and full moon		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Neap tide	A tide with the smallest range, at quarter moons		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Wave	Energy moving through water		earth-water-cycle-oceans
What makes most ocean waves?	Wind		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Current	A steady flow of water in the ocean		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Gulf Stream	A warm current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico up the US coast		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Upwelling	Cold, nutrient-rich water rising to the surface		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Continental shelf	The shallow part of the seafloor near a continent		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Continental slope	The steep drop from the shelf to the deep ocean		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Abyssal plain	The flat deep ocean floor		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Seamount	An underwater mountain		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Sunlight zone	The top layer of the ocean where light reaches		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Twilight zone	The ocean layer with dim light, about 200 to 1,000 meters deep		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Midnight zone	The deep ocean layer with no sunlight		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Hadal zone	The deepest ocean zone, in trenches		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Oceanography	The study of the ocean		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Sonar	Uses sound to map the seafloor		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Submersible	A small underwater vehicle for deep dives		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Hydrothermal vent	A crack in the seafloor that spews hot water		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Coral reef	An ocean ecosystem built by tiny coral animals		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Mangrove	A tree that grows in salty coastal water		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Plankton	Tiny life that drifts in the ocean		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Kelp forest	A large underwater forest of giant seaweed		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Why is seawater not good to drink?	It has too much salt for our bodies		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Desalination	Removing salt from seawater		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Water pollution	Harmful substances in water		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Oil spill	Oil leaking into the sea, hurting wildlife		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Ocean acidification	The ocean becoming more acidic as it absorbs carbon dioxide		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Coastal erosion	Waves wearing away the shoreline		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Wetland	Land soaked with water, like a marsh or swamp		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Why are wetlands important?	They filter water and shelter many animals		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Reservoir	A man-made lake that stores water		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Dam	A wall built across a river to hold water		earth-water-cycle-oceans
Weather	What the air outside is like at a certain time and place		earth-weather
Climate	The average weather of a place over many years		earth-weather
Meteorologist	A scientist who studies and forecasts weather		earth-weather
Atmosphere	The layer of gases around Earth		earth-weather
Temperature	How hot or cold something is		earth-weather
Humidity	The amount of water vapor in the air		earth-weather
Precipitation	Water falling from clouds: rain, snow, sleet or hail		earth-weather
Rain	Liquid water drops falling from clouds		earth-weather
Snow	Ice crystals that fall in flakes		earth-weather
Sleet	Frozen raindrops		earth-weather
Hail	Balls of ice that fall from thunderstorms		earth-weather
Freezing rain	Rain that freezes on contact with cold surfaces		earth-weather
Fog	A cloud at ground level		earth-weather
Dew	Water droplets that condense on cool surfaces overnight		earth-weather
Frost	Ice crystals on surfaces below freezing		earth-weather
Wind	Moving air		earth-weather
Air pressure	The weight of air pressing on the surface		earth-weather
High pressure	Usually brings clear, calm weather		earth-weather
Low pressure	Usually brings clouds and storms		earth-weather
Front	The boundary between two air masses		earth-weather
Cold front	Cold air pushes under warm air, often bringing storms		earth-weather
Warm front	Warm air slides over cold air, often bringing steady rain		earth-weather
Stationary front	A front that stays in the same place		earth-weather
Air mass	A large body of air with similar temperature and moisture		earth-weather
Thunderstorm	A storm with thunder, lightning and heavy rain		earth-weather
Lightning	A giant spark of electricity in the sky		earth-weather
Thunder	The sound made by lightning heating the air		earth-weather
Tornado	A rotating column of air that touches the ground		earth-weather
Hurricane	A huge tropical storm with strong winds		earth-weather
Typhoon	Name for a hurricane in the western Pacific		earth-weather
Cyclone	Name for a hurricane in the Indian Ocean		earth-weather
Blizzard	A snowstorm with strong wind and low visibility		earth-weather
Drought	A long time with little rain		earth-weather
Flood	Water covering land that is usually dry		earth-weather
Heat wave	A long period of unusually hot weather		earth-weather
Monsoon	A seasonal wind that brings heavy rains		earth-weather
Tropical storm	A storm with winds of 39 to 73 miles per hour		earth-weather
Eye of a hurricane	The calm center		earth-weather
Storm surge	A rise of sea water pushed ashore by a storm		earth-weather
Water cycle	Water moving through evaporation, condensation and precipitation		earth-weather
Evaporation	Liquid water turning into vapor		earth-weather
Condensation	Water vapor turning into liquid		earth-weather
Dew point	The temperature at which air becomes saturated and dew forms		earth-weather
Forecast	A prediction of future weather		earth-weather
Thermometer	Measures temperature		earth-weather
Barometer	Measures air pressure		earth-weather
Anemometer	Measures wind speed		earth-weather
Wind vane	Shows wind direction		earth-weather
Rain gauge	Measures rainfall		earth-weather
Hygrometer	Measures humidity		earth-weather
Weather balloon	A balloon carrying instruments up into the air		earth-weather
Doppler radar	Radar that detects rain and storm movement		earth-weather
Satellite	A spacecraft that photographs clouds and weather from above		earth-weather
Beaufort scale	A scale for describing wind strength		earth-weather
Saffir-Simpson scale	Rates hurricanes from category 1 to 5		earth-weather
Enhanced Fujita scale	Rates tornado damage from EF0 to EF5		earth-weather
Celsius	A temperature scale where water freezes at 0 and boils at 100		earth-weather
Fahrenheit	A temperature scale where water freezes at 32 and boils at 212		earth-weather
Jet stream	A fast narrow current of wind high in the atmosphere		earth-weather
Coriolis effect	The turning of winds and currents caused by Earth's rotation		earth-weather
El Nino	A pattern of warmer than normal Pacific Ocean water that changes weather worldwide		earth-weather
Rainbow	Arc of colors made when sunlight passes through water drops		earth-weather
Microclimate	The climate of a small area that differs from nearby areas		earth-weather
Lake-effect snow	Snow made when cold air passes over warm lake water		earth-weather
Environment	Everything around a living thing		environmental-science
Natural resource	A material from nature that people use		environmental-science
Renewable resource	A resource that can be replaced naturally, like sunlight and wind		environmental-science
Nonrenewable resource	A resource that cannot be replaced quickly, like oil		environmental-science
Conservation	Protecting and using resources wisely		environmental-science
Reduce, reuse, recycle	Use less, use things again, make new things from old ones		environmental-science
Recycling	Turning used materials into new products		environmental-science
Compost	Decayed food and plant waste that enriches soil		environmental-science
Landfill	A place where trash is buried		environmental-science
Biodegradable	Able to be broken down by living things		environmental-science
Pollution	Harmful materials added to air, water or land		environmental-science
Air pollution	Harmful gases and particles in the air		environmental-science
Water pollution	Harmful substances in water		environmental-science
Soil pollution	Harmful chemicals in the ground		environmental-science
Noise pollution	Loud sounds that harm health or wildlife		environmental-science
Light pollution	Too much artificial light at night		environmental-science
Smog	Smoky fog caused by air pollution		environmental-science
Acid rain	Rain made acidic by pollution		environmental-science
Ozone layer	Layer high in the air that blocks harmful UV rays		environmental-science
Greenhouse effect	Gases in the air trapping heat near Earth		environmental-science
Greenhouse gases	Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor		environmental-science
Global warming	The rise in Earth's average temperature		environmental-science
Climate change	Long-term change in Earth's weather patterns		environmental-science
Fossil fuels	Coal, oil and natural gas		environmental-science
Carbon footprint	The amount of carbon dioxide caused by a person or activity		environmental-science
Deforestation	Cutting down large areas of forest		environmental-science
Reforestation	Planting trees again		environmental-science
Habitat loss	When animals lose their natural homes		environmental-science
Endangered species	A species at risk of dying out		environmental-science
Extinction	When a species dies out completely		environmental-science
Biodiversity	The variety of life in a place		environmental-science
Invasive species	A species that spreads and harms its new home		environmental-science
Overfishing	Catching fish faster than they can be replaced		environmental-science
Overpopulation	Too many people or animals for resources to support		environmental-science
Erosion	Soil carried away by wind or water		environmental-science
Desertification	Land turning into desert		environmental-science
Drought	A long time without much rain		environmental-science
Water conservation	Using water carefully		environmental-science
Watershed	Land area that drains to a river or lake		environmental-science
Oil spill	Oil leaking into water, harming wildlife		environmental-science
Plastic pollution	Plastic trash in land and oceans		environmental-science
Microplastics	Tiny pieces of plastic less than 5 millimeters		environmental-science
Single-use plastic	Plastic items thrown away after one use		environmental-science
Sustainable	Meeting needs without using up resources for the future		environmental-science
Renewable energy	Energy from sources like sun, wind and water		environmental-science
Solar power	Electricity from sunlight		environmental-science
Wind power	Electricity from wind turbines		environmental-science
Hydropower	Electricity from moving water		environmental-science
Geothermal energy	Heat from within the Earth		environmental-science
Energy efficiency	Using less energy for the same job		environmental-science
Organic farming	Growing food without synthetic chemicals		environmental-science
Pesticide	A chemical that kills pests		environmental-science
Fertilizer	Material added to soil to help plants grow		environmental-science
Runoff	Rain or irrigation water that flows over land carrying pollutants		environmental-science
Eutrophication	Too many nutrients in water causing algae to take over		environmental-science
Wetlands	Land covered with shallow water that cleans water and shelters wildlife		environmental-science
National park	Protected land for nature and people to enjoy		environmental-science
Wildlife refuge	A protected area for wildlife		environmental-science
Who created National Parks in the US?	Congress; Yellowstone became the first in 1872		environmental-science
Earth Day	April 22, a day to protect the environment		environmental-science
EPA	The US Environmental Protection Agency, founded in 1970		environmental-science
Rachel Carson	Wrote Silent Spring in 1962, about pesticides		environmental-science
Ecosystem services	Free benefits nature gives us, like clean water and pollination		environmental-science
Pollinator	An animal that helps plants make seeds, like bees		environmental-science
Food miles	How far food travels before you eat it		environmental-science
Food waste	Edible food that gets thrown away		environmental-science
Green roof	A roof covered with plants		environmental-science
Electric vehicle	A vehicle powered by electricity instead of gasoline		environmental-science
Public transportation	Buses and trains that carry many people		environmental-science
Zero waste	Trying to send nothing to landfill		environmental-science
Ecological footprint	How much of Earth's resources a person uses		environmental-science
Blue whale	The largest animal ever known; eats tiny krill		ocean-life
Humpback whale	A whale famous for songs and breaching		ocean-life
Orca (killer whale)	A large black and white dolphin that hunts in pods		ocean-life
Sperm whale	The largest toothed whale; dives very deep		ocean-life
Beluga whale	A small white whale of Arctic waters		ocean-life
Narwhal	A whale with a long spiral tusk		ocean-life
Dolphin	A smart, social marine mammal that uses echolocation		ocean-life
Porpoise	A small relative of dolphins with a blunt snout		ocean-life
Manatee	A gentle, slow marine mammal that eats plants		ocean-life
Sea otter	A mammal that floats on its back and uses tools to crack shells		ocean-life
Walrus	A large Arctic mammal with tusks		ocean-life
Seal	A marine mammal with flippers and no external ear flaps in true seals		ocean-life
Sea lion	A marine mammal with ear flaps and large front flippers		ocean-life
Polar bear	An Arctic marine mammal that hunts on sea ice		ocean-life
Great white shark	A large predator shark		ocean-life
Whale shark	The largest fish; eats plankton		ocean-life
Hammerhead shark	A shark with a wide, flat head		ocean-life
Manta ray	A giant, wing-like filter feeder		ocean-life
Stingray	A flat fish with a stinging barb on its tail		ocean-life
Clownfish	An orange and white fish that lives among anemones		ocean-life
Seahorse	A fish where the male carries the babies		ocean-life
Pufferfish	A fish that swells with water when threatened		ocean-life
Swordfish	A fast fish with a long flat bill		ocean-life
Tuna	A fast, strong fish important for food		ocean-life
Salmon	A fish that swims from the sea up rivers to spawn		ocean-life
Eel	A long, snake-like fish		ocean-life
Anglerfish	A deep-sea fish with a glowing lure		ocean-life
Flying fish	A fish that glides above the water		ocean-life
Jellyfish	A soft sea animal with stinging tentacles, no brain or heart		ocean-life
Octopus	A smart mollusk with eight arms		ocean-life
Squid	A mollusk with eight arms and two long tentacles		ocean-life
Giant squid	A deep-sea squid with the largest eyes in the animal world		ocean-life
Cuttlefish	A relative of squid that changes color quickly		ocean-life
Nautilus	A shelled cephalopod with a spiral shell		ocean-life
Starfish (sea star)	A spiny-skinned animal with arms		ocean-life
Sea urchin	A spiny round animal		ocean-life
Sea cucumber	A soft, sausage-shaped animal on the seafloor		ocean-life
Crab	A crustacean with claws and a hard shell		ocean-life
Lobster	A large crustacean with big claws		ocean-life
Shrimp	A small crustacean with a curved body		ocean-life
Krill	Tiny shrimp-like animals eaten by whales		ocean-life
Barnacle	A crustacean that sticks to rocks and boats		ocean-life
Hermit crab	A crab that lives inside a borrowed shell		ocean-life
Sea turtle	A reptile that lives in the ocean and lays eggs on beaches		ocean-life
Sea snake	A venomous snake adapted to the sea		ocean-life
Marine iguana	A lizard that feeds on algae in the sea, found in the Galapagos		ocean-life
Penguin	A flightless bird that swims		ocean-life
Albatross	A seabird with a very long wingspan		ocean-life
Pelican	A seabird with a throat pouch		ocean-life
Coral	A tiny animal that builds a hard skeleton, forming reefs		ocean-life
Sponge	A simple animal that filters water		ocean-life
Sea anemone	A soft animal with stinging tentacles		ocean-life
Seaweed	Algae that grows in the sea		ocean-life
Kelp	A large brown seaweed that forms forests		ocean-life
Plankton	Tiny living things that drift in the sea		ocean-life
Mollusk examples	Clams, snails, oysters and octopuses		ocean-life
Great Barrier Reef	The world's largest coral reef system, off Australia		ocean-life
Bioluminescence	Light made by living things, as in jellyfish and anglerfish		ocean-life
Pod	A group of whales or dolphins		ocean-life
School	A group of fish		ocean-life
Baleen	Plates in some whales' mouths that filter food		ocean-life
Blowhole	The nostril on top of a whale's head		ocean-life
Echolocation	Using sound echoes to find prey		ocean-life
Gills	Organs fish use to get oxygen from water		ocean-life
Fins	Body parts that help fish steer and balance		ocean-life
Ink	A dark fluid octopuses squirt to hide		ocean-life
Tide pool	A pocket of water left behind on a rocky shore at low tide		ocean-life
Intertidal zone	The shore area between high and low tide		ocean-life
Deep sea	The dark, cold part of the ocean far below the surface		ocean-life
Mariana Trench	The deepest place in the ocean		ocean-life
Food chain in the sea	Phytoplankton, zooplankton, small fish, larger fish and sharks or whales		ocean-life
Overfishing	Catching fish faster than they can reproduce		ocean-life
Electric charge	A property of matter that can be positive or negative		phys-electricity-magnetism
Like charges	Repel each other		phys-electricity-magnetism
Opposite charges	Attract each other		phys-electricity-magnetism
Proton charge	Positive		phys-electricity-magnetism
Electron charge	Negative		phys-electricity-magnetism
Neutron charge	None; neutral		phys-electricity-magnetism
Static electricity	Charge that builds up on an object		phys-electricity-magnetism
Example of static electricity	A balloon sticking to your hair after rubbing		phys-electricity-magnetism
Lightning	A huge spark of static electricity in clouds		phys-electricity-magnetism
Current	The flow of electric charge		phys-electricity-magnetism
Voltage	The push that moves charge in a circuit		phys-electricity-magnetism
Resistance	How much a material resists current		phys-electricity-magnetism
Circuit	A complete path for electricity		phys-electricity-magnetism
Open circuit	A circuit with a break, so no current flows		phys-electricity-magnetism
Closed circuit	A complete loop where current flows		phys-electricity-magnetism
Series circuit	Parts connected in one path; if one breaks all stop		phys-electricity-magnetism
Parallel circuit	Parts connected on separate paths; if one breaks others keep working		phys-electricity-magnetism
Switch	A device that opens or closes a circuit		phys-electricity-magnetism
Battery	A source that provides electrical energy from chemical reactions		phys-electricity-magnetism
Cell	One unit of a battery		phys-electricity-magnetism
Wire	A thin strand of metal that carries current		phys-electricity-magnetism
Conductor	A material that lets current flow easily		phys-electricity-magnetism
Insulator	A material that blocks current		phys-electricity-magnetism
Examples of conductors	Copper, silver, aluminum and water with salt		phys-electricity-magnetism
Examples of insulators	Rubber, plastic, glass and wood		phys-electricity-magnetism
Fuse	A safety part that melts and breaks the circuit if the current is too high		phys-electricity-magnetism
Circuit breaker	A switch that shuts off a circuit when it carries too much current		phys-electricity-magnetism
Ground	A path that carries extra current safely into the Earth		phys-electricity-magnetism
Alternating current (AC)	Current that changes direction back and forth; used in homes		phys-electricity-magnetism
Direct current (DC)	Current that flows one way; from batteries		phys-electricity-magnetism
Generator	A device that turns motion into electricity		phys-electricity-magnetism
Transformer	A device that changes the voltage of AC		phys-electricity-magnetism
Resistor	A part that limits the current in a circuit		phys-electricity-magnetism
Capacitor	A part that stores electric charge		phys-electricity-magnetism
Diode	A part that lets current flow one way		phys-electricity-magnetism
Transistor	A tiny switch or amplifier in electronics		phys-electricity-magnetism
Semiconductor	A material, like silicon, that conducts better than an insulator but less than a metal		phys-electricity-magnetism
Magnet	An object that attracts iron and has a north and south pole		phys-electricity-magnetism
Magnetic pole	The end of a magnet where force is strongest		phys-electricity-magnetism
Like poles	Repel		phys-electricity-magnetism
Opposite poles	Attract		phys-electricity-magnetism
Magnetic field	The region around a magnet where its force acts		phys-electricity-magnetism
Magnetic materials	Iron, nickel and cobalt		phys-electricity-magnetism
Compass	Needle magnet that points to Earth's magnetic north		phys-electricity-magnetism
Earth's magnetic field	Produced by moving molten iron in the outer core		phys-electricity-magnetism
Electromagnet	A magnet made by running current through a coil, often around an iron core		phys-electricity-magnetism
Electromagnetic induction	Making current by changing a magnetic field near a wire		phys-electricity-magnetism
Who discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831?	Michael Faraday		phys-electricity-magnetism
Who showed in 1820 that electric current creates a magnetic field?	Hans Christian Oersted		phys-electricity-magnetism
Who flew a kite in a storm in a famous experiment?	Benjamin Franklin		phys-electricity-magnetism
Who invented the practical light bulb in 1879?	Thomas Edison		phys-electricity-magnetism
Who built the first battery around 1800?	Alessandro Volta		phys-electricity-magnetism
Aurora	Glowing lights where charged particles from the Sun hit Earth's atmosphere near the poles		phys-electricity-magnetism
Electric motor	A device that turns electricity into motion		phys-electricity-magnetism
Solenoid	A coil of wire that makes a magnetic field when current flows		phys-electricity-magnetism
Short circuit	An unplanned path with low resistance that can cause too much current		phys-electricity-magnetism
Why should you never put a fork in a socket?	Metal conducts electricity and can cause serious harm		phys-electricity-magnetism
Staying safe in a storm	Go indoors and stay away from windows and water		phys-electricity-magnetism
Why are power lines high up?	To keep the dangerous electricity away from people		phys-electricity-magnetism
Energy	The ability to cause change or do work		phys-energy
Kinetic energy	Energy of movement		phys-energy
Potential energy	Stored energy		phys-energy
Mechanical energy	Kinetic plus potential energy of an object		phys-energy
Chemical energy	Energy stored in food, fuel and batteries		phys-energy
Electrical energy	Energy of moving electric charges		phys-energy
Thermal energy	Energy of moving particles; felt as heat		phys-energy
Light (radiant) energy	Energy carried by electromagnetic waves		phys-energy
Sound energy	Energy carried by vibrations		phys-energy
Nuclear energy	Energy stored in an atom's nucleus		phys-energy
Elastic energy	Energy stored in a stretched rubber band or spring		phys-energy
Gravitational energy	Energy stored by an object that is high up		phys-energy
Energy change in a lamp	Electrical to light and heat		phys-energy
Energy change in a toaster	Electrical to heat		phys-energy
Energy change in a car engine	Chemical to thermal to motion		phys-energy
Energy change in a solar cell	Light to electrical		phys-energy
Energy change in a battery	Chemical to electrical		phys-energy
Energy change in a microphone	Sound to electrical		phys-energy
Energy change in a speaker	Electrical to sound		phys-energy
Energy change in a plant	Light to chemical		phys-energy
Energy change in a falling ball	Potential to kinetic		phys-energy
Energy change in rubbing hands	Motion to heat		phys-energy
Energy change in a hydroelectric dam	Gravitational potential to kinetic to electrical		phys-energy
Renewable energy	Energy from sources that can be replaced naturally		phys-energy
Nonrenewable energy	Energy from sources that cannot be replaced soon		phys-energy
Fossil fuels	Coal, oil and natural gas made from ancient living things		phys-energy
Coal	A solid fossil fuel made from ancient plants		phys-energy
Petroleum	Liquid fossil fuel also called crude oil		phys-energy
Natural gas	Fossil fuel made mostly of methane		phys-energy
Solar energy	Energy from the Sun		phys-energy
Wind energy	Energy from moving air that turns turbines		phys-energy
Hydroelectric power	Electricity from moving water		phys-energy
Geothermal energy	Heat from inside the Earth		phys-energy
Biomass	Energy from burning plants or waste		phys-energy
Biofuel	Fuel made from plants, like ethanol		phys-energy
Tidal energy	Energy from the rise and fall of ocean tides		phys-energy
Nuclear power	Electricity from splitting atoms in a reactor		phys-energy
Uranium	The fuel used in most nuclear plants		phys-energy
Photovoltaic cell	A solar cell that makes electricity from light		phys-energy
Turbine	A wheel that spins to run a generator		phys-energy
Generator	A machine that turns motion into electricity		phys-energy
Power plant	A facility that makes electricity		phys-energy
Energy conservation	Using less energy		phys-energy
Energy efficiency	Getting the same job done using less energy		phys-energy
Greenhouse gas	A gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide		phys-energy
Sun's energy source	Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium		phys-energy
Law of conservation of energy	Energy is never made or destroyed, only changed		phys-energy
Where does most of Earth's energy come from?	The Sun		phys-energy
Joule	The unit of energy		phys-energy
Watt	A rate of energy use, one joule per second		phys-energy
Kilowatt-hour	A unit of electrical energy used on a power bill		phys-energy
Calorie	A unit of energy in food (the Calorie on labels is 1,000 small calories)		phys-energy
Grid	The network that delivers electricity to homes		phys-energy
Battery	Stores chemical energy and gives electrical energy		phys-energy
Fuel cell	A device that makes electricity from a reaction such as hydrogen with oxygen		phys-energy
Wasted energy	Energy that ends up as unwanted heat		phys-energy
Insulation	Material that slows heat loss		phys-energy
LED	A light bulb that uses much less energy than an old incandescent bulb		phys-energy
Passive solar	Using building design to gather the Sun's heat		phys-energy
Smart meter	A meter that tracks electricity use in detail		phys-energy
What is a force?	A push or a pull		phys-forces-motion
What unit measures force?	The newton		phys-forces-motion
What force pulls objects toward Earth?	Gravity		phys-forces-motion
What does friction do?	Slows or stops objects that slide against each other		phys-forces-motion
Which surface has more friction, ice or sandpaper?	Sandpaper		phys-forces-motion
How can you reduce friction?	Use oil, wheels or a smooth surface		phys-forces-motion
Types of friction	Static, sliding, rolling and fluid		phys-forces-motion
Static friction	Friction that keeps a resting object from moving		phys-forces-motion
Sliding friction	Friction between surfaces sliding over each other		phys-forces-motion
Rolling friction	Friction when an object rolls; usually smaller than sliding		phys-forces-motion
Air resistance	A force that slows things moving through air		phys-forces-motion
Magnetic force	A push or pull between magnets		phys-forces-motion
Normal force	The push of a surface upward on an object resting on it		phys-forces-motion
Tension	A pulling force through a rope or string		phys-forces-motion
Applied force	A force given to an object by a person or thing		phys-forces-motion
Buoyant force	The upward push of water on an object		phys-forces-motion
Why does a feather fall slower than a rock in air?	Air resistance affects it more		phys-forces-motion
Would a feather and a hammer fall together on the Moon?	Yes, with no air they fall at the same rate; astronaut David Scott showed this in 1971		phys-forces-motion
Mass vs weight	Mass is the amount of matter; weight is the pull of gravity on it		phys-forces-motion
Is your mass different on the Moon?	No; your weight is, because gravity is weaker		phys-forces-motion
How much is gravity on the Moon compared to Earth?	About one-sixth		phys-forces-motion
Balanced forces	Forces equal and opposite; no change in motion		phys-forces-motion
Unbalanced forces	Forces that change an object's motion		phys-forces-motion
Inertia	The tendency of objects to keep doing what they're doing		phys-forces-motion
Why do you lurch forward when a car brakes?	Your body's inertia keeps it moving forward		phys-forces-motion
Newton's first law in short	Objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion unless a force acts		phys-forces-motion
Newton's second law in short	More force means more acceleration; more mass means less		phys-forces-motion
Newton's third law in short	Every action has an equal and opposite reaction		phys-forces-motion
Example of Newton's third law	A rocket pushes gas down and the gas pushes the rocket up		phys-forces-motion
Speed	How fast something moves		phys-forces-motion
Velocity	Speed with a direction		phys-forces-motion
Acceleration	Changing speed or direction		phys-forces-motion
Is a car turning at constant speed accelerating?	Yes, because its direction is changing		phys-forces-motion
Free fall	Falling with only gravity acting		phys-forces-motion
How fast do falling objects accelerate on Earth?	About 9.8 meters per second every second		phys-forces-motion
Terminal velocity	The top speed of a falling object when air resistance balances weight		phys-forces-motion
Projectile	An object launched and moving through the air		phys-forces-motion
Momentum	How hard it is to stop a moving object: mass times velocity		phys-forces-motion
Collision	When two objects hit each other		phys-forces-motion
Elastic collision	Objects bounce and kinetic energy is kept		phys-forces-motion
Inelastic collision	Objects crumple or stick together and some energy changes form		phys-forces-motion
Centripetal force	A force pulling toward the center of a circular path		phys-forces-motion
Centrifugal force	The feeling of being pushed outward in a turn; really inertia		phys-forces-motion
Orbit	The curved path of one object around another due to gravity		phys-forces-motion
Why do planets stay in orbit?	Gravity pulls them toward the Sun while their motion carries them forward		phys-forces-motion
Who described the law of gravity in the 1600s?	Isaac Newton		phys-forces-motion
Who showed that objects of different mass fall at the same rate in a vacuum?	Galileo's ideas led there; later experiments confirmed it		phys-forces-motion
Seat belts protect people by	Slowing the body gradually and holding it in place		phys-forces-motion
Airbags work by	Spreading force over a longer time		phys-forces-motion
Pressure	Force spread over an area		phys-forces-motion
Why do snowshoes help you walk on snow?	They spread weight over a larger area		phys-forces-motion
Torque	A force that causes turning		phys-forces-motion
Equilibrium	A state in which forces are balanced		phys-forces-motion
Speed formula	Speed = distance divided by time		phys-forces-motion
If you travel 100 km in 2 hours, your average speed is	50 km per hour		phys-forces-motion
Reference point	A place or object used to describe an object's position		phys-forces-motion
Newton's first law	An object stays at rest or in steady motion unless acted on by a net force		phys-laws-formulas
Newton's second law	F = m x a		phys-laws-formulas
Newton's third law	For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction		phys-laws-formulas
Speed	speed = distance / time		phys-laws-formulas
Acceleration	a = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time		phys-laws-formulas
Weight	W = m x g		phys-laws-formulas
Momentum	p = m x v		phys-laws-formulas
Work	W = F x d		phys-laws-formulas
Power	P = W / t		phys-laws-formulas
Kinetic energy	KE = 1/2 m v squared		phys-laws-formulas
Gravitational potential energy	PE = m x g x h		phys-laws-formulas
Density	density = mass / volume		phys-laws-formulas
Pressure	P = F / A		phys-laws-formulas
Ohm's law	V = I x R		phys-laws-formulas
Electric power	P = I x V		phys-laws-formulas
Wave speed	v = f x wavelength		phys-laws-formulas
Frequency and period	f = 1 / T		phys-laws-formulas
Universal gravitation	F = G m1 m2 / r squared		phys-laws-formulas
Einstein's mass-energy equivalence	E = m c squared		phys-laws-formulas
Law of conservation of energy	Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form		phys-laws-formulas
Law of conservation of momentum	Total momentum stays the same in a closed system		phys-laws-formulas
Hooke's law	The force of a spring is proportional to how far it is stretched: F = kx		phys-laws-formulas
Archimedes' principle	The buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced		phys-laws-formulas
Pascal's principle	Pressure applied to a confined fluid is passed on equally		phys-laws-formulas
Bernoulli's principle	Faster-moving fluid has lower pressure		phys-laws-formulas
Boyle's law	At constant temperature, gas pressure goes down as volume goes up		phys-laws-formulas
Charles's law	At constant pressure, gas volume goes up as temperature goes up		phys-laws-formulas
Snell's law	Describes how light bends when it passes between materials		phys-laws-formulas
Law of reflection	The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection		phys-laws-formulas
Coulomb's law	Electric force depends on charges and on distance squared		phys-laws-formulas
First law of thermodynamics	Energy is conserved; heat and work change internal energy		phys-laws-formulas
Second law of thermodynamics	Heat flows from hot to cold, and entropy tends to increase		phys-laws-formulas
Third law of thermodynamics	A system cannot be cooled to absolute zero in a finite number of steps		phys-laws-formulas
Kepler's first law	Planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus		phys-laws-formulas
Kepler's second law	A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times		phys-laws-formulas
Kepler's third law	A planet's orbital period squared is proportional to its distance cubed		phys-laws-formulas
Centripetal acceleration	a = v squared / r		phys-laws-formulas
Average velocity	(final position - starting position) / time		phys-laws-formulas
Distance at constant acceleration from rest	d = 1/2 a t squared		phys-laws-formulas
Final speed from rest	v = a x t		phys-laws-formulas
Series circuit resistance	Total R = R1 + R2 + R3		phys-laws-formulas
Parallel circuit resistance	1/R total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...		phys-laws-formulas
Kinetic energy depends on speed how?	On the square of speed, so doubling speed quadruples KE		phys-laws-formulas
Mechanical advantage	Output force divided by input force		phys-laws-formulas
Efficiency	(useful output / total input) x 100 percent		phys-laws-formulas
Heat energy	Q = m c (change in temperature)		phys-laws-formulas
Specific heat capacity	Heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree		phys-laws-formulas
Ideal gas law	PV = nRT		phys-laws-formulas
Doppler effect	The pitch or color of a wave changes when the source or observer moves		phys-laws-formulas
Heisenberg uncertainty principle	You cannot know a particle's exact position and momentum at once		phys-laws-formulas
Photon energy	E = h x f (Planck's constant times frequency)		phys-laws-formulas
Torque	Torque = force x distance from the pivot		phys-laws-formulas
Impulse-momentum	Force x time = change in momentum		phys-laws-formulas
Escape velocity	The speed needed to break free of a planet's gravity		phys-laws-formulas
Universal gravitational constant	G, about 6.67 x 10^-11 N m2/kg2		phys-laws-formulas
What makes sound?	Vibrations		phys-light-sound-waves
Can sound travel in space?	No; it needs matter to travel through		phys-light-sound-waves
Does sound travel faster in air or water?	Water		phys-light-sound-waves
Sound travels fastest through	Solids		phys-light-sound-waves
Pitch	How high or low a sound is		phys-light-sound-waves
What determines pitch?	Frequency		phys-light-sound-waves
Volume (loudness)	How strong a sound is; depends on amplitude		phys-light-sound-waves
Unit of loudness	Decibel		phys-light-sound-waves
Echo	A sound that bounces off a surface and comes back		phys-light-sound-waves
Ultrasound	Sound with frequency too high for humans to hear		phys-light-sound-waves
Infrasound	Sound with frequency too low for humans to hear		phys-light-sound-waves
Range of human hearing, roughly	20 to 20,000 hertz		phys-light-sound-waves
Sonar	Using sound echoes to find objects underwater		phys-light-sound-waves
Echolocation	Animals such as bats and dolphins using echoes to find things		phys-light-sound-waves
Speed of sound in air, roughly	343 meters per second		phys-light-sound-waves
Sonic boom	A loud noise made when something travels faster than sound		phys-light-sound-waves
Speed of light	About 300,000 kilometers per second		phys-light-sound-waves
Why do we see lightning before we hear thunder?	Light travels much faster than sound		phys-light-sound-waves
Light travels in	Straight lines		phys-light-sound-waves
Reflection of light	Light bouncing off a surface		phys-light-sound-waves
Refraction of light	Light bending when it enters a new material		phys-light-sound-waves
What does a prism do?	Splits white light into a rainbow of colors		phys-light-sound-waves
Colors of the rainbow in order	Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet		phys-light-sound-waves
Which color of visible light has the longest wavelength?	Red		phys-light-sound-waves
Which color has the shortest wavelength?	Violet		phys-light-sound-waves
Transparent	Lets light pass through clearly		phys-light-sound-waves
Translucent	Lets some light through but scatters it		phys-light-sound-waves
Opaque	Blocks light		phys-light-sound-waves
Shadow	A dark area where an object blocks light		phys-light-sound-waves
Convex lens	A lens thicker in the middle; makes light converge		phys-light-sound-waves
Concave lens	A lens thinner in the middle; makes light spread out		phys-light-sound-waves
Plane mirror	A flat mirror that forms an image the same size as the object		phys-light-sound-waves
Concave mirror	A mirror curved inward, like the inside of a spoon		phys-light-sound-waves
Convex mirror	A mirror curved outward, used as a car side mirror		phys-light-sound-waves
Primary colors of light	Red, green and blue		phys-light-sound-waves
Primary colors of paint (traditional)	Red, yellow and blue		phys-light-sound-waves
Why is the sky blue?	Air scatters blue light more than other colors		phys-light-sound-waves
Why are sunsets red?	Light passes through more air, scattering the blue away		phys-light-sound-waves
Electromagnetic spectrum order, long to short wavelength	Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma ray		phys-light-sound-waves
Radio waves are used for	Radio, TV and phones		phys-light-sound-waves
Microwaves are used for	Cooking and communications		phys-light-sound-waves
Infrared is felt as	Heat		phys-light-sound-waves
Ultraviolet light	Causes sunburn and tanning		phys-light-sound-waves
X-rays are used for	Seeing bones and inside objects		phys-light-sound-waves
Gamma rays	The highest-energy waves		phys-light-sound-waves
Laser	A narrow beam of light of one wavelength		phys-light-sound-waves
Fiber optics	Thin glass fibers that carry light signals		phys-light-sound-waves
Total internal reflection	Light bouncing entirely inside a material like glass or water		phys-light-sound-waves
Mirage	An image caused by light bending in hot air		phys-light-sound-waves
Wave	A disturbance that carries energy		phys-light-sound-waves
Crest	The highest point of a wave		phys-light-sound-waves
Trough	The lowest point of a wave		phys-light-sound-waves
Amplitude	The height of a wave from rest position		phys-light-sound-waves
Wavelength	Distance between two crests		phys-light-sound-waves
Frequency	Waves per second		phys-light-sound-waves
Medium	The material a wave travels through		phys-light-sound-waves
Resonance	A strong vibration when something is pushed at its natural frequency		phys-light-sound-waves
Interference	Waves combining to be bigger or smaller		phys-light-sound-waves
Doppler effect	A siren sounds higher as it approaches and lower as it leaves		phys-light-sound-waves
Simple machine	A tool with few or no moving parts that makes work easier		phys-simple-machines
How many kinds of simple machines are there?	Six		phys-simple-machines
Name the six simple machines	Lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw		phys-simple-machines
Lever	A bar that rotates around a point called a fulcrum		phys-simple-machines
Fulcrum	The pivot point of a lever		phys-simple-machines
Effort	The force you apply to a machine		phys-simple-machines
Load (resistance)	The weight a machine moves		phys-simple-machines
First-class lever	Fulcrum is between the effort and the load		phys-simple-machines
Second-class lever	Load is between the fulcrum and the effort		phys-simple-machines
Third-class lever	Effort is between the fulcrum and the load		phys-simple-machines
Example of a first-class lever	A seesaw or a crowbar		phys-simple-machines
Example of a second-class lever	A wheelbarrow or a nutcracker		phys-simple-machines
Example of a third-class lever	A fishing rod, a broom or tweezers		phys-simple-machines
Inclined plane	A flat sloped surface used to raise or lower loads		phys-simple-machines
Example of an inclined plane	A ramp or a slide		phys-simple-machines
Wedge	Two inclined planes put together to split or cut things		phys-simple-machines
Example of a wedge	An axe, knife or doorstop		phys-simple-machines
Screw	An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder		phys-simple-machines
Example of a screw	A jar lid, a bolt or a light bulb base		phys-simple-machines
Wheel and axle	A wheel joined to a rod so they turn together		phys-simple-machines
Example of a wheel and axle	A doorknob, a steering wheel or a bicycle wheel		phys-simple-machines
Pulley	A wheel with a rope or chain that changes the direction of a pull		phys-simple-machines
Example of a pulley	A flagpole rope, a crane or a window blind		phys-simple-machines
Fixed pulley	A pulley attached in place; changes the direction of force		phys-simple-machines
Movable pulley	A pulley that moves with the load; reduces the force needed		phys-simple-machines
Block and tackle	A system of pulleys that gives a large mechanical advantage		phys-simple-machines
Mechanical advantage	How many times a machine multiplies your effort		phys-simple-machines
Do machines reduce the work done?	No; they make work easier by changing force or direction		phys-simple-machines
What do you give up when you use less force?	You move through a longer distance		phys-simple-machines
Compound machine	Two or more simple machines working together		phys-simple-machines
Example of a compound machine	Scissors, a bicycle or a can opener		phys-simple-machines
Scissors are made of	Levers and wedges		phys-simple-machines
A longer ramp makes it	Easier to push things up, but you push farther		phys-simple-machines
Work	Force times distance		phys-simple-machines
Wheelbarrow	A second-class lever with a wheel and axle		phys-simple-machines
Pliers	Two levers joined together		phys-simple-machines
Bottle opener	A second-class lever		phys-simple-machines
Stairs	A set of inclined planes		phys-simple-machines
Spiral staircase	A kind of screw shape		phys-simple-machines
Zipper	A group of tiny wedges		phys-simple-machines
Chisel	A wedge		phys-simple-machines
Faucet handle	A wheel and axle		phys-simple-machines
Gears	Toothed wheels that turn each other		phys-simple-machines
Ax splitting wood	Uses a wedge to push wood apart		phys-simple-machines
Drill bit	A screw		phys-simple-machines
Teeter-totter	A first-class lever		phys-simple-machines
Baseball bat	A third-class lever		phys-simple-machines
Hammer pulling a nail	A first-class lever		phys-simple-machines
Why is a longer lever arm helpful?	Less effort force is needed to lift the load		phys-simple-machines
Archimedes' famous line about levers	Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth		phys-simple-machines
Motion	A change in an object's position		phys-terms
Speed	How fast an object moves: distance divided by time		phys-terms
Velocity	Speed in a given direction		phys-terms
Acceleration	How quickly velocity changes		phys-terms
Displacement	The straight-line change in position, with direction		phys-terms
Distance	The total length of the path traveled		phys-terms
Scalar	A quantity with size only, like speed		phys-terms
Vector	A quantity with size and direction, like velocity		phys-terms
Force	A push or a pull		phys-terms
Net force	The total of all forces acting on an object		phys-terms
Balanced forces	Forces that cancel, causing no change in motion		phys-terms
Unbalanced forces	Forces that do not cancel, causing a change in motion		phys-terms
Inertia	An object's resistance to change in its motion		phys-terms
Mass	The amount of matter in an object		phys-terms
Weight	The force of gravity on an object		phys-terms
Gravity	The force that pulls objects with mass toward each other		phys-terms
Friction	A force that resists sliding between surfaces		phys-terms
Air resistance	Friction from air pushing against a moving object		phys-terms
Terminal velocity	The constant speed reached when air resistance equals weight		phys-terms
Momentum	Mass times velocity		phys-terms
Impulse	A force applied over time, changing momentum		phys-terms
Work	Force applied over a distance		phys-terms
Power	The rate of doing work		phys-terms
Energy	The ability to do work or cause change		phys-terms
Kinetic energy	Energy of motion		phys-terms
Potential energy	Stored energy due to position or condition		phys-terms
Gravitational potential energy	Energy stored in an object because of its height		phys-terms
Elastic potential energy	Energy stored in stretched or squeezed objects		phys-terms
Thermal energy	The total kinetic energy of the particles in an object		phys-terms
Heat	Thermal energy moving from hot to cold		phys-terms
Temperature	A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles		phys-terms
Conduction	Heat moving through direct contact		phys-terms
Convection	Heat moving by the flow of fluids		phys-terms
Radiation	Energy traveling as waves, even through empty space		phys-terms
Wave	A disturbance that carries energy		phys-terms
Frequency	The number of waves passing a point per second		phys-terms
Wavelength	The distance from one wave crest to the next		phys-terms
Amplitude	The height of a wave from its rest position		phys-terms
Hertz	The unit of frequency: one wave per second		phys-terms
Reflection	Waves bouncing off a surface		phys-terms
Refraction	Waves bending when they enter a new material		phys-terms
Diffraction	Waves spreading as they pass an edge or opening		phys-terms
Absorption	A material taking in wave energy		phys-terms
Transverse wave	A wave in which particles move up and down across the wave's direction		phys-terms
Longitudinal wave	A wave in which particles move back and forth along the wave's direction		phys-terms
Electromagnetic spectrum	The full range of light waves from radio to gamma rays		phys-terms
Circuit	A closed path for electric current		phys-terms
Current	The flow of electric charge		phys-terms
Voltage	The push that moves charge through a circuit		phys-terms
Resistance	How much a material opposes electric current		phys-terms
Conductor	A material that carries electricity or heat well		phys-terms
Insulator	A material that carries electricity or heat poorly		phys-terms
Magnet	An object that attracts iron and has two poles		phys-terms
Magnetic field	The area around a magnet where it exerts force		phys-terms
Electromagnet	A magnet made by passing current through a coil of wire		phys-terms
Static electricity	A buildup of electric charge on an object		phys-terms
Atom	The smallest unit of an element		phys-terms
Nuclear fission	Splitting a large nucleus into smaller ones, releasing energy		phys-terms
Nuclear fusion	Joining small nuclei into a larger one, releasing energy		phys-terms
Radioactive decay	An unstable nucleus giving off particles or energy		phys-terms
Pressure	Force per unit area		phys-terms
Buoyancy	The upward push of a fluid on an object		phys-terms
Density	Mass per unit of volume		phys-terms
Torque	A twisting force		phys-terms
Centripetal force	A force that pulls an object toward the center of a circle		phys-terms
Projectile	An object thrown or launched and moving under gravity		phys-terms
Free fall	Falling with only gravity acting		phys-terms
Efficiency	The share of input energy that does useful work		phys-terms
Length	meter (m)		phys-units-symbols
Mass	kilogram (kg)		phys-units-symbols
Time	second (s)		phys-units-symbols
Temperature (SI)	kelvin (K)		phys-units-symbols
Electric current	ampere (A)		phys-units-symbols
Amount of substance	mole (mol)		phys-units-symbols
Luminous intensity	candela (cd)		phys-units-symbols
Force	newton (N)		phys-units-symbols
Energy and work	joule (J)		phys-units-symbols
Power	watt (W)		phys-units-symbols
Pressure	pascal (Pa)		phys-units-symbols
Frequency	hertz (Hz)		phys-units-symbols
Electric charge	coulomb (C)		phys-units-symbols
Voltage	volt (V)		phys-units-symbols
Electrical resistance	ohm		phys-units-symbols
Capacitance	farad (F)		phys-units-symbols
Magnetic flux density	tesla (T)		phys-units-symbols
Inductance	henry (H)		phys-units-symbols
Radioactivity	becquerel (Bq)		phys-units-symbols
Absorbed radiation dose	gray (Gy)		phys-units-symbols
Conductance	siemens (S)		phys-units-symbols
Magnetic flux	weber (Wb)		phys-units-symbols
Speed	meters per second (m/s)		phys-units-symbols
Acceleration	meters per second squared (m/s2)		phys-units-symbols
Density	kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)		phys-units-symbols
Momentum	kilogram meters per second (kg m/s)		phys-units-symbols
Area	square meters (m2)		phys-units-symbols
Volume	cubic meters (m3)		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for the ohm	The Greek letter omega		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for velocity	v		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for acceleration	a		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for mass	m		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for force	F		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for energy	E		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for work	W		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for power	P		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for time	t		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for distance	d		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for pressure	P or p		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for density	The Greek letter rho		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for wavelength	The Greek letter lambda		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for frequency	f		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for voltage	V		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for current	I		phys-units-symbols
Symbol for resistance	R		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for the discoverer of gravity's laws	Newton		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for an English brewer who studied heat and work	Joule		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for the Scottish engineer James Watt	Watt		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for Blaise Pascal	Pascal		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for Heinrich Hertz	Hertz		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for Alessandro Volta	Volt		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for Andre-Marie Ampere	Ampere		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for Georg Ohm	Ohm		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for Lord Kelvin	Kelvin		phys-units-symbols
Unit named for Nikola Tesla	Tesla		phys-units-symbols
Speed of light in a vacuum	About 300,000 kilometers per second (3.00 x 10^8 m/s)		phys-units-symbols
Acceleration due to gravity on Earth	About 9.8 m/s2		phys-units-symbols
Freezing point of water in Celsius	0 degrees C		phys-units-symbols
Boiling point of water in Kelvin	373 K		phys-units-symbols
Absolute zero in Celsius	-273.15 degrees C		phys-units-symbols
Speed of sound in air, about	343 meters per second at 20 degrees C		phys-units-symbols
Calorie	A unit of energy; 1 calorie is about 4.18 joules		phys-units-symbols
Horsepower	A unit of power; about 746 watts		phys-units-symbols
Kilowatt-hour	A unit of energy equal to 3.6 million joules		phys-units-symbols
Electronvolt	A tiny unit of energy used for particles		phys-units-symbols
Light-year	The distance light travels in one year		phys-units-symbols
Astronomical unit	The average distance from Earth to the Sun		phys-units-symbols
Parsec	A unit of distance equal to about 3.26 light-years		phys-units-symbols
Atmosphere (atm)	A unit of pressure; the typical air pressure at sea level		phys-units-symbols
Decibel	A unit used for the loudness of sound		phys-units-symbols
Isaac Newton	Laws of motion and universal gravitation		sci-famous-scientists
Albert Einstein	Theory of relativity and E = mc squared		sci-famous-scientists
Marie Curie	Discovered polonium and radium; studied radioactivity; won two Nobel Prizes		sci-famous-scientists
Charles Darwin	Theory of evolution by natural selection		sci-famous-scientists
Galileo Galilei	Used the telescope to find Jupiter's moons and supported a Sun-centered system		sci-famous-scientists
Nicolaus Copernicus	Proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun		sci-famous-scientists
Johannes Kepler	Laws of planetary motion		sci-famous-scientists
Louis Pasteur	Germ theory, pasteurization and vaccines		sci-famous-scientists
Alexander Fleming	Discovered penicillin in 1928		sci-famous-scientists
Edward Jenner	Created the first smallpox vaccine		sci-famous-scientists
Gregor Mendel	Father of genetics, through pea plant experiments		sci-famous-scientists
Rosalind Franklin	X-ray images that helped reveal DNA's structure		sci-famous-scientists
James Watson and Francis Crick	Proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953		sci-famous-scientists
Dmitri Mendeleev	Created the first widely used periodic table		sci-famous-scientists
Antoine Lavoisier	Father of modern chemistry; named oxygen and hydrogen		sci-famous-scientists
John Dalton	Atomic theory of matter		sci-famous-scientists
J. J. Thomson	Discovered the electron		sci-famous-scientists
Ernest Rutherford	Discovered the atomic nucleus		sci-famous-scientists
Niels Bohr	Model of the atom with electron shells		sci-famous-scientists
James Chadwick	Discovered the neutron		sci-famous-scientists
Robert Hooke	Named cells after looking at cork		sci-famous-scientists
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	First to see bacteria and single-celled life with a microscope		sci-famous-scientists
Robert Boyle	Boyle's law about gases		sci-famous-scientists
Michael Faraday	Electromagnetic induction		sci-famous-scientists
James Clerk Maxwell	Equations of electromagnetism		sci-famous-scientists
Benjamin Franklin	Studied electricity and lightning		sci-famous-scientists
Alessandro Volta	Invented the battery		sci-famous-scientists
Nikola Tesla	Alternating current systems		sci-famous-scientists
Thomas Edison	Practical light bulb and phonograph		sci-famous-scientists
Alexander Graham Bell	Patented the telephone in 1876		sci-famous-scientists
Stephen Hawking	Studied black holes and the universe		sci-famous-scientists
Edwin Hubble	Showed the universe is expanding		sci-famous-scientists
Carl Sagan	Astronomer who made science popular on television		sci-famous-scientists
Jane Goodall	Studied wild chimpanzees in Tanzania		sci-famous-scientists
Dian Fossey	Studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda		sci-famous-scientists
Rachel Carson	Wrote Silent Spring, about pesticides and nature		sci-famous-scientists
Jacques Cousteau	Ocean explorer who co-invented the aqualung		sci-famous-scientists
Sylvia Earle	Oceanographer and deep-sea explorer		sci-famous-scientists
Mae Jemison	Doctor and first African American woman in space		sci-famous-scientists
Katherine Johnson	NASA mathematician who calculated orbits for early space flights		sci-famous-scientists
Ada Lovelace	Wrote an early computer program in the 1840s		sci-famous-scientists
Charles Babbage	Designed an early mechanical computer		sci-famous-scientists
Alan Turing	Pioneer of computer science and codebreaker		sci-famous-scientists
Grace Hopper	Computer pioneer who helped create early programming languages		sci-famous-scientists
George Washington Carver	Agricultural scientist who promoted peanuts and crop rotation		sci-famous-scientists
Archimedes	Ancient Greek who studied levers and buoyancy		sci-famous-scientists
Aristotle	Greek thinker who classified living things		sci-famous-scientists
Hippocrates	Ancient Greek physician called the Father of Medicine		sci-famous-scientists
Euclid	Ancient Greek mathematician known for geometry		sci-famous-scientists
Eratosthenes	Ancient Greek who measured the Earth's size		sci-famous-scientists
Ptolemy	Ancient astronomer who put Earth at the center		sci-famous-scientists
Carl Linnaeus	Created the two-part naming system for species		sci-famous-scientists
Alfred Wegener	Proposed continental drift		sci-famous-scientists
Wilhelm Roentgen	Discovered X-rays in 1895		sci-famous-scientists
Enrico Fermi	Built the first nuclear reactor in 1942		sci-famous-scientists
Max Planck	Founder of quantum theory		sci-famous-scientists
Richard Feynman	Physicist known for quantum electrodynamics and teaching		sci-famous-scientists
Lise Meitner	Helped explain nuclear fission		sci-famous-scientists
Chien-Shiung Wu	Physicist whose experiment changed ideas about particle physics		sci-famous-scientists
Percy Julian	Chemist who made medicines from plants		sci-famous-scientists
Elizabeth Blackwell	First woman to earn a medical degree in the United States		sci-famous-scientists
Florence Nightingale	Nurse who improved hospitals and used statistics		sci-famous-scientists
Clara Barton	Founded the American Red Cross		sci-famous-scientists
Jonas Salk	Developed the first successful polio vaccine		sci-famous-scientists
Barbara McClintock	Discovered jumping genes in corn		sci-famous-scientists
Tu Youyou	Discovered a malaria treatment, won a Nobel Prize in 2015		sci-famous-scientists
Jennifer Doudna	Co-developed the CRISPR gene-editing method		sci-famous-scientists
Light bulb (practical)	Thomas Edison, 1879		sci-inventions
Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell, patented 1876		sci-inventions
Airplane (first powered flight)	Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1903		sci-inventions
Printing press with movable type in Europe	Johannes Gutenberg, about 1440		sci-inventions
Steam engine (improved)	James Watt, 1700s		sci-inventions
Cotton gin	Eli Whitney, 1793		sci-inventions
Telegraph	Samuel Morse and others, 1830s-40s		sci-inventions
Radio	Guglielmo Marconi and others, 1890s		sci-inventions
Television (early electronic)	Philo Farnsworth and others, 1920s		sci-inventions
World Wide Web	Tim Berners-Lee, 1989		sci-inventions
First programmable computer concept	Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1830s		sci-inventions
Vaccine for smallpox	Edward Jenner, 1796		sci-inventions
Polio vaccine	Jonas Salk, 1955		sci-inventions
Penicillin	Alexander Fleming, 1928		sci-inventions
Battery	Alessandro Volta, 1800		sci-inventions
Dynamite	Alfred Nobel, 1867		sci-inventions
Safety pin	Walter Hunt, 1849		sci-inventions
Sewing machine (practical)	Elias Howe, 1846		sci-inventions
Telescope (first used for astronomy)	Galileo, 1609		sci-inventions
Microscope (early compound)	Zacharias Janssen and others, late 1500s		sci-inventions
Thermometer (mercury)	Daniel Fahrenheit, 1714		sci-inventions
Barometer	Evangelista Torricelli, 1643		sci-inventions
Pendulum clock	Christiaan Huygens, 1656		sci-inventions
Lightning rod	Benjamin Franklin, 1750s		sci-inventions
Bifocal glasses	Benjamin Franklin		sci-inventions
Reaper	Cyrus McCormick, 1830s		sci-inventions
Elevator with safety brake	Elisha Otis, 1850s		sci-inventions
Jet engine	Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain, 1930s		sci-inventions
Transistor	Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, 1947		sci-inventions
Integrated circuit	Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, late 1950s		sci-inventions
Personal computer revolution	1970s and 1980s, with machines such as the Apple II		sci-inventions
Mobile phone (first handheld call)	Martin Cooper, 1973		sci-inventions
Laser	Theodore Maiman built the first working laser, 1960		sci-inventions
Satellite (first)	Sputnik 1, 1957		sci-inventions
Automobile (gasoline)	Karl Benz, 1885		sci-inventions
Model T assembly line cars	Henry Ford, 1908		sci-inventions
Bicycle with pedals	Developed in the 1860s		sci-inventions
Paper	Invented in China, about 105 CE		sci-inventions
Printing (woodblock)	Developed in China long before Europe		sci-inventions
Compass	Invented in China		sci-inventions
Gunpowder	Invented in China		sci-inventions
Wheel	Invented in Mesopotamia about 3500 BCE		sci-inventions
Plow	Early farming tool invented thousands of years ago		sci-inventions
Zipper	Whitcomb Judson, 1893, improved by Gideon Sundback		sci-inventions
Velcro	George de Mestral, 1941		sci-inventions
Post-it note	Spencer Silver and Art Fry, 1970s		sci-inventions
Microwave oven	Percy Spencer, 1940s		sci-inventions
Crayons	Crayola introduced them in 1903		sci-inventions
Bakelite plastic	Leo Baekeland, 1907		sci-inventions
Nylon	Wallace Carothers at DuPont, 1935		sci-inventions
Braille	Louis Braille, 1824		sci-inventions
Stethoscope	Rene Laennec, 1816		sci-inventions
Pasteurization	Louis Pasteur, 1860s		sci-inventions
X-ray machine	Based on Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery, 1895		sci-inventions
Insulin discovery	Banting and Best, 1921		sci-inventions
Pacemaker	Developed in the 1950s		sci-inventions
MRI scanner	Developed in the 1970s		sci-inventions
Hot air balloon	Montgolfier brothers, 1783		sci-inventions
Parachute (modern)	Developed by Andre-Jacques Garnerin, 1797		sci-inventions
Rocket (liquid-fueled)	Robert Goddard, 1926		sci-inventions
Space Shuttle	NASA, first launch 1981		sci-inventions
Internet's ancestor	ARPANET, 1969		sci-inventions
Email	Ray Tomlinson, 1971		sci-inventions
GPS	Developed by the US in the 1970s-90s		sci-inventions
Electric motor (early)	Michael Faraday and others, 1820s-30s		sci-inventions
Dynamo generator	Faraday's principle; used widely by 1870s		sci-inventions
Alternating current system	Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse		sci-inventions
Phonograph	Thomas Edison, 1877		sci-inventions
Motion picture camera	Lumiere brothers and Edison's team, 1890s		sci-inventions
Photography (early)	Louis Daguerre, daguerreotype 1839		sci-inventions
Aqualung (scuba)	Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, 1943		sci-inventions
3D printing	Developed in the 1980s		sci-inventions
LEGO brick (modern)	Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, 1958		sci-inventions
Scientific method	A set of steps scientists use to answer questions		sci-scientific-method
Observation	Using your senses or tools to notice something		sci-scientific-method
Question	What you want to find out		sci-scientific-method
Research	Learning what is already known about a topic		sci-scientific-method
Hypothesis	A testable prediction or possible answer to a question		sci-scientific-method
Prediction	A statement of what you expect to happen		sci-scientific-method
Experiment	A fair test to check a hypothesis		sci-scientific-method
Variable	Something that can change in an experiment		sci-scientific-method
Independent variable	The thing you change on purpose		sci-scientific-method
Dependent variable	The thing you measure as the result		sci-scientific-method
Controlled variable (constant)	A factor kept the same in every trial		sci-scientific-method
Control group	The group that doesn't get the change, used for comparison		sci-scientific-method
Experimental group	The group that gets the change being tested		sci-scientific-method
Data	Information collected during an experiment		sci-scientific-method
Quantitative data	Data in numbers		sci-scientific-method
Qualitative data	Data in descriptions, such as color or smell		sci-scientific-method
Analysis	Looking carefully at data to find patterns		sci-scientific-method
Conclusion	What the results show about the hypothesis		sci-scientific-method
Trial	One run of an experiment		sci-scientific-method
Repeated trials	Doing the test again to make results more reliable		sci-scientific-method
Sample size	The number of items or subjects tested		sci-scientific-method
Bias	An unfair influence on results		sci-scientific-method
Fair test	A test in which only one variable changes		sci-scientific-method
Reproducible	Others can repeat the experiment and get the same results		sci-scientific-method
Peer review	Other experts checking a scientist's work before it is published		sci-scientific-method
Theory	A well-tested explanation supported by lots of evidence		sci-scientific-method
Scientific law	A statement that describes a pattern in nature, often as an equation		sci-scientific-method
Difference between theory and guess	A theory is backed by much evidence; a guess is not		sci-scientific-method
Model	A representation used to explain or predict something		sci-scientific-method
Inference	A conclusion based on evidence and reasoning		sci-scientific-method
Evidence	Facts that support an idea		sci-scientific-method
Anomaly	A result that doesn't fit the pattern		sci-scientific-method
Error	A difference between a measured value and the true value		sci-scientific-method
Accuracy	How close a measurement is to the true value		sci-scientific-method
Precision	How close repeated measurements are to each other		sci-scientific-method
Average (mean)	The sum of values divided by how many there are		sci-scientific-method
Median	The middle value of an ordered list		sci-scientific-method
Mode	The value that appears most often		sci-scientific-method
Range	The difference between the largest and smallest values		sci-scientific-method
Line graph	Best for showing change over time		sci-scientific-method
Bar graph	Best for comparing categories		sci-scientific-method
Pie chart	Shows parts of a whole		sci-scientific-method
Scatter plot	Shows how two variables relate		sci-scientific-method
Title of a graph	Tells what the graph is about		sci-scientific-method
Axis labels	Say what is measured and the units		sci-scientific-method
Lab report	A written account of an experiment		sci-scientific-method
Materials list	Tells what you need for an experiment		sci-scientific-method
Procedure	The steps followed in an experiment		sci-scientific-method
Safety first	Follow safety rules in every experiment		sci-scientific-method
Metric system	The measurement system scientists use worldwide		sci-scientific-method
Science fair	A contest where students show their experiments		sci-scientific-method
Why change only one variable?	So you know what caused the result		sci-scientific-method
Hypothesis format	If I do this, then that will happen, because...		sci-scientific-method
Correlation	Two things changing together		sci-scientific-method
Causation	One thing causing another		sci-scientific-method
Does correlation prove causation?	No		sci-scientific-method
Placebo	A harmless pill with no medicine, used for comparison in tests		sci-scientific-method
Double-blind test	Neither the subjects nor the testers know who gets the real treatment		sci-scientific-method
Pseudoscience	Ideas that look like science but aren't tested properly		sci-scientific-method
Skepticism	Asking for evidence before believing a claim		sci-scientific-method
Falsifiable	Able to be proven wrong by evidence		sci-scientific-method
kilo-	1,000 times (k)		sci-si-units-prefixes
hecto-	100 times (h)		sci-si-units-prefixes
deka-	10 times (da)		sci-si-units-prefixes
deci-	one tenth (d)		sci-si-units-prefixes
centi-	one hundredth (c)		sci-si-units-prefixes
milli-	one thousandth (m)		sci-si-units-prefixes
micro-	one millionth (the Greek letter mu)		sci-si-units-prefixes
nano-	one billionth (n)		sci-si-units-prefixes
pico-	one trillionth (p)		sci-si-units-prefixes
femto-	10 to the negative 15 (f)		sci-si-units-prefixes
mega-	1,000,000 times (M)		sci-si-units-prefixes
giga-	1,000,000,000 times (G)		sci-si-units-prefixes
tera-	one trillion times (T)		sci-si-units-prefixes
peta-	10 to the 15th (P)		sci-si-units-prefixes
exa-	10 to the 18th (E)		sci-si-units-prefixes
yotta-	10 to the 24th (Y)		sci-si-units-prefixes
yocto-	10 to the negative 24th (y)		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many millimeters in a centimeter?	10		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many centimeters in a meter?	100		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many meters in a kilometer?	1,000		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many millimeters in a meter?	1,000		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many grams in a kilogram?	1,000		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many milligrams in a gram?	1,000		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many milliliters in a liter?	1,000		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many liters in a kiloliter?	1,000		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many kilobytes in a megabyte (decimal)?	1,000		sci-si-units-prefixes
Base unit of length	Meter		sci-si-units-prefixes
Base unit of mass	Kilogram		sci-si-units-prefixes
Base unit of time	Second		sci-si-units-prefixes
Base unit of volume commonly used	Liter		sci-si-units-prefixes
Base unit of temperature in SI	Kelvin		sci-si-units-prefixes
Base unit of electric current	Ampere		sci-si-units-prefixes
Base unit of amount of substance	Mole		sci-si-units-prefixes
Base unit of luminous intensity	Candela		sci-si-units-prefixes
How many base SI units are there?	Seven		sci-si-units-prefixes
About how long is a meter?	A little over 3 feet (39.4 inches)		sci-si-units-prefixes
About how long is a centimeter?	About the width of a fingernail		sci-si-units-prefixes
About how far is a kilometer?	About 0.6 miles		sci-si-units-prefixes
About how heavy is a kilogram?	About 2.2 pounds		sci-si-units-prefixes
About how heavy is a gram?	About a paper clip		sci-si-units-prefixes
About how much is a liter?	A bit more than a quart		sci-si-units-prefixes
About how much is a milliliter?	About 20 drops of water		sci-si-units-prefixes
What does 1 mL of water weigh?	1 gram		sci-si-units-prefixes
Volume of 1 cubic centimeter	1 milliliter		sci-si-units-prefixes
Volume of 1 cubic decimeter	1 liter		sci-si-units-prefixes
25 mm equals how many cm?	2.5 cm		sci-si-units-prefixes
3 km equals how many m?	3,000 m		sci-si-units-prefixes
2 kg equals how many g?	2,000 g		sci-si-units-prefixes
500 mL equals how many L?	0.5 L		sci-si-units-prefixes
1.5 m equals how many cm?	150 cm		sci-si-units-prefixes
Celsius to Fahrenheit	F = C x 9/5 + 32		sci-si-units-prefixes
Fahrenheit to Celsius	C = (F - 32) x 5/9		sci-si-units-prefixes
Freezing point of water	0 C = 32 F = 273.15 K		sci-si-units-prefixes
Boiling point of water	100 C = 212 F = 373.15 K		sci-si-units-prefixes
Normal body temperature	About 37 C (98.6 F)		sci-si-units-prefixes
Room temperature	About 20-25 C (68-77 F)		sci-si-units-prefixes
Convert Celsius to Kelvin	Add 273.15		sci-si-units-prefixes
Scientific notation for 3,000	3 x 10^3		sci-si-units-prefixes
Scientific notation for 0.002	2 x 10^-3		sci-si-units-prefixes
Meter was once defined as	One ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole (1790s idea)		sci-si-units-prefixes
Which countries use the metric system officially?	Almost every country; the US mainly uses customary units in daily life		sci-si-units-prefixes
What does SI stand for?	International System of Units		sci-si-units-prefixes
Mass vs weight units	Mass in kilograms; weight (a force) in newtons		sci-si-units-prefixes
Density of water	1 gram per cubic centimeter		sci-si-units-prefixes
Hectare	10,000 square meters		sci-si-units-prefixes
Metric ton (tonne)	1,000 kilograms		sci-si-units-prefixes
Angstrom	One ten-billionth of a meter, used for atoms		sci-si-units-prefixes
Micron (micrometer)	One millionth of a meter		sci-si-units-prefixes
Nanometer	One billionth of a meter; used for wavelengths of light		sci-si-units-prefixes
Constellation	A pattern of stars that people have named		space-constellations
How many official constellations are there?	88		space-constellations
Zodiac constellations	The 12 constellations the Sun appears to pass through in a year		space-constellations
Ursa Major	The Great Bear; contains the Big Dipper		space-constellations
Ursa Minor	The Little Bear; contains the Little Dipper		space-constellations
Big Dipper	A group of seven stars in Ursa Major shaped like a ladle		space-constellations
Little Dipper	Part of Ursa Minor; its handle ends at Polaris		space-constellations
Polaris	The North Star, near the north celestial pole		space-constellations
How to find Polaris	Follow the two stars at the edge of the Big Dipper's bowl		space-constellations
Orion	The Hunter, with three stars in a row as his belt		space-constellations
Betelgeuse	A red supergiant star marking Orion's shoulder		space-constellations
Rigel	A blue-white supergiant in Orion		space-constellations
Sirius	The brightest star in the night sky, in Canis Major		space-constellations
Canis Major	The Greater Dog		space-constellations
Canis Minor	The Lesser Dog; contains Procyon		space-constellations
Taurus	The Bull; contains the Pleiades and Aldebaran		space-constellations
Pleiades	A bright cluster of stars also called the Seven Sisters		space-constellations
Aldebaran	The orange giant star that forms the eye of Taurus		space-constellations
Gemini	The Twins; has Castor and Pollux		space-constellations
Cancer	The Crab		space-constellations
Leo	The Lion; has bright star Regulus		space-constellations
Virgo	The Maiden; has bright star Spica		space-constellations
Libra	The Scales		space-constellations
Scorpius	The Scorpion; has red star Antares		space-constellations
Sagittarius	The Archer; looks like a teapot and points to the center of the Milky Way		space-constellations
Capricornus	The Sea-Goat		space-constellations
Aquarius	The Water Bearer		space-constellations
Pisces	The Fishes		space-constellations
Aries	The Ram		space-constellations
Cassiopeia	A W-shaped constellation named for a queen		space-constellations
Cepheus	The King in the northern sky		space-constellations
Andromeda	Named for a princess; contains the Andromeda Galaxy		space-constellations
Perseus	The hero in the story of Medusa; has the Perseid meteor shower		space-constellations
Pegasus	The Winged Horse, with the Great Square		space-constellations
Cygnus	The Swan, also called the Northern Cross		space-constellations
Deneb	The bright star at the tail of Cygnus		space-constellations
Lyra	The Lyre; contains bright star Vega		space-constellations
Vega	A bright blue-white star in Lyra		space-constellations
Aquila	The Eagle; contains Altair		space-constellations
Summer Triangle	Vega, Deneb and Altair		space-constellations
Bootes	The Herdsman; contains orange giant Arcturus		space-constellations
Arcturus	A bright orange star, the brightest in the northern sky		space-constellations
Crux	The Southern Cross, seen from the Southern Hemisphere		space-constellations
Centaurus	The Centaur; contains Alpha Centauri		space-constellations
Alpha Centauri	The closest star system to the Sun, about 4.3 light-years away		space-constellations
Proxima Centauri	The closest known star to the Sun		space-constellations
Canopus	The second-brightest star in the night sky, in Carina		space-constellations
Draco	The Dragon, winding between the Dippers		space-constellations
Hercules	A large constellation of the hero		space-constellations
Auriga	The Charioteer; has bright star Capella		space-constellations
Capella	A bright yellow star in Auriga		space-constellations
Lepus	The Hare, below Orion		space-constellations
Hydra	The longest constellation		space-constellations
Crater	The Cup		space-constellations
Corvus	The Crow		space-constellations
Ophiuchus	The Serpent Bearer		space-constellations
Milky Way	Our galaxy; seen as a pale band of light across the sky		space-constellations
Andromeda Galaxy	The nearest large galaxy to the Milky Way, about 2.5 million light-years away		space-constellations
Meteor shower	Many meteors seen as Earth passes through a comet's dust trail		space-constellations
Perseids	A meteor shower in August		space-constellations
Geminids	A meteor shower in December		space-constellations
Leonids	A meteor shower in November		space-constellations
Planet vs star in the sky	Planets shine steadily; stars twinkle		space-constellations
Asterism	A star pattern that is not an official constellation, like the Big Dipper		space-constellations
Light pollution	Artificial light that hides the stars		space-constellations
Dark sky	An area with little light pollution, great for stargazing		space-constellations
First artificial satellite, launched 1957	Sputnik 1 (Soviet Union)		space-missions
First animal in orbit, 1957	Laika the dog, on Sputnik 2		space-missions
First human in space, 1961	Yuri Gagarin		space-missions
First American in space, 1961	Alan Shepard		space-missions
First American to orbit Earth, 1962	John Glenn		space-missions
First woman in space, 1963	Valentina Tereshkova		space-missions
First spacewalk, 1965	Alexei Leonov		space-missions
Project Mercury	NASA's first program to put Americans in space		space-missions
Project Gemini	NASA program of two-person flights that practiced docking and spacewalks		space-missions
Project Apollo	NASA program that landed people on the Moon		space-missions
Apollo 8	First crewed mission to orbit the Moon, 1968		space-missions
Apollo 11	First crewed Moon landing, July 1969		space-missions
First person on the Moon	Neil Armstrong		space-missions
Second person on the Moon	Buzz Aldrin		space-missions
Apollo 11 command module pilot	Michael Collins		space-missions
Armstrong's famous words	That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind		space-missions
Apollo 13	1970 mission that returned safely after an oxygen tank failure		space-missions
Apollo 17	The last crewed Moon landing, December 1972		space-missions
Lunar rover	A vehicle astronauts drove on the Moon in later Apollo missions		space-missions
Skylab	The first US space station, launched 1973		space-missions
Salyut	The first space station, launched by the Soviet Union in 1971		space-missions
Mir	A Soviet and Russian space station that orbited from 1986 to 2001		space-missions
International Space Station	A research station orbiting Earth, with crews living aboard since 2000		space-missions
ISS orbit height, about	400 kilometers above Earth		space-missions
Space Shuttle	NASA's reusable spacecraft that flew from 1981 to 2011		space-missions
First Space Shuttle to orbit	Columbia, 1981		space-missions
Space Shuttle orbiters	Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour		space-missions
First American woman in space	Sally Ride, 1983		space-missions
First African American in space from the US	Guion Bluford, 1983		space-missions
Mae Jemison	The first African American woman in space, 1992		space-missions
Hubble Space Telescope	Orbiting telescope launched in 1990		space-missions
Who is the Hubble named for?	Astronomer Edwin Hubble		space-missions
Voyager 1	Probe launched in 1977; entered interstellar space in 2012		space-missions
Voyager 2	Probe launched in 1977 that visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune		space-missions
Pioneer 10	The first spacecraft to fly past Jupiter, in 1973		space-missions
Mariner 4	First spacecraft to photograph Mars up close, 1965		space-missions
Viking 1 and 2	US probes that landed on Mars in 1976		space-missions
Mars Pathfinder	1997 mission that carried the small rover Sojourner		space-missions
Spirit and Opportunity	Twin Mars rovers that landed in 2004		space-missions
Curiosity	A Mars rover that landed in 2012		space-missions
Cassini	A probe that orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017		space-missions
Huygens	A probe that landed on Saturn's moon Titan in 2005		space-missions
Galileo	A spacecraft that orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003		space-missions
Juno	A spacecraft that began orbiting Jupiter in 2016		space-missions
New Horizons	Probe that flew past Pluto in 2015		space-missions
Magellan	A probe that mapped Venus with radar in the early 1990s		space-missions
MESSENGER	The first spacecraft to orbit Mercury, 2011		space-missions
Dawn	A spacecraft that orbited the asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres		space-missions
Rosetta	European mission that orbited a comet and sent a lander in 2014		space-missions
Kepler	A space telescope that found thousands of planets around other stars		space-missions
Spitzer	An infrared space telescope launched in 2003		space-missions
Chandra	A NASA X-ray space telescope launched in 1999		space-missions
Parker Solar Probe	Spacecraft launched in 2018 to fly close to the Sun		space-missions
OSIRIS-REx	A probe that collected samples from asteroid Bennu in 2020		space-missions
Hayabusa	Japanese probes that returned samples from asteroids		space-missions
Chang'e 4	Chinese lander that touched down on the Moon's far side in 2019		space-missions
Challenger disaster	1986 Space Shuttle accident in which seven crew members died		space-missions
Columbia disaster	2003 Space Shuttle accident that lost its seven crew		space-missions
Crew Dragon	SpaceX capsule that carried NASA astronauts in 2020		space-missions
Sputnik	Russian for fellow traveler or satellite		space-missions
Longest single spaceflight by a woman, 2019-20	Christina Koch, 328 days		space-missions
Cosmonaut	A Russian space traveler		space-missions
Taikonaut	A Chinese space traveler		space-missions
Astronaut	A space traveler from the United States and many other countries		space-missions
Launch pad	The platform a rocket lifts off from		space-missions
Kennedy Space Center	NASA's launch site in Florida		space-missions
Baikonur	The launch site in Kazakhstan used by Russian rockets		space-missions
How many natural satellites does Earth have?	One, the Moon		space-moons-sun-earth
How long does the Moon take to orbit Earth?	About 27 days; phases repeat about every 29.5 days		space-moons-sun-earth
Phases of the Moon	The changing shapes of the lit part of the Moon we see		space-moons-sun-earth
New moon	The Moon is not visible because its lit side faces away		space-moons-sun-earth
Waxing crescent	A growing sliver of the Moon		space-moons-sun-earth
First quarter	Half the Moon is lit, the right half in the Northern Hemisphere		space-moons-sun-earth
Waxing gibbous	More than half lit and growing		space-moons-sun-earth
Full moon	The whole face of the Moon is lit		space-moons-sun-earth
Waning gibbous	More than half lit and shrinking		space-moons-sun-earth
Third (last) quarter	Half the Moon is lit, the left half in the Northern Hemisphere		space-moons-sun-earth
Waning crescent	A shrinking sliver of the Moon		space-moons-sun-earth
Why does the Moon have phases?	We see different amounts of its sunlit half as it orbits Earth		space-moons-sun-earth
Does the Moon make its own light?	No; it reflects sunlight		space-moons-sun-earth
Lunar eclipse	Earth's shadow falls on the Moon		space-moons-sun-earth
Solar eclipse	The Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, blocking sunlight		space-moons-sun-earth
Total solar eclipse	The Moon completely covers the Sun's disk		space-moons-sun-earth
Is it safe to look at a solar eclipse without eye protection?	No; use special eclipse glasses		space-moons-sun-earth
Corona	The Sun's outer atmosphere, seen during a total eclipse		space-moons-sun-earth
Craters on the Moon come from	Impacts of asteroids and meteoroids		space-moons-sun-earth
Maria (lunar seas)	Dark, flat plains of ancient lava on the Moon		space-moons-sun-earth
Who first walked on the Moon?	Neil Armstrong in 1969		space-moons-sun-earth
Which mission landed first humans on the Moon?	Apollo 11		space-moons-sun-earth
How many Apollo missions landed people on the Moon?	Six		space-moons-sun-earth
Gravity on the Moon compared to Earth	About one-sixth		space-moons-sun-earth
Why does the same side of the Moon always face Earth?	It rotates once for each orbit (tidal locking)		space-moons-sun-earth
Moon landing year of the last Apollo mission	1972, Apollo 17		space-moons-sun-earth
Largest moon in the solar system	Ganymede, a moon of Jupiter		space-moons-sun-earth
Galilean moons	Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, found by Galileo in 1610		space-moons-sun-earth
Io	A volcanic moon of Jupiter		space-moons-sun-earth
Europa	An icy moon of Jupiter with an ocean beneath its ice		space-moons-sun-earth
Titan	Saturn's largest moon, with a thick atmosphere and lakes of methane		space-moons-sun-earth
Enceladus	A small icy moon of Saturn that sprays water ice from its south pole		space-moons-sun-earth
Phobos and Deimos	The two small moons of Mars		space-moons-sun-earth
Triton	Neptune's largest moon, which orbits backward		space-moons-sun-earth
Charon	The largest moon of Pluto		space-moons-sun-earth
Miranda	A moon of Uranus with cliffs and grooves		space-moons-sun-earth
Titania	The largest moon of Uranus		space-moons-sun-earth
Callisto	A heavily cratered moon of Jupiter		space-moons-sun-earth
Mimas	A small icy Saturn moon with one huge crater		space-moons-sun-earth
Sun	A star made mostly of hydrogen and helium		space-moons-sun-earth
Sun's age, about	4.6 billion years		space-moons-sun-earth
Sun's surface temperature, about	5,500 degrees Celsius		space-moons-sun-earth
Sun's core temperature, about	15 million degrees Celsius		space-moons-sun-earth
What powers the Sun?	Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium		space-moons-sun-earth
How long does sunlight take to reach Earth?	About 8 minutes		space-moons-sun-earth
Sunspot	A cooler, darker area on the Sun's surface		space-moons-sun-earth
Solar flare	A sudden burst of energy from the Sun		space-moons-sun-earth
Solar wind	A stream of charged particles flowing from the Sun		space-moons-sun-earth
Aurora	Glowing lights in the sky from solar particles hitting the atmosphere		space-moons-sun-earth
Photosphere	The visible surface of the Sun		space-moons-sun-earth
Solar system formed from	A cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago		space-moons-sun-earth
Earth's rotation period	About 24 hours		space-moons-sun-earth
Earth's orbit period	About 365.25 days		space-moons-sun-earth
Leap year	A year with an extra day, February 29, to fix the calendar		space-moons-sun-earth
Why do we have day and night?	Earth rotates on its axis		space-moons-sun-earth
Summer in the Northern Hemisphere happens when	The Northern Hemisphere tilts toward the Sun		space-moons-sun-earth
Satellite	An object that orbits a planet		space-moons-sun-earth
Tidal force	The Moon's gravity tugging on Earth's oceans		space-moons-sun-earth
Supermoon	A full moon at its closest point to Earth, looking larger		space-moons-sun-earth
Blue moon	The second full moon in one calendar month		space-moons-sun-earth
Harvest moon	The full moon nearest the autumn equinox		space-moons-sun-earth
Which planet is closest to the Sun?	Mercury		space-planets
Second planet from the Sun	Venus		space-planets
Third planet from the Sun	Earth		space-planets
Fourth planet from the Sun	Mars		space-planets
Fifth planet from the Sun	Jupiter		space-planets
Sixth planet from the Sun	Saturn		space-planets
Seventh planet from the Sun	Uranus		space-planets
Eighth planet from the Sun	Neptune		space-planets
How many planets are in our solar system?	Eight		space-planets
Memory trick for planet order	My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles		space-planets
Inner (terrestrial) planets	Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars		space-planets
Outer planets	Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune		space-planets
Gas giants	Jupiter and Saturn		space-planets
Ice giants	Uranus and Neptune		space-planets
Which is the largest planet?	Jupiter		space-planets
Which is the smallest planet?	Mercury		space-planets
Which planet is the hottest?	Venus		space-planets
Why is Venus so hot?	Its thick carbon dioxide air traps heat		space-planets
Which planet is called the Red Planet?	Mars		space-planets
Why is Mars red?	Iron oxide (rust) on its surface		space-planets
Which planet has famous rings?	Saturn		space-planets
Do other planets have rings?	Yes: Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune have fainter ones		space-planets
Which planet spins on its side?	Uranus		space-planets
Which planet has the Great Red Spot?	Jupiter		space-planets
What is the Great Red Spot?	A giant storm larger than Earth, seen for hundreds of years		space-planets
Which planet has the strongest winds?	Neptune		space-planets
Which planet is furthest from the Sun?	Neptune		space-planets
Which planet has the longest day?	Venus, which spins very slowly		space-planets
Which planet spins backward compared to most?	Venus		space-planets
Which planets have no moons?	Mercury and Venus		space-planets
How many moons does Earth have?	One		space-planets
Which planet has the tallest volcano in the solar system?	Mars, Olympus Mons		space-planets
What is the largest canyon in the solar system?	Valles Marineris on Mars		space-planets
Which planet is less dense than water?	Saturn		space-planets
What is Mercury's year length?	About 88 Earth days		space-planets
How long is Earth's year?	About 365 days		space-planets
How long is Mars's year?	About 687 Earth days		space-planets
How long is Jupiter's year?	About 12 Earth years		space-planets
How long is Saturn's year?	About 29 Earth years		space-planets
How long is Uranus's year?	About 84 Earth years		space-planets
How long is Neptune's year?	About 165 Earth years		space-planets
What are Saturn's rings made of?	Pieces of ice and rock		space-planets
What is Jupiter mostly made of?	Hydrogen and helium		space-planets
What gas gives Uranus and Neptune a blue color?	Methane		space-planets
Which planet is the only one with liquid water on its surface?	Earth		space-planets
What does Earth's atmosphere contain mostly?	Nitrogen and oxygen		space-planets
What does Mars's atmosphere contain mostly?	Carbon dioxide		space-planets
Which planet was discovered with a telescope in 1781?	Uranus		space-planets
Who discovered Uranus?	William Herschel		space-planets
Which planet was found by math predictions in 1846?	Neptune		space-planets
Dwarf planet	A round body orbiting the Sun that hasn't cleared its orbit		space-planets
Name the five officially recognized dwarf planets	Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris		space-planets
When was Pluto reclassified as a dwarf planet?	2006		space-planets
Who discovered Pluto in 1930?	Clyde Tombaugh		space-planets
Asteroid belt	A region between Mars and Jupiter filled with rocky bodies		space-planets
Kuiper belt	A region beyond Neptune with icy bodies and dwarf planets		space-planets
Oort cloud	A far-off sphere of icy bodies thought to surround the solar system		space-planets
Comet	An icy body that grows a glowing tail near the Sun		space-planets
Asteroid	A rocky body orbiting the Sun, smaller than a planet		space-planets
Meteoroid	A small piece of rock or metal in space		space-planets
Meteor	The streak of light when a meteoroid burns in the atmosphere		space-planets
Meteorite	A piece of space rock that lands on the ground		space-planets
Sun	The star at the center of our solar system		space-planets
Orbit	The path an object takes around another		space-planets
Astronomical unit	The average distance from Earth to the Sun, about 150 million kilometers		space-planets
Gravity on Mars compared to Earth	About 38 percent		space-planets
Star	A huge ball of hot gas that makes its own light by fusion		space-stars-universe
Nebula	A cloud of gas and dust in space		space-stars-universe
Protostar	A young star still forming inside a nebula		space-stars-universe
Main sequence	The long stage when a star fuses hydrogen into helium		space-stars-universe
Red giant	A swollen, cool star near the end of its life		space-stars-universe
White dwarf	The small hot core left after a medium star ends		space-stars-universe
Planetary nebula	A glowing shell of gas thrown off by a dying star		space-stars-universe
Supernova	The explosion of a massive star at the end of its life		space-stars-universe
Neutron star	The super-dense core left by some supernovae		space-stars-universe
Pulsar	A spinning neutron star that sends out beams of radiation		space-stars-universe
Black hole	A region where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape		space-stars-universe
Event horizon	The boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing returns		space-stars-universe
Red dwarf	A small, cool, long-lived star		space-stars-universe
Supergiant	A very large, luminous star		space-stars-universe
Binary star	Two stars orbiting each other		space-stars-universe
Variable star	A star whose brightness changes		space-stars-universe
Nova	A white dwarf suddenly brightening by pulling in gas		space-stars-universe
Star color and temperature	Blue stars are hottest; red stars are coolest		space-stars-universe
Spectral classes from hot to cool	O, B, A, F, G, K, M		space-stars-universe
Spectral class of the Sun	G		space-stars-universe
Luminosity	The total amount of light a star gives off		space-stars-universe
Apparent magnitude	How bright a star looks from Earth		space-stars-universe
Absolute magnitude	How bright a star would look from a standard distance		space-stars-universe
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram	A graph plotting star brightness against temperature		space-stars-universe
Light-year	The distance light travels in one year, about 9.5 trillion kilometers		space-stars-universe
Parallax	The apparent shift of a nearby star against the background as Earth moves		space-stars-universe
Galaxy	A huge collection of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity		space-stars-universe
Milky Way	Our home galaxy, a spiral with a central bar		space-stars-universe
Spiral galaxy	A galaxy with arms curling out from the center		space-stars-universe
Elliptical galaxy	A smooth oval-shaped galaxy		space-stars-universe
Irregular galaxy	A galaxy with no regular shape		space-stars-universe
Galaxy cluster	A group of many galaxies bound by gravity		space-stars-universe
Local Group	The cluster of galaxies that includes the Milky Way		space-stars-universe
Large Magellanic Cloud	A small galaxy that orbits the Milky Way		space-stars-universe
Quasar	An extremely bright center of a distant galaxy powered by a black hole		space-stars-universe
Dark matter	Unseen matter that adds gravity to galaxies		space-stars-universe
Dark energy	A mysterious force that speeds up the expansion of the universe		space-stars-universe
Big Bang theory	The universe began extremely hot and dense about 13.8 billion years ago		space-stars-universe
Expanding universe	Space is stretching, carrying galaxies apart		space-stars-universe
Redshift	Light from receding objects stretches toward red		space-stars-universe
Who found that galaxies move away from us in 1929?	Edwin Hubble		space-stars-universe
Cosmic microwave background	The faint glow left from the early universe		space-stars-universe
Observable universe	The part of the universe we can see from Earth		space-stars-universe
Exoplanet	A planet orbiting a star other than the Sun		space-stars-universe
Habitable zone	The region around a star where liquid water could exist on a planet		space-stars-universe
Telescope	An instrument that gathers light to see faraway objects		space-stars-universe
Refracting telescope	A telescope that uses lenses		space-stars-universe
Reflecting telescope	A telescope that uses mirrors		space-stars-universe
Radio telescope	A dish that collects radio waves from space		space-stars-universe
Spectrum of starlight	Shows what elements a star contains		space-stars-universe
Astronomy	The study of space and everything in it		space-stars-universe
Astrophysics	The branch of astronomy using physics to explain objects in space		space-stars-universe
Cosmology	The study of the origin and structure of the universe		space-stars-universe
Who proposed the Sun-centered solar system in 1543?	Nicolaus Copernicus		space-stars-universe
Who first used a telescope to study the sky in 1609?	Galileo Galilei		space-stars-universe
Who described the laws of planetary motion?	Johannes Kepler		space-stars-universe
Which star is closest to Earth?	The Sun		space-stars-universe
Which star is the closest after the Sun?	Proxima Centauri		space-stars-universe
Star formation location	Inside dense nebulae		space-stars-universe
Chandrasekhar limit	The maximum mass of a white dwarf, about 1.4 solar masses		space-stars-universe
Solar mass	A unit equal to the mass of the Sun		space-stars-universe
Gravitational waves	Ripples in space-time first detected in 2015		space-stars-universe
First image of a black hole shadow, released	2019, in the galaxy M87		space-stars-universe
Mr.	Mister		la-abbreviations
Mrs.	A title for a married woman		la-abbreviations
Ms.	A title for any woman		la-abbreviations
Dr.	Doctor		la-abbreviations
Jr.	Junior		la-abbreviations
Sr.	Senior		la-abbreviations
St.	Street or Saint		la-abbreviations
Ave.	Avenue		la-abbreviations
Blvd.	Boulevard		la-abbreviations
Rd.	Road		la-abbreviations
Ct.	Court		la-abbreviations
Ln.	Lane		la-abbreviations
Dr. (address)	Drive		la-abbreviations
Apt.	Apartment		la-abbreviations
Mt.	Mount or Mountain		la-abbreviations
Mon.	Monday		la-abbreviations
Tues.	Tuesday		la-abbreviations
Wed.	Wednesday		la-abbreviations
Thurs.	Thursday		la-abbreviations
Fri.	Friday		la-abbreviations
Sat.	Saturday		la-abbreviations
Sun.	Sunday		la-abbreviations
Jan.	January		la-abbreviations
Feb.	February		la-abbreviations
Mar.	March		la-abbreviations
Apr.	April		la-abbreviations
Aug.	August		la-abbreviations
Sept.	September		la-abbreviations
Oct.	October		la-abbreviations
Nov.	November		la-abbreviations
Dec.	December		la-abbreviations
a.m.	Before noon (ante meridiem)		la-abbreviations
p.m.	After noon (post meridiem)		la-abbreviations
etc.	And so on (et cetera)		la-abbreviations
e.g.	For example (exempli gratia)		la-abbreviations
i.e.	That is (id est)		la-abbreviations
vs.	Versus		la-abbreviations
approx.	Approximately		la-abbreviations
min.	Minute or minimum		la-abbreviations
max.	Maximum		la-abbreviations
sec.	Second		la-abbreviations
hr.	Hour		la-abbreviations
lb.	Pound		la-abbreviations
oz.	Ounce		la-abbreviations
ft.	Foot or feet		la-abbreviations
in.	Inch		la-abbreviations
yd.	Yard		la-abbreviations
mi.	Mile		la-abbreviations
tsp.	Teaspoon		la-abbreviations
tbsp.	Tablespoon		la-abbreviations
pt.	Pint		la-abbreviations
qt.	Quart		la-abbreviations
gal.	Gallon		la-abbreviations
km	Kilometer		la-abbreviations
cm	Centimeter		la-abbreviations
mm	Millimeter		la-abbreviations
kg	Kilogram		la-abbreviations
mL	Milliliter		la-abbreviations
L	Liter		la-abbreviations
USA	United States of America		la-abbreviations
U.S.	United States		la-abbreviations
U.K.	United Kingdom		la-abbreviations
UN	United Nations		la-abbreviations
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration		la-abbreviations
ZIP	Zone Improvement Plan		la-abbreviations
PS	Postscript		la-abbreviations
RSVP	Please reply (repondez s'il vous plait)		la-abbreviations
ASAP	As soon as possible		la-abbreviations
DIY	Do it yourself		la-abbreviations
FAQ	Frequently asked questions		la-abbreviations
TV	Television		la-abbreviations
CD	Compact disc		la-abbreviations
DVD	Digital versatile disc		la-abbreviations
PC	Personal computer		la-abbreviations
ID	Identification		la-abbreviations
IQ	Intelligence quotient		la-abbreviations
PTA	Parent-Teacher Association		la-abbreviations
CEO	Chief executive officer		la-abbreviations
Inc.	Incorporated		la-abbreviations
Co.	Company		la-abbreviations
Corp.	Corporation		la-abbreviations
Ltd.	Limited		la-abbreviations
Dept.	Department		la-abbreviations
Gov.	Governor		la-abbreviations
Pres.	President		la-abbreviations
Sen.	Senator		la-abbreviations
Rep.	Representative		la-abbreviations
Prof.	Professor		la-abbreviations
Capt.	Captain		la-abbreviations
Gen.	General		la-abbreviations
Lt.	Lieutenant		la-abbreviations
Sgt.	Sergeant		la-abbreviations
Rev.	Reverend		la-abbreviations
est.	Established or estimated		la-abbreviations
cf.	Compare (confer)		la-abbreviations
ibid.	In the same place (in the same source)		la-abbreviations
c. or ca.	About (circa), used for dates		la-abbreviations
B.C.	Before Christ		la-abbreviations
A.D.	Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord		la-abbreviations
B.C.E.	Before Common Era		la-abbreviations
C.E.	Common Era		la-abbreviations
N	North		la-abbreviations
S	South		la-abbreviations
E	East		la-abbreviations
W	West		la-abbreviations
NE	Northeast		la-abbreviations
SW	Southwest		la-abbreviations
abundant	scarce		la-antonyms-advanced
accept	reject		la-antonyms-advanced
advance	retreat		la-antonyms-advanced
ancient	modern		la-antonyms-advanced
arrogant	humble		la-antonyms-advanced
artificial	natural		la-antonyms-advanced
benefit	harm		la-antonyms-advanced
brief	lengthy		la-antonyms-advanced
bold	timid		la-antonyms-advanced
calm	agitated		la-antonyms-advanced
cautious	reckless		la-antonyms-advanced
clarity	confusion		la-antonyms-advanced
conceal	reveal		la-antonyms-advanced
courage	cowardice		la-antonyms-advanced
create	destroy		la-antonyms-advanced
deficit	surplus		la-antonyms-advanced
diligent	lazy		la-antonyms-advanced
discourage	encourage		la-antonyms-advanced
distant	near		la-antonyms-advanced
dull	vivid		la-antonyms-advanced
elevate	lower		la-antonyms-advanced
eternal	temporary		la-antonyms-advanced
expand	contract		la-antonyms-advanced
fragile	sturdy		la-antonyms-advanced
frequent	rare		la-antonyms-advanced
generous	stingy		la-antonyms-advanced
genuine	fake		la-antonyms-advanced
gloomy	cheerful		la-antonyms-advanced
hostile	friendly		la-antonyms-advanced
humble	proud		la-antonyms-advanced
ignorant	knowledgeable		la-antonyms-advanced
include	exclude		la-antonyms-advanced
innocent	guilty		la-antonyms-advanced
joy	sorrow		la-antonyms-advanced
lenient	strict		la-antonyms-advanced
majority	minority		la-antonyms-advanced
maximum	minimum		la-antonyms-advanced
mature	immature		la-antonyms-advanced
optimist	pessimist		la-antonyms-advanced
permanent	temporary		la-antonyms-advanced
prosper	fail		la-antonyms-advanced
rapid	gradual		la-antonyms-advanced
reluctant	eager		la-antonyms-advanced
scarce	plentiful		la-antonyms-advanced
sincere	insincere		la-antonyms-advanced
superior	inferior		la-antonyms-advanced
tranquil	chaotic		la-antonyms-advanced
transparent	opaque		la-antonyms-advanced
vacant	occupied		la-antonyms-advanced
victory	defeat		la-antonyms-advanced
voluntary	compulsory		la-antonyms-advanced
wisdom	foolishness		la-antonyms-advanced
zenith	nadir		la-antonyms-advanced
ascend	descend		la-antonyms-advanced
captivity	freedom		la-antonyms-advanced
lengthen	shorten		la-antonyms-advanced
vague	precise		la-antonyms-advanced
visible	invisible		la-antonyms-advanced
success	failure		la-antonyms-advanced
tolerate	forbid		la-antonyms-advanced
thrifty	wasteful		la-antonyms-advanced
rigid	flexible		la-antonyms-advanced
public	private		la-antonyms-advanced
hot	cold		la-antonyms-easy
up	down		la-antonyms-easy
in	out		la-antonyms-easy
big	small		la-antonyms-easy
fast	slow		la-antonyms-easy
happy	sad		la-antonyms-easy
day	night		la-antonyms-easy
open	closed		la-antonyms-easy
wet	dry		la-antonyms-easy
full	empty		la-antonyms-easy
young	old		la-antonyms-easy
tall	short		la-antonyms-easy
hard	soft		la-antonyms-easy
loud	quiet		la-antonyms-easy
light	dark		la-antonyms-easy
good	bad		la-antonyms-easy
clean	dirty		la-antonyms-easy
thick	thin		la-antonyms-easy
top	bottom		la-antonyms-easy
front	back		la-antonyms-easy
near	far		la-antonyms-easy
begin	end		la-antonyms-easy
start	stop		la-antonyms-easy
push	pull		la-antonyms-easy
laugh	cry		la-antonyms-easy
right	left		la-antonyms-easy
yes	no		la-antonyms-easy
win	lose		la-antonyms-easy
come	go		la-antonyms-easy
buy	sell		la-antonyms-easy
love	hate		la-antonyms-easy
give	take		la-antonyms-easy
sit	stand		la-antonyms-easy
before	after		la-antonyms-easy
awake	asleep		la-antonyms-easy
rich	poor		la-antonyms-easy
strong	weak		la-antonyms-easy
heavy	light		la-antonyms-easy
early	late		la-antonyms-easy
smooth	rough		la-antonyms-easy
below	above		la-antonyms-easy
inside	outside		la-antonyms-easy
first	last		la-antonyms-easy
always	never		la-antonyms-easy
easy	difficult		la-antonyms-easy
wide	narrow		la-antonyms-easy
stay	leave		la-antonyms-easy
find	lose		la-antonyms-easy
true	false		la-antonyms-easy
smile	frown		la-antonyms-easy
brave	cowardly		la-antonyms-easy
sweet	sour		la-antonyms-easy
simple	complicated		la-antonyms-easy
tight	loose		la-antonyms-easy
cheap	expensive		la-antonyms-easy
new	old		la-antonyms-easy
arrive	depart		la-antonyms-easy
remember	forget		la-antonyms-easy
accept	refuse		la-antonyms-easy
add	subtract		la-antonyms-easy
float	sink		la-antonyms-easy
whisper	shout		la-antonyms-easy
polite	rude		la-antonyms-easy
careful	careless		la-antonyms-easy
safe	dangerous		la-antonyms-easy
ancient	modern		la-antonyms-easy
captive	free		la-antonyms-easy
guilty	innocent		la-antonyms-easy
mend	break		la-antonyms-easy
First word of a sentence	The dog ran home.		la-capitalization-rules
The word I	Today I read a book.		la-capitalization-rules
Names of people	Maria, Mr. Lee		la-capitalization-rules
Titles before names	Dr. Brown, Queen Elizabeth		la-capitalization-rules
Family names used as names	Thank you, Mom (but my mom)		la-capitalization-rules
Names of pets	Rex, Whiskers		la-capitalization-rules
Days of the week	Monday, Friday		la-capitalization-rules
Months	March, December		la-capitalization-rules
Holidays	Thanksgiving, Fourth of July		la-capitalization-rules
Seasons	Not capitalized: spring, winter		la-capitalization-rules
Cities	Chicago, Tokyo		la-capitalization-rules
States	Texas, Ohio		la-capitalization-rules
Countries	Brazil, Japan		la-capitalization-rules
Continents	Africa, Asia		la-capitalization-rules
Oceans	Pacific Ocean		la-capitalization-rules
Rivers	Mississippi River		la-capitalization-rules
Mountains	Mount Everest		la-capitalization-rules
Streets	Maple Street		la-capitalization-rules
Planets	Mars, Jupiter		la-capitalization-rules
Earth	Earth when it is the planet; earth for soil		la-capitalization-rules
Directions as places	The South is warm (but go south)		la-capitalization-rules
Languages	Spanish, English		la-capitalization-rules
Nationalities	American, Mexican		la-capitalization-rules
Names of schools	Lincoln Elementary		la-capitalization-rules
Names of companies	Nike, Apple		la-capitalization-rules
Titles of books	Charlotte's Web		la-capitalization-rules
Titles of movies	The Lion King		la-capitalization-rules
Small words in titles	Not capitalized unless first or last: Lord of the Rings		la-capitalization-rules
First word of a quotation	She said, "Come here."		la-capitalization-rules
First word in a letter greeting	Dear Aunt Sue		la-capitalization-rules
First word of a closing	Your friend, Sam		la-capitalization-rules
Letters of an acronym	NASA, FBI		la-capitalization-rules
Initials	J.K. Rowling		la-capitalization-rules
Days and months in abbreviations	Mon., Jan.		la-capitalization-rules
Common nouns	Not capitalized: dog, city, school		la-capitalization-rules
Sun and moon	Usually lowercase: the sun		la-capitalization-rules
Names of gods in myths	Zeus, Athena		la-capitalization-rules
Names of organizations	United Nations		la-capitalization-rules
Historical events	World War II		la-capitalization-rules
Documents	Declaration of Independence		la-capitalization-rules
Brand names	Coca-Cola		la-capitalization-rules
Names of buildings	Empire State Building		la-capitalization-rules
Poem lines	Many poems capitalize each line start		la-capitalization-rules
Proper adjectives	French fries, Roman numerals		la-capitalization-rules
School subjects	Lowercase unless a language: math, science, but English, French		la-capitalization-rules
Class names	Capitalize course names: Algebra I		la-capitalization-rules
Names of the days	Sunday		la-capitalization-rules
Abbreviations of titles	Mr., Ms., Dr.		la-capitalization-rules
Government bodies	Congress, the Senate		la-capitalization-rules
Titles of songs	Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star		la-capitalization-rules
Names of ships	Titanic		la-capitalization-rules
Regions	the Midwest		la-capitalization-rules
bees	a swarm or a hive		la-collective-nouns
birds	a flock		la-collective-nouns
cattle	a herd		la-collective-nouns
cats	a clowder		la-collective-nouns
dogs	a pack		la-collective-nouns
dolphins	a pod		la-collective-nouns
ducks	a paddling (on water) or a raft		la-collective-nouns
elephants	a herd		la-collective-nouns
fish	a school		la-collective-nouns
geese	a gaggle (on the ground) or a skein (in flight)		la-collective-nouns
giraffes	a tower		la-collective-nouns
hippos	a bloat		la-collective-nouns
horses	a herd or a team		la-collective-nouns
kangaroos	a mob		la-collective-nouns
lions	a pride		la-collective-nouns
monkeys	a troop		la-collective-nouns
owls	a parliament		la-collective-nouns
peacocks	an ostentation		la-collective-nouns
penguins	a colony or a waddle		la-collective-nouns
puppies	a litter		la-collective-nouns
kittens	a litter		la-collective-nouns
sheep	a flock		la-collective-nouns
wolves	a pack		la-collective-nouns
whales	a pod		la-collective-nouns
zebras	a dazzle		la-collective-nouns
ants	a colony		la-collective-nouns
butterflies	a flutter		la-collective-nouns
frogs	an army		la-collective-nouns
foxes	a skulk		la-collective-nouns
bears	a sloth		la-collective-nouns
rhinos	a crash		la-collective-nouns
ravens	an unkindness		la-collective-nouns
larks	an exaltation		la-collective-nouns
jellyfish	a smack or a bloom		la-collective-nouns
sharks	a shiver		la-collective-nouns
snakes	a nest		la-collective-nouns
turtles	a bale		la-collective-nouns
porcupines	a prickle		la-collective-nouns
flamingos	a flamboyance		la-collective-nouns
parrots	a pandemonium		la-collective-nouns
starlings	a murmuration		la-collective-nouns
swans	a bevy		la-collective-nouns
eagles	a convocation		la-collective-nouns
pigs	a drove		la-collective-nouns
mice	a mischief		la-collective-nouns
rabbits	a colony or a warren		la-collective-nouns
squirrels	a scurry		la-collective-nouns
badgers	a cete		la-collective-nouns
hedgehogs	an array		la-collective-nouns
goats	a tribe or a trip		la-collective-nouns
turkeys	a rafter		la-collective-nouns
cows	a herd		la-collective-nouns
singers	a choir		la-collective-nouns
musicians	a band or an orchestra		la-collective-nouns
students	a class		la-collective-nouns
sailors	a crew		la-collective-nouns
actors	a cast		la-collective-nouns
players	a team		la-collective-nouns
soldiers	an army		la-collective-nouns
stars	a constellation		la-collective-nouns
grapes	a bunch		la-collective-nouns
bananas	a hand		la-collective-nouns
flowers	a bouquet		la-collective-nouns
keys	a ring or a set		la-collective-nouns
books	a library or a stack		la-collective-nouns
clothes	a wardrobe		la-collective-nouns
stairs	a flight		la-collective-nouns
ships	a fleet		la-collective-nouns
planes	a squadron or a fleet		la-collective-nouns
trees	a forest or a grove		la-collective-nouns
islands	an archipelago		la-collective-nouns
mountains	a range		la-collective-nouns
beads	a string		la-collective-nouns
cards	a deck		la-collective-nouns
paper	a ream		la-collective-nouns
people at a show	an audience		la-collective-nouns
judges	a panel		la-collective-nouns
affect / effect	Affect is usually a verb (to influence); effect is usually a noun (a result)		la-commonly-confused
accept / except	Accept means to receive; except means leaving out		la-commonly-confused
advice / advise	Advice is a noun; advise is a verb		la-commonly-confused
all ready / already	All ready means fully prepared; already means by now		la-commonly-confused
all together / altogether	All together means as a group; altogether means completely		la-commonly-confused
allusion / illusion	An allusion is a reference; an illusion is a false appearance		la-commonly-confused
among / between	Among for three or more; between for two		la-commonly-confused
amount / number	Amount for what cannot be counted; number for what can		la-commonly-confused
beside / besides	Beside means next to; besides means in addition		la-commonly-confused
breath / breathe	Breath is a noun; breathe is a verb		la-commonly-confused
capital / capitol	Capital is a city or money; capitol is a government building		la-commonly-confused
choose / chose	Choose is present; chose is past		la-commonly-confused
cloth / clothe	Cloth is a noun; clothe is a verb		la-commonly-confused
complement / compliment	Complement completes; compliment praises		la-commonly-confused
conscience / conscious	Conscience is your inner sense of right; conscious means awake or aware		la-commonly-confused
council / counsel	Council is a group; counsel is advice		la-commonly-confused
desert / dessert	Desert is dry land; dessert is a sweet course		la-commonly-confused
elicit / illicit	Elicit means draw out; illicit means unlawful		la-commonly-confused
eminent / imminent	Eminent means famous; imminent means about to happen		la-commonly-confused
farther / further	Farther for distance; further for degree or extent		la-commonly-confused
fewer / less	Fewer for countable things; less for amounts		la-commonly-confused
good / well	Good is an adjective; well is usually an adverb		la-commonly-confused
hear / here	Hear with your ears; here is a place		la-commonly-confused
its / it's	Its shows ownership; it's means it is		la-commonly-confused
lay / lie	Lay means to place; lie means to rest		la-commonly-confused
lead / led	Lead (rhymes with bead) is present; led is past		la-commonly-confused
loose / lose	Loose means not tight; lose means to misplace		la-commonly-confused
passed / past	Passed is a verb; past is a time or position		la-commonly-confused
peace / piece	Peace is calm; piece is a part		la-commonly-confused
principal / principle	Principal is a school head or main; principle is a rule		la-commonly-confused
quiet / quite	Quiet means silent; quite means very		la-commonly-confused
raise / rise	Raise needs an object; rise does not		la-commonly-confused
stationary / stationery	Stationary means still; stationery is writing paper		la-commonly-confused
than / then	Than compares; then is about time		la-commonly-confused
their / there / they're	Ownership; place; they are		la-commonly-confused
to / too / two	Toward; also; the number 2		la-commonly-confused
weather / whether	Weather is the sky; whether is a choice		la-commonly-confused
who's / whose	Who's means who is; whose shows ownership		la-commonly-confused
your / you're	Ownership; you are		la-commonly-confused
bring / take	Bring comes toward; take goes away		la-commonly-confused
borrow / lend	Borrow means to receive; lend means to give		la-commonly-confused
can / may	Can is ability; may is permission		la-commonly-confused
compose / comprise	Compose means to make up; comprise means to include		la-commonly-confused
continuous / continual	Continuous never stops; continual stops and starts		la-commonly-confused
disinterested / uninterested	Disinterested means neutral; uninterested means not caring		la-commonly-confused
e.g. / i.e.	e.g. means for example; i.e. means that is		la-commonly-confused
emigrate / immigrate	Emigrate means leave a country; immigrate means enter a new one		la-commonly-confused
ensure / insure	Ensure means make certain; insure relates to insurance		la-commonly-confused
formally / formerly	Formally means properly; formerly means before		la-commonly-confused
historic / historical	Historic is important in history; historical relates to history		la-commonly-confused
imply / infer	Imply is to suggest; infer is to figure out		la-commonly-confused
lightning / lightening	Lightning is the flash; lightening is making lighter		la-commonly-confused
literally / figuratively	Literally means exactly; figuratively means in a symbolic way		la-commonly-confused
precede / proceed	Precede is to come before; proceed is to go forward		la-commonly-confused
stake / steak	A stake is a post; a steak is meat		la-commonly-confused
than / that	Than compares; that points out		la-commonly-confused
weak / week	Not strong; seven days		la-commonly-confused
which / witch	Which asks; witch uses magic		la-commonly-confused
wander / wonder	Wander means roam; wonder means ask in your mind		la-commonly-confused
whole / hole	All; a gap		la-commonly-confused
write / right	Compose; correct		la-commonly-confused
sight / site / cite	Vision; location; quote a source		la-commonly-confused
elude / allude	Elude means escape; allude means refer to		la-commonly-confused
I'm	I am		la-contractions
I've	I have		la-contractions
I'll	I will		la-contractions
I'd	I would or I had		la-contractions
you're	you are		la-contractions
you've	you have		la-contractions
you'll	you will		la-contractions
you'd	you would or you had		la-contractions
he's	he is or he has		la-contractions
he'll	he will		la-contractions
he'd	he would or he had		la-contractions
she's	she is or she has		la-contractions
she'll	she will		la-contractions
she'd	she would or she had		la-contractions
it's	it is or it has		la-contractions
it'll	it will		la-contractions
we're	we are		la-contractions
we've	we have		la-contractions
we'll	we will		la-contractions
we'd	we would or we had		la-contractions
they're	they are		la-contractions
they've	they have		la-contractions
they'll	they will		la-contractions
they'd	they would or they had		la-contractions
that's	that is or that has		la-contractions
that'll	that will		la-contractions
there's	there is or there has		la-contractions
there'll	there will		la-contractions
here's	here is		la-contractions
what's	what is or what has		la-contractions
what'll	what will		la-contractions
who's	who is or who has		la-contractions
who'll	who will		la-contractions
who'd	who would or who had		la-contractions
where's	where is		la-contractions
when's	when is		la-contractions
why's	why is		la-contractions
how's	how is		la-contractions
let's	let us		la-contractions
can't	cannot		la-contractions
won't	will not		la-contractions
don't	do not		la-contractions
doesn't	does not		la-contractions
didn't	did not		la-contractions
isn't	is not		la-contractions
aren't	are not		la-contractions
wasn't	was not		la-contractions
weren't	were not		la-contractions
haven't	have not		la-contractions
hasn't	has not		la-contractions
hadn't	had not		la-contractions
wouldn't	would not		la-contractions
shouldn't	should not		la-contractions
couldn't	could not		la-contractions
mustn't	must not		la-contractions
needn't	need not		la-contractions
shan't	shall not		la-contractions
ain't	A nonstandard form of am not, is not, or are not		la-contractions
could've	could have		la-contractions
would've	would have		la-contractions
should've	should have		la-contractions
might've	might have		la-contractions
must've	must have		la-contractions
o'clock	of the clock		la-contractions
ma'am	madam		la-contractions
y'all	you all (informal)		la-contractions
'twas	it was (old-fashioned)		la-contractions
how'd	how did or how would		la-contractions
who've	who have		la-contractions
there'd	there would or there had		la-contractions
everyone's	everyone is		la-contractions
somebody's	somebody is		la-contractions
nobody's	nobody is		la-contractions
what're	what are		la-contractions
after	We play after school.		la-dolch-grade-1
again	Please sing it again.		la-dolch-grade-1
an	I ate an orange.		la-dolch-grade-1
any	Do you have any gum?		la-dolch-grade-1
as	He is as tall as Dad.		la-dolch-grade-1
ask	Ask your teacher.		la-dolch-grade-1
by	The cat sat by the door.		la-dolch-grade-1
could	I could see the moon.		la-dolch-grade-1
every	Every child got a prize.		la-dolch-grade-1
fly	Birds can fly.		la-dolch-grade-1
from	A letter came from Gran.		la-dolch-grade-1
give	Give me a hug.		la-dolch-grade-1
going	We are going home.		la-dolch-grade-1
had	She had a red kite.		la-dolch-grade-1
has	He has a pet frog.		la-dolch-grade-1
her	I gave her a flower.		la-dolch-grade-1
him	Tell him the news.		la-dolch-grade-1
his	That is his coat.		la-dolch-grade-1
how	How are you today?		la-dolch-grade-1
just	I just woke up.		la-dolch-grade-1
know	I know the answer.		la-dolch-grade-1
let	Let me try.		la-dolch-grade-1
live	Fish live in water.		la-dolch-grade-1
may	May I have some water?		la-dolch-grade-1
of	I want a cup of milk.		la-dolch-grade-1
old	The old tree is tall.		la-dolch-grade-1
once	Once, I saw a deer.		la-dolch-grade-1
open	Open the door.		la-dolch-grade-1
over	The cow jumped over the moon.		la-dolch-grade-1
put	Put the toys away.		la-dolch-grade-1
round	A ball is round.		la-dolch-grade-1
some	I want some juice.		la-dolch-grade-1
stop	Stop at the red light.		la-dolch-grade-1
take	Take a seat.		la-dolch-grade-1
thank	Thank you for the gift.		la-dolch-grade-1
them	Give them a snack.		la-dolch-grade-1
then	First we eat, then we play.		la-dolch-grade-1
think	I think it will rain.		la-dolch-grade-1
walk	We walk to school.		la-dolch-grade-1
were	They were happy.		la-dolch-grade-1
when	When will we go?		la-dolch-grade-1
always	I always brush my teeth.		la-dolch-grade-2
around	We walked around the pond.		la-dolch-grade-2
because	I smiled because I was happy.		la-dolch-grade-2
been	I have been to the zoo.		la-dolch-grade-2
before	Wash up before dinner.		la-dolch-grade-2
best	She is my best friend.		la-dolch-grade-2
both	Both of my hands are cold.		la-dolch-grade-2
buy	I will buy some milk.		la-dolch-grade-2
call	Call me tonight.		la-dolch-grade-2
cold	The ice is cold.		la-dolch-grade-2
does	Does he like fish?		la-dolch-grade-2
don't	Don't touch the stove.		la-dolch-grade-2
fast	A cheetah runs fast.		la-dolch-grade-2
first	I am first in line.		la-dolch-grade-2
five	I have five fingers.		la-dolch-grade-2
found	I found a coin.		la-dolch-grade-2
gave	Dad gave me a hug.		la-dolch-grade-2
goes	The bus goes by at eight.		la-dolch-grade-2
green	Grass is green.		la-dolch-grade-2
its	The dog wagged its tail.		la-dolch-grade-2
made	Mom made soup.		la-dolch-grade-2
many	Many birds sang.		la-dolch-grade-2
off	Turn off the light.		la-dolch-grade-2
or	Do you want milk or juice?		la-dolch-grade-2
pull	Pull the wagon.		la-dolch-grade-2
read	I read a book every night.		la-dolch-grade-2
right	Turn right at the corner.		la-dolch-grade-2
sing	Let us sing a song.		la-dolch-grade-2
sit	Please sit on the rug.		la-dolch-grade-2
sleep	I sleep at night.		la-dolch-grade-2
tell	Tell me a story.		la-dolch-grade-2
their	The kids put on their coats.		la-dolch-grade-2
these	These shoes are mine.		la-dolch-grade-2
those	Those clouds are dark.		la-dolch-grade-2
upon	Once upon a time, there was a king.		la-dolch-grade-2
us	Come with us.		la-dolch-grade-2
use	Use a pencil.		la-dolch-grade-2
very	The soup is very hot.		la-dolch-grade-2
wash	Wash your hands.		la-dolch-grade-2
which	Which hat is yours?		la-dolch-grade-2
why	Why is the sky blue?		la-dolch-grade-2
wish	I wish for a pony.		la-dolch-grade-2
work	Dad goes to work.		la-dolch-grade-2
would	Would you like some tea?		la-dolch-grade-2
write	Write your name here.		la-dolch-grade-2
your	Is this your coat?		la-dolch-grade-2
about	The book is about a whale.		la-dolch-grade-3
better	I feel better today.		la-dolch-grade-3
bring	Bring your lunch.		la-dolch-grade-3
carry	Can you carry this bag?		la-dolch-grade-3
clean	Please clean your room.		la-dolch-grade-3
cut	Cut the paper with scissors.		la-dolch-grade-3
done	I am done with my work.		la-dolch-grade-3
draw	I like to draw horses.		la-dolch-grade-3
drink	Drink some water.		la-dolch-grade-3
eight	A spider has eight legs.		la-dolch-grade-3
fall	Leaves fall in autumn.		la-dolch-grade-3
far	The farm is far from here.		la-dolch-grade-3
full	The cup is full.		la-dolch-grade-3
got	I got a new puzzle.		la-dolch-grade-3
grow	Seeds grow into plants.		la-dolch-grade-3
hold	Hold my hand.		la-dolch-grade-3
hot	The soup is hot.		la-dolch-grade-3
hurt	I hurt my knee.		la-dolch-grade-3
if	If it rains, we stay in.		la-dolch-grade-3
keep	Keep the door shut.		la-dolch-grade-3
kind	Be kind to others.		la-dolch-grade-3
laugh	The joke made me laugh.		la-dolch-grade-3
light	Turn on the light.		la-dolch-grade-3
long	The snake is long.		la-dolch-grade-3
much	Thank you very much.		la-dolch-grade-3
myself	I tied my shoes myself.		la-dolch-grade-3
never	I never miss a day of school.		la-dolch-grade-3
only	I have only one pencil.		la-dolch-grade-3
own	I have my own room.		la-dolch-grade-3
pick	Pick a card.		la-dolch-grade-3
seven	A week has seven days.		la-dolch-grade-3
shall	Shall we dance?		la-dolch-grade-3
show	Show me your drawing.		la-dolch-grade-3
six	There are six eggs.		la-dolch-grade-3
small	A mouse is small.		la-dolch-grade-3
start	The race will start soon.		la-dolch-grade-3
ten	I counted to ten.		la-dolch-grade-3
today	Today is Friday.		la-dolch-grade-3
together	We played together.		la-dolch-grade-3
try	Try your best.		la-dolch-grade-3
warm	The blanket is warm.		la-dolch-grade-3
apple	I ate a red apple.		la-dolch-nouns
baby	The baby is sleeping.		la-dolch-nouns
back	My back itches.		la-dolch-nouns
ball	Kick the ball to me.		la-dolch-nouns
bear	A bear lives in the woods.		la-dolch-nouns
bed	I sleep in my bed.		la-dolch-nouns
bell	The bell rang.		la-dolch-nouns
bird	A bird sang in the tree.		la-dolch-nouns
birthday	Today is my birthday.		la-dolch-nouns
boat	The boat sailed away.		la-dolch-nouns
box	The box is empty.		la-dolch-nouns
boy	The boy kicked the ball.		la-dolch-nouns
bread	I had bread and jam.		la-dolch-nouns
brother	My brother is tall.		la-dolch-nouns
cake	We ate birthday cake.		la-dolch-nouns
car	Dad drives a car.		la-dolch-nouns
cat	The cat chased a mouse.		la-dolch-nouns
chair	Sit in the chair.		la-dolch-nouns
chicken	The chicken laid an egg.		la-dolch-nouns
children	The children sang.		la-dolch-nouns
Christmas	We sing songs at Christmas.		la-dolch-nouns
coat	Wear your coat.		la-dolch-nouns
corn	We grew sweet corn.		la-dolch-nouns
cow	The cow gave milk.		la-dolch-nouns
day	It is a sunny day.		la-dolch-nouns
dog	The dog wagged its tail.		la-dolch-nouns
doll	She hugged her doll.		la-dolch-nouns
door	Close the door.		la-dolch-nouns
duck	A duck swam by.		la-dolch-nouns
egg	I had an egg for breakfast.		la-dolch-nouns
eye	I closed one eye.		la-dolch-nouns
farmer	The farmer fed the pigs.		la-dolch-nouns
father	My father reads to me.		la-dolch-nouns
feet	My feet are cold.		la-dolch-nouns
fire	The fire is warm.		la-dolch-nouns
fish	A fish swims in the pond.		la-dolch-nouns
floor	The floor is clean.		la-dolch-nouns
flower	I picked a flower.		la-dolch-nouns
game	Let us play a game.		la-dolch-nouns
garden	We planted a garden.		la-dolch-nouns
girl	The girl rode her bike.		la-dolch-nouns
goodbye	Wave goodbye.		la-dolch-nouns
grass	The grass is green.		la-dolch-nouns
ground	Seeds go in the ground.		la-dolch-nouns
hand	Raise your hand.		la-dolch-nouns
head	Put a hat on your head.		la-dolch-nouns
hill	We climbed the hill.		la-dolch-nouns
home	I go home at three.		la-dolch-nouns
horse	The horse can gallop.		la-dolch-nouns
house	We live in a house.		la-dolch-nouns
kitty	The kitty purred.		la-dolch-nouns
leg	A table has four legs.		la-dolch-nouns
letter	I wrote a letter.		la-dolch-nouns
man	The man waved.		la-dolch-nouns
men	The men fixed the road.		la-dolch-nouns
milk	I drink milk.		la-dolch-nouns
money	I saved my money.		la-dolch-nouns
morning	Good morning!		la-dolch-nouns
mother	My mother sings.		la-dolch-nouns
name	What is your name?		la-dolch-nouns
nest	The bird built a nest.		la-dolch-nouns
night	The stars come out at night.		la-dolch-nouns
paper	I drew on paper.		la-dolch-nouns
party	We had a party.		la-dolch-nouns
picture	I drew a picture.		la-dolch-nouns
pig	The pig rolled in mud.		la-dolch-nouns
rabbit	A rabbit hopped by.		la-dolch-nouns
rain	The rain is falling.		la-dolch-nouns
ring	She wore a ring.		la-dolch-nouns
robin	A robin ate a worm.		la-dolch-nouns
Santa Claus	Santa Claus has a red suit.		la-dolch-nouns
school	I go to school.		la-dolch-nouns
seed	Plant a seed.		la-dolch-nouns
sheep	The sheep eat grass.		la-dolch-nouns
shoe	I lost my shoe.		la-dolch-nouns
sister	My sister is funny.		la-dolch-nouns
snow	We played in the snow.		la-dolch-nouns
song	Sing a song.		la-dolch-nouns
squirrel	A squirrel hid a nut.		la-dolch-nouns
stick	The dog fetched a stick.		la-dolch-nouns
street	Look both ways on the street.		la-dolch-nouns
sun	The sun is bright.		la-dolch-nouns
table	Set the table.		la-dolch-nouns
thing	What is that thing?		la-dolch-nouns
time	What time is it?		la-dolch-nouns
top	He climbed to the top.		la-dolch-nouns
toy	I put away my toy.		la-dolch-nouns
tree	The tree has green leaves.		la-dolch-nouns
watch	My watch tells time.		la-dolch-nouns
water	I need a glass of water.		la-dolch-nouns
way	Which way is home?		la-dolch-nouns
wind	The wind blew my hat.		la-dolch-nouns
window	Look out the window.		la-dolch-nouns
wood	The table is made of wood.		la-dolch-nouns
a	I see a cat.		la-dolch-pre-primer
and	Mom and Dad came.		la-dolch-pre-primer
away	The bird flew away.		la-dolch-pre-primer
big	A big dog barked.		la-dolch-pre-primer
blue	The sky is blue.		la-dolch-pre-primer
can	I can hop.		la-dolch-pre-primer
come	Come to my house.		la-dolch-pre-primer
down	Sit down, please.		la-dolch-pre-primer
find	Can you find my hat?		la-dolch-pre-primer
for	This gift is for you.		la-dolch-pre-primer
funny	The clown is funny.		la-dolch-pre-primer
go	Let us go to the park.		la-dolch-pre-primer
help	Please help me.		la-dolch-pre-primer
here	Put the book here.		la-dolch-pre-primer
I	I like to read.		la-dolch-pre-primer
in	The cat is in the box.		la-dolch-pre-primer
is	The sun is hot.		la-dolch-pre-primer
it	I like it.		la-dolch-pre-primer
jump	Frogs can jump.		la-dolch-pre-primer
little	A little ant crawled by.		la-dolch-pre-primer
look	Look at the bird.		la-dolch-pre-primer
make	Let us make a cake.		la-dolch-pre-primer
me	Come play with me.		la-dolch-pre-primer
my	This is my bike.		la-dolch-pre-primer
not	I am not sad.		la-dolch-pre-primer
one	I have one apple.		la-dolch-pre-primer
play	We play ball.		la-dolch-pre-primer
red	The apple is red.		la-dolch-pre-primer
run	I can run fast.		la-dolch-pre-primer
said	Mom said hello.		la-dolch-pre-primer
see	I see a star.		la-dolch-pre-primer
the	The dog is brown.		la-dolch-pre-primer
three	I have three toys.		la-dolch-pre-primer
to	We go to school.		la-dolch-pre-primer
two	I have two eyes.		la-dolch-pre-primer
up	Look up at the sky.		la-dolch-pre-primer
we	We can sing.		la-dolch-pre-primer
where	Where is my shoe?		la-dolch-pre-primer
yellow	The duck is yellow.		la-dolch-pre-primer
you	I like you.		la-dolch-pre-primer
all	We all sat down.		la-dolch-primer
am	I am six years old.		la-dolch-primer
are	You are my friend.		la-dolch-primer
at	Look at the moon.		la-dolch-primer
ate	The bear ate honey.		la-dolch-primer
be	I want to be a nurse.		la-dolch-primer
black	A black cat sat there.		la-dolch-primer
brown	The bear is brown.		la-dolch-primer
but	I am small, but I am strong.		la-dolch-primer
came	The bus came at noon.		la-dolch-primer
did	Did you see the bird?		la-dolch-primer
do	What do you like?		la-dolch-primer
eat	We eat lunch at noon.		la-dolch-primer
four	A table has four legs.		la-dolch-primer
get	Get your coat.		la-dolch-primer
good	You did a good job.		la-dolch-primer
have	I have a new pen.		la-dolch-primer
he	He is my brother.		la-dolch-primer
into	The fish jumped into the pond.		la-dolch-primer
like	I like pizza.		la-dolch-primer
must	You must wash your hands.		la-dolch-primer
new	I got new shoes.		la-dolch-primer
no	No, thank you.		la-dolch-primer
now	Come here now.		la-dolch-primer
on	The cup is on the table.		la-dolch-primer
our	This is our house.		la-dolch-primer
out	The dog ran out.		la-dolch-primer
please	Please pass the salt.		la-dolch-primer
pretty	The flower is pretty.		la-dolch-primer
ran	The boy ran home.		la-dolch-primer
ride	We ride the bus.		la-dolch-primer
saw	I saw a rainbow.		la-dolch-primer
say	Say your name.		la-dolch-primer
she	She is my sister.		la-dolch-primer
so	I am so happy.		la-dolch-primer
soon	Dinner will be ready soon.		la-dolch-primer
that	I like that book.		la-dolch-primer
there	The book is over there.		la-dolch-primer
they	They went to the zoo.		la-dolch-primer
this	This is my seat.		la-dolch-primer
too	I want to come too.		la-dolch-primer
under	The cat is under the bed.		la-dolch-primer
want	I want a cookie.		la-dolch-primer
was	It was a sunny day.		la-dolch-primer
well	She sings very well.		la-dolch-primer
went	We went to the lake.		la-dolch-primer
what	What is that?		la-dolch-primer
white	Snow is white.		la-dolch-primer
who	Who is at the door?		la-dolch-primer
will	I will help you.		la-dolch-primer
with	Come with me.		la-dolch-primer
yes	Yes, I can.		la-dolch-primer
William Shakespeare	Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, A Midsummer Night's Dream		la-famous-authors-works
Jane Austen	Pride and Prejudice, Emma		la-famous-authors-works
Charles Dickens	A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, Great Expectations		la-famous-authors-works
Mark Twain	The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn		la-famous-authors-works
Louisa May Alcott	Little Women		la-famous-authors-works
Lewis Carroll	Alice's Adventures in Wonderland		la-famous-authors-works
L. Frank Baum	The Wonderful Wizard of Oz		la-famous-authors-works
Robert Louis Stevenson	Treasure Island, Kidnapped		la-famous-authors-works
J.M. Barrie	Peter Pan		la-famous-authors-works
Kenneth Grahame	The Wind in the Willows		la-famous-authors-works
Beatrix Potter	The Tale of Peter Rabbit		la-famous-authors-works
A.A. Milne	Winnie-the-Pooh		la-famous-authors-works
Rudyard Kipling	The Jungle Book, Just So Stories		la-famous-authors-works
Roald Dahl	Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, The BFG		la-famous-authors-works
Dr. Seuss	The Cat in the Hat, Green Eggs and Ham, Horton Hears a Who		la-famous-authors-works
E.B. White	Charlotte's Web, Stuart Little		la-famous-authors-works
Laura Ingalls Wilder	Little House on the Prairie		la-famous-authors-works
Beverly Cleary	Ramona Quimby books, Henry Huggins		la-famous-authors-works
Judy Blume	Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret		la-famous-authors-works
C.S. Lewis	The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (Chronicles of Narnia)		la-famous-authors-works
J.R.R. Tolkien	The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings		la-famous-authors-works
J.K. Rowling	Harry Potter series		la-famous-authors-works
Madeleine L'Engle	A Wrinkle in Time		la-famous-authors-works
Lois Lowry	The Giver, Number the Stars		la-famous-authors-works
Katherine Paterson	Bridge to Terabithia		la-famous-authors-works
Gary Paulsen	Hatchet		la-famous-authors-works
Suzanne Collins	The Hunger Games		la-famous-authors-works
Rick Riordan	Percy Jackson and the Olympians		la-famous-authors-works
Jeff Kinney	Diary of a Wimpy Kid		la-famous-authors-works
Dav Pilkey	Dog Man, Captain Underpants		la-famous-authors-works
Eric Carle	The Very Hungry Caterpillar		la-famous-authors-works
Maurice Sendak	Where the Wild Things Are		la-famous-authors-works
Shel Silverstein	The Giving Tree, Where the Sidewalk Ends		la-famous-authors-works
Margaret Wise Brown	Goodnight Moon		la-famous-authors-works
Judith Viorst	Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day		la-famous-authors-works
Kate DiCamillo	Because of Winn-Dixie, The Tale of Despereaux		la-famous-authors-works
Sharon Creech	Walk Two Moons		la-famous-authors-works
Louis Sachar	Holes		la-famous-authors-works
Lemony Snicket	A Series of Unfortunate Events		la-famous-authors-works
Ernest Hemingway	The Old Man and the Sea		la-famous-authors-works
F. Scott Fitzgerald	The Great Gatsby		la-famous-authors-works
Harper Lee	To Kill a Mockingbird		la-famous-authors-works
John Steinbeck	The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men		la-famous-authors-works
George Orwell	Animal Farm, 1984		la-famous-authors-works
Aldous Huxley	Brave New World		la-famous-authors-works
J.D. Salinger	The Catcher in the Rye		la-famous-authors-works
Herman Melville	Moby-Dick		la-famous-authors-works
Nathaniel Hawthorne	The Scarlet Letter		la-famous-authors-works
Edgar Allan Poe	The Raven, The Tell-Tale Heart		la-famous-authors-works
Emily Dickinson	Poems such as "Because I could not stop for Death"		la-famous-authors-works
Robert Frost	The Road Not Taken, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening		la-famous-authors-works
Walt Whitman	Leaves of Grass		la-famous-authors-works
Langston Hughes	The Negro Speaks of Rivers, Dreams		la-famous-authors-works
Maya Angelou	I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings		la-famous-authors-works
Toni Morrison	Beloved		la-famous-authors-works
Jules Verne	Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Around the World in Eighty Days		la-famous-authors-works
H.G. Wells	The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds		la-famous-authors-works
Mary Shelley	Frankenstein		la-famous-authors-works
Bram Stoker	Dracula		la-famous-authors-works
Charlotte Bronte	Jane Eyre		la-famous-authors-works
Emily Bronte	Wuthering Heights		la-famous-authors-works
Arthur Conan Doyle	Sherlock Holmes stories		la-famous-authors-works
Agatha Christie	Murder on the Orient Express		la-famous-authors-works
Leo Tolstoy	War and Peace, Anna Karenina		la-famous-authors-works
Fyodor Dostoevsky	Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov		la-famous-authors-works
Victor Hugo	Les Miserables, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame		la-famous-authors-works
Alexandre Dumas	The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo		la-famous-authors-works
Miguel de Cervantes	Don Quixote		la-famous-authors-works
Homer	The Iliad and The Odyssey		la-famous-authors-works
Dante Alighieri	The Divine Comedy		la-famous-authors-works
Geoffrey Chaucer	The Canterbury Tales		la-famous-authors-works
John Milton	Paradise Lost		la-famous-authors-works
Gabriel Garcia Marquez	One Hundred Years of Solitude		la-famous-authors-works
Chinua Achebe	Things Fall Apart		la-famous-authors-works
Hans Christian Andersen	The Little Mermaid, The Ugly Duckling		la-famous-authors-works
The Brothers Grimm	Hansel and Gretel, Cinderella, Snow White		la-famous-authors-works
Aesop	Fables such as The Tortoise and the Hare		la-famous-authors-works
Jack London	The Call of the Wild, White Fang		la-famous-authors-works
Frances Hodgson Burnett	The Secret Garden, A Little Princess		la-famous-authors-works
Johanna Spyri	Heidi		la-famous-authors-works
Astrid Lindgren	Pippi Longstocking		la-famous-authors-works
Antoine de Saint-Exupery	The Little Prince		la-famous-authors-works
Natalie Babbitt	Tuck Everlasting		la-famous-authors-works
Scott O'Dell	Island of the Blue Dolphins		la-famous-authors-works
Mildred D. Taylor	Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry		la-famous-authors-works
Walter Dean Myers	Monster, Fallen Angels		la-famous-authors-works
Jerry Spinelli	Maniac Magee, Stargirl		la-famous-authors-works
R.J. Palacio	Wonder		la-famous-authors-works
Jacqueline Woodson	Brown Girl Dreaming		la-famous-authors-works
Neil Gaiman	Coraline, The Graveyard Book		la-famous-authors-works
Cressida Cowell	How to Train Your Dragon		la-famous-authors-works
Mo Willems	Don't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus!		la-famous-authors-works
Arnold Lobel	Frog and Toad Are Friends		la-famous-authors-works
Chris Van Allsburg	The Polar Express, Jumanji		la-famous-authors-works
Tomie dePaola	Strega Nona		la-famous-authors-works
Ezra Jack Keats	The Snowy Day		la-famous-authors-works
Virginia Hamilton	M.C. Higgins, the Great		la-famous-authors-works
Elizabeth George Speare	The Witch of Blackbird Pond		la-famous-authors-works
Ray Bradbury	Fahrenheit 451		la-famous-authors-works
Isaac Asimov	I, Robot, Foundation		la-famous-authors-works
William Golding	Lord of the Flies		la-famous-authors-works
Anne Frank	The Diary of a Young Girl		la-famous-authors-works
simile	A comparison using like or as: fast as lightning		la-figurative-language
metaphor	A comparison saying one thing is another: time is a thief		la-figurative-language
personification	Giving human traits to non-human things: the wind whispered		la-figurative-language
hyperbole	Extreme exaggeration: I have a million things to do		la-figurative-language
idiom	A phrase with a meaning different from its words: break the ice		la-figurative-language
onomatopoeia	A word that sounds like its meaning: buzz, boom		la-figurative-language
alliteration	Repeating a starting consonant sound: Peter Piper picked		la-figurative-language
assonance	Repeating vowel sounds inside words: the rain in Spain		la-figurative-language
consonance	Repeating consonant sounds inside or at the end: pitter-patter		la-figurative-language
imagery	Words that appeal to the senses: the sweet smell of bread		la-figurative-language
symbolism	Using an object to stand for an idea: a dove for peace		la-figurative-language
irony	When the opposite of what you expect happens or is said		la-figurative-language
verbal irony	Saying the opposite of what you mean: Lovely weather! (in a storm)		la-figurative-language
situational irony	When the outcome is the reverse of what was expected		la-figurative-language
dramatic irony	When the audience knows something the characters do not		la-figurative-language
oxymoron	Two opposite words together: deafening silence		la-figurative-language
paradox	A statement that seems false but contains truth: less is more		la-figurative-language
allusion	A reference to a well-known person, event or work		la-figurative-language
pun	A joke using a word with two meanings or similar sounds		la-figurative-language
understatement	Making something seem less important than it is		la-figurative-language
euphemism	A gentle word for something unpleasant: passed away		la-figurative-language
cliché	An overused phrase: only time will tell		la-figurative-language
foreshadowing	Hints about what will happen later		la-figurative-language
flashback	A scene that goes back to an earlier time		la-figurative-language
analogy	A comparison to explain or clarify an idea		la-figurative-language
anaphora	Repeating words at the start of lines or sentences		la-figurative-language
apostrophe	Speaking to someone absent or a thing: O Death, be not proud		la-figurative-language
juxtaposition	Placing two things side by side for contrast		la-figurative-language
metonymy	Naming something by something linked to it: the crown for the king		la-figurative-language
synecdoche	A part standing for the whole: all hands on deck		la-figurative-language
tone	The writer's attitude toward the subject		la-figurative-language
mood	The feeling a reader gets from a text		la-figurative-language
repetition	Using the same word or phrase for emphasis		la-figurative-language
hyperbaton	Changing normal word order for effect		la-figurative-language
antithesis	Putting opposite ideas in balanced phrases: to err is human; to forgive, divine		la-figurative-language
chiasmus	Reversing the order of words in two phrases: ask not what your country can do for you		la-figurative-language
rhetorical question	A question asked for effect, not for an answer		la-figurative-language
sarcasm	Saying the opposite of what you mean to mock or tease		la-figurative-language
satire	Using humor to point out foolishness in society		la-figurative-language
parody	A funny imitation of a work		la-figurative-language
colloquialism	Informal everyday language		la-figurative-language
dialect	A way of speaking particular to a region or group		la-figurative-language
connotation	The feelings a word suggests beyond its dictionary meaning		la-figurative-language
denotation	The dictionary meaning of a word		la-figurative-language
literal language	Words that mean exactly what they say		la-figurative-language
figurative language	Words used in a way that goes beyond the literal meaning		la-figurative-language
mixed metaphor	Combining two metaphors in a confusing way		la-figurative-language
extended metaphor	A metaphor carried through many lines		la-figurative-language
the	The sun is up.		la-fry-first-100
of	A cup of tea is hot.		la-fry-first-100
and	Salt and pepper are on the table.		la-fry-first-100
a	I saw a bird.		la-fry-first-100
to	We walk to school.		la-fry-first-100
in	The fish swim in the pond.		la-fry-first-100
is	The soup is warm.		la-fry-first-100
you	Thank you for the gift.		la-fry-first-100
that	I like that song.		la-fry-first-100
it	It is time to eat.		la-fry-first-100
he	He plays the drums.		la-fry-first-100
was	The movie was fun.		la-fry-first-100
for	This card is for you.		la-fry-first-100
on	The book is on the desk.		la-fry-first-100
are	The apples are red.		la-fry-first-100
as	She runs as fast as a deer.		la-fry-first-100
with	I walk with my dog.		la-fry-first-100
his	He lost his hat.		la-fry-first-100
they	They went to the park.		la-fry-first-100
I	I love to draw.		la-fry-first-100
at	We met at the gate.		la-fry-first-100
be	Be kind to others.		la-fry-first-100
this	This pen is new.		la-fry-first-100
have	I have two cats.		la-fry-first-100
from	The gift is from Grandma.		la-fry-first-100
or	Do you like tea or milk?		la-fry-first-100
one	I ate one grape.		la-fry-first-100
had	We had a picnic.		la-fry-first-100
by	The cat sat by the window.		la-fry-first-100
word	I learned a new word.		la-fry-first-100
but	I tried, but it was hard.		la-fry-first-100
not	Do not run in the hall.		la-fry-first-100
what	What is your name?		la-fry-first-100
all	We all clapped.		la-fry-first-100
were	They were tired.		la-fry-first-100
we	We like to swim.		la-fry-first-100
when	When does the show start?		la-fry-first-100
your	Is this your scarf?		la-fry-first-100
can	I can tie my shoes.		la-fry-first-100
said	He said it was fun.		la-fry-first-100
there	Put it over there.		la-fry-first-100
use	Use a spoon for soup.		la-fry-first-100
an	I saw an owl.		la-fry-first-100
each	Each child got a seat.		la-fry-first-100
which	Which door is open?		la-fry-first-100
she	She reads every day.		la-fry-first-100
do	I do my best.		la-fry-first-100
how	How did you do that?		la-fry-first-100
their	The kids hung up their coats.		la-fry-first-100
if	If you knock, I will open.		la-fry-first-100
will	It will rain soon.		la-fry-first-100
up	The balloon floated up.		la-fry-first-100
other	Where is the other sock?		la-fry-first-100
about	Tell me about your day.		la-fry-first-100
out	Let the cat out.		la-fry-first-100
many	Many stars shone.		la-fry-first-100
then	Wash your hands, then eat.		la-fry-first-100
them	I gave them some seeds.		la-fry-first-100
these	These cookies are warm.		la-fry-first-100
so	I was so tired.		la-fry-first-100
some	I want some water.		la-fry-first-100
her	I gave her a card.		la-fry-first-100
would	I would like a snack.		la-fry-first-100
make	Let us make a boat.		la-fry-first-100
like	I like apples.		la-fry-first-100
him	I saw him at school.		la-fry-first-100
into	The frog hopped into the pond.		la-fry-first-100
time	It is time for bed.		la-fry-first-100
has	She has a new bike.		la-fry-first-100
look	Look at the moon.		la-fry-first-100
two	I have two sisters.		la-fry-first-100
more	May I have more rice?		la-fry-first-100
write	Write your name here.		la-fry-first-100
go	We go to the lake.		la-fry-first-100
see	I can see the stars.		la-fry-first-100
number	Pick a number.		la-fry-first-100
no	There is no milk left.		la-fry-first-100
way	This is the way home.		la-fry-first-100
could	I could hear a drum.		la-fry-first-100
people	Many people came.		la-fry-first-100
my	My bag is blue.		la-fry-first-100
than	A lion is bigger than a cat.		la-fry-first-100
first	I came in first.		la-fry-first-100
water	Water is wet.		la-fry-first-100
been	I have been to the beach.		la-fry-first-100
call	Call me later.		la-fry-first-100
who	Who is that?		la-fry-first-100
oil	Oil is slippery.		la-fry-first-100
its	The bird flapped its wings.		la-fry-first-100
now	Come here now.		la-fry-first-100
find	Find the lost key.		la-fry-first-100
long	The river is long.		la-fry-first-100
down	Climb down the ladder.		la-fry-first-100
day	Today is a great day.		la-fry-first-100
did	Did you eat?		la-fry-first-100
get	Get your book.		la-fry-first-100
come	Come and see.		la-fry-first-100
made	Dad made a cake.		la-fry-first-100
may	May I go out?		la-fry-first-100
part	This is my favorite part.		la-fry-first-100
over	The plane flew over us.		la-fry-second-100
new	I got a new coat.		la-fry-second-100
sound	A bell makes a loud sound.		la-fry-second-100
take	Take a deep breath.		la-fry-second-100
only	Only one seat is left.		la-fry-second-100
little	The little pup yawned.		la-fry-second-100
work	We work as a team.		la-fry-second-100
know	I know the way.		la-fry-second-100
place	This is my favorite place.		la-fry-second-100
year	A year has twelve months.		la-fry-second-100
live	Frogs live near ponds.		la-fry-second-100
me	Come sit by me.		la-fry-second-100
back	Come back soon.		la-fry-second-100
give	Give the dog a bone.		la-fry-second-100
most	Most birds can fly.		la-fry-second-100
very	The cake is very sweet.		la-fry-second-100
after	We swim after lunch.		la-fry-second-100
thing	That thing is heavy.		la-fry-second-100
our	Our class has a pet.		la-fry-second-100
just	I just got here.		la-fry-second-100
name	Write your name.		la-fry-second-100
good	This pie is good.		la-fry-second-100
sentence	A sentence ends with a period.		la-fry-second-100
man	The man tipped his hat.		la-fry-second-100
think	I think you are right.		la-fry-second-100
say	Say it again.		la-fry-second-100
great	What a great idea!		la-fry-second-100
where	Where do you live?		la-fry-second-100
help	Help me carry this.		la-fry-second-100
through	We walked through the woods.		la-fry-second-100
much	How much is it?		la-fry-second-100
before	Brush your teeth before bed.		la-fry-second-100
line	Stand in line.		la-fry-second-100
right	Turn right here.		la-fry-second-100
too	I am hungry too.		la-fry-second-100
mean	What does this word mean?		la-fry-second-100
old	My grandfather is old and wise.		la-fry-second-100
any	Do you have any pets?		la-fry-second-100
same	We have the same shirt.		la-fry-second-100
tell	Tell me a secret.		la-fry-second-100
boy	The boy waved.		la-fry-second-100
follow	Follow the leader.		la-fry-second-100
came	The train came in.		la-fry-second-100
want	I want to learn.		la-fry-second-100
show	Show us your trick.		la-fry-second-100
also	I like cats and also dogs.		la-fry-second-100
around	Spin around.		la-fry-second-100
form	We formed a line.		la-fry-second-100
three	There are three bears.		la-fry-second-100
small	A pebble is small.		la-fry-second-100
set	Set the table.		la-fry-second-100
put	Put the cup down.		la-fry-second-100
end	This is the end of the book.		la-fry-second-100
does	Does the bus stop here?		la-fry-second-100
another	I want another turn.		la-fry-second-100
well	You did well.		la-fry-second-100
large	An elephant is large.		la-fry-second-100
must	We must be on time.		la-fry-second-100
big	A big wave rolled in.		la-fry-second-100
even	Even a small step helps.		la-fry-second-100
such	It was such a nice day.		la-fry-second-100
because	I smiled because it was fun.		la-fry-second-100
turn	It is my turn.		la-fry-second-100
here	Come over here.		la-fry-second-100
why	Why is the grass wet?		la-fry-second-100
ask	Ask a question.		la-fry-second-100
went	We went to the museum.		la-fry-second-100
men	The men built a wall.		la-fry-second-100
read	Read me a story.		la-fry-second-100
need	Plants need light.		la-fry-second-100
land	The boat reached land.		la-fry-second-100
different	A cat and a dog are different.		la-fry-second-100
home	Home is where we eat dinner.		la-fry-second-100
us	Come with us.		la-fry-second-100
move	Move your chair closer.		la-fry-second-100
try	Try a new food.		la-fry-second-100
kind	A kind word helps.		la-fry-second-100
hand	Hold my hand.		la-fry-second-100
picture	Draw a picture.		la-fry-second-100
again	Let us play again.		la-fry-second-100
change	Leaves change color in fall.		la-fry-second-100
off	Take your shoes off.		la-fry-second-100
play	Let us play outside.		la-fry-second-100
spell	Can you spell your name?		la-fry-second-100
air	Birds fly in the air.		la-fry-second-100
away	The ball rolled away.		la-fry-second-100
animal	A fox is a wild animal.		la-fry-second-100
house	Our house is blue.		la-fry-second-100
point	Point to the star.		la-fry-second-100
page	Turn the page.		la-fry-second-100
letter	A is the first letter.		la-fry-second-100
mother	My mother bakes bread.		la-fry-second-100
answer	Raise your hand to answer.		la-fry-second-100
found	I found my glasses.		la-fry-second-100
study	I study each night.		la-fry-second-100
still	Stand still.		la-fry-second-100
learn	Kids learn every day.		la-fry-second-100
should	You should drink water.		la-fry-second-100
America	America is a country.		la-fry-second-100
world	The world is round.		la-fry-second-100
high	The kite flew high.		la-fry-second-100
every	Every day I read.		la-fry-third-100
near	The park is near my house.		la-fry-third-100
add	Add two and two.		la-fry-third-100
food	We cook food on a stove.		la-fry-third-100
between	Sit between us.		la-fry-third-100
own	I have my own cup.		la-fry-third-100
below	The cellar is below the kitchen.		la-fry-third-100
country	Canada is a country.		la-fry-third-100
plant	Plant the seed in soil.		la-fry-third-100
last	He was last in line.		la-fry-third-100
school	School starts at eight.		la-fry-third-100
father	My father drives a truck.		la-fry-third-100
keep	Keep your promise.		la-fry-third-100
tree	An oak is a tall tree.		la-fry-third-100
never	I never saw a whale.		la-fry-third-100
start	Start the race.		la-fry-third-100
city	A big city has tall buildings.		la-fry-third-100
earth	Earth is our planet.		la-fry-third-100
eye	I closed one eye.		la-fry-third-100
light	Turn on the light.		la-fry-third-100
thought	I thought about you.		la-fry-third-100
head	Nod your head.		la-fry-third-100
under	The ball rolled under the couch.		la-fry-third-100
story	Tell me a story.		la-fry-third-100
saw	I saw a fox.		la-fry-third-100
left	Turn left at the school.		la-fry-third-100
don't	Don't forget your lunch.		la-fry-third-100
few	A few birds came.		la-fry-third-100
while	Sing while you work.		la-fry-third-100
along	Walk along the path.		la-fry-third-100
might	It might rain.		la-fry-third-100
close	Close the window.		la-fry-third-100
something	I heard something.		la-fry-third-100
seem	You seem happy.		la-fry-third-100
next	You are next.		la-fry-third-100
hard	The rock is hard.		la-fry-third-100
open	Open the box.		la-fry-third-100
example	Give an example.		la-fry-third-100
begin	Let us begin.		la-fry-third-100
life	Life began in the sea long ago.		la-fry-third-100
always	I always say please.		la-fry-third-100
those	Those flowers are lovely.		la-fry-third-100
both	Both doors are shut.		la-fry-third-100
paper	Fold the paper.		la-fry-third-100
together	We build together.		la-fry-third-100
got	I got a letter.		la-fry-third-100
group	Our group is small.		la-fry-third-100
often	We often eat outside.		la-fry-third-100
run	Run to the gate.		la-fry-third-100
important	Sleep is important.		la-fry-third-100
until	Wait until noon.		la-fry-third-100
children	Children love games.		la-fry-third-100
side	Stand by my side.		la-fry-third-100
feet	My feet are wet.		la-fry-third-100
car	The car is red.		la-fry-third-100
mile	A mile is a long walk.		la-fry-third-100
night	The moon shines at night.		la-fry-third-100
walk	We walk to the park.		la-fry-third-100
white	Clouds are white.		la-fry-third-100
sea	A ship sails the sea.		la-fry-third-100
began	The show began.		la-fry-third-100
grow	Plants grow in spring.		la-fry-third-100
took	She took a photo.		la-fry-third-100
river	The river flows to the sea.		la-fry-third-100
four	Four plus one is five.		la-fry-third-100
carry	Carry the books.		la-fry-third-100
state	Texas is a state.		la-fry-third-100
once	I went once.		la-fry-third-100
book	Read a book.		la-fry-third-100
hear	I hear a bell.		la-fry-third-100
stop	Stop and look.		la-fry-third-100
without	Do not go without a coat.		la-fry-third-100
second	I came in second.		la-fry-third-100
later	See you later.		la-fry-third-100
miss	I miss my friend.		la-fry-third-100
idea	I have an idea.		la-fry-third-100
enough	I have enough food.		la-fry-third-100
eat	We eat at six.		la-fry-third-100
watch	Watch the clock.		la-fry-third-100
far	The moon is far away.		la-fry-third-100
Indian	The Indian elephant is large.		la-fry-third-100
real	A real tiger is wild.		la-fry-third-100
almost	We are almost there.		la-fry-third-100
let	Let me help.		la-fry-third-100
above	A bird flew above us.		la-fry-third-100
girl	The girl smiled.		la-fry-third-100
sometimes	Sometimes I walk to school.		la-fry-third-100
mountain	A mountain is very tall.		la-fry-third-100
cut	Cut the string.		la-fry-third-100
young	A young pup plays.		la-fry-third-100
talk	Talk quietly.		la-fry-third-100
soon	Spring will come soon.		la-fry-third-100
list	Make a list.		la-fry-third-100
song	Sing a song.		la-fry-third-100
being	Being kind feels good.		la-fry-third-100
leave	Leave at noon.		la-fry-third-100
family	My family eats dinner at six.		la-fry-third-100
body	Your body needs rest.		la-fry-third-100
music	I love music.		la-fry-third-100
color	What color is the sky?		la-fry-third-100
stand	Stand up straight.		la-fry-third-100
sun	The sun gives light.		la-fry-third-100
question	Ask a question.		la-fry-third-100
fish	A fish has fins.		la-fry-third-100
area	This area is quiet.		la-fry-third-100
mark	Mark the page.		la-fry-third-100
dog	The dog barked.		la-fry-third-100
horse	A horse can gallop.		la-fry-third-100
birds	Birds build nests.		la-fry-third-100
problem	Solve the problem.		la-fry-third-100
complete	Complete the puzzle.		la-fry-third-100
room	My room is tidy.		la-fry-third-100
knew	I knew the answer.		la-fry-third-100
since	I have lived here since May.		la-fry-third-100
ever	Have you ever seen a whale?		la-fry-third-100
piece	Eat a piece of pie.		la-fry-third-100
told	Dad told a joke.		la-fry-third-100
usually	I usually walk home.		la-fry-third-100
friends	Friends share.		la-fry-third-100
easy	The test was easy.		la-fry-third-100
heard	I heard a song.		la-fry-third-100
order	Put them in order.		la-fry-third-100
red	A red rose bloomed.		la-fry-third-100
door	Open the door.		la-fry-third-100
sure	I am sure.		la-fry-third-100
become	Tadpoles become frogs.		la-fry-third-100
top	Climb to the top.		la-fry-third-100
ship	The ship sailed.		la-fry-third-100
across	Walk across the bridge.		la-fry-third-100
today	Today is sunny.		la-fry-third-100
during	Sleep during the night.		la-fry-third-100
short	A short story is quick to read.		la-fry-third-100
better	Feel better soon.		la-fry-third-100
best	This is the best day.		la-fry-third-100
however	It was cold; however, we played.		la-fry-third-100
low	Fly low.		la-fry-third-100
hours	A day has twenty-four hours.		la-fry-third-100
black	The crow is black.		la-fry-third-100
products	Farms grow many products.		la-fry-third-100
happened	What happened?		la-fry-third-100
whole	Eat the whole apple.		la-fry-third-100
measure	Measure the table.		la-fry-third-100
remember	Remember your keys.		la-fry-third-100
early	Birds wake early.		la-fry-third-100
waves	Waves crash on shore.		la-fry-third-100
reached	We reached the top.		la-fry-third-100
Subject-verb agreement	A singular subject takes a singular verb: The dog barks		la-grammar-rules
Plural subject	A plural subject takes a plural verb: The dogs bark		la-grammar-rules
Compound subjects with and	Take a plural verb: Tom and Sara are here		la-grammar-rules
Compound subjects with or	The verb matches the nearer subject: Neither Tom nor the girls are here		la-grammar-rules
Collective noun	Usually takes a singular verb: The team is ready		la-grammar-rules
Everyone, somebody, each	Indefinite pronouns that take singular verbs: Everyone is here		la-grammar-rules
Both, few, many	Take plural verbs: Both are ready		la-grammar-rules
I vs. me	Use I as a subject, me as an object: Sam and I went; she gave Sam and me a gift		la-grammar-rules
Who vs. whom	Who is the subject; whom is the object: Who called? To whom did you speak?		la-grammar-rules
Fewer vs. less	Fewer for things you count, less for amounts: fewer cookies, less milk		la-grammar-rules
Between vs. among	Between for two, among for three or more		la-grammar-rules
Good vs. well	Good is an adjective, well is an adverb: She sings well		la-grammar-rules
Lie vs. lay	Lie means to rest; lay means to place something down		la-grammar-rules
Sit vs. set	Sit means to be seated; set means to put something		la-grammar-rules
Bring vs. take	Bring toward the speaker; take away from the speaker		la-grammar-rules
Its vs. it's	Its shows ownership; it's means it is		la-grammar-rules
Your vs. you're	Your shows ownership; you're means you are		la-grammar-rules
Their, there, they're	Their shows ownership, there is a place, they're means they are		la-grammar-rules
Whose vs. who's	Whose shows ownership; who's means who is		la-grammar-rules
Then vs. than	Then is time; than compares		la-grammar-rules
Double negatives	Avoid two negatives: I have no apples, not I don't have no apples		la-grammar-rules
Pronoun agreement	Pronouns match their antecedents in number		la-grammar-rules
Parallel structure	Use the same form in a list: running, jumping and swimming		la-grammar-rules
Dangling modifier	A modifier that does not clearly attach to what it describes		la-grammar-rules
Misplaced modifier	A modifier placed too far from the word it describes		la-grammar-rules
Sentence fragments	Every sentence needs a subject and a verb and a complete thought		la-grammar-rules
Run-on sentences	Fix with a period, semicolon, or a comma plus conjunction		la-grammar-rules
Verb tense consistency	Keep the same tense unless time changes		la-grammar-rules
Active voice	Prefer subject doing the action: Maria wrote the letter		la-grammar-rules
Adjectives before nouns	Opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose		la-grammar-rules
Comparatives with -er	Short adjectives: taller, faster		la-grammar-rules
Comparatives with more	Longer adjectives: more beautiful		la-grammar-rules
Superlatives with -est	Short adjectives: tallest, fastest		la-grammar-rules
Irregular comparisons	good, better, best; bad, worse, worst		la-grammar-rules
A vs. an	Use an before a vowel sound: an hour, a university		la-grammar-rules
Adverbs end in -ly	Often, but not always: quickly, but fast		la-grammar-rules
Possessive pronouns have no apostrophe	his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs		la-grammar-rules
Singular possessive	Add 's: the girl's bike		la-grammar-rules
Plural possessive	Add ' after plural s: the girls' bikes		la-grammar-rules
Irregular plural possessive	Add 's: the children's toys		la-grammar-rules
Prepositions at the end	It is acceptable in plain speech: What are you looking at?		la-grammar-rules
Split infinitive	Putting a word between to and the verb: to boldly go; usually fine		la-grammar-rules
Capitalizing the first word	Every sentence starts with a capital letter		la-grammar-rules
Ending punctuation	Statements end with a period, questions with a question mark		la-grammar-rules
Gerund as subject	Takes a singular verb: Swimming is fun		la-grammar-rules
Conditional sentences	If it rains, we will stay home		la-grammar-rules
Reflexive pronouns	Use only when the subject also receives the action: I hurt myself		la-grammar-rules
Redundancy	Avoid saying the same thing twice: not "very unique"		la-grammar-rules
Absolute adjectives	Words like unique, perfect, complete cannot be compared		la-grammar-rules
Past participle	Used with have: have gone, not have went		la-grammar-rules
Irregular verbs	go, went, gone; see, saw, seen; eat, ate, eaten		la-grammar-rules
Subjunctive	Use were for wishes: I wish I were taller		la-grammar-rules
Apostrophe in contractions	Shows missing letters: don't = do not		la-grammar-rules
Nonrestrictive clause	Extra information set off with commas		la-grammar-rules
Restrictive clause	Needed information with no commas		la-grammar-rules
Passive voice	Subject receives the action; use when the doer is unknown		la-grammar-rules
Pronoun case	Use the case that fits the pronoun's job in the sentence		la-grammar-rules
Comparative with than	Use than after comparisons: taller than me		la-grammar-rules
Quantity words	Many for count nouns, much for mass nouns: many books, much water		la-grammar-rules
Amount vs. number	Amount for things you cannot count, number for things you can		la-grammar-rules
Farther vs. further	Farther for distance, further for degree		la-grammar-rules
Should have, not should of	Write should have, would have, could have		la-grammar-rules
anthropo	Human: anthropology, philanthropy		la-greek-roots
astro	Star: astronomy, astronaut		la-greek-roots
auto	Self: autograph, automatic		la-greek-roots
bio	Life: biology, biography		la-greek-roots
chrono	Time: chronology, synchronize		la-greek-roots
cosmo	World or universe: cosmos, cosmopolitan		la-greek-roots
crat	Rule: democrat, aristocrat		la-greek-roots
cycl	Circle: bicycle, cyclone		la-greek-roots
demo	People: democracy, demographic		la-greek-roots
derm	Skin: dermatology, epidermis		la-greek-roots
dyna	Power: dynamic, dynamite		la-greek-roots
geo	Earth: geography, geology		la-greek-roots
gram	Written: telegram, diagram		la-greek-roots
graph	Write or draw: autograph, photograph		la-greek-roots
hydro	Water: hydrant, dehydrate		la-greek-roots
hyper	Over, beyond: hyperactive		la-greek-roots
hypo	Under: hypothermia, hypodermic		la-greek-roots
log	Word or study: dialogue, biology		la-greek-roots
logo	Word: logo, monologue		la-greek-roots
mega	Great, large: megaphone		la-greek-roots
meter	Measure: thermometer, diameter		la-greek-roots
micro	Small: microscope, microwave		la-greek-roots
mono	One: monologue, monorail		la-greek-roots
morph	Shape: metamorphosis, morph		la-greek-roots
neo	New: neologism, neon		la-greek-roots
nym	Name: synonym, antonym		la-greek-roots
ortho	Straight, correct: orthodontist		la-greek-roots
pan	All: panorama, pandemic		la-greek-roots
path	Feeling or disease: sympathy, pathology		la-greek-roots
phil	Love: philosophy, Philadelphia		la-greek-roots
phobia	Fear: claustrophobia, arachnophobia		la-greek-roots
phon	Sound: telephone, symphony		la-greek-roots
photo	Light: photograph, photosynthesis		la-greek-roots
poly	Many: polygon, polygamy		la-greek-roots
psych	Mind or soul: psychology		la-greek-roots
scope	Look at: telescope, microscope		la-greek-roots
syn	Together: synonym, synthesis		la-greek-roots
tele	Far: telephone, television		la-greek-roots
therm	Heat: thermometer, thermal		la-greek-roots
topo	Place: topography		la-greek-roots
zoo	Animal: zoology, zoo		la-greek-roots
techno	Skill or art: technology, technique		la-greek-roots
arch	Chief or rule: monarchy, architect		la-greek-roots
bibli	Book: bibliography, Bible		la-greek-roots
cardi	Heart: cardiac, cardiology		la-greek-roots
dec	Ten: decade, decagon		la-greek-roots
gen	Birth or kind: genesis, genetics		la-greek-roots
glossa	Tongue or language: glossary		la-greek-roots
hemo	Blood: hemoglobin		la-greek-roots
kine	Movement: kinetic, kinesiology		la-greek-roots
lith	Stone: monolith, lithograph		la-greek-roots
mania	Madness or craze: maniac, kleptomania		la-greek-roots
onym	Name: pseudonym, anonymous		la-greek-roots
pod	Foot: tripod, podiatrist		la-greek-roots
pyro	Fire: pyromaniac, pyre		la-greek-roots
pseudo	False: pseudonym		la-greek-roots
thesis	A placing: hypothesis, synthesis		la-greek-roots
tropo	Turn: tropical, heliotrope		la-greek-roots
bat	A flying mammal; a stick used to hit a ball		la-homographs
bark	The sound a dog makes; the outer covering of a tree		la-homographs
bank	A place that keeps money; the side of a river		la-homographs
bow (bō)	A knot with loops; a weapon that shoots arrows		la-homographs
bow (bou)	To bend forward as a greeting		la-homographs
close (klōz)	To shut		la-homographs
close (klōs)	Near		la-homographs
content (KON-tent)	What is inside something		la-homographs
content (kun-TENT)	Happy and satisfied		la-homographs
desert (DEZ-ert)	A dry place with little rain		la-homographs
desert (di-ZERT)	To leave someone behind		la-homographs
dove (duv)	A kind of bird		la-homographs
dove (dōv)	Jumped headfirst into water		la-homographs
fan	A device that moves air; a person who loves a team or star		la-homographs
file	A folder of papers; a tool for smoothing		la-homographs
fine	Very good; money paid as a penalty		la-homographs
firm	Hard and steady; a business		la-homographs
jam	Fruit spread; to squeeze in tightly		la-homographs
kind	Gentle and caring; a type or sort		la-homographs
lead (lēd)	To guide		la-homographs
lead (led)	A heavy metal		la-homographs
left	The opposite of right; went away		la-homographs
light	Not heavy; brightness from a lamp		la-homographs
match	A stick that lights a flame; a game or contest		la-homographs
mean	Unkind; to intend; average		la-homographs
mine (mīn)	Belonging to me		la-homographs
minute (MIN-it)	Sixty seconds		la-homographs
minute (mī-NOOT)	Very tiny		la-homographs
object (OB-jikt)	A thing you can touch		la-homographs
object (ub-JEKT)	To disagree		la-homographs
park	A place with grass and trees; to leave a car		la-homographs
pen	A tool for writing; a fenced area for animals		la-homographs
present (PREZ-ent)	A gift; right now		la-homographs
present (pri-ZENT)	To give or show		la-homographs
produce (PRŌ-doos)	Fruits and vegetables		la-homographs
produce (pruh-DOOS)	To make		la-homographs
read (rēd)	To look at words and understand them		la-homographs
read (red)	Looked at words in the past		la-homographs
record (REK-ord)	A written account; the best score so far		la-homographs
record (ri-KORD)	To save sound or video		la-homographs
refuse (REF-yoos)	Garbage		la-homographs
refuse (ri-FYOOZ)	To say no		la-homographs
ring	A circle worn on a finger; to make a bell sound		la-homographs
rock	A stone; to move back and forth		la-homographs
row (rō)	A line of things; to paddle a boat		la-homographs
row (rou)	A noisy argument		la-homographs
saw	A tool for cutting; looked at (past of see)		la-homographs
season	A time of year; to add salt or spices		la-homographs
second	One of sixty parts of a minute; after the first		la-homographs
sewer (SŌ-er)	A person who sews		la-homographs
sewer (SOO-er)	An underground drain		la-homographs
shed	A small storage building; to drop or lose		la-homographs
sink	A basin for washing; to go under water		la-homographs
spring	The season after winter; a coil of metal; a jump		la-homographs
squash	A vegetable; to crush flat		la-homographs
stalk	The stem of a plant; to follow quietly		la-homographs
tear (tair)	To rip		la-homographs
tear (teer)	A drop from the eye		la-homographs
wind (wind)	Moving air		la-homographs
wind (wīnd)	To turn or twist		la-homographs
wound (woond)	An injury		la-homographs
wound (wound)	Twisted around (past of wind)		la-homographs
bass (bās)	A low sound or a low voice		la-homographs
bass (bas)	A kind of fish		la-homographs
live (liv)	To be alive; to stay in a place		la-homographs
live (līv)	Happening right now		la-homographs
use (yooz)	To do something with a tool		la-homographs
use (yoos)	A purpose		la-homographs
subject (SUB-jikt)	A topic; a school class		la-homographs
subject (sub-JEKT)	To make someone go through something		la-homographs
conduct (KON-dukt)	Behavior		la-homographs
conduct (kun-DUKT)	To lead or direct		la-homographs
project (PROJ-ekt)	A planned piece of work		la-homographs
project (pruh-JEKT)	To throw forward or show on a screen		la-homographs
permit (PER-mit)	A paper that gives permission		la-homographs
contract (KON-trakt)	A legal agreement		la-homographs
contract (kun-TRAKT)	To shrink		la-homographs
insult (IN-sult)	A rude remark		la-homographs
invalid (IN-vuh-lid)	A person made weak by illness		la-homographs
invalid (in-VAL-id)	Not valid; not acceptable		la-homographs
lie	A false statement; to rest flat		la-homographs
nail	A thin pointed metal pin; the hard cover on a fingertip		la-homographs
palm	The inside of your hand; a kind of tree		la-homographs
pitcher	A person who throws a ball; a jug for liquids		la-homographs
plant	A living thing that grows; a factory		la-homographs
pound	A unit of weight; to hit hard		la-homographs
roll	A small round bread; to turn over and over		la-homographs
scale	A tool for weighing; the skin of a fish		la-homographs
seal	A sea animal; to close tightly		la-homographs
spell	To say letters in order; a magic charm		la-homographs
stick	A thin piece of wood; to glue		la-homographs
swallow	To take food down the throat; a bird		la-homographs
trunk	An elephant's nose; the stem of a tree; the back storage of a car		la-homographs
well	In a good way; a deep hole with water		la-homographs
yard	Ground around a house; three feet		la-homographs
cross	A mark like an X; angry		la-homographs
fair	Just and equal; a carnival		la-homographs
pitch	To throw; the highness of a sound		la-homographs
duck	A water bird; to bend down quickly		la-homographs
orange	A fruit; a color		la-homographs
mouse	A small rodent; a computer pointing device		la-homographs
to	Toward (partner: too, two)		la-homophones-easy
too	Also, or more than enough (partner: to, two)		la-homophones-easy
two	The number 2 (partner: to, too)		la-homophones-easy
there	In that place (partners: their, they're)		la-homophones-easy
their	Belonging to them (partners: there, they're)		la-homophones-easy
they're	Short for they are (partners: there, their)		la-homophones-easy
here	In this place (partner: hear)		la-homophones-easy
hear	To listen with your ears (partner: here)		la-homophones-easy
see	To look with your eyes (partner: sea)		la-homophones-easy
sea	A large body of salt water (partner: see)		la-homophones-easy
sun	The star our Earth circles (partner: son)		la-homophones-easy
son	A boy child of a parent (partner: sun)		la-homophones-easy
one	The number 1 (partner: won)		la-homophones-easy
won	Did win (partner: one)		la-homophones-easy
no	The opposite of yes (partner: know)		la-homophones-easy
know	To understand or be sure of (partner: no)		la-homophones-easy
write	To put words on paper (partner: right)		la-homophones-easy
right	Correct, or the opposite of left (partners: write, rite)		la-homophones-easy
be	To exist (partner: bee)		la-homophones-easy
bee	An insect that makes honey (partner: be)		la-homophones-easy
by	Near or beside (partners: buy, bye)		la-homophones-easy
buy	To pay for something (partners: by, bye)		la-homophones-easy
bye	Short for goodbye (partners: by, buy)		la-homophones-easy
for	Meant to be given to (partners: four, fore)		la-homophones-easy
four	The number 4 (partners: for, fore)		la-homophones-easy
in	Inside (partner: inn)		la-homophones-easy
inn	A small hotel (partner: in)		la-homophones-easy
eye	The part of the body you see with (partners: I, aye)		la-homophones-easy
I	The word you use to talk about yourself (partners: eye, aye)		la-homophones-easy
our	Belonging to us (partner: hour)		la-homophones-easy
hour	Sixty minutes (partner: our)		la-homophones-easy
bear	A big furry animal, or to carry (partner: bare)		la-homophones-easy
bare	Not covered (partner: bear)		la-homophones-easy
deer	A hoofed animal with antlers (partner: dear)		la-homophones-easy
dear	Loved, or a way to start a letter (partner: deer)		la-homophones-easy
flower	A blooming plant (partner: flour)		la-homophones-easy
flour	A powder used to bake bread (partner: flower)		la-homophones-easy
hair	What grows on your head (partner: hare)		la-homophones-easy
hare	An animal like a big rabbit (partner: hair)		la-homophones-easy
mail	Letters and packages (partner: male)		la-homophones-easy
male	A boy or man (partner: mail)		la-homophones-easy
meat	Food from animals (partners: meet, mete)		la-homophones-easy
meet	To come together with someone (partner: meat)		la-homophones-easy
pair	Two things that go together (partners: pare, pear)		la-homophones-easy
pear	A sweet fruit (partners: pair, pare)		la-homophones-easy
plane	A machine that flies (partner: plain)		la-homophones-easy
plain	Simple, or a flat area of land (partner: plane)		la-homophones-easy
rain	Water falling from clouds (partners: reign, rein)		la-homophones-easy
road	A path for cars (partners: rode, rowed)		la-homophones-easy
rode	Past tense of ride (partner: road)		la-homophones-easy
sail	To travel on a boat with a cloth (partner: sale)		la-homophones-easy
sale	A time when things cost less (partner: sail)		la-homophones-easy
tail	The part at the back of an animal (partner: tale)		la-homophones-easy
tale	A story (partner: tail)		la-homophones-easy
wait	To stay until something happens (partner: weight)		la-homophones-easy
weight	How heavy something is (partner: wait)		la-homophones-easy
way	A path or method (partners: weigh, whey)		la-homophones-easy
weigh	To find how heavy something is (partner: way)		la-homophones-easy
week	Seven days (partner: weak)		la-homophones-easy
weak	Not strong (partner: week)		la-homophones-easy
blue	The color of the sky (partner: blew)		la-homophones-easy
blew	Past tense of blow (partner: blue)		la-homophones-easy
new	Not old (partner: knew)		la-homophones-easy
knew	Past tense of know (partner: new)		la-homophones-easy
nose	The part of the face you smell with (partner: knows)		la-homophones-easy
knows	Is aware of (partner: nose)		la-homophones-easy
not	Word that makes a sentence negative (partner: knot)		la-homophones-easy
knot	A tied loop in rope (partner: not)		la-homophones-easy
ate	Past tense of eat (partner: eight)		la-homophones-easy
eight	The number 8 (partner: ate)		la-homophones-easy
or	A word that gives a choice (partners: oar, ore)		la-homophones-easy
oar	A paddle for a rowboat (partners: or, ore)		la-homophones-easy
tow	To pull behind (partner: toe)		la-homophones-easy
toe	A part of your foot (partner: tow)		la-homophones-easy
would	Might (partner: wood)		la-homophones-easy
wood	What trees are made of (partner: would)		la-homophones-easy
ant	A tiny insect (partner: aunt)		la-homophones-easy
aunt	Your parent's sister (partner: ant)		la-homophones-easy
beat	To hit again and again (partner: beet)		la-homophones-easy
beet	A red root vegetable (partner: beat)		la-homophones-easy
berry	A small juicy fruit (partner: bury)		la-homophones-easy
bury	To put in the ground (partner: berry)		la-homophones-easy
cell	A tiny unit of life, or a small room (partner: sell)		la-homophones-easy
sell	To trade for money (partner: cell)		la-homophones-easy
cent	A coin worth one penny (partners: scent, sent)		la-homophones-easy
scent	A smell (partners: cent, sent)		la-homophones-easy
sent	Past tense of send (partners: cent, scent)		la-homophones-easy
dew	Drops of water on grass at morning (partner: due)		la-homophones-easy
due	Expected, or owed (partner: dew)		la-homophones-easy
fair	Just, or a carnival (partner: fare)		la-homophones-easy
fare	Money paid for a ride (partner: fair)		la-homophones-easy
heal	To get better (partner: heel)		la-homophones-easy
heel	The back of your foot (partner: heal)		la-homophones-easy
hole	An empty space (partner: whole)		la-homophones-easy
whole	All of something (partner: hole)		la-homophones-easy
lead (metal)	A heavy gray metal, said led (partner: led)		la-homophones-easy
led	Past tense of lead (partner: lead)		la-homophones-easy
main	Most important (partner: mane)		la-homophones-easy
mane	Long hair on a lion's neck (partner: main)		la-homophones-easy
peace	A calm time with no fighting (partner: piece)		la-homophones-easy
piece	A part of something (partner: peace)		la-homophones-easy
pause	A short stop (partner: paws)		la-homophones-easy
paws	Animal feet (partner: pause)		la-homophones-easy
steal	To take what is not yours (partner: steel)		la-homophones-easy
steel	A strong metal (partner: steal)		la-homophones-easy
stair	One step in a staircase (partner: stare)		la-homophones-easy
stare	To look for a long time (partner: stair)		la-homophones-easy
sweet	Tasting like sugar (partner: suite)		la-homophones-easy
tea	A hot drink (partner: tee)		la-homophones-easy
threw	Past tense of throw (partner: through)		la-homophones-easy
through	From one side to the other (partner: threw)		la-homophones-easy
wear	To have clothes on (partner: where)		la-homophones-easy
where	In what place (partner: wear)		la-homophones-easy
accept	To receive (partner: except)		la-homophones-hard
except	Leaving out (partner: accept)		la-homophones-hard
affect	To influence (a verb, usually) (partner: effect)		la-homophones-hard
effect	A result (a noun, usually) (partner: affect)		la-homophones-hard
allowed	Permitted (partner: aloud)		la-homophones-hard
aloud	Out loud (partner: allowed)		la-homophones-hard
altar	A table used in a ceremony (partner: alter)		la-homophones-hard
alter	To change (partner: altar)		la-homophones-hard
assistance	Help (partner: assistants)		la-homophones-hard
assistants	People who help (partner: assistance)		la-homophones-hard
bald	Having no hair (partner: bawled)		la-homophones-hard
bawled	Cried loudly (partner: bald)		la-homophones-hard
band	A group of musicians (partner: banned)		la-homophones-hard
banned	Not allowed (partner: band)		la-homophones-hard
bazaar	A market (partner: bizarre)		la-homophones-hard
bizarre	Very strange (partner: bazaar)		la-homophones-hard
bough	A large branch of a tree (partner: bow)		la-homophones-hard
bow	To bend at the waist (partner: bough)		la-homophones-hard
brake	A device that stops a car (partner: break)		la-homophones-hard
break	To crack or split (partner: brake)		la-homophones-hard
canvas	Heavy cloth (partner: canvass)		la-homophones-hard
canvass	To ask people for votes or opinions (partner: canvas)		la-homophones-hard
capital	A city that is the seat of government (partner: capitol)		la-homophones-hard
capitol	The building where a legislature meets (partner: capital)		la-homophones-hard
cereal	A breakfast food (partner: serial)		la-homophones-hard
serial	Happening in a series (partner: cereal)		la-homophones-hard
cite	To quote as a source (partners: sight, site)		la-homophones-hard
sight	The ability to see (partners: cite, site)		la-homophones-hard
site	A place (partners: cite, sight)		la-homophones-hard
coarse	Rough (partner: course)		la-homophones-hard
course	A path, or a class (partner: coarse)		la-homophones-hard
complement	Something that completes (partner: compliment)		la-homophones-hard
compliment	A kind remark (partner: complement)		la-homophones-hard
council	A group that makes decisions (partner: counsel)		la-homophones-hard
counsel	Advice (partner: council)		la-homophones-hard
creak	A squeaky noise (partner: creek)		la-homophones-hard
creek	A small stream (partner: creak)		la-homophones-hard
desert	A dry sandy place (partner: dessert)		la-homophones-hard
dessert	A sweet treat after a meal (partner: desert)		la-homophones-hard
die	To stop living (partner: dye)		la-homophones-hard
dye	Color for cloth (partner: die)		la-homophones-hard
discreet	Careful with secrets (partner: discrete)		la-homophones-hard
discrete	Separate and distinct (partner: discreet)		la-homophones-hard
draft	A rough version, or a current of air (partner: draught)		la-homophones-hard
elicit	To draw out (partner: illicit)		la-homophones-hard
illicit	Against the law (partner: elicit)		la-homophones-hard
ensure	To make certain (partner: insure)		la-homophones-hard
insure	To buy insurance (partner: ensure)		la-homophones-hard
faint	To pass out, or weak (partner: feint)		la-homophones-hard
feint	A fake move (partner: faint)		la-homophones-hard
flair	A natural talent (partner: flare)		la-homophones-hard
flare	A bright flame or signal (partner: flair)		la-homophones-hard
flew	Past tense of fly (partners: flu, flue)		la-homophones-hard
flu	An illness (partners: flew, flue)		la-homophones-hard
foul	Bad or unfair (partner: fowl)		la-homophones-hard
fowl	A bird such as a chicken (partner: foul)		la-homophones-hard
gorilla	A large ape (partner: guerrilla)		la-homophones-hard
guerrilla	A fighter in a small group (partner: gorilla)		la-homophones-hard
grate	To shred; a metal frame (partner: great)		la-homophones-hard
great	Very good or large (partner: grate)		la-homophones-hard
groan	A low sound of pain (partner: grown)		la-homophones-hard
grown	Got bigger (partner: groan)		la-homophones-hard
hangar	A building for planes (partner: hanger)		la-homophones-hard
hanger	A tool for hanging clothes (partner: hangar)		la-homophones-hard
hoarse	Rough-sounding voice (partner: horse)		la-homophones-hard
horse	A large animal people ride (partner: hoarse)		la-homophones-hard
idle	Not working (partners: idol, idyll)		la-homophones-hard
idol	A person you greatly admire (partner: idle)		la-homophones-hard
lessen	To make smaller (partner: lesson)		la-homophones-hard
lesson	Something you learn in class (partner: lessen)		la-homophones-hard
levee	A wall that holds back a river (partner: levy)		la-homophones-hard
levy	A tax or fee (partner: levee)		la-homophones-hard
loan	Money lent (partner: lone)		la-homophones-hard
lone	Alone (partner: loan)		la-homophones-hard
medal	An award (partners: meddle, metal)		la-homophones-hard
meddle	To butt in (partner: medal)		la-homophones-hard
metal	A hard shiny material (partner: medal)		la-homophones-hard
miner	A person who digs underground (partner: minor)		la-homophones-hard
minor	Younger than an adult, or small in importance (partner: miner)		la-homophones-hard
moral	A lesson about right and wrong (partner: morale)		la-homophones-hard
morale	The spirit of a group (partner: moral)		la-homophones-hard
naval	Of the navy (partner: navel)		la-homophones-hard
navel	The belly button (partner: naval)		la-homophones-hard
pedal	A foot lever on a bike (partner: peddle)		la-homophones-hard
peddle	To sell goods from place to place (partner: pedal)		la-homophones-hard
pore	A tiny hole in the skin (partners: pour, poor)		la-homophones-hard
pour	To make liquid flow (partners: pore, poor)		la-homophones-hard
poor	Having little money (partners: pore, pour)		la-homophones-hard
principal	Head of a school, or main (partner: principle)		la-homophones-hard
principle	A basic rule or belief (partner: principal)		la-homophones-hard
profit	Money gained (partner: prophet)		la-homophones-hard
prophet	A person who foretells the future (partner: profit)		la-homophones-hard
rap	A quick knock, or a kind of music (partner: wrap)		la-homophones-hard
wrap	To cover with paper (partner: rap)		la-homophones-hard
rapped	Knocked quickly (partner: wrapped)		la-homophones-hard
wrapped	Covered (partner: rapped)		la-homophones-hard
raise	To lift up (partners: rays, raze)		la-homophones-hard
rays	Beams of light (partner: raise)		la-homophones-hard
role	A part in a play (partner: roll)		la-homophones-hard
roll	To turn over and over, or a bun (partner: role)		la-homophones-hard
root	The underground part of a plant (partner: route)		la-homophones-hard
route	A way to get somewhere (partner: root)		la-homophones-hard
shear	To cut wool from a sheep (partner: sheer)		la-homophones-hard
sheer	Very thin, or steep (partner: shear)		la-homophones-hard
stationary	Not moving (partner: stationery)		la-homophones-hard
stationery	Paper and envelopes (partner: stationary)		la-homophones-hard
tide	The rise and fall of the sea (partner: tied)		la-homophones-hard
tied	Fastened with a knot (partner: tide)		la-homophones-hard
vain	Too proud of your looks (partners: vane, vein)		la-homophones-hard
vane	A pointer that shows wind direction (partners: vain, vein)		la-homophones-hard
vein	A tube that carries blood (partners: vain, vane)		la-homophones-hard
wail	A long loud cry (partners: whale, wale)		la-homophones-hard
whale	A huge sea mammal (partner: wail)		la-homophones-hard
waist	The middle of your body (partner: waste)		la-homophones-hard
waste	To use badly; garbage (partner: waist)		la-homophones-hard
weather	Conditions in the air outside (partner: whether)		la-homophones-hard
whether	Word that shows a choice (partner: weather)		la-homophones-hard
which	Asks to choose one (partner: witch)		la-homophones-hard
witch	A woman in stories who uses magic (partner: which)		la-homophones-hard
yoke	A wooden frame joining oxen (partners: yolk)		la-homophones-hard
yolk	The yellow part of an egg (partner: yoke)		la-homophones-hard
achilles' heel	A hidden weakness		la-idioms-advanced
add insult to injury	Make a bad situation worse		la-idioms-advanced
at the drop of a hat	Right away		la-idioms-advanced
back to square one	Starting over		la-idioms-advanced
beat a dead horse	Keep arguing about something already settled		la-idioms-advanced
bite off more than you can chew	Take on too much		la-idioms-advanced
blessing in disguise	Something good that seemed bad at first		la-idioms-advanced
break a leg	Good luck		la-idioms-advanced
bury the hatchet	Make peace		la-idioms-advanced
by the skin of your teeth	Barely		la-idioms-advanced
call the shots	Be in charge		la-idioms-advanced
catch someone red-handed	Find someone doing something wrong		la-idioms-advanced
clean slate	A fresh start		la-idioms-advanced
come rain or shine	No matter what		la-idioms-advanced
crocodile tears	Fake crying		la-idioms-advanced
cross that bridge when you come to it	Deal with it when it happens		la-idioms-advanced
cry wolf	Call for help when it is not needed		la-idioms-advanced
curiosity killed the cat	Too much curiosity leads to trouble		la-idioms-advanced
devil's advocate	Someone who argues the other side		la-idioms-advanced
dime a dozen	Very common		la-idioms-advanced
down to earth	Practical and humble		la-idioms-advanced
drop in the bucket	A very small part of what is needed		la-idioms-advanced
elephant in the room	An obvious problem nobody discusses		la-idioms-advanced
fall on deaf ears	Be ignored		la-idioms-advanced
feel under the weather	Feel unwell		la-idioms-advanced
fit as a fiddle	In very good health		la-idioms-advanced
flesh and blood	Family		la-idioms-advanced
get cold feet	Become afraid		la-idioms-advanced
get your act together	Behave in a better organized way		la-idioms-advanced
give someone the benefit of the doubt	Believe them without proof		la-idioms-advanced
go back to the drawing board	Start the plan again		la-idioms-advanced
go down in flames	Fail spectacularly		la-idioms-advanced
hit the sack	Go to sleep		la-idioms-advanced
in a nutshell	In brief		la-idioms-advanced
in the nick of time	Just in time		la-idioms-advanced
jump the gun	Start too soon		la-idioms-advanced
keep your chin up	Stay positive		la-idioms-advanced
knock on wood	A phrase said for good luck		la-idioms-advanced
learn the ropes	Learn how to do a job		la-idioms-advanced
let off steam	Release strong feelings		la-idioms-advanced
level playing field	Equal chances for all		la-idioms-advanced
light at the end of the tunnel	Hope after a hard time		la-idioms-advanced
lion's share	The biggest part		la-idioms-advanced
loose cannon	Someone unpredictable		la-idioms-advanced
make ends meet	Earn just enough to pay bills		la-idioms-advanced
method to the madness	A reason behind odd behavior		la-idioms-advanced
mum's the word	Keep it secret		la-idioms-advanced
neck and neck	Very close in a race		la-idioms-advanced
off the hook	Free from blame		la-idioms-advanced
on the ball	Alert and quick		la-idioms-advanced
on thin ice	In a risky position		la-idioms-advanced
out of the woods	Safe now		la-idioms-advanced
pass the buck	Blame someone else		la-idioms-advanced
pie in the sky	An unlikely dream		la-idioms-advanced
play devil's advocate	Argue against to test an idea		la-idioms-advanced
pull yourself together	Calm down		la-idioms-advanced
put all your eggs in one basket	Risk everything on one choice		la-idioms-advanced
rain on someone's parade	Spoil their fun		la-idioms-advanced
rub salt in the wound	Make a painful thing worse		la-idioms-advanced
rock the boat	Cause trouble		la-idioms-advanced
run out of steam	Lose energy		la-idioms-advanced
sail through	Do easily		la-idioms-advanced
sink or swim	Succeed or fail on your own		la-idioms-advanced
stick to your guns	Hold your position		la-idioms-advanced
straight from the horse's mouth	From a trusted source		la-idioms-advanced
take the bull by the horns	Face a problem boldly		la-idioms-advanced
the writing on the wall	A sign of what will happen		la-idioms-advanced
throw caution to the wind	Take a big risk		la-idioms-advanced
tongue in cheek	Said as a joke		la-idioms-advanced
turn a blind eye	Choose to ignore		la-idioms-advanced
under the radar	Not noticed		la-idioms-advanced
water under the bridge	Past and no longer important		la-idioms-advanced
weather the storm	Get through a hard time		la-idioms-advanced
wet behind the ears	Inexperienced		la-idioms-advanced
a piece of cake	Very easy		la-idioms-easy
break the ice	Start a friendly conversation		la-idioms-easy
under the weather	Feeling a bit sick		la-idioms-easy
once in a blue moon	Very rarely		la-idioms-easy
spill the beans	Tell a secret		la-idioms-easy
hit the hay	Go to bed		la-idioms-easy
cost an arm and a leg	Be very expensive		la-idioms-easy
let the cat out of the bag	Tell a secret by accident		la-idioms-easy
raining cats and dogs	Raining very hard		la-idioms-easy
the ball is in your court	It is your turn to act		la-idioms-easy
bite the bullet	Face something hard bravely		la-idioms-easy
cut corners	Do a job badly to save time or money		la-idioms-easy
pull someone's leg	Tease someone as a joke		la-idioms-easy
hold your horses	Wait and be patient		la-idioms-easy
sit on the fence	Not choose a side		la-idioms-easy
the last straw	The final problem that makes you lose patience		la-idioms-easy
actions speak louder than words	What you do matters more than what you say		la-idioms-easy
barking up the wrong tree	Making a wrong choice		la-idioms-easy
beat around the bush	Avoid getting to the point		la-idioms-easy
best of both worlds	Getting two good things at once		la-idioms-easy
burn the midnight oil	Work late into the night		la-idioms-easy
call it a day	Stop working		la-idioms-easy
cry over spilled milk	Be upset over something that cannot be changed		la-idioms-easy
cut the mustard	Be good enough		la-idioms-easy
don't count your chickens	Don't count on something before it happens		la-idioms-easy
get out of hand	Become hard to control		la-idioms-easy
give the cold shoulder	Ignore on purpose		la-idioms-easy
go the extra mile	Do more than is needed		la-idioms-easy
hit the nail on the head	Be exactly right		la-idioms-easy
in hot water	In trouble		la-idioms-easy
jump on the bandwagon	Join a popular trend		la-idioms-easy
keep an eye on	Watch carefully		la-idioms-easy
let sleeping dogs lie	Leave a problem alone		la-idioms-easy
make a long story short	Tell it quickly		la-idioms-easy
miss the boat	Miss a chance		la-idioms-easy
on cloud nine	Very happy		la-idioms-easy
out of the blue	Suddenly and unexpectedly		la-idioms-easy
play it by ear	Decide as things happen		la-idioms-easy
put your foot in your mouth	Say something embarrassing		la-idioms-easy
read between the lines	Find the hidden meaning		la-idioms-easy
rule of thumb	A rough guide		la-idioms-easy
see eye to eye	Agree		la-idioms-easy
sit tight	Wait where you are		la-idioms-easy
speak of the devil	The person we were talking about just showed up		la-idioms-easy
steal the show	Get all the attention		la-idioms-easy
take it with a grain of salt	Don't believe it completely		la-idioms-easy
the whole nine yards	Everything		la-idioms-easy
throw in the towel	Give up		la-idioms-easy
time flies	Time passes quickly		la-idioms-easy
tip of the iceberg	Only a small visible part of a bigger problem		la-idioms-easy
under your nose	Right in front of you		la-idioms-easy
walk on eggshells	Be very careful not to upset someone		la-idioms-easy
when pigs fly	Never		la-idioms-easy
you can't judge a book by its cover	Looks do not show what something is really like		la-idioms-easy
zip your lip	Stay quiet		la-idioms-easy
butterflies in your stomach	Feeling nervous		la-idioms-easy
chip on your shoulder	Holding a grudge		la-idioms-easy
cold feet	Sudden nervousness before doing something		la-idioms-easy
fish out of water	Someone in an unfamiliar place		la-idioms-easy
get a taste of your own medicine	Be treated the way you treat others		la-idioms-easy
head in the clouds	Daydreaming		la-idioms-easy
in the doghouse	In trouble with someone		la-idioms-easy
leave no stone unturned	Try every possible way		la-idioms-easy
lend a hand	Help		la-idioms-easy
piece of work	A difficult or strange person		la-idioms-easy
pig out	Eat too much		la-idioms-easy
saved by the bell	Rescued just in time		la-idioms-easy
sick as a dog	Very ill		la-idioms-easy
the apple of my eye	Someone very dear		la-idioms-easy
two peas in a pod	Very much alike		la-idioms-easy
up in the air	Not decided yet		la-idioms-easy
wild goose chase	A useless search		la-idioms-easy
aqua	Water: aquarium, aquatic		la-latin-roots
aud	Hear: audience, audible		la-latin-roots
bene	Good: benefit, benevolent		la-latin-roots
cap	Take or seize: capture, capable		la-latin-roots
cede	Go: precede, recede		la-latin-roots
circum	Around: circumference, circumnavigate		la-latin-roots
clam	Shout: exclaim, clamor		la-latin-roots
cogn	Know: recognize, cognition		la-latin-roots
cor	Heart: cordial, courage		la-latin-roots
corp	Body: corporation, corpse		la-latin-roots
cred	Believe: incredible, credit		la-latin-roots
cur	Run: current, occur		la-latin-roots
dict	Say: dictionary, predict		la-latin-roots
duc	Lead: produce, educate		la-latin-roots
fac	Make or do: factory, manufacture		la-latin-roots
fer	Carry: transfer, ferry		la-latin-roots
fid	Faith: confide, fidelity		la-latin-roots
flect	Bend: reflect, flexible		la-latin-roots
form	Shape: transform, uniform		la-latin-roots
fort	Strong: fortress, effort		la-latin-roots
frag	Break: fragment, fragile		la-latin-roots
gen	Birth or kind: generate, generation		la-latin-roots
grad	Step: gradual, graduate		la-latin-roots
jud	Law or judge: judge, judicial		la-latin-roots
junct	Join: junction, conjunction		la-latin-roots
lect	Choose or read: select, lecture		la-latin-roots
leg	Law: legal, legislature		la-latin-roots
loc	Place: locate, location		la-latin-roots
loqu	Speak: eloquent, loquacious		la-latin-roots
luc	Light: lucid, translucent		la-latin-roots
magn	Large: magnify, magnificent		la-latin-roots
mal	Bad: malice, malfunction		la-latin-roots
man	Hand: manual, manufacture		la-latin-roots
mar	Sea: marine, submarine		la-latin-roots
mater	Mother: maternal, matriarch		la-latin-roots
mem	Mindful: memory, memorial		la-latin-roots
mit	Send: submit, transmit		la-latin-roots
mort	Death: mortal, mortuary		la-latin-roots
mov	Move: movement, remove		la-latin-roots
nat	Born: native, nature		la-latin-roots
nov	New: novel, novice		la-latin-roots
omni	All: omnivore, omnipresent		la-latin-roots
pater	Father: paternal, patriarch		la-latin-roots
ped	Foot: pedal, pedestrian		la-latin-roots
pel	Drive or push: propel, repel		la-latin-roots
pend	Hang: pendant, suspend		la-latin-roots
port	Carry: transport, import		la-latin-roots
quer	Ask: query, question		la-latin-roots
rupt	Break: rupture, interrupt		la-latin-roots
scrib	Write: describe, scribble		la-latin-roots
sect	Cut: section, dissect		la-latin-roots
sent	Feel: sentiment, resent		la-latin-roots
spec	Look: spectator, inspect		la-latin-roots
struct	Build: construct, structure		la-latin-roots
tact	Touch: contact, tactile		la-latin-roots
terr	Land: territory, terrain		la-latin-roots
tract	Pull: tractor, attract		la-latin-roots
vac	Empty: vacuum, vacant		la-latin-roots
ven	Come: event, prevent		la-latin-roots
vert	Turn: convert, reverse		la-latin-roots
vid	See: video, evidence		la-latin-roots
voc	Call or voice: vocal, advocate		la-latin-roots
vol	Wish: volunteer, voluntary		la-latin-roots
vor	Eat: carnivore, devour		la-latin-roots
dorm	Sleep: dormitory, dormant		la-latin-roots
lun	Moon: lunar, lunatic		la-latin-roots
sol	Sun or alone: solar, solitary		la-latin-roots
ject	Throw: reject, project		la-latin-roots
mand	Order: command, demand		la-latin-roots
medi	Middle: medium, medieval		la-latin-roots
pop	People: population, popular		la-latin-roots
san	Healthy: sanitary, sanity		la-latin-roots
simil	Like: similar, simile		la-latin-roots
sub	Under: submarine, subway		la-latin-roots
temp	Time: temporary, contemporary		la-latin-roots
turb	Disturb: turbulent, turbine		la-latin-roots
plot	The series of events in a story		la-literary-terms
setting	When and where a story takes place		la-literary-terms
character	A person, animal or being in a story		la-literary-terms
protagonist	The main character		la-literary-terms
antagonist	The character or force that opposes the protagonist		la-literary-terms
conflict	The struggle between opposing forces in a story		la-literary-terms
theme	The central message or big idea of a work		la-literary-terms
narrator	The voice that tells the story		la-literary-terms
point of view	The perspective from which a story is told		la-literary-terms
first-person	The narrator is in the story and uses I		la-literary-terms
third-person limited	The narrator tells what one character thinks and feels		la-literary-terms
third-person omniscient	The narrator knows what all characters think		la-literary-terms
second-person	The narrator speaks to you		la-literary-terms
exposition	The part of a story that introduces characters and setting		la-literary-terms
rising action	The events that build tension toward the climax		la-literary-terms
climax	The turning point or most exciting moment		la-literary-terms
falling action	The events after the climax that lead to the end		la-literary-terms
resolution	How the conflict is settled		la-literary-terms
dialogue	The words spoken by characters		la-literary-terms
monologue	A long speech by one character		la-literary-terms
soliloquy	A speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud, alone on stage		la-literary-terms
aside	A remark made to the audience, unheard by others		la-literary-terms
stage directions	Notes in a script about movement and sound		la-literary-terms
act	A major division of a play		la-literary-terms
scene	A smaller division of an act, in one place and time		la-literary-terms
tragedy	A serious story that ends in disaster for the hero		la-literary-terms
comedy	A story with a happy ending, usually funny		la-literary-terms
fable	A short story with animals that teaches a lesson		la-literary-terms
fairy tale	A story with magic and imaginary beings		la-literary-terms
folktale	A story passed down by word of mouth		la-literary-terms
legend	A story about heroes that may be partly true		la-literary-terms
myth	A traditional story explaining nature or beliefs		la-literary-terms
fantasy	A story with magical or impossible elements		la-literary-terms
science fiction	A story based on imagined science and the future		la-literary-terms
historical fiction	A made-up story set in a real past time		la-literary-terms
realistic fiction	A made-up story that could really happen		la-literary-terms
nonfiction	Writing about real people, events and facts		la-literary-terms
biography	The story of a person's life written by someone else		la-literary-terms
autobiography	A person's life story written by that person		la-literary-terms
memoir	A personal account of remembered experiences		la-literary-terms
essay	A short piece of nonfiction on one topic		la-literary-terms
novel	A long fictional story		la-literary-terms
novella	A fictional story shorter than a novel		la-literary-terms
short story	A brief work of fiction		la-literary-terms
genre	A category of literature		la-literary-terms
anecdote	A short true story told to make a point		la-literary-terms
allegory	A story where characters and events stand for deeper ideas		la-literary-terms
motif	A repeated element that supports the theme		la-literary-terms
symbol	A thing that stands for something else		la-literary-terms
foreshadowing	Clues about what will happen later		la-literary-terms
flashback	A scene set in an earlier time		la-literary-terms
suspense	The feeling of wondering what will happen next		la-literary-terms
irony	A difference between what is expected and what happens		la-literary-terms
satire	A work that makes fun of human flaws		la-literary-terms
parody	An imitation for comic effect		la-literary-terms
tone	The author's attitude		la-literary-terms
mood	The feeling created in the reader		la-literary-terms
voice	The writer's unique style		la-literary-terms
diction	The author's word choice		la-literary-terms
syntax	The way words are arranged in sentences		la-literary-terms
characterization	How an author reveals a character		la-literary-terms
direct characterization	The author tells you what a character is like		la-literary-terms
indirect characterization	The author shows traits through actions and words		la-literary-terms
static character	A character who does not change		la-literary-terms
dynamic character	A character who changes during the story		la-literary-terms
flat character	A character with one or two traits		la-literary-terms
round character	A character with many traits		la-literary-terms
foil	A character who contrasts another to highlight traits		la-literary-terms
stereotype	An oversimplified idea of a type of person		la-literary-terms
archetype	A typical pattern that appears in many stories		la-literary-terms
epic	A long poem about a hero's adventures		la-literary-terms
ode	A poem praising something		la-literary-terms
elegy	A poem mourning a loss		la-literary-terms
ballad	A poem or song that tells a story		la-literary-terms
cliffhanger	An ending that leaves the outcome uncertain		la-literary-terms
denouement	The final part where loose ends are tied up		la-literary-terms
epigraph	A short quote at the start of a work		la-literary-terms
prologue	An introduction before the story		la-literary-terms
epilogue	A closing section after the story		la-literary-terms
inference	A conclusion based on clues and what you know		la-literary-terms
summary	A short retelling of the main points		la-literary-terms
paraphrase	Restating in your own words		la-literary-terms
bias	A leaning toward one side		la-literary-terms
audience	The people a work is meant for		la-literary-terms
purpose	The author's reason for writing		la-literary-terms
separate	There is "a rat" in sep-a-rate		la-misspelled-common-1
definitely	There is "finite" inside definitely		la-misspelled-common-1
necessary	One collar (c) and two sleeves (ss)		la-misspelled-common-1
receive	I before E except after C		la-misspelled-common-1
believe	Never believe a lie: there is a "lie" in believe		la-misspelled-common-1
friend	A friend is there to the end: fri-END		la-misspelled-common-1
February	Remember the first r: Feb-RU-ary		la-misspelled-common-1
Wednesday	Say it Wed-nes-day to remember the d		la-misspelled-common-1
library	Lib-RAR-y: the first r counts		la-misspelled-common-1
beautiful	Starts with beau (as in French beauty), then tiful		la-misspelled-common-1
because	Big elephants can always understand small elephants		la-misspelled-common-1
calendar	Ends in -ar, not -er		la-misspelled-common-1
different	Three syllables in writing: diff-er-ent		la-misspelled-common-1
embarrass	Two r's and two s's		la-misspelled-common-1
environment	Don't forget the n before the m: environ-ment		la-misspelled-common-1
government	Remember the n: govern-ment		la-misspelled-common-1
height	Ends with -ght, not -th		la-misspelled-common-1
interesting	Spelled int-er-est-ing		la-misspelled-common-1
knowledge	Starts with a silent k and has a d: know-ledge		la-misspelled-common-1
license	Ends in -ense (in the US)		la-misspelled-common-1
lightning	No e in the middle: light-ning for the flash in the sky		la-misspelled-common-1
maintenance	Main + ten + ance		la-misspelled-common-1
neighbor	Neighbor ends in -bor, with eigh		la-misspelled-common-1
occasion	Two c's and one s		la-misspelled-common-1
occurred	Two c's and two r's		la-misspelled-common-1
personnel	Two n's and one l		la-misspelled-common-1
possession	Two s's twice: poss-ess-ion		la-misspelled-common-1
privilege	No d: priv-i-lege		la-misspelled-common-1
pronunciation	The verb is pronounce, but this noun drops the o: pro-NUN-ciation		la-misspelled-common-1
publicly	Not publically		la-misspelled-common-1
reference	Refer + ence		la-misspelled-common-1
restaurant	Rest + au + rant		la-misspelled-common-1
rhythm	Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move		la-misspelled-common-1
schedule	Starts with sch		la-misspelled-common-1
sincerely	Spelled sin-cere-ly, keep the e		la-misspelled-common-1
success	Two c's and two s's		la-misspelled-common-1
surprise	Remember the first r: su-r-prise		la-misspelled-common-1
tomorrow	One m and two r's		la-misspelled-common-1
truly	Drop the e before -ly		la-misspelled-common-1
until	Only one l at the end		la-misspelled-common-1
weird	An exception: weird breaks the I before E rule		la-misspelled-common-1
which	Starts with wh		la-misspelled-common-1
writing	One t: write drops its e		la-misspelled-common-1
accommodate	Two c's and two m's: big enough for both		la-misspelled-common-1
across	Only one c		la-misspelled-common-1
address	Two d's and two s's		la-misspelled-common-1
argument	Drop the e from argue: argu-ment		la-misspelled-common-1
athlete	Three syllables: ath-lete, no extra e		la-misspelled-common-1
basically	Ends in -ally		la-misspelled-common-1
bicycle	Spelled bi-cy-cle		la-misspelled-common-1
business	Business has "bus" at the start, and "ness"		la-misspelled-common-1
caught	Rhymes with taught: aught is a common ending		la-misspelled-common-1
cemetery	Ends in -ery, with all e's		la-misspelled-common-1
chocolate	Write all three syllables: choc-o-late		la-misspelled-common-1
column	Silent n at the end		la-misspelled-common-1
comfortable	Spelled com-fort-able		la-misspelled-common-1
conscience	Con-science		la-misspelled-common-1
dessert	Two s's: you want more of it		la-misspelled-common-1
disappoint	One s and two p's		la-misspelled-common-1
exercise	Ends with -cise		la-misspelled-common-1
familiar	Ends in -iar		la-misspelled-common-1
fourth	Four + th, so it keeps the u		la-misspelled-common-1
generally	Gener-al-ly		la-misspelled-common-1
grammar	Ends in -ar		la-misspelled-common-1
guard	Silent u		la-misspelled-common-1
guess	Silent u		la-misspelled-common-1
harass	One r and two s's		la-misspelled-common-1
immediately	Immediate + ly, keep the e		la-misspelled-common-1
independent	Ends in -ent		la-misspelled-common-1
jewelry	Jewel + ry		la-misspelled-common-1
judgment	Drop the e: judg-ment		la-misspelled-common-1
laboratory	Lab-or-a-tor-y		la-misspelled-common-1
leisure	Rule exception: e before i		la-misspelled-common-1
millennium	Two l's and two n's		la-misspelled-common-1
mischievous	Mis-chie-vous: only three syllables, no extra i		la-misspelled-common-1
misspell	Two s's: mis + spell		la-misspelled-common-1
noticeable	Keep the e before able		la-misspelled-common-1
parallel	Para-LL-el: the two l's are parallel		la-misspelled-common-1
parliament	Parlia + ment, with an i		la-misspelled-common-1
perseverance	Ends in -ance		la-misspelled-common-1
pursue	Pur-sue		la-misspelled-common-1
questionnaire	Two n's		la-misspelled-common-1
recommend	One c and two m's		la-misspelled-common-1
relevant	Rel-e-vant		la-misspelled-common-1
responsibility	Ends in -ility		la-misspelled-common-1
sergeant	Sounds like SAR-jent but is spelled with an e: ser-geant		la-misspelled-common-1
similar	Ends in -ar		la-misspelled-common-1
special	Ends in -cial		la-misspelled-common-1
strength	Strength has a g and a th		la-misspelled-common-1
temperature	Temper-a-ture: say it with four syllables		la-misspelled-common-1
unnecessary	Un + necessary: both n's		la-misspelled-common-1
vacuum	Two u's together		la-misspelled-common-1
vegetable	Spelled veg-e-ta-ble		la-misspelled-common-1
village	Ends in -age		la-misspelled-common-1
buzz	A bee or a fly		la-onomatopoeia
meow	A cat		la-onomatopoeia
woof	A dog		la-onomatopoeia
quack	A duck		la-onomatopoeia
moo	A cow		la-onomatopoeia
oink	A pig		la-onomatopoeia
baa	A sheep		la-onomatopoeia
neigh	A horse		la-onomatopoeia
hiss	A snake or steam		la-onomatopoeia
roar	A lion		la-onomatopoeia
tweet	A small bird		la-onomatopoeia
chirp	A cricket or bird		la-onomatopoeia
hoot	An owl		la-onomatopoeia
croak	A frog		la-onomatopoeia
squeak	A mouse or a creaky hinge		la-onomatopoeia
boom	A loud explosion or thunder		la-onomatopoeia
bang	A sudden loud noise		la-onomatopoeia
crash	Things falling and breaking		la-onomatopoeia
splash	Water hitting something		la-onomatopoeia
drip	A drop of water		la-onomatopoeia
plop	A small object landing in water		la-onomatopoeia
sizzle	Food frying		la-onomatopoeia
pop	A balloon bursting		la-onomatopoeia
crackle	A fire		la-onomatopoeia
snap	A twig breaking		la-onomatopoeia
thud	A heavy object falling		la-onomatopoeia
clap	Hands hitting together		la-onomatopoeia
knock	A hand on a door		la-onomatopoeia
ding	A small bell		la-onomatopoeia
ring	A phone or bell		la-onomatopoeia
clang	Metal hitting metal		la-onomatopoeia
honk	A car horn or goose		la-onomatopoeia
beep	A machine or horn		la-onomatopoeia
vroom	A fast engine		la-onomatopoeia
zoom	Something moving fast		la-onomatopoeia
whoosh	Air moving quickly		la-onomatopoeia
swish	A smooth movement through air or water		la-onomatopoeia
slurp	Drinking noisily		la-onomatopoeia
gulp	Swallowing quickly		la-onomatopoeia
burp	Air from the stomach		la-onomatopoeia
hiccup	A sudden gasp		la-onomatopoeia
achoo	A sneeze		la-onomatopoeia
giggle	A silly laugh		la-onomatopoeia
snore	Breathing loudly in sleep		la-onomatopoeia
yawn	A tired breath		la-onomatopoeia
sniff	Smelling with the nose		la-onomatopoeia
munch	Chewing crunchy food		la-onomatopoeia
crunch	Biting something crisp		la-onomatopoeia
smack	A hit or a kiss sound		la-onomatopoeia
whisper	Soft speech		la-onomatopoeia
murmur	A low steady sound		la-onomatopoeia
mumble	Unclear speech		la-onomatopoeia
rustle	Leaves or paper moving		la-onomatopoeia
tick	A clock		la-onomatopoeia
tock	A clock		la-onomatopoeia
click	A small hard sound		la-onomatopoeia
clatter	A jumble of noisy hard sounds		la-onomatopoeia
rattle	Short sharp sounds shaken together		la-onomatopoeia
jingle	Little bells		la-onomatopoeia
tinkle	A light ringing sound		la-onomatopoeia
patter	Rain or little feet		la-onomatopoeia
splat	Something wet hitting a surface		la-onomatopoeia
thump	A dull knock		la-onomatopoeia
bam	A sharp hit		la-onomatopoeia
zip	Fast movement or a zipper		la-onomatopoeia
swoosh	A rush of sound		la-onomatopoeia
flutter	Wings		la-onomatopoeia
gurgle	Water flowing in a throat or pipe		la-onomatopoeia
squish	Soft wet mud		la-onomatopoeia
sputter	A weak spitting sound		la-onomatopoeia
noun	A person, place, thing or idea: teacher, park, joy		la-parts-of-speech
common noun	A general name: city, dog		la-parts-of-speech
proper noun	A specific name, capitalized: Paris, Max		la-parts-of-speech
concrete noun	A noun you can sense: apple, rain		la-parts-of-speech
abstract noun	An idea or feeling: freedom, love		la-parts-of-speech
singular noun	One thing: book		la-parts-of-speech
plural noun	More than one: books		la-parts-of-speech
possessive noun	Shows ownership: the dog's bone		la-parts-of-speech
collective noun	A group named as one: team, flock		la-parts-of-speech
verb	An action or state word: run, is		la-parts-of-speech
action verb	Shows doing: jump, write		la-parts-of-speech
linking verb	Joins the subject to more information: is, seem		la-parts-of-speech
helping verb	Helps the main verb: can, will, has		la-parts-of-speech
verb tense	Shows when something happens		la-parts-of-speech
past tense	Already happened: walked		la-parts-of-speech
present tense	Happening now: walks		la-parts-of-speech
future tense	Will happen: will walk		la-parts-of-speech
present perfect	Happened at an unspecified time or still true: has walked		la-parts-of-speech
past perfect	Happened before another past event: had walked		la-parts-of-speech
irregular verb	A verb that does not add -ed for past: go becomes went		la-parts-of-speech
adjective	Describes a noun: tall, red, three		la-parts-of-speech
adverb	Describes a verb, adjective or adverb: quickly, very		la-parts-of-speech
pronoun	Takes the place of a noun: he, they, it		la-parts-of-speech
subject pronoun	Does the action: I, you, he, she, it, we, they		la-parts-of-speech
object pronoun	Receives the action: me, him, her, us, them		la-parts-of-speech
possessive pronoun	Shows ownership: mine, yours, hers, ours		la-parts-of-speech
reflexive pronoun	Reflects back on the subject: myself, themselves		la-parts-of-speech
relative pronoun	Introduces a clause: who, which, that		la-parts-of-speech
demonstrative pronoun	Points to something: this, that, these, those		la-parts-of-speech
interrogative pronoun	Asks a question: who, what, which		la-parts-of-speech
antecedent	The noun a pronoun replaces		la-parts-of-speech
preposition	Shows position or relation: in, on, under, between		la-parts-of-speech
prepositional phrase	A preposition with its object: under the table		la-parts-of-speech
conjunction	Joins words or phrases: and, but, or		la-parts-of-speech
coordinating conjunction	Joins equal parts: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)		la-parts-of-speech
subordinating conjunction	Starts a dependent clause: because, although, when		la-parts-of-speech
interjection	A word showing strong feeling: wow, ouch		la-parts-of-speech
article	A word before a noun: a, an, the		la-parts-of-speech
definite article	The word the, for a specific noun		la-parts-of-speech
indefinite article	A or an, for any noun		la-parts-of-speech
determiner	A word that introduces a noun: this, my, some		la-parts-of-speech
subject	Who or what the sentence is about		la-parts-of-speech
predicate	The part that tells what the subject does or is		la-parts-of-speech
direct object	Receives the action of the verb: She kicked the ball		la-parts-of-speech
indirect object	Receives the direct object: She gave him the ball		la-parts-of-speech
complement	A word that completes the meaning of the predicate		la-parts-of-speech
modifier	A word or phrase that describes another		la-parts-of-speech
phrase	A group of words without a subject and verb together		la-parts-of-speech
clause	A group of words with a subject and a verb		la-parts-of-speech
independent clause	A clause that can stand alone as a sentence		la-parts-of-speech
dependent clause	A clause that cannot stand alone		la-parts-of-speech
simple sentence	One independent clause		la-parts-of-speech
compound sentence	Two independent clauses joined together		la-parts-of-speech
complex sentence	One independent and one or more dependent clauses		la-parts-of-speech
compound-complex sentence	Two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause		la-parts-of-speech
declarative sentence	Makes a statement		la-parts-of-speech
interrogative sentence	Asks a question		la-parts-of-speech
imperative sentence	Gives a command		la-parts-of-speech
exclamatory sentence	Shows strong feeling		la-parts-of-speech
fragment	An incomplete sentence		la-parts-of-speech
run-on sentence	Two or more sentences joined wrongly		la-parts-of-speech
comma splice	Two independent clauses joined only by a comma		la-parts-of-speech
active voice	The subject does the action: The dog chased the cat		la-parts-of-speech
passive voice	The subject receives the action: The cat was chased by the dog		la-parts-of-speech
infinitive	To plus a verb: to run		la-parts-of-speech
gerund	A verb ending in -ing used as a noun: Swimming is fun		la-parts-of-speech
participle	A verb form used as an adjective: a broken cup		la-parts-of-speech
comparative	Compares two: taller, more careful		la-parts-of-speech
superlative	Compares three or more: tallest, most careful		la-parts-of-speech
positive degree	The basic form of an adjective: tall		la-parts-of-speech
mood (grammar)	The verb form that shows the attitude: indicative, imperative, subjunctive		la-parts-of-speech
subjunctive mood	Used for wishes and unreal conditions: If I were you		la-parts-of-speech
appositive	A noun phrase that renames another noun: my dog, Rex		la-parts-of-speech
contraction	Two words joined with an apostrophe: don't		la-parts-of-speech
possessive	A form showing ownership		la-parts-of-speech
transitive verb	A verb that takes a direct object		la-parts-of-speech
intransitive verb	A verb with no direct object		la-parts-of-speech
double negative	Two negatives in one clause (avoid): I don't have no pencil		la-parts-of-speech
parallel structure	Using the same pattern for items in a list		la-parts-of-speech
subject-verb agreement	The verb must match its subject in number		la-parts-of-speech
pronoun-antecedent agreement	A pronoun must match the noun it replaces		la-parts-of-speech
bl	black, blue, blink		la-phonics-blends
cl	clap, clock, cloud		la-phonics-blends
fl	flag, flip, flower		la-phonics-blends
gl	glad, glass, globe		la-phonics-blends
pl	plan, plum, plant		la-phonics-blends
sl	slow, sled, slide		la-phonics-blends
br	bring, brick, bread		la-phonics-blends
cr	crab, crop, cry		la-phonics-blends
dr	drum, drip, dress		la-phonics-blends
fr	frog, free, fruit		la-phonics-blends
gr	grass, grin, grape		la-phonics-blends
pr	pray, press, prize		la-phonics-blends
tr	tree, trip, truck		la-phonics-blends
sc	scan, scoop, scarf		la-phonics-blends
sk	skip, skate, sky		la-phonics-blends
sm	smile, smell, smoke		la-phonics-blends
sn	snap, snow, snail		la-phonics-blends
sp	spin, spoon, spider		la-phonics-blends
st	stop, star, stick		la-phonics-blends
sw	swim, swing, sweet		la-phonics-blends
tw	twin, twig, twelve		la-phonics-blends
scr	scrap, scream, scratch		la-phonics-blends
spl	split, splash, splat		la-phonics-blends
spr	spring, spray, sprout		la-phonics-blends
str	street, string, strong		la-phonics-blends
squ	squirt, squid, square		la-phonics-blends
thr	three, throw, thread		la-phonics-blends
shr	shrimp, shrug, shrink		la-phonics-blends
-nd	end blend: hand, pond, sand		la-phonics-blends
-nt	end blend: tent, plant, paint		la-phonics-blends
-st	end blend: nest, fast, first		la-phonics-blends
-mp	end blend: lamp, jump, camp		la-phonics-blends
-lk	end blend: milk, silk, walk		la-phonics-blends
-ft	end blend: lift, soft, left		la-phonics-blends
-ld	end blend: gold, cold, field		la-phonics-blends
-sk	end blend: desk, mask, task		la-phonics-blends
sh	/sh/ as in ship, fish, shell		la-phonics-digraphs
ch	/ch/ as in chip, lunch, chair		la-phonics-digraphs
th (voiced)	/th/ as in this, that, mother		la-phonics-digraphs
th (unvoiced)	/th/ as in thin, bath, thumb		la-phonics-digraphs
wh	/w/ (or /hw/) as in whale, wheel, white		la-phonics-digraphs
ck	/k/ at the end as in duck, sock, black		la-phonics-digraphs
ph	/f/ as in phone, photo, dolphin		la-phonics-digraphs
gh	/f/ in a few words, as in laugh, cough, enough		la-phonics-digraphs
ng	/ng/ as in ring, song, king		la-phonics-digraphs
nk	/ngk/ as in bank, pink, trunk		la-phonics-digraphs
kn	/n/ (k is silent) as in knee, knife, knock		la-phonics-digraphs
wr	/r/ (w is silent) as in write, wrap, wrist		la-phonics-digraphs
gn	/n/ (g is silent) as in gnat, gnome, sign		la-phonics-digraphs
mb	/m/ (b is silent) as in lamb, thumb, comb		la-phonics-digraphs
tch	/ch/ after a short vowel, as in match, catch, witch		la-phonics-digraphs
dge	/j/ after a short vowel, as in badge, fudge, bridge		la-phonics-digraphs
qu	/kw/ as in queen, quick, quiz		la-phonics-digraphs
ch (k sound)	/k/ in Greek-based words, as in school, chorus, echo		la-phonics-digraphs
ch (sh sound)	/sh/ in French-based words, as in chef, machine, chute		la-phonics-digraphs
ti	/sh/ in word endings, as in nation, station, action		la-phonics-digraphs
ci	/sh/ in word endings, as in special, social, delicious		la-phonics-digraphs
si	/zh/ in word endings, as in vision, television, invasion		la-phonics-digraphs
a	Short a, as in apple		la-phonics-letter-sounds
b	/b/ as in ball		la-phonics-letter-sounds
c	/k/ as in cat		la-phonics-letter-sounds
d	/d/ as in dog		la-phonics-letter-sounds
e	Short e, as in egg		la-phonics-letter-sounds
f	/f/ as in fish		la-phonics-letter-sounds
g	/g/ as in goat		la-phonics-letter-sounds
h	/h/ as in hat		la-phonics-letter-sounds
i	Short i, as in igloo		la-phonics-letter-sounds
j	/j/ as in jam		la-phonics-letter-sounds
k	/k/ as in kite		la-phonics-letter-sounds
l	/l/ as in lamp		la-phonics-letter-sounds
m	/m/ as in moon		la-phonics-letter-sounds
n	/n/ as in nest		la-phonics-letter-sounds
o	Short o, as in octopus		la-phonics-letter-sounds
p	/p/ as in pig		la-phonics-letter-sounds
q	/kw/ as in queen (q is always followed by u)		la-phonics-letter-sounds
r	/r/ as in rabbit		la-phonics-letter-sounds
s	/s/ as in sun		la-phonics-letter-sounds
t	/t/ as in tiger		la-phonics-letter-sounds
u	Short u, as in umbrella		la-phonics-letter-sounds
v	/v/ as in van		la-phonics-letter-sounds
w	/w/ as in web		la-phonics-letter-sounds
x	/ks/ as in box		la-phonics-letter-sounds
y	/y/ as in yo-yo		la-phonics-letter-sounds
z	/z/ as in zebra		la-phonics-letter-sounds
Long a	Says its name, as in cake		la-phonics-letter-sounds
Long e	Says its name, as in tree		la-phonics-letter-sounds
Long i	Says its name, as in kite		la-phonics-letter-sounds
Long o	Says its name, as in boat		la-phonics-letter-sounds
Long u	Says its name, as in cube		la-phonics-letter-sounds
Soft c	/s/ before e, i or y, as in city		la-phonics-letter-sounds
Hard c	/k/ before a, o or u, as in cow		la-phonics-letter-sounds
Soft g	/j/ before e, i or y, as in giant		la-phonics-letter-sounds
Hard g	/g/ before a, o or u, as in gate		la-phonics-letter-sounds
ar	Says /ar/: car, star, farm		la-phonics-r-controlled
or	Says /or/: corn, horse, storm		la-phonics-r-controlled
er	Says /er/: her, fern, teacher		la-phonics-r-controlled
ir	Says /er/: bird, girl, shirt		la-phonics-r-controlled
ur	Says /er/: turn, burn, purple		la-phonics-r-controlled
ore	Says /or/: more, store, shore		la-phonics-r-controlled
are	Says /air/: care, share, scare		la-phonics-r-controlled
ear (air)	Says /air/: bear, wear, pear		la-phonics-r-controlled
ear (eer)	Says /eer/: ear, hear, near		la-phonics-r-controlled
ear (er)	Says /er/: earth, learn, early		la-phonics-r-controlled
air	Says /air/: chair, hair, fair		la-phonics-r-controlled
eer	Says /eer/: deer, cheer, steer		la-phonics-r-controlled
ier	Says /eer/: pier, tier		la-phonics-r-controlled
oar	Says /or/: roar, soar, board		la-phonics-r-controlled
our	Says /or/ or /ow-er/: four, hour, sour		la-phonics-r-controlled
war	Says /wor/: warm, wart, warn		la-phonics-r-controlled
wor	Says /wer/: word, work, world		la-phonics-r-controlled
Silent e (magic e)	A silent e at the end makes the vowel say its name: cap becomes cape		la-phonics-r-controlled
Closed syllable	Ends in a consonant and has a short vowel: cat, sun, dig		la-phonics-r-controlled
Open syllable	Ends in a vowel and has a long vowel: go, me, hi		la-phonics-r-controlled
Vowel-consonant-e syllable	Long vowel with silent e: cake, hope, time		la-phonics-r-controlled
Vowel team syllable	Two vowels make one sound: rain, boat, tree		la-phonics-r-controlled
R-controlled syllable	A vowel plus r changes the sound: car, her, corn		la-phonics-r-controlled
Consonant-le syllable	A last syllable like ble, dle, tle: table, candle, little		la-phonics-r-controlled
Floss rule	After a short vowel, double f, l, s or z at the end: puff, bell, miss, buzz		la-phonics-r-controlled
Soft c and g rule	c and g are soft before e, i or y: cent, city, gem, gym		la-phonics-r-controlled
q needs u	The letter q is nearly always followed by u: queen, quit		la-phonics-r-controlled
No English word ends in v	Add a silent e after v: have, give, love		la-phonics-r-controlled
FLOSS exceptions	Some short words break the floss rule: bus, gas, yes, if		la-phonics-r-controlled
knee	Silent k		la-phonics-silent-letters
knife	Silent k		la-phonics-silent-letters
knight	Silent k and silent gh		la-phonics-silent-letters
knock	Silent k		la-phonics-silent-letters
know	Silent k		la-phonics-silent-letters
knot	Silent k		la-phonics-silent-letters
knit	Silent k		la-phonics-silent-letters
wrap	Silent w		la-phonics-silent-letters
write	Silent w		la-phonics-silent-letters
wrist	Silent w		la-phonics-silent-letters
wrong	Silent w		la-phonics-silent-letters
wrench	Silent w		la-phonics-silent-letters
answer	Silent w		la-phonics-silent-letters
sword	Silent w		la-phonics-silent-letters
two	Silent w		la-phonics-silent-letters
lamb	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
thumb	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
comb	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
climb	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
crumb	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
doubt	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
debt	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
subtle	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
plumber	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
numb	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
island	Silent s		la-phonics-silent-letters
aisle	Silent s		la-phonics-silent-letters
debris	Silent s		la-phonics-silent-letters
listen	Silent t		la-phonics-silent-letters
castle	Silent t		la-phonics-silent-letters
fasten	Silent t		la-phonics-silent-letters
whistle	Silent t		la-phonics-silent-letters
often	Silent t (for many speakers)		la-phonics-silent-letters
Christmas	Silent t		la-phonics-silent-letters
ballet	Silent t		la-phonics-silent-letters
gnat	Silent g		la-phonics-silent-letters
gnaw	Silent g		la-phonics-silent-letters
gnome	Silent g		la-phonics-silent-letters
sign	Silent g		la-phonics-silent-letters
design	Silent g		la-phonics-silent-letters
foreign	Silent g		la-phonics-silent-letters
campaign	Silent g		la-phonics-silent-letters
half	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
calm	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
palm	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
walk	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
talk	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
chalk	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
folk	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
yolk	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
could	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
should	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
would	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
salmon	Silent l		la-phonics-silent-letters
honest	Silent h		la-phonics-silent-letters
hour	Silent h		la-phonics-silent-letters
heir	Silent h		la-phonics-silent-letters
honor	Silent h		la-phonics-silent-letters
ghost	Silent h		la-phonics-silent-letters
rhyme	Silent h		la-phonics-silent-letters
rhinoceros	Silent h		la-phonics-silent-letters
school	Silent h		la-phonics-silent-letters
echo	Silent h		la-phonics-silent-letters
night	Silent gh		la-phonics-silent-letters
light	Silent gh		la-phonics-silent-letters
daughter	Silent gh		la-phonics-silent-letters
thought	Silent gh		la-phonics-silent-letters
though	Silent gh		la-phonics-silent-letters
high	Silent gh		la-phonics-silent-letters
neighbor	Silent gh		la-phonics-silent-letters
autumn	Silent n		la-phonics-silent-letters
column	Silent n		la-phonics-silent-letters
hymn	Silent n		la-phonics-silent-letters
condemn	Silent n		la-phonics-silent-letters
mortgage	Silent t		la-phonics-silent-letters
receipt	Silent p		la-phonics-silent-letters
psychology	Silent p		la-phonics-silent-letters
pneumonia	Silent p		la-phonics-silent-letters
raspberry	Silent p		la-phonics-silent-letters
cupboard	Silent p		la-phonics-silent-letters
pterodactyl	Silent p		la-phonics-silent-letters
bomb	Silent b		la-phonics-silent-letters
guess	Silent u		la-phonics-silent-letters
guitar	Silent u		la-phonics-silent-letters
guard	Silent u		la-phonics-silent-letters
build	Silent u		la-phonics-silent-letters
biscuit	Silent u		la-phonics-silent-letters
handsome	Silent d		la-phonics-silent-letters
sandwich	Silent d		la-phonics-silent-letters
handkerchief	Silent d		la-phonics-silent-letters
ai	Long a: rain, train, snail		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ay	Long a at the end of words: day, play, tray		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ea (long e)	Long e: beach, leaf, dream		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ea (short e)	Short e: bread, head, weather		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ee	Long e: tree, feet, green		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ie (long e)	Long e: field, chief, piece		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ie (long i)	Long i at the end: pie, tie, lie		la-phonics-vowel-teams
oa	Long o: boat, coat, soap		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ow (long o)	Long o: snow, grow, yellow		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ow (ou sound)	Like ouch: cow, town, clown		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ou	Like ouch: house, cloud, mouth		la-phonics-vowel-teams
oi	/oi/ inside words: coin, soil, point		la-phonics-vowel-teams
oy	/oi/ at the end: boy, toy, enjoy		la-phonics-vowel-teams
oo (long)	Long /oo/: moon, spoon, food		la-phonics-vowel-teams
oo (short)	Short /oo/: book, foot, wood		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ew	Long /oo/: new, grew, chew		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ue	Long u or /oo/: blue, clue, true		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ui	/oo/: fruit, suit, juice		la-phonics-vowel-teams
au	/aw/: haul, sauce, August		la-phonics-vowel-teams
aw	/aw/: saw, paw, straw		la-phonics-vowel-teams
igh	Long i: high, night, light		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ey	Long e or long a: key, monkey, they		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ei	Long a: eight, vein, sleigh		la-phonics-vowel-teams
eigh	Long a: eight, weigh, neighbor		la-phonics-vowel-teams
eu	Long u: Europe, feud		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ou (long o)	Long o: soul, though		la-phonics-vowel-teams
ough	Many sounds: though, through, cough, tough		la-phonics-vowel-teams
child	children		la-plurals-irregular
man	men		la-plurals-irregular
woman	women		la-plurals-irregular
person	people		la-plurals-irregular
foot	feet		la-plurals-irregular
tooth	teeth		la-plurals-irregular
goose	geese		la-plurals-irregular
mouse	mice		la-plurals-irregular
louse	lice		la-plurals-irregular
ox	oxen		la-plurals-irregular
sheep	sheep		la-plurals-irregular
deer	deer		la-plurals-irregular
fish	fish (or fishes for kinds of fish)		la-plurals-irregular
moose	moose		la-plurals-irregular
series	series		la-plurals-irregular
species	species		la-plurals-irregular
aircraft	aircraft		la-plurals-irregular
bison	bison		la-plurals-irregular
salmon	salmon		la-plurals-irregular
trout	trout		la-plurals-irregular
shrimp	shrimp (or shrimps)		la-plurals-irregular
leaf	leaves		la-plurals-irregular
knife	knives		la-plurals-irregular
life	lives		la-plurals-irregular
wife	wives		la-plurals-irregular
wolf	wolves		la-plurals-irregular
elf	elves		la-plurals-irregular
shelf	shelves		la-plurals-irregular
half	halves		la-plurals-irregular
calf	calves		la-plurals-irregular
loaf	loaves		la-plurals-irregular
thief	thieves		la-plurals-irregular
self	selves		la-plurals-irregular
scarf	scarves		la-plurals-irregular
hoof	hooves		la-plurals-irregular
dwarf	dwarfs or dwarves		la-plurals-irregular
roof	roofs		la-plurals-irregular
chief	chiefs		la-plurals-irregular
cliff	cliffs		la-plurals-irregular
belief	beliefs		la-plurals-irregular
proof	proofs		la-plurals-irregular
bus	buses		la-plurals-irregular
box	boxes		la-plurals-irregular
glass	glasses		la-plurals-irregular
dish	dishes		la-plurals-irregular
church	churches		la-plurals-irregular
fox	foxes		la-plurals-irregular
watch	watches		la-plurals-irregular
brush	brushes		la-plurals-irregular
class	classes		la-plurals-irregular
tomato	tomatoes		la-plurals-irregular
potato	potatoes		la-plurals-irregular
hero	heroes		la-plurals-irregular
echo	echoes		la-plurals-irregular
veto	vetoes		la-plurals-irregular
photo	photos		la-plurals-irregular
piano	pianos		la-plurals-irregular
radio	radios		la-plurals-irregular
zoo	zoos		la-plurals-irregular
kangaroo	kangaroos		la-plurals-irregular
studio	studios		la-plurals-irregular
video	videos		la-plurals-irregular
solo	solos		la-plurals-irregular
city	cities		la-plurals-irregular
baby	babies		la-plurals-irregular
puppy	puppies		la-plurals-irregular
fly	flies		la-plurals-irregular
berry	berries		la-plurals-irregular
story	stories		la-plurals-irregular
lady	ladies		la-plurals-irregular
party	parties		la-plurals-irregular
country	countries		la-plurals-irregular
family	families		la-plurals-irregular
key	keys		la-plurals-irregular
monkey	monkeys		la-plurals-irregular
day	days		la-plurals-irregular
boy	boys		la-plurals-irregular
toy	toys		la-plurals-irregular
valley	valleys		la-plurals-irregular
cactus	cacti or cactuses		la-plurals-irregular
fungus	fungi		la-plurals-irregular
nucleus	nuclei		la-plurals-irregular
radius	radii		la-plurals-irregular
stimulus	stimuli		la-plurals-irregular
alumnus	alumni		la-plurals-irregular
syllabus	syllabi or syllabuses		la-plurals-irregular
focus	foci or focuses		la-plurals-irregular
octopus	octopuses		la-plurals-irregular
crisis	crises		la-plurals-irregular
analysis	analyses		la-plurals-irregular
thesis	theses		la-plurals-irregular
hypothesis	hypotheses		la-plurals-irregular
diagnosis	diagnoses		la-plurals-irregular
oasis	oases		la-plurals-irregular
parenthesis	parentheses		la-plurals-irregular
axis	axes		la-plurals-irregular
bacterium	bacteria		la-plurals-irregular
datum	data		la-plurals-irregular
medium	media		la-plurals-irregular
curriculum	curricula		la-plurals-irregular
memorandum	memoranda		la-plurals-irregular
phenomenon	phenomena		la-plurals-irregular
criterion	criteria		la-plurals-irregular
appendix	appendices or appendixes		la-plurals-irregular
index	indices or indexes		la-plurals-irregular
vertex	vertices		la-plurals-irregular
matrix	matrices		la-plurals-irregular
formula	formulas or formulae		la-plurals-irregular
antenna	antennae or antennas		la-plurals-irregular
alga	algae		la-plurals-irregular
larva	larvae		la-plurals-irregular
vertebra	vertebrae		la-plurals-irregular
passerby	passersby		la-plurals-irregular
mother-in-law	mothers-in-law		la-plurals-irregular
brother-in-law	brothers-in-law		la-plurals-irregular
haiku	A Japanese-style poem in three lines of 5, 7 and 5 syllables		la-poetry-forms
tanka	A Japanese poem of five lines with 5, 7, 5, 7, 7 syllables		la-poetry-forms
limerick	A funny five-line poem with an AABBA rhyme scheme		la-poetry-forms
sonnet	A 14-line poem, often in iambic pentameter		la-poetry-forms
Shakespearean sonnet	A sonnet with three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming ABAB CDCD EFEF GG		la-poetry-forms
Petrarchan sonnet	A sonnet with an octave and a sestet		la-poetry-forms
couplet	Two lines in a row that rhyme		la-poetry-forms
tercet	A stanza of three lines		la-poetry-forms
quatrain	A stanza of four lines		la-poetry-forms
cinquain	A five-line poem with a set pattern of words or syllables		la-poetry-forms
diamante	A diamond-shaped seven-line poem		la-poetry-forms
acrostic	A poem where the first letters of lines spell a word		la-poetry-forms
free verse	A poem without regular rhyme or meter		la-poetry-forms
blank verse	Unrhymed poetry in iambic pentameter		la-poetry-forms
ballad	A poem or song that tells a story		la-poetry-forms
epic	A long poem about a hero's deeds		la-poetry-forms
ode	A poem praising a person or thing		la-poetry-forms
elegy	A poem of mourning		la-poetry-forms
lyric poem	A short poem expressing feelings		la-poetry-forms
narrative poem	A poem that tells a story		la-poetry-forms
concrete poem	A poem shaped like its subject		la-poetry-forms
shape poem	Another name for a concrete poem		la-poetry-forms
villanelle	A 19-line poem with two repeating refrains		la-poetry-forms
sestina	A 39-line poem with six repeated end words		la-poetry-forms
clerihew	A funny four-line poem about a person		la-poetry-forms
epigram	A short, witty saying in verse		la-poetry-forms
nursery rhyme	A short traditional rhyme for children		la-poetry-forms
stanza	A group of lines in a poem		la-poetry-forms
verse	One line of a poem, or a stanza		la-poetry-forms
line break	Where a line of a poem ends		la-poetry-forms
rhyme	Matching end sounds in words		la-poetry-forms
rhyme scheme	The pattern of rhymes at the end of lines		la-poetry-forms
end rhyme	Rhyme at the ends of lines		la-poetry-forms
internal rhyme	Rhyme within a line		la-poetry-forms
slant rhyme	Words that almost rhyme		la-poetry-forms
rhythm	The beat of the words		la-poetry-forms
meter	The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables		la-poetry-forms
foot	A unit of meter		la-poetry-forms
iamb	A foot with an unstressed then a stressed syllable		la-poetry-forms
trochee	A foot with a stressed then an unstressed syllable		la-poetry-forms
anapest	A foot with two unstressed then one stressed syllable		la-poetry-forms
dactyl	A foot with one stressed then two unstressed syllables		la-poetry-forms
pentameter	A line with five feet		la-poetry-forms
tetrameter	A line with four feet		la-poetry-forms
refrain	A line or phrase repeated in a poem or song		la-poetry-forms
speaker	The voice that talks in a poem		la-poetry-forms
enjambment	A sentence running over a line break		la-poetry-forms
caesura	A pause inside a line		la-poetry-forms
alliteration	Repeating beginning sounds		la-poetry-forms
onomatopoeia	Words that sound like what they name		la-poetry-forms
imagery	Words that create pictures in the mind		la-poetry-forms
stanza break	A blank line between stanzas		la-poetry-forms
volta	The turn in thought in a sonnet		la-poetry-forms
rhyme couplet	A pair of rhyming lines		la-poetry-forms
envelope rhyme	ABBA rhyme pattern		la-poetry-forms
alexandrine	A line of six iambic feet		la-poetry-forms
sprung rhythm	Rhythm based on counting stressed syllables only		la-poetry-forms
slam poetry	A poem performed aloud in a competition style		la-poetry-forms
spoken word	Poetry written to be performed		la-poetry-forms
found poem	A poem made from words found elsewhere		la-poetry-forms
list poem	A poem made as a list		la-poetry-forms
pantoum	A poem with repeating lines in a set pattern		la-poetry-forms
ghazal	A poem of couplets with a repeated word at the end of the second line		la-poetry-forms
un-	Not or opposite: unhappy, undo		la-prefixes
re-	Again: redo, rewrite		la-prefixes
dis-	Not or opposite: disagree, disappear		la-prefixes
mis-	Wrongly: misspell, misread		la-prefixes
pre-	Before: preview, preheat		la-prefixes
in-	Not (before most letters): inactive, incorrect		la-prefixes
im-	Not (before b, m, p): impossible, immature		la-prefixes
il-	Not (before l): illegal, illogical		la-prefixes
ir-	Not (before r): irregular, irresponsible		la-prefixes
non-	Not: nonstop, nonfiction		la-prefixes
over-	Too much: overeat, overdo		la-prefixes
under-	Too little, or below: underpaid, underground		la-prefixes
sub-	Under: submarine, subway		la-prefixes
super-	Above or beyond: superhero, supermarket		la-prefixes
inter-	Between: international, interact		la-prefixes
trans-	Across: transport, transatlantic		la-prefixes
semi-	Half: semicircle, semifinal		la-prefixes
mid-	Middle: midnight, midway		la-prefixes
fore-	Before: forecast, foresee		la-prefixes
out-	Beyond or more than: outrun, outgrow		la-prefixes
anti-	Against: antifreeze, antisocial		la-prefixes
auto-	Self: autograph, automatic		la-prefixes
bi-	Two: bicycle, biweekly		la-prefixes
tri-	Three: triangle, tricycle		la-prefixes
uni-	One: unicycle, uniform		la-prefixes
multi-	Many: multicolor, multiply		la-prefixes
poly-	Many: polygon, polyglot		la-prefixes
mono-	One: monorail, monologue		la-prefixes
de-	Opposite or remove: defrost, deform		la-prefixes
en-	Make or put in: enlarge, encircle		la-prefixes
em-	Make or put in: empower, embrace		la-prefixes
ex-	Out or former: exit, ex-president		la-prefixes
extra-	Beyond: extraordinary, extraterrestrial		la-prefixes
hyper-	Over, too much: hyperactive		la-prefixes
hypo-	Under: hypodermic		la-prefixes
micro-	Very small: microscope		la-prefixes
mega-	Very large: megaphone		la-prefixes
milli-	One thousandth: milliliter		la-prefixes
kilo-	One thousand: kilometer		la-prefixes
centi-	One hundredth: centimeter		la-prefixes
deci-	One tenth: decimeter		la-prefixes
tele-	Far: telescope		la-prefixes
photo-	Light: photograph		la-prefixes
co-	Together: cooperate, coworker		la-prefixes
con-	With or together: connect, convene		la-prefixes
counter-	Against: counterclockwise		la-prefixes
contra-	Against: contradict		la-prefixes
pro-	For or forward: proceed, pro-peace		la-prefixes
post-	After: postpone, postgame		la-prefixes
ante-	Before: antecedent		la-prefixes
intra-	Within: intrastate, intranet		la-prefixes
circum-	Around: circumference		la-prefixes
ambi-	Both: ambidextrous		la-prefixes
pan-	All: panorama		la-prefixes
omni-	All: omnivore		la-prefixes
tetra-	Four: tetrahedron		la-prefixes
penta-	Five: pentagon		la-prefixes
hexa-	Six: hexagon		la-prefixes
octo-	Eight: octopus, octagon		la-prefixes
deca-	Ten: decade		la-prefixes
dia-	Through or across: diameter		la-prefixes
epi-	Upon: epidermis		la-prefixes
peri-	Around: perimeter		la-prefixes
a-	Without or not: asleep, amoral		la-prefixes
mal-	Bad: malfunction		la-prefixes
bene-	Good: benefit		la-prefixes
equi-	Equal: equal, equator		la-prefixes
homo-	Same: homophone		la-prefixes
hetero-	Different: heterogeneous		la-prefixes
neo-	New: neoclassical		la-prefixes
paleo-	Old: paleontology		la-prefixes
retro-	Backward: retrospect		la-prefixes
sym-	Together: symphony		la-prefixes
syn-	Together: synonym		la-prefixes
vice-	In place of: vice president		la-prefixes
A stitch in time saves nine	Fix a small problem early so it does not become big		la-proverbs
Actions speak louder than words	What you do shows more than what you say		la-proverbs
All that glitters is not gold	Things that look nice may not be valuable		la-proverbs
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush	It is better to keep what you have than risk it for more		la-proverbs
A picture is worth a thousand words	An image can tell a lot		la-proverbs
Better late than never	It is better to do something late than not at all		la-proverbs
Birds of a feather flock together	People who are alike stay together		la-proverbs
Don't count your chickens before they hatch	Do not rely on something that has not happened yet		la-proverbs
Don't put all your eggs in one basket	Do not risk everything on one thing		la-proverbs
Don't judge a book by its cover	Do not decide by looks alone		la-proverbs
Every cloud has a silver lining	There is something good in every bad situation		la-proverbs
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise	Good habits help you do well in life		la-proverbs
Honesty is the best policy	Telling the truth is always the best choice		la-proverbs
If at first you don't succeed, try, try again	Keep trying until you get it		la-proverbs
It takes two to tango	Both sides share in a quarrel or effort		la-proverbs
Look before you leap	Think before you act		la-proverbs
Many hands make light work	A job is easier with many helpers		la-proverbs
Necessity is the mother of invention	Need pushes people to invent things		la-proverbs
No pain, no gain	You must work hard to get results		la-proverbs
One bad apple spoils the barrel	One bad person can spoil a whole group		la-proverbs
Practice makes perfect	Doing something often makes you better		la-proverbs
The early bird catches the worm	The one who starts first has the best chance		la-proverbs
The pen is mightier than the sword	Words can do more than force		la-proverbs
There's no place like home	Home is the best place to be		la-proverbs
Two wrongs don't make a right	Doing bad because of bad does not fix anything		la-proverbs
Too many cooks spoil the broth	Too many people on a job can ruin it		la-proverbs
When in Rome, do as the Romans do	Follow the customs of the place you are in		la-proverbs
You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink	You can offer help, but cannot force someone to take it		la-proverbs
A friend in need is a friend indeed	A true friend helps you when you need it		la-proverbs
A rolling stone gathers no moss	People who keep moving do not settle down or get stuck		la-proverbs
Absence makes the heart grow fonder	Missing people makes you love them more		la-proverbs
All good things must come to an end	Nothing lasts forever		la-proverbs
A penny saved is a penny earned	Saving money is as good as making it		la-proverbs
Beggars can't be choosers	If you need something badly, you cannot be picky		la-proverbs
Curiosity killed the cat	Too much asking can lead to trouble		la-proverbs
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you	Treat others how you want to be treated		la-proverbs
Easy come, easy go	What is gained easily is lost easily		la-proverbs
Fortune favors the bold	Brave people are often lucky		la-proverbs
Good things come to those who wait	Patience brings rewards		la-proverbs
Great minds think alike	Smart people often have the same ideas		la-proverbs
Haste makes waste	Rushing leads to mistakes		la-proverbs
He who laughs last laughs best	The final winner is the happiest		la-proverbs
Home is where the heart is	Home is wherever you feel loved		la-proverbs
If the shoe fits, wear it	If a criticism fits you, accept it		la-proverbs
Laughter is the best medicine	Laughing helps you feel better		la-proverbs
Let bygones be bygones	Forget old arguments		la-proverbs
Look on the bright side	Think about the good parts		la-proverbs
Out of sight, out of mind	We forget what we do not see		la-proverbs
Patience is a virtue	Waiting calmly is a good quality		la-proverbs
Rome wasn't built in a day	Great things take time		la-proverbs
The grass is always greener on the other side	Other people's situations seem better than ours		la-proverbs
The squeaky wheel gets the grease	The one who complains most gets attention		la-proverbs
There's no smoke without fire	Rumors usually have some truth		la-proverbs
Slow and steady wins the race	Steady effort beats fast but sloppy work		la-proverbs
Time is money	Time is valuable, so do not waste it		la-proverbs
United we stand, divided we fall	Together we are strong		la-proverbs
Where there's a will, there's a way	If you want it enough, you will find a way		la-proverbs
You can't teach an old dog new tricks	It is hard to change old habits		la-proverbs
You reap what you sow	What you do comes back to you		la-proverbs
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step	Big goals start with small first steps		la-proverbs
Knowledge is power	Learning gives you strength		la-proverbs
Better safe than sorry	Be careful to avoid trouble later		la-proverbs
Two heads are better than one	Working together gives better ideas		la-proverbs
Waste not, want not	If you use things wisely, you will have enough		la-proverbs
Walk a mile in someone's shoes	Try to understand another person's life		la-proverbs
The best things in life are free	Love, friendship and nature cost nothing		la-proverbs
Little strokes fell great oaks	Small steady efforts can do great things		la-proverbs
Don't bite the hand that feeds you	Do not hurt people who help you		la-proverbs
Don't cry over spilled milk	Do not be upset about what cannot be undone		la-proverbs
Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me	Learn from being tricked		la-proverbs
The proof of the pudding is in the eating	You judge something by how it works		la-proverbs
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder	People see beauty differently		la-proverbs
Variety is the spice of life	Different things make life interesting		la-proverbs
A watched pot never boils	Time seems slow when you wait for something		la-proverbs
Every dog has its day	Everyone gets a turn to shine		la-proverbs
Out of the frying pan into the fire	From a bad situation to a worse one		la-proverbs
Strike while the iron is hot	Act at the best moment		la-proverbs
The apple doesn't fall far from the tree	Children often resemble their parents		la-proverbs
period	Ends a statement or command		la-punctuation-rules
question mark	Ends a question		la-punctuation-rules
exclamation point	Shows strong feeling or a shout		la-punctuation-rules
comma in a list	Separate three or more items: red, blue, and green		la-punctuation-rules
comma after introductory words	After words that begin a sentence: First, wash your hands		la-punctuation-rules
comma before a conjunction	Join two complete sentences: I ran, and she walked		la-punctuation-rules
comma in direct address	Separate a name: Maya, come here		la-punctuation-rules
comma in dates	Between day and year: July 4, 1776		la-punctuation-rules
comma in addresses	Between city and state: Austin, Texas		la-punctuation-rules
comma in a letter greeting	After Dear Sam		la-punctuation-rules
comma after yes or no	Yes, I will		la-punctuation-rules
comma with quotations	Separate a speaker from the quote: She said, "Hello"		la-punctuation-rules
comma with appositive	Sets off a renaming phrase: My dog, Rex, barks		la-punctuation-rules
semicolon	Joins two closely related complete sentences		la-punctuation-rules
semicolon in a list	Separates items that already contain commas		la-punctuation-rules
colon before a list	After a full statement: You need three things: a pen, paper and time		la-punctuation-rules
colon in time	Separates hours and minutes: 3:30		la-punctuation-rules
colon after a business greeting	Dear Sir or Madam:		la-punctuation-rules
apostrophe in a contraction	Shows missing letters: can't		la-punctuation-rules
apostrophe for possession	Shows ownership: Tom's hat		la-punctuation-rules
apostrophe never in plurals	Plural of dog is dogs, not dog's		la-punctuation-rules
quotation marks	Show a speaker's exact words		la-punctuation-rules
quotation marks for titles	Short works: poems, songs, articles		la-punctuation-rules
italics or underline	Titles of long works: books, movies, magazines		la-punctuation-rules
hyphen	Joins words: well-known, twenty-one		la-punctuation-rules
hyphen at line end	Splits a word between syllables		la-punctuation-rules
en dash	Shows a range: pages 10-20		la-punctuation-rules
em dash	A strong break or interruption in a sentence		la-punctuation-rules
parentheses	Enclose extra information		la-punctuation-rules
brackets	Enclose added words inside a quote		la-punctuation-rules
ellipsis	Three dots showing omitted words or a pause		la-punctuation-rules
slash	Shows alternatives: and/or		la-punctuation-rules
Capital at start	Every sentence begins with a capital letter		la-punctuation-rules
Period in abbreviation	Mr., Dr., St.		la-punctuation-rules
Comma splice	Do not join two sentences with only a comma		la-punctuation-rules
Quotation ending	Periods and commas go inside the closing quotation mark		la-punctuation-rules
Question inside quotation	Question mark inside if the quote is the question		la-punctuation-rules
Dialogue paragraphs	Start a new paragraph when a new person speaks		la-punctuation-rules
Colon vs. semicolon	Colon introduces; semicolon joins		la-punctuation-rules
Oxford comma	The comma before and in a list: apples, pears, and plums		la-punctuation-rules
Comma between adjectives	Use when you can swap the order or put and between: a tall, strong tree		la-punctuation-rules
Comma before a tag question	You are coming, aren't you?		la-punctuation-rules
Commas with nonessential phrases	Set off extra information: My sister, who is ten, swims		la-punctuation-rules
Run-on fix	Use a period, semicolon or conjunction		la-punctuation-rules
Exclamation overuse	Use sparingly so it keeps its power		la-punctuation-rules
Possessive of plural nouns	Add an apostrophe after the s: the dogs' bowls		la-punctuation-rules
Possessive of names ending in s	Add 's or just an apostrophe: James's or James'		la-punctuation-rules
-at	cat, bat, hat, mat, rat, sat, flat		la-rhyming-families
-an	can, fan, man, pan, ran, van, plan		la-rhyming-families
-ap	cap, map, nap, tap, lap, clap, trap		la-rhyming-families
-ag	bag, tag, wag, rag, flag, drag		la-rhyming-families
-am	ham, jam, ram, dam, yam, slam		la-rhyming-families
-ad	bad, dad, had, mad, pad, sad		la-rhyming-families
-ack	back, black, pack, snack, track, stack		la-rhyming-families
-ill	hill, fill, bill, mill, will, spill		la-rhyming-families
-ig	big, dig, fig, pig, wig, twig		la-rhyming-families
-in	bin, fin, pin, tin, win, spin		la-rhyming-families
-ip	dip, hip, lip, rip, ship, trip		la-rhyming-families
-it	bit, fit, hit, kit, sit, spit		la-rhyming-families
-ick	kick, lick, pick, sick, stick, quick		la-rhyming-families
-ing	king, ring, sing, wing, spring, bring		la-rhyming-families
-ink	pink, sink, wink, think, drink, blink		la-rhyming-families
-ock	clock, dock, lock, rock, sock, block		la-rhyming-families
-op	cop, hop, mop, pop, top, stop		la-rhyming-families
-ot	cot, dot, hot, not, pot, spot		la-rhyming-families
-og	dog, fog, hog, log, frog, jog		la-rhyming-families
-ob	cob, job, mob, rob, sob		la-rhyming-families
-uck	duck, luck, truck, stuck, buck		la-rhyming-families
-ug	bug, hug, mug, rug, jug, plug		la-rhyming-families
-un	bun, fun, run, sun, spun, stun		la-rhyming-families
-ut	but, cut, hut, nut, shut		la-rhyming-families
-ump	bump, jump, lump, pump, stump		la-rhyming-families
-unk	bunk, junk, skunk, trunk		la-rhyming-families
-est	best, nest, pest, rest, west, chest		la-rhyming-families
-et	bet, get, jet, net, pet, wet		la-rhyming-families
-ell	bell, tell, sell, well, shell, smell		la-rhyming-families
-en	den, hen, men, pen, ten, then		la-rhyming-families
-ed	bed, fed, red, led, shed, sled		la-rhyming-families
-eck	deck, neck, check, speck		la-rhyming-families
-ake	bake, cake, lake, make, take, snake		la-rhyming-families
-ate	date, gate, late, plate, skate, state		la-rhyming-families
-ame	came, game, name, same, tame, flame		la-rhyming-families
-ail	mail, nail, pail, sail, tail, snail		la-rhyming-families
-ain	gain, main, pain, rain, train, brain		la-rhyming-families
-ay	day, hay, may, play, say, stay		la-rhyming-families
-ee	bee, see, tree, free, three		la-rhyming-families
-eep	beep, deep, jeep, keep, sleep, sheep		la-rhyming-families
-eat	beat, heat, meat, neat, seat, treat		la-rhyming-families
-ime	dime, lime, time, climb, crime		la-rhyming-families
-ice	dice, mice, nice, rice, twice, slice		la-rhyming-families
-ide	hide, ride, side, wide, slide, tide		la-rhyming-families
-ine	fine, line, mine, nine, pine, shine		la-rhyming-families
-ight	fight, light, might, night, right, sight		la-rhyming-families
-ike	bike, hike, like, spike, strike		la-rhyming-families
-ow	bow, cow, how, now, wow, brow		la-rhyming-families
-ow (long o)	blow, flow, grow, know, show, slow		la-rhyming-families
-oat	boat, coat, goat, float, throat		la-rhyming-families
-old	bold, cold, fold, gold, hold, told		la-rhyming-families
-ose	hose, nose, rose, close, those		la-rhyming-families
-ore	bore, core, more, shore, store, wore		la-rhyming-families
-ound	found, ground, hound, round, sound		la-rhyming-families
-ouse	house, louse, mouse, spouse		la-rhyming-families
-ar	bar, car, far, jar, star, scar		la-rhyming-families
-air	chair, fair, hair, pair, stair		la-rhyming-families
-ear	dear, fear, hear, near, year		la-rhyming-families
-ook	book, cook, hook, look, took		la-rhyming-families
-ool	cool, fool, pool, school, stool		la-rhyming-families
-oon	moon, noon, soon, spoon, balloon		la-rhyming-families
-ush	brush, crush, flush, hush, rush		la-rhyming-families
-ash	cash, crash, dash, flash, splash		la-rhyming-families
-ish	dish, fish, wish		la-rhyming-families
-ing (family)	ding, fling, sling, sting, thing		la-rhyming-families
-ung	hung, lung, rung, sung, young		la-rhyming-families
-ank	bank, drank, sank, tank, thank		la-rhyming-families
-ant	ant, can't, pant, plant		la-rhyming-families
-and	band, hand, land, sand, stand		la-rhyming-families
-ang	bang, gang, hang, rang, sang		la-rhyming-families
-all	ball, call, fall, hall, small, tall		la-rhyming-families
-alk	chalk, stalk, talk, walk		la-rhyming-families
-ew	blew, chew, crew, drew, flew, grew, new		la-rhyming-families
-oo	boo, goo, moo, shoe, zoo		la-rhyming-families
-ue	blue, clue, glue, true		la-rhyming-families
-own	brown, crown, down, gown, town		la-rhyming-families
-oy	boy, joy, toy, enjoy		la-rhyming-families
-oil	boil, coil, foil, oil, soil		la-rhyming-families
-aw	claw, draw, jaw, paw, saw, straw		la-rhyming-families
as busy as a bee	Simile: very busy		la-similes-metaphors
as quiet as a mouse	Simile: very quiet		la-similes-metaphors
as brave as a lion	Simile: very brave		la-similes-metaphors
as light as a feather	Simile: very light		la-similes-metaphors
as slow as a snail	Simile: very slow		la-similes-metaphors
as cold as ice	Simile: very cold		la-similes-metaphors
as sly as a fox	Simile: clever and tricky		la-similes-metaphors
as strong as an ox	Simile: very strong		la-similes-metaphors
as proud as a peacock	Simile: very proud		la-similes-metaphors
as blind as a bat	Simile: unable to see well		la-similes-metaphors
as gentle as a lamb	Simile: very gentle		la-similes-metaphors
as stubborn as a mule	Simile: very stubborn		la-similes-metaphors
as sweet as honey	Simile: very sweet		la-similes-metaphors
as good as gold	Simile: very well behaved		la-similes-metaphors
as flat as a pancake	Simile: completely flat		la-similes-metaphors
as hungry as a horse	Simile: very hungry		la-similes-metaphors
as cool as a cucumber	Simile: very calm		la-similes-metaphors
as clear as crystal	Simile: easy to understand		la-similes-metaphors
as dry as a bone	Simile: completely dry		la-similes-metaphors
as old as the hills	Simile: very old		la-similes-metaphors
as right as rain	Simile: perfectly fine		la-similes-metaphors
as bright as the sun	Simile: very bright		la-similes-metaphors
as fresh as a daisy	Simile: full of energy		la-similes-metaphors
as happy as a clam	Simile: very content		la-similes-metaphors
as thin as a rail	Simile: very thin		la-similes-metaphors
as white as snow	Simile: very white		la-similes-metaphors
as tough as nails	Simile: very strong or hard		la-similes-metaphors
as wise as an owl	Simile: very wise		la-similes-metaphors
as playful as a puppy	Simile: very playful		la-similes-metaphors
run like the wind	Simile: run very fast		la-similes-metaphors
sleep like a log	Simile: sleep deeply		la-similes-metaphors
sing like a bird	Simile: sing beautifully		la-similes-metaphors
eat like a bird	Simile: eat very little		la-similes-metaphors
swim like a fish	Simile: swim very well		la-similes-metaphors
shine like a star	Simile: be very bright or special		la-similes-metaphors
time is money	Metaphor: time is valuable		la-similes-metaphors
life is a roller coaster	Metaphor: life has ups and downs		la-similes-metaphors
the world is a stage	Metaphor: people play roles in life		la-similes-metaphors
my brother is a pig at dinner	Metaphor: he eats messily		la-similes-metaphors
the classroom was a zoo	Metaphor: the room was wild and noisy		la-similes-metaphors
her smile is sunshine	Metaphor: her smile brings happiness		la-similes-metaphors
the road was a ribbon	Metaphor: the road was long and thin		la-similes-metaphors
the clouds were cotton balls	Metaphor: clouds looked soft and white		la-similes-metaphors
he is a rock	Metaphor: he is steady and reliable		la-similes-metaphors
the moon is a silver coin	Metaphor: the moon looks round and shiny		la-similes-metaphors
life is a journey	Metaphor: life has many stages and paths		la-similes-metaphors
books are windows	Metaphor: books show the world		la-similes-metaphors
laughter is music	Metaphor: laughter is pleasing to hear		la-similes-metaphors
the snow is a blanket	Metaphor: snow covers the ground		la-similes-metaphors
her voice is velvet	Metaphor: her voice is soft and smooth		la-similes-metaphors
my room is a disaster zone	Metaphor: it is very messy		la-similes-metaphors
the stars are diamonds	Metaphor: stars sparkle in the sky		la-similes-metaphors
words are weapons	Metaphor: words can hurt or help		la-similes-metaphors
the city is a jungle	Metaphor: the city is wild and busy		la-similes-metaphors
the test was a breeze	Metaphor: it was easy		la-similes-metaphors
character	Who the story is about		la-story-elements
setting	Where and when the story happens		la-story-elements
plot	What happens in the story		la-story-elements
problem	The trouble the characters face		la-story-elements
solution	How the problem is solved		la-story-elements
beginning	Where the story introduces characters and setting		la-story-elements
middle	Where the problem grows		la-story-elements
end	Where the problem is solved		la-story-elements
main idea	What a text is mostly about		la-story-elements
supporting details	Facts that back up the main idea		la-story-elements
theme	The lesson or message of a story		la-story-elements
summary	A short retelling of the important parts		la-story-elements
sequence	The order in which events happen		la-story-elements
cause	Why something happens		la-story-elements
effect	What happens as a result		la-story-elements
compare	To tell how things are alike		la-story-elements
contrast	To tell how things are different		la-story-elements
fact	Something that can be proven true		la-story-elements
opinion	What someone thinks or feels		la-story-elements
inference	A smart guess from clues		la-story-elements
prediction	A guess about what will happen next		la-story-elements
context clues	Hints in the text that help explain a word		la-story-elements
author's purpose	Why the author wrote it: to inform, persuade or entertain		la-story-elements
point of view	Who is telling the story		la-story-elements
visualize	To make a picture in your mind while reading		la-story-elements
connection	Linking a text to yourself, another text, or the world		la-story-elements
text feature	A heading, caption or bold word that helps readers		la-story-elements
heading	A title for a section		la-story-elements
caption	Words that explain a picture		la-story-elements
glossary	A mini dictionary at the back of a book		la-story-elements
index	An alphabetical list of topics at the back with page numbers		la-story-elements
table of contents	A list of chapters and page numbers at the front		la-story-elements
bold print	Heavy type that shows an important word		la-story-elements
diagram	A labeled drawing		la-story-elements
genre	A type of writing		la-story-elements
fiction	Made-up stories		la-story-elements
nonfiction	True information		la-story-elements
narrator	The one who tells the story		la-story-elements
dialogue	Characters talking		la-story-elements
conflict	A struggle between forces		la-story-elements
climax	The most exciting part		la-story-elements
resolution	The way the story's problem ends		la-story-elements
mood	The feeling of the story		la-story-elements
tone	The attitude of the author		la-story-elements
evidence	Facts or quotes that prove a point		la-story-elements
claim	A statement you argue is true		la-story-elements
reasoning	The logic linking evidence to a claim		la-story-elements
fluency	Reading smoothly with expression		la-story-elements
decoding	Using letter sounds to read a word		la-story-elements
comprehension	Understanding what you read		la-story-elements
skim	To read quickly for the main idea		la-story-elements
scan	To look quickly for specific information		la-story-elements
-s / -es	More than one: cats, boxes		la-suffixes
-ed	Happened in the past: jumped, walked		la-suffixes
-ing	Happening now: running, playing		la-suffixes
-er	One who or more: teacher, taller		la-suffixes
-est	Most: tallest, fastest		la-suffixes
-ly	In a way: quickly, gladly		la-suffixes
-ful	Full of: helpful, joyful		la-suffixes
-less	Without: hopeless, careless		la-suffixes
-able	Can be done: readable, washable		la-suffixes
-ible	Can be done: edible, flexible		la-suffixes
-ness	State of being: kindness, sadness		la-suffixes
-ment	Act or result: enjoyment, movement		la-suffixes
-tion	Act or state: action, invention		la-suffixes
-sion	Act or state: tension, vision		la-suffixes
-ation	Act or result: celebration, education		la-suffixes
-ity	State or quality: ability, activity		la-suffixes
-ous	Full of: famous, dangerous		la-suffixes
-ious	Full of: curious, furious		la-suffixes
-ive	Tending to: active, creative		la-suffixes
-al	Relating to: musical, national		la-suffixes
-ial	Relating to: social, special		la-suffixes
-ic	Relating to: heroic, artistic		la-suffixes
-y	Characterized by: sunny, rainy		la-suffixes
-ish	Somewhat like: childish, reddish		la-suffixes
-en	Make or made of: darken, wooden		la-suffixes
-ify	Make: simplify, purify		la-suffixes
-ize	Make or become: modernize, memorize		la-suffixes
-ate	Make or become: activate, create		la-suffixes
-ence	State or quality: patience, absence		la-suffixes
-ance	State or quality: importance, performance		la-suffixes
-ant	One who or being: assistant, elegant		la-suffixes
-ent	One who or being: student, different		la-suffixes
-ism	Belief or practice: heroism, tourism		la-suffixes
-ist	One who does: artist, scientist		la-suffixes
-or	One who does: actor, doctor		la-suffixes
-ee	One who receives: employee, trainee		la-suffixes
-ship	State or skill: friendship, leadership		la-suffixes
-hood	State or time of: childhood, neighborhood		la-suffixes
-dom	State or realm: freedom, kingdom		la-suffixes
-ward	Direction: backward, homeward		la-suffixes
-wise	In the manner of: clockwise, otherwise		la-suffixes
-ology	Study of: biology, geology		la-suffixes
-phobia	Fear of: claustrophobia		la-suffixes
-ette	Small: kitchenette, cigarette		la-suffixes
-let	Small: booklet, piglet		la-suffixes
-ling	Young or small: duckling, gosling		la-suffixes
-some	Tending to: awesome, tiresome		la-suffixes
-ery	Place or practice: bakery, bravery		la-suffixes
-th	State or number: strength, fourth		la-suffixes
-ty	Quality: safety, loyalty		la-suffixes
-cy	State: accuracy, democracy		la-suffixes
-ure	Action or result: pressure, closure		la-suffixes
-age	Action or result: package, damage		la-suffixes
said	declared, stated, remarked		la-synonyms-advanced
walked	strolled, trudged, marched		la-synonyms-advanced
looked	gazed, glanced, peered		la-synonyms-advanced
big	enormous, colossal, immense		la-synonyms-advanced
small	minuscule, petite, compact		la-synonyms-advanced
good	excellent, superb, admirable		la-synonyms-advanced
bad	dreadful, poor, inferior		la-synonyms-advanced
happy	elated, delighted, content		la-synonyms-advanced
sad	sorrowful, mournful, dejected		la-synonyms-advanced
angry	furious, irate, indignant		la-synonyms-advanced
scared	terrified, petrified, alarmed		la-synonyms-advanced
tired	exhausted, drained, weary		la-synonyms-advanced
smart	intelligent, brilliant, astute		la-synonyms-advanced
funny	amusing, comical, hilarious		la-synonyms-advanced
important	significant, vital, crucial		la-synonyms-advanced
interesting	fascinating, intriguing, absorbing		la-synonyms-advanced
hard	arduous, demanding, strenuous		la-synonyms-advanced
easy	effortless, straightforward, simple		la-synonyms-advanced
beautiful	gorgeous, stunning, exquisite		la-synonyms-advanced
ugly	repulsive, unsightly, grotesque		la-synonyms-advanced
help	assist, aid, support		la-synonyms-advanced
show	display, exhibit, reveal		la-synonyms-advanced
think	ponder, consider, reflect		la-synonyms-advanced
use	utilize, employ, apply		la-synonyms-advanced
get	obtain, acquire, receive		la-synonyms-advanced
give	grant, provide, bestow		la-synonyms-advanced
make	create, produce, construct		la-synonyms-advanced
fast	swift, brisk, hasty		la-synonyms-advanced
slow	gradual, leisurely, unhurried		la-synonyms-advanced
brave	valiant, heroic, intrepid		la-synonyms-advanced
afraid	fearful, apprehensive, timid		la-synonyms-advanced
pretty	charming, appealing, lovely		la-synonyms-advanced
rude	impolite, discourteous, crude		la-synonyms-advanced
honest	truthful, sincere, candid		la-synonyms-advanced
lazy	idle, sluggish, lethargic		la-synonyms-advanced
clever	shrewd, ingenious, resourceful		la-synonyms-advanced
calm	serene, tranquil, peaceful		la-synonyms-advanced
nervous	anxious, uneasy, jittery		la-synonyms-advanced
proud	pleased, boastful, triumphant		la-synonyms-advanced
mean	cruel, spiteful, malicious		la-synonyms-advanced
stubborn	obstinate, headstrong, unyielding		la-synonyms-advanced
generous	giving, charitable, lavish		la-synonyms-advanced
rich	affluent, wealthy, prosperous		la-synonyms-advanced
poor	impoverished, needy, destitute		la-synonyms-advanced
strange	peculiar, odd, unusual		la-synonyms-advanced
famous	renowned, celebrated, well-known		la-synonyms-advanced
dangerous	hazardous, perilous, risky		la-synonyms-advanced
careful	cautious, prudent, watchful		la-synonyms-advanced
sudden	abrupt, unexpected, swift		la-synonyms-advanced
huge	tremendous, vast, gigantic		la-synonyms-advanced
brief	short, concise, fleeting		la-synonyms-advanced
begin	commence, initiate, launch		la-synonyms-advanced
finish	conclude, complete, accomplish		la-synonyms-advanced
ask	inquire, question, request		la-synonyms-advanced
answer	respond, reply, retort		la-synonyms-advanced
stop	cease, halt, discontinue		la-synonyms-advanced
choose	select, elect, opt for		la-synonyms-advanced
want	desire, crave, wish for		la-synonyms-advanced
need	require, demand, necessitate		la-synonyms-advanced
explain	clarify, describe, illustrate		la-synonyms-advanced
change	alter, modify, transform		la-synonyms-advanced
keep	retain, preserve, maintain		la-synonyms-advanced
steal	pilfer, swipe, snatch		la-synonyms-advanced
run	sprint, dash, bolt		la-synonyms-advanced
cry	weep, sob, wail		la-synonyms-advanced
laugh	chuckle, giggle, chortle		la-synonyms-advanced
shout	bellow, exclaim, roar		la-synonyms-advanced
eat	consume, devour, nibble		la-synonyms-advanced
guess	speculate, estimate, surmise		la-synonyms-advanced
quiet	hushed, subdued, tranquil		la-synonyms-advanced
shy	bashful, timid, reserved		la-synonyms-advanced
tidy	orderly, neat, spotless		la-synonyms-advanced
odd	bizarre, curious, eccentric		la-synonyms-advanced
fake	counterfeit, bogus, artificial		la-synonyms-advanced
true	genuine, authentic, accurate		la-synonyms-advanced
big	large, huge, giant		la-synonyms-easy
small	little, tiny, mini		la-synonyms-easy
happy	glad, joyful, cheerful		la-synonyms-easy
sad	unhappy, gloomy, blue		la-synonyms-easy
fast	quick, speedy, rapid		la-synonyms-easy
slow	sluggish, unhurried, leisurely		la-synonyms-easy
smart	clever, bright, wise		la-synonyms-easy
begin	start, open, launch		la-synonyms-easy
end	finish, stop, close		la-synonyms-easy
pretty	lovely, beautiful, attractive		la-synonyms-easy
ugly	unsightly, plain, hideous		la-synonyms-easy
look	see, watch, glance		la-synonyms-easy
walk	stroll, step, wander		la-synonyms-easy
run	dash, race, sprint		la-synonyms-easy
talk	speak, chat, say		la-synonyms-easy
shout	yell, holler, cry out		la-synonyms-easy
quiet	silent, still, hushed		la-synonyms-easy
loud	noisy, booming, blaring		la-synonyms-easy
angry	mad, upset, furious		la-synonyms-easy
scared	afraid, frightened, fearful		la-synonyms-easy
hard	difficult, tough, challenging		la-synonyms-easy
easy	simple, effortless, plain		la-synonyms-easy
rich	wealthy, well-off, prosperous		la-synonyms-easy
cold	chilly, cool, freezing		la-synonyms-easy
hot	warm, boiling, scorching		la-synonyms-easy
wet	damp, soaked, moist		la-synonyms-easy
dry	parched, arid, bone-dry		la-synonyms-easy
clean	spotless, neat, tidy		la-synonyms-easy
dirty	filthy, grimy, messy		la-synonyms-easy
nice	kind, pleasant, friendly		la-synonyms-easy
unkind	cruel, mean, harsh		la-synonyms-easy
brave	bold, fearless, courageous		la-synonyms-easy
strong	mighty, powerful, sturdy		la-synonyms-easy
weak	feeble, frail, delicate		la-synonyms-easy
old	aged, ancient, elderly		la-synonyms-easy
new	fresh, modern, recent		la-synonyms-easy
shiny	bright, gleaming, sparkling		la-synonyms-easy
jump	leap, hop, spring		la-synonyms-easy
hurry	rush, hasten, dash		la-synonyms-easy
choose	pick, select, decide on		la-synonyms-easy
wrong	incorrect, mistaken, false		la-synonyms-easy
right	correct, proper, accurate		la-synonyms-easy
tired	sleepy, weary, worn out		la-synonyms-easy
close	near, nearby, next to		la-synonyms-easy
tell	say, inform, announce		la-synonyms-easy
unhappy	sad, sorrowful, down		la-synonyms-easy
joke	gag, funny story, jest		la-synonyms-easy
rest	relax, pause, nap		la-synonyms-easy
fix	repair, mend, patch		la-synonyms-easy
mistake	error, slip, blunder		la-synonyms-easy
shut	close, seal, fasten		la-synonyms-easy
mad	angry, cross, upset		la-synonyms-easy
tiny	little, wee, minute		la-synonyms-easy
boat	ship, vessel, craft		la-synonyms-easy
car	auto, automobile, vehicle		la-synonyms-easy
home	house, dwelling, residence		la-synonyms-easy
kid	child, youngster, youth		la-synonyms-easy
sofa	couch, settee, divan		la-synonyms-easy
dinner	supper, meal, feast		la-synonyms-easy
trip	journey, voyage, outing		la-synonyms-easy
simple	easy, plain, clear		la-synonyms-easy
silly	goofy, foolish, funny		la-synonyms-easy
glad	pleased, happy, delighted		la-synonyms-easy
sick	ill, unwell, ailing		la-synonyms-easy
guess	estimate, suppose, predict		la-synonyms-easy
smell	scent, odor, aroma		la-synonyms-easy
road	street, path, highway		la-synonyms-easy
pal	friend, buddy, chum		la-synonyms-easy
huge	enormous, gigantic, immense		la-synonyms-easy
stop	halt, cease, quit		la-synonyms-easy
adventure	An exciting trip or event		la-vocab-grade-1-2
afraid	Feeling fear		la-vocab-grade-1-2
alone	By yourself		la-vocab-grade-1-2
angry	Feeling mad		la-vocab-grade-1-2
beautiful	Very pretty		la-vocab-grade-1-2
believe	To think something is true		la-vocab-grade-1-2
borrow	To take something for a short time and give it back		la-vocab-grade-1-2
brave	Not afraid to do hard things		la-vocab-grade-1-2
careful	Taking care so nothing goes wrong		la-vocab-grade-1-2
cheerful	Happy and bright		la-vocab-grade-1-2
choose	To pick		la-vocab-grade-1-2
clever	Quick to learn and smart		la-vocab-grade-1-2
collect	To gather things together		la-vocab-grade-1-2
comfortable	Feeling relaxed and cozy		la-vocab-grade-1-2
curious	Wanting to learn or know more		la-vocab-grade-1-2
decide	To make up your mind		la-vocab-grade-1-2
describe	To tell what something is like		la-vocab-grade-1-2
difficult	Not easy		la-vocab-grade-1-2
discover	To find something new		la-vocab-grade-1-2
enormous	Very, very big		la-vocab-grade-1-2
excited	Full of joy and energy		la-vocab-grade-1-2
explore	To travel to learn about a place		la-vocab-grade-1-2
famous	Known by many people		la-vocab-grade-1-2
favorite	The one you like best		la-vocab-grade-1-2
frighten	To make someone scared		la-vocab-grade-1-2
gentle	Soft and careful, not rough		la-vocab-grade-1-2
giant	Very large		la-vocab-grade-1-2
grateful	Thankful		la-vocab-grade-1-2
hurry	To move fast		la-vocab-grade-1-2
imagine	To make a picture in your mind		la-vocab-grade-1-2
invite	To ask someone to come		la-vocab-grade-1-2
journey	A long trip		la-vocab-grade-1-2
kindness	Being nice and caring		la-vocab-grade-1-2
laughter	The sound of laughing		la-vocab-grade-1-2
lonely	Sad because you are alone		la-vocab-grade-1-2
marvelous	Wonderful		la-vocab-grade-1-2
messy	Not neat		la-vocab-grade-1-2
mighty	Very strong		la-vocab-grade-1-2
nervous	Worried about what will happen		la-vocab-grade-1-2
neighbor	A person who lives near you		la-vocab-grade-1-2
noisy	Making a lot of sound		la-vocab-grade-1-2
patient	Able to wait calmly		la-vocab-grade-1-2
peaceful	Quiet and calm		la-vocab-grade-1-2
perfect	Without any mistakes		la-vocab-grade-1-2
polite	Having good manners		la-vocab-grade-1-2
promise	To say you will surely do something		la-vocab-grade-1-2
protect	To keep safe		la-vocab-grade-1-2
puzzle	A game or problem to solve		la-vocab-grade-1-2
quiet	Making little or no sound		la-vocab-grade-1-2
remember	To bring back to mind		la-vocab-grade-1-2
shiny	Bright and sparkly		la-vocab-grade-1-2
silly	Funny in a goofy way		la-vocab-grade-1-2
surprise	Something you did not expect		la-vocab-grade-1-2
tiny	Very small		la-vocab-grade-1-2
treasure	Gold, jewels or something loved		la-vocab-grade-1-2
uncomfortable	Not cozy or at ease		la-vocab-grade-1-2
visit	To go and see someone or somewhere		la-vocab-grade-1-2
whisper	To speak very softly		la-vocab-grade-1-2
wonder	To think about and ask questions		la-vocab-grade-1-2
worried	Thinking something bad may happen		la-vocab-grade-1-2
young	Not old		la-vocab-grade-1-2
acquiesce	To agree without protest		la-vocab-grade-10
affable	Friendly and easy to talk to		la-vocab-grade-10
ameliorate	To make better		la-vocab-grade-10
anomaly	Something that does not fit the pattern		la-vocab-grade-10
aplomb	Self-confidence		la-vocab-grade-10
ardent	Passionate		la-vocab-grade-10
ascetic	Living with strict self-denial		la-vocab-grade-10
assiduous	Hardworking		la-vocab-grade-10
audacity	Boldness		la-vocab-grade-10
bellicose	Eager to fight		la-vocab-grade-10
bucolic	Relating to countryside life		la-vocab-grade-10
capricious	Changing mood suddenly		la-vocab-grade-10
caustic	Biting or burning in tone		la-vocab-grade-10
chicanery	Trickery		la-vocab-grade-10
circumvent	To go around		la-vocab-grade-10
clemency	Mercy		la-vocab-grade-10
cohesive	Sticking together well		la-vocab-grade-10
compunction	A pang of guilty feeling		la-vocab-grade-10
copious	In large amounts		la-vocab-grade-10
cursory	Hasty and not thorough		la-vocab-grade-10
daunting	Seeming hard and scary		la-vocab-grade-10
denounce	To publicly condemn		la-vocab-grade-10
derelict	Neglected; abandoned		la-vocab-grade-10
desultory	Lacking a plan		la-vocab-grade-10
diatribe	A bitter verbal attack		la-vocab-grade-10
discrepancy	A difference between things that should match		la-vocab-grade-10
disparage	To speak of as having little value		la-vocab-grade-10
dissuade	To talk someone out of something		la-vocab-grade-10
effervescent	Bubbly		la-vocab-grade-10
egregious	Outstandingly bad		la-vocab-grade-10
empirical	Based on observation		la-vocab-grade-10
enervate	To drain of energy		la-vocab-grade-10
ephemeral	Short-lived		la-vocab-grade-10
equanimity	Calmness under stress		la-vocab-grade-10
exacting	Demanding great care		la-vocab-grade-10
exhort	To strongly urge		la-vocab-grade-10
extol	To praise highly		la-vocab-grade-10
fallacy	A mistaken belief		la-vocab-grade-10
fervent	Showing intense feeling		la-vocab-grade-10
flagrant	Shockingly obvious		la-vocab-grade-10
fledgling	New and inexperienced		la-vocab-grade-10
fractious	Irritable and quarrelsome		la-vocab-grade-10
furtive	Sneaky		la-vocab-grade-10
gregarious	Sociable		la-vocab-grade-10
guile	Sly cunning		la-vocab-grade-10
hackneyed	Overused		la-vocab-grade-10
iconoclast	One who attacks cherished beliefs		la-vocab-grade-10
impetus	A force that starts something moving		la-vocab-grade-10
implacable	Unable to be calmed		la-vocab-grade-10
inclement	Stormy or harsh weather		la-vocab-grade-10
incongruous	Out of place		la-vocab-grade-10
indolent	Lazy		la-vocab-grade-10
inexorable	Impossible to stop		la-vocab-grade-10
insidious	Sneakily harmful		la-vocab-grade-10
intrepid	Fearless		la-vocab-grade-10
irascible	Easily angered		la-vocab-grade-10
laconic	Using few words		la-vocab-grade-10
laud	To praise		la-vocab-grade-10
abstruse	Hard to understand		la-vocab-grade-11
acerbic	Sharp and harsh in tone		la-vocab-grade-11
admonish	To warn gently but firmly		la-vocab-grade-11
anachronism	Something out of its proper time		la-vocab-grade-11
anathema	A thing strongly disliked		la-vocab-grade-11
apocryphal	Of doubtful authenticity		la-vocab-grade-11
appease	To calm by giving in		la-vocab-grade-11
arcane	Known by few; mysterious		la-vocab-grade-11
auspicious	Suggesting a good future		la-vocab-grade-11
avarice	Greed for wealth		la-vocab-grade-11
beguile	To charm or trick		la-vocab-grade-11
bombastic	High-sounding but meaningless		la-vocab-grade-11
cajole	To persuade with flattery		la-vocab-grade-11
censorious	Severely critical		la-vocab-grade-11
charlatan	A person who fakes skill		la-vocab-grade-11
churlish	Rude and bad-tempered		la-vocab-grade-11
cloying	Too sweet		la-vocab-grade-11
conundrum	A confusing problem		la-vocab-grade-11
countenance	A person's face or expression		la-vocab-grade-11
deleterious	Harmful		la-vocab-grade-11
demur	To object politely		la-vocab-grade-11
despot	A ruler with absolute power		la-vocab-grade-11
disabuse	To free from a false belief		la-vocab-grade-11
efficacious	Producing the wanted result		la-vocab-grade-11
enmity	Deep hostility		la-vocab-grade-11
ennui	Boredom		la-vocab-grade-11
ephemeral	Short-lived		la-vocab-grade-11
equivocate	To use unclear words to avoid commitment		la-vocab-grade-11
esoteric	Understood by only a few		la-vocab-grade-11
exculpate	To clear from blame		la-vocab-grade-11
exigent	Urgent		la-vocab-grade-11
extant	Still existing		la-vocab-grade-11
facetious	Joking at the wrong time		la-vocab-grade-11
fatuous	Silly		la-vocab-grade-11
fecund	Fertile		la-vocab-grade-11
fulminate	To protest loudly		la-vocab-grade-11
gainsay	To deny		la-vocab-grade-11
gauche	Awkward socially		la-vocab-grade-11
grandiloquent	Using fancy language		la-vocab-grade-11
hegemony	Leadership or dominance by one group		la-vocab-grade-11
histrionic	Overly dramatic		la-vocab-grade-11
hubris	Excessive pride		la-vocab-grade-11
impecunious	Having little money		la-vocab-grade-11
inchoate	Just begun, not formed		la-vocab-grade-11
ineffable	Too great to be put in words		la-vocab-grade-11
insipid	Lacking flavor or interest		la-vocab-grade-11
inveterate	Long established		la-vocab-grade-11
lachrymose	Tearful		la-vocab-grade-11
loquacious	Talkative		la-vocab-grade-11
lugubrious	Mournful		la-vocab-grade-11
malleable	Easily shaped		la-vocab-grade-11
mendacious	Lying		la-vocab-grade-11
mercurial	Quickly changing in mood		la-vocab-grade-11
misanthrope	One who dislikes people		la-vocab-grade-11
mollify	To soothe		la-vocab-grade-11
obdurate	Stubbornly refusing		la-vocab-grade-11
obsequious	Too eager to please		la-vocab-grade-11
acumen	Sharp judgment, especially in business		la-vocab-grade-12
alacrity	Quick, cheerful eagerness		la-vocab-grade-12
ambiguity	Uncertainty of meaning		la-vocab-grade-12
ameliorate	To make better		la-vocab-grade-12
anomalous	Not following the usual pattern		la-vocab-grade-12
antediluvian	Extremely old-fashioned		la-vocab-grade-12
apotheosis	The perfect example or highest point		la-vocab-grade-12
approbation	Approval		la-vocab-grade-12
ascertain	To find out for certain		la-vocab-grade-12
assuage	To make less severe		la-vocab-grade-12
attenuate	To make thinner or weaker		la-vocab-grade-12
axiom	A statement accepted as true		la-vocab-grade-12
bellwether	A leader or indicator of trends		la-vocab-grade-12
byzantine	Very complicated		la-vocab-grade-12
cacophonous	Harsh-sounding		la-vocab-grade-12
canonical	Accepted as a standard		la-vocab-grade-12
capitulate	To give in		la-vocab-grade-12
cathartic	Bringing emotional release		la-vocab-grade-12
circuitous	Taking a long, roundabout way		la-vocab-grade-12
cognizant	Aware		la-vocab-grade-12
commensurate	In proportion to		la-vocab-grade-12
conflagration	A large destructive fire		la-vocab-grade-12
connotation	An idea suggested by a word beyond its literal meaning		la-vocab-grade-12
consternation	Dismay or alarm		la-vocab-grade-12
cynosure	A center of attention		la-vocab-grade-12
dearth	A scarcity		la-vocab-grade-12
debacle	A total failure		la-vocab-grade-12
decry	To publicly condemn		la-vocab-grade-12
dichotomy	A division into two opposite parts		la-vocab-grade-12
diffident	Shy and lacking confidence		la-vocab-grade-12
dilettante	A person with shallow interest in a subject		la-vocab-grade-12
discursive	Wandering from topic to topic		la-vocab-grade-12
disingenuous	Not sincere		la-vocab-grade-12
dissonance	Harsh clash of sounds or ideas		la-vocab-grade-12
ebullient	Overflowing with enthusiasm		la-vocab-grade-12
effrontery	Shameless boldness		la-vocab-grade-12
elegy	A sad poem for someone who died		la-vocab-grade-12
empirical	Based on evidence		la-vocab-grade-12
epitome	A perfect example		la-vocab-grade-12
equitable	Fair		la-vocab-grade-12
erroneous	Wrong		la-vocab-grade-12
evanescent	Quickly fading		la-vocab-grade-12
exacerbate	To make worse		la-vocab-grade-12
exhaustive	Complete in every detail		la-vocab-grade-12
exigency	An urgent need		la-vocab-grade-12
fastidious	Hard to please		la-vocab-grade-12
fortitude	Strength of mind in hard times		la-vocab-grade-12
gratuitous	Given without good reason		la-vocab-grade-12
harbinger	A sign of what is coming		la-vocab-grade-12
idyllic	Peaceful and charming		la-vocab-grade-12
imperturbable	Unable to be upset		la-vocab-grade-12
indefatigable	Never tiring		la-vocab-grade-12
ingenuous	Innocent and open		la-vocab-grade-12
inimical	Harmful or hostile		la-vocab-grade-12
insurmountable	Too great to overcome		la-vocab-grade-12
juxtapose	To place side by side for contrast		la-vocab-grade-12
lassitude	Weariness		la-vocab-grade-12
magnanimity	Generosity of spirit		la-vocab-grade-12
perfunctory	Done with little care		la-vocab-grade-12
pernicious	Very harmful		la-vocab-grade-12
perspicacious	Having keen insight		la-vocab-grade-12
pithy	Short and full of meaning		la-vocab-grade-12
quixotic	Idealistic but impractical		la-vocab-grade-12
recalcitrant	Stubbornly resisting		la-vocab-grade-12
sanguine	Cheerfully hopeful		la-vocab-grade-12
sycophant	A person who flatters for gain		la-vocab-grade-12
taciturn	Saying very little		la-vocab-grade-12
tenuous	Weak or thin		la-vocab-grade-12
trepidation	Fearful worry		la-vocab-grade-12
vicissitude	A change of circumstances		la-vocab-grade-12
vociferous	Loud and forceful		la-vocab-grade-12
zealous	Full of eager energy		la-vocab-grade-12
ancient	Very, very old		la-vocab-grade-3
announce	To tell something to everyone		la-vocab-grade-3
anxious	Worried or uneasy		la-vocab-grade-3
appear	To come into sight		la-vocab-grade-3
arrange	To put in order		la-vocab-grade-3
attempt	To try		la-vocab-grade-3
awkward	Clumsy or uncomfortable		la-vocab-grade-3
bargain	Something bought for less than usual		la-vocab-grade-3
brilliant	Very bright or very smart		la-vocab-grade-3
cautious	Careful to avoid danger		la-vocab-grade-3
challenge	A hard task that tests you		la-vocab-grade-3
common	Seen or found often		la-vocab-grade-3
compare	To look at how things are alike or different		la-vocab-grade-3
complete	Finished; having all its parts		la-vocab-grade-3
confused	Not able to think clearly		la-vocab-grade-3
consider	To think about carefully		la-vocab-grade-3
courage	Bravery		la-vocab-grade-3
delicate	Easily broken or hurt		la-vocab-grade-3
depart	To leave		la-vocab-grade-3
destroy	To ruin completely		la-vocab-grade-3
determined	Firmly set on doing something		la-vocab-grade-3
distance	How far apart two things are		la-vocab-grade-3
dread	To fear something that will happen		la-vocab-grade-3
eager	Very keen to do something		la-vocab-grade-3
edge	The outside border of something		la-vocab-grade-3
emergency	A sudden dangerous event needing quick help		la-vocab-grade-3
enjoy	To get pleasure from		la-vocab-grade-3
entire	Whole		la-vocab-grade-3
escape	To get free		la-vocab-grade-3
examine	To look at closely		la-vocab-grade-3
expect	To think something will happen		la-vocab-grade-3
fair	Just and equal for all		la-vocab-grade-3
foolish	Lacking good sense		la-vocab-grade-3
fragile	Easy to break		la-vocab-grade-3
gather	To bring together		la-vocab-grade-3
generous	Happy to give and share		la-vocab-grade-3
glance	A quick look		la-vocab-grade-3
guide	To show the way		la-vocab-grade-3
harbor	A safe place for ships		la-vocab-grade-3
hesitate	To pause before doing something		la-vocab-grade-3
huge	Extremely large		la-vocab-grade-3
ignore	To pay no attention to		la-vocab-grade-3
immediately	Right away		la-vocab-grade-3
important	Having great value or meaning		la-vocab-grade-3
inform	To give facts to		la-vocab-grade-3
interrupt	To break in while someone speaks		la-vocab-grade-3
journal	A book where you write daily thoughts		la-vocab-grade-3
local	Close to where you live		la-vocab-grade-3
mention	To speak of briefly		la-vocab-grade-3
mysterious	Strange and hard to explain		la-vocab-grade-3
necessary	Needed		la-vocab-grade-3
observe	To watch carefully		la-vocab-grade-3
ordinary	Plain, not special		la-vocab-grade-3
polite	Having good manners		la-vocab-grade-3
precious	Of great value		la-vocab-grade-3
prepare	To get ready		la-vocab-grade-3
recall	To remember		la-vocab-grade-3
repair	To fix		la-vocab-grade-3
shelter	A place that protects from weather		la-vocab-grade-3
struggle	To try hard against difficulty		la-vocab-grade-3
tremble	To shake from fear or cold		la-vocab-grade-3
valuable	Worth a lot		la-vocab-grade-3
wander	To walk without a goal		la-vocab-grade-3
abandon	To leave behind for good		la-vocab-grade-4
absorb	To soak up		la-vocab-grade-4
accurate	Correct and exact		la-vocab-grade-4
achieve	To succeed in doing		la-vocab-grade-4
adapt	To change to fit new conditions		la-vocab-grade-4
admire	To look up to and respect		la-vocab-grade-4
advantage	Something that helps you		la-vocab-grade-4
ambition	A strong wish to achieve something		la-vocab-grade-4
analyze	To study the parts of something		la-vocab-grade-4
astonish	To amaze greatly		la-vocab-grade-4
audience	People who watch or listen		la-vocab-grade-4
average	The usual or middle amount		la-vocab-grade-4
boundary	A line that marks the limit		la-vocab-grade-4
capable	Able to do something well		la-vocab-grade-4
character	A person in a story; your qualities		la-vocab-grade-4
cooperate	To work together		la-vocab-grade-4
courteous	Polite and respectful		la-vocab-grade-4
crisis	A time of great danger or trouble		la-vocab-grade-4
curiosity	The wish to know or learn		la-vocab-grade-4
demonstrate	To show how something works		la-vocab-grade-4
dense	Packed closely together		la-vocab-grade-4
dependable	Able to be trusted		la-vocab-grade-4
despair	A feeling of having no hope		la-vocab-grade-4
detail	A small fact or part		la-vocab-grade-4
disaster	A terrible event that causes harm		la-vocab-grade-4
distinct	Clearly different		la-vocab-grade-4
duty	Something you must do		la-vocab-grade-4
efficient	Working well without waste		la-vocab-grade-4
elegant	Graceful and stylish		la-vocab-grade-4
encounter	To meet unexpectedly		la-vocab-grade-4
endure	To last or to put up with something		la-vocab-grade-4
evidence	Facts that show something is true		la-vocab-grade-4
exhausted	Very, very tired		la-vocab-grade-4
expand	To grow bigger		la-vocab-grade-4
fortunate	Lucky		la-vocab-grade-4
frequent	Happening often		la-vocab-grade-4
genuine	Real, not fake		la-vocab-grade-4
glimpse	A very quick look		la-vocab-grade-4
habitat	The natural home of an animal or plant		la-vocab-grade-4
hazard	A danger		la-vocab-grade-4
hesitant	Slow to act because unsure		la-vocab-grade-4
horizon	The line where the earth and sky seem to meet		la-vocab-grade-4
imitate	To copy		la-vocab-grade-4
independent	Not needing others		la-vocab-grade-4
inspect	To look at closely		la-vocab-grade-4
instruct	To teach or direct		la-vocab-grade-4
massive	Huge and heavy		la-vocab-grade-4
miserable	Very unhappy		la-vocab-grade-4
nature	The living world outside		la-vocab-grade-4
nuisance	A thing that annoys		la-vocab-grade-4
obvious	Easy to see or understand		la-vocab-grade-4
occur	To happen		la-vocab-grade-4
passage	A short part of a text; a narrow way		la-vocab-grade-4
persuade	To get someone to agree		la-vocab-grade-4
reluctant	Unwilling		la-vocab-grade-4
reply	To answer		la-vocab-grade-4
scarce	Hard to find; not enough		la-vocab-grade-4
sensible	Showing good judgment		la-vocab-grade-4
suspect	To think something may be true		la-vocab-grade-4
vanish	To disappear		la-vocab-grade-4
abundant	More than enough		la-vocab-grade-5
accomplish	To complete successfully		la-vocab-grade-5
acquire	To get		la-vocab-grade-5
adequate	Enough for what is needed		la-vocab-grade-5
alter	To change		la-vocab-grade-5
ambitious	Eager to succeed		la-vocab-grade-5
analyze	To study closely to understand		la-vocab-grade-5
anticipate	To expect and prepare for		la-vocab-grade-5
apparent	Easy to see or understand		la-vocab-grade-5
appreciate	To value; to be thankful for		la-vocab-grade-5
assemble	To put together		la-vocab-grade-5
assist	To help		la-vocab-grade-5
authentic	Real and true		la-vocab-grade-5
barren	Empty, with nothing growing		la-vocab-grade-5
benefit	An advantage or good result		la-vocab-grade-5
brief	Short		la-vocab-grade-5
captivate	To hold the attention of		la-vocab-grade-5
chronic	Lasting a long time		la-vocab-grade-5
commence	To begin		la-vocab-grade-5
communicate	To share ideas or information		la-vocab-grade-5
compassion	Caring about others who suffer		la-vocab-grade-5
conclude	To end; to decide after thinking		la-vocab-grade-5
conflict	A serious disagreement or struggle		la-vocab-grade-5
consequence	A result of an action		la-vocab-grade-5
constant	Always happening		la-vocab-grade-5
contrast	A difference between things		la-vocab-grade-5
convince	To make someone believe		la-vocab-grade-5
courageous	Brave		la-vocab-grade-5
decade	Ten years		la-vocab-grade-5
defend	To protect from attack		la-vocab-grade-5
deliberate	Done on purpose		la-vocab-grade-5
devastate	To destroy		la-vocab-grade-5
dilemma	A hard choice between two options		la-vocab-grade-5
discourage	To take away hope		la-vocab-grade-5
distinguish	To tell apart		la-vocab-grade-5
diverse	Made of many different kinds		la-vocab-grade-5
eliminate	To get rid of		la-vocab-grade-5
emerge	To come out into view		la-vocab-grade-5
essential	Absolutely needed		la-vocab-grade-5
estimate	A careful guess		la-vocab-grade-5
evaluate	To judge the value of		la-vocab-grade-5
exaggerate	To make something seem bigger than it is		la-vocab-grade-5
fascinate	To hold the interest of		la-vocab-grade-5
fierce	Wild and strong		la-vocab-grade-5
flexible	Able to bend or change		la-vocab-grade-5
fundamental	Basic and important		la-vocab-grade-5
hostile	Unfriendly		la-vocab-grade-5
hypothesis	An idea to be tested		la-vocab-grade-5
illustrate	To make clear with pictures or examples		la-vocab-grade-5
inquire	To ask		la-vocab-grade-5
integrity	Honesty		la-vocab-grade-5
maintain	To keep up		la-vocab-grade-5
migrate	To travel from one region to another		la-vocab-grade-5
modify	To change a little		la-vocab-grade-5
neglect	To fail to take care of		la-vocab-grade-5
obstacle	Something in the way		la-vocab-grade-5
participate	To take part		la-vocab-grade-5
perceive	To notice or understand		la-vocab-grade-5
reliable	Able to be trusted		la-vocab-grade-5
resolve	To settle; to decide firmly		la-vocab-grade-5
sufficient	Enough		la-vocab-grade-5
vital	Very important		la-vocab-grade-5
abolish	To officially put an end to		la-vocab-grade-6
accessible	Easy to reach or use		la-vocab-grade-6
accumulate	To pile up gradually		la-vocab-grade-6
acknowledge	To admit or recognize		la-vocab-grade-6
adjacent	Next to		la-vocab-grade-6
advocate	To speak in support of		la-vocab-grade-6
aggressive	Ready to attack or push forward		la-vocab-grade-6
allegiance	Loyalty to a person or cause		la-vocab-grade-6
ambiguous	Having more than one possible meaning		la-vocab-grade-6
apprehensive	Worried about what may happen		la-vocab-grade-6
aspire	To strongly hope to achieve		la-vocab-grade-6
assess	To judge the size or value of		la-vocab-grade-6
bias	An unfair leaning toward one side		la-vocab-grade-6
candid	Honest and direct		la-vocab-grade-6
catastrophe	A sudden disaster		la-vocab-grade-6
cease	To stop		la-vocab-grade-6
coincide	To happen at the same time		la-vocab-grade-6
colleague	A person you work with		la-vocab-grade-6
compel	To force		la-vocab-grade-6
concise	Brief but complete		la-vocab-grade-6
contemplate	To think deeply about		la-vocab-grade-6
controversy	A public argument		la-vocab-grade-6
credible	Believable		la-vocab-grade-6
criteria	Standards for judging		la-vocab-grade-6
deduce	To reach a conclusion by reasoning		la-vocab-grade-6
deteriorate	To grow worse		la-vocab-grade-6
diminish	To make or become smaller		la-vocab-grade-6
discriminate	To treat people unfairly; to tell apart		la-vocab-grade-6
dismal	Gloomy		la-vocab-grade-6
dispute	An argument		la-vocab-grade-6
drastic	Extreme		la-vocab-grade-6
elaborate	Detailed; to add details		la-vocab-grade-6
eloquent	Speaking clearly and with power		la-vocab-grade-6
endeavor	A serious try		la-vocab-grade-6
enhance	To improve		la-vocab-grade-6
envision	To picture in the mind		la-vocab-grade-6
equivalent	Equal in value		la-vocab-grade-6
erode	To wear away		la-vocab-grade-6
exploit	To use fully; to take unfair advantage of		la-vocab-grade-6
feasible	Possible to do		la-vocab-grade-6
fluctuate	To rise and fall unevenly		la-vocab-grade-6
formidable	Hard to deal with because of size or strength		la-vocab-grade-6
hinder	To hold back		la-vocab-grade-6
humble	Not proud		la-vocab-grade-6
impartial	Fair and not taking sides		la-vocab-grade-6
implement	To put into action		la-vocab-grade-6
inevitable	Certain to happen		la-vocab-grade-6
infer	To figure out from clues		la-vocab-grade-6
initiate	To start		la-vocab-grade-6
inquiry	A question or investigation		la-vocab-grade-6
isolate	To set apart		la-vocab-grade-6
legitimate	Lawful or reasonable		la-vocab-grade-6
manipulate	To handle or control skillfully or unfairly		la-vocab-grade-6
mediocre	Only average		la-vocab-grade-6
negotiate	To discuss to reach agreement		la-vocab-grade-6
ominous	Seeming to promise bad things		la-vocab-grade-6
persist	To keep going		la-vocab-grade-6
perspective	A point of view		la-vocab-grade-6
plausible	Seemingly likely to be true		la-vocab-grade-6
prominent	Standing out; famous		la-vocab-grade-6
rational	Based on reason		la-vocab-grade-6
reluctant	Unwilling		la-vocab-grade-6
undermine	To weaken gradually		la-vocab-grade-6
abstract	Existing as an idea, not a physical thing		la-vocab-grade-7
adversary	An opponent		la-vocab-grade-7
affluent	Wealthy		la-vocab-grade-7
alleviate	To make less severe		la-vocab-grade-7
altruistic	Caring about others' welfare		la-vocab-grade-7
anecdote	A short, personal story		la-vocab-grade-7
animosity	Strong dislike		la-vocab-grade-7
arbitrary	Based on whim, not reason		la-vocab-grade-7
articulate	To express clearly		la-vocab-grade-7
astute	Clever and sharp in judgment		la-vocab-grade-7
audacious	Boldly daring		la-vocab-grade-7
austere	Plain and severe		la-vocab-grade-7
belligerent	Hostile and eager to fight		la-vocab-grade-7
benevolent	Kind and generous		la-vocab-grade-7
bland	Mild; without flavor or interest		la-vocab-grade-7
blunder	A careless mistake		la-vocab-grade-7
candor	Honesty in speech		la-vocab-grade-7
chronological	Arranged in order of time		la-vocab-grade-7
commemorate	To honor the memory of		la-vocab-grade-7
compatible	Able to exist together		la-vocab-grade-7
condemn	To strongly disapprove of		la-vocab-grade-7
conform	To follow rules or customs		la-vocab-grade-7
conspicuous	Easily seen		la-vocab-grade-7
contradict	To say the opposite of		la-vocab-grade-7
converge	To come together		la-vocab-grade-7
corroborate	To support with evidence		la-vocab-grade-7
cynical	Doubting people's good motives		la-vocab-grade-7
defiant	Boldly resisting		la-vocab-grade-7
deplete	To use up		la-vocab-grade-7
derive	To get from a source		la-vocab-grade-7
detrimental	Harmful		la-vocab-grade-7
diligent	Careful and hardworking		la-vocab-grade-7
discern	To notice or recognize		la-vocab-grade-7
discreet	Careful in what you say or do		la-vocab-grade-7
dubious	Doubtful		la-vocab-grade-7
ephemeral	Lasting a very short time		la-vocab-grade-7
exemplify	To be a good example of		la-vocab-grade-7
extravagant	Spending or using too much		la-vocab-grade-7
futile	Pointless; having no result		la-vocab-grade-7
gregarious	Enjoying company		la-vocab-grade-7
hypocrite	A person who does not do as they say		la-vocab-grade-7
impetuous	Acting quickly without thinking		la-vocab-grade-7
inherent	Built in as a basic part		la-vocab-grade-7
innovative	Introducing new ideas		la-vocab-grade-7
integral	Essential to completeness		la-vocab-grade-7
intricate	Having many small parts		la-vocab-grade-7
meticulous	Very careful about details		la-vocab-grade-7
nostalgia	A longing for the past		la-vocab-grade-7
obsolete	No longer in use		la-vocab-grade-7
paradox	A statement that seems to contradict itself yet may be true		la-vocab-grade-7
pragmatic	Practical and sensible		la-vocab-grade-7
prudent	Wise and careful		la-vocab-grade-7
resilient	Able to recover quickly		la-vocab-grade-7
scrutinize	To examine very closely		la-vocab-grade-7
skeptical	Doubting		la-vocab-grade-7
tenacious	Holding on firmly		la-vocab-grade-7
thrive	To grow strongly		la-vocab-grade-7
vivid	Bright and clear		la-vocab-grade-7
ambivalent	Having mixed feelings		la-vocab-grade-8
apathy	Lack of interest or concern		la-vocab-grade-8
benign	Gentle; not harmful		la-vocab-grade-8
cacophony	A harsh mixture of sounds		la-vocab-grade-8
camaraderie	Friendly trust among companions		la-vocab-grade-8
clandestine	Done in secret		la-vocab-grade-8
cogent	Clear and convincing		la-vocab-grade-8
complacent	Too satisfied with oneself		la-vocab-grade-8
copious	Plentiful		la-vocab-grade-8
credulous	Too ready to believe		la-vocab-grade-8
culminate	To reach the highest point		la-vocab-grade-8
dichotomy	A split into two opposite parts		la-vocab-grade-8
disparity	A great difference		la-vocab-grade-8
disseminate	To spread widely		la-vocab-grade-8
eccentric	Odd or unusual in behavior		la-vocab-grade-8
empathy	Sharing another's feelings		la-vocab-grade-8
exacerbate	To make worse		la-vocab-grade-8
fastidious	Very careful and hard to please		la-vocab-grade-8
frugal	Careful with money		la-vocab-grade-8
gratuitous	Unnecessary and uncalled for		la-vocab-grade-8
hierarchy	A ranking of levels		la-vocab-grade-8
idiosyncrasy	A personal quirk		la-vocab-grade-8
impartial	Fair		la-vocab-grade-8
impede	To get in the way of		la-vocab-grade-8
incessant	Never stopping		la-vocab-grade-8
indifferent	Showing no interest		la-vocab-grade-8
indigenous	Native to a place		la-vocab-grade-8
ingenious	Clever and inventive		la-vocab-grade-8
integrity	Honesty and strong moral principles		la-vocab-grade-8
irrelevant	Not connected to the topic		la-vocab-grade-8
jeopardy	Danger		la-vocab-grade-8
lethargic	Sluggish and without energy		la-vocab-grade-8
lucid	Clear and easy to understand		la-vocab-grade-8
magnanimous	Generous and forgiving		la-vocab-grade-8
mundane	Ordinary and dull		la-vocab-grade-8
nonchalant	Calm and unconcerned		la-vocab-grade-8
novice	A beginner		la-vocab-grade-8
pensive	Deep in thought		la-vocab-grade-8
perpetual	Never ending		la-vocab-grade-8
pertinent	Related to the matter at hand		la-vocab-grade-8
placid	Calm and peaceful		la-vocab-grade-8
profound	Deep in meaning		la-vocab-grade-8
proficient	Skilled		la-vocab-grade-8
prolific	Producing a great deal		la-vocab-grade-8
quandary	A state of doubt about what to do		la-vocab-grade-8
recede	To move back		la-vocab-grade-8
reiterate	To say again		la-vocab-grade-8
repose	Rest		la-vocab-grade-8
reticent	Reserved and quiet		la-vocab-grade-8
sagacious	Wise		la-vocab-grade-8
scrupulous	Very careful to do right		la-vocab-grade-8
serene	Calm and peaceful		la-vocab-grade-8
solitary	Alone		la-vocab-grade-8
spontaneous	Done without planning		la-vocab-grade-8
stagnant	Not flowing or growing		la-vocab-grade-8
stoic	Not showing feelings		la-vocab-grade-8
superfluous	More than needed		la-vocab-grade-8
tangible	Able to be touched		la-vocab-grade-8
trivial	Of little importance		la-vocab-grade-8
ubiquitous	Found everywhere		la-vocab-grade-8
verbose	Using too many words		la-vocab-grade-8
abate	To lessen		la-vocab-grade-9
aberration	A departure from what is normal		la-vocab-grade-9
acrimonious	Bitter in tone		la-vocab-grade-9
adept	Highly skilled		la-vocab-grade-9
adulation	Excessive praise		la-vocab-grade-9
alacrity	Cheerful readiness		la-vocab-grade-9
amicable	Friendly		la-vocab-grade-9
analogous	Similar in some way		la-vocab-grade-9
antagonist	An opponent or enemy		la-vocab-grade-9
apathetic	Not caring		la-vocab-grade-9
archaic	Very old-fashioned		la-vocab-grade-9
assuage	To soothe		la-vocab-grade-9
banal	Dull from overuse		la-vocab-grade-9
bolster	To support		la-vocab-grade-9
brevity	Shortness		la-vocab-grade-9
censure	Strong criticism		la-vocab-grade-9
circumspect	Careful about consequences		la-vocab-grade-9
coalesce	To come together as one		la-vocab-grade-9
conciliatory	Willing to make peace		la-vocab-grade-9
condone	To overlook or allow		la-vocab-grade-9
connoisseur	An expert judge in matters of taste		la-vocab-grade-9
contentious	Likely to cause argument		la-vocab-grade-9
convoluted	Very complicated		la-vocab-grade-9
corpulent	Having a large, heavy body		la-vocab-grade-9
debilitate	To weaken		la-vocab-grade-9
decorum	Proper behavior		la-vocab-grade-9
deference	Polite respect		la-vocab-grade-9
deride	To mock		la-vocab-grade-9
despondent	Very discouraged		la-vocab-grade-9
didactic	Intended to teach		la-vocab-grade-9
digress	To wander from the main topic		la-vocab-grade-9
discord	Disagreement		la-vocab-grade-9
disdain	Scorn		la-vocab-grade-9
docile	Easy to manage		la-vocab-grade-9
dogmatic	Stubbornly insisting		la-vocab-grade-9
dormant	Sleeping or inactive		la-vocab-grade-9
ebb	To flow back		la-vocab-grade-9
eclectic	Drawing from many sources		la-vocab-grade-9
efficacy	Power to produce results		la-vocab-grade-9
elusive	Hard to catch		la-vocab-grade-9
emulate	To copy in order to equal		la-vocab-grade-9
enigma	A mystery		la-vocab-grade-9
equivocal	Having two possible meanings		la-vocab-grade-9
erudite	Having great learning		la-vocab-grade-9
eschew	To avoid		la-vocab-grade-9
exemplary	Serving as a model		la-vocab-grade-9
exonerate	To clear of blame		la-vocab-grade-9
feasible	Possible		la-vocab-grade-9
fortuitous	Happening by lucky chance		la-vocab-grade-9
garrulous	Talking too much		la-vocab-grade-9
haughty	Arrogantly proud		la-vocab-grade-9
hone	To sharpen		la-vocab-grade-9
imminent	About to happen		la-vocab-grade-9
impervious	Not affected by		la-vocab-grade-9
incisive	Sharp and clear		la-vocab-grade-9
innocuous	Harmless		la-vocab-grade-9
brainstorm	To come up with many ideas		la-writing-vocabulary
draft	A first version of a piece of writing		la-writing-vocabulary
revise	To change and improve content and ideas		la-writing-vocabulary
edit	To fix spelling, grammar and punctuation		la-writing-vocabulary
proofread	To check for mistakes before finishing		la-writing-vocabulary
publish	To share finished writing with others		la-writing-vocabulary
prewriting	The planning stage before drafting		la-writing-vocabulary
outline	A plan listing main points in order		la-writing-vocabulary
graphic organizer	A chart for planning ideas		la-writing-vocabulary
topic	What your writing is about		la-writing-vocabulary
topic sentence	A sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph		la-writing-vocabulary
thesis statement	A sentence that states the main argument of an essay		la-writing-vocabulary
paragraph	A group of sentences about one idea		la-writing-vocabulary
introduction	The opening of a piece of writing		la-writing-vocabulary
hook	An attention-grabbing opening		la-writing-vocabulary
body	The main part of a piece of writing		la-writing-vocabulary
conclusion	The ending that wraps up the ideas		la-writing-vocabulary
transition	A word or phrase that connects ideas: however, next		la-writing-vocabulary
supporting detail	A fact or example that backs up a point		la-writing-vocabulary
evidence	Information that proves a claim		la-writing-vocabulary
claim	A statement you argue is true		la-writing-vocabulary
counterargument	An opposing view		la-writing-vocabulary
rebuttal	A response that answers a counterargument		la-writing-vocabulary
cite	To name the source of information		la-writing-vocabulary
quote	To copy exact words from a source		la-writing-vocabulary
paraphrase	To restate in your own words		la-writing-vocabulary
plagiarism	Using someone else's work as your own		la-writing-vocabulary
narrative	Writing that tells a story		la-writing-vocabulary
descriptive writing	Writing that paints a picture with words		la-writing-vocabulary
expository writing	Writing that explains or informs		la-writing-vocabulary
persuasive writing	Writing that tries to convince		la-writing-vocabulary
argumentative writing	Writing that supports a claim with evidence		la-writing-vocabulary
opinion piece	Writing that gives your view with reasons		la-writing-vocabulary
informative writing	Writing that teaches about a topic		la-writing-vocabulary
personal narrative	A true story about your own experience		la-writing-vocabulary
fiction	Made-up stories		la-writing-vocabulary
nonfiction	True writing		la-writing-vocabulary
journal	Personal daily writing		la-writing-vocabulary
letter	A message written to someone		la-writing-vocabulary
friendly letter	An informal letter		la-writing-vocabulary
business letter	A formal letter		la-writing-vocabulary
summary	A short account of main points		la-writing-vocabulary
lead	The opening of a story or article		la-writing-vocabulary
voice	The unique personality of your writing		la-writing-vocabulary
word choice	Picking the best, most exact words		la-writing-vocabulary
sentence fluency	How smoothly sentences flow		la-writing-vocabulary
conventions	Spelling, grammar and punctuation rules		la-writing-vocabulary
organization	How ideas are arranged		la-writing-vocabulary
audience	Who will read your writing		la-writing-vocabulary
purpose	Why you are writing		la-writing-vocabulary
tone	The attitude in writing		la-writing-vocabulary
mood	The feeling in writing		la-writing-vocabulary
show, don't tell	Use details and actions instead of just stating feelings		la-writing-vocabulary
sensory details	Details of sight, sound, smell, taste and touch		la-writing-vocabulary
dialogue	Written conversation		la-writing-vocabulary
point of view	Whose eyes the story is told through		la-writing-vocabulary
rubric	A scoring guide		la-writing-vocabulary
peer review	When classmates give feedback		la-writing-vocabulary
feedback	Comments to help improve work		la-writing-vocabulary
heading	A title above a section		la-writing-vocabulary
byline	A line naming the author		la-writing-vocabulary
headline	The title of a news story		la-writing-vocabulary
caption	Text beneath a picture		la-writing-vocabulary
bibliography	A list of sources used		la-writing-vocabulary
ا	Alif		alphabet-arabic
ب	Ba		alphabet-arabic
ت	Ta		alphabet-arabic
ث	Tha (like th in think)		alphabet-arabic
ج	Jim		alphabet-arabic
ح	Ha (breathy) (a strong, airy h from the throat)		alphabet-arabic
خ	Kha (like the ch in loch)		alphabet-arabic
د	Dal		alphabet-arabic
ذ	Dhal (like th in this)		alphabet-arabic
ر	Ra		alphabet-arabic
ز	Zay		alphabet-arabic
س	Sin		alphabet-arabic
ش	Shin		alphabet-arabic
ص	Sad (a heavy s)		alphabet-arabic
ض	Dad (a heavy d)		alphabet-arabic
ط	Ta (heavy) (a heavy t)		alphabet-arabic
ظ	Dha (heavy) (a heavy th as in this)		alphabet-arabic
ع	Ayn (a deep sound from the throat)		alphabet-arabic
غ	Ghayn (a gargling sound)		alphabet-arabic
ف	Fa		alphabet-arabic
ق	Qaf (a k made far back in the throat)		alphabet-arabic
ك	Kaf		alphabet-arabic
ل	Lam		alphabet-arabic
م	Mim		alphabet-arabic
ن	Nun		alphabet-arabic
ه	Ha (light) (a soft h as in hat)		alphabet-arabic
و	Waw		alphabet-arabic
ي	Ya		alphabet-arabic
А	a, like ah		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Б	b		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
В	v		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Г	g, as in go		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Д	d		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Е	ye, as in yes		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ё	yo		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ж	zh, like the s in measure		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
З	z		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
И	ee, as in feet		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Й	y, a short sound as in boy		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
К	k		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Л	l		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
М	m		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Н	n (looks like H but sounds like n)		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
О	o		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
П	p		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Р	r, rolled (looks like P but sounds like r)		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
С	s (looks like C but sounds like s)		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Т	t		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
У	oo, as in moon		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ф	f		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Х	kh, like the ch in loch		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ц	ts, as in cats		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ч	ch, as in chair		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ш	sh		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Щ	shch, a long soft sh		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ъ	hard sign: no sound of its own, it separates sounds		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ы	a sound like ih, said far back in the mouth		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ь	soft sign: no sound of its own, it softens the letter before it		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Э	e, as in end		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Ю	yu, as in you		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
Я	ya, as in yard		alphabet-cyrillic-russian
क	ka		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ख	kha		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ग	ga		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
घ	gha		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ङ	nga		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
च	cha		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
छ	chha		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ज	ja		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
झ	jha		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ञ	nya		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ट	Ta (tongue curled back)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ठ	Tha (tongue curled back)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ड	Da (tongue curled back)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ढ	Dha (tongue curled back)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ण	Na (tongue curled back)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
त	ta (tongue on teeth)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
थ	tha (tongue on teeth)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
द	da (tongue on teeth)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ध	dha (tongue on teeth)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
न	na (tongue on teeth)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
प	pa		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
फ	pha		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ब	ba		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
भ	bha		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
म	ma		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
य	ya		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
र	ra		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ल	la		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
व	va		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
श	sha		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ष	sha (tongue curled back)		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
स	sa		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
ह	ha		alphabet-devanagari-consonants
अ	a, like u in but		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
आ	aa, like a in father		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
इ	i, like i in bit		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
ई	ee, like ee in feet		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
उ	u, like u in put		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
ऊ	oo, like oo in moon		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
ऋ	ri		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
ए	e, like ay in say		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
ऐ	ai, like a in cat said long		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
ओ	o, like o in go		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
औ	au, like ow in cow		alphabet-devanagari-vowels
A a	Apple		alphabet-english-words
B b	Ball		alphabet-english-words
C c	Cat		alphabet-english-words
D d	Dog		alphabet-english-words
E e	Egg		alphabet-english-words
F f	Fish		alphabet-english-words
G g	Goat		alphabet-english-words
H h	Hat		alphabet-english-words
I i	Igloo		alphabet-english-words
J j	Jam		alphabet-english-words
K k	Kite		alphabet-english-words
L l	Lion		alphabet-english-words
M m	Moon		alphabet-english-words
N n	Nest		alphabet-english-words
O o	Octopus		alphabet-english-words
P p	Pig		alphabet-english-words
Q q	Queen		alphabet-english-words
R r	Rain		alphabet-english-words
S s	Sun		alphabet-english-words
T t	Tree		alphabet-english-words
U u	Umbrella		alphabet-english-words
V v	Van		alphabet-english-words
W w	Whale		alphabet-english-words
X x	Xylophone (the x at the start sounds like z)		alphabet-english-words
Y y	Yo-yo		alphabet-english-words
Z z	Zebra		alphabet-english-words
Α α	Alpha		alphabet-greek
Β β	Beta		alphabet-greek
Γ γ	Gamma		alphabet-greek
Δ δ	Delta		alphabet-greek
Ε ε	Epsilon		alphabet-greek
Ζ ζ	Zeta		alphabet-greek
Η η	Eta		alphabet-greek
Θ θ	Theta		alphabet-greek
Ι ι	Iota		alphabet-greek
Κ κ	Kappa		alphabet-greek
Λ λ	Lambda		alphabet-greek
Μ μ	Mu		alphabet-greek
Ν ν	Nu		alphabet-greek
Ξ ξ	Xi		alphabet-greek
Ο ο	Omicron		alphabet-greek
Π π	Pi (the number 3.14159... in math)		alphabet-greek
Ρ ρ	Rho		alphabet-greek
Σ σ	Sigma (small sigma at the end of a word is ς)		alphabet-greek
Τ τ	Tau		alphabet-greek
Υ υ	Upsilon		alphabet-greek
Φ φ	Phi		alphabet-greek
Χ χ	Chi (said like kye)		alphabet-greek
Ψ ψ	Psi		alphabet-greek
Ω ω	Omega (the last letter of the Greek alphabet)		alphabet-greek
ㄱ	g (k at the end of a syllable)		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㄴ	n		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㄷ	d (t at the end of a syllable)		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㄹ	r or l		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅁ	m		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅂ	b (p at the end of a syllable)		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅅ	s		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅇ	silent at the start of a syllable; ng at the end		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅈ	j		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅊ	ch (a stronger, breathy ch)		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅋ	k (a stronger, breathy k)		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅌ	t (a stronger, breathy t)		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅍ	p (a stronger, breathy p)		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅎ	h		alphabet-hangul-consonants
ㅏ	a (like ah)		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅑ	ya		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅓ	eo (like u in cut)		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅕ	yeo (like yuh)		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅗ	o (like oh)		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅛ	yo		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅜ	u (like oo in moon)		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅠ	yu		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅡ	eu (like oo said with spread lips)		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅣ	i (like ee in feet)		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅐ	ae (like e in bed)		alphabet-hangul-vowels
ㅔ	e (sounds almost the same as ㅐ)		alphabet-hangul-vowels
א	Aleph		alphabet-hebrew
ב	Bet		alphabet-hebrew
ג	Gimel		alphabet-hebrew
ד	Dalet		alphabet-hebrew
ה	He		alphabet-hebrew
ו	Vav		alphabet-hebrew
ז	Zayin		alphabet-hebrew
ח	Chet		alphabet-hebrew
ט	Tet		alphabet-hebrew
י	Yod		alphabet-hebrew
כ	Kaf		alphabet-hebrew
ל	Lamed		alphabet-hebrew
מ	Mem		alphabet-hebrew
נ	Nun		alphabet-hebrew
ס	Samekh		alphabet-hebrew
ע	Ayin		alphabet-hebrew
פ	Pe		alphabet-hebrew
צ	Tsadi		alphabet-hebrew
ק	Qof		alphabet-hebrew
ר	Resh		alphabet-hebrew
ש	Shin		alphabet-hebrew
ת	Tav		alphabet-hebrew
あ	a (like the a in father)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
い	i (like ee in feet)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
う	u (like oo in moon)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
え	e (like e in bed)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
お	o (like o in order)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
か	ka		alphabet-hiragana-basic
き	ki		alphabet-hiragana-basic
く	ku		alphabet-hiragana-basic
け	ke		alphabet-hiragana-basic
こ	ko		alphabet-hiragana-basic
さ	sa		alphabet-hiragana-basic
し	shi (like she)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
す	su		alphabet-hiragana-basic
せ	se		alphabet-hiragana-basic
そ	so		alphabet-hiragana-basic
た	ta		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ち	chi (like chee)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
つ	tsu (like the ts in cats plus oo)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
て	te		alphabet-hiragana-basic
と	to		alphabet-hiragana-basic
な	na		alphabet-hiragana-basic
に	ni		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ぬ	nu		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ね	ne		alphabet-hiragana-basic
の	no		alphabet-hiragana-basic
は	ha (as a particle it is read wa)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ひ	hi		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ふ	fu (a soft sound between fu and hu)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
へ	he (as a particle it is read e)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ほ	ho		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ま	ma		alphabet-hiragana-basic
み	mi		alphabet-hiragana-basic
む	mu		alphabet-hiragana-basic
め	me		alphabet-hiragana-basic
も	mo		alphabet-hiragana-basic
や	ya		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ゆ	yu		alphabet-hiragana-basic
よ	yo		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ら	ra (the r is a quick tap, between r and l)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
り	ri		alphabet-hiragana-basic
る	ru		alphabet-hiragana-basic
れ	re		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ろ	ro		alphabet-hiragana-basic
わ	wa		alphabet-hiragana-basic
を	wo (read like o; used as a particle)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
ん	n (the only single consonant)		alphabet-hiragana-basic
が	ga		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぎ	gi		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぐ	gu		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
げ	ge		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ご	go		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ざ	za		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
じ	ji		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ず	zu		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぜ	ze		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぞ	zo		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
だ	da		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぢ	ji (sounds the same as じ)		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
づ	zu (sounds the same as ず)		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
で	de		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ど	do		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ば	ba		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
び	bi		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぶ	bu		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
べ	be		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぼ	bo		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぱ	pa (small circle)		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぴ	pi (small circle)		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぷ	pu (small circle)		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぺ	pe (small circle)		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ぽ	po (small circle)		alphabet-hiragana-dakuten
ア	a		alphabet-katakana-basic
イ	i		alphabet-katakana-basic
ウ	u		alphabet-katakana-basic
エ	e		alphabet-katakana-basic
オ	o		alphabet-katakana-basic
カ	ka		alphabet-katakana-basic
キ	ki		alphabet-katakana-basic
ク	ku		alphabet-katakana-basic
ケ	ke		alphabet-katakana-basic
コ	ko		alphabet-katakana-basic
サ	sa		alphabet-katakana-basic
シ	shi (like she)		alphabet-katakana-basic
ス	su		alphabet-katakana-basic
セ	se		alphabet-katakana-basic
ソ	so		alphabet-katakana-basic
タ	ta		alphabet-katakana-basic
チ	chi (like chee)		alphabet-katakana-basic
ツ	tsu		alphabet-katakana-basic
テ	te		alphabet-katakana-basic
ト	to		alphabet-katakana-basic
ナ	na		alphabet-katakana-basic
ニ	ni		alphabet-katakana-basic
ヌ	nu		alphabet-katakana-basic
ネ	ne		alphabet-katakana-basic
ノ	no		alphabet-katakana-basic
ハ	ha		alphabet-katakana-basic
ヒ	hi		alphabet-katakana-basic
フ	fu		alphabet-katakana-basic
ヘ	he		alphabet-katakana-basic
ホ	ho		alphabet-katakana-basic
マ	ma		alphabet-katakana-basic
ミ	mi		alphabet-katakana-basic
ム	mu		alphabet-katakana-basic
メ	me		alphabet-katakana-basic
モ	mo		alphabet-katakana-basic
ヤ	ya		alphabet-katakana-basic
ユ	yu		alphabet-katakana-basic
ヨ	yo		alphabet-katakana-basic
ラ	ra		alphabet-katakana-basic
リ	ri		alphabet-katakana-basic
ル	ru		alphabet-katakana-basic
レ	re		alphabet-katakana-basic
ロ	ro		alphabet-katakana-basic
ワ	wa		alphabet-katakana-basic
ヲ	wo (read like o)		alphabet-katakana-basic
ン	n		alphabet-katakana-basic
ガ	ga		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ギ	gi		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
グ	gu		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ゲ	ge		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ゴ	go		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ザ	za		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ジ	ji		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ズ	zu		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ゼ	ze		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ゾ	zo		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ダ	da		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ヂ	ji (sounds the same as ジ)		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ヅ	zu (sounds the same as ズ)		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
デ	de		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ド	do		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
バ	ba		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ビ	bi		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ブ	bu		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ベ	be		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ボ	bo		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
パ	pa (small circle)		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ピ	pi (small circle)		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
プ	pu (small circle)		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ペ	pe (small circle)		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
ポ	po (small circle)		alphabet-katakana-dakuten
A	.-		alphabet-morse-letters
B	-...		alphabet-morse-letters
C	-.-.		alphabet-morse-letters
D	-..		alphabet-morse-letters
E	.		alphabet-morse-letters
F	..-.		alphabet-morse-letters
G	--.		alphabet-morse-letters
H	....		alphabet-morse-letters
I	..		alphabet-morse-letters
J	.---		alphabet-morse-letters
K	-.-		alphabet-morse-letters
L	.-..		alphabet-morse-letters
M	--		alphabet-morse-letters
N	-.		alphabet-morse-letters
O	---		alphabet-morse-letters
P	.--.		alphabet-morse-letters
Q	--.-		alphabet-morse-letters
R	.-.		alphabet-morse-letters
S	...		alphabet-morse-letters
T	-		alphabet-morse-letters
U	..-		alphabet-morse-letters
V	...-		alphabet-morse-letters
W	.--		alphabet-morse-letters
X	-..-		alphabet-morse-letters
Y	-.--		alphabet-morse-letters
Z	--..		alphabet-morse-letters
1	.----		alphabet-morse-numbers
2	..---		alphabet-morse-numbers
3	...--		alphabet-morse-numbers
4	....-		alphabet-morse-numbers
5	.....		alphabet-morse-numbers
6	-....		alphabet-morse-numbers
7	--...		alphabet-morse-numbers
8	---..		alphabet-morse-numbers
9	----.		alphabet-morse-numbers
0	-----		alphabet-morse-numbers
A	Alfa		alphabet-nato-phonetic
B	Bravo		alphabet-nato-phonetic
C	Charlie		alphabet-nato-phonetic
D	Delta		alphabet-nato-phonetic
E	Echo		alphabet-nato-phonetic
F	Foxtrot		alphabet-nato-phonetic
G	Golf		alphabet-nato-phonetic
H	Hotel		alphabet-nato-phonetic
I	India		alphabet-nato-phonetic
J	Juliett		alphabet-nato-phonetic
K	Kilo		alphabet-nato-phonetic
L	Lima		alphabet-nato-phonetic
M	Mike		alphabet-nato-phonetic
N	November		alphabet-nato-phonetic
O	Oscar		alphabet-nato-phonetic
P	Papa		alphabet-nato-phonetic
Q	Quebec		alphabet-nato-phonetic
R	Romeo		alphabet-nato-phonetic
S	Sierra		alphabet-nato-phonetic
T	Tango		alphabet-nato-phonetic
U	Uniform		alphabet-nato-phonetic
V	Victor		alphabet-nato-phonetic
W	Whiskey		alphabet-nato-phonetic
X	X-ray		alphabet-nato-phonetic
Y	Yankee		alphabet-nato-phonetic
Z	Zulu		alphabet-nato-phonetic
Dog	كلب (kalb)		ar-animals
Cat	قطة (qiṭṭa)		ar-animals
Bird	طائر (ṭāʾir)		ar-animals
Fish	سمكة (samaka)		ar-animals
Horse	حصان (ḥiṣān)		ar-animals
Cow	بقرة (baqara)		ar-animals
Sheep	خروف (kharūf)		ar-animals
Goat	ماعز (māʿiz)		ar-animals
Chicken	دجاجة (dajāja)		ar-animals
Duck	بطة (baṭṭa)		ar-animals
Rabbit	أرنب (arnab)		ar-animals
Mouse	فأر (faʾr)		ar-animals
Monkey	قرد (qird)		ar-animals
Bear	دب (dubb)		ar-animals
Elephant	فيل (fīl)		ar-animals
Lion	أسد (asad)		ar-animals
Tiger	نمر (namir)		ar-animals
Giraffe	زرافة (zarāfa)		ar-animals
Camel	جمل (jamal)		ar-animals
Donkey	حمار (ḥimār)		ar-animals
Wolf	ذئب (dhiʾb)		ar-animals
Fox	ثعلب (thaʿlab)		ar-animals
Deer	غزال (ghazāl)		ar-animals
Frog	ضفدع (ḍifdaʿ)		ar-animals
Snake	ثعبان (thuʿbān)		ar-animals
Turtle	سلحفاة (silḥafāh)		ar-animals
Butterfly	فراشة (farāsha)		ar-animals
Bee	نحلة (naḥla)		ar-animals
Ant	نملة (namla)		ar-animals
Spider	عنكبوت (ʿankabūt)		ar-animals
Whale	حوت (ḥūt)		ar-animals
Dolphin	دلفين (dilfīn)		ar-animals
Shark	قرش (qirsh)		ar-animals
Crab	سلطعون (salṭaʿūn)		ar-animals
Owl	بومة (būma)		ar-animals
Eagle	نسر (nasr)		ar-animals
Falcon	صقر (ṣaqr)		ar-animals
Penguin	بطريق (biṭrīq)		ar-animals
Pigeon	حمامة (ḥamāma)		ar-animals
Insect	حشرة (ḥashara)		ar-animals
Animal	حيوان (ḥayawān)		ar-animals
Zoo	حديقة الحيوان (ḥadīqat al-ḥayawān)		ar-animals
Pet	حيوان أليف (ḥayawān alīf)		ar-animals
Parrot	ببغاء (babbaghāʾ)		ar-animals
Crocodile	تمساح (timsāḥ)		ar-animals
Hippopotamus	فرس النهر (faras an-nahr)		ar-animals
Squirrel	سنجاب (sinjāb)		ar-animals
Bat	خفاش (khuffāsh)		ar-animals
Scorpion	عقرب (ʿaqrab)		ar-animals
Red	أحمر (aḥmar)		ar-colors
Blue	أزرق (azraq)		ar-colors
Yellow	أصفر (aṣfar)		ar-colors
Green	أخضر (akhḍar)		ar-colors
White	أبيض (abyaḍ)		ar-colors
Black	أسود (aswad)		ar-colors
Orange	برتقالي (burtuqālī)		ar-colors
Pink	وردي (wardī)		ar-colors
Purple	بنفسجي (banafsajī)		ar-colors
Brown	بني (bunnī)		ar-colors
Gray	رمادي (ramādī)		ar-colors
Gold	ذهبي (dhahabī)		ar-colors
Silver	فضي (fiḍḍī)		ar-colors
Color	لون (lawn)		ar-colors
Big	كبير (kabīr)		ar-colors
Small	صغير (ṣaghīr)		ar-colors
Long	طويل (ṭawīl)		ar-colors
Short	قصير (qaṣīr)		ar-colors
New	جديد (jadīd)		ar-colors
Old	قديم (qadīm)		ar-colors
Hot	حار (ḥārr)		ar-colors
Cold	بارد (bārid)		ar-colors
Good	جيد (jayyid)		ar-colors
Bad	سيئ (sayyiʾ)		ar-colors
Fast	سريع (sarīʿ)		ar-colors
Slow	بطيء (baṭīʾ)		ar-colors
Happy	سعيد (saʿīd)		ar-colors
Sad	حزين (ḥazīn)		ar-colors
Beautiful	جميل (jamīl)		ar-colors
Heavy	ثقيل (thaqīl)		ar-colors
Light (weight)	خفيف (khafīf)		ar-colors
Near	قريب (qarīb)		ar-colors
Far	بعيد (baʿīd)		ar-colors
Many	كثير (kathīr)		ar-colors
Few	قليل (qalīl)		ar-colors
Easy	سهل (sahl)		ar-colors
Difficult	صعب (ṣaʿb)		ar-colors
Clean	نظيف (naẓīf)		ar-colors
Dirty	وسخ (wasikh)		ar-colors
Strong	قوي (qawī)		ar-colors
Weak	ضعيف (ḍaʿīf)		ar-colors
Tall	عالٍ (ʿālin)		ar-colors
Wide	واسع (wāsiʿ)		ar-colors
Narrow	ضيق (ḍayyiq)		ar-colors
Open	مفتوح (maftūḥ)		ar-colors
Closed	مغلق (mughlaq)		ar-colors
Circle	دائرة (dāʾira)		ar-colors
Square	مربع (murabbaʿ)		ar-colors
Triangle	مثلث (muthallath)		ar-colors
Star	نجمة (najma)		ar-colors
Family	عائلة (ʿāʾila)		ar-family
Mother	أم (umm)		ar-family
Mom	ماما (māmā)		ar-family
Father	أب (ab)		ar-family
Dad	بابا (bābā)		ar-family
Brother	أخ (akh)		ar-family
Sister	أخت (ukht)		ar-family
Son	ابن (ibn)		ar-family
Daughter	ابنة (ibna)		ar-family
Grandfather	جد (jadd)		ar-family
Grandmother	جدة (jadda)		ar-family
Uncle (father's brother)	عم (ʿamm)		ar-family
Uncle (mother's brother)	خال (khāl)		ar-family
Aunt (father's sister)	عمة (ʿamma)		ar-family
Aunt (mother's sister)	خالة (khāla)		ar-family
Husband	زوج (zawj)		ar-family
Wife	زوجة (zawja)		ar-family
Child	طفل (ṭifl)		ar-family
Boy	ولد (walad)		ar-family
Girl	بنت (bint)		ar-family
Man	رجل (rajul)		ar-family
Woman	امرأة (imraʾa)		ar-family
Person	شخص (shakhṣ)		ar-family
Friend	صديق (ṣadīq)		ar-family
Teacher	معلم (muʿallim)		ar-family
Student	طالب (ṭālib)		ar-family
Doctor	طبيب (ṭabīb)		ar-family
Neighbor	جار (jār)		ar-family
I	أنا (anā)		ar-family
You (masculine)	أنت (anta)		ar-family
You (feminine)	أنتِ (anti)		ar-family
He	هو (huwa)		ar-family
She	هي (hiya)		ar-family
We	نحن (naḥnu)		ar-family
They	هم (hum)		ar-family
House	بيت (bayt)		ar-family
School	مدرسة (madrasa)		ar-family
Classroom	فصل (faṣl)		ar-family
City	مدينة (madīna)		ar-family
Country	بلد (balad)		ar-family
Name	اسم (ism)		ar-family
Parents	والدان (wālidān)		ar-family
Siblings	إخوة (ikhwa)		ar-family
Baby	رضيع (raḍīʿ)		ar-family
King	ملك (malik)		ar-family
Queen	ملكة (malika)		ar-family
Everyone	الجميع (al-jamīʿ)		ar-family
Water	ماء (māʾ)		ar-food
Tea	شاي (shāy)		ar-food
Coffee	قهوة (qahwa)		ar-food
Milk	حليب (ḥalīb)		ar-food
Juice	عصير (ʿaṣīr)		ar-food
Bread	خبز (khubz)		ar-food
Rice	أرز (aruzz)		ar-food
Egg	بيضة (bayḍa)		ar-food
Meat	لحم (laḥm)		ar-food
Chicken (meat)	دجاج (dajāj)		ar-food
Fish	سمك (samak)		ar-food
Vegetables	خضروات (khuḍrawāt)		ar-food
Fruit	فاكهة (fākiha)		ar-food
Apple	تفاحة (tuffāḥa)		ar-food
Banana	موزة (mawza)		ar-food
Orange	برتقالة (burtuqāla)		ar-food
Grapes	عنب (ʿinab)		ar-food
Strawberry	فراولة (farāwla)		ar-food
Watermelon	بطيخ (baṭṭīkh)		ar-food
Date (fruit)	تمر (tamr)		ar-food
Fig	تين (tīn)		ar-food
Pomegranate	رمان (rummān)		ar-food
Lemon	ليمون (laymūn)		ar-food
Potato	بطاطس (baṭāṭis)		ar-food
Tomato	طماطم (ṭamāṭim)		ar-food
Cucumber	خيار (khiyār)		ar-food
Carrot	جزر (jazar)		ar-food
Onion	بصل (baṣal)		ar-food
Garlic	ثوم (thūm)		ar-food
Olive	زيتون (zaytūn)		ar-food
Cheese	جبن (jubn)		ar-food
Yogurt	لبن (laban)		ar-food
Butter	زبدة (zubda)		ar-food
Honey	عسل (ʿasal)		ar-food
Salt	ملح (milḥ)		ar-food
Sugar	سكر (sukkar)		ar-food
Soup	شوربة (shūrba)		ar-food
Salad	سلطة (salaṭa)		ar-food
Chickpeas	حمص (ḥummuṣ)		ar-food
Cake	كعكة (kaʿka)		ar-food
Ice cream	آيس كريم (āys krīm)		ar-food
Chocolate	شوكولاتة (shūkūlāta)		ar-food
Breakfast	فطور (futūr)		ar-food
Lunch	غداء (ghadāʾ)		ar-food
Dinner	عشاء (ʿashāʾ)		ar-food
Spoon	ملعقة (milʿaqa)		ar-food
Fork	شوكة (shawka)		ar-food
Knife	سكين (sikkīn)		ar-food
Plate	طبق (ṭabaq)		ar-food
Cup	كوب (kūb)		ar-food
I'm hungry	أنا جائع (anā jāʾiʿ)		ar-food
I'm thirsty	أنا عطشان (anā ʿaṭshān)		ar-food
Delicious	لذيذ (ladhīdh)		ar-food
Hello (peace be upon you)	السلام عليكم (as-salāmu ʿalaykum)		ar-greetings
Reply: and upon you peace	وعليكم السلام (wa ʿalaykumu s-salām)		ar-greetings
Welcome	أهلاً وسهلاً (ahlan wa sahlan)		ar-greetings
Hello / hi	مرحباً (marḥaban)		ar-greetings
Good morning	صباح الخير (ṣabāḥ al-khayr)		ar-greetings
Reply to good morning	صباح النور (ṣabāḥ an-nūr)		ar-greetings
Good evening	مساء الخير (masāʾ al-khayr)		ar-greetings
Good night	تصبح على خير (tuṣbiḥ ʿalā khayr)		ar-greetings
Goodbye	مع السلامة (maʿa s-salāma)		ar-greetings
See you later	إلى اللقاء (ilā l-liqāʾ)		ar-greetings
Thank you	شكراً (shukran)		ar-greetings
Thank you very much	شكراً جزيلاً (shukran jazīlan)		ar-greetings
You're welcome	عفواً (ʿafwan)		ar-greetings
Please	من فضلك (min faḍlika)		ar-greetings
Sorry	آسف (āsif)		ar-greetings
Excuse me	عذراً (ʿudhran)		ar-greetings
Yes	نعم (naʿam)		ar-greetings
No	لا (lā)		ar-greetings
How are you?	كيف حالك (kayfa ḥāluka)		ar-greetings
I'm fine, thank God	أنا بخير، الحمد لله (anā bi-khayr, al-ḥamdu lillāh)		ar-greetings
Nice to meet you	تشرفنا (tasharrafnā)		ar-greetings
What is your name?	ما اسمك (mā ismuka)		ar-greetings
My name is Sami	اسمي سامي (ismī Sāmī)		ar-greetings
I am from America	أنا من أمريكا (anā min Amrīkā)		ar-greetings
God willing	إن شاء الله (in shāʾ Allāh)		ar-greetings
Congratulations	مبروك (mabrūk)		ar-greetings
Happy holiday	عيد مبارك (ʿīd mubārak)		ar-greetings
Bon appetit (to your health)	بالهناء والشفاء (bi-l-hanāʾ wa sh-shifāʾ)		ar-greetings
I don't understand	لا أفهم (lā afham)		ar-greetings
I understand	أفهم (afham)		ar-greetings
Please repeat	أعد من فضلك (aʿid min faḍlika)		ar-greetings
Do you speak English?	هل تتكلم الإنجليزية (hal tatakallam al-inglīziyya)		ar-greetings
I speak a little Arabic	أتكلم العربية قليلاً (atakallam al-ʿarabiyya qalīlan)		ar-greetings
Where is the bathroom?	أين الحمام (ayna l-ḥammām)		ar-greetings
Very good	جيد جداً (jayyid jiddan)		ar-greetings
Excellent	ممتاز (mumtāz)		ar-greetings
Beautiful	جميل (jamīl)		ar-greetings
Wait a moment	لحظة من فضلك (laḥẓa min faḍlika)		ar-greetings
Please come in	تفضل (tafaḍḍal)		ar-greetings
I love you	أحبك (uḥibbuka)		ar-greetings
Peace	سلام (salām)		ar-greetings
God bless you	بارك الله فيك (bāraka Allāhu fīk)		ar-greetings
In the name of God	بسم الله (bismillāh)		ar-greetings
Praise be to God	الحمد لله (al-ḥamdu lillāh)		ar-greetings
Good luck	حظاً سعيداً (ḥaẓẓan saʿīdan)		ar-greetings
Happy birthday	عيد ميلاد سعيد (ʿīd mīlād saʿīd)		ar-greetings
0	صفر (ṣifr (٠))		ar-numbers
1	واحد (wāḥid (١))		ar-numbers
2	اثنان (ithnān (٢))		ar-numbers
3	ثلاثة (thalātha (٣))		ar-numbers
4	أربعة (arbaʿa (٤))		ar-numbers
5	خمسة (khamsa (٥))		ar-numbers
6	ستة (sitta (٦))		ar-numbers
7	سبعة (sabʿa (٧))		ar-numbers
8	ثمانية (thamāniya (٨))		ar-numbers
9	تسعة (tisʿa (٩))		ar-numbers
10	عشرة (ʿashara (١٠))		ar-numbers
11	أحد عشر (aḥada ʿashar (١١))		ar-numbers
12	اثنا عشر (ithnā ʿashar (١٢))		ar-numbers
13	ثلاثة عشر (thalāthata ʿashar (١٣))		ar-numbers
14	أربعة عشر (arbaʿata ʿashar (١٤))		ar-numbers
15	خمسة عشر (khamsata ʿashar (١٥))		ar-numbers
20	عشرون (ʿishrūn (٢٠))		ar-numbers
30	ثلاثون (thalāthūn (٣٠))		ar-numbers
40	أربعون (arbaʿūn (٤٠))		ar-numbers
50	خمسون (khamsūn (٥٠))		ar-numbers
60	ستون (sittūn (٦٠))		ar-numbers
70	سبعون (sabʿūn (٧٠))		ar-numbers
80	ثمانون (thamānūn (٨٠))		ar-numbers
90	تسعون (tisʿūn (٩٠))		ar-numbers
100	مئة (miʾa (١٠٠))		ar-numbers
200	مئتان (miʾatān (٢٠٠))		ar-numbers
1,000	ألف (alf (١٠٠٠))		ar-numbers
First (masculine)	الأول (al-awwal)		ar-numbers
Second (masculine)	الثاني (ath-thānī)		ar-numbers
Third (masculine)	الثالث (ath-thālith)		ar-numbers
Half	نصف (niṣf)		ar-numbers
Quarter	ربع (rubʿ)		ar-numbers
How many?	كم (kam)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ٣ is	3 (thalātha)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ٧ is	7 (sabʿa)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ٥ is	5 (khamsa)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ٩ is	9 (tisʿa)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ٤ is	4 (arbaʿa)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ٦ is	6 (sitta)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ٨ is	8 (thamāniya)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ٢ is	2 (ithnān)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ١ is	1 (wāḥid)		ar-numbers
Eastern Arabic digit ٠ is	0 (ṣifr)		ar-numbers
What is this?	ما هذا (mā hādhā)		ar-phrases
How much is it?	بكم هذا (bi-kam hādhā)		ar-phrases
Where?	أين (ayna)		ar-phrases
When?	متى (matā)		ar-phrases
Who?	من (man)		ar-phrases
What?	ماذا (mādhā)		ar-phrases
Why?	لماذا (li-mādhā)		ar-phrases
How?	كيف (kayfa)		ar-phrases
This (masculine)	هذا (hādhā)		ar-phrases
That (masculine)	ذلك (dhālika)		ar-phrases
Here	هنا (hunā)		ar-phrases
There	هناك (hunāk)		ar-phrases
Today	اليوم (al-yawm)		ar-phrases
Tomorrow	غداً (ghadan)		ar-phrases
Yesterday	أمس (ams)		ar-phrases
Now	الآن (al-ān)		ar-phrases
Morning	صباح (ṣabāḥ)		ar-phrases
Evening	مساء (masāʾ)		ar-phrases
Night	ليل (layl)		ar-phrases
Day	يوم (yawm)		ar-phrases
Week	أسبوع (usbūʿ)		ar-phrases
Month	شهر (shahr)		ar-phrases
Year	سنة (sana)		ar-phrases
Sunday	الأحد (al-aḥad)		ar-phrases
Monday	الاثنين (al-ithnayn)		ar-phrases
Tuesday	الثلاثاء (ath-thulāthāʾ)		ar-phrases
Wednesday	الأربعاء (al-arbiʿāʾ)		ar-phrases
Thursday	الخميس (al-khamīs)		ar-phrases
Friday	الجمعة (al-jumʿa)		ar-phrases
Saturday	السبت (as-sabt)		ar-phrases
Right	يمين (yamīn)		ar-phrases
Left	يسار (yasār)		ar-phrases
Straight ahead	مباشرة (mubāsharatan)		ar-phrases
Up	فوق (fawq)		ar-phrases
Down	تحت (taḥt)		ar-phrases
Inside	داخل (dākhil)		ar-phrases
Outside	خارج (khārij)		ar-phrases
And	و (wa)		ar-phrases
Or	أو (aw)		ar-phrases
But	لكن (lākin)		ar-phrases
With	مع (maʿa)		ar-phrases
In	في (fī)		ar-phrases
From	من (min)		ar-phrases
To	إلى (ilā)		ar-phrases
Very	جداً (jiddan)		ar-phrases
Also	أيضاً (ayḍan)		ar-phrases
Always	دائماً (dāʾiman)		ar-phrases
Never	أبداً (abadan)		ar-phrases
Sometimes	أحياناً (aḥyānan)		ar-phrases
He ate	أكل (akala)		ar-verbs
He drank	شرب (shariba)		ar-verbs
He went	ذهب (dhahaba)		ar-verbs
He came	جاء (jāʾa)		ar-verbs
He saw	رأى (raʾā)		ar-verbs
He heard	سمع (samiʿa)		ar-verbs
He said	قال (qāla)		ar-verbs
He read	قرأ (qaraʾa)		ar-verbs
He wrote	كتب (kataba)		ar-verbs
He did / made	فعل (faʿala)		ar-verbs
He bought	اشترى (ishtarā)		ar-verbs
He sold	باع (bāʿa)		ar-verbs
He slept	نام (nāma)		ar-verbs
He played	لعب (laʿiba)		ar-verbs
He swam	سبح (sabaḥa)		ar-verbs
He ran	ركض (rakaḍa)		ar-verbs
He walked	مشى (mashā)		ar-verbs
He studied	درس (darasa)		ar-verbs
He taught	علّم (ʿallama)		ar-verbs
He knew	عرف (ʿarafa)		ar-verbs
He thought	فكّر (fakkara)		ar-verbs
He waited	انتظر (intaẓara)		ar-verbs
He sat	جلس (jalasa)		ar-verbs
He stood	وقف (waqafa)		ar-verbs
He opened	فتح (fataḥa)		ar-verbs
He closed	أغلق (aghlaqa)		ar-verbs
He gave	أعطى (aʿṭā)		ar-verbs
He took	أخذ (akhadha)		ar-verbs
He used	استخدم (istakhdama)		ar-verbs
He sang	غنّى (ghannā)		ar-verbs
He drew	رسم (rasama)		ar-verbs
He laughed	ضحك (ḍaḥika)		ar-verbs
He cried	بكى (bakā)		ar-verbs
He liked / loved	أحب (aḥabba)		ar-verbs
He had / owned	ملك (malaka)		ar-verbs
He met	قابل (qābala)		ar-verbs
He worked	عمل (ʿamila)		ar-verbs
He rested	استراح (istarāḥa)		ar-verbs
He washed	غسل (ghasala)		ar-verbs
He cooked	طبخ (ṭabakha)		ar-verbs
He helped	ساعد (sāʿada)		ar-verbs
He borrowed	استعار (istaʿāra)		ar-verbs
He forgot	نسي (nasiya)		ar-verbs
He remembered	تذكّر (tadhakkara)		ar-verbs
He asked	سأل (saʾala)		ar-verbs
He answered	أجاب (ajāba)		ar-verbs
He found	وجد (wajada)		ar-verbs
He flew	طار (ṭāra)		ar-verbs
He jumped	قفز (qafaza)		ar-verbs
He wore	لبس (labisa)		ar-verbs
He arrived	وصل (waṣala)		ar-verbs
He returned	رجع (rajaʿa)		ar-verbs
He built	بنى (banā)		ar-verbs
He carried	حمل (ḥamala)		ar-verbs
Dog	Pat the leg, then snap the fingers, like calling a dog		asl-animals
Cat	Pinch and pull at the cheek twice, like whiskers		asl-animals
Bird	Index finger and thumb open and close in front of the mouth, like a beak		asl-animals
Fish	Flat hand swims forward, wiggling like a fish		asl-animals
Horse	Thumb on the temple with two fingers flapping down, like horse ears		asl-animals
Cow	Thumb of a Y hand twists at the side of the forehead, like a horn		asl-animals
Pig	Flat hand under the chin flops down twice		asl-animals
Rabbit	Two fingers at the side of the head bend like rabbit ears		asl-animals
Mouse	Index finger brushes the nose twice, like a twitching nose		asl-animals
Monkey	Both hands scratch the sides of the chest, like a monkey		asl-animals
Elephant	Hand makes a trunk, moving out from the nose in a curve		asl-animals
Lion	Fingers sweep back over the head like a mane		asl-animals
Bear	Cross both arms and scratch the chest with clawed hands		asl-animals
Turtle	Fist for the head pokes out from under the other cupped hand, the shell		asl-animals
Butterfly	Hands cross at the thumbs and the fingers flap like wings		asl-animals
Duck	Fingers and thumb snap open and shut at the mouth, like a bill		asl-animals
Mother	Thumb of an open 5 hand taps the chin		asl-family
Father	Thumb of an open 5 hand taps the forehead		asl-family
Grandmother	Sign "mother," then bounce the hand forward in two small arcs		asl-family
Grandfather	Sign "father," then bounce the hand forward in two small arcs		asl-family
Baby	Rock both arms as if holding a baby		asl-family
Boy	Hand at the forehead opens and closes like the brim of a cap		asl-family
Girl	Thumb traces along the jawline, near the chin		asl-family
Man	Sign "boy" at the forehead, then move down to the chest		asl-family
Woman	Sign "girl" at the chin, then move down to the chest		asl-family
Me	Point to your chest with the index finger		asl-family
You	Point to the other person with the index finger		asl-family
Angry	Fingers claw up the front of the face and curl into a fist		asl-feelings
Scared	Both fists open quickly and shake in front of the chest		asl-feelings
Tired	Both bent hands rest on the chest and drop down		asl-feelings
Sleep	Open hand closes over the face from forehead to chin		asl-feelings
Wake up	Fingers at the eyes open like eyes opening		asl-feelings
Like	Thumb and middle finger pull out from the chest		asl-feelings
Want	Both claw hands pull toward the body		asl-feelings
Need	X hand bends down twice		asl-feelings
Play	Y hands shake side to side		asl-feelings
Read	V fingers move down the flat palm like eyes reading		asl-feelings
Write	Index and thumb pinch write across the flat palm		asl-feelings
Draw	Little finger traces a wavy line across the flat palm		asl-feelings
Walk	Two flat hands move forward alternately like feet		asl-feelings
Sit	Two bent fingers sit on two other fingers		asl-feelings
Stand	Inverted V stands on the flat palm		asl-feelings
Look	V hand points from the eyes forward		asl-feelings
Listen	Cupped hand at the ear		asl-feelings
Think	Index finger touches the forehead		asl-feelings
Know	Fingers tap the forehead		asl-feelings
Learn	Hand picks up from the palm and brings it to the forehead		asl-feelings
Give	Both hands move forward with a flat O shape, like handing something		asl-feelings
Open	Two flat hands touch and swing open like a book		asl-feelings
Close	Two flat hands move toward each other and meet		asl-feelings
Cry	Index fingers trace down the cheeks from the eyes		asl-feelings
Book	Palms together, then open like a book		asl-feelings
Snow	Fingers flutter downward, then brush the hands		asl-feelings
Cold	Both fists shiver in front of the chest		asl-feelings
Hot	Claw hand at the mouth turns outward and away		asl-feelings
A	Fist with the thumb resting along the side of the index finger, thumb pointing up (fist, thumb beside)		asl-fingerspelling
B	Flat hand, fingers straight up and together, thumb folded across the palm		asl-fingerspelling
C	Hand curved into the shape of the letter C		asl-fingerspelling
D	Index finger points up; the other fingers and thumb touch to make a small circle		asl-fingerspelling
E	Fingers bent down so the tips touch the thumb, like a small claw		asl-fingerspelling
F	Thumb and index finger touch in a circle; the other three fingers stand up and spread		asl-fingerspelling
G	Index finger and thumb point sideways, parallel, like a small pinch pointing to the side		asl-fingerspelling
H	Index and middle fingers extended together pointing sideways, thumb tucked in		asl-fingerspelling
I	Fist with the little finger pointing up		asl-fingerspelling
J	Make an I, then draw a J in the air with the little finger		asl-fingerspelling
K	Index and middle fingers up in a V with the thumb touching the middle finger		asl-fingerspelling
L	Index finger up and thumb out, making an L shape		asl-fingerspelling
M	Thumb tucked under the first three fingers, which are folded down over it		asl-fingerspelling
N	Thumb tucked under the first two fingers, which are folded down over it		asl-fingerspelling
O	All fingertips curve to touch the thumb, making an O shape		asl-fingerspelling
P	Like K, but the hand points down		asl-fingerspelling
Q	Like G, but the hand points down		asl-fingerspelling
R	Index and middle fingers crossed, pointing up		asl-fingerspelling
S	Fist with the thumb folded across the front of the fingers		asl-fingerspelling
T	Fist with the thumb tucked between the index and middle fingers		asl-fingerspelling
U	Index and middle fingers up and together, thumb holding the other fingers down		asl-fingerspelling
V	Index and middle fingers up and spread apart in a V		asl-fingerspelling
W	Index, middle and ring fingers up and spread, thumb holding the little finger		asl-fingerspelling
X	Index finger bent into a hook, other fingers in a fist		asl-fingerspelling
Y	Thumb and little finger stick out, other fingers folded		asl-fingerspelling
Z	Index finger draws the letter Z in the air		asl-fingerspelling
Eat	Fingertips tap the lips		asl-food
Drink	Hand shaped like holding a cup tips toward the mouth		asl-food
Water	W hand taps the chin twice		asl-food
Milk	Hand squeezes open and closed like milking a cow		asl-food
Bread	One hand slices down the back of the other hand		asl-food
Apple	Knuckle of the bent index finger twists on the cheek		asl-food
Banana	One hand peels a banana held by the other hand		asl-food
Cookie	Cupped hand twists onto the other palm, like a cookie cutter		asl-food
Ice cream	Fist licks like holding a cone and licking		asl-food
Hungry	C hand moves down the chest, like food going into the stomach		asl-food
Thirsty	Index finger traces down the throat		asl-food
More	Both flat O hands tap fingertips together		asl-food
All done	Both open hands start palm-in and flip palm-out		asl-food
Hello	Flat hand at the forehead, then move it outward like a salute		asl-greetings
Goodbye	Wave the open hand, bending the fingers up and down		asl-greetings
Thank you	Flat fingertips touch the chin, then move forward and down toward the other person		asl-greetings
Please	Flat hand rubs in a circle on the chest		asl-greetings
Sorry	Fist in letter A shape rubs in a circle on the chest		asl-greetings
Yes	Fist nods up and down like a head nodding		asl-greetings
No	Index and middle finger tap the thumb, like a mouth closing		asl-greetings
Good	Flat hand at the chin moves down into the other palm		asl-greetings
Bad	Flat hand at the chin moves away and flips down		asl-greetings
Love	Cross both fists over the chest like a hug		asl-greetings
Friend	Hook the index fingers together, then reverse the hooks		asl-greetings
Help	Fist with thumb up rests on the other flat palm, both lift together		asl-greetings
Name	Two H hands tap together in an X shape		asl-greetings
Meet	Two index fingers pointing up come together		asl-greetings
I love you	Thumb, index finger and little finger extended at once		asl-greetings
Happy	Flat hands brush up the chest twice with a smile		asl-greetings
Sad	Both open hands move down in front of the face		asl-greetings
Understand	Index finger flicks up near the forehead		asl-greetings
Please repeat (again)	Bent hand lands in the other palm, repeating		asl-greetings
Eat	Fingertips tap the lips		asl-greetings
Drink	Hand shaped like holding a cup tips toward the mouth		asl-greetings
Stop	Edge of flat hand chops down onto the other flat palm		asl-greetings
Come	Both index fingers beckon toward the body		asl-greetings
1	Index finger points up, other fingers folded, palm facing out		asl-numbers
2	Index and middle fingers up and spread, palm facing out		asl-numbers
3	Thumb, index and middle fingers extended, palm facing out		asl-numbers
4	Four fingers up and spread, thumb folded in, palm facing out		asl-numbers
5	All five fingers spread, palm facing out		asl-numbers
6	Thumb touches the little finger; other three fingers up		asl-numbers
7	Thumb touches the ring finger; other fingers up		asl-numbers
8	Thumb touches the middle finger; other fingers up		asl-numbers
9	Thumb touches the index finger; other fingers up		asl-numbers
10	Fist with the thumb up, then shake the hand slightly		asl-numbers
0	Fingers and thumb form an O shape		asl-numbers
Who?	Wer? (vair)		de-adjectives-questions
What?	Was? (vahs)		de-adjectives-questions
Where?	Wo? (voh)		de-adjectives-questions
Where to?	Wohin? (voh-HIN)		de-adjectives-questions
Where from?	Woher? (voh-HAIR)		de-adjectives-questions
When?	Wann? (vahn)		de-adjectives-questions
Why?	Warum? (vah-ROOM)		de-adjectives-questions
How?	Wie? (vee)		de-adjectives-questions
How much?	Wie viel? (vee FEEL)		de-adjectives-questions
How many?	Wie viele? (vee FEE-leh)		de-adjectives-questions
Which?	Welcher? (VEL-kher)		de-adjectives-questions
Whose?	Wessen? (VES-sen)		de-adjectives-questions
because	weil (vile)		de-adjectives-questions
big / tall	groß (grohss)		de-adjectives-questions
small	klein (kline)		de-adjectives-questions
short (height)	klein (kline)		de-adjectives-questions
long	lang (lahng)		de-adjectives-questions
short (length)	kurz (koorts)		de-adjectives-questions
fat	dick (dik)		de-adjectives-questions
thin	dünn (dewn)		de-adjectives-questions
new	neu (noy)		de-adjectives-questions
old	alt (ahlt)		de-adjectives-questions
young	jung (yoong)		de-adjectives-questions
good	gut (goot)		de-adjectives-questions
bad	schlecht (shlekht)		de-adjectives-questions
better	besser (BES-ser)		de-adjectives-questions
beautiful	schön (shurn)		de-adjectives-questions
pretty	hübsch (hewpsh)		de-adjectives-questions
ugly	hässlich (HES-likh)		de-adjectives-questions
happy	glücklich (GLEWK-likh)		de-adjectives-questions
sad	traurig (TROW-rikh)		de-adjectives-questions
angry	wütend (VEW-tent)		de-adjectives-questions
scared	ängstlich (ENGST-likh)		de-adjectives-questions
tired	müde (MEW-deh)		de-adjectives-questions
hungry	hungrig (HOONG-rikh)		de-adjectives-questions
sick	krank (krahnk)		de-adjectives-questions
healthy	gesund (geh-ZOONT)		de-adjectives-questions
funny	lustig (LOOS-tikh)		de-adjectives-questions
serious	ernst (airnst)		de-adjectives-questions
smart	klug (kloog)		de-adjectives-questions
silly	albern (AHL-bern)		de-adjectives-questions
kind	freundlich (FROYNT-likh)		de-adjectives-questions
brave	mutig (MOO-tikh)		de-adjectives-questions
shy	schüchtern (SHEWKH-tern)		de-adjectives-questions
lazy	faul (fowl)		de-adjectives-questions
fast	schnell (shnel)		de-adjectives-questions
slow	langsam (LAHNG-zahm)		de-adjectives-questions
hot	heiß (hice)		de-adjectives-questions
cold	kalt (kahlt)		de-adjectives-questions
warm	warm (vahrm)		de-adjectives-questions
cool	kühl (kewl)		de-adjectives-questions
hard	hart (hart)		de-adjectives-questions
soft	weich (vykh)		de-adjectives-questions
easy	leicht (lykht)		de-adjectives-questions
difficult	schwierig (SHVEE-rikh)		de-adjectives-questions
heavy	schwer (shvair)		de-adjectives-questions
light (weight)	leicht (lykht)		de-adjectives-questions
full	voll (fol)		de-adjectives-questions
empty	leer (lair)		de-adjectives-questions
open	offen (OF-fen)		de-adjectives-questions
closed	geschlossen (geh-SHLOS-sen)		de-adjectives-questions
clean	sauber (ZOW-ber)		de-adjectives-questions
dirty	schmutzig (SHMOOT-tsikh)		de-adjectives-questions
wet	nass (nahss)		de-adjectives-questions
dry	trocken (TROK-ken)		de-adjectives-questions
rich	reich (rykh)		de-adjectives-questions
poor	arm (arm)		de-adjectives-questions
expensive	teuer (TOY-er)		de-adjectives-questions
cheap	billig (BIL-likh)		de-adjectives-questions
strong	stark (shtark)		de-adjectives-questions
weak	schwach (shvahkh)		de-adjectives-questions
loud	laut (lowt)		de-adjectives-questions
quiet	leise (LY-zeh)		de-adjectives-questions
near	nah (nah)		de-adjectives-questions
far	weit (vite)		de-adjectives-questions
many	viele (FEE-leh)		de-adjectives-questions
a little / few	wenig (VAY-nikh)		de-adjectives-questions
all	alle (AHL-leh)		de-adjectives-questions
same	gleich (glykh)		de-adjectives-questions
different	anders (AHN-ders)		de-adjectives-questions
important	wichtig (VIKH-tikh)		de-adjectives-questions
special	besonders (beh-ZON-ders)		de-adjectives-questions
true	wahr (vahr)		de-adjectives-questions
false	falsch (fahlsh)		de-adjectives-questions
ready	fertig (FAIR-tikh)		de-adjectives-questions
free	frei (fry)		de-adjectives-questions
busy	beschäftigt (beh-SHEF-tikht)		de-adjectives-questions
dangerous	gefährlich (geh-FAIR-likh)		de-adjectives-questions
delicious	lecker (LEK-ker)		de-adjectives-questions
dog	der Hund (dair HOONT)		de-animals
cat	die Katze (dee KAHT-tseh)		de-animals
bird	der Vogel (dair FOH-gel)		de-animals
fish	der Fisch (dair FISH)		de-animals
horse	das Pferd (dahs PFAIRT)		de-animals
cow	die Kuh (dee KOO)		de-animals
pig	das Schwein (dahs SHVINE)		de-animals
sheep	das Schaf (dahs SHAHF)		de-animals
goat	die Ziege (dee TSEE-geh)		de-animals
chicken	das Huhn (dahs HOON)		de-animals
rooster	der Hahn (dair HAHN)		de-animals
duck	die Ente (dee EN-teh)		de-animals
goose	die Gans (dee GAHNS)		de-animals
rabbit	das Kaninchen (dahs kah-NEEN-khen)		de-animals
mouse	die Maus (dee MOWSS)		de-animals
turkey	der Truthahn (dair TROOT-hahn)		de-animals
donkey	der Esel (dair AY-zel)		de-animals
lion	der Löwe (dair LUR-veh)		de-animals
tiger	der Tiger (dair TEE-ger)		de-animals
bear	der Bär (dair BAIR)		de-animals
elephant	der Elefant (dair ay-leh-FAHNT)		de-animals
giraffe	die Giraffe (dee gee-RAH-feh)		de-animals
monkey	der Affe (dair AHF-feh)		de-animals
zebra	das Zebra (dahs TSAY-brah)		de-animals
wolf	der Wolf (dair VOLF)		de-animals
fox	der Fuchs (dair FOOKS)		de-animals
deer	das Reh (dahs RAY)		de-animals
hippopotamus	das Nilpferd (dahs NEEL-pfairt)		de-animals
rhinoceros	das Nashorn (dahs NAHS-horn)		de-animals
kangaroo	das Känguru (dahs KENG-goo-roo)		de-animals
squirrel	das Eichhörnchen (dahs YKH-hurn-khen)		de-animals
bat	die Fledermaus (dee FLAY-der-mowss)		de-animals
camel	das Kamel (dahs kah-MAYL)		de-animals
gorilla	der Gorilla (dair goh-RIL-lah)		de-animals
whale	der Wal (dair VAHL)		de-animals
dolphin	der Delfin (dair del-FEEN)		de-animals
shark	der Hai (dair HYE)		de-animals
octopus	der Tintenfisch (dair TIN-ten-fish)		de-animals
turtle	die Schildkröte (dee SHILT-krur-teh)		de-animals
crab	die Krabbe (dee KRAHB-beh)		de-animals
seal	die Robbe (dee ROB-beh)		de-animals
jellyfish	die Qualle (dee KVAHL-leh)		de-animals
frog	der Frosch (dair FROSH)		de-animals
snake	die Schlange (dee SHLAHNG-eh)		de-animals
lizard	die Eidechse (dee Y-dek-seh)		de-animals
crocodile	das Krokodil (dahs kroh-koh-DEEL)		de-animals
butterfly	der Schmetterling (dair SHMET-ter-ling)		de-animals
bee	die Biene (dee BEE-neh)		de-animals
ant	die Ameise (dee AH-my-zeh)		de-animals
spider	die Spinne (dee SHPIN-neh)		de-animals
fly	die Fliege (dee FLEE-geh)		de-animals
ladybug	der Marienkäfer (dair mah-REE-en-kay-fer)		de-animals
worm	der Wurm (dair VOORM)		de-animals
snail	die Schnecke (dee SHNEK-keh)		de-animals
mosquito	die Mücke (dee MEWK-keh)		de-animals
beetle	der Käfer (dair KAY-fer)		de-animals
eagle	der Adler (dair AHD-ler)		de-animals
owl	die Eule (dee OY-leh)		de-animals
parrot	der Papagei (dair pah-pah-GYE)		de-animals
penguin	der Pinguin (dair PING-gwin)		de-animals
swan	der Schwan (dair SHVAHN)		de-animals
dove	die Taube (dee TOW-beh)		de-animals
puppy	der Welpe (dair VEL-peh)		de-animals
kitten	das Kätzchen (dahs KETS-khen)		de-animals
animal	das Tier (dahs TEER)		de-animals
hedgehog	der Igel (dair EE-gel)		de-animals
head	der Kopf (dair KOPF)		de-body-clothes
hair	das Haar (dahs HAHR)		de-body-clothes
face	das Gesicht (dahs geh-ZIKHT)		de-body-clothes
eye	das Auge (dahs OW-geh)		de-body-clothes
ear	das Ohr (dahs OHR)		de-body-clothes
nose	die Nase (dee NAH-zeh)		de-body-clothes
mouth	der Mund (dair MOONT)		de-body-clothes
tooth	der Zahn (dair TSAHN)		de-body-clothes
tongue	die Zunge (dee TSOONG-eh)		de-body-clothes
lip	die Lippe (dee LIP-peh)		de-body-clothes
cheek	die Wange (dee VAHNG-eh)		de-body-clothes
chin	das Kinn (dahs KIN)		de-body-clothes
neck	der Hals (dair HAHLS)		de-body-clothes
shoulder	die Schulter (dee SHOOL-ter)		de-body-clothes
arm	der Arm (dair ARM)		de-body-clothes
elbow	der Ellbogen (dair EL-boh-gen)		de-body-clothes
hand	die Hand (dee HAHNT)		de-body-clothes
finger	der Finger (dair FING-er)		de-body-clothes
thumb	der Daumen (dair DOW-men)		de-body-clothes
fingernail	der Fingernagel (dair FING-er-nah-gel)		de-body-clothes
chest	die Brust (dee BROOST)		de-body-clothes
back	der Rücken (dair REW-ken)		de-body-clothes
stomach / belly	der Bauch (dair BOWKH)		de-body-clothes
leg	das Bein (dahs BINE)		de-body-clothes
knee	das Knie (dahs KNEE)		de-body-clothes
foot	der Fuß (dair FOOSS)		de-body-clothes
toe	der Zeh (dair TSAY)		de-body-clothes
ankle	der Knöchel (dair KNUR-khel)		de-body-clothes
heart	das Herz (dahs HERTS)		de-body-clothes
brain	das Gehirn (dahs geh-HIRN)		de-body-clothes
bone	der Knochen (dair KNOKH-en)		de-body-clothes
skin	die Haut (dee HOWT)		de-body-clothes
body	der Körper (dair KUR-per)		de-body-clothes
I have a headache	Ich habe Kopfschmerzen (ikh HAH-beh KOPF-shmer-tsen)		de-body-clothes
My stomach hurts	Mein Bauch tut weh (mine BOWKH toot VAY)		de-body-clothes
I am sick	Ich bin krank (ikh bin KRAHNK)		de-body-clothes
doctor	der Arzt (dair ARTST)		de-body-clothes
clothes	die Kleidung (dee KLY-doong)		de-body-clothes
shirt	das Hemd (dahs HEMT)		de-body-clothes
T-shirt	das T-Shirt (dahs TEE-shirt)		de-body-clothes
pants	die Hose (dee HOH-zeh)		de-body-clothes
shorts	die kurze Hose (dee KOOR-tseh HOH-zeh)		de-body-clothes
jeans	die Jeans (dee JEENS)		de-body-clothes
skirt	der Rock (dair ROK)		de-body-clothes
dress	das Kleid (dahs KLITE)		de-body-clothes
sweater	der Pullover (dair pool-OH-ver)		de-body-clothes
jacket	die Jacke (dee YAHK-keh)		de-body-clothes
coat	der Mantel (dair MAHN-tel)		de-body-clothes
hoodie	der Kapuzenpulli (dair kah-POO-tsen-pool-lee)		de-body-clothes
socks	die Socken (dee ZOK-ken)		de-body-clothes
shoes	die Schuhe (dee SHOO-eh)		de-body-clothes
sneakers	die Turnschuhe (dee TOORN-shoo-eh)		de-body-clothes
boots	die Stiefel (dee SHTEE-fel)		de-body-clothes
sandals	die Sandalen (dee zahn-DAH-len)		de-body-clothes
hat	der Hut (dair HOOT)		de-body-clothes
cap	die Mütze (dee MEW-tseh)		de-body-clothes
gloves	die Handschuhe (dee HAHNT-shoo-eh)		de-body-clothes
scarf	der Schal (dair SHAHL)		de-body-clothes
belt	der Gürtel (dair GEWR-tel)		de-body-clothes
pajamas	der Schlafanzug (dair SHLAHF-ahn-tsook)		de-body-clothes
underwear	die Unterwäsche (dee OON-ter-vesh-eh)		de-body-clothes
swimsuit	der Badeanzug (dair BAH-deh-ahn-tsook)		de-body-clothes
umbrella	der Regenschirm (dair RAY-gen-shirm)		de-body-clothes
glasses	die Brille (dee BRIL-leh)		de-body-clothes
backpack	der Rucksack (dair ROOK-zahk)		de-body-clothes
pocket	die Tasche (dee TAH-sheh)		de-body-clothes
button	der Knopf (dair KNOPF)		de-body-clothes
zipper	der Reißverschluss (dair RICE-fer-shloos)		de-body-clothes
tie	die Krawatte (dee krah-VAHT-teh)		de-body-clothes
ring	der Ring (dair RING)		de-body-clothes
watch	die Armbanduhr (dee ARM-bahnt-oor)		de-body-clothes
purse	die Handtasche (dee HAHNT-tah-sheh)		de-body-clothes
to get dressed	sich anziehen (zikh AHN-tsee-en)		de-body-clothes
red	rot (roht)		de-colors-family
blue	blau (blow)		de-colors-family
yellow	gelb (gelp)		de-colors-family
green	grün (grewn)		de-colors-family
orange	orange (oh-RAHN-zheh)		de-colors-family
purple	lila (LEE-lah)		de-colors-family
pink	rosa (ROH-zah)		de-colors-family
brown	braun (brown)		de-colors-family
black	schwarz (shvarts)		de-colors-family
white	weiß (vice)		de-colors-family
gray	grau (grow)		de-colors-family
gold	golden (GOL-den)		de-colors-family
silver	silbern (ZIL-bern)		de-colors-family
dark	dunkel (DOON-kel)		de-colors-family
light (color)	hell (hel)		de-colors-family
color	die Farbe (dee FAR-beh)		de-colors-family
rainbow	der Regenbogen (dair RAY-gen-boh-gen)		de-colors-family
circle	der Kreis (dair KRICE)		de-colors-family
square	das Quadrat (dahs kvah-DRAHT)		de-colors-family
triangle	das Dreieck (dahs DRY-ek)		de-colors-family
rectangle	das Rechteck (dahs REKHT-ek)		de-colors-family
star	der Stern (dair SHTERN)		de-colors-family
heart	das Herz (dahs HERTS)		de-colors-family
oval	das Oval (dahs oh-VAHL)		de-colors-family
line	die Linie (dee LEEN-yeh)		de-colors-family
family	die Familie (dee fah-MEEL-yeh)		de-colors-family
mother	die Mutter (dee MOOT-ter)		de-colors-family
father	der Vater (dair FAH-ter)		de-colors-family
mom	die Mama (dee MAH-mah)		de-colors-family
dad	der Papa (dair PAH-pah)		de-colors-family
parents	die Eltern (dee EL-tern)		de-colors-family
son	der Sohn (dair ZOHN)		de-colors-family
daughter	die Tochter (dee TOKH-ter)		de-colors-family
child	das Kind (dahs KINT)		de-colors-family
children	die Kinder (dee KIN-der)		de-colors-family
brother	der Bruder (dair BROO-der)		de-colors-family
sister	die Schwester (dee SHVES-ter)		de-colors-family
siblings	die Geschwister (dee geh-SHVIS-ter)		de-colors-family
grandmother	die Großmutter (dee GROHSS-moot-ter)		de-colors-family
grandfather	der Großvater (dair GROHSS-fah-ter)		de-colors-family
grandma	die Oma (dee OH-mah)		de-colors-family
grandpa	der Opa (dair OH-pah)		de-colors-family
grandparents	die Großeltern (dee GROHSS-el-tern)		de-colors-family
grandson	der Enkel (dair EN-kel)		de-colors-family
granddaughter	die Enkelin (dee EN-keh-lin)		de-colors-family
uncle	der Onkel (dair ON-kel)		de-colors-family
aunt	die Tante (dee TAHN-teh)		de-colors-family
cousin (boy)	der Cousin (dair koo-ZAN)		de-colors-family
cousin (girl)	die Cousine (dee koo-ZEE-neh)		de-colors-family
nephew	der Neffe (dair NEF-feh)		de-colors-family
niece	die Nichte (dee NIKH-teh)		de-colors-family
husband	der Ehemann (dair AY-eh-mahn)		de-colors-family
wife	die Ehefrau (dee AY-eh-frow)		de-colors-family
baby	das Baby (dahs BAY-bee)		de-colors-family
boy	der Junge (dair YOONG-eh)		de-colors-family
girl	das Mädchen (dahs MAYD-khen)		de-colors-family
man	der Mann (dair MAHN)		de-colors-family
woman	die Frau (dee FROW)		de-colors-family
friend (boy)	der Freund (dair FROYNT)		de-colors-family
friend (girl)	die Freundin (dee FROYN-din)		de-colors-family
neighbor	der Nachbar (dair NAHKH-bar)		de-colors-family
twin	der Zwilling (dair TSVIL-ling)		de-colors-family
people	die Leute (dee LOY-teh)		de-colors-family
pet	das Haustier (dahs HOWS-teer)		de-colors-family
I am (sein)	ich bin (ikh bin)		de-conjugation-grammar
you are (sein)	du bist (doo bist)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she is (sein)	er/sie ist (air/zee ist)		de-conjugation-grammar
we are (sein)	wir sind (veer zint)		de-conjugation-grammar
they are (sein)	sie sind (zee zint)		de-conjugation-grammar
I have (haben)	ich habe (ikh HAH-beh)		de-conjugation-grammar
you have (haben)	du hast (doo hahst)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she has (haben)	er/sie hat (air/zee haht)		de-conjugation-grammar
we have (haben)	wir haben (veer HAH-ben)		de-conjugation-grammar
they have (haben)	sie haben (zee HAH-ben)		de-conjugation-grammar
I become (werden)	ich werde (ikh VAIR-deh)		de-conjugation-grammar
you become (werden)	du wirst (doo virst)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she becomes (werden)	er/sie wird (air/zee virt)		de-conjugation-grammar
we become (werden)	wir werden (veer VAIR-den)		de-conjugation-grammar
they become (werden)	sie werden (zee VAIR-den)		de-conjugation-grammar
I drive / go by vehicle (fahren)	ich fahre (ikh FAH-reh)		de-conjugation-grammar
you drive (fahren)	du fährst (doo fairst)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she drives (fahren)	er/sie fährt (air/zee fairt)		de-conjugation-grammar
we drive (fahren)	wir fahren (veer FAH-ren)		de-conjugation-grammar
they drive (fahren)	sie fahren (zee FAH-ren)		de-conjugation-grammar
I eat (essen)	ich esse (ikh ES-seh)		de-conjugation-grammar
you eat (essen)	du isst (doo isst)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she eats (essen)	er/sie isst (air/zee isst)		de-conjugation-grammar
we eat (essen)	wir essen (veer ES-sen)		de-conjugation-grammar
they eat (essen)	sie essen (zee ES-sen)		de-conjugation-grammar
I see (sehen)	ich sehe (ikh ZAY-eh)		de-conjugation-grammar
you see (sehen)	du siehst (doo zeest)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she sees (sehen)	er/sie sieht (air/zee zeet)		de-conjugation-grammar
we see (sehen)	wir sehen (veer ZAY-en)		de-conjugation-grammar
they see (sehen)	sie sehen (zee ZAY-en)		de-conjugation-grammar
I speak (sprechen)	ich spreche (ikh SHPREKH-eh)		de-conjugation-grammar
you speak (sprechen)	du sprichst (doo shprikhst)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she speaks (sprechen)	er/sie spricht (air/zee shprikht)		de-conjugation-grammar
we speak (sprechen)	wir sprechen (veer SHPREKH-en)		de-conjugation-grammar
they speak (sprechen)	sie sprechen (zee SHPREKH-en)		de-conjugation-grammar
I take (nehmen)	ich nehme (ikh NAY-meh)		de-conjugation-grammar
you take (nehmen)	du nimmst (doo nimst)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she takes (nehmen)	er/sie nimmt (air/zee nimt)		de-conjugation-grammar
we take (nehmen)	wir nehmen (veer NAY-men)		de-conjugation-grammar
they take (nehmen)	sie nehmen (zee NAY-men)		de-conjugation-grammar
I know a fact (wissen)	ich weiß (ikh vice)		de-conjugation-grammar
you know a fact (wissen)	du weißt (doo vysst)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she knows a fact (wissen)	er/sie weiß (air/zee vice)		de-conjugation-grammar
we know a fact (wissen)	wir wissen (veer VIS-sen)		de-conjugation-grammar
they know a fact (wissen)	sie wissen (zee VIS-sen)		de-conjugation-grammar
I can (können)	ich kann (ikh kahn)		de-conjugation-grammar
you can (können)	du kannst (doo kahnst)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she can (können)	er/sie kann (air/zee kahn)		de-conjugation-grammar
we can (können)	wir können (veer KUR-nen)		de-conjugation-grammar
they can (können)	sie können (zee KUR-nen)		de-conjugation-grammar
I want (wollen)	ich will (ikh vil)		de-conjugation-grammar
you want (wollen)	du willst (doo vilst)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she wants (wollen)	er/sie will (air/zee vil)		de-conjugation-grammar
we want (wollen)	wir wollen (veer VOL-len)		de-conjugation-grammar
they want (wollen)	sie wollen (zee VOL-len)		de-conjugation-grammar
I must (müssen)	ich muss (ikh mooss)		de-conjugation-grammar
you must (müssen)	du musst (doo moost)		de-conjugation-grammar
he/she must (müssen)	er/sie muss (air/zee mooss)		de-conjugation-grammar
we must (müssen)	wir müssen (veer MEW-ssen)		de-conjugation-grammar
they must (müssen)	sie müssen (zee MEW-ssen)		de-conjugation-grammar
the (masculine)	der (dair)		de-conjugation-grammar
the (feminine)	die (dee)		de-conjugation-grammar
the (neuter)	das (dahs)		de-conjugation-grammar
the (plural)	die (dee)		de-conjugation-grammar
a (masculine or neuter)	ein (ine)		de-conjugation-grammar
a (feminine)	eine (I-neh)		de-conjugation-grammar
you (informal)	du (doo)		de-conjugation-grammar
you (formal)	Sie (zee)		de-conjugation-grammar
you all (informal)	ihr (eer)		de-conjugation-grammar
How are German nouns written?	With a capital letter (der Hund) (Every noun starts with a capital)		de-conjugation-grammar
What is the verb position in a normal statement?	Second (Ich esse Brot) (The verb is always the second idea)		de-conjugation-grammar
How do you make a sentence negative?	Use nicht or kein (Ich bin nicht müde; Ich habe kein Auto)		de-conjugation-grammar
How many genders does German have?	Three: der, die, das (Masculine, feminine, neuter)		de-conjugation-grammar
How do you say "my"?	mein (mein Hund, meine Katze) (Add -e for feminine and plural)		de-conjugation-grammar
How do you make a yes-or-no question?	Put the verb first (Hast du Hunger?) (Do you have hunger?)		de-conjugation-grammar
What is the plural of der Hund?	die Hunde (Most nouns add -e, -en, -er or change a vowel)		de-conjugation-grammar
food	das Essen (dahs ES-sen)		de-food-drink
water	das Wasser (dahs VAHS-ser)		de-food-drink
milk	die Milch (dee MILKH)		de-food-drink
juice	der Saft (dair ZAHFT)		de-food-drink
coffee	der Kaffee (dair KAH-fay)		de-food-drink
tea	der Tee (dair TAY)		de-food-drink
soda	die Limonade (dee lee-moh-NAH-deh)		de-food-drink
hot chocolate	die heiße Schokolade (dee HY-seh shoh-koh-LAH-deh)		de-food-drink
bread	das Brot (dahs BROHT)		de-food-drink
bread roll	das Brötchen (dahs BRURT-khen)		de-food-drink
butter	die Butter (dee BOOT-ter)		de-food-drink
cheese	der Käse (dair KAY-zeh)		de-food-drink
egg	das Ei (dahs Y)		de-food-drink
rice	der Reis (dair RICE)		de-food-drink
beans	die Bohnen (dee BOH-nen)		de-food-drink
soup	die Suppe (dee ZOOP-peh)		de-food-drink
salad	der Salat (dair zah-LAHT)		de-food-drink
sandwich	das Sandwich (dahs SAND-vitch)		de-food-drink
pizza	die Pizza (dee PIT-tsah)		de-food-drink
noodles / pasta	die Nudeln (dee NOO-deln)		de-food-drink
meat	das Fleisch (dahs FLYSH)		de-food-drink
chicken (meat)	das Hähnchen (dahs HAYN-khen)		de-food-drink
beef	das Rindfleisch (dahs RINT-flysh)		de-food-drink
pork	das Schweinefleisch (dahs SHVY-neh-flysh)		de-food-drink
ham	der Schinken (dair SHIN-ken)		de-food-drink
sausage	die Wurst (dee VOORST)		de-food-drink
fish (food)	der Fisch (dair FISH)		de-food-drink
french fries	die Pommes (dee POM-mes)		de-food-drink
hamburger	der Hamburger (dair HAM-boor-ger)		de-food-drink
pretzel	die Brezel (dee BRAY-tsel)		de-food-drink
pancake	der Pfannkuchen (dair PFAHN-koo-khen)		de-food-drink
breakfast	das Frühstück (dahs FREW-shtewk)		de-food-drink
lunch	das Mittagessen (dahs MIT-tahk-es-sen)		de-food-drink
dinner	das Abendessen (dahs AH-bent-es-sen)		de-food-drink
snack	der Imbiss (dair IM-biss)		de-food-drink
dessert	der Nachtisch (dair NAHKH-tish)		de-food-drink
apple	der Apfel (dair AHP-fel)		de-food-drink
banana	die Banane (dee bah-NAH-neh)		de-food-drink
orange (fruit)	die Orange (dee oh-RAHN-zheh)		de-food-drink
strawberry	die Erdbeere (dee AIRT-bay-reh)		de-food-drink
grapes	die Trauben (dee TROW-ben)		de-food-drink
watermelon	die Wassermelone (dee VAHS-ser-meh-loh-neh)		de-food-drink
pineapple	die Ananas (dee AH-nah-nahs)		de-food-drink
lemon	die Zitrone (dee tsi-TROH-neh)		de-food-drink
peach	der Pfirsich (dair PFIR-zikh)		de-food-drink
pear	die Birne (dee BIR-neh)		de-food-drink
cherry	die Kirsche (dee KIR-sheh)		de-food-drink
blueberry	die Heidelbeere (dee HY-del-bay-reh)		de-food-drink
raspberry	die Himbeere (dee HIM-bay-reh)		de-food-drink
fruit	das Obst (dahs OHPST)		de-food-drink
vegetable	das Gemüse (dahs geh-MEW-zeh)		de-food-drink
potato	die Kartoffel (dee kar-TOF-fel)		de-food-drink
tomato	die Tomate (dee toh-MAH-teh)		de-food-drink
carrot	die Karotte (dee kah-ROT-teh)		de-food-drink
onion	die Zwiebel (dee TSVEE-bel)		de-food-drink
lettuce	der Kopfsalat (dair KOPF-zah-laht)		de-food-drink
corn	der Mais (dair MICE)		de-food-drink
peas	die Erbsen (dee AIRP-sen)		de-food-drink
cucumber	die Gurke (dee GOOR-keh)		de-food-drink
garlic	der Knoblauch (dair KNOHB-lowkh)		de-food-drink
mushroom	der Pilz (dair PILTS)		de-food-drink
cabbage	der Kohl (dair KOHL)		de-food-drink
cake	der Kuchen (dair KOO-khen)		de-food-drink
cookie	der Keks (dair KAYKS)		de-food-drink
ice cream	das Eis (dahs ICE)		de-food-drink
candy	die Süßigkeiten (dee ZEW-ssikh-ky-ten)		de-food-drink
chocolate	die Schokolade (dee shoh-koh-LAH-deh)		de-food-drink
sugar	der Zucker (dair TSOOK-ker)		de-food-drink
salt	das Salz (dahs ZAHLTS)		de-food-drink
pepper (spice)	der Pfeffer (dair PFEF-fer)		de-food-drink
honey	der Honig (dair HOH-nikh)		de-food-drink
jam	die Marmelade (dee mar-meh-LAH-deh)		de-food-drink
plate	der Teller (dair TEL-ler)		de-food-drink
fork	die Gabel (dee GAH-bel)		de-food-drink
knife	das Messer (dahs MES-ser)		de-food-drink
spoon	der Löffel (dair LUR-fel)		de-food-drink
cup	die Tasse (dee TAHS-seh)		de-food-drink
glass	das Glas (dahs GLAHSS)		de-food-drink
napkin	die Serviette (dee zer-VYET-teh)		de-food-drink
bowl	die Schüssel (dee SHEW-ssel)		de-food-drink
menu	die Speisekarte (dee SHPY-zeh-kar-teh)		de-food-drink
The check, please	Die Rechnung, bitte (dee REKH-noong BIT-teh)		de-food-drink
I would like...	Ich hätte gern... (ikh HET-teh gairn)		de-food-drink
It's delicious	Es schmeckt lecker (es shmekt LEK-ker)		de-food-drink
I am vegetarian	Ich bin Vegetarier (ikh bin veh-geh-TAH-ree-er)		de-food-drink
waiter	der Kellner (dair KEL-ner)		de-food-drink
restaurant	das Restaurant (dahs res-toh-RAHNG)		de-food-drink
Hello	Hallo (HAH-loh)		de-greetings-phrases
Good morning	Guten Morgen (GOO-ten MOR-gen)		de-greetings-phrases
Good day	Guten Tag (GOO-ten TAHK)		de-greetings-phrases
Good evening	Guten Abend (GOO-ten AH-bent)		de-greetings-phrases
Good night	Gute Nacht (GOO-teh NAHKHT)		de-greetings-phrases
Goodbye	Auf Wiedersehen (owf VEE-der-zay-en)		de-greetings-phrases
Bye (casual)	Tschüss (CHEWSS)		de-greetings-phrases
See you later	Bis später (biss SHPAY-ter)		de-greetings-phrases
See you tomorrow	Bis morgen (biss MOR-gen)		de-greetings-phrases
See you soon	Bis bald (biss BAHLT)		de-greetings-phrases
Hi (casual)	Hi (hye)		de-greetings-phrases
Please	Bitte (BIT-teh)		de-greetings-phrases
Thank you	Danke (DAHN-keh)		de-greetings-phrases
Thank you very much	Vielen Dank (FEE-len DAHNK)		de-greetings-phrases
You're welcome	Bitte schön (BIT-teh SHURN)		de-greetings-phrases
Excuse me	Entschuldigung (ent-SHOOL-dee-goong)		de-greetings-phrases
I'm sorry	Es tut mir leid (es toot meer LITE)		de-greetings-phrases
Yes	Ja (YAH)		de-greetings-phrases
No	Nein (NINE)		de-greetings-phrases
Maybe	Vielleicht (fee-LYKHT)		de-greetings-phrases
How are you? (informal)	Wie geht's? (vee GAYTS)		de-greetings-phrases
How are you? (formal)	Wie geht es Ihnen? (vee gayt es EE-nen)		de-greetings-phrases
I am fine	Mir geht es gut (meer gayt es GOOT)		de-greetings-phrases
Very well, thank you	Sehr gut, danke (zayr GOOT DAHN-keh)		de-greetings-phrases
So-so	Es geht (es GAYT)		de-greetings-phrases
Not good	Nicht gut (nikht GOOT)		de-greetings-phrases
And you?	Und dir? (oont DEER)		de-greetings-phrases
What is your name?	Wie heißt du? (vee HYSST doo)		de-greetings-phrases
My name is...	Ich heiße... (ikh HY-seh)		de-greetings-phrases
Nice to meet you	Freut mich (froyt MIKH)		de-greetings-phrases
Where are you from?	Woher kommst du? (voh-HAIR komst doo)		de-greetings-phrases
I am from...	Ich komme aus... (ikh KOM-meh ows)		de-greetings-phrases
How old are you?	Wie alt bist du? (vee AHLT bist doo)		de-greetings-phrases
I am ten years old	Ich bin zehn Jahre alt (ikh bin TSAYN YAH-reh ahlt)		de-greetings-phrases
Do you speak English?	Sprichst du Englisch? (shprikhst doo ENG-lish)		de-greetings-phrases
I speak a little German	Ich spreche ein bisschen Deutsch (ikh SHPRE-kheh ine BISS-khen DOYTCH)		de-greetings-phrases
I don't understand	Ich verstehe nicht (ikh fer-SHTAY-eh nikht)		de-greetings-phrases
I understand	Ich verstehe (ikh fer-SHTAY-eh)		de-greetings-phrases
I don't know	Ich weiß nicht (ikh VYSS nikht)		de-greetings-phrases
Can you repeat that?	Kannst du das wiederholen? (kahnst doo dahs vee-der-HOH-len)		de-greetings-phrases
More slowly, please	Langsamer, bitte (LAHNG-zah-mer BIT-teh)		de-greetings-phrases
How do you say...?	Wie sagt man...? (vee zahkt mahn)		de-greetings-phrases
Help!	Hilfe! (HIL-feh)		de-greetings-phrases
Welcome	Willkommen (vil-KOM-men)		de-greetings-phrases
Congratulations	Herzlichen Glückwunsch (HERTS-likh-en GLEWK-voonsh)		de-greetings-phrases
Happy birthday	Alles Gute zum Geburtstag (AHL-les GOO-teh tsoom geh-BOORTS-tahk)		de-greetings-phrases
Merry Christmas	Frohe Weihnachten (FROH-eh VY-nakh-ten)		de-greetings-phrases
Happy New Year	Frohes neues Jahr (FROH-es NOY-es YAHR)		de-greetings-phrases
Good luck	Viel Glück (feel GLEWK)		de-greetings-phrases
Cheers!	Prost! (PROHST)		de-greetings-phrases
Bless you (after a sneeze)	Gesundheit (geh-ZOONT-hite)		de-greetings-phrases
Have a good day	Einen schönen Tag noch (I-nen SHUR-nen TAHK nokh)		de-greetings-phrases
Enjoy your meal	Guten Appetit (GOO-ten ah-peh-TEET)		de-greetings-phrases
Sweet dreams	Schlaf gut (SHLAHF goot)		de-greetings-phrases
Come in	Komm herein (kom her-INE)		de-greetings-phrases
Sit down	Setz dich (zets DIKH)		de-greetings-phrases
Wait a moment	Einen Moment (I-nen moh-MENT)		de-greetings-phrases
I'm hungry	Ich habe Hunger (ikh HAH-beh HOONG-er)		de-greetings-phrases
I'm thirsty	Ich habe Durst (ikh HAH-beh DOORST)		de-greetings-phrases
I'm tired	Ich bin müde (ikh bin MEW-deh)		de-greetings-phrases
I'm cold	Mir ist kalt (meer ist KAHLT)		de-greetings-phrases
I'm hot	Mir ist heiß (meer ist HICE)		de-greetings-phrases
I love you	Ich liebe dich (ikh LEE-beh dikh)		de-greetings-phrases
I like it	Es gefällt mir (es geh-FELT meer)		de-greetings-phrases
I don't like it	Es gefällt mir nicht (es geh-FELT meer nikht)		de-greetings-phrases
I want...	Ich möchte... (ikh MURKH-teh)		de-greetings-phrases
I need...	Ich brauche... (ikh BROW-kheh)		de-greetings-phrases
Of course	Natürlich (nah-TEWR-likh)		de-greetings-phrases
It's okay	Das ist in Ordnung (dahs ist in ORD-noong)		de-greetings-phrases
0	null (nool)		de-numbers
1	eins (ines)		de-numbers
2	zwei (tsvy)		de-numbers
3	drei (dry)		de-numbers
4	vier (feer)		de-numbers
5	fünf (fewnf)		de-numbers
6	sechs (zeks)		de-numbers
7	sieben (ZEE-ben)		de-numbers
8	acht (ahkht)		de-numbers
9	neun (noyn)		de-numbers
10	zehn (tsayn)		de-numbers
11	elf (elf)		de-numbers
12	zwölf (tsvurlf)		de-numbers
13	dreizehn (DRY-tsayn)		de-numbers
14	vierzehn (FEER-tsayn)		de-numbers
15	fünfzehn (FEWNF-tsayn)		de-numbers
16	sechzehn (ZEKH-tsayn)		de-numbers
17	siebzehn (ZEEB-tsayn)		de-numbers
18	achtzehn (AHKH-tsayn)		de-numbers
19	neunzehn (NOYN-tsayn)		de-numbers
20	zwanzig (TSVAHN-tsikh)		de-numbers
21	einundzwanzig (INE-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)		de-numbers
22	zweiundzwanzig (TSVY-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)		de-numbers
23	dreiundzwanzig (DRY-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)		de-numbers
24	vierundzwanzig (FEER-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)		de-numbers
25	fünfundzwanzig (FEWNF-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)		de-numbers
26	sechsundzwanzig (ZEKS-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)		de-numbers
27	siebenundzwanzig (ZEE-ben-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)		de-numbers
28	achtundzwanzig (AHKHT-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)		de-numbers
29	neunundzwanzig (NOYN-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)		de-numbers
30	dreißig (DRY-sikh)		de-numbers
31	einunddreißig (INE-oont-dry-sikh)		de-numbers
40	vierzig (FEER-tsikh)		de-numbers
50	fünfzig (FEWNF-tsikh)		de-numbers
60	sechzig (ZEKH-tsikh)		de-numbers
70	siebzig (ZEEB-tsikh)		de-numbers
80	achtzig (AHKH-tsikh)		de-numbers
90	neunzig (NOYN-tsikh)		de-numbers
100	hundert (HOON-dert)		de-numbers
45	fünfundvierzig (FEWNF-oont-feer-tsikh)		de-numbers
58	achtundfünfzig (AHKHT-oont-fewnf-tsikh)		de-numbers
67	siebenundsechzig (ZEE-ben-oont-zekh-tsikh)		de-numbers
73	dreiundsiebzig (DRY-oont-zeeb-tsikh)		de-numbers
99	neunundneunzig (NOYN-oont-noyn-tsikh)		de-numbers
101	hunderteins (HOON-dert-ines)		de-numbers
200	zweihundert (TSVY-hoon-dert)		de-numbers
1,000	tausend (TOW-zent)		de-numbers
1,000,000	eine Million (I-neh mil-YOHN)		de-numbers
first	erste (AYR-steh)		de-numbers
second	zweite (TSVY-teh)		de-numbers
third	dritte (DRIT-teh)		de-numbers
fourth	vierte (FEER-teh)		de-numbers
fifth	fünfte (FEWNF-teh)		de-numbers
tenth	zehnte (TSAYN-teh)		de-numbers
half	halb (hahlp)		de-numbers
a dozen	ein Dutzend (ine DOOT-tsent)		de-numbers
a pair	ein Paar (ine PAHR)		de-numbers
city	die Stadt (dee SHTAHT)		de-places-travel
village	das Dorf (dahs DORF)		de-places-travel
street	die Straße (dee SHTRAH-sseh)		de-places-travel
store	das Geschäft (dahs geh-SHEFT)		de-places-travel
supermarket	der Supermarkt (dair ZOO-per-markt)		de-places-travel
market	der Markt (dair MARKT)		de-places-travel
bakery	die Bäckerei (dee bek-ker-Y)		de-places-travel
restaurant	das Restaurant (dahs res-toh-RAHNG)		de-places-travel
hospital	das Krankenhaus (dahs KRAHNG-ken-howss)		de-places-travel
pharmacy	die Apotheke (dee ah-poh-TAY-keh)		de-places-travel
bank	die Bank (dee BAHNK)		de-places-travel
post office	die Post (dee POST)		de-places-travel
church	die Kirche (dee KEER-kheh)		de-places-travel
museum	das Museum (dahs moo-ZAY-oom)		de-places-travel
park	der Park (dair PARK)		de-places-travel
zoo	der Zoo (dair TSOH)		de-places-travel
movie theater	das Kino (dahs KEE-noh)		de-places-travel
beach	der Strand (dair SHTRAHNT)		de-places-travel
mountain	der Berg (dair BAIRK)		de-places-travel
river	der Fluss (dair FLOOSS)		de-places-travel
lake	der See (dair ZAY)		de-places-travel
sea	das Meer (dahs MAIR)		de-places-travel
forest	der Wald (dair VAHLT)		de-places-travel
desert	die Wüste (dee VEW-steh)		de-places-travel
island	die Insel (dee IN-zel)		de-places-travel
farm	der Bauernhof (dair BOW-ern-hohf)		de-places-travel
bridge	die Brücke (dee BREW-keh)		de-places-travel
airport	der Flughafen (dair FLOOK-hah-fen)		de-places-travel
train station	der Bahnhof (dair BAHN-hohf)		de-places-travel
bus stop	die Bushaltestelle (dee BOOSS-hahl-teh-shtel-leh)		de-places-travel
hotel	das Hotel (dahs hoh-TEL)		de-places-travel
airplane	das Flugzeug (dahs FLOOK-tsoyk)		de-places-travel
train	der Zug (dair TSOOK)		de-places-travel
bus	der Bus (dair BOOSS)		de-places-travel
car	das Auto (dahs OW-toh)		de-places-travel
bicycle	das Fahrrad (dahs FAR-raht)		de-places-travel
boat	das Boot (dahs BOHT)		de-places-travel
ship	das Schiff (dahs SHIF)		de-places-travel
taxi	das Taxi (dahs TAHK-see)		de-places-travel
subway	die U-Bahn (dee OO-bahn)		de-places-travel
tram	die Straßenbahn (dee SHTRAH-ssen-bahn)		de-places-travel
motorcycle	das Motorrad (dahs MOH-tor-raht)		de-places-travel
ticket	die Fahrkarte (dee FAR-kar-teh)		de-places-travel
passport	der Reisepass (dair RY-zeh-pahss)		de-places-travel
suitcase	der Koffer (dair KOF-fer)		de-places-travel
trip	die Reise (dee RY-zeh)		de-places-travel
vacation	der Urlaub (dair OOR-lowp)		de-places-travel
country	das Land (dahs LAHNT)		de-places-travel
Where is...?	Wo ist...? (voh ist)		de-places-travel
Where is the bathroom?	Wo ist die Toilette? (voh ist dee toy-LET-teh)		de-places-travel
to the right	nach rechts (nahkh REKHTS)		de-places-travel
to the left	nach links (nahkh LINKS)		de-places-travel
straight ahead	geradeaus (geh-RAH-deh-ows)		de-places-travel
here	hier (heer)		de-places-travel
there	dort (dort)		de-places-travel
next to	neben (NAY-ben)		de-places-travel
in front of	vor (for)		de-places-travel
behind	hinter (HIN-ter)		de-places-travel
between	zwischen (TSVISH-en)		de-places-travel
on	auf (owf)		de-places-travel
under	unter (OON-ter)		de-places-travel
inside	drinnen (DRIN-nen)		de-places-travel
outside	draußen (DROW-ssen)		de-places-travel
corner	die Ecke (dee EK-keh)		de-places-travel
How much does it cost?	Wie viel kostet das? (vee FEEL KOS-tet dahs)		de-places-travel
I am lost	Ich habe mich verlaufen (ikh HAH-beh mikh fer-LOW-fen)		de-places-travel
I need help	Ich brauche Hilfe (ikh BROW-kheh HIL-feh)		de-places-travel
a room for two	ein Zimmer für zwei (ine TSIM-mer fewr TSVY)		de-places-travel
north	der Norden (dair NOR-den)		de-places-travel
south	der Süden (dair ZEW-den)		de-places-travel
east	der Osten (dair OS-ten)		de-places-travel
west	der Westen (dair VES-ten)		de-places-travel
money	das Geld (dahs GELT)		de-places-travel
gift	das Geschenk (dahs geh-SHENK)		de-places-travel
camera	die Kamera (dee KAH-meh-rah)		de-places-travel
castle	das Schloss (dahs SHLOSS)		de-places-travel
police	die Polizei (dee pol-ee-TSY)		de-places-travel
fire department	die Feuerwehr (dee FOY-er-vair)		de-places-travel
school	die Schule (dee SHOO-leh)		de-school-home
classroom	das Klassenzimmer (dahs KLAHS-sen-tsim-mer)		de-school-home
teacher (man)	der Lehrer (dair LAIR-er)		de-school-home
teacher (woman)	die Lehrerin (dee LAIR-er-in)		de-school-home
student / pupil (boy)	der Schüler (dair SHEW-ler)		de-school-home
student / pupil (girl)	die Schülerin (dee SHEW-ler-in)		de-school-home
book	das Buch (dahs BOOKH)		de-school-home
notebook	das Heft (dahs HEFT)		de-school-home
pencil	der Bleistift (dair BLY-shtift)		de-school-home
pen	der Kugelschreiber (dair KOO-gel-shry-ber)		de-school-home
eraser	der Radiergummi (dair rah-DEER-goom-mee)		de-school-home
ruler	das Lineal (dahs lee-neh-AHL)		de-school-home
scissors	die Schere (dee SHAY-reh)		de-school-home
glue	der Klebstoff (dair KLAYP-shtof)		de-school-home
paper	das Papier (dahs pah-PEER)		de-school-home
marker	der Filzstift (dair FILTS-shtift)		de-school-home
backpack	der Schulranzen (dair SHOOL-rahn-tsen)		de-school-home
desk	der Schreibtisch (dair SHRYP-tish)		de-school-home
chair	der Stuhl (dair SHTOOL)		de-school-home
table	der Tisch (dair TISH)		de-school-home
board	die Tafel (dee TAH-fel)		de-school-home
computer	der Computer (dair kom-PYOO-ter)		de-school-home
homework	die Hausaufgaben (dee HOWSS-owf-gah-ben)		de-school-home
test	die Prüfung (dee PREW-foong)		de-school-home
lesson	die Stunde (dee SHTOON-deh)		de-school-home
break / recess	die Pause (dee POW-zeh)		de-school-home
library	die Bibliothek (dee bib-lee-oh-TAYK)		de-school-home
map	die Karte (dee KAR-teh)		de-school-home
subject	das Fach (dahs FAHKH)		de-school-home
math	die Mathematik (dee mah-teh-mah-TEEK)		de-school-home
science	die Naturwissenschaft (dee nah-TOOR-vis-sen-shahft)		de-school-home
history	die Geschichte (dee geh-SHIKH-teh)		de-school-home
art	die Kunst (dee KOONST)		de-school-home
music	die Musik (dee moo-ZEEK)		de-school-home
gym / physical education	der Sportunterricht (dair SHPORT-oon-ter-rikht)		de-school-home
German (language)	Deutsch (DOYTCH)		de-school-home
English (language)	Englisch (ENG-lish)		de-school-home
reading	das Lesen (dahs LAY-zen)		de-school-home
question	die Frage (dee FRAH-geh)		de-school-home
answer	die Antwort (dee AHNT-vort)		de-school-home
Raise your hand	Heb die Hand (hayp dee HAHNT)		de-school-home
Open your book	Öffne dein Buch (URF-neh dine BOOKH)		de-school-home
Listen	Hör zu (hur TSOO)		de-school-home
house	das Haus (dahs HOWSS)		de-school-home
apartment	die Wohnung (dee VOH-noong)		de-school-home
room	das Zimmer (dahs TSIM-mer)		de-school-home
bedroom	das Schlafzimmer (dahs SHLAHF-tsim-mer)		de-school-home
bathroom	das Badezimmer (dahs BAH-deh-tsim-mer)		de-school-home
kitchen	die Küche (dee KEW-kheh)		de-school-home
living room	das Wohnzimmer (dahs VOHN-tsim-mer)		de-school-home
dining room	das Esszimmer (dahs ES-tsim-mer)		de-school-home
garage	die Garage (dee gah-RAH-zheh)		de-school-home
garden	der Garten (dair GAR-ten)		de-school-home
door	die Tür (dee TEWR)		de-school-home
window	das Fenster (dahs FEN-ster)		de-school-home
wall	die Wand (dee VAHNT)		de-school-home
floor	der Boden (dair BOH-den)		de-school-home
ceiling	die Decke (dee DEK-keh)		de-school-home
stairs	die Treppe (dee TREP-peh)		de-school-home
roof	das Dach (dahs DAHKH)		de-school-home
bed	das Bett (dahs BET)		de-school-home
pillow	das Kissen (dahs KIS-sen)		de-school-home
blanket	die Decke (dee DEK-keh)		de-school-home
sofa	das Sofa (dahs ZOH-fah)		de-school-home
lamp	die Lampe (dee LAHM-peh)		de-school-home
television	der Fernseher (dair FERN-zay-er)		de-school-home
refrigerator	der Kühlschrank (dair KEWL-shrahnk)		de-school-home
stove	der Herd (dair HAIRT)		de-school-home
oven	der Backofen (dair BAHK-oh-fen)		de-school-home
sink	das Waschbecken (dahs VAHSH-bek-ken)		de-school-home
bathtub	die Badewanne (dee BAH-deh-vah-neh)		de-school-home
shower	die Dusche (dee DOO-sheh)		de-school-home
toilet	die Toilette (dee toy-LET-teh)		de-school-home
mirror	der Spiegel (dair SHPEE-gel)		de-school-home
clock	die Uhr (dee OOR)		de-school-home
key	der Schlüssel (dair SHLEW-ssel)		de-school-home
toy	das Spielzeug (dahs SHPEEL-tsoyk)		de-school-home
ball	der Ball (dair BAHL)		de-school-home
doll	die Puppe (dee POOP-peh)		de-school-home
towel	das Handtuch (dahs HAHNT-tookh)		de-school-home
soap	die Seife (dee ZY-feh)		de-school-home
toothbrush	die Zahnbürste (dee TSAHN-bewr-steh)		de-school-home
trash can	der Mülleimer (dair MEWL-y-mer)		de-school-home
shelf	das Regal (dahs ray-GAHL)		de-school-home
curtain	der Vorhang (dair FOR-hahng)		de-school-home
carpet	der Teppich (dair TEP-pikh)		de-school-home
to be	sein (zine)		de-verbs
to have	haben (HAH-ben)		de-verbs
to become	werden (VAIR-den)		de-verbs
to do / to make	machen (MAHKH-en)		de-verbs
to go	gehen (GAY-en)		de-verbs
to come	kommen (KOM-men)		de-verbs
to say	sagen (ZAH-gen)		de-verbs
to speak	sprechen (SHPREKH-en)		de-verbs
to tell	erzählen (air-TSAY-len)		de-verbs
to give	geben (GAY-ben)		de-verbs
to see	sehen (ZAY-en)		de-verbs
to know (a fact)	wissen (VIS-sen)		de-verbs
to know (a person)	kennen (KEN-nen)		de-verbs
to want	wollen (VOL-len)		de-verbs
to be able to / can	können (KUR-nen)		de-verbs
to have to / must	müssen (MEW-ssen)		de-verbs
to be allowed to	dürfen (DEWR-fen)		de-verbs
to put (upright)	stellen (SHTEL-len)		de-verbs
to put (lay down)	legen (LAY-gen)		de-verbs
to take	nehmen (NAY-men)		de-verbs
to leave	verlassen (fer-LAHS-sen)		de-verbs
to eat	essen (ES-sen)		de-verbs
to drink	trinken (TRING-ken)		de-verbs
to sleep	schlafen (SHLAH-fen)		de-verbs
to live	leben (LAY-ben)		de-verbs
to live (reside)	wohnen (VOH-nen)		de-verbs
to listen	hören (HUR-en)		de-verbs
to look at / to watch	schauen (SHOW-en)		de-verbs
to read	lesen (LAY-zen)		de-verbs
to write	schreiben (SHRY-ben)		de-verbs
to learn	lernen (LAIR-nen)		de-verbs
to study	studieren (shtoo-DEER-en)		de-verbs
to teach	unterrichten (OON-ter-rikh-ten)		de-verbs
to understand	verstehen (fer-SHTAY-en)		de-verbs
to think	denken (DENG-ken)		de-verbs
to believe	glauben (GLOW-ben)		de-verbs
to remember	sich erinnern (zikh air-IN-nern)		de-verbs
to forget	vergessen (fer-GES-sen)		de-verbs
to ask	fragen (FRAH-gen)		de-verbs
to answer	antworten (AHNT-vor-ten)		de-verbs
to call	rufen (ROO-fen)		de-verbs
to walk	gehen / laufen (GAY-en / LOW-fen)		de-verbs
to run	rennen (REN-nen)		de-verbs
to jump	springen (SHPRING-en)		de-verbs
to swim	schwimmen (SHVIM-men)		de-verbs
to dance	tanzen (TAHN-tsen)		de-verbs
to sing	singen (ZING-en)		de-verbs
to play	spielen (SHPEE-len)		de-verbs
to work	arbeiten (AR-by-ten)		de-verbs
to help	helfen (HEL-fen)		de-verbs
to love	lieben (LEE-ben)		de-verbs
to like	mögen (MUR-gen)		de-verbs
to carry	tragen (TRAH-gen)		de-verbs
to bring	bringen (BRING-en)		de-verbs
to buy	kaufen (KOW-fen)		de-verbs
to sell	verkaufen (fer-KOW-fen)		de-verbs
to pay	bezahlen (beh-TSAH-len)		de-verbs
to cost	kosten (KOS-ten)		de-verbs
to open	öffnen (URF-nen)		de-verbs
to close	schließen (SHLEE-ssen)		de-verbs
to begin	anfangen (AHN-fahng-en)		de-verbs
to finish	beenden (beh-EN-den)		de-verbs
to stop	aufhören (OWF-hur-en)		de-verbs
to wait	warten (VAR-ten)		de-verbs
to find	finden (FIN-den)		de-verbs
to look for	suchen (ZOO-khen)		de-verbs
to lose	verlieren (fer-LEER-en)		de-verbs
to win	gewinnen (geh-VIN-nen)		de-verbs
to try	versuchen (fer-ZOO-khen)		de-verbs
to use	benutzen (beh-NOOT-tsen)		de-verbs
to cook	kochen (KOKH-en)		de-verbs
to clean	putzen (POOT-tsen)		de-verbs
to wash	waschen (VAH-shen)		de-verbs
to cut	schneiden (SHNY-den)		de-verbs
to draw	zeichnen (TSYKH-nen)		de-verbs
to paint	malen (MAH-len)		de-verbs
to build	bauen (BOW-en)		de-verbs
to fall	fallen (FAHL-len)		de-verbs
to climb	klettern (KLET-tern)		de-verbs
to enter	eintreten (INE-tray-ten)		de-verbs
to return	zurückkehren (tsoo-REWK-kay-ren)		de-verbs
to arrive	ankommen (AHN-kom-men)		de-verbs
to depart	abfahren (AHP-fah-ren)		de-verbs
to travel	reisen (RY-zen)		de-verbs
to drive	fahren (FAH-ren)		de-verbs
to fly	fliegen (FLEE-gen)		de-verbs
to sit	sitzen (ZIT-tsen)		de-verbs
to stand	stehen (SHTAY-en)		de-verbs
to get up	aufstehen (OWF-shtay-en)		de-verbs
to wake up	aufwachen (OWF-vahkh-en)		de-verbs
to laugh	lachen (LAHKH-en)		de-verbs
to cry	weinen (VY-nen)		de-verbs
to smile	lächeln (LEKH-eln)		de-verbs
to share	teilen (TY-len)		de-verbs
to send	schicken (SHIK-ken)		de-verbs
to receive	bekommen (beh-KOM-men)		de-verbs
to choose	wählen (VAY-len)		de-verbs
to follow	folgen (FOL-gen)		de-verbs
to hope	hoffen (HOF-fen)		de-verbs
to stay	bleiben (BLY-ben)		de-verbs
to change	ändern (EN-dern)		de-verbs
to need	brauchen (BROW-khen)		de-verbs
Monday	Montag (MOHN-tahk)		de-weather-time
Tuesday	Dienstag (DEENS-tahk)		de-weather-time
Wednesday	Mittwoch (MIT-vokh)		de-weather-time
Thursday	Donnerstag (DON-ners-tahk)		de-weather-time
Friday	Freitag (FRY-tahk)		de-weather-time
Saturday	Samstag (ZAHMS-tahk)		de-weather-time
Sunday	Sonntag (ZON-tahk)		de-weather-time
week	die Woche (dee VOKH-eh)		de-weather-time
weekend	das Wochenende (dahs VOKH-en-en-deh)		de-weather-time
January	Januar (YAHN-oo-ar)		de-weather-time
February	Februar (FAY-broo-ar)		de-weather-time
March	März (MAIRTS)		de-weather-time
April	April (ah-PRIL)		de-weather-time
May	Mai (MY)		de-weather-time
June	Juni (YOO-nee)		de-weather-time
July	Juli (YOO-lee)		de-weather-time
August	August (ow-GOOST)		de-weather-time
September	September (zep-TEM-ber)		de-weather-time
October	Oktober (ok-TOH-ber)		de-weather-time
November	November (noh-VEM-ber)		de-weather-time
December	Dezember (day-TSEM-ber)		de-weather-time
month	der Monat (dair MOH-naht)		de-weather-time
year	das Jahr (dahs YAHR)		de-weather-time
spring	der Frühling (dair FREW-ling)		de-weather-time
summer	der Sommer (dair ZOM-mer)		de-weather-time
fall / autumn	der Herbst (dair HAIRPST)		de-weather-time
winter	der Winter (dair VIN-ter)		de-weather-time
season	die Jahreszeit (dee YAH-res-tsite)		de-weather-time
today	heute (HOY-teh)		de-weather-time
yesterday	gestern (GES-tern)		de-weather-time
tomorrow	morgen (MOR-gen)		de-weather-time
now	jetzt (YETST)		de-weather-time
later	später (SHPAY-ter)		de-weather-time
always	immer (IM-mer)		de-weather-time
never	nie (NEE)		de-weather-time
sometimes	manchmal (MAHNKH-mahl)		de-weather-time
morning	der Morgen (dair MOR-gen)		de-weather-time
afternoon	der Nachmittag (dair NAHKH-mit-tahk)		de-weather-time
evening	der Abend (dair AH-bent)		de-weather-time
night	die Nacht (dee NAHKHT)		de-weather-time
day	der Tag (dair TAHK)		de-weather-time
hour	die Stunde (dee SHTOON-deh)		de-weather-time
minute	die Minute (dee mee-NOO-teh)		de-weather-time
second	die Sekunde (dee zeh-KOON-deh)		de-weather-time
What time is it?	Wie spät ist es? (vee SHPAYT ist es)		de-weather-time
It is one o'clock	Es ist ein Uhr (es ist ine OOR)		de-weather-time
It is three o'clock	Es ist drei Uhr (es ist dry OOR)		de-weather-time
half past (half to the next hour)	halb (hahlp)		de-weather-time
quarter past	Viertel nach (FEER-tel nahkh)		de-weather-time
quarter to	Viertel vor (FEER-tel for)		de-weather-time
noon	der Mittag (dair MIT-tahk)		de-weather-time
midnight	die Mitternacht (dee MIT-ter-nahkht)		de-weather-time
early	früh (FREW)		de-weather-time
late	spät (SHPAYT)		de-weather-time
birthday	der Geburtstag (dair geh-BOORTS-tahk)		de-weather-time
calendar	der Kalender (dair kah-LEN-der)		de-weather-time
weather	das Wetter (dahs VET-ter)		de-weather-time
What is the weather like?	Wie ist das Wetter? (vee ist dahs VET-ter)		de-weather-time
It is sunny	Es ist sonnig (es ist ZON-nikh)		de-weather-time
It is hot	Es ist heiß (es ist HICE)		de-weather-time
It is cold	Es ist kalt (es ist KAHLT)		de-weather-time
It is windy	Es ist windig (es ist VIN-dikh)		de-weather-time
It is cloudy	Es ist bewölkt (es ist beh-VURLKT)		de-weather-time
It is raining	Es regnet (es RAYG-net)		de-weather-time
It is snowing	Es schneit (es SHNITE)		de-weather-time
rain	der Regen (dair RAY-gen)		de-weather-time
snow	der Schnee (dair SHNAY)		de-weather-time
sun	die Sonne (dee ZON-neh)		de-weather-time
moon	der Mond (dair MOHNT)		de-weather-time
star	der Stern (dair SHTERN)		de-weather-time
sky	der Himmel (dair HIM-mel)		de-weather-time
cloud	die Wolke (dee VOL-keh)		de-weather-time
wind	der Wind (dair VINT)		de-weather-time
storm	der Sturm (dair SHTOORM)		de-weather-time
thunder	der Donner (dair DON-ner)		de-weather-time
lightning	der Blitz (dair BLITS)		de-weather-time
fog	der Nebel (dair NAY-bel)		de-weather-time
ice	das Eis (dahs ICE)		de-weather-time
temperature	die Temperatur (dee tem-per-ah-TOOR)		de-weather-time
rainbow	der Regenbogen (dair RAY-gen-boh-gen)		de-weather-time
Who?	¿Quién? (kee-EHN)		es-adjectives-questions
What?	¿Qué? (keh)		es-adjectives-questions
Where?	¿Dónde? (DOHN-deh)		es-adjectives-questions
When?	¿Cuándo? (KWAHN-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
Why?	¿Por qué? (pohr KEH)		es-adjectives-questions
How?	¿Cómo? (KOH-moh)		es-adjectives-questions
How much?	¿Cuánto? (KWAHN-toh)		es-adjectives-questions
How many?	¿Cuántos? (KWAHN-tohs)		es-adjectives-questions
Which?	¿Cuál? (kwahl)		es-adjectives-questions
Where to?	¿Adónde? (ah-DOHN-deh)		es-adjectives-questions
From where?	¿De dónde? (deh DOHN-deh)		es-adjectives-questions
Whose?	¿De quién? (deh kee-EHN)		es-adjectives-questions
because	porque (POHR-keh)		es-adjectives-questions
big	grande (GRAHN-deh)		es-adjectives-questions
small	pequeño (peh-KEH-nyoh)		es-adjectives-questions
tall	alto (AHL-toh)		es-adjectives-questions
short (height)	bajo (BAH-hoh)		es-adjectives-questions
long	largo (LAR-goh)		es-adjectives-questions
short (length)	corto (KOHR-toh)		es-adjectives-questions
fat / thick	gordo (GOHR-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
thin	delgado (dehl-GAH-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
new	nuevo (NWEH-voh)		es-adjectives-questions
old	viejo (vee-EH-hoh)		es-adjectives-questions
young	joven (HOH-vehn)		es-adjectives-questions
good	bueno (BWEH-noh)		es-adjectives-questions
bad	malo (MAH-loh)		es-adjectives-questions
better	mejor (meh-HOHR)		es-adjectives-questions
worse	peor (peh-OHR)		es-adjectives-questions
beautiful	bonito (boh-NEE-toh)		es-adjectives-questions
pretty	lindo (LEEN-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
ugly	feo (FEH-oh)		es-adjectives-questions
happy	feliz (feh-LEES)		es-adjectives-questions
sad	triste (TREE-steh)		es-adjectives-questions
angry	enojado (eh-noh-HAH-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
scared	asustado (ah-soo-STAH-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
tired	cansado (kahn-SAH-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
hungry	hambriento (ahm-bree-EHN-toh)		es-adjectives-questions
sick	enfermo (ehn-FEHR-moh)		es-adjectives-questions
healthy	sano (SAH-noh)		es-adjectives-questions
funny	gracioso (grah-see-OH-soh)		es-adjectives-questions
serious	serio (SEH-ree-oh)		es-adjectives-questions
smart	inteligente (een-teh-lee-HEHN-teh)		es-adjectives-questions
silly	tonto (TOHN-toh)		es-adjectives-questions
kind	amable (ah-MAH-bleh)		es-adjectives-questions
brave	valiente (vah-lee-EHN-teh)		es-adjectives-questions
shy	tímido (TEE-mee-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
lazy	perezoso (peh-reh-SOH-soh)		es-adjectives-questions
hardworking	trabajador (trah-bah-hah-DOHR)		es-adjectives-questions
fast	rápido (RAH-pee-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
slow	lento (LEHN-toh)		es-adjectives-questions
hot	caliente (kah-lee-EHN-teh)		es-adjectives-questions
cold	frío (FREE-oh)		es-adjectives-questions
warm	tibio (TEE-bee-oh)		es-adjectives-questions
hard	duro (DOO-roh)		es-adjectives-questions
soft	suave (SWAH-veh)		es-adjectives-questions
easy	fácil (FAH-seel)		es-adjectives-questions
difficult	difícil (dee-FEE-seel)		es-adjectives-questions
heavy	pesado (peh-SAH-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
light (weight)	ligero (lee-HEH-roh)		es-adjectives-questions
full	lleno (YEH-noh)		es-adjectives-questions
empty	vacío (vah-SEE-oh)		es-adjectives-questions
open	abierto (ah-bee-EHR-toh)		es-adjectives-questions
closed	cerrado (seh-RRAH-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
clean	limpio (LEEM-pee-oh)		es-adjectives-questions
dirty	sucio (SOO-see-oh)		es-adjectives-questions
wet	mojado (moh-HAH-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
dry	seco (SEH-koh)		es-adjectives-questions
rich	rico (RREE-koh)		es-adjectives-questions
poor	pobre (POH-breh)		es-adjectives-questions
expensive	caro (KAH-roh)		es-adjectives-questions
cheap	barato (bah-RAH-toh)		es-adjectives-questions
strong	fuerte (FWEHR-teh)		es-adjectives-questions
weak	débil (DEH-beel)		es-adjectives-questions
loud	ruidoso (rwee-DOH-soh)		es-adjectives-questions
quiet	tranquilo (trahn-KEE-loh)		es-adjectives-questions
near	cerca (SEHR-kah)		es-adjectives-questions
far	lejos (LEH-hohs)		es-adjectives-questions
many / a lot	mucho (MOO-choh)		es-adjectives-questions
few / a little	poco (POH-koh)		es-adjectives-questions
all	todo (TOH-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
same	igual (ee-GWAHL)		es-adjectives-questions
different	diferente (dee-feh-REHN-teh)		es-adjectives-questions
important	importante (eem-pohr-TAHN-teh)		es-adjectives-questions
special	especial (eh-speh-see-AHL)		es-adjectives-questions
true	verdadero (vehr-dah-DEH-roh)		es-adjectives-questions
false	falso (FAHL-soh)		es-adjectives-questions
ready	listo (LEE-stoh)		es-adjectives-questions
free	libre (LEE-breh)		es-adjectives-questions
busy	ocupado (oh-koo-PAH-doh)		es-adjectives-questions
dangerous	peligroso (peh-lee-GROH-soh)		es-adjectives-questions
delicious	delicioso (deh-lee-see-OH-soh)		es-adjectives-questions
dog	el perro (ehl PEH-rroh)		es-animals
cat	el gato (ehl GAH-toh)		es-animals
bird	el pájaro (ehl PAH-hah-roh)		es-animals
fish	el pez (ehl PEHS)		es-animals
horse	el caballo (ehl kah-BAH-yoh)		es-animals
cow	la vaca (lah VAH-kah)		es-animals
pig	el cerdo (ehl SEHR-doh)		es-animals
sheep	la oveja (lah oh-VEH-hah)		es-animals
goat	la cabra (lah KAH-brah)		es-animals
chicken	la gallina (lah gah-YEE-nah)		es-animals
rooster	el gallo (ehl GAH-yoh)		es-animals
duck	el pato (ehl PAH-toh)		es-animals
rabbit	el conejo (ehl koh-NEH-hoh)		es-animals
mouse	el ratón (ehl rah-TOHN)		es-animals
turkey	el pavo (ehl PAH-voh)		es-animals
donkey	el burro (ehl BOO-rroh)		es-animals
lion	el león (ehl leh-OHN)		es-animals
tiger	el tigre (ehl TEE-greh)		es-animals
bear	el oso (ehl OH-soh)		es-animals
elephant	el elefante (ehl eh-leh-FAHN-teh)		es-animals
giraffe	la jirafa (lah hee-RAH-fah)		es-animals
monkey	el mono (ehl MOH-noh)		es-animals
zebra	la cebra (lah SEH-brah)		es-animals
wolf	el lobo (ehl LOH-boh)		es-animals
fox	el zorro (ehl SOH-rroh)		es-animals
deer	el ciervo (ehl see-EHR-voh)		es-animals
hippopotamus	el hipopótamo (ehl ee-poh-POH-tah-moh)		es-animals
rhinoceros	el rinoceronte (ehl ree-noh-seh-ROHN-teh)		es-animals
kangaroo	el canguro (ehl kahn-GOO-roh)		es-animals
panda	el oso panda (ehl OH-soh PAHN-dah)		es-animals
squirrel	la ardilla (lah ar-DEE-yah)		es-animals
bat	el murciélago (ehl moor-see-EH-lah-goh)		es-animals
camel	el camello (ehl kah-MEH-yoh)		es-animals
gorilla	el gorila (ehl goh-REE-lah)		es-animals
whale	la ballena (lah bah-YEH-nah)		es-animals
dolphin	el delfín (ehl dehl-FEEN)		es-animals
shark	el tiburón (ehl tee-boo-ROHN)		es-animals
octopus	el pulpo (ehl POOL-poh)		es-animals
turtle	la tortuga (lah tohr-TOO-gah)		es-animals
crab	el cangrejo (ehl kahn-GREH-hoh)		es-animals
seal	la foca (lah FOH-kah)		es-animals
jellyfish	la medusa (lah meh-DOO-sah)		es-animals
starfish	la estrella de mar (lah eh-STREH-yah deh mar)		es-animals
frog	la rana (lah RAH-nah)		es-animals
snake	la serpiente (lah sehr-pee-EHN-teh)		es-animals
lizard	la lagartija (lah lah-gar-TEE-hah)		es-animals
crocodile	el cocodrilo (ehl koh-koh-DREE-loh)		es-animals
butterfly	la mariposa (lah mah-ree-POH-sah)		es-animals
bee	la abeja (lah ah-BEH-hah)		es-animals
ant	la hormiga (lah ohr-MEE-gah)		es-animals
spider	la araña (lah ah-RAH-nyah)		es-animals
fly	la mosca (lah MOH-skah)		es-animals
ladybug	la mariquita (lah mah-ree-KEE-tah)		es-animals
worm	el gusano (ehl goo-SAH-noh)		es-animals
snail	el caracol (ehl kah-rah-KOHL)		es-animals
mosquito	el mosquito (ehl moh-SKEE-toh)		es-animals
eagle	el águila (ehl AH-gee-lah)		es-animals
owl	el búho (ehl BOO-oh)		es-animals
parrot	el loro (ehl LOH-roh)		es-animals
penguin	el pingüino (ehl peen-GWEE-noh)		es-animals
swan	el cisne (ehl SEES-neh)		es-animals
dove	la paloma (lah pah-LOH-mah)		es-animals
puppy	el cachorro (ehl kah-CHOH-rroh)		es-animals
kitten	el gatito (ehl gah-TEE-toh)		es-animals
animal	el animal (ehl ah-nee-MAHL)		es-animals
head	la cabeza (lah kah-BEH-sah)		es-body-clothes
hair	el pelo (ehl PEH-loh)		es-body-clothes
face	la cara (lah KAH-rah)		es-body-clothes
eye	el ojo (ehl OH-hoh)		es-body-clothes
ear	la oreja (lah oh-REH-hah)		es-body-clothes
nose	la nariz (lah nah-REES)		es-body-clothes
mouth	la boca (lah BOH-kah)		es-body-clothes
tooth	el diente (ehl dee-EHN-teh)		es-body-clothes
tongue	la lengua (lah LEHN-gwah)		es-body-clothes
lip	el labio (ehl LAH-bee-oh)		es-body-clothes
cheek	la mejilla (lah meh-HEE-yah)		es-body-clothes
chin	la barbilla (lah bar-BEE-yah)		es-body-clothes
neck	el cuello (ehl KWEH-yoh)		es-body-clothes
shoulder	el hombro (ehl OHM-broh)		es-body-clothes
arm	el brazo (ehl BRAH-soh)		es-body-clothes
elbow	el codo (ehl KOH-doh)		es-body-clothes
hand	la mano (lah MAH-noh)		es-body-clothes
finger	el dedo (ehl DEH-doh)		es-body-clothes
thumb	el pulgar (ehl pool-GAHR)		es-body-clothes
fingernail	la uña (lah OO-nyah)		es-body-clothes
chest	el pecho (ehl PEH-choh)		es-body-clothes
back	la espalda (lah eh-SPAHL-dah)		es-body-clothes
stomach	el estómago (ehl eh-STOH-mah-goh)		es-body-clothes
belly	la barriga (lah bah-RREE-gah)		es-body-clothes
leg	la pierna (lah pee-EHR-nah)		es-body-clothes
knee	la rodilla (lah roh-DEE-yah)		es-body-clothes
foot	el pie (ehl pee-EH)		es-body-clothes
toe	el dedo del pie (ehl DEH-doh dehl pee-EH)		es-body-clothes
ankle	el tobillo (ehl toh-BEE-yoh)		es-body-clothes
heart	el corazón (ehl koh-rah-SOHN)		es-body-clothes
brain	el cerebro (ehl seh-REH-broh)		es-body-clothes
bone	el hueso (ehl WEH-soh)		es-body-clothes
skin	la piel (lah pee-EHL)		es-body-clothes
body	el cuerpo (ehl KWEHR-poh)		es-body-clothes
I have a headache	Me duele la cabeza (meh DWEH-leh lah kah-BEH-sah)		es-body-clothes
My stomach hurts	Me duele el estómago (meh DWEH-leh ehl eh-STOH-mah-goh)		es-body-clothes
I am sick	Estoy enfermo (eh-STOY ehn-FEHR-moh)		es-body-clothes
doctor	el médico (ehl MEH-dee-koh)		es-body-clothes
clothes	la ropa (lah ROH-pah)		es-body-clothes
shirt	la camisa (lah kah-MEE-sah)		es-body-clothes
T-shirt	la camiseta (lah kah-mee-SEH-tah)		es-body-clothes
pants	los pantalones (lohs pahn-tah-LOH-nehs)		es-body-clothes
shorts	los pantalones cortos (lohs pahn-tah-LOH-nehs KOR-tohs)		es-body-clothes
jeans	los vaqueros (lohs vah-KEH-rohs)		es-body-clothes
skirt	la falda (lah FAHL-dah)		es-body-clothes
dress	el vestido (ehl veh-STEE-doh)		es-body-clothes
sweater	el suéter (ehl SWEH-tehr)		es-body-clothes
jacket	la chaqueta (lah chah-KEH-tah)		es-body-clothes
coat	el abrigo (ehl ah-BREE-goh)		es-body-clothes
hoodie	la sudadera (lah soo-dah-DEH-rah)		es-body-clothes
socks	los calcetines (lohs kahl-seh-TEE-nehs)		es-body-clothes
shoes	los zapatos (lohs sah-PAH-tohs)		es-body-clothes
sneakers	los tenis (lohs TEH-nees)		es-body-clothes
boots	las botas (lahs BOH-tahs)		es-body-clothes
sandals	las sandalias (lahs sahn-DAH-lee-ahs)		es-body-clothes
hat	el sombrero (ehl sohm-BREH-roh)		es-body-clothes
cap	la gorra (lah GOH-rrah)		es-body-clothes
gloves	los guantes (lohs GWAHN-tehs)		es-body-clothes
scarf	la bufanda (lah boo-FAHN-dah)		es-body-clothes
belt	el cinturón (ehl seen-too-ROHN)		es-body-clothes
pajamas	la piyama (lah pee-YAH-mah)		es-body-clothes
underwear	la ropa interior (lah ROH-pah een-teh-ree-OHR)		es-body-clothes
swimsuit	el traje de baño (ehl TRAH-heh deh BAH-nyoh)		es-body-clothes
umbrella	el paraguas (ehl pah-RAH-gwahs)		es-body-clothes
glasses	las gafas (lahs GAH-fahs)		es-body-clothes
backpack	la mochila (lah moh-CHEE-lah)		es-body-clothes
pocket	el bolsillo (ehl bohl-SEE-yoh)		es-body-clothes
button	el botón (ehl boh-TOHN)		es-body-clothes
zipper	la cremallera (lah kreh-mah-YEH-rah)		es-body-clothes
tie	la corbata (lah kohr-BAH-tah)		es-body-clothes
ring	el anillo (ehl ah-NEE-yoh)		es-body-clothes
watch	el reloj (ehl reh-LOHH)		es-body-clothes
purse	el bolso (ehl BOHL-soh)		es-body-clothes
to get dressed	vestirse (veh-STEER-seh)		es-body-clothes
red	rojo (ROH-hoh)		es-colors-family
blue	azul (ah-SOOL)		es-colors-family
yellow	amarillo (ah-mah-REE-yoh)		es-colors-family
green	verde (VEHR-deh)		es-colors-family
orange	naranja (nah-RAHN-hah)		es-colors-family
purple	morado (moh-RAH-doh)		es-colors-family
pink	rosa (ROH-sah)		es-colors-family
brown	marrón (mah-RROHN)		es-colors-family
black	negro (NEH-groh)		es-colors-family
white	blanco (BLAHN-koh)		es-colors-family
gray	gris (GREES)		es-colors-family
gold	dorado (doh-RAH-doh)		es-colors-family
silver	plateado (plah-teh-AH-doh)		es-colors-family
light blue	celeste (seh-LEHS-teh)		es-colors-family
dark	oscuro (oh-SKOO-roh)		es-colors-family
light (color)	claro (KLAH-roh)		es-colors-family
color	el color (ehl koh-LOHR)		es-colors-family
rainbow	el arcoíris (ehl ar-koh-EE-rees)		es-colors-family
circle	el círculo (ehl SEER-koo-loh)		es-colors-family
square	el cuadrado (ehl kwah-DRAH-doh)		es-colors-family
triangle	el triángulo (ehl tree-AHN-goo-loh)		es-colors-family
rectangle	el rectángulo (ehl rehk-TAHN-goo-loh)		es-colors-family
star	la estrella (lah eh-STREH-yah)		es-colors-family
heart	el corazón (ehl koh-rah-SOHN)		es-colors-family
oval	el óvalo (ehl OH-vah-loh)		es-colors-family
line	la línea (lah LEE-neh-ah)		es-colors-family
family	la familia (lah fah-MEE-lee-ah)		es-colors-family
mother	la madre (lah MAH-dreh)		es-colors-family
father	el padre (ehl PAH-dreh)		es-colors-family
mom	la mamá (lah mah-MAH)		es-colors-family
dad	el papá (ehl pah-PAH)		es-colors-family
parents	los padres (lohs PAH-drehs)		es-colors-family
son	el hijo (ehl EE-hoh)		es-colors-family
daughter	la hija (lah EE-hah)		es-colors-family
children (sons and daughters)	los hijos (lohs EE-hohs)		es-colors-family
brother	el hermano (ehl ehr-MAH-noh)		es-colors-family
sister	la hermana (lah ehr-MAH-nah)		es-colors-family
grandmother	la abuela (lah ah-BWEH-lah)		es-colors-family
grandfather	el abuelo (ehl ah-BWEH-loh)		es-colors-family
grandparents	los abuelos (lohs ah-BWEH-lohs)		es-colors-family
grandson	el nieto (ehl nee-EH-toh)		es-colors-family
granddaughter	la nieta (lah nee-EH-tah)		es-colors-family
uncle	el tío (ehl TEE-oh)		es-colors-family
aunt	la tía (lah TEE-ah)		es-colors-family
cousin (boy)	el primo (ehl PREE-moh)		es-colors-family
cousin (girl)	la prima (lah PREE-mah)		es-colors-family
nephew	el sobrino (ehl soh-BREE-noh)		es-colors-family
niece	la sobrina (lah soh-BREE-nah)		es-colors-family
husband	el esposo (ehl eh-SPOH-soh)		es-colors-family
wife	la esposa (lah eh-SPOH-sah)		es-colors-family
baby	el bebé (ehl beh-BEH)		es-colors-family
boy	el niño (ehl NEE-nyoh)		es-colors-family
girl	la niña (lah NEE-nyah)		es-colors-family
man	el hombre (ehl OHM-breh)		es-colors-family
woman	la mujer (lah moo-HEHR)		es-colors-family
friend (boy)	el amigo (ehl ah-MEE-goh)		es-colors-family
friend (girl)	la amiga (lah ah-MEE-gah)		es-colors-family
neighbor	el vecino (ehl veh-SEE-noh)		es-colors-family
stepfather	el padrastro (ehl pah-DRAH-stroh)		es-colors-family
stepmother	la madrastra (lah mah-DRAH-strah)		es-colors-family
twin	el gemelo (ehl heh-MEH-loh)		es-colors-family
godfather	el padrino (ehl pah-DREE-noh)		es-colors-family
godmother	la madrina (lah mah-DREE-nah)		es-colors-family
teenager	el adolescente (ehl ah-doh-leh-SEHN-teh)		es-colors-family
people	la gente (lah HEHN-teh)		es-colors-family
pet	la mascota (lah mah-SKOH-tah)		es-colors-family
I am (ser)	yo soy (SOY)		es-conjugation-grammar
you are (ser)	tú eres (EH-rehs)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she is (ser)	él/ella es (ehs)		es-conjugation-grammar
we are (ser)	nosotros somos (SOH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they are (ser)	ellos son (sohn)		es-conjugation-grammar
I am (estar)	yo estoy (eh-STOY)		es-conjugation-grammar
you are (estar)	tú estás (eh-STAHS)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she is (estar)	él/ella está (eh-STAH)		es-conjugation-grammar
we are (estar)	nosotros estamos (eh-STAH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they are (estar)	ellos están (eh-STAHN)		es-conjugation-grammar
I have (tener)	yo tengo (TEHN-goh)		es-conjugation-grammar
you have (tener)	tú tienes (tee-EH-nehs)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she has (tener)	él/ella tiene (tee-EH-neh)		es-conjugation-grammar
we have (tener)	nosotros tenemos (teh-NEH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they have (tener)	ellos tienen (tee-EH-nehn)		es-conjugation-grammar
I go (ir)	yo voy (VOY)		es-conjugation-grammar
you go (ir)	tú vas (VAHS)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she goes (ir)	él/ella va (VAH)		es-conjugation-grammar
we go (ir)	nosotros vamos (VAH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they go (ir)	ellos van (VAHN)		es-conjugation-grammar
I do / make (hacer)	yo hago (AH-goh)		es-conjugation-grammar
you do / make (hacer)	tú haces (AH-sehs)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she does / makes (hacer)	él/ella hace (AH-seh)		es-conjugation-grammar
we do / make (hacer)	nosotros hacemos (ah-SEH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they do / make (hacer)	ellos hacen (AH-sehn)		es-conjugation-grammar
I can (poder)	yo puedo (PWEH-doh)		es-conjugation-grammar
you can (poder)	tú puedes (PWEH-dehs)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she can (poder)	él/ella puede (PWEH-deh)		es-conjugation-grammar
we can (poder)	nosotros podemos (poh-DEH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they can (poder)	ellos pueden (PWEH-dehn)		es-conjugation-grammar
I want (querer)	yo quiero (kee-EH-roh)		es-conjugation-grammar
you want (querer)	tú quieres (kee-EH-rehs)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she wants (querer)	él/ella quiere (kee-EH-reh)		es-conjugation-grammar
we want (querer)	nosotros queremos (keh-REH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they want (querer)	ellos quieren (kee-EH-rehn)		es-conjugation-grammar
I say (decir)	yo digo (DEE-goh)		es-conjugation-grammar
you say (decir)	tú dices (DEE-sehs)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she says (decir)	él/ella dice (DEE-seh)		es-conjugation-grammar
we say (decir)	nosotros decimos (deh-SEE-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they say (decir)	ellos dicen (DEE-sehn)		es-conjugation-grammar
I come (venir)	yo vengo (VEHN-goh)		es-conjugation-grammar
you come (venir)	tú vienes (vee-EH-nehs)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she comes (venir)	él/ella viene (vee-EH-neh)		es-conjugation-grammar
we come (venir)	nosotros venimos (veh-NEE-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they come (venir)	ellos vienen (vee-EH-nehn)		es-conjugation-grammar
I see (ver)	yo veo (VEH-oh)		es-conjugation-grammar
you see (ver)	tú ves (VEHS)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she sees (ver)	él/ella ve (VEH)		es-conjugation-grammar
we see (ver)	nosotros vemos (VEH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they see (ver)	ellos ven (VEHN)		es-conjugation-grammar
I give (dar)	yo doy (DOY)		es-conjugation-grammar
you give (dar)	tú das (DAHS)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she gives (dar)	él/ella da (DAH)		es-conjugation-grammar
we give (dar)	nosotros damos (DAH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they give (dar)	ellos dan (DAHN)		es-conjugation-grammar
I know a fact (saber)	yo sé (SEH)		es-conjugation-grammar
you know a fact (saber)	tú sabes (SAH-behs)		es-conjugation-grammar
he/she knows a fact (saber)	él/ella sabe (SAH-beh)		es-conjugation-grammar
we know a fact (saber)	nosotros sabemos (sah-BEH-mohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they know a fact (saber)	ellos saben (SAH-behn)		es-conjugation-grammar
the (masculine singular)	el (ehl)		es-conjugation-grammar
the (feminine singular)	la (lah)		es-conjugation-grammar
the (masculine plural)	los (lohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
the (feminine plural)	las (lahs)		es-conjugation-grammar
a (masculine)	un (oon)		es-conjugation-grammar
a (feminine)	una (OO-nah)		es-conjugation-grammar
I (pronoun)	yo (yoh)		es-conjugation-grammar
you (informal)	tú (too)		es-conjugation-grammar
you (formal)	usted (oos-TEHD)		es-conjugation-grammar
we	nosotros (noh-SOH-trohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
they (masculine or mixed)	ellos (EH-yohs)		es-conjugation-grammar
How do you make a Spanish noun plural if it ends in a vowel?	Add -s (casa → casas) (Ends in a consonant? Add -es: papel → papeles)		es-conjugation-grammar
How do you say a question in writing?	Put ¿ at the start and ? at the end (Exclamations use ¡ and !)		es-conjugation-grammar
Where do most adjectives go?	After the noun (el perro grande) (The big dog = the dog big)		es-conjugation-grammar
Do adjectives agree with the noun?	Yes: gato negro, gata negra (They match gender and number)		es-conjugation-grammar
What do verbs ending in -ar, -er, -ir do?	They change their endings for each person (hablo, hablas, habla...)		es-conjugation-grammar
Do you need the subject pronoun?	Usually no: Hablo español (The verb ending shows who)		es-conjugation-grammar
How do you make a sentence negative?	Put no before the verb (No hablo francés)		es-conjugation-grammar
food	la comida (lah koh-MEE-dah)		es-food-drink
water	el agua (ehl AH-gwah)		es-food-drink
milk	la leche (lah LEH-cheh)		es-food-drink
juice	el jugo (ehl HOO-goh)		es-food-drink
coffee	el café (ehl kah-FEH)		es-food-drink
tea	el té (ehl TEH)		es-food-drink
soda	el refresco (ehl reh-FREH-skoh)		es-food-drink
hot chocolate	el chocolate caliente (ehl choh-koh-LAH-teh kah-lee-EHN-teh)		es-food-drink
bread	el pan (ehl PAHN)		es-food-drink
butter	la mantequilla (lah mahn-teh-KEE-yah)		es-food-drink
cheese	el queso (ehl KEH-soh)		es-food-drink
egg	el huevo (ehl WEH-voh)		es-food-drink
rice	el arroz (ehl ah-RROHS)		es-food-drink
beans	los frijoles (lohs free-HOH-lehs)		es-food-drink
soup	la sopa (lah SOH-pah)		es-food-drink
salad	la ensalada (lah ehn-sah-LAH-dah)		es-food-drink
sandwich	el sándwich (ehl SAHND-weech)		es-food-drink
pizza	la pizza (lah PEE-sah)		es-food-drink
pasta	la pasta (lah PAH-stah)		es-food-drink
meat	la carne (lah KAR-neh)		es-food-drink
chicken (meat)	el pollo (ehl POH-yoh)		es-food-drink
beef	la carne de res (lah KAR-neh deh REHS)		es-food-drink
pork	el cerdo (ehl SEHR-doh)		es-food-drink
ham	el jamón (ehl hah-MOHN)		es-food-drink
sausage	la salchicha (lah sahl-CHEE-chah)		es-food-drink
fish (food)	el pescado (ehl peh-SKAH-doh)		es-food-drink
shrimp	el camarón (ehl kah-mah-ROHN)		es-food-drink
french fries	las papas fritas (lahs PAH-pahs FREE-tahs)		es-food-drink
hamburger	la hamburguesa (lah ahm-boor-GEH-sah)		es-food-drink
hot dog	el perro caliente (ehl PEH-rroh kah-lee-EHN-teh)		es-food-drink
tortilla	la tortilla (lah tohr-TEE-yah)		es-food-drink
breakfast	el desayuno (ehl deh-sah-YOO-noh)		es-food-drink
lunch	el almuerzo (ehl ahl-MWEHR-soh)		es-food-drink
dinner	la cena (lah SEH-nah)		es-food-drink
snack	la merienda (lah meh-ree-EHN-dah)		es-food-drink
dessert	el postre (ehl POH-streh)		es-food-drink
apple	la manzana (lah mahn-SAH-nah)		es-food-drink
banana	el plátano (ehl PLAH-tah-noh)		es-food-drink
orange (fruit)	la naranja (lah nah-RAHN-hah)		es-food-drink
strawberry	la fresa (lah FREH-sah)		es-food-drink
grapes	las uvas (lahs OO-vahs)		es-food-drink
watermelon	la sandía (lah sahn-DEE-ah)		es-food-drink
pineapple	la piña (lah PEE-nyah)		es-food-drink
lemon	el limón (ehl lee-MOHN)		es-food-drink
peach	el durazno (ehl doo-RAHS-noh)		es-food-drink
pear	la pera (lah PEH-rah)		es-food-drink
cherry	la cereza (lah seh-REH-sah)		es-food-drink
mango	el mango (ehl MAHN-goh)		es-food-drink
blueberry	el arándano (ehl ah-RAHN-dah-noh)		es-food-drink
coconut	el coco (ehl KOH-koh)		es-food-drink
fruit	la fruta (lah FROO-tah)		es-food-drink
vegetable	la verdura (lah vehr-DOO-rah)		es-food-drink
potato	la papa (lah PAH-pah)		es-food-drink
tomato	el tomate (ehl toh-MAH-teh)		es-food-drink
carrot	la zanahoria (lah sah-nah-OH-ree-ah)		es-food-drink
onion	la cebolla (lah seh-BOH-yah)		es-food-drink
lettuce	la lechuga (lah leh-CHOO-gah)		es-food-drink
corn	el maíz (ehl mah-EES)		es-food-drink
peas	los guisantes (lohs gee-SAHN-tehs)		es-food-drink
broccoli	el brócoli (ehl BROH-koh-lee)		es-food-drink
cucumber	el pepino (ehl peh-PEE-noh)		es-food-drink
garlic	el ajo (ehl AH-hoh)		es-food-drink
mushroom	el champiñón (ehl chahm-pee-NYOHN)		es-food-drink
pepper (vegetable)	el pimiento (ehl pee-mee-EHN-toh)		es-food-drink
avocado	el aguacate (ehl ah-gwah-KAH-teh)		es-food-drink
cake	el pastel (ehl pah-STEHL)		es-food-drink
cookie	la galleta (lah gah-YEH-tah)		es-food-drink
ice cream	el helado (ehl eh-LAH-doh)		es-food-drink
candy	el dulce (ehl DOOL-seh)		es-food-drink
chocolate	el chocolate (ehl choh-koh-LAH-teh)		es-food-drink
sugar	el azúcar (ehl ah-SOO-kahr)		es-food-drink
salt	la sal (lah SAHL)		es-food-drink
pepper (spice)	la pimienta (lah pee-mee-EHN-tah)		es-food-drink
honey	la miel (lah mee-EHL)		es-food-drink
jam	la mermelada (lah mehr-meh-LAH-dah)		es-food-drink
cereal	el cereal (ehl seh-reh-AHL)		es-food-drink
nuts	las nueces (lahs NWEH-sehs)		es-food-drink
popcorn	las palomitas (lahs pah-loh-MEE-tahs)		es-food-drink
plate	el plato (ehl PLAH-toh)		es-food-drink
fork	el tenedor (ehl teh-neh-DOHR)		es-food-drink
knife	el cuchillo (ehl koo-CHEE-yoh)		es-food-drink
spoon	la cuchara (lah koo-CHAH-rah)		es-food-drink
cup	la taza (lah TAH-sah)		es-food-drink
glass	el vaso (ehl VAH-soh)		es-food-drink
napkin	la servilleta (lah sehr-vee-YEH-tah)		es-food-drink
bowl	el tazón (ehl tah-SOHN)		es-food-drink
menu	el menú (ehl meh-NOO)		es-food-drink
The check, please	La cuenta, por favor (lah KWEHN-tah pohr fah-VOHR)		es-food-drink
I would like...	Quisiera... (kee-see-EH-rah)		es-food-drink
It's delicious	Está delicioso (eh-STAH deh-lee-see-OH-soh)		es-food-drink
I am vegetarian	Soy vegetariano (SOY veh-heh-tah-ree-AH-noh)		es-food-drink
waiter	el mesero (ehl meh-SEH-roh)		es-food-drink
restaurant	el restaurante (ehl reh-stow-RAHN-teh)		es-food-drink
Hello	Hola (OH-lah (the h is silent))		es-greetings-phrases
Good morning	Buenos días (BWEH-nohs DEE-ahs)		es-greetings-phrases
Good afternoon	Buenas tardes (BWEH-nahs TAR-dehs)		es-greetings-phrases
Good evening / Good night	Buenas noches (BWEH-nahs NOH-chehs)		es-greetings-phrases
Goodbye	Adiós (ah-dee-OHS)		es-greetings-phrases
See you later	Hasta luego (AH-stah LWEH-goh)		es-greetings-phrases
See you tomorrow	Hasta mañana (AH-stah mah-NYAH-nah)		es-greetings-phrases
See you soon	Hasta pronto (AH-stah PROHN-toh)		es-greetings-phrases
Bye (casual)	Chao (CHOW)		es-greetings-phrases
Please	Por favor (pohr fah-VOHR)		es-greetings-phrases
Thank you	Gracias (GRAH-see-ahs)		es-greetings-phrases
Thank you very much	Muchas gracias (MOO-chahs GRAH-see-ahs)		es-greetings-phrases
You're welcome	De nada (deh NAH-dah)		es-greetings-phrases
Excuse me (to get attention)	Perdón (pehr-DOHN)		es-greetings-phrases
Excuse me (to pass by)	Con permiso (kohn pehr-MEE-soh)		es-greetings-phrases
I'm sorry	Lo siento (loh see-EHN-toh)		es-greetings-phrases
Yes	Sí (SEE)		es-greetings-phrases
No	No (NOH)		es-greetings-phrases
Maybe	Quizás (kee-SAHS)		es-greetings-phrases
How are you? (informal)	¿Cómo estás? (KOH-moh eh-STAHS)		es-greetings-phrases
How are you? (formal)	¿Cómo está usted? (KOH-moh eh-STAH oos-TEHD)		es-greetings-phrases
I am fine	Estoy bien (eh-STOY bee-EHN)		es-greetings-phrases
Very well, thank you	Muy bien, gracias (mwee bee-EHN GRAH-see-ahs)		es-greetings-phrases
So-so	Así así (ah-SEE ah-SEE)		es-greetings-phrases
Not good	Mal (MAHL)		es-greetings-phrases
And you?	¿Y tú? (ee TOO)		es-greetings-phrases
What is your name?	¿Cómo te llamas? (KOH-moh teh YAH-mahs)		es-greetings-phrases
My name is...	Me llamo... (meh YAH-moh)		es-greetings-phrases
Nice to meet you	Mucho gusto (MOO-choh GOO-stoh)		es-greetings-phrases
Pleased to meet you	Encantado / Encantada (ehn-kahn-TAH-doh / -dah)		es-greetings-phrases
Where are you from?	¿De dónde eres? (deh DOHN-deh EH-rehs)		es-greetings-phrases
I am from...	Soy de... (SOY deh)		es-greetings-phrases
How old are you?	¿Cuántos años tienes? (KWAHN-tohs AH-nyohs tee-EH-nehs)		es-greetings-phrases
I am ten years old	Tengo diez años (TEHN-goh dee-EHS AH-nyohs)		es-greetings-phrases
Do you speak English?	¿Hablas inglés? (AH-blahs een-GLEHS)		es-greetings-phrases
I speak a little Spanish	Hablo un poco de español (AH-bloh oon POH-koh deh eh-spah-NYOHL)		es-greetings-phrases
I don't understand	No entiendo (noh ehn-tee-EHN-doh)		es-greetings-phrases
I understand	Entiendo (ehn-tee-EHN-doh)		es-greetings-phrases
I don't know	No sé (noh SEH)		es-greetings-phrases
Can you repeat that?	¿Puedes repetir? (PWEH-dehs reh-peh-TEER)		es-greetings-phrases
More slowly, please	Más despacio, por favor (mahs dehs-PAH-see-oh pohr fah-VOHR)		es-greetings-phrases
What does it mean?	¿Qué significa? (keh seeg-nee-FEE-kah)		es-greetings-phrases
How do you say...?	¿Cómo se dice...? (KOH-moh seh DEE-seh)		es-greetings-phrases
Help!	¡Ayuda! (ah-YOO-dah)		es-greetings-phrases
Welcome	Bienvenido (bee-ehn-veh-NEE-doh)		es-greetings-phrases
Congratulations	Felicidades (feh-lee-see-DAH-dehs)		es-greetings-phrases
Happy birthday	Feliz cumpleaños (feh-LEES koom-pleh-AH-nyohs)		es-greetings-phrases
Merry Christmas	Feliz Navidad (feh-LEES nah-vee-DAHD)		es-greetings-phrases
Happy New Year	Feliz Año Nuevo (feh-LEES AH-nyoh NWEH-voh)		es-greetings-phrases
Good luck	Buena suerte (BWEH-nah SWEHR-teh)		es-greetings-phrases
Cheers! (to your health)	¡Salud! (sah-LOOD)		es-greetings-phrases
Bless you (after a sneeze)	Salud (sah-LOOD)		es-greetings-phrases
Have a good day	Que tengas un buen día (keh TEHN-gahs oon bwehn DEE-ah)		es-greetings-phrases
Enjoy your meal	Buen provecho (bwehn proh-VEH-choh)		es-greetings-phrases
Sweet dreams	Dulces sueños (DOOL-sehs SWEH-nyohs)		es-greetings-phrases
Come in	Pasa (PAH-sah)		es-greetings-phrases
Sit down	Siéntate (see-EHN-tah-teh)		es-greetings-phrases
Wait a moment	Un momento (oon moh-MEHN-toh)		es-greetings-phrases
I'm hungry	Tengo hambre (TEHN-goh AHM-breh)		es-greetings-phrases
I'm thirsty	Tengo sed (TEHN-goh SEHD)		es-greetings-phrases
I'm tired	Estoy cansado / cansada (eh-STOY kahn-SAH-doh)		es-greetings-phrases
I'm cold	Tengo frío (TEHN-goh FREE-oh)		es-greetings-phrases
I'm hot	Tengo calor (TEHN-goh kah-LOHR)		es-greetings-phrases
I love you	Te quiero (teh kee-EH-roh)		es-greetings-phrases
I like it	Me gusta (meh GOO-stah)		es-greetings-phrases
I don't like it	No me gusta (noh meh GOO-stah)		es-greetings-phrases
I want...	Quiero... (kee-EH-roh)		es-greetings-phrases
I need...	Necesito... (neh-seh-SEE-toh)		es-greetings-phrases
Of course	Claro que sí (KLAH-roh keh SEE)		es-greetings-phrases
It's okay	Está bien (eh-STAH bee-EHN)		es-greetings-phrases
0	cero (SEH-roh)		es-numbers
1	uno (OO-noh)		es-numbers
2	dos (DOHS)		es-numbers
3	tres (TREHS)		es-numbers
4	cuatro (KWAH-troh)		es-numbers
5	cinco (SEEN-koh)		es-numbers
6	seis (SEHS)		es-numbers
7	siete (see-EH-teh)		es-numbers
8	ocho (OH-choh)		es-numbers
9	nueve (NWEH-veh)		es-numbers
10	diez (dee-EHS)		es-numbers
11	once (OHN-seh)		es-numbers
12	doce (DOH-seh)		es-numbers
13	trece (TREH-seh)		es-numbers
14	catorce (kah-TOHR-seh)		es-numbers
15	quince (KEEN-seh)		es-numbers
16	dieciséis (dee-eh-see-SEHS)		es-numbers
17	diecisiete (dee-eh-see-see-EH-teh)		es-numbers
18	dieciocho (dee-eh-see-OH-choh)		es-numbers
19	diecinueve (dee-eh-see-NWEH-veh)		es-numbers
20	veinte (VEYN-teh)		es-numbers
21	veintiuno (veyn-tee-OO-noh)		es-numbers
22	veintidós (veyn-tee-DOHS)		es-numbers
23	veintitrés (veyn-tee-TREHS)		es-numbers
24	veinticuatro (veyn-tee-KWAH-troh)		es-numbers
25	veinticinco (veyn-tee-SEEN-koh)		es-numbers
26	veintiséis (veyn-tee-SEHS)		es-numbers
27	veintisiete (veyn-tee-see-EH-teh)		es-numbers
28	veintiocho (veyn-tee-OH-choh)		es-numbers
29	veintinueve (veyn-tee-NWEH-veh)		es-numbers
30	treinta (TREYN-tah)		es-numbers
31	treinta y uno (TREYN-tah ee OO-noh)		es-numbers
40	cuarenta (kwah-REHN-tah)		es-numbers
50	cincuenta (seen-KWEHN-tah)		es-numbers
60	sesenta (seh-SEHN-tah)		es-numbers
70	setenta (seh-TEHN-tah)		es-numbers
80	ochenta (oh-CHEHN-tah)		es-numbers
90	noventa (noh-VEHN-tah)		es-numbers
100	cien (see-EHN)		es-numbers
45	cuarenta y cinco (kwah-REHN-tah ee SEEN-koh)		es-numbers
58	cincuenta y ocho (seen-KWEHN-tah ee OH-choh)		es-numbers
67	sesenta y siete (seh-SEHN-tah ee see-EH-teh)		es-numbers
73	setenta y tres (seh-TEHN-tah ee TREHS)		es-numbers
99	noventa y nueve (noh-VEHN-tah ee NWEH-veh)		es-numbers
101	ciento uno (see-EHN-toh OO-noh)		es-numbers
200	doscientos (dohs-see-EHN-tohs)		es-numbers
500	quinientos (kee-nee-EHN-tohs)		es-numbers
1,000	mil (MEEL)		es-numbers
1,000,000	un millón (oon mee-YOHN)		es-numbers
first	primero (pree-MEH-roh)		es-numbers
second	segundo (seh-GOON-doh)		es-numbers
third	tercero (tehr-SEH-roh)		es-numbers
fourth	cuarto (KWAR-toh)		es-numbers
fifth	quinto (KEEN-toh)		es-numbers
tenth	décimo (DEH-see-moh)		es-numbers
half	la mitad (lah mee-TAHD)		es-numbers
a pair	un par (oon PAHR)		es-numbers
a dozen	una docena (OO-nah doh-SEH-nah)		es-numbers
none (not one)	ninguno (neen-GOO-noh)		es-numbers
city	la ciudad (lah see-oo-DAHD)		es-places-travel
town	el pueblo (ehl PWEH-bloh)		es-places-travel
street	la calle (lah KAH-yeh)		es-places-travel
store	la tienda (lah tee-EHN-dah)		es-places-travel
supermarket	el supermercado (ehl soo-pehr-mehr-KAH-doh)		es-places-travel
market	el mercado (ehl mehr-KAH-doh)		es-places-travel
bakery	la panadería (lah pah-nah-deh-REE-ah)		es-places-travel
restaurant	el restaurante (ehl reh-stow-RAHN-teh)		es-places-travel
hospital	el hospital (ehl oh-spee-TAHL)		es-places-travel
pharmacy	la farmacia (lah far-MAH-see-ah)		es-places-travel
bank	el banco (ehl BAHN-koh)		es-places-travel
post office	el correo (ehl koh-RREH-oh)		es-places-travel
church	la iglesia (lah ee-GLEH-see-ah)		es-places-travel
museum	el museo (ehl moo-SEH-oh)		es-places-travel
park	el parque (ehl PAR-keh)		es-places-travel
zoo	el zoológico (ehl soh-oh-LOH-hee-koh)		es-places-travel
movie theater	el cine (ehl SEE-neh)		es-places-travel
beach	la playa (lah PLAH-yah)		es-places-travel
mountain	la montaña (lah mohn-TAH-nyah)		es-places-travel
river	el río (ehl RREE-oh)		es-places-travel
lake	el lago (ehl LAH-goh)		es-places-travel
sea / ocean	el mar (ehl MAR)		es-places-travel
forest	el bosque (ehl BOH-skeh)		es-places-travel
desert	el desierto (ehl deh-see-EHR-toh)		es-places-travel
island	la isla (lah EES-lah)		es-places-travel
farm	la granja (lah GRAHN-hah)		es-places-travel
bridge	el puente (ehl PWEHN-teh)		es-places-travel
airport	el aeropuerto (ehl ah-eh-roh-PWEHR-toh)		es-places-travel
train station	la estación de tren (lah eh-stah-see-OHN deh trehn)		es-places-travel
bus stop	la parada de autobús (lah pah-RAH-dah deh ow-toh-BOOS)		es-places-travel
hotel	el hotel (ehl oh-TEHL)		es-places-travel
airplane	el avión (ehl ah-vee-OHN)		es-places-travel
train	el tren (ehl TREHN)		es-places-travel
bus	el autobús (ehl ow-toh-BOOS)		es-places-travel
car	el coche (ehl KOH-cheh)		es-places-travel
bicycle	la bicicleta (lah bee-see-KLEH-tah)		es-places-travel
boat	el barco (ehl BAR-koh)		es-places-travel
taxi	el taxi (ehl TAHK-see)		es-places-travel
subway	el metro (ehl MEH-troh)		es-places-travel
motorcycle	la motocicleta (lah moh-toh-see-KLEH-tah)		es-places-travel
ticket	el boleto (ehl boh-LEH-toh)		es-places-travel
passport	el pasaporte (ehl pah-sah-POHR-teh)		es-places-travel
suitcase	la maleta (lah mah-LEH-tah)		es-places-travel
map	el mapa (ehl MAH-pah)		es-places-travel
trip	el viaje (ehl vee-AH-heh)		es-places-travel
vacation	las vacaciones (lahs vah-kah-see-OH-nehs)		es-places-travel
country	el país (ehl pah-EES)		es-places-travel
Where is...?	¿Dónde está...? (DOHN-deh eh-STAH)		es-places-travel
Where is the bathroom?	¿Dónde está el baño? (DOHN-deh eh-STAH ehl BAH-nyoh)		es-places-travel
to the right	a la derecha (ah lah deh-REH-chah)		es-places-travel
to the left	a la izquierda (ah lah ees-kee-EHR-dah)		es-places-travel
straight ahead	todo recto (TOH-doh RREHK-toh)		es-places-travel
Turn	Gira (HEE-rah)		es-places-travel
here	aquí (ah-KEE)		es-places-travel
there	allí (ah-YEE)		es-places-travel
near	cerca (SEHR-kah)		es-places-travel
far	lejos (LEH-hohs)		es-places-travel
next to	al lado de (ahl LAH-doh deh)		es-places-travel
in front of	delante de (deh-LAHN-teh deh)		es-places-travel
behind	detrás de (deh-TRAHS deh)		es-places-travel
between	entre (EHN-treh)		es-places-travel
on / on top of	sobre (SOH-breh)		es-places-travel
under	debajo de (deh-BAH-hoh deh)		es-places-travel
inside	dentro (DEHN-troh)		es-places-travel
outside	fuera (FWEH-rah)		es-places-travel
corner	la esquina (lah eh-SKEE-nah)		es-places-travel
How much does it cost?	¿Cuánto cuesta? (KWAHN-toh KWEH-stah)		es-places-travel
I am lost	Estoy perdido (eh-STOY pehr-DEE-doh)		es-places-travel
I need help	Necesito ayuda (neh-seh-SEE-toh ah-YOO-dah)		es-places-travel
a room for two	una habitación para dos (OO-nah ah-bee-tah-see-OHN PAH-rah dohs)		es-places-travel
north	el norte (ehl NOHR-teh)		es-places-travel
south	el sur (ehl SOOR)		es-places-travel
east	el este (ehl EH-steh)		es-places-travel
west	el oeste (ehl oh-EH-steh)		es-places-travel
money	el dinero (ehl dee-NEH-roh)		es-places-travel
gift	el regalo (ehl reh-GAH-loh)		es-places-travel
camera	la cámara (lah KAH-mah-rah)		es-places-travel
camping tent	la tienda de campaña (lah tee-EHN-dah deh kahm-PAH-nyah)		es-places-travel
fire station	la estación de bomberos (lah eh-stah-see-OHN deh bohm-BEH-rohs)		es-places-travel
police	la policía (lah poh-lee-SEE-ah)		es-places-travel
school	la escuela (lah eh-SKWEH-lah)		es-school-home
classroom	el salón de clases (ehl sah-LOHN deh KLAH-sehs)		es-school-home
teacher (man)	el maestro (ehl mah-EH-stroh)		es-school-home
teacher (woman)	la maestra (lah mah-EH-strah)		es-school-home
student	el estudiante (ehl eh-stoo-dee-AHN-teh)		es-school-home
book	el libro (ehl LEE-broh)		es-school-home
notebook	el cuaderno (ehl kwah-DEHR-noh)		es-school-home
pencil	el lápiz (ehl LAH-pees)		es-school-home
pen	el bolígrafo (ehl boh-LEE-grah-foh)		es-school-home
eraser	la goma de borrar (lah GOH-mah deh boh-RRAR)		es-school-home
ruler	la regla (lah REH-glah)		es-school-home
scissors	las tijeras (lahs tee-HEH-rahs)		es-school-home
glue	el pegamento (ehl peh-gah-MEHN-toh)		es-school-home
paper	el papel (ehl pah-PEHL)		es-school-home
crayon	el crayón (ehl krah-YOHN)		es-school-home
marker	el marcador (ehl mar-kah-DOHR)		es-school-home
backpack	la mochila (lah moh-CHEE-lah)		es-school-home
desk	el pupitre (ehl poo-PEE-treh)		es-school-home
chair	la silla (lah SEE-yah)		es-school-home
table	la mesa (lah MEH-sah)		es-school-home
board	la pizarra (lah pee-SAH-rrah)		es-school-home
computer	la computadora (lah kohm-poo-tah-DOH-rah)		es-school-home
homework	la tarea (lah tah-REH-ah)		es-school-home
test	el examen (ehl ehk-SAH-mehn)		es-school-home
lesson	la lección (lah lehk-see-OHN)		es-school-home
recess	el recreo (ehl reh-KREH-oh)		es-school-home
library	la biblioteca (lah bee-blee-oh-TEH-kah)		es-school-home
map	el mapa (ehl MAH-pah)		es-school-home
subject	la materia (lah mah-TEH-ree-ah)		es-school-home
math	las matemáticas (lahs mah-teh-MAH-tee-kahs)		es-school-home
science	las ciencias (lahs see-EHN-see-ahs)		es-school-home
history	la historia (lah ee-STOH-ree-ah)		es-school-home
art	el arte (ehl AR-teh)		es-school-home
music	la música (lah MOO-see-kah)		es-school-home
gym / physical education	la educación física (lah eh-doo-kah-see-OHN FEE-see-kah)		es-school-home
Spanish (language)	el español (ehl eh-spah-NYOHL)		es-school-home
English (language)	el inglés (ehl een-GLEHS)		es-school-home
reading	la lectura (lah lehk-TOO-rah)		es-school-home
question	la pregunta (lah preh-GOON-tah)		es-school-home
answer	la respuesta (lah reh-SPWEH-stah)		es-school-home
Raise your hand	Levanta la mano (leh-VAHN-tah lah MAH-noh)		es-school-home
Open your book	Abre tu libro (AH-breh too LEE-broh)		es-school-home
Listen	Escucha (eh-SKOO-chah)		es-school-home
house	la casa (lah KAH-sah)		es-school-home
apartment	el apartamento (ehl ah-par-tah-MEHN-toh)		es-school-home
room	el cuarto (ehl KWAR-toh)		es-school-home
bedroom	el dormitorio (ehl dohr-mee-TOH-ree-oh)		es-school-home
bathroom	el baño (ehl BAH-nyoh)		es-school-home
kitchen	la cocina (lah koh-SEE-nah)		es-school-home
living room	la sala (lah SAH-lah)		es-school-home
dining room	el comedor (ehl koh-meh-DOHR)		es-school-home
garage	el garaje (ehl gah-RAH-heh)		es-school-home
garden	el jardín (ehl har-DEEN)		es-school-home
yard	el patio (ehl PAH-tee-oh)		es-school-home
door	la puerta (lah PWEHR-tah)		es-school-home
window	la ventana (lah vehn-TAH-nah)		es-school-home
wall	la pared (lah pah-REHD)		es-school-home
floor	el piso (ehl PEE-soh)		es-school-home
ceiling	el techo (ehl TEH-choh)		es-school-home
stairs	las escaleras (lahs eh-skah-LEH-rahs)		es-school-home
roof	el techo (ehl TEH-choh)		es-school-home
bed	la cama (lah KAH-mah)		es-school-home
pillow	la almohada (lah ahl-moh-AH-dah)		es-school-home
blanket	la cobija (lah koh-BEE-hah)		es-school-home
sofa	el sofá (ehl soh-FAH)		es-school-home
lamp	la lámpara (lah LAHM-pah-rah)		es-school-home
television	la televisión (lah teh-leh-vee-see-OHN)		es-school-home
refrigerator	el refrigerador (ehl reh-free-heh-rah-DOHR)		es-school-home
stove	la estufa (lah eh-STOO-fah)		es-school-home
oven	el horno (ehl OHR-noh)		es-school-home
sink	el lavabo (ehl lah-VAH-boh)		es-school-home
bathtub	la bañera (lah bah-NYEH-rah)		es-school-home
shower	la ducha (lah DOO-chah)		es-school-home
toilet	el inodoro (ehl ee-noh-DOH-roh)		es-school-home
mirror	el espejo (ehl eh-SPEH-hoh)		es-school-home
clock	el reloj (ehl reh-LOHH)		es-school-home
key	la llave (lah YAH-veh)		es-school-home
toy	el juguete (ehl hoo-GEH-teh)		es-school-home
ball	la pelota (lah peh-LOH-tah)		es-school-home
doll	la muñeca (lah moo-NYEH-kah)		es-school-home
towel	la toalla (lah toh-AH-yah)		es-school-home
soap	el jabón (ehl hah-BOHN)		es-school-home
toothbrush	el cepillo de dientes (ehl seh-PEE-yoh deh dee-EHN-tehs)		es-school-home
trash can	el bote de basura (ehl BOH-teh deh bah-SOO-rah)		es-school-home
shelf	el estante (ehl eh-STAHN-teh)		es-school-home
curtain	la cortina (lah kohr-TEE-nah)		es-school-home
carpet	la alfombra (lah ahl-FOHM-brah)		es-school-home
to be (permanent)	ser (sehr)		es-verbs
to be (state, place)	estar (eh-STAR)		es-verbs
to have	tener (teh-NEHR)		es-verbs
to do / to make	hacer (ah-SEHR)		es-verbs
to go	ir (eer)		es-verbs
to come	venir (veh-NEER)		es-verbs
to say / to tell	decir (deh-SEER)		es-verbs
to give	dar (dar)		es-verbs
to see	ver (vehr)		es-verbs
to know (a fact)	saber (sah-BEHR)		es-verbs
to know (a person or place)	conocer (koh-noh-SEHR)		es-verbs
to want	querer (keh-REHR)		es-verbs
to be able to / can	poder (poh-DEHR)		es-verbs
to put	poner (poh-NEHR)		es-verbs
to leave / to go out	salir (sah-LEER)		es-verbs
to eat	comer (koh-MEHR)		es-verbs
to drink	beber (beh-BEHR)		es-verbs
to sleep	dormir (dohr-MEER)		es-verbs
to live	vivir (vee-VEER)		es-verbs
to speak	hablar (ah-BLAR)		es-verbs
to listen	escuchar (eh-skoo-CHAR)		es-verbs
to look at / to watch	mirar (mee-RAR)		es-verbs
to hear	oír (oh-EER)		es-verbs
to read	leer (leh-EHR)		es-verbs
to write	escribir (eh-skree-BEER)		es-verbs
to learn	aprender (ah-prehn-DEHR)		es-verbs
to study	estudiar (eh-stoo-dee-AR)		es-verbs
to teach	enseñar (ehn-seh-NYAR)		es-verbs
to understand	entender (ehn-tehn-DEHR)		es-verbs
to think	pensar (pehn-SAR)		es-verbs
to remember	recordar (reh-kohr-DAR)		es-verbs
to forget	olvidar (ohl-vee-DAR)		es-verbs
to ask (a question)	preguntar (preh-goon-TAR)		es-verbs
to answer	responder (reh-spohn-DEHR)		es-verbs
to call	llamar (yah-MAR)		es-verbs
to walk	caminar (kah-mee-NAR)		es-verbs
to run	correr (koh-RREHR)		es-verbs
to jump	saltar (sahl-TAR)		es-verbs
to swim	nadar (nah-DAR)		es-verbs
to dance	bailar (bye-LAR)		es-verbs
to sing	cantar (kahn-TAR)		es-verbs
to play (a game)	jugar (hoo-GAR)		es-verbs
to play (an instrument)	tocar (toh-KAR)		es-verbs
to work	trabajar (trah-bah-HAR)		es-verbs
to help	ayudar (ah-yoo-DAR)		es-verbs
to need	necesitar (neh-seh-see-TAR)		es-verbs
to like (it pleases)	gustar (goo-STAR)		es-verbs
to love	amar (ah-MAR)		es-verbs
to take / to drink / to grab	tomar (toh-MAR)		es-verbs
to carry / to wear	llevar (yeh-VAR)		es-verbs
to bring	traer (trah-EHR)		es-verbs
to buy	comprar (kohm-PRAR)		es-verbs
to sell	vender (vehn-DEHR)		es-verbs
to pay	pagar (pah-GAR)		es-verbs
to cost	costar (koh-STAR)		es-verbs
to open	abrir (ah-BREER)		es-verbs
to close	cerrar (seh-RRAR)		es-verbs
to begin	empezar (ehm-peh-SAR)		es-verbs
to finish	terminar (tehr-mee-NAR)		es-verbs
to stop	parar (pah-RAR)		es-verbs
to wait for	esperar (eh-speh-RAR)		es-verbs
to find	encontrar (ehn-kohn-TRAR)		es-verbs
to look for	buscar (boo-SKAR)		es-verbs
to lose	perder (pehr-DEHR)		es-verbs
to win	ganar (gah-NAR)		es-verbs
to try / to taste	probar (proh-BAR)		es-verbs
to try / to attempt	intentar (een-tehn-TAR)		es-verbs
to use	usar (oo-SAR)		es-verbs
to cook	cocinar (koh-see-NAR)		es-verbs
to clean	limpiar (leem-pee-AR)		es-verbs
to wash	lavar (lah-VAR)		es-verbs
to cut	cortar (kohr-TAR)		es-verbs
to draw	dibujar (dee-boo-HAR)		es-verbs
to paint	pintar (peen-TAR)		es-verbs
to build	construir (kohns-troo-EER)		es-verbs
to fall	caer (kah-EHR)		es-verbs
to climb	subir (soo-BEER)		es-verbs
to go down	bajar (bah-HAR)		es-verbs
to enter	entrar (ehn-TRAR)		es-verbs
to return	volver (vohl-VEHR)		es-verbs
to arrive	llegar (yeh-GAR)		es-verbs
to travel	viajar (vee-ah-HAR)		es-verbs
to drive	conducir (kohn-doo-SEER)		es-verbs
to ride / to go up	montar (mohn-TAR)		es-verbs
to fly	volar (voh-LAR)		es-verbs
to sit	sentarse (sehn-TAR-seh)		es-verbs
to get up	levantarse (leh-vahn-TAR-seh)		es-verbs
to wake up	despertarse (dehs-pehr-TAR-seh)		es-verbs
to shower / bathe	bañarse (bah-NYAR-seh)		es-verbs
to laugh	reír (reh-EER)		es-verbs
to cry	llorar (yoh-RAR)		es-verbs
to smile	sonreír (sohn-reh-EER)		es-verbs
to share	compartir (kohm-par-TEER)		es-verbs
to send	enviar (ehn-vee-AR)		es-verbs
to receive	recibir (reh-see-BEER)		es-verbs
to choose	elegir (eh-leh-HEER)		es-verbs
to follow	seguir (seh-GEER)		es-verbs
to ask for (a thing)	pedir (peh-DEER)		es-verbs
to believe	creer (kreh-EHR)		es-verbs
to wish / to hope	esperar (eh-speh-RAR)		es-verbs
to happen	pasar (pah-SAR)		es-verbs
to stay	quedarse (keh-DAR-seh)		es-verbs
to catch	atrapar (ah-trah-PAR)		es-verbs
to move	mover (moh-VEHR)		es-verbs
to change	cambiar (kahm-bee-AR)		es-verbs
Monday	lunes (LOO-nehs)		es-weather-time
Tuesday	martes (MAR-tehs)		es-weather-time
Wednesday	miércoles (mee-EHR-koh-lehs)		es-weather-time
Thursday	jueves (HWEH-vehs)		es-weather-time
Friday	viernes (vee-EHR-nehs)		es-weather-time
Saturday	sábado (SAH-bah-doh)		es-weather-time
Sunday	domingo (doh-MEEN-goh)		es-weather-time
week	la semana (lah seh-MAH-nah)		es-weather-time
weekend	el fin de semana (ehl feen deh seh-MAH-nah)		es-weather-time
January	enero (eh-NEH-roh)		es-weather-time
February	febrero (feh-BREH-roh)		es-weather-time
March	marzo (MAR-soh)		es-weather-time
April	abril (ah-BREEL)		es-weather-time
May	mayo (MAH-yoh)		es-weather-time
June	junio (HOO-nee-oh)		es-weather-time
July	julio (HOO-lee-oh)		es-weather-time
August	agosto (ah-GOH-stoh)		es-weather-time
September	septiembre (sehp-tee-EHM-breh)		es-weather-time
October	octubre (ohk-TOO-breh)		es-weather-time
November	noviembre (noh-vee-EHM-breh)		es-weather-time
December	diciembre (dee-see-EHM-breh)		es-weather-time
month	el mes (ehl MEHS)		es-weather-time
year	el año (ehl AH-nyoh)		es-weather-time
spring	la primavera (lah pree-mah-VEH-rah)		es-weather-time
summer	el verano (ehl veh-RAH-noh)		es-weather-time
fall / autumn	el otoño (ehl oh-TOH-nyoh)		es-weather-time
winter	el invierno (ehl een-vee-EHR-noh)		es-weather-time
season	la estación (lah eh-stah-see-OHN)		es-weather-time
today	hoy (OY)		es-weather-time
yesterday	ayer (ah-YEHR)		es-weather-time
tomorrow	mañana (mah-NYAH-nah)		es-weather-time
now	ahora (ah-OH-rah)		es-weather-time
later	después (dehs-PWEHS)		es-weather-time
always	siempre (see-EHM-preh)		es-weather-time
never	nunca (NOON-kah)		es-weather-time
sometimes	a veces (ah VEH-sehs)		es-weather-time
morning	la mañana (lah mah-NYAH-nah)		es-weather-time
afternoon	la tarde (lah TAR-deh)		es-weather-time
night	la noche (lah NOH-cheh)		es-weather-time
day	el día (ehl DEE-ah)		es-weather-time
hour	la hora (lah OH-rah)		es-weather-time
minute	el minuto (ehl mee-NOO-toh)		es-weather-time
second	el segundo (ehl seh-GOON-doh)		es-weather-time
What time is it?	¿Qué hora es? (keh OH-rah ehs)		es-weather-time
It is one o'clock	Es la una (ehs lah OO-nah)		es-weather-time
It is three o'clock	Son las tres (sohn lahs TREHS)		es-weather-time
half past (and thirty)	y media (ee MEH-dee-ah)		es-weather-time
quarter past (and fifteen)	y cuarto (ee KWAR-toh)		es-weather-time
noon	el mediodía (ehl meh-dee-oh-DEE-ah)		es-weather-time
midnight	la medianoche (lah meh-dee-ah-NOH-cheh)		es-weather-time
early	temprano (tehm-PRAH-noh)		es-weather-time
late	tarde (TAR-deh)		es-weather-time
birthday	el cumpleaños (ehl koom-pleh-AH-nyohs)		es-weather-time
calendar	el calendario (ehl kah-lehn-DAH-ree-oh)		es-weather-time
weather	el tiempo (ehl tee-EHM-poh)		es-weather-time
What is the weather like?	¿Qué tiempo hace? (keh tee-EHM-poh AH-seh)		es-weather-time
It is sunny	Hace sol (AH-seh SOHL)		es-weather-time
It is hot	Hace calor (AH-seh kah-LOHR)		es-weather-time
It is cold	Hace frío (AH-seh FREE-oh)		es-weather-time
It is windy	Hace viento (AH-seh vee-EHN-toh)		es-weather-time
It is nice weather	Hace buen tiempo (AH-seh bwehn tee-EHM-poh)		es-weather-time
It is raining	Llueve (YWEH-veh)		es-weather-time
It is snowing	Nieva (nee-EH-vah)		es-weather-time
rain	la lluvia (lah YOO-vee-ah)		es-weather-time
snow	la nieve (lah nee-EH-veh)		es-weather-time
sun	el sol (ehl SOHL)		es-weather-time
moon	la luna (lah LOO-nah)		es-weather-time
star	la estrella (lah eh-STREH-yah)		es-weather-time
sky	el cielo (ehl see-EH-loh)		es-weather-time
cloud	la nube (lah NOO-beh)		es-weather-time
cloudy	nublado (noo-BLAH-doh)		es-weather-time
wind	el viento (ehl vee-EHN-toh)		es-weather-time
storm	la tormenta (lah tohr-MEHN-tah)		es-weather-time
thunder	el trueno (ehl TRWEH-noh)		es-weather-time
lightning	el relámpago (ehl reh-LAHM-pah-goh)		es-weather-time
fog	la niebla (lah nee-EH-blah)		es-weather-time
ice	el hielo (ehl ee-EH-loh)		es-weather-time
temperature	la temperatura (lah tehm-peh-rah-TOO-rah)		es-weather-time
rainbow	el arcoíris (ehl ar-koh-EE-rees)		es-weather-time
Who?	Qui ? (kee)		fr-adjectives-questions
What?	Quoi ? / Que ? (kwah / kuh)		fr-adjectives-questions
Where?	Où ? (oo)		fr-adjectives-questions
When?	Quand ? (kahn)		fr-adjectives-questions
Why?	Pourquoi ? (poor-KWAH)		fr-adjectives-questions
How?	Comment ? (koh-MAHN)		fr-adjectives-questions
How much?	Combien ? (kohm-BYAN)		fr-adjectives-questions
Which?	Quel ? (kel)		fr-adjectives-questions
Is it that...? (starts a question)	Est-ce que... ? (es-kuh)		fr-adjectives-questions
because	parce que (pars-kuh)		fr-adjectives-questions
big / tall	grand (grahn)		fr-adjectives-questions
small	petit (puh-TEE)		fr-adjectives-questions
short (height)	court (koor)		fr-adjectives-questions
long	long (lohn)		fr-adjectives-questions
fat	gros (groh)		fr-adjectives-questions
thin	mince (mans)		fr-adjectives-questions
new	nouveau (noo-VOH)		fr-adjectives-questions
old	vieux (vyuh)		fr-adjectives-questions
young	jeune (zhuhn)		fr-adjectives-questions
good	bon (bohn)		fr-adjectives-questions
bad	mauvais (moh-VAY)		fr-adjectives-questions
better	meilleur (may-YUR)		fr-adjectives-questions
beautiful	beau (boh)		fr-adjectives-questions
pretty	joli (zhoh-LEE)		fr-adjectives-questions
ugly	laid (lay)		fr-adjectives-questions
happy	heureux (uh-RUH)		fr-adjectives-questions
sad	triste (treest)		fr-adjectives-questions
angry	fâché (fah-SHAY)		fr-adjectives-questions
scared	effrayé (eh-fray-YAY)		fr-adjectives-questions
tired	fatigué (fah-tee-GAY)		fr-adjectives-questions
sick	malade (mah-LAD)		fr-adjectives-questions
funny	drôle (drohl)		fr-adjectives-questions
serious	sérieux (say-RYUH)		fr-adjectives-questions
smart	intelligent (an-tel-ee-ZHAHN)		fr-adjectives-questions
silly	bête (bet)		fr-adjectives-questions
kind	gentil (zhahn-TEE)		fr-adjectives-questions
brave	courageux (koo-rah-ZHUH)		fr-adjectives-questions
shy	timide (tee-MEED)		fr-adjectives-questions
lazy	paresseux (pah-reh-SUH)		fr-adjectives-questions
fast	rapide (rah-PEED)		fr-adjectives-questions
slow	lent (lahn)		fr-adjectives-questions
hot	chaud (shoh)		fr-adjectives-questions
cold	froid (frwah)		fr-adjectives-questions
warm	tiède (tyed)		fr-adjectives-questions
hard	dur (dewr)		fr-adjectives-questions
soft	doux (doo)		fr-adjectives-questions
easy	facile (fah-SEEL)		fr-adjectives-questions
difficult	difficile (dee-fee-SEEL)		fr-adjectives-questions
heavy	lourd (loor)		fr-adjectives-questions
light (weight)	léger (lay-ZHAY)		fr-adjectives-questions
full	plein (plan)		fr-adjectives-questions
empty	vide (veed)		fr-adjectives-questions
open	ouvert (oo-VAIR)		fr-adjectives-questions
closed	fermé (fair-MAY)		fr-adjectives-questions
clean	propre (PROH-pruh)		fr-adjectives-questions
dirty	sale (sal)		fr-adjectives-questions
wet	mouillé (moo-YAY)		fr-adjectives-questions
dry	sec (sek)		fr-adjectives-questions
rich	riche (reesh)		fr-adjectives-questions
poor	pauvre (POH-vruh)		fr-adjectives-questions
expensive	cher (shair)		fr-adjectives-questions
cheap	bon marché (bohn mar-SHAY)		fr-adjectives-questions
strong	fort (for)		fr-adjectives-questions
weak	faible (FEH-bluh)		fr-adjectives-questions
loud	bruyant (brwee-YAHN)		fr-adjectives-questions
quiet	calme (kalm)		fr-adjectives-questions
near	près (pray)		fr-adjectives-questions
far	loin (lwan)		fr-adjectives-questions
many / a lot	beaucoup (boh-KOO)		fr-adjectives-questions
few / a little	peu (puh)		fr-adjectives-questions
all	tout (too)		fr-adjectives-questions
same	même (mem)		fr-adjectives-questions
different	différent (dee-fay-RAHN)		fr-adjectives-questions
important	important (an-por-TAHN)		fr-adjectives-questions
special	spécial (spay-SYAL)		fr-adjectives-questions
true	vrai (vray)		fr-adjectives-questions
false	faux (foh)		fr-adjectives-questions
ready	prêt (pray)		fr-adjectives-questions
free	libre (LEE-bruh)		fr-adjectives-questions
busy	occupé (oh-kew-PAY)		fr-adjectives-questions
dangerous	dangereux (dahn-zhuh-RUH)		fr-adjectives-questions
delicious	délicieux (day-lee-SYUH)		fr-adjectives-questions
dog	le chien (luh shyan)		fr-animals
cat	le chat (luh shah)		fr-animals
bird	l'oiseau (lwah-ZOH)		fr-animals
fish	le poisson (luh pwah-SOHN)		fr-animals
horse	le cheval (luh shuh-VAL)		fr-animals
cow	la vache (lah vash)		fr-animals
pig	le cochon (luh koh-SHOHN)		fr-animals
sheep	le mouton (luh moo-TOHN)		fr-animals
goat	la chèvre (lah SHEV-ruh)		fr-animals
chicken	la poule (lah pool)		fr-animals
rooster	le coq (luh kok)		fr-animals
duck	le canard (luh kah-NAR)		fr-animals
rabbit	le lapin (luh lah-PAN)		fr-animals
mouse	la souris (lah soo-REE)		fr-animals
turkey	la dinde (lah dand)		fr-animals
donkey	l'âne (LAHN)		fr-animals
lion	le lion (luh lyohn)		fr-animals
tiger	le tigre (luh TEE-gruh)		fr-animals
bear	l'ours (loors)		fr-animals
elephant	l'éléphant (lay-lay-FAHN)		fr-animals
giraffe	la girafe (lah zhee-RAF)		fr-animals
monkey	le singe (luh sanzh)		fr-animals
zebra	le zèbre (luh ZEB-ruh)		fr-animals
wolf	le loup (luh loo)		fr-animals
fox	le renard (luh ruh-NAR)		fr-animals
deer	le cerf (luh sair)		fr-animals
hippopotamus	l'hippopotame (lee-poh-poh-TAHM)		fr-animals
rhinoceros	le rhinocéros (luh ree-noh-say-ROHS)		fr-animals
kangaroo	le kangourou (luh kahn-goo-ROO)		fr-animals
squirrel	l'écureuil (lay-kew-RUH-yuh)		fr-animals
bat	la chauve-souris (lah shohv-soo-REE)		fr-animals
camel	le chameau (luh shah-MOH)		fr-animals
gorilla	le gorille (luh goh-REE-yuh)		fr-animals
whale	la baleine (lah bah-LEN)		fr-animals
dolphin	le dauphin (luh doh-FAN)		fr-animals
shark	le requin (luh ruh-KAN)		fr-animals
octopus	la pieuvre (lah PYUH-vruh)		fr-animals
turtle	la tortue (lah tor-TEW)		fr-animals
crab	le crabe (luh krab)		fr-animals
seal	le phoque (luh fok)		fr-animals
jellyfish	la méduse (lah may-DEWZ)		fr-animals
starfish	l'étoile de mer (lay-TWAHL duh mair)		fr-animals
frog	la grenouille (lah gruh-NOO-yuh)		fr-animals
snake	le serpent (luh sair-PAHN)		fr-animals
lizard	le lézard (luh lay-ZAR)		fr-animals
crocodile	le crocodile (luh kroh-koh-DEEL)		fr-animals
butterfly	le papillon (luh pah-pee-YOHN)		fr-animals
bee	l'abeille (lah-BAY)		fr-animals
ant	la fourmi (lah foor-MEE)		fr-animals
spider	l'araignée (lah-ren-YAY)		fr-animals
fly	la mouche (lah moosh)		fr-animals
ladybug	la coccinelle (lah kok-see-NEL)		fr-animals
worm	le ver (luh vair)		fr-animals
snail	l'escargot (less-kar-GOH)		fr-animals
mosquito	le moustique (luh moo-STEEK)		fr-animals
eagle	l'aigle (LEG-luh)		fr-animals
owl	le hibou (luh ee-BOO)		fr-animals
parrot	le perroquet (luh pair-oh-KAY)		fr-animals
penguin	le pingouin (luh pan-GWAN)		fr-animals
swan	le cygne (luh SEEN-yuh)		fr-animals
dove	la colombe (lah koh-LOHMB)		fr-animals
puppy	le chiot (luh SHYOH)		fr-animals
kitten	le chaton (luh shah-TOHN)		fr-animals
animal	l'animal (lah-nee-MAL)		fr-animals
wild boar	le sanglier (luh sahn-GLYAY)		fr-animals
hedgehog	le hérisson (luh ay-ree-SOHN)		fr-animals
head	la tête (lah tet)		fr-body-clothes
hair	les cheveux (lay shuh-VUH)		fr-body-clothes
face	le visage (luh vee-ZAHZH)		fr-body-clothes
eye	l'œil (LUH-yuh)		fr-body-clothes
eyes	les yeux (lay-ZYUH)		fr-body-clothes
ear	l'oreille (loh-RAY)		fr-body-clothes
nose	le nez (luh nay)		fr-body-clothes
mouth	la bouche (lah boosh)		fr-body-clothes
tooth	la dent (lah dahn)		fr-body-clothes
tongue	la langue (lah lahng)		fr-body-clothes
lip	la lèvre (lah LEV-ruh)		fr-body-clothes
cheek	la joue (lah zhoo)		fr-body-clothes
chin	le menton (luh mahn-TOHN)		fr-body-clothes
neck	le cou (luh koo)		fr-body-clothes
shoulder	l'épaule (lay-POHL)		fr-body-clothes
arm	le bras (luh brah)		fr-body-clothes
elbow	le coude (luh kood)		fr-body-clothes
hand	la main (lah man)		fr-body-clothes
finger	le doigt (luh dwah)		fr-body-clothes
thumb	le pouce (luh pooss)		fr-body-clothes
fingernail	l'ongle (LOHN-gluh)		fr-body-clothes
chest	la poitrine (lah pwah-TREEN)		fr-body-clothes
back	le dos (luh doh)		fr-body-clothes
stomach	le ventre (luh VAHN-truh)		fr-body-clothes
leg	la jambe (lah zhahmb)		fr-body-clothes
knee	le genou (luh zhuh-NOO)		fr-body-clothes
foot	le pied (luh pyay)		fr-body-clothes
toe	l'orteil (lor-TAY)		fr-body-clothes
ankle	la cheville (lah shuh-VEE-yuh)		fr-body-clothes
heart	le cœur (luh KUR)		fr-body-clothes
brain	le cerveau (luh sair-VOH)		fr-body-clothes
bone	l'os (LOSS)		fr-body-clothes
skin	la peau (lah poh)		fr-body-clothes
body	le corps (luh kor)		fr-body-clothes
I have a headache	J'ai mal à la tête (zhay mal ah lah TET)		fr-body-clothes
My stomach hurts	J'ai mal au ventre (zhay mal oh VAHN-truh)		fr-body-clothes
I am sick	Je suis malade (zhuh swee mah-LAD)		fr-body-clothes
doctor	le médecin (luh mayd-SAN)		fr-body-clothes
clothes	les vêtements (lay vet-MAHN)		fr-body-clothes
shirt	la chemise (lah shuh-MEEZ)		fr-body-clothes
T-shirt	le tee-shirt (luh tee-SHURT)		fr-body-clothes
pants	le pantalon (luh pahn-tah-LOHN)		fr-body-clothes
shorts	le short (luh short)		fr-body-clothes
jeans	le jean (luh jeen)		fr-body-clothes
skirt	la jupe (lah zhewp)		fr-body-clothes
dress	la robe (lah rob)		fr-body-clothes
sweater	le pull (luh pewl)		fr-body-clothes
jacket	la veste (lah vest)		fr-body-clothes
coat	le manteau (luh mahn-TOH)		fr-body-clothes
hoodie	le sweat à capuche (luh swet ah kah-POOSH)		fr-body-clothes
socks	les chaussettes (lay shoh-SET)		fr-body-clothes
shoes	les chaussures (lay shoh-SEWR)		fr-body-clothes
sneakers	les baskets (lay bas-KET)		fr-body-clothes
boots	les bottes (lay bot)		fr-body-clothes
sandals	les sandales (lay sahn-DAL)		fr-body-clothes
hat	le chapeau (luh shah-POH)		fr-body-clothes
cap	la casquette (lah kas-KET)		fr-body-clothes
gloves	les gants (lay gahn)		fr-body-clothes
scarf	l'écharpe (lay-SHARP)		fr-body-clothes
belt	la ceinture (lah san-TEWR)		fr-body-clothes
pajamas	le pyjama (luh pee-zhah-MAH)		fr-body-clothes
underwear	les sous-vêtements (lay soo-vet-MAHN)		fr-body-clothes
swimsuit	le maillot de bain (luh my-OH duh BAN)		fr-body-clothes
umbrella	le parapluie (luh pah-rah-PLWEE)		fr-body-clothes
glasses	les lunettes (lay lew-NET)		fr-body-clothes
backpack	le sac à dos (luh sak ah DOH)		fr-body-clothes
pocket	la poche (lah posh)		fr-body-clothes
button	le bouton (luh boo-TOHN)		fr-body-clothes
zipper	la fermeture éclair (lah fair-muh-TEWR ay-KLAIR)		fr-body-clothes
tie	la cravate (lah krah-VAT)		fr-body-clothes
ring	la bague (lah bag)		fr-body-clothes
watch	la montre (lah MOHN-truh)		fr-body-clothes
purse	le sac à main (luh sak ah MAN)		fr-body-clothes
to get dressed	s'habiller (sah-bee-YAY)		fr-body-clothes
red	rouge (roozh)		fr-colors-family
blue	bleu (bluh)		fr-colors-family
yellow	jaune (zhohn)		fr-colors-family
green	vert (vair)		fr-colors-family
orange	orange (oh-RAHNZH)		fr-colors-family
purple	violet (vee-oh-LAY)		fr-colors-family
pink	rose (rohz)		fr-colors-family
brown	marron (mah-ROHN)		fr-colors-family
black	noir (nwahr)		fr-colors-family
white	blanc (blahn)		fr-colors-family
gray	gris (gree)		fr-colors-family
gold	doré (doh-RAY)		fr-colors-family
silver	argenté (ar-zhahn-TAY)		fr-colors-family
dark	foncé (fohn-SAY)		fr-colors-family
light (color)	clair (klair)		fr-colors-family
color	la couleur (lah koo-LUR)		fr-colors-family
rainbow	l'arc-en-ciel (lark-ahn-SYEL)		fr-colors-family
circle	le cercle (luh SAIR-kluh)		fr-colors-family
square	le carré (luh kah-RAY)		fr-colors-family
triangle	le triangle (luh tree-AHN-gluh)		fr-colors-family
rectangle	le rectangle (luh rek-TAHN-gluh)		fr-colors-family
star	l'étoile (lay-TWAHL)		fr-colors-family
heart	le cœur (luh KUR)		fr-colors-family
oval	l'ovale (loh-VAHL)		fr-colors-family
line	la ligne (lah LEEN-yuh)		fr-colors-family
family	la famille (lah fah-MEE-yuh)		fr-colors-family
mother	la mère (lah MAIR)		fr-colors-family
father	le père (luh PAIR)		fr-colors-family
mom	maman (mah-MAHN)		fr-colors-family
dad	papa (pah-PAH)		fr-colors-family
parents	les parents (lay pah-RAHN)		fr-colors-family
son	le fils (luh FEES)		fr-colors-family
daughter	la fille (lah FEE-yuh)		fr-colors-family
brother	le frère (luh FRAIR)		fr-colors-family
sister	la sœur (lah SUR)		fr-colors-family
grandmother	la grand-mère (lah grahn-MAIR)		fr-colors-family
grandfather	le grand-père (luh grahn-PAIR)		fr-colors-family
grandparents	les grands-parents (lay grahn-pah-RAHN)		fr-colors-family
grandson	le petit-fils (luh puh-tee-FEES)		fr-colors-family
granddaughter	la petite-fille (lah puh-teet-FEE-yuh)		fr-colors-family
uncle	l'oncle (LOHN-kluh)		fr-colors-family
aunt	la tante (lah tahnt)		fr-colors-family
cousin (boy)	le cousin (luh koo-ZAN)		fr-colors-family
cousin (girl)	la cousine (lah koo-ZEEN)		fr-colors-family
nephew	le neveu (luh nuh-VUH)		fr-colors-family
niece	la nièce (lah NYES)		fr-colors-family
husband	le mari (luh mah-REE)		fr-colors-family
wife	la femme (lah fam)		fr-colors-family
baby	le bébé (luh bay-BAY)		fr-colors-family
boy	le garçon (luh gar-SOHN)		fr-colors-family
girl	la fille (lah FEE-yuh)		fr-colors-family
man	l'homme (LUM)		fr-colors-family
woman	la femme (lah fam)		fr-colors-family
child	l'enfant (lahn-FAHN)		fr-colors-family
friend (boy)	l'ami (lah-MEE)		fr-colors-family
friend (girl)	l'amie (lah-MEE)		fr-colors-family
neighbor	le voisin (luh vwah-ZAN)		fr-colors-family
stepfather	le beau-père (luh boh-PAIR)		fr-colors-family
stepmother	la belle-mère (lah bel-MAIR)		fr-colors-family
twin	le jumeau (luh zhew-MOH)		fr-colors-family
godfather	le parrain (luh pah-RAN)		fr-colors-family
godmother	la marraine (lah mah-REN)		fr-colors-family
people	les gens (lay ZHAHN)		fr-colors-family
pet	l'animal de compagnie (lah-nee-MAHL duh kohm-pah-NYEE)		fr-colors-family
I am (être)	je suis (zhuh swee)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you are (être)	tu es (tew eh)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she is (être)	il/elle est (eel/el eh)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we are (être)	nous sommes (noo sum)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they are (être)	ils sont (eel sohn)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I have (avoir)	j'ai (zhay)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you have (avoir)	tu as (tew ah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she has (avoir)	il/elle a (eel/el ah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we have (avoir)	nous avons (noo zah-VOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they have (avoir)	ils ont (eel zohn)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I go (aller)	je vais (zhuh vay)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you go (aller)	tu vas (tew vah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she goes (aller)	il/elle va (eel/el vah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we go (aller)	nous allons (noo zah-LOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they go (aller)	ils vont (eel vohn)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I do / make (faire)	je fais (zhuh fay)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you do / make (faire)	tu fais (tew fay)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she does / makes (faire)	il/elle fait (eel/el fay)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we do / make (faire)	nous faisons (noo fuh-ZOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they do / make (faire)	ils font (eel fohn)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I can (pouvoir)	je peux (zhuh puh)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you can (pouvoir)	tu peux (tew puh)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she can (pouvoir)	il/elle peut (eel/el puh)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we can (pouvoir)	nous pouvons (noo poo-VOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they can (pouvoir)	ils peuvent (eel puhv)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I want (vouloir)	je veux (zhuh vuh)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you want (vouloir)	tu veux (tew vuh)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she wants (vouloir)	il/elle veut (eel/el vuh)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we want (vouloir)	nous voulons (noo voo-LOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they want (vouloir)	ils veulent (eel vuhl)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I come (venir)	je viens (zhuh vyan)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you come (venir)	tu viens (tew vyan)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she comes (venir)	il/elle vient (eel/el vyan)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we come (venir)	nous venons (noo vuh-NOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they come (venir)	ils viennent (eel vyen)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I say (dire)	je dis (zhuh dee)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you say (dire)	tu dis (tew dee)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she says (dire)	il/elle dit (eel/el dee)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we say (dire)	nous disons (noo dee-ZOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they say (dire)	ils disent (eel deez)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I see (voir)	je vois (zhuh vwah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you see (voir)	tu vois (tew vwah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she sees (voir)	il/elle voit (eel/el vwah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we see (voir)	nous voyons (noo vwah-YOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they see (voir)	ils voient (eel vwah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I know a fact (savoir)	je sais (zhuh say)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you know a fact (savoir)	tu sais (tew say)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she knows a fact (savoir)	il/elle sait (eel/el say)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we know a fact (savoir)	nous savons (noo sah-VOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they know a fact (savoir)	ils savent (eel sav)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I take (prendre)	je prends (zhuh prahn)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you take (prendre)	tu prends (tew prahn)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she takes (prendre)	il/elle prend (eel/el prahn)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we take (prendre)	nous prenons (noo pruh-NOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they take (prendre)	ils prennent (eel pren)		fr-conjugation-grammar
I must (devoir)	je dois (zhuh dwah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you must (devoir)	tu dois (tew dwah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
he/she must (devoir)	il/elle doit (eel/el dwah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we must (devoir)	nous devons (noo duh-VOHN)		fr-conjugation-grammar
they must (devoir)	ils doivent (eel dwahv)		fr-conjugation-grammar
the (masculine)	le (luh)		fr-conjugation-grammar
the (feminine)	la (lah)		fr-conjugation-grammar
the (plural)	les (lay)		fr-conjugation-grammar
a (masculine)	un (uhn)		fr-conjugation-grammar
a (feminine)	une (ewn)		fr-conjugation-grammar
some	des (day)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you (informal)	tu (tew)		fr-conjugation-grammar
you (formal or plural)	vous (voo)		fr-conjugation-grammar
we	nous (noo)		fr-conjugation-grammar
How do you usually make a French noun plural?	Add -s (livre → livres) (The s is usually silent)		fr-conjugation-grammar
Where do most adjectives go?	After the noun (un chat noir) (Short common ones like grand, petit, bon, beau go before)		fr-conjugation-grammar
Do adjectives agree with the noun?	Yes: petit, petite, petits, petites (Feminine often adds -e)		fr-conjugation-grammar
How do you make a sentence negative?	Put ne...pas around the verb (Je ne parle pas)		fr-conjugation-grammar
What happens to le or la before a vowel?	It becomes l' (l'ami) (Le and la drop their vowel)		fr-conjugation-grammar
How do you say "my" with a feminine noun?	ma (ma mère) (mon for masculine, mes for plural)		fr-conjugation-grammar
How do you say "in the" or "to the" before a masculine noun?	au (au parc) (à + le = au; à + les = aux)		fr-conjugation-grammar
food	la nourriture (lah noo-ree-TEWR)		fr-food-drink
water	l'eau (loh)		fr-food-drink
milk	le lait (luh LAY)		fr-food-drink
juice	le jus (luh zhew)		fr-food-drink
coffee	le café (luh kah-FAY)		fr-food-drink
tea	le thé (luh tay)		fr-food-drink
soda	la boisson gazeuse (lah bwah-SOHN gah-ZUHZ)		fr-food-drink
hot chocolate	le chocolat chaud (luh shoh-koh-LAH shoh)		fr-food-drink
bread	le pain (luh pan)		fr-food-drink
baguette	la baguette (lah bah-GET)		fr-food-drink
butter	le beurre (luh bur)		fr-food-drink
cheese	le fromage (luh froh-MAHZH)		fr-food-drink
egg	l'œuf (LUHF)		fr-food-drink
rice	le riz (luh ree)		fr-food-drink
beans	les haricots (lay ah-ree-KOH)		fr-food-drink
soup	la soupe (lah soop)		fr-food-drink
salad	la salade (lah sah-LAD)		fr-food-drink
sandwich	le sandwich (luh sahnd-WEECH)		fr-food-drink
pizza	la pizza (lah peed-ZAH)		fr-food-drink
pasta	les pâtes (lay paht)		fr-food-drink
meat	la viande (lah vyahnd)		fr-food-drink
chicken (meat)	le poulet (luh poo-LAY)		fr-food-drink
beef	le bœuf (luh BUHF)		fr-food-drink
pork	le porc (luh por)		fr-food-drink
ham	le jambon (luh zhahm-BOHN)		fr-food-drink
sausage	la saucisse (lah soh-SEES)		fr-food-drink
fish (food)	le poisson (luh pwah-SOHN)		fr-food-drink
shrimp	la crevette (lah kruh-VET)		fr-food-drink
french fries	les frites (lay freet)		fr-food-drink
hamburger	le hamburger (luh ahm-boor-GAIR)		fr-food-drink
pancake / crêpe	la crêpe (lah krep)		fr-food-drink
croissant	le croissant (luh krwah-SAHN)		fr-food-drink
breakfast	le petit déjeuner (luh puh-TEE day-zhuh-NAY)		fr-food-drink
lunch	le déjeuner (luh day-zhuh-NAY)		fr-food-drink
dinner	le dîner (luh dee-NAY)		fr-food-drink
snack	le goûter (luh goo-TAY)		fr-food-drink
dessert	le dessert (luh deh-SAIR)		fr-food-drink
apple	la pomme (lah pum)		fr-food-drink
banana	la banane (lah bah-NAN)		fr-food-drink
orange (fruit)	l'orange (loh-RAHNZH)		fr-food-drink
strawberry	la fraise (lah frez)		fr-food-drink
grapes	le raisin (luh ray-ZAN)		fr-food-drink
watermelon	la pastèque (lah pas-TEK)		fr-food-drink
pineapple	l'ananas (lah-nah-NAH)		fr-food-drink
lemon	le citron (luh see-TROHN)		fr-food-drink
peach	la pêche (lah pesh)		fr-food-drink
pear	la poire (lah pwahr)		fr-food-drink
cherry	la cerise (lah suh-REEZ)		fr-food-drink
raspberry	la framboise (lah frahm-BWAHZ)		fr-food-drink
coconut	la noix de coco (lah nwah duh koh-KOH)		fr-food-drink
fruit	le fruit (luh frwee)		fr-food-drink
vegetable	le légume (luh lay-GEWM)		fr-food-drink
potato	la pomme de terre (lah pum duh TAIR)		fr-food-drink
tomato	la tomate (lah toh-MAT)		fr-food-drink
carrot	la carotte (lah kah-ROT)		fr-food-drink
onion	l'oignon (loh-NYOHN)		fr-food-drink
lettuce	la laitue (lah lay-TEW)		fr-food-drink
corn	le maïs (luh mah-EES)		fr-food-drink
peas	les petits pois (lay puh-tee PWAH)		fr-food-drink
cucumber	le concombre (luh kohn-KOHM-bruh)		fr-food-drink
garlic	l'ail (LIE)		fr-food-drink
mushroom	le champignon (luh shahm-pee-NYOHN)		fr-food-drink
pepper (vegetable)	le poivron (luh pwah-VROHN)		fr-food-drink
cake	le gâteau (luh gah-TOH)		fr-food-drink
cookie	le biscuit (luh bee-SKWEE)		fr-food-drink
ice cream	la glace (lah glas)		fr-food-drink
candy	le bonbon (luh bohn-BOHN)		fr-food-drink
chocolate	le chocolat (luh shoh-koh-LAH)		fr-food-drink
sugar	le sucre (luh SEW-kruh)		fr-food-drink
salt	le sel (luh sel)		fr-food-drink
pepper (spice)	le poivre (luh PWAH-vruh)		fr-food-drink
honey	le miel (luh myel)		fr-food-drink
jam	la confiture (lah kohn-fee-TEWR)		fr-food-drink
plate	l'assiette (lah-SYET)		fr-food-drink
fork	la fourchette (lah foor-SHET)		fr-food-drink
knife	le couteau (luh koo-TOH)		fr-food-drink
spoon	la cuillère (lah kwee-YAIR)		fr-food-drink
cup	la tasse (lah tas)		fr-food-drink
glass	le verre (luh vair)		fr-food-drink
napkin	la serviette (lah sair-VYET)		fr-food-drink
bowl	le bol (luh bol)		fr-food-drink
menu	le menu (luh muh-NEW)		fr-food-drink
The check, please	L'addition, s'il vous plaît (lah-dee-SYOHN seel voo PLEH)		fr-food-drink
I would like...	Je voudrais... (zhuh voo-DRAY)		fr-food-drink
It's delicious	C'est délicieux (seh day-lee-SYUH)		fr-food-drink
I am vegetarian	Je suis végétarien (zhuh swee vay-zhay-tah-RYAN)		fr-food-drink
waiter	le serveur (luh sair-VUR)		fr-food-drink
restaurant	le restaurant (luh res-toh-RAHN)		fr-food-drink
Hello	Bonjour (bohn-ZHOOR)		fr-greetings-phrases
Hi (casual)	Salut (sah-LOO)		fr-greetings-phrases
Good evening	Bonsoir (bohn-SWAHR)		fr-greetings-phrases
Good night	Bonne nuit (bun NWEE)		fr-greetings-phrases
Goodbye	Au revoir (oh ruh-VWAHR)		fr-greetings-phrases
See you later	À bientôt (ah byan-TOH)		fr-greetings-phrases
See you tomorrow	À demain (ah duh-MAN)		fr-greetings-phrases
Bye (casual)	Ciao (chow)		fr-greetings-phrases
Please	S'il vous plaît (seel voo PLEH)		fr-greetings-phrases
Please (to a friend)	S'il te plaît (seel tuh PLEH)		fr-greetings-phrases
Thank you	Merci (mehr-SEE)		fr-greetings-phrases
Thank you very much	Merci beaucoup (mehr-SEE boh-KOO)		fr-greetings-phrases
You're welcome	De rien (duh RYAN)		fr-greetings-phrases
Excuse me	Excusez-moi (ek-skew-zay MWAH)		fr-greetings-phrases
I'm sorry	Je suis désolé (zhuh swee day-zoh-LAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
Pardon	Pardon (par-DOHN)		fr-greetings-phrases
Yes	Oui (WEE)		fr-greetings-phrases
No	Non (NOHN)		fr-greetings-phrases
Maybe	Peut-être (puh-TET-ruh)		fr-greetings-phrases
How are you? (informal)	Ça va ? (sah VAH)		fr-greetings-phrases
How are you? (formal)	Comment allez-vous ? (koh-mahn tah-lay VOO)		fr-greetings-phrases
I am fine	Je vais bien (zhuh vay BYAN)		fr-greetings-phrases
Very well, thank you	Très bien, merci (tray BYAN mehr-SEE)		fr-greetings-phrases
So-so	Comme ci, comme ça (kum SEE kum SAH)		fr-greetings-phrases
Not good	Pas bien (pah BYAN)		fr-greetings-phrases
And you?	Et toi ? (ay TWAH)		fr-greetings-phrases
What is your name?	Comment tu t'appelles ? (koh-mahn too tah-PEL)		fr-greetings-phrases
My name is...	Je m'appelle... (zhuh mah-PEL)		fr-greetings-phrases
Nice to meet you	Enchanté (ahn-shahn-TAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
Where are you from?	D'où viens-tu ? (doo VYAN too)		fr-greetings-phrases
I am from...	Je viens de... (zhuh VYAN duh)		fr-greetings-phrases
How old are you?	Quel âge as-tu ? (kel AHZH ah TOO)		fr-greetings-phrases
I am ten years old	J'ai dix ans (zhay dees AHN)		fr-greetings-phrases
Do you speak English?	Parlez-vous anglais ? (par-lay voo ahn-GLAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
I speak a little French	Je parle un peu français (zhuh PARL uhn puh frahn-SAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
I don't understand	Je ne comprends pas (zhuh nuh kohm-PRAHN pah)		fr-greetings-phrases
I understand	Je comprends (zhuh kohm-PRAHN)		fr-greetings-phrases
I don't know	Je ne sais pas (zhuh nuh SAY pah)		fr-greetings-phrases
Can you repeat that?	Pouvez-vous répéter ? (poo-vay voo ray-pay-TAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
More slowly, please	Plus lentement, s'il vous plaît (ploo lahnt-MAHN seel voo PLEH)		fr-greetings-phrases
How do you say...?	Comment dit-on... ? (koh-mahn dee-TOHN)		fr-greetings-phrases
Help!	Au secours ! (oh suh-KOOR)		fr-greetings-phrases
Welcome	Bienvenue (byan-vuh-NOO)		fr-greetings-phrases
Congratulations	Félicitations (fay-lee-see-tah-SYOHN)		fr-greetings-phrases
Happy birthday	Joyeux anniversaire (zhwah-yuh ah-nee-vehr-SAIR)		fr-greetings-phrases
Merry Christmas	Joyeux Noël (zhwah-yuh noh-EL)		fr-greetings-phrases
Happy New Year	Bonne année (bun ah-NAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
Good luck	Bonne chance (bun SHAHNS)		fr-greetings-phrases
Cheers!	Santé ! (sahn-TAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
Have a good day	Bonne journée (bun zhoor-NAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
Enjoy your meal	Bon appétit (bohn ah-pay-TEE)		fr-greetings-phrases
Sweet dreams	Fais de beaux rêves (fay duh boh REV)		fr-greetings-phrases
Come in	Entrez (ahn-TRAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
Sit down	Assieds-toi (ah-SYAY twah)		fr-greetings-phrases
Wait a moment	Un moment (uhn moh-MAHN)		fr-greetings-phrases
I'm hungry	J'ai faim (zhay FAN)		fr-greetings-phrases
I'm thirsty	J'ai soif (zhay SWAHF)		fr-greetings-phrases
I'm tired	Je suis fatigué (zhuh swee fah-tee-GAY)		fr-greetings-phrases
I'm cold	J'ai froid (zhay FRWAH)		fr-greetings-phrases
I'm hot	J'ai chaud (zhay SHOH)		fr-greetings-phrases
I love you	Je t'aime (zhuh TEM)		fr-greetings-phrases
I like it	J'aime ça (zhem SAH)		fr-greetings-phrases
I don't like it	Je n'aime pas ça (zhuh nem pah SAH)		fr-greetings-phrases
I want...	Je veux... (zhuh VUH)		fr-greetings-phrases
I need...	J'ai besoin de... (zhay buh-ZWAN duh)		fr-greetings-phrases
Of course	Bien sûr (byan SEWR)		fr-greetings-phrases
It's okay	D'accord (dah-KOR)		fr-greetings-phrases
0	zéro (zay-ROH)		fr-numbers
1	un (uhn)		fr-numbers
2	deux (duh)		fr-numbers
3	trois (trwah)		fr-numbers
4	quatre (KAT-ruh)		fr-numbers
5	cinq (sank)		fr-numbers
6	six (sees)		fr-numbers
7	sept (set)		fr-numbers
8	huit (weet)		fr-numbers
9	neuf (nuhf)		fr-numbers
10	dix (dees)		fr-numbers
11	onze (ohnz)		fr-numbers
12	douze (dooz)		fr-numbers
13	treize (trez)		fr-numbers
14	quatorze (kah-TORZ)		fr-numbers
15	quinze (kanz)		fr-numbers
16	seize (sez)		fr-numbers
17	dix-sept (dee-SET)		fr-numbers
18	dix-huit (dee-ZWEET)		fr-numbers
19	dix-neuf (deez-NUHF)		fr-numbers
20	vingt (van)		fr-numbers
21	vingt et un (van tay UHN)		fr-numbers
22	vingt-deux (van-DUH)		fr-numbers
23	vingt-trois (van-TRWAH)		fr-numbers
24	vingt-quatre (van-KAT-ruh)		fr-numbers
25	vingt-cinq (van-SANK)		fr-numbers
26	vingt-six (van-SEES)		fr-numbers
27	vingt-sept (van-SET)		fr-numbers
28	vingt-huit (van-WEET)		fr-numbers
29	vingt-neuf (van-NUHF)		fr-numbers
30	trente (trahnt)		fr-numbers
31	trente et un (trahn tay UHN)		fr-numbers
40	quarante (kah-RAHNT)		fr-numbers
50	cinquante (san-KAHNT)		fr-numbers
60	soixante (swah-SAHNT)		fr-numbers
70	soixante-dix (swah-sahnt-DEES)		fr-numbers
71	soixante et onze (swah-sahnt ay OHNZ)		fr-numbers
72	soixante-douze (swah-sahnt-DOOZ)		fr-numbers
80	quatre-vingts (kat-ruh-VAN)		fr-numbers
81	quatre-vingt-un (kat-ruh-van-UHN)		fr-numbers
90	quatre-vingt-dix (kat-ruh-van-DEES)		fr-numbers
91	quatre-vingt-onze (kat-ruh-van-OHNZ)		fr-numbers
100	cent (sahn)		fr-numbers
45	quarante-cinq (kah-rahnt-SANK)		fr-numbers
58	cinquante-huit (san-kahnt-WEET)		fr-numbers
67	soixante-sept (swah-sahnt-SET)		fr-numbers
99	quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (kat-ruh-van-deez-NUHF)		fr-numbers
200	deux cents (duh SAHN)		fr-numbers
1,000	mille (meel)		fr-numbers
1,000,000	un million (uhn mee-LYOHN)		fr-numbers
first	premier (pruh-MYAY)		fr-numbers
second	deuxième (duh-ZYEM)		fr-numbers
third	troisième (trwah-ZYEM)		fr-numbers
fourth	quatrième (kat-ree-YEM)		fr-numbers
fifth	cinquième (san-KYEM)		fr-numbers
tenth	dixième (dee-ZYEM)		fr-numbers
half	la moitié (lah mwah-TYAY)		fr-numbers
a dozen	une douzaine (ewn doo-ZEN)		fr-numbers
a pair	une paire (ewn PAIR)		fr-numbers
city	la ville (lah veel)		fr-places-travel
village	le village (luh vee-LAHZH)		fr-places-travel
street	la rue (lah rew)		fr-places-travel
store	le magasin (luh mah-gah-ZAN)		fr-places-travel
supermarket	le supermarché (luh sew-pair-mar-SHAY)		fr-places-travel
market	le marché (luh mar-SHAY)		fr-places-travel
bakery	la boulangerie (lah boo-lahn-zhuh-REE)		fr-places-travel
pastry shop	la pâtisserie (lah pah-tee-SREE)		fr-places-travel
restaurant	le restaurant (luh res-toh-RAHN)		fr-places-travel
hospital	l'hôpital (loh-pee-TAL)		fr-places-travel
pharmacy	la pharmacie (lah far-mah-SEE)		fr-places-travel
bank	la banque (lah bahnk)		fr-places-travel
post office	la poste (lah post)		fr-places-travel
church	l'église (lay-GLEEZ)		fr-places-travel
museum	le musée (luh mew-ZAY)		fr-places-travel
park	le parc (luh park)		fr-places-travel
zoo	le zoo (luh zoh)		fr-places-travel
movie theater	le cinéma (luh see-nay-MAH)		fr-places-travel
beach	la plage (lah plahzh)		fr-places-travel
mountain	la montagne (lah mohn-TAHN-yuh)		fr-places-travel
river	la rivière (lah ree-VYAIR)		fr-places-travel
lake	le lac (luh lak)		fr-places-travel
sea	la mer (lah mair)		fr-places-travel
forest	la forêt (lah foh-RAY)		fr-places-travel
desert	le désert (luh day-ZAIR)		fr-places-travel
island	l'île (LEEL)		fr-places-travel
farm	la ferme (lah fairm)		fr-places-travel
bridge	le pont (luh pohn)		fr-places-travel
airport	l'aéroport (lah-ay-roh-POR)		fr-places-travel
train station	la gare (lah gar)		fr-places-travel
bus stop	l'arrêt de bus (lah-RAY duh bews)		fr-places-travel
hotel	l'hôtel (loh-TEL)		fr-places-travel
airplane	l'avion (lah-VYOHN)		fr-places-travel
train	le train (luh tran)		fr-places-travel
bus	le bus (luh bews)		fr-places-travel
car	la voiture (lah vwah-TEWR)		fr-places-travel
bicycle	le vélo (luh vay-LOH)		fr-places-travel
boat	le bateau (luh bah-TOH)		fr-places-travel
taxi	le taxi (luh tak-SEE)		fr-places-travel
subway	le métro (luh may-TROH)		fr-places-travel
motorcycle	la moto (lah moh-TOH)		fr-places-travel
ticket	le billet (luh bee-YAY)		fr-places-travel
passport	le passeport (luh pas-POR)		fr-places-travel
suitcase	la valise (lah vah-LEEZ)		fr-places-travel
trip	le voyage (luh vwah-YAHZH)		fr-places-travel
vacation	les vacances (lay vah-KAHNS)		fr-places-travel
country	le pays (luh pay-EE)		fr-places-travel
Where is...?	Où est... ? (oo eh)		fr-places-travel
Where is the bathroom?	Où sont les toilettes ? (oo sohn lay twah-LET)		fr-places-travel
to the right	à droite (ah DRWAHT)		fr-places-travel
to the left	à gauche (ah GOHSH)		fr-places-travel
straight ahead	tout droit (too DRWAH)		fr-places-travel
here	ici (ee-SEE)		fr-places-travel
there	là (lah)		fr-places-travel
next to	à côté de (ah koh-TAY duh)		fr-places-travel
in front of	devant (duh-VAHN)		fr-places-travel
behind	derrière (dair-YAIR)		fr-places-travel
between	entre (AHN-truh)		fr-places-travel
on	sur (sewr)		fr-places-travel
under	sous (soo)		fr-places-travel
inside	dedans (duh-DAHN)		fr-places-travel
outside	dehors (duh-OR)		fr-places-travel
corner	le coin (luh kwan)		fr-places-travel
How much does it cost?	Combien ça coûte ? (kohm-BYAN sah KOOT)		fr-places-travel
I am lost	Je suis perdu (zhuh swee pair-DEW)		fr-places-travel
I need help	J'ai besoin d'aide (zhay buh-ZWAN dayd)		fr-places-travel
a room for two	une chambre pour deux (ewn SHAHM-bruh poor DUH)		fr-places-travel
north	le nord (luh nor)		fr-places-travel
south	le sud (luh sewd)		fr-places-travel
east	l'est (lest)		fr-places-travel
west	l'ouest (lwest)		fr-places-travel
money	l'argent (lar-ZHAHN)		fr-places-travel
gift	le cadeau (luh kah-DOH)		fr-places-travel
camera	l'appareil photo (lah-pah-RAY foh-TOH)		fr-places-travel
castle	le château (luh shah-TOH)		fr-places-travel
police	la police (lah poh-LEES)		fr-places-travel
fire station	la caserne de pompiers (lah kah-ZAIRN duh pohm-PYAY)		fr-places-travel
school	l'école (lay-KOL)		fr-school-home
classroom	la salle de classe (lah sal duh klas)		fr-school-home
teacher (man)	le professeur (luh proh-feh-SUR)		fr-school-home
teacher (woman)	la professeure (lah proh-feh-SUR)		fr-school-home
student (boy)	l'élève (lay-LEV)		fr-school-home
book	le livre (luh LEE-vruh)		fr-school-home
notebook	le cahier (luh kah-YAY)		fr-school-home
pencil	le crayon (luh kray-YOHN)		fr-school-home
pen	le stylo (luh stee-LOH)		fr-school-home
eraser	la gomme (lah gum)		fr-school-home
ruler	la règle (lah REG-luh)		fr-school-home
scissors	les ciseaux (lay see-ZOH)		fr-school-home
glue	la colle (lah kol)		fr-school-home
paper	le papier (luh pah-PYAY)		fr-school-home
marker	le feutre (luh FUH-truh)		fr-school-home
backpack	le cartable (luh kar-TAH-bluh)		fr-school-home
desk	le bureau (luh bew-ROH)		fr-school-home
chair	la chaise (lah shez)		fr-school-home
table	la table (lah TAH-bluh)		fr-school-home
board	le tableau (luh tah-BLOH)		fr-school-home
computer	l'ordinateur (lor-dee-nah-TUR)		fr-school-home
homework	les devoirs (lay duh-VWAHR)		fr-school-home
test	l'examen (leg-zah-MAN)		fr-school-home
lesson	la leçon (lah luh-SOHN)		fr-school-home
recess	la récréation (lah ray-kray-ah-SYOHN)		fr-school-home
library	la bibliothèque (lah bee-blee-oh-TEK)		fr-school-home
map	la carte (lah kart)		fr-school-home
subject	la matière (lah mah-TYAIR)		fr-school-home
math	les maths (lay mat)		fr-school-home
science	les sciences (lay SYAHNS)		fr-school-home
history	l'histoire (lees-TWAHR)		fr-school-home
art	l'art (LAR)		fr-school-home
music	la musique (lah mew-ZEEK)		fr-school-home
gym / physical education	l'éducation physique (lay-dew-kah-SYOHN fee-ZEEK)		fr-school-home
French (language)	le français (luh frahn-SAY)		fr-school-home
English (language)	l'anglais (lahn-GLAY)		fr-school-home
reading	la lecture (lah lek-TEWR)		fr-school-home
question	la question (lah kes-TYOHN)		fr-school-home
answer	la réponse (lah ray-POHNS)		fr-school-home
Raise your hand	Lève la main (lev lah MAN)		fr-school-home
Open your book	Ouvre ton livre (OO-vruh tohn LEE-vruh)		fr-school-home
Listen	Écoute (ay-KOOT)		fr-school-home
house	la maison (lah may-ZOHN)		fr-school-home
apartment	l'appartement (lah-par-tuh-MAHN)		fr-school-home
room	la pièce (lah pyes)		fr-school-home
bedroom	la chambre (lah SHAHM-bruh)		fr-school-home
bathroom	la salle de bains (lah sal duh BAN)		fr-school-home
kitchen	la cuisine (lah kwee-ZEEN)		fr-school-home
living room	le salon (luh sah-LOHN)		fr-school-home
dining room	la salle à manger (lah sal ah mahn-ZHAY)		fr-school-home
garage	le garage (luh gah-RAZH)		fr-school-home
garden	le jardin (luh zhar-DAN)		fr-school-home
door	la porte (lah port)		fr-school-home
window	la fenêtre (lah fuh-NET-ruh)		fr-school-home
wall	le mur (luh mewr)		fr-school-home
floor	le sol (luh sol)		fr-school-home
ceiling	le plafond (luh plah-FOHN)		fr-school-home
stairs	l'escalier (les-kah-LYAY)		fr-school-home
roof	le toit (luh twah)		fr-school-home
bed	le lit (luh lee)		fr-school-home
pillow	l'oreiller (loh-ray-YAY)		fr-school-home
blanket	la couverture (lah koo-vair-TEWR)		fr-school-home
sofa	le canapé (luh kah-nah-PAY)		fr-school-home
lamp	la lampe (lah lahmp)		fr-school-home
television	la télévision (lah tay-lay-vee-ZYOHN)		fr-school-home
refrigerator	le réfrigérateur (luh ray-free-zhay-rah-TUR)		fr-school-home
stove	la cuisinière (lah kwee-zee-NYAIR)		fr-school-home
oven	le four (luh foor)		fr-school-home
sink	l'évier (lay-VYAY)		fr-school-home
bathtub	la baignoire (lah ben-YWAHR)		fr-school-home
shower	la douche (lah doosh)		fr-school-home
toilet	les toilettes (lay twah-LET)		fr-school-home
mirror	le miroir (luh meer-WAHR)		fr-school-home
clock	l'horloge (lor-LOZH)		fr-school-home
key	la clé (lah klay)		fr-school-home
toy	le jouet (luh zhoo-AY)		fr-school-home
ball	le ballon (luh bah-LOHN)		fr-school-home
doll	la poupée (lah poo-PAY)		fr-school-home
towel	la serviette de bain (lah sair-VYET duh BAN)		fr-school-home
soap	le savon (luh sah-VOHN)		fr-school-home
toothbrush	la brosse à dents (lah bros ah DAHN)		fr-school-home
trash can	la poubelle (lah poo-BEL)		fr-school-home
shelf	l'étagère (lay-tah-ZHAIR)		fr-school-home
curtain	le rideau (luh ree-DOH)		fr-school-home
carpet	le tapis (luh tah-PEE)		fr-school-home
to be	être (ET-ruh)		fr-verbs
to have	avoir (ah-VWAHR)		fr-verbs
to do / to make	faire (fair)		fr-verbs
to go	aller (ah-LAY)		fr-verbs
to come	venir (vuh-NEER)		fr-verbs
to say / to tell	dire (deer)		fr-verbs
to give	donner (doh-NAY)		fr-verbs
to see	voir (vwahr)		fr-verbs
to know (a fact)	savoir (sah-VWAHR)		fr-verbs
to know (a person or place)	connaître (koh-NET-ruh)		fr-verbs
to want	vouloir (voo-LWAHR)		fr-verbs
to be able to / can	pouvoir (poo-VWAHR)		fr-verbs
to have to / must	devoir (duh-VWAHR)		fr-verbs
to put	mettre (MET-ruh)		fr-verbs
to take	prendre (PRAHN-druh)		fr-verbs
to leave / to go out	sortir (sor-TEER)		fr-verbs
to leave (a place)	partir (par-TEER)		fr-verbs
to eat	manger (mahn-ZHAY)		fr-verbs
to drink	boire (bwahr)		fr-verbs
to sleep	dormir (dor-MEER)		fr-verbs
to live	vivre (VEE-vruh)		fr-verbs
to speak	parler (par-LAY)		fr-verbs
to listen	écouter (ay-koo-TAY)		fr-verbs
to look at / to watch	regarder (ruh-gar-DAY)		fr-verbs
to hear	entendre (ahn-TAHN-druh)		fr-verbs
to read	lire (leer)		fr-verbs
to write	écrire (ay-KREER)		fr-verbs
to learn	apprendre (ah-PRAHN-druh)		fr-verbs
to study	étudier (ay-tew-DYAY)		fr-verbs
to teach	enseigner (ahn-sen-YAY)		fr-verbs
to understand	comprendre (kohm-PRAHN-druh)		fr-verbs
to think	penser (pahn-SAY)		fr-verbs
to remember	se souvenir (suh soov-NEER)		fr-verbs
to forget	oublier (oo-blee-AY)		fr-verbs
to ask	demander (duh-mahn-DAY)		fr-verbs
to answer	répondre (ray-POHN-druh)		fr-verbs
to call	appeler (ah-puh-LAY)		fr-verbs
to walk	marcher (mar-SHAY)		fr-verbs
to run	courir (koo-REER)		fr-verbs
to jump	sauter (soh-TAY)		fr-verbs
to swim	nager (nah-ZHAY)		fr-verbs
to dance	danser (dahn-SAY)		fr-verbs
to sing	chanter (shahn-TAY)		fr-verbs
to play	jouer (zhoo-AY)		fr-verbs
to work	travailler (trah-vy-YAY)		fr-verbs
to help	aider (ay-DAY)		fr-verbs
to like / to love	aimer (ay-MAY)		fr-verbs
to carry / to wear	porter (por-TAY)		fr-verbs
to bring (a thing)	apporter (ah-por-TAY)		fr-verbs
to buy	acheter (ahsh-TAY)		fr-verbs
to sell	vendre (VAHN-druh)		fr-verbs
to pay	payer (pay-YAY)		fr-verbs
to cost	coûter (koo-TAY)		fr-verbs
to open	ouvrir (oo-VREER)		fr-verbs
to close	fermer (fair-MAY)		fr-verbs
to begin	commencer (koh-mahn-SAY)		fr-verbs
to finish	finir (fee-NEER)		fr-verbs
to stop	arrêter (ah-reh-TAY)		fr-verbs
to wait for	attendre (ah-TAHN-druh)		fr-verbs
to find	trouver (troo-VAY)		fr-verbs
to look for	chercher (shair-SHAY)		fr-verbs
to lose	perdre (PAIR-druh)		fr-verbs
to win	gagner (gahn-YAY)		fr-verbs
to try / to taste	essayer (eh-say-YAY)		fr-verbs
to use	utiliser (ew-tee-lee-ZAY)		fr-verbs
to cook	cuisiner (kwee-zee-NAY)		fr-verbs
to clean	nettoyer (net-wah-YAY)		fr-verbs
to wash	laver (lah-VAY)		fr-verbs
to cut	couper (koo-PAY)		fr-verbs
to draw	dessiner (deh-see-NAY)		fr-verbs
to paint	peindre (PAN-druh)		fr-verbs
to build	construire (kohn-STRWEER)		fr-verbs
to fall	tomber (tohm-BAY)		fr-verbs
to climb	monter (mohn-TAY)		fr-verbs
to go down	descendre (day-SAHN-druh)		fr-verbs
to enter	entrer (ahn-TRAY)		fr-verbs
to return	revenir (ruh-vuh-NEER)		fr-verbs
to give back	rendre (RAHN-druh)		fr-verbs
to arrive	arriver (ah-ree-VAY)		fr-verbs
to travel	voyager (vwah-yah-ZHAY)		fr-verbs
to drive	conduire (kohn-DWEER)		fr-verbs
to fly	voler (voh-LAY)		fr-verbs
to sit down	s'asseoir (sah-SWAHR)		fr-verbs
to get up	se lever (suh luh-VAY)		fr-verbs
to wake up	se réveiller (suh ray-vay-YAY)		fr-verbs
to wash oneself	se laver (suh lah-VAY)		fr-verbs
to laugh	rire (reer)		fr-verbs
to cry	pleurer (pluh-RAY)		fr-verbs
to smile	sourire (soo-REER)		fr-verbs
to share	partager (par-tah-ZHAY)		fr-verbs
to send	envoyer (ahn-vwah-YAY)		fr-verbs
to receive	recevoir (ruh-suh-VWAHR)		fr-verbs
to choose	choisir (shwah-ZEER)		fr-verbs
to follow	suivre (SWEE-vruh)		fr-verbs
to believe	croire (krwahr)		fr-verbs
to hope	espérer (es-pay-RAY)		fr-verbs
to happen	arriver (ah-ree-VAY)		fr-verbs
to stay	rester (res-TAY)		fr-verbs
to change	changer (shahn-ZHAY)		fr-verbs
to need	avoir besoin de (ah-VWAHR buh-ZWAN duh)		fr-verbs
Monday	lundi (lun-DEE)		fr-weather-time
Tuesday	mardi (mar-DEE)		fr-weather-time
Wednesday	mercredi (mair-kruh-DEE)		fr-weather-time
Thursday	jeudi (zhuh-DEE)		fr-weather-time
Friday	vendredi (vahn-druh-DEE)		fr-weather-time
Saturday	samedi (sam-DEE)		fr-weather-time
Sunday	dimanche (dee-MAHNSH)		fr-weather-time
week	la semaine (lah suh-MEN)		fr-weather-time
weekend	le week-end (luh wee-KEND)		fr-weather-time
January	janvier (zhahn-VYAY)		fr-weather-time
February	février (fay-vree-AY)		fr-weather-time
March	mars (mars)		fr-weather-time
April	avril (ah-VREEL)		fr-weather-time
May	mai (may)		fr-weather-time
June	juin (zhwan)		fr-weather-time
July	juillet (zhwee-YAY)		fr-weather-time
August	août (oot)		fr-weather-time
September	septembre (sep-TAHM-bruh)		fr-weather-time
October	octobre (ok-TOH-bruh)		fr-weather-time
November	novembre (noh-VAHM-bruh)		fr-weather-time
December	décembre (day-SAHM-bruh)		fr-weather-time
month	le mois (luh mwah)		fr-weather-time
year	l'an / l'année (lahn / lah-NAY)		fr-weather-time
spring	le printemps (luh pran-TAHN)		fr-weather-time
summer	l'été (lay-TAY)		fr-weather-time
fall / autumn	l'automne (loh-TUN)		fr-weather-time
winter	l'hiver (lee-VAIR)		fr-weather-time
season	la saison (lah say-ZOHN)		fr-weather-time
today	aujourd'hui (oh-zhoor-DWEE)		fr-weather-time
yesterday	hier (yair)		fr-weather-time
tomorrow	demain (duh-MAN)		fr-weather-time
now	maintenant (man-tuh-NAHN)		fr-weather-time
later	plus tard (plew TAR)		fr-weather-time
always	toujours (too-ZHOOR)		fr-weather-time
never	jamais (zhah-MAY)		fr-weather-time
sometimes	parfois (par-FWAH)		fr-weather-time
morning	le matin (luh mah-TAN)		fr-weather-time
afternoon	l'après-midi (lah-pray-mee-DEE)		fr-weather-time
evening	le soir (luh swahr)		fr-weather-time
night	la nuit (lah nwee)		fr-weather-time
day	le jour (luh zhoor)		fr-weather-time
hour	l'heure (LUR)		fr-weather-time
minute	la minute (lah mee-NEWT)		fr-weather-time
second	la seconde (lah suh-GOHND)		fr-weather-time
What time is it?	Quelle heure est-il ? (kel UR eh-TEEL)		fr-weather-time
It is one o'clock	Il est une heure (eel eh ewn UR)		fr-weather-time
It is three o'clock	Il est trois heures (eel eh trwah ZUR)		fr-weather-time
half past	et demie (ay duh-MEE)		fr-weather-time
quarter past	et quart (ay KAR)		fr-weather-time
noon	midi (mee-DEE)		fr-weather-time
midnight	minuit (mee-NWEE)		fr-weather-time
early	tôt (toh)		fr-weather-time
late	tard (tar)		fr-weather-time
birthday	l'anniversaire (lah-nee-vair-SAIR)		fr-weather-time
calendar	le calendrier (luh kah-lahn-dree-AY)		fr-weather-time
weather	le temps (luh tahn)		fr-weather-time
What is the weather like?	Quel temps fait-il ? (kel tahn fay-TEEL)		fr-weather-time
It is sunny	Il fait du soleil (eel fay dew soh-LAY)		fr-weather-time
It is hot	Il fait chaud (eel fay SHOH)		fr-weather-time
It is cold	Il fait froid (eel fay FRWAH)		fr-weather-time
It is windy	Il y a du vent (eel ee ah dew VAHN)		fr-weather-time
It is nice weather	Il fait beau (eel fay BOH)		fr-weather-time
It is bad weather	Il fait mauvais (eel fay moh-VAY)		fr-weather-time
It is raining	Il pleut (eel PLUH)		fr-weather-time
It is snowing	Il neige (eel NEZH)		fr-weather-time
rain	la pluie (lah plwee)		fr-weather-time
snow	la neige (lah nezh)		fr-weather-time
sun	le soleil (luh soh-LAY)		fr-weather-time
moon	la lune (lah lewn)		fr-weather-time
star	l'étoile (lay-TWAHL)		fr-weather-time
sky	le ciel (luh syel)		fr-weather-time
cloud	le nuage (luh new-AHZH)		fr-weather-time
cloudy	nuageux (new-ah-ZHUH)		fr-weather-time
wind	le vent (luh vahn)		fr-weather-time
storm	l'orage (loh-RAHZH)		fr-weather-time
thunder	le tonnerre (luh toh-NAIR)		fr-weather-time
lightning	l'éclair (lay-KLAIR)		fr-weather-time
fog	le brouillard (luh broo-YAR)		fr-weather-time
ice	la glace (lah glas)		fr-weather-time
temperature	la température (lah tahm-pay-rah-TEWR)		fr-weather-time
rainbow	l'arc-en-ciel (lark-ahn-SYEL)		fr-weather-time
Person / human	ἄνθρωπος (anthrōpos (anthropology))		grc-basic-words
Man (male)	ἀνήρ (anēr (androgynous))		grc-basic-words
Woman	γυνή (gynē (gynecology))		grc-basic-words
Child	παῖς (pais (pediatrics))		grc-basic-words
Friend	φίλος (philos (philosophy))		grc-basic-words
God	θεός (theos (theology))		grc-basic-words
Word / reason	λόγος (logos (logic))		grc-basic-words
Life	βίος (bios (biology))		grc-basic-words
Love (selfless)	ἀγάπη (agapē)		grc-basic-words
War	πόλεμος (polemos (polemic))		grc-basic-words
Peace	εἰρήνη (eirēnē (Irene))		grc-basic-words
City	πόλις (polis (politics))		grc-basic-words
House	οἶκος (oikos (economy))		grc-basic-words
Land / earth	γῆ (gē (geography))		grc-basic-words
Sea	θάλασσα (thalassa)		grc-basic-words
Sun	ἥλιος (hēlios (helium))		grc-basic-words
Moon	σελήνη (selēnē (Selena))		grc-basic-words
Star	ἀστήρ (astēr (astronomy))		grc-basic-words
Water	ὕδωρ (hydōr (hydrant))		grc-basic-words
Fire	πῦρ (pyr (pyre))		grc-basic-words
Wind	ἄνεμος (anemos (anemometer))		grc-basic-words
Tree	δένδρον (dendron (rhododendron))		grc-basic-words
Horse	ἵππος (hippos (hippopotamus: river horse))		grc-basic-words
Dog	κύων (kyōn (cynic))		grc-basic-words
Lion	λέων (leōn (Leo))		grc-basic-words
Bird	ὄρνις (ornis (ornithology))		grc-basic-words
Fish	ἰχθύς (ichthys (ichthyology))		grc-basic-words
Book	βιβλίον (biblion (Bible, bibliography))		grc-basic-words
Letter (written)	ἐπιστολή (epistolē (epistle))		grc-basic-words
Name	ὄνομα (onoma (anonymous))		grc-basic-words
Time	χρόνος (chronos (chronology))		grc-basic-words
Day	ἡμέρα (hēmera (ephemeral))		grc-basic-words
Night	νύξ (nyx)		grc-basic-words
Light	φῶς (phōs (photograph))		grc-basic-words
Voice / sound	φωνή (phōnē (telephone))		grc-basic-words
Hand	χείρ (cheir (chiropractor))		grc-basic-words
Foot	πούς (pous (octopus: eight feet))		grc-basic-words
Head	κεφαλή (kephalē (encephalon))		grc-basic-words
Heart	καρδία (kardia (cardiac))		grc-basic-words
Eye	ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmos (ophthalmologist))		grc-basic-words
Ear	οὖς (ous (otitis))		grc-basic-words
Bone	ὀστέον (osteon (osteoporosis))		grc-basic-words
Stone	λίθος (lithos (monolith))		grc-basic-words
Gold	χρυσός (chrysos (chrysanthemum: golden flower))		grc-basic-words
Teacher	διδάσκαλος (didaskalos)		grc-basic-words
Soldier	στρατιώτης (stratiōtēs (strategy: army-leading))		grc-basic-words
King	βασιλεύς (basileus)		grc-basic-words
Island	νῆσος (nēsos (Polynesia: many islands))		grc-basic-words
Mountain	ὄρος (oros (orology))		grc-basic-words
Road / way	ὁδός (hodos (period: a way around))		grc-basic-words
Music	μουσική (mousikē (from the Muses))		grc-basic-words
Law / custom	νόμος (nomos (astronomy: star law))		grc-basic-words
Number	ἀριθμός (arithmos (arithmetic))		grc-basic-words
Truth	ἀλήθεια (alētheia)		grc-basic-words
Wisdom	σοφία (sophia (philosophy, Sophie))		grc-basic-words
Hope	ἐλπίς (elpis)		grc-basic-words
Dream	ὄνειρος (oneiros)		grc-basic-words
Medicine	ἰατρική (iatrikē (pediatrician: child doctor))		grc-basic-words
Earthquake	σεισμός (seismos (seismograph))		grc-basic-words
Circle	κύκλος (kyklos (cycle))		grc-basic-words
1	εἷς (heis)		grc-numbers
2	δύο (dyo)		grc-numbers
3	τρεῖς (treis)		grc-numbers
4	τέτταρες (tettares)		grc-numbers
5	πέντε (pente)		grc-numbers
6	ἕξ (hex)		grc-numbers
7	ἑπτά (hepta)		grc-numbers
8	ὀκτώ (oktō)		grc-numbers
9	ἐννέα (ennea)		grc-numbers
10	δέκα (deka)		grc-numbers
11	ἕνδεκα (hendeka)		grc-numbers
12	δώδεκα (dōdeka)		grc-numbers
20	εἴκοσι (eikosi)		grc-numbers
30	τριάκοντα (triakonta)		grc-numbers
40	τετταράκοντα (tettarakonta)		grc-numbers
50	πεντήκοντα (pentēkonta)		grc-numbers
60	ἑξήκοντα (hexēkonta)		grc-numbers
100	ἑκατόν (hekaton)		grc-numbers
1,000	χίλιοι (chilioi)		grc-numbers
10,000	μύριοι (myrioi)		grc-numbers
First	πρῶτος (prōtos)		grc-numbers
Second	δεύτερος (deuteros)		grc-numbers
Third	τρίτος (tritos)		grc-numbers
Fourth	τέταρτος (tetartos)		grc-numbers
Fifth	πέμπτος (pemptos)		grc-numbers
Tenth	δέκατος (dekatos)		grc-numbers
Once	ἅπαξ (hapax)		grc-numbers
Twice	δίς (dis)		grc-numbers
Half	ἥμισυς (hēmisys)		grc-numbers
Whole	ὅλος (holos)		grc-numbers
Hello / rejoice	χαῖρε (chaire)		grc-phrases
Hello (to several)	χαίρετε (chairete)		grc-phrases
Farewell	ἔρρωσο (errōso)		grc-phrases
Yes	ναί (nai)		grc-phrases
No	οὐ (ou)		grc-phrases
Not (with commands)	μή (mē)		grc-phrases
And	καί (kai)		grc-phrases
But	ἀλλά (alla)		grc-phrases
Or	ἤ (ē)		grc-phrases
For / because	γάρ (gar)		grc-phrases
In / on	ἐν (en)		grc-phrases
To / toward	πρός (pros)		grc-phrases
From / out of	ἐκ (ek)		grc-phrases
With	σύν (syn)		grc-phrases
I	ἐγώ (egō)		grc-phrases
You	σύ (sy)		grc-phrases
He / that one	αὐτός (autos)		grc-phrases
We	ἡμεῖς (hēmeis)		grc-phrases
Who?	τίς (tis)		grc-phrases
What?	τί (ti)		grc-phrases
Where?	ποῦ (pou)		grc-phrases
Why?	διὰ τί (dia ti)		grc-phrases
Good	ἀγαθός (agathos)		grc-phrases
Bad	κακός (kakos)		grc-phrases
Beautiful	καλός (kalos)		grc-phrases
Big	μέγας (megas)		grc-phrases
Small	μικρός (mikros)		grc-phrases
Many	πολύς (polys)		grc-phrases
New	νέος (neos)		grc-phrases
Old	παλαιός (palaios)		grc-phrases
All	πᾶς (pas)		grc-phrases
Always	ἀεί (aei)		grc-phrases
Never	οὐδέποτε (oudepote)		grc-phrases
Now	νῦν (nyn)		grc-phrases
Know thyself	γνῶθι σεαυτόν (gnōthi seauton (inscription at Delphi))		grc-phrases
Nothing too much	μηδὲν ἄγαν (mēden agan (inscription at Delphi))		grc-phrases
I found it!	εὕρηκα (heurēka (Archimedes: Eureka))		grc-phrases
Everything flows	πάντα ῥεῖ (panta rhei (Heraclitus))		grc-phrases
Help, or at least do no harm	ὠφελεῖν ἢ μὴ βλάπτειν (ōphelein ē mē blaptein (Hippocratic saying))		grc-phrases
Love of wisdom	φιλοσοφία (philosophia)		grc-phrases
Good luck	εὐτυχία (eutychia)		grc-phrases
Come here	δεῦρο (deuro)		grc-phrases
Be quiet	σίγα (siga)		grc-phrases
Let us go	ἴωμεν (iōmen)		grc-phrases
I am	εἰμί (eimi)		grc-verbs
I say	λέγω (legō)		grc-verbs
I write	γράφω (graphō)		grc-verbs
I hear	ἀκούω (akouō)		grc-verbs
I see	ὁράω (horaō)		grc-verbs
I love	φιλέω (phileō)		grc-verbs
I teach	διδάσκω (didaskō)		grc-verbs
I learn	μανθάνω (manthanō)		grc-verbs
I know	οἶδα (oida)		grc-verbs
I think	νομίζω (nomizō)		grc-verbs
I want / wish	βούλομαι (boulomai)		grc-verbs
I have / hold	ἔχω (echō)		grc-verbs
I give	δίδωμι (didōmi)		grc-verbs
I take	λαμβάνω (lambanō)		grc-verbs
I carry	φέρω (pherō)		grc-verbs
I lead	ἄγω (agō)		grc-verbs
I go	ἔρχομαι (erchomai)		grc-verbs
I run	τρέχω (trechō)		grc-verbs
I walk	βαδίζω (badizō)		grc-verbs
I flee	φεύγω (pheugō)		grc-verbs
I send	πέμπω (pempō)		grc-verbs
I find	εὑρίσκω (heuriskō)		grc-verbs
I seek	ζητέω (zēteō)		grc-verbs
I ask	ἐρωτάω (erōtaō)		grc-verbs
I answer	ἀποκρίνομαι (apokrinomai)		grc-verbs
I fight	μάχομαι (machomai)		grc-verbs
I rule	ἄρχω (archō)		grc-verbs
I wait	μένω (menō)		grc-verbs
I live	ζάω (zaō)		grc-verbs
I die	ἀποθνῄσκω (apothnēskō)		grc-verbs
I eat	ἐσθίω (esthiō)		grc-verbs
I drink	πίνω (pinō)		grc-verbs
I sleep	καθεύδω (katheudō)		grc-verbs
I play	παίζω (paizō)		grc-verbs
I sing	ἄδω (adō)		grc-verbs
I speak	φημί (phēmi)		grc-verbs
I do / make	ποιέω (poieō)		grc-verbs
I build	οἰκοδομέω (oikodomeō)		grc-verbs
I open	ἀνοίγω (anoigō)		grc-verbs
I throw	βάλλω (ballō)		grc-verbs
I stand	ἵστημι (histēmi)		grc-verbs
I put	τίθημι (tithēmi)		grc-verbs
I believe / trust	πιστεύω (pisteuō)		grc-verbs
I laugh	γελάω (gelaō)		grc-verbs
I weep	δακρύω (dakryō)		grc-verbs
I look at	βλέπω (blepō)		grc-verbs
I save	σῴζω (sōzō)		grc-verbs
I free	ἐλευθερόω (eleutheroō)		grc-verbs
Far	tele- (τῆλε) (telescope, telephone)		grc-word-roots
Write / draw	graph- (γράφω) (photograph, autograph)		grc-word-roots
Sound / voice	phon- (φωνή) (telephone, phonics)		grc-word-roots
Light	photo- (φῶς) (photograph, photosynthesis)		grc-word-roots
Life	bio- (βίος) (biology, biography)		grc-word-roots
Earth	geo- (γῆ) (geography, geology)		grc-word-roots
Water	hydro- (ὕδωρ) (hydrant, dehydrate)		grc-word-roots
Fire	pyro- (πῦρ) (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics)		grc-word-roots
Study of	-logy (λόγος) (biology, zoology)		grc-word-roots
Animal	zoo- (ζῷον) (zoo, zoology)		grc-word-roots
Plant	phyto- (φυτόν) (phytoplankton)		grc-word-roots
Star	astro- (ἀστήρ) (astronaut, astronomy)		grc-word-roots
Star (alternate)	aster- (asterisk, asteroid)		grc-word-roots
Heart	cardio- (καρδία) (cardiac, cardiology)		grc-word-roots
Brain / mind	psych- (ψυχή) (psychology)		grc-word-roots
Skin	derm- (δέρμα) (dermatology, epidermis)		grc-word-roots
Bone	osteo- (ὀστέον) (osteoporosis)		grc-word-roots
Stomach	gastro- (γαστήρ) (gastric)		grc-word-roots
Eye	ophthalm- (ophthalmologist)		grc-word-roots
Foot	ped- / pod- (πούς) (tripod, podiatrist)		grc-word-roots
Hand	chiro- (χείρ) (chiropractor)		grc-word-roots
Many	poly- (πολύς) (polygon, polyglot)		grc-word-roots
One	mono- (μόνος) (monorail, monologue)		grc-word-roots
Two	di- (δύο) (dioxide, diploma)		grc-word-roots
Three	tri- (τρεῖς) (triangle, tricycle)		grc-word-roots
Four	tetra- (τέτταρες) (tetrahedron)		grc-word-roots
Five	penta- (πέντε) (pentagon)		grc-word-roots
Six	hexa- (ἕξ) (hexagon)		grc-word-roots
Eight	octo- (ὀκτώ) (octopus, octagon)		grc-word-roots
Ten	deca- (δέκα) (decade, decathlon)		grc-word-roots
Hundred	hecto- (ἑκατόν) (hectare)		grc-word-roots
Thousand	kilo- (χίλιοι) (kilometer, kilogram)		grc-word-roots
Small	micro- (μικρός) (microscope)		grc-word-roots
Big / great	mega- (μέγας) (megaphone)		grc-word-roots
Same	homo- (ὁμός) (homonym)		grc-word-roots
Different	hetero- (ἕτερος) (heterogeneous)		grc-word-roots
New	neo- (νέος) (neon, neonatal)		grc-word-roots
Old	paleo- (παλαιός) (paleontology)		grc-word-roots
People	demo- (δῆμος) (democracy)		grc-word-roots
Power / rule	-cracy (κράτος) (democracy, autocracy)		grc-word-roots
Self	auto- (αὐτός) (automatic, autograph)		grc-word-roots
Love	phil- (φίλος) (philosophy, Philadelphia)		grc-word-roots
Fear	-phobia (φόβος) (claustrophobia, arachnophobia)		grc-word-roots
Measure	metro- (μέτρον) (meter, thermometer)		grc-word-roots
Heat	thermo- (θερμός) (thermometer, thermos)		grc-word-roots
Time	chrono- (χρόνος) (chronology)		grc-word-roots
Wind / breath	pneumo- (πνεῦμα) (pneumonia)		grc-word-roots
Word	-nym (ὄνομα) (synonym, antonym)		grc-word-roots
Against	anti- (ἀντί) (antibiotic)		grc-word-roots
Around	peri- (περί) (perimeter)		grc-word-roots
Together	syn- / sym- (σύν) (synonym, symphony)		grc-word-roots
Under	hypo- (ὑπό) (hypothermia)		grc-word-roots
Over / above	hyper- (ὑπέρ) (hyperactive)		grc-word-roots
Circle	cyclo- (κύκλος) (bicycle)		grc-word-roots
Rock / stone	litho- (λίθος) (monolith, lithosphere)		grc-word-roots
Dog	कुत्ता (kuttā)		hi-animals
Cat	बिल्ली (billī)		hi-animals
Bird	चिड़िया (chiṛiyā)		hi-animals
Fish	मछली (machhalī)		hi-animals
Horse	घोड़ा (ghoṛā)		hi-animals
Cow	गाय (gāy)		hi-animals
Buffalo	भैंस (bhaiṅs)		hi-animals
Pig	सूअर (sūar)		hi-animals
Sheep	भेड़ (bheṛ)		hi-animals
Goat	बकरी (bakrī)		hi-animals
Chicken	मुर्गी (murgī)		hi-animals
Duck	बत्तख (battakh)		hi-animals
Rabbit	खरगोश (kharagosh)		hi-animals
Mouse	चूहा (chūhā)		hi-animals
Monkey	बंदर (bandar)		hi-animals
Bear	भालू (bhālū)		hi-animals
Elephant	हाथी (hāthī)		hi-animals
Lion	शेर (sher)		hi-animals
Tiger	बाघ (bāgh)		hi-animals
Leopard	तेंदुआ (tenduā)		hi-animals
Camel	ऊँट (ūñṭ)		hi-animals
Deer	हिरन (hiran)		hi-animals
Wolf	भेड़िया (bheṛiyā)		hi-animals
Fox	लोमड़ी (lomaṛī)		hi-animals
Squirrel	गिलहरी (gilaharī)		hi-animals
Frog	मेंढक (meṇḍhak)		hi-animals
Snake	साँप (sāñp)		hi-animals
Turtle	कछुआ (kachhuā)		hi-animals
Crocodile	मगरमच्छ (magarmachchh)		hi-animals
Butterfly	तितली (titalī)		hi-animals
Bee	मधुमक्खी (madhumakkhī)		hi-animals
Ant	चींटी (chīñṭī)		hi-animals
Spider	मकड़ी (makaṛī)		hi-animals
Fly	मक्खी (makkhī)		hi-animals
Mosquito	मच्छर (machchhar)		hi-animals
Whale	व्हेल (vhel)		hi-animals
Dolphin	डॉल्फ़िन (ḍolfin)		hi-animals
Owl	उल्लू (ullū)		hi-animals
Peacock	मोर (mor)		hi-animals
Parrot	तोता (totā)		hi-animals
Crow	कौआ (kauā)		hi-animals
Eagle	चील (chīl)		hi-animals
Sparrow	गौरैया (gauraiyā)		hi-animals
Donkey	गधा (gadhā)		hi-animals
Insect	कीड़ा (kīṛā)		hi-animals
Animal	जानवर (jānvar)		hi-animals
Zoo	चिड़ियाघर (chiṛiyāghar)		hi-animals
Rhinoceros	गैंडा (gaiṇḍā)		hi-animals
Bat	चमगादड़ (chamgādaṛ)		hi-animals
Red	लाल (lāl)		hi-colors
Blue	नीला (nīlā)		hi-colors
Yellow	पीला (pīlā)		hi-colors
Green	हरा (harā)		hi-colors
White	सफ़ेद (safed)		hi-colors
Black	काला (kālā)		hi-colors
Orange	नारंगी (nārangī)		hi-colors
Pink	गुलाबी (gulābī)		hi-colors
Purple	बैंगनी (baiṅganī)		hi-colors
Brown	भूरा (bhūrā)		hi-colors
Gray	स्लेटी (sleṭī)		hi-colors
Gold	सुनहरा (sunaharā)		hi-colors
Silver	रुपहला (rupahalā)		hi-colors
Color	रंग (rang)		hi-colors
Circle	गोला (golā)		hi-colors
Square	वर्ग (varg)		hi-colors
Triangle	त्रिकोण (trikoṇ)		hi-colors
Star	तारा (tārā)		hi-colors
Big	बड़ा (baṛā)		hi-colors
Small	छोटा (chhoṭā)		hi-colors
Long	लंबा (lambā)		hi-colors
Short	छोटा (chhoṭā)		hi-colors
Tall	ऊँचा (ūñchā)		hi-colors
New	नया (nayā)		hi-colors
Old	पुराना (purānā)		hi-colors
Hot	गरम (garam)		hi-colors
Cold	ठंडा (ṭhaṇḍā)		hi-colors
Good	अच्छा (achchhā)		hi-colors
Bad	बुरा (burā)		hi-colors
Fast	तेज़ (tez)		hi-colors
Slow	धीमा (dhīmā)		hi-colors
Happy	खुश (khush)		hi-colors
Sad	उदास (udās)		hi-colors
Beautiful	सुंदर (sundar)		hi-colors
Delicious	स्वादिष्ट (svādiṣṭ)		hi-colors
Heavy	भारी (bhārī)		hi-colors
Light (weight)	हल्का (halkā)		hi-colors
Near	पास (pās)		hi-colors
Far	दूर (dūr)		hi-colors
Many	बहुत (bahut)		hi-colors
Few	कम (kam)		hi-colors
Easy	आसान (āsān)		hi-colors
Difficult	मुश्किल (mushkil)		hi-colors
Clean	साफ़ (sāf)		hi-colors
Dirty	गंदा (gandā)		hi-colors
Strong	मज़बूत (mazbūt)		hi-colors
Sweet	मीठा (mīṭhā)		hi-colors
Sour	खट्टा (khaṭṭā)		hi-colors
Family	परिवार (parivār)		hi-family
Mother	माँ (māñ)		hi-family
Father	पिता (pitā)		hi-family
Dad	पापा (pāpā)		hi-family
Older brother	भैया (bhaiyā)		hi-family
Brother	भाई (bhāī)		hi-family
Older sister	दीदी (dīdī)		hi-family
Sister	बहन (bahan)		hi-family
Grandfather (father's father)	दादा (dādā)		hi-family
Grandmother (father's mother)	दादी (dādī)		hi-family
Grandfather (mother's father)	नाना (nānā)		hi-family
Grandmother (mother's mother)	नानी (nānī)		hi-family
Father's brother (uncle)	चाचा (chāchā)		hi-family
Father's sister (aunt)	बुआ (buā)		hi-family
Mother's brother (uncle)	मामा (māmā)		hi-family
Mother's sister (aunt)	मौसी (mausī)		hi-family
Husband	पति (pati)		hi-family
Wife	पत्नी (patnī)		hi-family
Son	बेटा (beṭā)		hi-family
Daughter	बेटी (beṭī)		hi-family
Child	बच्चा (bachchā)		hi-family
Baby	शिशु (shishu)		hi-family
Boy	लड़का (laṛkā)		hi-family
Girl	लड़की (laṛkī)		hi-family
Man	आदमी (ādmī)		hi-family
Woman	औरत (aurat)		hi-family
Person	व्यक्ति (vyakti)		hi-family
Friend	दोस्त (dost)		hi-family
Teacher	शिक्षक (shikṣak)		hi-family
Student	विद्यार्थी (vidyārthī)		hi-family
Doctor	डॉक्टर (ḍākṭar)		hi-family
Neighbor	पड़ोसी (paṛosī)		hi-family
I	मैं (maiñ)		hi-family
You (respectful)	आप (āp)		hi-family
You (friendly)	तुम (tum)		hi-family
He / she / this	यह (yah)		hi-family
We	हम (ham)		hi-family
They	वे (ve)		hi-family
Parents	माता-पिता (mātā-pitā)		hi-family
House	घर (ghar)		hi-family
School	स्कूल (skūl)		hi-family
Class	कक्षा (kakṣā)		hi-family
City	शहर (shahar)		hi-family
Village	गाँव (gāñv)		hi-family
Country	देश (desh)		hi-family
India	भारत (Bhārat)		hi-family
Name	नाम (nām)		hi-family
Everyone	सब लोग (sab log)		hi-family
King	राजा (rājā)		hi-family
Queen	रानी (rānī)		hi-family
Water	पानी (pānī)		hi-food
Tea	चाय (chāy)		hi-food
Coffee	कॉफ़ी (kofī)		hi-food
Milk	दूध (dūdh)		hi-food
Juice	रस (ras)		hi-food
Bread (flatbread)	रोटी (roṭī)		hi-food
Bread (loaf)	डबलरोटी (ḍabalroṭī)		hi-food
Rice	चावल (chāval)		hi-food
Lentils	दाल (dāl)		hi-food
Egg	अंडा (aṇḍā)		hi-food
Meat	मांस (māṃs)		hi-food
Fish	मछली (machhalī)		hi-food
Vegetables	सब्ज़ी (sabzī)		hi-food
Fruit	फल (phal)		hi-food
Apple	सेब (seb)		hi-food
Banana	केला (kelā)		hi-food
Mango	आम (ām)		hi-food
Orange	संतरा (santarā)		hi-food
Grapes	अंगूर (angūr)		hi-food
Watermelon	तरबूज़ (tarbūz)		hi-food
Pomegranate	अनार (anār)		hi-food
Guava	अमरूद (amrūd)		hi-food
Potato	आलू (ālū)		hi-food
Tomato	टमाटर (ṭamāṭar)		hi-food
Onion	प्याज़ (pyāz)		hi-food
Carrot	गाजर (gājar)		hi-food
Peas	मटर (maṭar)		hi-food
Cauliflower	फूलगोभी (phūlgobhī)		hi-food
Spinach	पालक (pālak)		hi-food
Garlic	लहसुन (lahasun)		hi-food
Ginger	अदरक (adarak)		hi-food
Cheese (paneer)	पनीर (panīr)		hi-food
Yogurt	दही (dahī)		hi-food
Butter	मक्खन (makkhan)		hi-food
Salt	नमक (namak)		hi-food
Sugar	चीनी (chīnī)		hi-food
Honey	शहद (shahad)		hi-food
Spice	मसाला (masālā)		hi-food
Pepper (chili)	मिर्च (mirch)		hi-food
Sweets	मिठाई (miṭhāī)		hi-food
Cake	केक (kek)		hi-food
Ice cream	आइसक्रीम (āisakrīm)		hi-food
Snack	नाश्ता (nāshtā)		hi-food
Breakfast	सुबह का नाश्ता (subah kā nāshtā)		hi-food
Lunch	दोपहर का खाना (dopahar kā khānā)		hi-food
Dinner	रात का खाना (rāt kā khānā)		hi-food
Food	खाना (khānā)		hi-food
Spoon	चम्मच (chammach)		hi-food
Plate	थाली (thālī)		hi-food
Cup	कप (kap)		hi-food
I'm hungry	मुझे भूख लगी है (mujhe bhūkh lagī hai)		hi-food
I'm thirsty	मुझे प्यास लगी है (mujhe pyās lagī hai)		hi-food
Delicious	स्वादिष्ट (svādiṣṭ)		hi-food
Hello / greetings	नमस्ते (namaste)		hi-greetings
Hello (formal)	नमस्कार (namaskār)		hi-greetings
Goodbye	अलविदा (alvidā)		hi-greetings
See you again	फिर मिलेंगे (phir milenge)		hi-greetings
Good morning	सुप्रभात (suprabhāt)		hi-greetings
Good night	शुभ रात्रि (shubh rātri)		hi-greetings
Thank you	धन्यवाद (dhanyavād)		hi-greetings
Thanks (casual)	शुक्रिया (shukriyā)		hi-greetings
You're welcome	आपका स्वागत है (āpkā svāgat hai)		hi-greetings
Please	कृपया (kripayā)		hi-greetings
Sorry	माफ़ कीजिए (māf kījiye)		hi-greetings
Excuse me	सुनिए (suniye)		hi-greetings
Yes	हाँ (hāñ)		hi-greetings
No	नहीं (nahīñ)		hi-greetings
How are you?	आप कैसे हैं (āp kaise haiñ)		hi-greetings
I'm fine	मैं ठीक हूँ (maiñ ṭhīk hūñ)		hi-greetings
And you?	और आप (aur āp)		hi-greetings
Nice to meet you	आपसे मिलकर खुशी हुई (āpse milkar khushī huī)		hi-greetings
What is your name?	आपका नाम क्या है (āpkā nām kyā hai)		hi-greetings
My name is Ravi	मेरा नाम रवि है (merā nām Ravi hai)		hi-greetings
I am from America	मैं अमेरिका से हूँ (maiñ Amerikā se hūñ)		hi-greetings
Welcome	स्वागत है (svāgat hai)		hi-greetings
Happy birthday	जन्मदिन मुबारक (janmadin mubārak)		hi-greetings
Congratulations	बधाई हो (badhāī ho)		hi-greetings
Happy Diwali	दिवाली की शुभकामनाएँ (divālī kī shubhkāmnāeñ)		hi-greetings
Cheers	चियर्स (chiyars)		hi-greetings
I understand	मैं समझता हूँ (maiñ samajhtā hūñ)		hi-greetings
I don't understand	मुझे समझ नहीं आया (mujhe samajh nahīñ āyā)		hi-greetings
Please say it again	कृपया फिर से कहिए (kripayā phir se kahiye)		hi-greetings
Please speak slowly	कृपया धीरे बोलिए (kripayā dhīre boliye)		hi-greetings
Do you speak English?	क्या आप अंग्रेज़ी बोलते हैं (kyā āp angrezī bolte haiñ)		hi-greetings
I speak a little Hindi	मैं थोड़ी हिंदी बोलता हूँ (maiñ thoṛī hindī boltā hūñ)		hi-greetings
Where is the bathroom?	शौचालय कहाँ है (shauchālay kahāñ hai)		hi-greetings
Very good	बहुत अच्छा (bahut achchhā)		hi-greetings
Wonderful	शानदार (shāndār)		hi-greetings
Come in	अंदर आइए (andar āiye)		hi-greetings
Sit down	बैठिए (baiṭhiye)		hi-greetings
Wait a moment	एक मिनट रुकिए (ek minaṭ rukiye)		hi-greetings
Let's go	चलिए (chaliye)		hi-greetings
Okay	ठीक है (ṭhīk hai)		hi-greetings
Take care	अपना ध्यान रखना (apnā dhyān rakhnā)		hi-greetings
I love you	मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ (maiñ tumse pyār kartā hūñ)		hi-greetings
What?	क्या (kyā)		hi-greetings
0	शून्य (shūnya (०))		hi-numbers
1	एक (ek (१))		hi-numbers
2	दो (do (२))		hi-numbers
3	तीन (tīn (३))		hi-numbers
4	चार (chār (४))		hi-numbers
5	पाँच (pāñch (५))		hi-numbers
6	छह (chhah (६))		hi-numbers
7	सात (sāt (७))		hi-numbers
8	आठ (āṭh (८))		hi-numbers
9	नौ (nau (९))		hi-numbers
10	दस (das (१०))		hi-numbers
11	ग्यारह (gyārah (११))		hi-numbers
12	बारह (bārah (१२))		hi-numbers
13	तेरह (terah (१३))		hi-numbers
14	चौदह (chaudah (१४))		hi-numbers
15	पंद्रह (pandrah (१५))		hi-numbers
16	सोलह (solah (१६))		hi-numbers
17	सत्रह (satrah (१७))		hi-numbers
18	अठारह (aṭhārah (१८))		hi-numbers
19	उन्नीस (unnīs (१९))		hi-numbers
20	बीस (bīs (२०))		hi-numbers
30	तीस (tīs (३०))		hi-numbers
40	चालीस (chālīs (४०))		hi-numbers
50	पचास (pachās (५०))		hi-numbers
60	साठ (sāṭh (६०))		hi-numbers
70	सत्तर (sattar (७०))		hi-numbers
80	अस्सी (assī (८०))		hi-numbers
90	नब्बे (nabbe (९०))		hi-numbers
100	सौ (sau (१००))		hi-numbers
1,000	हज़ार (hazār (१०००))		hi-numbers
100,000	लाख (lākh (१,००,०००))		hi-numbers
10,000,000	करोड़ (karoṛ (१,००,००,०००))		hi-numbers
First	पहला (pahlā)		hi-numbers
Second	दूसरा (dūsrā)		hi-numbers
Third	तीसरा (tīsrā)		hi-numbers
Half	आधा (ādhā)		hi-numbers
Quarter	चौथाई (chauthāī)		hi-numbers
How many?	कितने (kitne)		hi-numbers
What is this?	यह क्या है (yah kyā hai)		hi-phrases
How much is it?	यह कितने का है (yah kitne kā hai)		hi-phrases
Where?	कहाँ (kahāñ)		hi-phrases
When?	कब (kab)		hi-phrases
Who?	कौन (kaun)		hi-phrases
Why?	क्यों (kyoñ)		hi-phrases
How?	कैसे (kaise)		hi-phrases
Which?	कौन सा (kaun sā)		hi-phrases
This	यह (yah)		hi-phrases
That	वह (vah)		hi-phrases
Here	यहाँ (yahāñ)		hi-phrases
There	वहाँ (vahāñ)		hi-phrases
Today	आज (āj)		hi-phrases
Tomorrow / yesterday	कल (kal)		hi-phrases
Now	अभी (abhī)		hi-phrases
Morning	सुबह (subah)		hi-phrases
Afternoon	दोपहर (dopahar)		hi-phrases
Evening	शाम (shām)		hi-phrases
Night	रात (rāt)		hi-phrases
Day	दिन (din)		hi-phrases
Week	सप्ताह (saptāh)		hi-phrases
Month	महीना (mahīnā)		hi-phrases
Year	साल (sāl)		hi-phrases
Monday	सोमवार (somvār)		hi-phrases
Tuesday	मंगलवार (mangalvār)		hi-phrases
Wednesday	बुधवार (budhvār)		hi-phrases
Thursday	गुरुवार (guruvār)		hi-phrases
Friday	शुक्रवार (shukravār)		hi-phrases
Saturday	शनिवार (shanivār)		hi-phrases
Sunday	रविवार (ravivār)		hi-phrases
Right	दाएँ (dāeñ)		hi-phrases
Left	बाएँ (bāeñ)		hi-phrases
Straight ahead	सीधे (sīdhe)		hi-phrases
Up	ऊपर (ūpar)		hi-phrases
Down	नीचे (nīche)		hi-phrases
Inside	अंदर (andar)		hi-phrases
Outside	बाहर (bāhar)		hi-phrases
And	और (aur)		hi-phrases
Or	या (yā)		hi-phrases
But	लेकिन (lekin)		hi-phrases
Very	बहुत (bahut)		hi-phrases
Also	भी (bhī)		hi-phrases
Always	हमेशा (hameshā)		hi-phrases
Never	कभी नहीं (kabhī nahīñ)		hi-phrases
Sometimes	कभी-कभी (kabhī-kabhī)		hi-phrases
I like cats	मुझे बिल्लियाँ पसंद हैं (mujhe billiyāñ pasand haiñ)		hi-phrases
I have a dog	मेरे पास एक कुत्ता है (mere pās ek kuttā hai)		hi-phrases
I want water	मुझे पानी चाहिए (mujhe pānī chāhiye)		hi-phrases
What time is it?	कितने बजे हैं (kitne baje haiñ)		hi-phrases
To eat	खाना (khānā)		hi-verbs
To drink	पीना (pīnā)		hi-verbs
To go	जाना (jānā)		hi-verbs
To come	आना (ānā)		hi-verbs
To see	देखना (dekhnā)		hi-verbs
To listen	सुनना (sunnā)		hi-verbs
To speak	बोलना (bolnā)		hi-verbs
To say	कहना (kahnā)		hi-verbs
To read	पढ़ना (paṛhnā)		hi-verbs
To write	लिखना (likhnā)		hi-verbs
To do	करना (karnā)		hi-verbs
To buy	खरीदना (kharīdnā)		hi-verbs
To sell	बेचना (bechnā)		hi-verbs
To sleep	सोना (sonā)		hi-verbs
To wake up	जागना (jāgnā)		hi-verbs
To play	खेलना (khelnā)		hi-verbs
To swim	तैरना (tairnā)		hi-verbs
To run	दौड़ना (dauṛnā)		hi-verbs
To walk	चलना (chalnā)		hi-verbs
To study	पढ़ाई करना (paṛhāī karnā)		hi-verbs
To teach	पढ़ाना (paṛhānā)		hi-verbs
To know	जानना (jānnā)		hi-verbs
To think	सोचना (sochnā)		hi-verbs
To wait	इंतज़ार करना (intazār karnā)		hi-verbs
To sit	बैठना (baiṭhnā)		hi-verbs
To stand	खड़े होना (khaṛe honā)		hi-verbs
To open	खोलना (kholnā)		hi-verbs
To close	बंद करना (band karnā)		hi-verbs
To give	देना (denā)		hi-verbs
To take	लेना (lenā)		hi-verbs
To use	इस्तेमाल करना (istemāl karnā)		hi-verbs
To sing	गाना (gānā)		hi-verbs
To dance	नाचना (nāchnā)		hi-verbs
To draw	चित्र बनाना (chitra banānā)		hi-verbs
To laugh	हँसना (hañsnā)		hi-verbs
To cry	रोना (ronā)		hi-verbs
To love	प्यार करना (pyār karnā)		hi-verbs
To like	पसंद करना (pasand karnā)		hi-verbs
To be	होना (honā)		hi-verbs
To meet	मिलना (milnā)		hi-verbs
To work	काम करना (kām karnā)		hi-verbs
To rest	आराम करना (ārām karnā)		hi-verbs
To wash	धोना (dhonā)		hi-verbs
To cook	पकाना (pakānā)		hi-verbs
To help	मदद करना (madad karnā)		hi-verbs
To forget	भूलना (bhūlnā)		hi-verbs
To remember	याद रखना (yād rakhnā)		hi-verbs
To ask	पूछना (pūchhnā)		hi-verbs
To answer	जवाब देना (javāb denā)		hi-verbs
To find	ढूँढ़ना (ḍhūñḍhnā)		hi-verbs
To fly	उड़ना (uṛnā)		hi-verbs
To jump	कूदना (kūdnā)		hi-verbs
To wear	पहनना (pahannā)		hi-verbs
To arrive	पहुँचना (pahuñchnā)		hi-verbs
To return	लौटना (lauṭnā)		hi-verbs
Who?	Chi? (kee)		it-adjectives-questions-places
What?	Che cosa? (keh KOH-zah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
Where?	Dove? (DOH-veh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
When?	Quando? (KWAHN-doh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
Why?	Perché? (pair-KEH)		it-adjectives-questions-places
How?	Come? (KOH-meh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
How much?	Quanto? (KWAHN-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
How many?	Quanti? (KWAHN-tee)		it-adjectives-questions-places
Which?	Quale? (KWAH-leh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
because	perché (pair-KEH)		it-adjectives-questions-places
big	grande (GRAHN-deh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
small	piccolo (PEEK-koh-loh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
tall	alto (AHL-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
short (height)	basso (BAHS-soh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
long	lungo (LOON-goh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
short (length)	corto (KOR-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
thin	magro (MAH-groh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
new	nuovo (NWOH-voh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
old	vecchio (VEK-kyoh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
young	giovane (JOH-vah-neh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
good	buono (BWOH-noh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
bad	cattivo (kaht-TEE-voh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
beautiful	bello (BEL-loh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
ugly	brutto (BROOT-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
happy	felice (feh-LEE-cheh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
sad	triste (TREES-teh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
angry	arrabbiato (ar-rahb-BYAH-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
scared	spaventato (spah-ven-TAH-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
tired	stanco (STAHN-koh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
hungry	affamato (af-fah-MAH-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
sick	malato (mah-LAH-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
funny	divertente (dee-vair-TEN-teh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
serious	serio (SEH-ryoh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
smart	intelligente (een-tel-lee-JEN-teh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
kind	gentile (jen-TEE-leh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
brave	coraggioso (koh-rahd-JOH-zoh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
shy	timido (TEE-mee-doh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
lazy	pigro (PEE-groh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
fast	veloce (veh-LOH-cheh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
slow	lento (LEN-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
hot	caldo (KAHL-doh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
cold	freddo (FRED-doh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
hard	duro (DOO-roh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
soft	morbido (MOR-bee-doh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
easy	facile (FAH-chee-leh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
difficult	difficile (deef-FEE-chee-leh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
heavy	pesante (peh-ZAHN-teh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
light (weight)	leggero (led-JEH-roh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
full	pieno (PYEH-noh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
empty	vuoto (VWOH-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
open	aperto (ah-PAIR-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
closed	chiuso (KYOO-zoh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
clean	pulito (poo-LEE-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
dirty	sporco (SPOR-koh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
wet	bagnato (bahn-YAH-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
dry	asciutto (ah-SHOOT-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
expensive	caro (KAH-roh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
cheap	economico (eh-koh-NOH-mee-koh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
strong	forte (FOR-teh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
weak	debole (DEH-boh-leh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
loud	rumoroso (roo-moh-ROH-zoh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
quiet	tranquillo (trahn-KWEEL-loh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
near	vicino (vee-CHEE-noh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
far	lontano (lon-TAH-noh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
many	molto (MOL-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
few / a little	poco (POH-koh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
all	tutto (TOOT-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
same	uguale (oo-GWAH-leh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
different	diverso (dee-VAIR-soh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
important	importante (eem-por-TAHN-teh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
true	vero (VEH-roh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
false	falso (FAHL-soh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
ready	pronto (PRON-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
free	libero (LEE-beh-roh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
busy	occupato (ok-koo-PAH-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
dangerous	pericoloso (peh-ree-koh-LOH-zoh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
delicious	delizioso (deh-lee-TSYOH-zoh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
city	la città (lah cheet-TAH)		it-adjectives-questions-places
street	la strada (lah STRAH-dah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
square (plaza)	la piazza (lah PYAHT-tsah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
store	il negozio (eel neh-GOHT-syoh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
supermarket	il supermercato (eel soo-pair-mair-KAH-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
market	il mercato (eel mair-KAH-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
hospital	l'ospedale (los-peh-DAH-leh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
pharmacy	la farmacia (lah far-mah-CHEE-ah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
bank	la banca (lah BAHN-kah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
post office	l'ufficio postale (loof-FEE-choh pos-TAH-leh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
church	la chiesa (lah KYEH-zah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
museum	il museo (eel moo-ZEH-oh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
park	il parco (eel PAR-koh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
school	la scuola (lah SKWOH-lah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
beach	la spiaggia (lah SPYAHD-jah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
mountain	la montagna (lah mon-TAHN-yah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
river	il fiume (eel FYOO-meh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
lake	il lago (eel LAH-goh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
sea	il mare (eel MAH-reh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
island	l'isola (LEE-zoh-lah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
airport	l'aeroporto (lah-eh-roh-POR-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
train station	la stazione (lah staht-SYOH-neh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
hotel	l'albergo (lahl-BAIR-goh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
airplane	l'aereo (lah-EH-reh-oh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
train	il treno (eel TREH-noh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
bus	l'autobus (LOW-toh-boos)		it-adjectives-questions-places
car	la macchina (lah MAHK-kee-nah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
bicycle	la bicicletta (lah bee-chee-KLET-tah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
boat	la barca (lah BAR-kah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
ticket	il biglietto (eel beel-YET-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
passport	il passaporto (eel pahs-sah-POR-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
suitcase	la valigia (lah vah-LEE-jah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
Where is...?	Dov'è...? (doh-VEH)		it-adjectives-questions-places
Where is the bathroom?	Dov'è il bagno? (doh-VEH eel BAHN-yoh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
to the right	a destra (ah DES-trah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
to the left	a sinistra (ah see-NEES-trah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
straight ahead	sempre dritto (SEM-preh DREET-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
here	qui (kwee)		it-adjectives-questions-places
there	lì (lee)		it-adjectives-questions-places
How much does it cost?	Quanto costa? (KWAHN-toh KOS-tah)		it-adjectives-questions-places
I am lost	Mi sono perso (mee SOH-noh PAIR-soh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
I need help	Ho bisogno di aiuto (oh bee-ZOHN-yoh dee ah-YOO-toh)		it-adjectives-questions-places
dog	il cane (eel KAH-neh)		it-animals
cat	il gatto (eel GAHT-toh)		it-animals
bird	l'uccello (loot-CHEL-loh)		it-animals
fish	il pesce (eel PEH-sheh)		it-animals
horse	il cavallo (eel kah-VAHL-loh)		it-animals
cow	la mucca (lah MOOK-kah)		it-animals
pig	il maiale (eel mah-YAH-leh)		it-animals
sheep	la pecora (lah PEH-koh-rah)		it-animals
goat	la capra (lah KAH-prah)		it-animals
chicken	la gallina (lah gahl-LEE-nah)		it-animals
rooster	il gallo (eel GAHL-loh)		it-animals
duck	l'anatra (LAH-nah-trah)		it-animals
rabbit	il coniglio (eel koh-NEEL-yoh)		it-animals
mouse	il topo (eel TOH-poh)		it-animals
turkey	il tacchino (eel tahk-KEE-noh)		it-animals
donkey	l'asino (LAH-zee-noh)		it-animals
lion	il leone (eel leh-OH-neh)		it-animals
tiger	la tigre (lah TEE-greh)		it-animals
bear	l'orso (LOR-soh)		it-animals
elephant	l'elefante (leh-leh-FAHN-teh)		it-animals
giraffe	la giraffa (lah jee-RAHF-fah)		it-animals
monkey	la scimmia (lah SHEEM-myah)		it-animals
zebra	la zebra (lah DZEH-brah)		it-animals
wolf	il lupo (eel LOO-poh)		it-animals
fox	la volpe (lah VOL-peh)		it-animals
deer	il cervo (eel CHAIR-voh)		it-animals
hippopotamus	l'ippopotamo (leep-poh-POH-tah-moh)		it-animals
rhinoceros	il rinoceronte (eel ree-noh-cheh-ROHN-teh)		it-animals
kangaroo	il canguro (eel kahn-GOO-roh)		it-animals
squirrel	lo scoiattolo (loh skoy-AHT-toh-loh)		it-animals
bat	il pipistrello (eel pee-pees-TREL-loh)		it-animals
camel	il cammello (eel kahm-MEL-loh)		it-animals
whale	la balena (lah bah-LEH-nah)		it-animals
dolphin	il delfino (eel del-FEE-noh)		it-animals
shark	lo squalo (loh SKWAH-loh)		it-animals
octopus	il polpo (eel POL-poh)		it-animals
turtle	la tartaruga (lah tar-tah-ROO-gah)		it-animals
crab	il granchio (eel GRAHN-kyoh)		it-animals
seal	la foca (lah FOH-kah)		it-animals
jellyfish	la medusa (lah meh-DOO-zah)		it-animals
frog	la rana (lah RAH-nah)		it-animals
snake	il serpente (eel sair-PEN-teh)		it-animals
lizard	la lucertola (lah loo-CHAIR-toh-lah)		it-animals
crocodile	il coccodrillo (eel kok-koh-DREEL-loh)		it-animals
butterfly	la farfalla (lah far-FAHL-lah)		it-animals
bee	l'ape (LAH-peh)		it-animals
ant	la formica (lah for-MEE-kah)		it-animals
spider	il ragno (eel RAHN-yoh)		it-animals
fly	la mosca (lah MOS-kah)		it-animals
ladybug	la coccinella (lah kot-chee-NEL-lah)		it-animals
worm	il verme (eel VAIR-meh)		it-animals
snail	la lumaca (lah loo-MAH-kah)		it-animals
mosquito	la zanzara (lah dzahn-DZAH-rah)		it-animals
eagle	l'aquila (LAH-kwee-lah)		it-animals
owl	il gufo (eel GOO-foh)		it-animals
parrot	il pappagallo (eel pahp-pah-GAHL-loh)		it-animals
penguin	il pinguino (eel peen-GWEE-noh)		it-animals
swan	il cigno (eel CHEEN-yoh)		it-animals
dove	la colomba (lah koh-LOM-bah)		it-animals
puppy	il cucciolo (eel KOOT-choh-loh)		it-animals
kitten	il gattino (eel gaht-TEE-noh)		it-animals
animal	l'animale (lah-nee-MAH-leh)		it-animals
hedgehog	il riccio (eel REET-choh)		it-animals
head	la testa (lah TES-tah)		it-body-clothes
hair	i capelli (ee kah-PEL-lee)		it-body-clothes
face	la faccia (lah FAHT-chah)		it-body-clothes
eye	l'occhio (LOK-kyoh)		it-body-clothes
ear	l'orecchio (loh-REK-kyoh)		it-body-clothes
nose	il naso (eel NAH-zoh)		it-body-clothes
mouth	la bocca (lah BOK-kah)		it-body-clothes
tooth	il dente (eel DEN-teh)		it-body-clothes
tongue	la lingua (lah LEEN-gwah)		it-body-clothes
lip	il labbro (eel LAHB-broh)		it-body-clothes
cheek	la guancia (lah GWAHN-chah)		it-body-clothes
chin	il mento (eel MEN-toh)		it-body-clothes
neck	il collo (eel KOL-loh)		it-body-clothes
shoulder	la spalla (lah SPAHL-lah)		it-body-clothes
arm	il braccio (eel BRAHT-choh)		it-body-clothes
elbow	il gomito (eel GOH-mee-toh)		it-body-clothes
hand	la mano (lah MAH-noh)		it-body-clothes
finger	il dito (eel DEE-toh)		it-body-clothes
thumb	il pollice (eel POL-lee-cheh)		it-body-clothes
chest	il petto (eel PET-toh)		it-body-clothes
back	la schiena (lah SKYEH-nah)		it-body-clothes
stomach / belly	la pancia (lah PAHN-chah)		it-body-clothes
leg	la gamba (lah GAHM-bah)		it-body-clothes
knee	il ginocchio (eel jee-NOK-kyoh)		it-body-clothes
foot	il piede (eel PYEH-deh)		it-body-clothes
toe	il dito del piede (eel DEE-toh del PYEH-deh)		it-body-clothes
heart	il cuore (eel KWOH-reh)		it-body-clothes
brain	il cervello (eel chair-VEL-loh)		it-body-clothes
bone	l'osso (LOS-soh)		it-body-clothes
skin	la pelle (lah PEL-leh)		it-body-clothes
body	il corpo (eel KOR-poh)		it-body-clothes
I have a headache	Ho mal di testa (oh mahl dee TES-tah)		it-body-clothes
My stomach hurts	Ho mal di pancia (oh mahl dee PAHN-chah)		it-body-clothes
I am sick	Sono malato (SOH-noh mah-LAH-toh)		it-body-clothes
doctor	il dottore (eel dot-TOH-reh)		it-body-clothes
clothes	i vestiti (ee ves-TEE-tee)		it-body-clothes
shirt	la camicia (lah kah-MEE-chah)		it-body-clothes
T-shirt	la maglietta (lah mahl-YET-tah)		it-body-clothes
pants	i pantaloni (ee pahn-tah-LOH-nee)		it-body-clothes
shorts	i pantaloncini (ee pahn-tah-lon-CHEE-nee)		it-body-clothes
jeans	i jeans (ee jeens)		it-body-clothes
skirt	la gonna (lah GON-nah)		it-body-clothes
dress	il vestito (eel ves-TEE-toh)		it-body-clothes
sweater	il maglione (eel mahl-YOH-neh)		it-body-clothes
jacket	la giacca (lah JAHK-kah)		it-body-clothes
coat	il cappotto (eel kahp-POT-toh)		it-body-clothes
socks	i calzini (ee kahl-TSEE-nee)		it-body-clothes
shoes	le scarpe (leh SKAR-peh)		it-body-clothes
sneakers	le scarpe da ginnastica (leh SKAR-peh dah jeen-NAH-stee-kah)		it-body-clothes
boots	gli stivali (lyee stee-VAH-lee)		it-body-clothes
sandals	i sandali (ee SAHN-dah-lee)		it-body-clothes
hat	il cappello (eel kahp-PEL-loh)		it-body-clothes
gloves	i guanti (ee GWAHN-tee)		it-body-clothes
scarf	la sciarpa (lah SHAR-pah)		it-body-clothes
belt	la cintura (lah cheen-TOO-rah)		it-body-clothes
pajamas	il pigiama (eel pee-JAH-mah)		it-body-clothes
swimsuit	il costume da bagno (eel kos-TOO-meh dah BAHN-yoh)		it-body-clothes
umbrella	l'ombrello (lom-BREL-loh)		it-body-clothes
glasses	gli occhiali (lyee ok-KYAH-lee)		it-body-clothes
backpack	lo zaino (loh DZAH-ee-noh)		it-body-clothes
pocket	la tasca (lah TAH-skah)		it-body-clothes
button	il bottone (eel bot-TOH-neh)		it-body-clothes
tie	la cravatta (lah krah-VAHT-tah)		it-body-clothes
ring	l'anello (lah-NEL-loh)		it-body-clothes
watch	l'orologio (loh-roh-LOH-joh)		it-body-clothes
purse	la borsa (lah BOR-sah)		it-body-clothes
to get dressed	vestirsi (ves-TEER-see)		it-body-clothes
red	rosso (ROS-soh)		it-colors-family
blue	blu (bloo)		it-colors-family
light blue	azzurro (ad-DZOOR-roh)		it-colors-family
yellow	giallo (JAHL-loh)		it-colors-family
green	verde (VAIR-deh)		it-colors-family
orange	arancione (ah-rahn-CHOH-neh)		it-colors-family
purple	viola (VYOH-lah)		it-colors-family
pink	rosa (ROH-zah)		it-colors-family
brown	marrone (mar-ROH-neh)		it-colors-family
black	nero (NEH-roh)		it-colors-family
white	bianco (BYAHN-koh)		it-colors-family
gray	grigio (GREE-joh)		it-colors-family
gold	oro (OH-roh)		it-colors-family
silver	argento (ar-JEN-toh)		it-colors-family
dark	scuro (SKOO-roh)		it-colors-family
light (color)	chiaro (KYAH-roh)		it-colors-family
color	il colore (eel koh-LOH-reh)		it-colors-family
rainbow	l'arcobaleno (lar-koh-bah-LEH-noh)		it-colors-family
circle	il cerchio (eel CHAIR-kyoh)		it-colors-family
square	il quadrato (eel kwah-DRAH-toh)		it-colors-family
triangle	il triangolo (eel tree-AHN-goh-loh)		it-colors-family
rectangle	il rettangolo (eel ret-TAHN-goh-loh)		it-colors-family
star	la stella (lah STEL-lah)		it-colors-family
heart	il cuore (eel KWOH-reh)		it-colors-family
oval	l'ovale (loh-VAH-leh)		it-colors-family
line	la linea (lah LEE-neh-ah)		it-colors-family
family	la famiglia (lah fah-MEEL-yah)		it-colors-family
mother	la madre (lah MAH-dreh)		it-colors-family
father	il padre (eel PAH-dreh)		it-colors-family
mom	la mamma (lah MAHM-mah)		it-colors-family
dad	il papà (eel pah-PAH)		it-colors-family
parents	i genitori (ee jeh-nee-TOH-ree)		it-colors-family
son	il figlio (eel FEEL-yoh)		it-colors-family
daughter	la figlia (lah FEEL-yah)		it-colors-family
brother	il fratello (eel frah-TEL-loh)		it-colors-family
sister	la sorella (lah soh-REL-lah)		it-colors-family
grandmother	la nonna (lah NON-nah)		it-colors-family
grandfather	il nonno (eel NON-noh)		it-colors-family
grandparents	i nonni (ee NON-nee)		it-colors-family
grandson	il nipote (eel nee-POH-teh)		it-colors-family
granddaughter	la nipote (lah nee-POH-teh)		it-colors-family
uncle	lo zio (loh DZEE-oh)		it-colors-family
aunt	la zia (lah DZEE-ah)		it-colors-family
cousin (boy)	il cugino (eel koo-JEE-noh)		it-colors-family
cousin (girl)	la cugina (lah koo-JEE-nah)		it-colors-family
husband	il marito (eel mah-REE-toh)		it-colors-family
wife	la moglie (lah MOHL-yeh)		it-colors-family
baby	il bambino (eel bahm-BEE-noh)		it-colors-family
boy	il ragazzo (eel rah-GAHT-tsoh)		it-colors-family
girl	la ragazza (lah rah-GAHT-tsah)		it-colors-family
child	il bambino / la bambina (eel bahm-BEE-noh)		it-colors-family
man	l'uomo (LWOH-moh)		it-colors-family
woman	la donna (lah DON-nah)		it-colors-family
friend (boy)	l'amico (lah-MEE-koh)		it-colors-family
friend (girl)	l'amica (lah-MEE-kah)		it-colors-family
neighbor	il vicino (eel vee-CHEE-noh)		it-colors-family
twin	il gemello (eel jeh-MEL-loh)		it-colors-family
people	la gente (lah JEN-teh)		it-colors-family
pet	l'animale domestico (lah-nee-MAH-leh doh-MES-tee-koh)		it-colors-family
food	il cibo (eel CHEE-boh)		it-food-drink
water	l'acqua (LAHK-kwah)		it-food-drink
milk	il latte (eel LAHT-teh)		it-food-drink
juice	il succo (eel SOOK-koh)		it-food-drink
coffee	il caffè (eel kahf-FEH)		it-food-drink
tea	il tè (eel TEH)		it-food-drink
soda	la bibita (lah BEE-bee-tah)		it-food-drink
hot chocolate	la cioccolata calda (lah chok-koh-LAH-tah KAHL-dah)		it-food-drink
bread	il pane (eel PAH-neh)		it-food-drink
butter	il burro (eel BOOR-roh)		it-food-drink
cheese	il formaggio (eel for-MAHD-joh)		it-food-drink
egg	l'uovo (LWOH-voh)		it-food-drink
rice	il riso (eel REE-zoh)		it-food-drink
beans	i fagioli (ee fah-JOH-lee)		it-food-drink
soup	la zuppa (lah DZOOP-pah)		it-food-drink
salad	l'insalata (leen-sah-LAH-tah)		it-food-drink
sandwich	il panino (eel pah-NEE-noh)		it-food-drink
pizza	la pizza (lah PEET-tsah)		it-food-drink
pasta	la pasta (lah PAH-stah)		it-food-drink
spaghetti	gli spaghetti (lyee spah-GET-tee)		it-food-drink
meat	la carne (lah KAR-neh)		it-food-drink
chicken (meat)	il pollo (eel POL-loh)		it-food-drink
beef	il manzo (eel MAHN-dzoh)		it-food-drink
pork	il maiale (eel mah-YAH-leh)		it-food-drink
ham	il prosciutto (eel proh-SHOOT-toh)		it-food-drink
sausage	la salsiccia (lah sahl-SEET-chah)		it-food-drink
fish (food)	il pesce (eel PEH-sheh)		it-food-drink
shrimp	il gambero (eel GAHM-beh-roh)		it-food-drink
french fries	le patatine fritte (leh pah-tah-TEE-neh FREET-teh)		it-food-drink
breakfast	la colazione (lah koh-laht-SYOH-neh)		it-food-drink
lunch	il pranzo (eel PRAHN-dzoh)		it-food-drink
dinner	la cena (lah CHEH-nah)		it-food-drink
snack	lo spuntino (loh spoon-TEE-noh)		it-food-drink
dessert	il dolce (eel DOL-cheh)		it-food-drink
apple	la mela (lah MEH-lah)		it-food-drink
banana	la banana (lah bah-NAH-nah)		it-food-drink
orange (fruit)	l'arancia (lah-RAHN-chah)		it-food-drink
strawberry	la fragola (lah FRAH-goh-lah)		it-food-drink
grapes	l'uva (LOO-vah)		it-food-drink
watermelon	l'anguria (lahn-GOO-ryah)		it-food-drink
lemon	il limone (eel lee-MOH-neh)		it-food-drink
peach	la pesca (lah PES-kah)		it-food-drink
pear	la pera (lah PEH-rah)		it-food-drink
cherry	la ciliegia (lah chee-LYEH-jah)		it-food-drink
fig	il fico (eel FEE-koh)		it-food-drink
fruit	la frutta (lah FROOT-tah)		it-food-drink
vegetable	la verdura (lah vair-DOO-rah)		it-food-drink
potato	la patata (lah pah-TAH-tah)		it-food-drink
tomato	il pomodoro (eel poh-moh-DOH-roh)		it-food-drink
carrot	la carota (lah kah-ROH-tah)		it-food-drink
onion	la cipolla (lah chee-POL-lah)		it-food-drink
lettuce	la lattuga (lah laht-TOO-gah)		it-food-drink
corn	il mais (eel MAH-ees)		it-food-drink
peas	i piselli (ee pee-ZEL-lee)		it-food-drink
cucumber	il cetriolo (eel cheh-tree-OH-loh)		it-food-drink
garlic	l'aglio (LAHL-yoh)		it-food-drink
mushroom	il fungo (eel FOON-goh)		it-food-drink
cake	la torta (lah TOR-tah)		it-food-drink
cookie	il biscotto (eel bees-KOT-toh)		it-food-drink
ice cream	il gelato (eel jeh-LAH-toh)		it-food-drink
candy	la caramella (lah kah-rah-MEL-lah)		it-food-drink
chocolate	il cioccolato (eel chok-koh-LAH-toh)		it-food-drink
sugar	lo zucchero (loh DZOOK-keh-roh)		it-food-drink
salt	il sale (eel SAH-leh)		it-food-drink
pepper (spice)	il pepe (eel PEH-peh)		it-food-drink
honey	il miele (eel MYEH-leh)		it-food-drink
jam	la marmellata (lah mar-mel-LAH-tah)		it-food-drink
olive oil	l'olio d'oliva (LOH-lyoh doh-LEE-vah)		it-food-drink
plate	il piatto (eel PYAHT-toh)		it-food-drink
fork	la forchetta (lah for-KET-tah)		it-food-drink
knife	il coltello (eel kol-TEL-loh)		it-food-drink
spoon	il cucchiaio (eel kook-KYAH-yoh)		it-food-drink
cup	la tazza (lah TAHT-tsah)		it-food-drink
glass	il bicchiere (eel beek-KYEH-reh)		it-food-drink
napkin	il tovagliolo (eel toh-vahl-YOH-loh)		it-food-drink
menu	il menù (eel meh-NOO)		it-food-drink
The check, please	Il conto, per favore (eel KON-toh pair fah-VOH-reh)		it-food-drink
I would like...	Vorrei... (vor-RAY)		it-food-drink
It's delicious	È delizioso (eh deh-lee-TSYOH-zoh)		it-food-drink
I am vegetarian	Sono vegetariano (SOH-noh veh-jeh-tah-RYAH-noh)		it-food-drink
waiter	il cameriere (eel kah-meh-RYEH-reh)		it-food-drink
restaurant	il ristorante (eel ree-stoh-RAHN-teh)		it-food-drink
Hello / Hi / Bye (casual)	Ciao (CHOW)		it-greetings-phrases
Good morning / Good day	Buongiorno (bwon-JOR-noh)		it-greetings-phrases
Good evening	Buonasera (bwoh-nah-SAY-rah)		it-greetings-phrases
Good night	Buonanotte (bwoh-nah-NOT-teh)		it-greetings-phrases
Goodbye	Arrivederci (ar-ree-veh-DAIR-chee)		it-greetings-phrases
Goodbye (formal)	ArrivederLa (ar-ree-veh-DAIR-lah)		it-greetings-phrases
See you later	A dopo (ah DOH-poh)		it-greetings-phrases
See you tomorrow	A domani (ah doh-MAH-nee)		it-greetings-phrases
See you soon	A presto (ah PRES-toh)		it-greetings-phrases
Please	Per favore (pair fah-VOH-reh)		it-greetings-phrases
Thank you	Grazie (GRAHT-see-eh)		it-greetings-phrases
Thank you very much	Grazie mille (GRAHT-see-eh MEEL-leh)		it-greetings-phrases
You're welcome	Prego (PRAY-goh)		it-greetings-phrases
Excuse me	Scusi (SKOO-zee)		it-greetings-phrases
Excuse me (to a friend)	Scusa (SKOO-zah)		it-greetings-phrases
I'm sorry	Mi dispiace (mee dees-PYAH-cheh)		it-greetings-phrases
Yes	Sì (SEE)		it-greetings-phrases
No	No (noh)		it-greetings-phrases
Maybe	Forse (FOR-seh)		it-greetings-phrases
How are you? (informal)	Come stai? (KOH-meh STAH-ee)		it-greetings-phrases
How are you? (formal)	Come sta? (KOH-meh STAH)		it-greetings-phrases
I am fine	Sto bene (stoh BEH-neh)		it-greetings-phrases
Very well, thank you	Molto bene, grazie (MOHL-toh BEH-neh GRAHT-see-eh)		it-greetings-phrases
So-so	Così così (koh-ZEE koh-ZEE)		it-greetings-phrases
Not good	Non bene (non BEH-neh)		it-greetings-phrases
And you?	E tu? (eh TOO)		it-greetings-phrases
What is your name?	Come ti chiami? (KOH-meh tee KYAH-mee)		it-greetings-phrases
My name is...	Mi chiamo... (mee KYAH-moh)		it-greetings-phrases
Nice to meet you	Piacere (pyah-CHAY-reh)		it-greetings-phrases
Where are you from?	Di dove sei? (dee DOH-veh SEH-ee)		it-greetings-phrases
I am from...	Sono di... (SOH-noh dee)		it-greetings-phrases
How old are you?	Quanti anni hai? (KWAHN-tee AHN-nee AH-ee)		it-greetings-phrases
I am ten years old	Ho dieci anni (oh DYEH-chee AHN-nee)		it-greetings-phrases
Do you speak English?	Parli inglese? (PAR-lee een-GLAY-zeh)		it-greetings-phrases
I speak a little Italian	Parlo un po' di italiano (PAR-loh oon poh dee ee-tah-LYAH-noh)		it-greetings-phrases
I don't understand	Non capisco (non kah-PEES-koh)		it-greetings-phrases
I understand	Capisco (kah-PEES-koh)		it-greetings-phrases
I don't know	Non lo so (non loh SOH)		it-greetings-phrases
Can you repeat that?	Puoi ripetere? (PWOY ree-PEH-teh-reh)		it-greetings-phrases
More slowly, please	Più lentamente, per favore (pyoo len-tah-MEN-teh pair fah-VOH-reh)		it-greetings-phrases
How do you say...?	Come si dice...? (KOH-meh see DEE-cheh)		it-greetings-phrases
Help!	Aiuto! (ah-YOO-toh)		it-greetings-phrases
Welcome	Benvenuto (ben-veh-NOO-toh)		it-greetings-phrases
Congratulations	Congratulazioni (kon-grah-too-laht-SYOH-nee)		it-greetings-phrases
Happy birthday	Buon compleanno (bwon kom-pleh-AHN-noh)		it-greetings-phrases
Merry Christmas	Buon Natale (bwon nah-TAH-leh)		it-greetings-phrases
Happy New Year	Buon anno (bwon AHN-noh)		it-greetings-phrases
Good luck	Buona fortuna (BWOH-nah for-TOO-nah)		it-greetings-phrases
Cheers!	Salute! (sah-LOO-teh)		it-greetings-phrases
Have a good day	Buona giornata (BWOH-nah jor-NAH-tah)		it-greetings-phrases
Enjoy your meal	Buon appetito (bwon ap-peh-TEE-toh)		it-greetings-phrases
Sweet dreams	Sogni d'oro (SOHN-yee DOH-roh)		it-greetings-phrases
Come in	Entra (EN-trah)		it-greetings-phrases
Sit down	Siediti (SYEH-dee-tee)		it-greetings-phrases
Wait a moment	Un momento (oon moh-MEN-toh)		it-greetings-phrases
I'm hungry	Ho fame (oh FAH-meh)		it-greetings-phrases
I'm thirsty	Ho sete (oh SEH-teh)		it-greetings-phrases
I'm tired	Sono stanco (SOH-noh STAHN-koh)		it-greetings-phrases
I'm cold	Ho freddo (oh FRED-doh)		it-greetings-phrases
I'm hot	Ho caldo (oh KAHL-doh)		it-greetings-phrases
I love you	Ti voglio bene (tee VOHL-yoh BEH-neh)		it-greetings-phrases
I like it	Mi piace (mee PYAH-cheh)		it-greetings-phrases
I don't like it	Non mi piace (non mee PYAH-cheh)		it-greetings-phrases
I want...	Voglio... (VOHL-yoh)		it-greetings-phrases
I need...	Ho bisogno di... (oh bee-ZOHN-yoh dee)		it-greetings-phrases
Of course	Certo (CHAIR-toh)		it-greetings-phrases
It's okay	Va bene (vah BEH-neh)		it-greetings-phrases
0	zero (DZEH-roh)		it-numbers
1	uno (OO-noh)		it-numbers
2	due (DOO-eh)		it-numbers
3	tre (treh)		it-numbers
4	quattro (KWAHT-troh)		it-numbers
5	cinque (CHEEN-kweh)		it-numbers
6	sei (SEH-ee)		it-numbers
7	sette (SET-teh)		it-numbers
8	otto (OT-toh)		it-numbers
9	nove (NOH-veh)		it-numbers
10	dieci (DYEH-chee)		it-numbers
11	undici (OON-dee-chee)		it-numbers
12	dodici (DOH-dee-chee)		it-numbers
13	tredici (TREH-dee-chee)		it-numbers
14	quattordici (kwaht-TOR-dee-chee)		it-numbers
15	quindici (KWEEN-dee-chee)		it-numbers
16	sedici (SEH-dee-chee)		it-numbers
17	diciassette (dee-chahs-SET-teh)		it-numbers
18	diciotto (dee-CHOT-toh)		it-numbers
19	diciannove (dee-chahn-NOH-veh)		it-numbers
20	venti (VEN-tee)		it-numbers
21	ventuno (ven-TOO-noh)		it-numbers
22	ventidue (ven-tee-DOO-eh)		it-numbers
23	ventitré (ven-tee-TREH)		it-numbers
24	ventiquattro (ven-tee-KWAHT-troh)		it-numbers
25	venticinque (ven-tee-CHEEN-kweh)		it-numbers
26	ventisei (ven-tee-SEH-ee)		it-numbers
27	ventisette (ven-tee-SET-teh)		it-numbers
28	ventotto (ven-TOT-toh)		it-numbers
29	ventinove (ven-tee-NOH-veh)		it-numbers
30	trenta (TREN-tah)		it-numbers
31	trentuno (tren-TOO-noh)		it-numbers
40	quaranta (kwah-RAHN-tah)		it-numbers
50	cinquanta (cheen-KWAHN-tah)		it-numbers
60	sessanta (ses-SAHN-tah)		it-numbers
70	settanta (set-TAHN-tah)		it-numbers
80	ottanta (ot-TAHN-tah)		it-numbers
90	novanta (noh-VAHN-tah)		it-numbers
100	cento (CHEN-toh)		it-numbers
45	quarantacinque (kwah-rahn-tah-CHEEN-kweh)		it-numbers
58	cinquantotto (cheen-kwahn-TOT-toh)		it-numbers
67	sessantasette (ses-sahn-tah-SET-teh)		it-numbers
73	settantatré (set-tahn-tah-TREH)		it-numbers
99	novantanove (noh-vahn-tah-NOH-veh)		it-numbers
101	centouno (chen-toh-OO-noh)		it-numbers
200	duecento (doo-eh-CHEN-toh)		it-numbers
1,000	mille (MEEL-leh)		it-numbers
2,000	duemila (doo-eh-MEE-lah)		it-numbers
1,000,000	un milione (oon mee-LYOH-neh)		it-numbers
first	primo (PREE-moh)		it-numbers
second	secondo (seh-KON-doh)		it-numbers
third	terzo (TAIR-tsoh)		it-numbers
fourth	quarto (KWAR-toh)		it-numbers
fifth	quinto (KWEEN-toh)		it-numbers
tenth	decimo (DEH-chee-moh)		it-numbers
half	la metà (lah meh-TAH)		it-numbers
a dozen	una dozzina (OO-nah dod-DZEE-nah)		it-numbers
a pair	un paio (oon PAH-yoh)		it-numbers
to be	essere (ES-seh-reh)		it-verbs
to have	avere (ah-VEH-reh)		it-verbs
to do / to make	fare (FAH-reh)		it-verbs
to go	andare (ahn-DAH-reh)		it-verbs
to come	venire (veh-NEE-reh)		it-verbs
to say / to tell	dire (DEE-reh)		it-verbs
to give	dare (DAH-reh)		it-verbs
to see	vedere (veh-DEH-reh)		it-verbs
to know (a fact)	sapere (sah-PEH-reh)		it-verbs
to know (a person or place)	conoscere (koh-NOSH-sheh-reh)		it-verbs
to want	volere (voh-LEH-reh)		it-verbs
to be able to / can	potere (poh-TEH-reh)		it-verbs
to have to / must	dovere (doh-VEH-reh)		it-verbs
to put	mettere (MET-teh-reh)		it-verbs
to take	prendere (PREN-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to leave / to go out	uscire (oo-SHEE-reh)		it-verbs
to leave (depart)	partire (par-TEE-reh)		it-verbs
to eat	mangiare (mahn-JAH-reh)		it-verbs
to drink	bere (BEH-reh)		it-verbs
to sleep	dormire (dor-MEE-reh)		it-verbs
to live	vivere (VEE-veh-reh)		it-verbs
to speak	parlare (par-LAH-reh)		it-verbs
to listen	ascoltare (ahs-kol-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to look at / to watch	guardare (gwar-DAH-reh)		it-verbs
to hear	sentire (sen-TEE-reh)		it-verbs
to read	leggere (LED-jeh-reh)		it-verbs
to write	scrivere (SKREE-veh-reh)		it-verbs
to learn	imparare (eem-pah-RAH-reh)		it-verbs
to study	studiare (stoo-DYAH-reh)		it-verbs
to teach	insegnare (een-sen-YAH-reh)		it-verbs
to understand	capire (kah-PEE-reh)		it-verbs
to think	pensare (pen-SAH-reh)		it-verbs
to remember	ricordare (ree-kor-DAH-reh)		it-verbs
to forget	dimenticare (dee-men-tee-KAH-reh)		it-verbs
to ask	chiedere (KYEH-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to answer	rispondere (rees-PON-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to call	chiamare (kyah-MAH-reh)		it-verbs
to walk	camminare (kahm-mee-NAH-reh)		it-verbs
to run	correre (KOR-reh-reh)		it-verbs
to jump	saltare (sahl-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to swim	nuotare (nwoh-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to dance	ballare (bahl-LAH-reh)		it-verbs
to sing	cantare (kahn-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to play	giocare (joh-KAH-reh)		it-verbs
to work	lavorare (lah-voh-RAH-reh)		it-verbs
to help	aiutare (ah-yoo-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to love	amare (ah-MAH-reh)		it-verbs
to like (it pleases)	piacere (pyah-CHEH-reh)		it-verbs
to carry	portare (por-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to bring	portare (por-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to buy	comprare (kom-PRAH-reh)		it-verbs
to sell	vendere (VEN-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to pay	pagare (pah-GAH-reh)		it-verbs
to cost	costare (kos-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to open	aprire (ah-PREE-reh)		it-verbs
to close	chiudere (KYOO-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to begin	cominciare (koh-meen-CHAH-reh)		it-verbs
to finish	finire (fee-NEE-reh)		it-verbs
to stop	fermare (fair-MAH-reh)		it-verbs
to wait	aspettare (ahs-pet-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to find	trovare (troh-VAH-reh)		it-verbs
to look for	cercare (chair-KAH-reh)		it-verbs
to lose	perdere (PAIR-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to win	vincere (VEEN-cheh-reh)		it-verbs
to try	provare (proh-VAH-reh)		it-verbs
to use	usare (oo-ZAH-reh)		it-verbs
to cook	cucinare (koo-chee-NAH-reh)		it-verbs
to clean	pulire (poo-LEE-reh)		it-verbs
to wash	lavare (lah-VAH-reh)		it-verbs
to cut	tagliare (tahl-YAH-reh)		it-verbs
to draw	disegnare (dee-sen-YAH-reh)		it-verbs
to paint	dipingere (dee-PEEN-jeh-reh)		it-verbs
to build	costruire (kos-troo-EE-reh)		it-verbs
to fall	cadere (kah-DEH-reh)		it-verbs
to climb	salire (sah-LEE-reh)		it-verbs
to go down	scendere (SHEN-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to enter	entrare (en-TRAH-reh)		it-verbs
to return	tornare (tor-NAH-reh)		it-verbs
to arrive	arrivare (ar-ree-VAH-reh)		it-verbs
to travel	viaggiare (vyahd-JAH-reh)		it-verbs
to drive	guidare (gwee-DAH-reh)		it-verbs
to fly	volare (voh-LAH-reh)		it-verbs
to sit	sedersi (seh-DAIR-see)		it-verbs
to wake up	svegliarsi (zvel-YAR-see)		it-verbs
to laugh	ridere (REE-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to cry	piangere (PYAHN-jeh-reh)		it-verbs
to smile	sorridere (sor-REE-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to share	condividere (kon-dee-VEE-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to send	mandare (mahn-DAH-reh)		it-verbs
to receive	ricevere (ree-CHEH-veh-reh)		it-verbs
to choose	scegliere (SHEL-yeh-reh)		it-verbs
to follow	seguire (seh-GWEE-reh)		it-verbs
to believe	credere (KREH-deh-reh)		it-verbs
to hope	sperare (speh-RAH-reh)		it-verbs
to stay	restare (res-TAH-reh)		it-verbs
to change	cambiare (kahm-BYAH-reh)		it-verbs
Monday	lunedì (loo-neh-DEE)		it-weather-time
Tuesday	martedì (mar-teh-DEE)		it-weather-time
Wednesday	mercoledì (mair-koh-leh-DEE)		it-weather-time
Thursday	giovedì (joh-veh-DEE)		it-weather-time
Friday	venerdì (veh-nair-DEE)		it-weather-time
Saturday	sabato (SAH-bah-toh)		it-weather-time
Sunday	domenica (doh-MEH-nee-kah)		it-weather-time
week	la settimana (lah set-tee-MAH-nah)		it-weather-time
weekend	il fine settimana (eel FEE-neh set-tee-MAH-nah)		it-weather-time
January	gennaio (jen-NAH-yoh)		it-weather-time
February	febbraio (feb-BRAH-yoh)		it-weather-time
March	marzo (MAR-tsoh)		it-weather-time
April	aprile (ah-PREE-leh)		it-weather-time
May	maggio (MAHD-joh)		it-weather-time
June	giugno (JOON-yoh)		it-weather-time
July	luglio (LOOL-yoh)		it-weather-time
August	agosto (ah-GOS-toh)		it-weather-time
September	settembre (set-TEM-breh)		it-weather-time
October	ottobre (ot-TOH-breh)		it-weather-time
November	novembre (noh-VEM-breh)		it-weather-time
December	dicembre (dee-CHEM-breh)		it-weather-time
month	il mese (eel MEH-zeh)		it-weather-time
year	l'anno (LAHN-noh)		it-weather-time
spring	la primavera (lah pree-mah-VEH-rah)		it-weather-time
summer	l'estate (les-TAH-teh)		it-weather-time
fall / autumn	l'autunno (low-TOON-noh)		it-weather-time
winter	l'inverno (leen-VAIR-noh)		it-weather-time
season	la stagione (lah stah-JOH-neh)		it-weather-time
today	oggi (OD-jee)		it-weather-time
yesterday	ieri (YEH-ree)		it-weather-time
tomorrow	domani (doh-MAH-nee)		it-weather-time
now	adesso (ah-DES-soh)		it-weather-time
later	dopo (DOH-poh)		it-weather-time
always	sempre (SEM-preh)		it-weather-time
never	mai (MAH-ee)		it-weather-time
sometimes	a volte (ah VOL-teh)		it-weather-time
morning	la mattina (lah maht-TEE-nah)		it-weather-time
afternoon	il pomeriggio (eel poh-meh-REED-joh)		it-weather-time
evening	la sera (lah SEH-rah)		it-weather-time
night	la notte (lah NOT-teh)		it-weather-time
day	il giorno (eel JOR-noh)		it-weather-time
hour	l'ora (LOH-rah)		it-weather-time
minute	il minuto (eel mee-NOO-toh)		it-weather-time
second	il secondo (eel seh-KON-doh)		it-weather-time
What time is it?	Che ora è? / Che ore sono? (keh OH-rah EH)		it-weather-time
It is one o'clock	È l'una (eh LOO-nah)		it-weather-time
It is three o'clock	Sono le tre (SOH-noh leh TREH)		it-weather-time
half past	e mezza (eh MED-dzah)		it-weather-time
quarter past	e un quarto (eh oon KWAR-toh)		it-weather-time
noon	mezzogiorno (med-dzoh-JOR-noh)		it-weather-time
midnight	mezzanotte (med-dzah-NOT-teh)		it-weather-time
early	presto (PRES-toh)		it-weather-time
late	tardi (TAR-dee)		it-weather-time
birthday	il compleanno (eel kom-pleh-AHN-noh)		it-weather-time
calendar	il calendario (eel kah-len-DAH-ryoh)		it-weather-time
weather	il tempo (eel TEM-poh)		it-weather-time
What is the weather like?	Che tempo fa? (keh TEM-poh FAH)		it-weather-time
It is sunny	C'è il sole (cheh eel SOH-leh)		it-weather-time
It is hot	Fa caldo (fah KAHL-doh)		it-weather-time
It is cold	Fa freddo (fah FRED-doh)		it-weather-time
It is windy	C'è vento (cheh VEN-toh)		it-weather-time
It is nice weather	Fa bel tempo (fah bel TEM-poh)		it-weather-time
It is raining	Piove (PYOH-veh)		it-weather-time
It is snowing	Nevica (NEH-vee-kah)		it-weather-time
rain	la pioggia (lah PYOD-jah)		it-weather-time
snow	la neve (lah NEH-veh)		it-weather-time
sun	il sole (eel SOH-leh)		it-weather-time
moon	la luna (lah LOO-nah)		it-weather-time
star	la stella (lah STEL-lah)		it-weather-time
sky	il cielo (eel CHEH-loh)		it-weather-time
cloud	la nuvola (lah NOO-voh-lah)		it-weather-time
wind	il vento (eel VEN-toh)		it-weather-time
storm	la tempesta (lah tem-PES-tah)		it-weather-time
thunder	il tuono (eel TWOH-noh)		it-weather-time
lightning	il fulmine (eel FOOL-mee-neh)		it-weather-time
fog	la nebbia (lah NEB-byah)		it-weather-time
ice	il ghiaccio (eel GYAHT-choh)		it-weather-time
rainbow	l'arcobaleno (lar-koh-bah-LEH-noh)		it-weather-time
Dog	いぬ (inu (犬))		ja-animals
Cat	ねこ (neko (猫))		ja-animals
Bird	とり (tori (鳥))		ja-animals
Fish	さかな (sakana (魚))		ja-animals
Horse	うま (uma (馬))		ja-animals
Cow	うし (ushi (牛))		ja-animals
Pig	ぶた (buta (豚))		ja-animals
Sheep	ひつじ (hitsuji (羊))		ja-animals
Chicken	にわとり (niwatori (鶏))		ja-animals
Rabbit	うさぎ (usagi (兎))		ja-animals
Mouse	ねずみ (nezumi (鼠))		ja-animals
Monkey	さる (saru (猿))		ja-animals
Bear	くま (kuma (熊))		ja-animals
Elephant	ぞう (zō (象))		ja-animals
Lion	ライオン (raion)		ja-animals
Tiger	とら (tora (虎))		ja-animals
Giraffe	キリン (kirin)		ja-animals
Panda	パンダ (panda)		ja-animals
Frog	かえる (kaeru (蛙))		ja-animals
Snake	へび (hebi (蛇))		ja-animals
Turtle	かめ (kame (亀))		ja-animals
Butterfly	ちょう (chō (蝶))		ja-animals
Bee	はち (hachi (蜂))		ja-animals
Ant	あり (ari (蟻))		ja-animals
Spider	くも (kumo (蜘蛛))		ja-animals
Whale	くじら (kujira (鯨))		ja-animals
Dolphin	イルカ (iruka)		ja-animals
Shark	サメ (same)		ja-animals
Octopus	たこ (tako (蛸))		ja-animals
Crab	かに (kani (蟹))		ja-animals
Duck	あひる (ahiru)		ja-animals
Owl	ふくろう (fukurō)		ja-animals
Wolf	おおかみ (ōkami (狼))		ja-animals
Fox	きつね (kitsune (狐))		ja-animals
Deer	しか (shika (鹿))		ja-animals
Squirrel	りす (risu)		ja-animals
Dragon	りゅう (ryū (竜))		ja-animals
Penguin	ペンギン (pengin)		ja-animals
Kangaroo	カンガルー (kangarū)		ja-animals
Goat	やぎ (yagi (山羊))		ja-animals
Insect / bug	むし (mushi (虫))		ja-animals
Dinosaur	きょうりゅう (kyōryū (恐竜))		ja-animals
Crow	からす (karasu (烏))		ja-animals
Goldfish	きんぎょ (kingyo (金魚))		ja-animals
Beetle	かぶとむし (kabutomushi (兜虫))		ja-animals
Dragonfly	とんぼ (tonbo)		ja-animals
Animal	どうぶつ (dōbutsu (動物))		ja-animals
Tanuki (raccoon dog)	たぬき (tanuki)		ja-animals
Red	あか (aka (赤))		ja-colors
Blue	あお (ao (青))		ja-colors
Yellow	きいろ (kiiro (黄色))		ja-colors
Green	みどり (midori (緑))		ja-colors
White	しろ (shiro (白))		ja-colors
Black	くろ (kuro (黒))		ja-colors
Orange	オレンジ (orenji)		ja-colors
Pink	ピンク (pinku)		ja-colors
Purple	むらさき (murasaki (紫))		ja-colors
Brown	ちゃいろ (chairo (茶色))		ja-colors
Gray	はいいろ (haiiro (灰色))		ja-colors
Gold	きん (kin (金))		ja-colors
Silver	ぎん (gin (銀))		ja-colors
Light blue	みずいろ (mizuiro (水色))		ja-colors
Color	いろ (iro (色))		ja-colors
Red (adjective)	あかい (akai (赤い))		ja-colors
Blue (adjective)	あおい (aoi (青い))		ja-colors
White (adjective)	しろい (shiroi (白い))		ja-colors
Black (adjective)	くろい (kuroi (黒い))		ja-colors
Yellow (adjective)	きいろい (kiiroi (黄色い))		ja-colors
Circle	まる (maru (丸))		ja-colors
Triangle	さんかく (sankaku (三角))		ja-colors
Square	しかく (shikaku (四角))		ja-colors
Star	ほし (hoshi (星))		ja-colors
Heart	ハート (hāto)		ja-colors
Big	おおきい (ōkii (大きい))		ja-colors
Small	ちいさい (chiisai (小さい))		ja-colors
Long	ながい (nagai (長い))		ja-colors
Short	みじかい (mijikai (短い))		ja-colors
Tall / high	たかい (takai (高い))		ja-colors
Low	ひくい (hikui (低い))		ja-colors
New	あたらしい (atarashii (新しい))		ja-colors
Old (things)	ふるい (furui (古い))		ja-colors
Hot (weather)	あつい (atsui (暑い))		ja-colors
Cold (weather)	さむい (samui (寒い))		ja-colors
Hot (to touch)	あつい (atsui (熱い))		ja-colors
Cold (to touch)	つめたい (tsumetai (冷たい))		ja-colors
Good	いい (ii (良い))		ja-colors
Bad	わるい (warui (悪い))		ja-colors
Fast	はやい (hayai (早い))		ja-colors
Slow	おそい (osoi (遅い))		ja-colors
Cute	かわいい (kawaii)		ja-colors
Fun	たのしい (tanoshii (楽しい))		ja-colors
Delicious	おいしい (oishii)		ja-colors
Heavy	おもい (omoi (重い))		ja-colors
Light (weight)	かるい (karui (軽い))		ja-colors
Bright	あかるい (akarui (明るい))		ja-colors
Dark	くらい (kurai (暗い))		ja-colors
Wide	ひろい (hiroi (広い))		ja-colors
Narrow / cramped	せまい (semai (狭い))		ja-colors
Family	かぞく (kazoku (家族))		ja-family
Mother (my own)	はは (haha (母))		ja-family
Father (my own)	ちち (chichi (父))		ja-family
Mother (someone else's / polite)	おかあさん (okāsan (お母さん))		ja-family
Father (someone else's / polite)	おとうさん (otōsan (お父さん))		ja-family
Older brother (my own)	あに (ani (兄))		ja-family
Older sister (my own)	あね (ane (姉))		ja-family
Younger brother	おとうと (otōto (弟))		ja-family
Younger sister	いもうと (imōto (妹))		ja-family
Older brother (polite)	おにいさん (onīsan (お兄さん))		ja-family
Older sister (polite)	おねえさん (onēsan (お姉さん))		ja-family
Grandmother	おばあさん (obāsan (お祖母さん))		ja-family
Grandfather	おじいさん (ojīsan (お祖父さん))		ja-family
Aunt	おば (oba (叔母 / 伯母))		ja-family
Uncle	おじ (oji (叔父 / 伯父))		ja-family
Cousin	いとこ (itoko (従兄弟))		ja-family
Child	こども (kodomo (子供))		ja-family
Baby	あかちゃん (akachan (赤ちゃん))		ja-family
Boy	おとこのこ (otoko no ko (男の子))		ja-family
Girl	おんなのこ (onna no ko (女の子))		ja-family
Man	おとこ (otoko (男))		ja-family
Woman	おんな (onna (女))		ja-family
Person	ひと (hito (人))		ja-family
Friend	ともだち (tomodachi (友達))		ja-family
Teacher	せんせい (sensei (先生))		ja-family
Student	がくせい (gakusei (学生))		ja-family
Doctor	いしゃ (isha (医者))		ja-family
Me / I	わたし (watashi (私))		ja-family
You	あなた (anata)		ja-family
He / boyfriend	かれ (kare (彼))		ja-family
She / girlfriend	かのじょ (kanojo (彼女))		ja-family
We	わたしたち (watashitachi (私たち))		ja-family
Husband	おっと (otto (夫))		ja-family
Wife	つま (tsuma (妻))		ja-family
Parents	りょうしん (ryōshin (両親))		ja-family
Siblings	きょうだい (kyōdai (兄弟))		ja-family
Pet	ペット (petto)		ja-family
Neighbor	となり (tonari (隣))		ja-family
Classmate	クラスメート (kurasumēto)		ja-family
School	がっこう (gakkō (学校))		ja-family
Class	クラス (kurasu)		ja-family
Home / house	いえ (ie (家))		ja-family
Country	くに (kuni (国))		ja-family
Name	なまえ (namae (名前))		ja-family
Age	とし (toshi (年))		ja-family
Everyone	みんな (minna)		ja-family
Rice (cooked)	ごはん (gohan)		ja-food
Water	みず (mizu (水))		ja-food
Tea	おちゃ (ocha (お茶))		ja-food
Milk	ぎゅうにゅう (gyūnyū (牛乳))		ja-food
Juice	ジュース (jūsu)		ja-food
Bread	パン (pan)		ja-food
Egg	たまご (tamago (卵))		ja-food
Meat	にく (niku (肉))		ja-food
Fish (as food)	さかな (sakana (魚))		ja-food
Vegetables	やさい (yasai (野菜))		ja-food
Fruit	くだもの (kudamono (果物))		ja-food
Apple	りんご (ringo)		ja-food
Banana	バナナ (banana)		ja-food
Strawberry	いちご (ichigo)		ja-food
Orange (fruit)	みかん (mikan)		ja-food
Grapes	ぶどう (budō)		ja-food
Watermelon	すいか (suika)		ja-food
Peach	もも (momo)		ja-food
Potato	じゃがいも (jagaimo)		ja-food
Tomato	トマト (tomato)		ja-food
Carrot	にんじん (ninjin)		ja-food
Onion	たまねぎ (tamanegi)		ja-food
Cucumber	きゅうり (kyūri)		ja-food
Noodles	めん (men (麺))		ja-food
Ramen	ラーメン (rāmen)		ja-food
Udon	うどん (udon)		ja-food
Soba	そば (soba)		ja-food
Sushi	すし (sushi)		ja-food
Rice ball	おにぎり (onigiri)		ja-food
Miso soup	みそしる (misoshiru)		ja-food
Soy sauce	しょうゆ (shōyu)		ja-food
Salt	しお (shio (塩))		ja-food
Sugar	さとう (satō (砂糖))		ja-food
Cake	ケーキ (kēki)		ja-food
Ice cream	アイスクリーム (aisukurīmu)		ja-food
Candy	あめ (ame)		ja-food
Chocolate	チョコレート (chokorēto)		ja-food
Cookie	クッキー (kukkī)		ja-food
Pizza	ピザ (piza)		ja-food
Hamburger	ハンバーガー (hanbāgā)		ja-food
Soup	スープ (sūpu)		ja-food
Tofu	とうふ (tōfu (豆腐))		ja-food
Seaweed	のり (nori)		ja-food
Breakfast	あさごはん (asagohan (朝ご飯))		ja-food
Lunch	ひるごはん (hirugohan (昼ご飯))		ja-food
Dinner	ばんごはん (bangohan (晩ご飯))		ja-food
Chopsticks	はし (hashi (箸))		ja-food
Spoon	スプーン (supūn)		ja-food
Delicious!	おいしい (oishii)		ja-food
I'm hungry	おなかがすきました (onaka ga sukimashita)		ja-food
I'm thirsty	のどがかわきました (nodo ga kawakimashita)		ja-food
Lunch box	おべんとう (obentō (お弁当))		ja-food
Hello (daytime)	こんにちは (konnichiwa)		ja-greetings
Good morning	おはよう (ohayō (polite: ohayō gozaimasu))		ja-greetings
Good morning (polite)	おはようございます (ohayō gozaimasu)		ja-greetings
Good evening	こんばんは (konbanwa)		ja-greetings
Good night	おやすみなさい (oyasumi nasai)		ja-greetings
Goodbye	さようなら (sayōnara)		ja-greetings
See you later	またね (mata ne)		ja-greetings
See you tomorrow	また明日 (mata ashita)		ja-greetings
Thank you	ありがとう (arigatō)		ja-greetings
Thank you very much	ありがとうございます (arigatō gozaimasu)		ja-greetings
You're welcome	どういたしまして (dō itashimashite)		ja-greetings
Excuse me / Sorry	すみません (sumimasen)		ja-greetings
I'm sorry	ごめんなさい (gomen nasai)		ja-greetings
Please (go ahead / please do)	どうぞ (dōzo)		ja-greetings
Please (I request)	おねがいします (onegai shimasu)		ja-greetings
Yes	はい (hai)		ja-greetings
No	いいえ (iie)		ja-greetings
Nice to meet you	はじめまして (hajimemashite)		ja-greetings
Please treat me well	よろしくおねがいします (yoroshiku onegai shimasu)		ja-greetings
How are you?	お元気ですか (ogenki desu ka)		ja-greetings
I'm fine	元気です (genki desu)		ja-greetings
I'm home	ただいま (tadaima)		ja-greetings
Welcome home	おかえりなさい (okaeri nasai)		ja-greetings
I'm leaving (and will be back)	いってきます (ittekimasu)		ja-greetings
Take care / go and come back	いってらっしゃい (itterasshai)		ja-greetings
Let's eat (before meal)	いただきます (itadakimasu)		ja-greetings
Thanks for the meal	ごちそうさまでした (gochisōsama deshita)		ja-greetings
Welcome (to a shop)	いらっしゃいませ (irasshaimase)		ja-greetings
Congratulations	おめでとう (omedetō)		ja-greetings
Happy birthday	お誕生日おめでとう (otanjōbi omedetō)		ja-greetings
Cheers!	かんぱい (kanpai)		ja-greetings
Good luck / do your best	がんばって (ganbatte)		ja-greetings
Excuse me (entering a room)	しつれいします (shitsurei shimasu)		ja-greetings
Long time no see	おひさしぶりです (ohisashiburi desu)		ja-greetings
What is your name?	お名前は何ですか (onamae wa nan desu ka)		ja-greetings
My name is Ken	わたしはケンです (watashi wa Ken desu)		ja-greetings
I am from America	アメリカから来ました (Amerika kara kimashita)		ja-greetings
Nice weather today	いい天気ですね (ii tenki desu ne)		ja-greetings
It's cold	さむいです (samui desu)		ja-greetings
It's hot	あついです (atsui desu)		ja-greetings
Wait a moment	ちょっと待ってください (chotto matte kudasai)		ja-greetings
I understand	わかりました (wakarimashita)		ja-greetings
I don't understand	わかりません (wakarimasen)		ja-greetings
Please say it again	もういちどおねがいします (mō ichido onegai shimasu)		ja-greetings
Excuse me, where is the toilet?	トイレはどこですか (toire wa doko desu ka)		ja-greetings
Do you speak English?	英語を話せますか (eigo o hanasemasu ka)		ja-greetings
Take care of yourself	おだいじに (odaijini)		ja-greetings
Good job / thanks for your work	おつかれさま (otsukaresama)		ja-greetings
Hello (on the phone)	もしもし (moshi moshi)		ja-greetings
Is that so?	そうですか (sō desu ka)		ja-greetings
That's right	そうです (sō desu)		ja-greetings
0	ゼロ / れい (zero / rei)		ja-numbers
1	いち (ichi (一))		ja-numbers
2	に (ni (二))		ja-numbers
3	さん (san (三))		ja-numbers
4	よん / し (yon / shi (四))		ja-numbers
5	ご (go (五))		ja-numbers
6	ろく (roku (六))		ja-numbers
7	なな / しち (nana / shichi (七))		ja-numbers
8	はち (hachi (八))		ja-numbers
9	きゅう / く (kyū / ku (九))		ja-numbers
10	じゅう (jū (十))		ja-numbers
11	じゅういち (jū-ichi (十一))		ja-numbers
12	じゅうに (jū-ni (十二))		ja-numbers
13	じゅうさん (jū-san (十三))		ja-numbers
14	じゅうよん (jū-yon (十四))		ja-numbers
15	じゅうご (jū-go (十五))		ja-numbers
16	じゅうろく (jū-roku (十六))		ja-numbers
17	じゅうなな (jū-nana (十七))		ja-numbers
18	じゅうはち (jū-hachi (十八))		ja-numbers
19	じゅうきゅう (jū-kyū (十九))		ja-numbers
20	にじゅう (ni-jū (二十))		ja-numbers
21	にじゅういち (ni-jū-ichi (二十一))		ja-numbers
25	にじゅうご (ni-jū-go (二十五))		ja-numbers
30	さんじゅう (san-jū (三十))		ja-numbers
40	よんじゅう (yon-jū (四十))		ja-numbers
50	ごじゅう (go-jū (五十))		ja-numbers
60	ろくじゅう (roku-jū (六十))		ja-numbers
70	ななじゅう (nana-jū (七十))		ja-numbers
80	はちじゅう (hachi-jū (八十))		ja-numbers
90	きゅうじゅう (kyū-jū (九十))		ja-numbers
99	きゅうじゅうきゅう (kyū-jū-kyū (九十九))		ja-numbers
100	ひゃく (hyaku (百))		ja-numbers
200	にひゃく (ni-hyaku (二百))		ja-numbers
300	さんびゃく (san-byaku (三百))		ja-numbers
500	ごひゃく (go-hyaku (五百))		ja-numbers
600	ろっぴゃく (roppyaku (六百))		ja-numbers
800	はっぴゃく (happyaku (八百))		ja-numbers
1,000	せん (sen (千))		ja-numbers
3,000	さんぜん (san-zen (三千))		ja-numbers
8,000	はっせん (hassen (八千))		ja-numbers
10,000	いちまん (ichi-man (一万))		ja-numbers
100,000	じゅうまん (jū-man (十万))		ja-numbers
1,000,000	ひゃくまん (hyaku-man (百万))		ja-numbers
First	はじめ / いちばん (hajime / ichiban)		ja-numbers
Half	はんぶん (hanbun (半分))		ja-numbers
How many?	いくつ (ikutsu)		ja-numbers
One thing	ひとつ (hitotsu (一つ))		ja-numbers
Two things	ふたつ (futatsu (二つ))		ja-numbers
Three things	みっつ (mittsu (三つ))		ja-numbers
Four things	よっつ (yottsu (四つ))		ja-numbers
Five things	いつつ (itsutsu (五つ))		ja-numbers
Six things	むっつ (muttsu (六つ))		ja-numbers
Seven things	ななつ (nanatsu (七つ))		ja-numbers
Eight things	やっつ (yattsu (八つ))		ja-numbers
Nine things	ここのつ (kokonotsu (九つ))		ja-numbers
Ten things	とお (tō (十))		ja-numbers
I like cats	ねこがすきです (neko ga suki desu)		ja-phrases
I do not like carrots	にんじんはすきじゃないです (ninjin wa suki janai desu)		ja-phrases
What is this?	これはなんですか (kore wa nan desu ka)		ja-phrases
How much is it?	いくらですか (ikura desu ka)		ja-phrases
Where is the station?	えきはどこですか (eki wa doko desu ka)		ja-phrases
I want water	みずがほしいです (mizu ga hoshii desu)		ja-phrases
Please give me this	これをください (kore o kudasai)		ja-phrases
I am a student	わたしはがくせいです (watashi wa gakusei desu)		ja-phrases
I am ten years old	わたしは十さいです (watashi wa jussai desu)		ja-phrases
Let's go	いきましょう (ikimashō)		ja-phrases
Let's play	あそびましょう (asobimashō)		ja-phrases
It's fun	たのしいです (tanoshii desu)		ja-phrases
It's difficult	むずかしいです (muzukashii desu)		ja-phrases
It's easy	かんたんです (kantan desu)		ja-phrases
I can swim	およげます (oyogemasu)		ja-phrases
I can't swim	およげません (oyogemasen)		ja-phrases
I have a dog	いぬがいます (inu ga imasu)		ja-phrases
There is a book	ほんがあります (hon ga arimasu)		ja-phrases
What time is it?	いま何時ですか (ima nanji desu ka)		ja-phrases
What day is it today?	今日は何曜日ですか (kyō wa nan'yōbi desu ka)		ja-phrases
Today	きょう (kyō (今日))		ja-phrases
Tomorrow	あした (ashita (明日))		ja-phrases
Yesterday	きのう (kinō (昨日))		ja-phrases
Now	いま (ima (今))		ja-phrases
Morning	あさ (asa (朝))		ja-phrases
Noon / daytime	ひる (hiru (昼))		ja-phrases
Night	よる (yoru (夜))		ja-phrases
Monday	げつようび (getsuyōbi (月曜日))		ja-phrases
Tuesday	かようび (kayōbi (火曜日))		ja-phrases
Wednesday	すいようび (suiyōbi (水曜日))		ja-phrases
Thursday	もくようび (mokuyōbi (木曜日))		ja-phrases
Friday	きんようび (kin'yōbi (金曜日))		ja-phrases
Saturday	どようび (doyōbi (土曜日))		ja-phrases
Sunday	にちようび (nichiyōbi (日曜日))		ja-phrases
Right	みぎ (migi (右))		ja-phrases
Left	ひだり (hidari (左))		ja-phrases
Straight ahead	まっすぐ (massugu)		ja-phrases
Up / above	うえ (ue (上))		ja-phrases
Down / below	した (shita (下))		ja-phrases
Inside	なか (naka (中))		ja-phrases
Here	ここ (koko)		ja-phrases
There	そこ (soko)		ja-phrases
Over there	あそこ (asoko)		ja-phrases
Who?	だれ (dare)		ja-phrases
What?	なに (nani)		ja-phrases
When?	いつ (itsu)		ja-phrases
Where?	どこ (doko)		ja-phrases
Why?	なぜ / どうして (naze / dōshite)		ja-phrases
To eat	たべる (taberu (polite: tabemasu) 食べる)		ja-verbs
To drink	のむ (nomu (polite: nomimasu) 飲む)		ja-verbs
To go	いく (iku (polite: ikimasu) 行く)		ja-verbs
To come	くる (kuru (polite: kimasu) 来る)		ja-verbs
To see / look	みる (miru (polite: mimasu) 見る)		ja-verbs
To listen / hear	きく (kiku (polite: kikimasu) 聞く)		ja-verbs
To speak	はなす (hanasu (polite: hanashimasu) 話す)		ja-verbs
To read	よむ (yomu (polite: yomimasu) 読む)		ja-verbs
To write	かく (kaku (polite: kakimasu) 書く)		ja-verbs
To do	する (suru (polite: shimasu))		ja-verbs
To buy	かう (kau (polite: kaimasu) 買う)		ja-verbs
To sleep	ねる (neru (polite: nemasu) 寝る)		ja-verbs
To wake up	おきる (okiru (polite: okimasu) 起きる)		ja-verbs
To play	あそぶ (asobu (polite: asobimasu) 遊ぶ)		ja-verbs
To swim	およぐ (oyogu (polite: oyogimasu) 泳ぐ)		ja-verbs
To run	はしる (hashiru (polite: hashirimasu) 走る)		ja-verbs
To walk	あるく (aruku (polite: arukimasu) 歩く)		ja-verbs
To study	べんきょうする (benkyō suru 勉強する)		ja-verbs
To learn	ならう (narau (polite: naraimasu) 習う)		ja-verbs
To teach	おしえる (oshieru (polite: oshiemasu) 教える)		ja-verbs
To know	しる (shiru (polite: shirimasu) 知る)		ja-verbs
To understand	わかる (wakaru (polite: wakarimasu))		ja-verbs
To think	おもう (omou (polite: omoimasu) 思う)		ja-verbs
To wait	まつ (matsu (polite: machimasu) 待つ)		ja-verbs
To sit	すわる (suwaru (polite: suwarimasu) 座る)		ja-verbs
To stand	たつ (tatsu (polite: tachimasu) 立つ)		ja-verbs
To open	あける (akeru (polite: akemasu) 開ける)		ja-verbs
To close	しめる (shimeru (polite: shimemasu) 閉める)		ja-verbs
To give	あげる (ageru (polite: agemasu))		ja-verbs
To receive	もらう (morau (polite: moraimasu))		ja-verbs
To make	つくる (tsukuru (polite: tsukurimasu) 作る)		ja-verbs
To use	つかう (tsukau (polite: tsukaimasu) 使う)		ja-verbs
To sing	うたう (utau (polite: utaimasu) 歌う)		ja-verbs
To draw	かく (kaku (polite: kakimasu) 描く)		ja-verbs
To laugh	わらう (warau (polite: waraimasu) 笑う)		ja-verbs
To cry	なく (naku (polite: nakimasu) 泣く)		ja-verbs
To like (be fond of)	すき (suki (adjective: suki desu) 好き)		ja-verbs
To return home	かえる (kaeru (polite: kaerimasu) 帰る)		ja-verbs
To enter	はいる (hairu (polite: hairimasu) 入る)		ja-verbs
To exit / go out	でる (deru (polite: demasu) 出る)		ja-verbs
To meet	あう (au (polite: aimasu) 会う)		ja-verbs
To work	はたらく (hataraku (polite: hatarakimasu) 働く)		ja-verbs
To rest	やすむ (yasumu (polite: yasumimasu) 休む)		ja-verbs
To wash	あらう (arau (polite: araimasu) 洗う)		ja-verbs
To cook	りょうりする (ryōri suru 料理する)		ja-verbs
To help	てつだう (tetsudau (polite: tetsudaimasu) 手伝う)		ja-verbs
To lend	かす (kasu (polite: kashimasu) 貸す)		ja-verbs
To borrow	かりる (kariru (polite: karimasu) 借りる)		ja-verbs
To remember	おぼえる (oboeru (polite: oboemasu) 覚える)		ja-verbs
To forget	わすれる (wasureru (polite: wasuremasu) 忘れる)		ja-verbs
To exist (living things)	いる (iru (polite: imasu))		ja-verbs
To exist (things)	ある (aru (polite: arimasu))		ja-verbs
Dog	개 (gae)		ko-animals
Puppy	강아지 (gangaji)		ko-animals
Cat	고양이 (goyangi)		ko-animals
Bird	새 (sae)		ko-animals
Fish	물고기 (mulgogi)		ko-animals
Horse	말 (mal)		ko-animals
Cow	소 (so)		ko-animals
Pig	돼지 (dwaeji)		ko-animals
Sheep	양 (yang)		ko-animals
Chicken	닭 (dak)		ko-animals
Duck	오리 (ori)		ko-animals
Rabbit	토끼 (tokki)		ko-animals
Mouse	쥐 (jwi)		ko-animals
Monkey	원숭이 (wonsungi)		ko-animals
Bear	곰 (gom)		ko-animals
Panda	판다 (panda)		ko-animals
Elephant	코끼리 (kokkiri)		ko-animals
Lion	사자 (saja)		ko-animals
Tiger	호랑이 (horangi)		ko-animals
Giraffe	기린 (girin)		ko-animals
Zebra	얼룩말 (eollungmal)		ko-animals
Wolf	늑대 (neukdae)		ko-animals
Fox	여우 (yeou)		ko-animals
Deer	사슴 (saseum)		ko-animals
Frog	개구리 (gaeguri)		ko-animals
Snake	뱀 (baem)		ko-animals
Turtle	거북이 (geobugi)		ko-animals
Butterfly	나비 (nabi)		ko-animals
Bee	벌 (beol)		ko-animals
Ant	개미 (gaemi)		ko-animals
Spider	거미 (geomi)		ko-animals
Whale	고래 (gorae)		ko-animals
Dolphin	돌고래 (dolgorae)		ko-animals
Shark	상어 (sangeo)		ko-animals
Octopus	문어 (munneo)		ko-animals
Crab	게 (ge)		ko-animals
Owl	부엉이 (bueongi)		ko-animals
Squirrel	다람쥐 (daramjwi)		ko-animals
Dragon	용 (yong)		ko-animals
Penguin	펭귄 (penggwin)		ko-animals
Kangaroo	캥거루 (kaenggeoru)		ko-animals
Camel	낙타 (nakta)		ko-animals
Insect	벌레 (beolle)		ko-animals
Dinosaur	공룡 (gongnyong)		ko-animals
Crow	까마귀 (kkamagwi)		ko-animals
Goldfish	금붕어 (geumbungeo)		ko-animals
Dragonfly	잠자리 (jamjari)		ko-animals
Animal	동물 (dongmul)		ko-animals
Zoo	동물원 (dongmurwon)		ko-animals
Magpie	까치 (kkachi)		ko-animals
Eagle	독수리 (doksuri)		ko-animals
Swan	백조 (baekjo)		ko-animals
Red	빨간색 (ppalgansaek)		ko-colors
Blue	파란색 (paransaek)		ko-colors
Yellow	노란색 (noransaek)		ko-colors
Green	초록색 (choroksaek)		ko-colors
White	하얀색 (hayansaek)		ko-colors
Black	검은색 (geomeunsaek)		ko-colors
Orange	주황색 (juhwangsaek)		ko-colors
Pink	분홍색 (bunhongsaek)		ko-colors
Purple	보라색 (borasaek)		ko-colors
Brown	갈색 (galsaek)		ko-colors
Gray	회색 (hoesaek)		ko-colors
Gold	금색 (geumsaek)		ko-colors
Silver	은색 (eunsaek)		ko-colors
Color	색 (saek)		ko-colors
Circle	동그라미 (donggeurami)		ko-colors
Square	네모 (nemo)		ko-colors
Triangle	세모 (semo)		ko-colors
Star	별 (byeol)		ko-colors
Heart	하트 (hateu)		ko-colors
Big	크다 (keuda)		ko-colors
Small	작다 (jakda)		ko-colors
Long	길다 (gilda)		ko-colors
Short (length)	짧다 (jjalda)		ko-colors
Tall / high	높다 (nopda)		ko-colors
Low	낮다 (natda)		ko-colors
New	새롭다 (saeropda)		ko-colors
Old (things)	오래되다 (oraedoeda)		ko-colors
Hot (weather)	덥다 (deopda)		ko-colors
Cold (weather)	춥다 (chupda)		ko-colors
Good	좋다 (jota)		ko-colors
Bad	나쁘다 (nappeuda)		ko-colors
Fast	빠르다 (ppareuda)		ko-colors
Slow	느리다 (neurida)		ko-colors
Happy	행복하다 (haengbokada)		ko-colors
Sad	슬프다 (seulpeuda)		ko-colors
Pretty	예쁘다 (yeppeuda)		ko-colors
Cute	귀엽다 (gwiyeopda)		ko-colors
Delicious	맛있다 (masitda)		ko-colors
Heavy	무겁다 (mugeopda)		ko-colors
Light (weight)	가볍다 (gabyeopda)		ko-colors
Bright	밝다 (bakda)		ko-colors
Dark	어둡다 (eodupda)		ko-colors
Near	가깝다 (gakkapda)		ko-colors
Far	멀다 (meolda)		ko-colors
Many	많다 (manta)		ko-colors
Few	적다 (jeokda)		ko-colors
Easy	쉽다 (swipda)		ko-colors
Difficult	어렵다 (eoryeopda)		ko-colors
Fun	재미있다 (jaemiitda)		ko-colors
Clean	깨끗하다 (kkaekkeutada)		ko-colors
Dirty	더럽다 (deoreopda)		ko-colors
Family	가족 (gajok)		ko-family
Mother	어머니 (eomeoni)		ko-family
Mom	엄마 (eomma)		ko-family
Father	아버지 (abeoji)		ko-family
Dad	아빠 (appa)		ko-family
Older brother (said by a boy)	형 (hyeong)		ko-family
Older brother (said by a girl)	오빠 (oppa)		ko-family
Older sister (said by a boy)	누나 (nuna)		ko-family
Older sister (said by a girl)	언니 (eonni)		ko-family
Younger sibling	동생 (dongsaeng)		ko-family
Grandfather	할아버지 (harabeoji)		ko-family
Grandmother	할머니 (halmeoni)		ko-family
Husband	남편 (nampyeon)		ko-family
Wife	아내 (anae)		ko-family
Son	아들 (adeul)		ko-family
Daughter	딸 (ttal)		ko-family
Child	아이 (ai)		ko-family
Baby	아기 (agi)		ko-family
Boy	소년 (sonyeon)		ko-family
Girl	소녀 (sonyeo)		ko-family
Man	남자 (namja)		ko-family
Woman	여자 (yeoja)		ko-family
Person	사람 (saram)		ko-family
Friend	친구 (chingu)		ko-family
Teacher	선생님 (seonsaengnim)		ko-family
Student	학생 (haksaeng)		ko-family
Doctor	의사 (uisa)		ko-family
Classmate	반 친구 (ban chingu)		ko-family
I (polite)	저 (jeo)		ko-family
I (plain)	나 (na)		ko-family
You	너 (neo)		ko-family
We	우리 (uri)		ko-family
He	그 (geu)		ko-family
She	그녀 (geunyeo)		ko-family
Parents	부모님 (bumonim)		ko-family
Siblings	형제자매 (hyeongjejamae)		ko-family
Uncle (father's brother)	삼촌 (samchon)		ko-family
Aunt (mother's sister)	이모 (imo)		ko-family
Aunt (father's sister)	고모 (gomo)		ko-family
Cousin	사촌 (sachon)		ko-family
Neighbor	이웃 (iut)		ko-family
Country	나라 (nara)		ko-family
Korea	한국 (Hanguk)		ko-family
America	미국 (Miguk)		ko-family
School	학교 (hakgyo)		ko-family
Classroom	교실 (gyosil)		ko-family
House	집 (jip)		ko-family
Pet	반려동물 (banryeodongmul)		ko-family
Name	이름 (ireum)		ko-family
Everyone	모두 (modu)		ko-family
Rice (cooked)	밥 (bap)		ko-food
Water	물 (mul)		ko-food
Tea	차 (cha)		ko-food
Milk	우유 (uyu)		ko-food
Juice	주스 (juseu)		ko-food
Coffee	커피 (keopi)		ko-food
Bread	빵 (ppang)		ko-food
Egg	계란 (gyeran)		ko-food
Meat	고기 (gogi)		ko-food
Beef	소고기 (sogogi)		ko-food
Pork	돼지고기 (dwaejigogi)		ko-food
Chicken (meat)	닭고기 (dakgogi)		ko-food
Fish (food)	생선 (saengseon)		ko-food
Vegetables	채소 (chaeso)		ko-food
Fruit	과일 (gwail)		ko-food
Apple	사과 (sagwa)		ko-food
Banana	바나나 (banana)		ko-food
Orange	오렌지 (orenji)		ko-food
Grapes	포도 (podo)		ko-food
Strawberry	딸기 (ttalgi)		ko-food
Watermelon	수박 (subak)		ko-food
Peach	복숭아 (boksunga)		ko-food
Pear	배 (bae)		ko-food
Potato	감자 (gamja)		ko-food
Tomato	토마토 (tomato)		ko-food
Carrot	당근 (danggeun)		ko-food
Corn	옥수수 (oksusu)		ko-food
Onion	양파 (yangpa)		ko-food
Cabbage	배추 (baechu)		ko-food
Noodles	국수 (guksu)		ko-food
Kimchi	김치 (gimchi)		ko-food
Seaweed (dried laver)	김 (gim)		ko-food
Seaweed rice roll	김밥 (gimbap)		ko-food
Mixed rice bowl	비빔밥 (bibimbap)		ko-food
Grilled marinated beef	불고기 (bulgogi)		ko-food
Dumplings	만두 (mandu)		ko-food
Rice cake	떡 (tteok)		ko-food
Stir-fried rice cakes	떡볶이 (tteokbokki)		ko-food
Soup	국 (guk)		ko-food
Stew	찌개 (jjigae)		ko-food
Tofu	두부 (dubu)		ko-food
Salt	소금 (sogeum)		ko-food
Sugar	설탕 (seoltang)		ko-food
Candy	사탕 (satang)		ko-food
Cake	케이크 (keikeu)		ko-food
Ice cream	아이스크림 (aiseukrim)		ko-food
Cookie	쿠키 (kuki)		ko-food
Chocolate	초콜릿 (chokollit)		ko-food
Breakfast	아침 식사 (achim siksa)		ko-food
Lunch	점심 식사 (jeomsim siksa)		ko-food
Dinner	저녁 식사 (jeonyeok siksa)		ko-food
Chopsticks	젓가락 (jeotgarak)		ko-food
Spoon	숟가락 (sutgarak)		ko-food
Bowl	그릇 (geureut)		ko-food
I'm hungry	배고파요 (baegopayo)		ko-food
I'm thirsty	목말라요 (mongmallayo)		ko-food
Delicious	맛있어요 (masisseoyo)		ko-food
Hello	안녕하세요 (annyeonghaseyo)		ko-greetings
Hi / bye (casual)	안녕 (annyeong)		ko-greetings
Goodbye (to someone leaving)	안녕히 가세요 (annyeonghi gaseyo)		ko-greetings
Goodbye (to someone staying)	안녕히 계세요 (annyeonghi gyeseyo)		ko-greetings
Thank you	감사합니다 (gamsahamnida)		ko-greetings
Thanks (casual)	고마워요 (gomawoyo)		ko-greetings
You're welcome	천만에요 (cheonmaneyo)		ko-greetings
I'm sorry	죄송합니다 (joesonghamnida)		ko-greetings
Sorry (casual)	미안해요 (mianhaeyo)		ko-greetings
Excuse me	실례합니다 (sillyehamnida)		ko-greetings
Please (give me)	주세요 (juseyo)		ko-greetings
Yes	네 (ne)		ko-greetings
No	아니요 (aniyo)		ko-greetings
Nice to meet you	만나서 반갑습니다 (mannaseo bangapseumnida)		ko-greetings
How are you?	잘 지내세요 (jal jinaeseyo)		ko-greetings
I'm fine	잘 지내요 (jal jinaeyo)		ko-greetings
Good morning	좋은 아침이에요 (joeun achimieyo)		ko-greetings
Good night	안녕히 주무세요 (annyeonghi jumuseyo)		ko-greetings
Good night (casual)	잘 자요 (jal jayo)		ko-greetings
Happy birthday	생일 축하해요 (saengil chukahaeyo)		ko-greetings
Congratulations	축하합니다 (chukahamnida)		ko-greetings
Happy New Year	새해 복 많이 받으세요 (saehae bok mani badeuseyo)		ko-greetings
Cheers	건배 (geonbae)		ko-greetings
Welcome	어서 오세요 (eoseo oseyo)		ko-greetings
Enjoy your meal	맛있게 드세요 (masitge deuseyo)		ko-greetings
I will eat well	잘 먹겠습니다 (jal meokgetseumnida)		ko-greetings
I ate well	잘 먹었습니다 (jal meogeotseumnida)		ko-greetings
What is your name?	이름이 뭐예요 (ireumi mwoyeyo)		ko-greetings
My name is Jin	제 이름은 진이에요 (je ireumeun jinieyo)		ko-greetings
I am American	저는 미국 사람이에요 (jeoneun miguk saramieyo)		ko-greetings
I understand	알겠어요 (algesseoyo)		ko-greetings
I don't understand	모르겠어요 (moreugesseoyo)		ko-greetings
Please say it again	다시 말해 주세요 (dasi malhae juseyo)		ko-greetings
Please speak slowly	천천히 말해 주세요 (cheoncheonhi malhae juseyo)		ko-greetings
Do you speak English?	영어 할 수 있어요 (yeongeo hal su isseoyo)		ko-greetings
Where is the bathroom?	화장실이 어디예요 (hwajangsiri eodiyeyo)		ko-greetings
I like it	좋아요 (joayo)		ko-greetings
It's okay	괜찮아요 (gwaenchanayo)		ko-greetings
Really?	정말요 (jeongmaryo)		ko-greetings
Wow / Amazing	대박 (daebak)		ko-greetings
Let's go	가요 (gayo)		ko-greetings
Fighting! (cheer)	파이팅 (paiting)		ko-greetings
Be well / take care	건강하세요 (geonganghaseyo)		ko-greetings
I'm home	다녀왔습니다 (danyeowasseumnida)		ko-greetings
I'm going out	다녀오겠습니다 (danyeoogetseumnida)		ko-greetings
Please wait	잠깐만요 (jamkkanmanyo)		ko-greetings
Very good	아주 좋아요 (aju joayo)		ko-greetings
I love you	사랑해요 (saranghaeyo)		ko-greetings
1 (Sino-Korean)	일 (il)		ko-numbers
2 (Sino-Korean)	이 (i)		ko-numbers
3 (Sino-Korean)	삼 (sam)		ko-numbers
4 (Sino-Korean)	사 (sa)		ko-numbers
5 (Sino-Korean)	오 (o)		ko-numbers
6 (Sino-Korean)	육 (yuk)		ko-numbers
7 (Sino-Korean)	칠 (chil)		ko-numbers
8 (Sino-Korean)	팔 (pal)		ko-numbers
9 (Sino-Korean)	구 (gu)		ko-numbers
10 (Sino-Korean)	십 (sip)		ko-numbers
11 (Sino-Korean)	십일 (sibil)		ko-numbers
12 (Sino-Korean)	십이 (sibi)		ko-numbers
15 (Sino-Korean)	십오 (sibo)		ko-numbers
20 (Sino-Korean)	이십 (isip)		ko-numbers
30 (Sino-Korean)	삼십 (samsip)		ko-numbers
40 (Sino-Korean)	사십 (sasip)		ko-numbers
50 (Sino-Korean)	오십 (osip)		ko-numbers
60 (Sino-Korean)	육십 (yuksip)		ko-numbers
70 (Sino-Korean)	칠십 (chilsip)		ko-numbers
80 (Sino-Korean)	팔십 (palsip)		ko-numbers
90 (Sino-Korean)	구십 (gusip)		ko-numbers
100 (Sino-Korean)	백 (baek)		ko-numbers
1,000 (Sino-Korean)	천 (cheon)		ko-numbers
10,000 (Sino-Korean)	만 (man)		ko-numbers
Zero	영 (yeong)		ko-numbers
Zero (phone numbers)	공 (gong)		ko-numbers
1 (native Korean)	하나 (hana)		ko-numbers
2 (native Korean)	둘 (dul)		ko-numbers
3 (native Korean)	셋 (set)		ko-numbers
4 (native Korean)	넷 (net)		ko-numbers
5 (native Korean)	다섯 (daseot)		ko-numbers
6 (native Korean)	여섯 (yeoseot)		ko-numbers
7 (native Korean)	일곱 (ilgop)		ko-numbers
8 (native Korean)	여덟 (yeodeol)		ko-numbers
9 (native Korean)	아홉 (ahop)		ko-numbers
10 (native Korean)	열 (yeol)		ko-numbers
11 (native Korean)	열하나 (yeolhana)		ko-numbers
12 (native Korean)	열둘 (yeoldul)		ko-numbers
20 (native Korean)	스물 (seumul)		ko-numbers
30 (native Korean)	서른 (seoreun)		ko-numbers
40 (native Korean)	마흔 (maheun)		ko-numbers
50 (native Korean)	쉰 (swin)		ko-numbers
60 (native Korean)	예순 (yesun)		ko-numbers
70 (native Korean)	일흔 (ilheun)		ko-numbers
80 (native Korean)	여든 (yeodeun)		ko-numbers
90 (native Korean)	아흔 (aheun)		ko-numbers
How many?	몇 개 (myeot gae)		ko-numbers
Three apples (native number)	사과 세 개 (sagwa se gae)		ko-numbers
Month: March (Sino)	삼월 (samwol)		ko-numbers
Won: 1,000 won	천 원 (cheon won)		ko-numbers
What is this?	이게 뭐예요 (ige mwoyeyo)		ko-phrases
How much is it?	얼마예요 (eolmayeyo)		ko-phrases
Where is the school?	학교가 어디예요 (hakgyoga eodiyeyo)		ko-phrases
I want water	물을 주세요 (mureul juseyo)		ko-phrases
I like cats	저는 고양이를 좋아해요 (jeoneun goyangireul joahaeyo)		ko-phrases
I don't like carrots	저는 당근을 안 좋아해요 (jeoneun danggeuneul an joahaeyo)		ko-phrases
I am a student	저는 학생이에요 (jeoneun haksaengieyo)		ko-phrases
I have a dog	저는 개가 있어요 (jeoneun gaega isseoyo)		ko-phrases
I don't have	없어요 (eopseoyo)		ko-phrases
What time is it?	지금 몇 시예요 (jigeum myeot siyeyo)		ko-phrases
Today	오늘 (oneul)		ko-phrases
Tomorrow	내일 (naeil)		ko-phrases
Yesterday	어제 (eoje)		ko-phrases
Now	지금 (jigeum)		ko-phrases
Morning	아침 (achim)		ko-phrases
Afternoon	오후 (ohu)		ko-phrases
Evening	저녁 (jeonyeok)		ko-phrases
Night	밤 (bam)		ko-phrases
Monday	월요일 (woryoil)		ko-phrases
Tuesday	화요일 (hwayoil)		ko-phrases
Wednesday	수요일 (suyoil)		ko-phrases
Thursday	목요일 (mogyoil)		ko-phrases
Friday	금요일 (geumyoil)		ko-phrases
Saturday	토요일 (toyoil)		ko-phrases
Sunday	일요일 (iryoil)		ko-phrases
Week	주 (ju)		ko-phrases
Month	달 (dal)		ko-phrases
Year	해 (hae)		ko-phrases
Day	날 (nal)		ko-phrases
Left	왼쪽 (oenjjok)		ko-phrases
Right	오른쪽 (oreunjjok)		ko-phrases
Straight ahead	직진 (jikjin)		ko-phrases
Up	위 (wi)		ko-phrases
Down	아래 (arae)		ko-phrases
Inside	안 (an)		ko-phrases
Outside	밖 (bak)		ko-phrases
Here	여기 (yeogi)		ko-phrases
There	거기 (geogi)		ko-phrases
Who?	누구 (nugu)		ko-phrases
What?	무엇 (mueot)		ko-phrases
When?	언제 (eonje)		ko-phrases
Where?	어디 (eodi)		ko-phrases
Why?	왜 (wae)		ko-phrases
How?	어떻게 (eotteoke)		ko-phrases
This	이것 (igeot)		ko-phrases
That	그것 (geugeot)		ko-phrases
And	그리고 (geurigo)		ko-phrases
Very	아주 (aju)		ko-phrases
Also	또한 (ttohan)		ko-phrases
To eat	먹다 (meokda)		ko-verbs
To drink	마시다 (masida)		ko-verbs
To go	가다 (gada)		ko-verbs
To come	오다 (oda)		ko-verbs
To see / look	보다 (boda)		ko-verbs
To listen	듣다 (deutda)		ko-verbs
To speak	말하다 (malhada)		ko-verbs
To read	읽다 (ikda)		ko-verbs
To write	쓰다 (sseuda)		ko-verbs
To do	하다 (hada)		ko-verbs
To buy	사다 (sada)		ko-verbs
To sell	팔다 (palda)		ko-verbs
To sleep	자다 (jada)		ko-verbs
To wake up	일어나다 (ireonada)		ko-verbs
To play	놀다 (nolda)		ko-verbs
To swim	수영하다 (suyeonghada)		ko-verbs
To run	달리다 (dallida)		ko-verbs
To walk	걷다 (geotda)		ko-verbs
To study	공부하다 (gongbuhada)		ko-verbs
To teach	가르치다 (gareuchida)		ko-verbs
To know	알다 (alda)		ko-verbs
To think	생각하다 (saenggakada)		ko-verbs
To wait	기다리다 (gidarida)		ko-verbs
To sit	앉다 (anda)		ko-verbs
To stand	서다 (seoda)		ko-verbs
To open	열다 (yeolda)		ko-verbs
To close	닫다 (datda)		ko-verbs
To give	주다 (juda)		ko-verbs
To receive	받다 (batda)		ko-verbs
To use	쓰다 (sseuda)		ko-verbs
To sing	노래하다 (noraehada)		ko-verbs
To dance	춤추다 (chumchuda)		ko-verbs
To draw	그리다 (geurida)		ko-verbs
To laugh	웃다 (utda)		ko-verbs
To cry	울다 (ulda)		ko-verbs
To like	좋아하다 (joahada)		ko-verbs
To love	사랑하다 (saranghada)		ko-verbs
To have / exist	있다 (itda)		ko-verbs
To not exist / not have	없다 (eopda)		ko-verbs
To meet	만나다 (mannada)		ko-verbs
To work	일하다 (ilhada)		ko-verbs
To rest	쉬다 (swida)		ko-verbs
To wash	씻다 (ssitda)		ko-verbs
To cook	요리하다 (yorihada)		ko-verbs
To help	돕다 (dopda)		ko-verbs
To borrow	빌리다 (billida)		ko-verbs
To forget	잊다 (itda)		ko-verbs
To ask	묻다 (mutda)		ko-verbs
To answer	대답하다 (daedapada)		ko-verbs
To find	찾다 (chatda)		ko-verbs
To fly	날다 (nalda)		ko-verbs
To jump	뛰다 (ttwida)		ko-verbs
To wear (clothes)	입다 (ipda)		ko-verbs
To arrive	도착하다 (dochakada)		ko-verbs
To return	돌아오다 (doraoda)		ko-verbs
Dog	canis (canis (m./f.))		la-animals
Cat	fēlēs (fēlis (f.))		la-animals
Horse	equus (equī (m.))		la-animals
Cow / ox	bōs (bovis (m./f.))		la-animals
Pig	porcus (porcī (m.))		la-animals
Sheep	ovis (ovis (f.))		la-animals
Goat	capra (caprae (f.))		la-animals
Wolf	lupus (lupī (m.))		la-animals
Bear	ursus (ursī (m.))		la-animals
Lion	leō (leōnis (m.))		la-animals
Tiger	tigris (tigris (m./f.))		la-animals
Elephant	elephantus (elephantī (m.))		la-animals
Fox	vulpēs (vulpis (f.))		la-animals
Deer	cervus (cervī (m.))		la-animals
Rabbit	cunīculus (cunīculī (m.))		la-animals
Mouse	mūs (mūris (m.))		la-animals
Bird	avis (avis (f.))		la-animals
Eagle	aquila (aquilae (f.))		la-animals
Owl	strix (strigis (f.))		la-animals
Chicken / hen	gallīna (gallīnae (f.))		la-animals
Rooster	gallus (gallī (m.))		la-animals
Goose	ānser (ānseris (m.))		la-animals
Fish	piscis (piscis (m.))		la-animals
Snake	serpēns (serpentis (f.))		la-animals
Frog	rāna (rānae (f.))		la-animals
Bee	apis (apis (f.))		la-animals
Ant	formīca (formīcae (f.))		la-animals
Fly	musca (muscae (f.))		la-animals
Butterfly	pāpiliō (pāpiliōnis (m.))		la-animals
Spider	arānea (arāneae (f.))		la-animals
Worm	vermis (vermis (m.))		la-animals
Monkey	sīmia (sīmiae (f.))		la-animals
Dolphin	delphīnus (delphīnī (m.))		la-animals
Whale	cētus (cētī (m.))		la-animals
Crab	cancer (cancrī (m.))		la-animals
Turtle	testūdō (testūdinis (f.))		la-animals
Camel	camēlus (camēlī (m.))		la-animals
Donkey	asinus (asinī (m.))		la-animals
Bull	taurus (taurī (m.))		la-animals
Lamb	agnus (agnī (m.))		la-animals
Dragon	dracō (dracōnis (m.))		la-animals
Crow	corvus (corvī (m.))		la-animals
Dove	columba (columbae (f.))		la-animals
Swan	olor (olōris (m.))		la-animals
Sparrow	passer (passeris (m.))		la-animals
Squirrel	sciūrus (sciūrī (m.))		la-animals
Beast / animal	animal (animālis (n.))		la-animals
Water	aqua (aquae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Fire	ignis (ignis (m.))		la-everyday-words
Earth / land	terra (terrae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Air	āēr (āeris (m.))		la-everyday-words
Sun	sōl (sōlis (m.))		la-everyday-words
Moon	lūna (lūnae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Star	stella (stellae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Sky	caelum (caelī (n.))		la-everyday-words
Sea	mare (maris (n.))		la-everyday-words
River	flūmen (flūminis (n.))		la-everyday-words
Mountain	mōns (montis (m.))		la-everyday-words
Forest	silva (silvae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Tree	arbor (arboris (f.))		la-everyday-words
Flower	flōs (flōris (m.))		la-everyday-words
Stone	saxum (saxī (n.))		la-everyday-words
Road	via (viae (f.))		la-everyday-words
House	domus (domūs (f.))		la-everyday-words
City	urbs (urbis (f.))		la-everyday-words
Town / city	oppidum (oppidī (n.))		la-everyday-words
Field	ager (agrī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Farmer	agricola (agricolae (m.))		la-everyday-words
Garden	hortus (hortī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Door	iānua (iānuae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Wall	mūrus (mūrī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Book	liber (librī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Letter (of alphabet)	littera (litterae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Word	verbum (verbī (n.))		la-everyday-words
Name	nōmen (nōminis (n.))		la-everyday-words
Time	tempus (temporis (n.))		la-everyday-words
Day	diēs (diēī (m./f.))		la-everyday-words
Night	nox (noctis (f.))		la-everyday-words
Year	annus (annī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Light	lūx (lūcis (f.))		la-everyday-words
Life	vīta (vītae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Death	mors (mortis (f.))		la-everyday-words
Love	amor (amōris (m.))		la-everyday-words
Peace	pāx (pācis (f.))		la-everyday-words
War	bellum (bellī (n.))		la-everyday-words
Friend	amīcus (amīcī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Enemy	inimīcus (inimīcī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Man	vir (virī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Woman	fēmina (fēminae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Child	puer (puerī (m. boy))		la-everyday-words
Girl	puella (puellae (f.))		la-everyday-words
King	rēx (rēgis (m.))		la-everyday-words
Queen	rēgīna (rēgīnae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Teacher	magister (magistrī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Student	discipulus (discipulī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Soldier	mīles (mīlitis (m.))		la-everyday-words
Citizen	cīvis (cīvis (m./f.))		la-everyday-words
God	deus (deī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Goddess	dea (deae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Home / homeland	patria (patriae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Father	pater (patris (m.))		la-everyday-words
Mother	māter (mātris (f.))		la-everyday-words
Brother	frāter (frātris (m.))		la-everyday-words
Sister	soror (sorōris (f.))		la-everyday-words
Son	fīlius (fīliī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Daughter	fīlia (fīliae (f.))		la-everyday-words
Body	corpus (corporis (n.))		la-everyday-words
Hand	manus (manūs (f.))		la-everyday-words
Head	caput (capitis (n.))		la-everyday-words
Heart	cor (cordis (n.))		la-everyday-words
Eye	oculus (oculī (m.))		la-everyday-words
Mind / spirit	animus (animī (m.))		la-everyday-words
1	ūnus (I)		la-numbers
2	duo (II)		la-numbers
3	trēs (III)		la-numbers
4	quattuor (IV)		la-numbers
5	quīnque (V)		la-numbers
6	sex (VI)		la-numbers
7	septem (VII)		la-numbers
8	octō (VIII)		la-numbers
9	novem (IX)		la-numbers
10	decem (X)		la-numbers
11	ūndecim (XI)		la-numbers
12	duodecim (XII)		la-numbers
13	trēdecim (XIII)		la-numbers
14	quattuordecim (XIV)		la-numbers
15	quīndecim (XV)		la-numbers
16	sēdecim (XVI)		la-numbers
17	septendecim (XVII)		la-numbers
18	duodēvīgintī (XVIII)		la-numbers
19	ūndēvīgintī (XIX)		la-numbers
20	vīgintī (XX)		la-numbers
30	trīgintā (XXX)		la-numbers
40	quadrāgintā (XL)		la-numbers
50	quīnquāgintā (L)		la-numbers
60	sexāgintā (LX)		la-numbers
70	septuāgintā (LXX)		la-numbers
80	octōgintā (LXXX)		la-numbers
90	nōnāgintā (XC)		la-numbers
100	centum (C)		la-numbers
200	ducentī (CC)		la-numbers
300	trecentī (CCC)		la-numbers
400	quadringentī (CD)		la-numbers
500	quīngentī (D)		la-numbers
600	sescentī (DC)		la-numbers
900	nōngentī (CM)		la-numbers
1,000	mīlle (M)		la-numbers
First	prīmus (prīma, prīmum)		la-numbers
Second	secundus (secunda, secundum)		la-numbers
Third	tertius (tertia, tertium)		la-numbers
Fourth	quārtus (quārta, quārtum)		la-numbers
Fifth	quīntus (quīnta, quīntum)		la-numbers
Tenth	decimus (decima, decimum)		la-numbers
Once	semel (one time)		la-numbers
Twice	bis (two times)		la-numbers
Three times	ter (thrice)		la-numbers
Half	dīmidium (dīmidiī (n.))		la-numbers
Seize the day	Carpe diem (Horace)		la-phrases
I think, therefore I am	Cogito, ergo sum (Descartes)		la-phrases
The die is cast	Alea iacta est (said to be Caesar's words)		la-phrases
I came, I saw, I conquered	Veni, vidi, vici (Caesar)		la-phrases
Out of many, one	E pluribus unum (on US coins)		la-phrases
Always faithful	Semper fidelis (US Marine Corps motto)		la-phrases
Always prepared	Semper paratus (US Coast Guard motto)		la-phrases
Knowledge is power	Scientia potentia est (Francis Bacon)		la-phrases
To err is human	Errare humanum est (proverb)		la-phrases
Practice makes perfect (lit. use makes mastery)	Usus magister est optimus (proverb)		la-phrases
Fortune favors the bold	Audentēs fortūna iuvat (Virgil)		la-phrases
Let the buyer beware	Caveat emptor (trade saying)		la-phrases
Time flies	Tempus fugit (Virgil)		la-phrases
Among other things	Inter alia (legal phrase)		la-phrases
And so on	Et cetera (etc.)		la-phrases
For example	Exempli gratia (e.g.)		la-phrases
That is	Id est (i.e.)		la-phrases
After noon	Post meridiem (p.m.)		la-phrases
Before noon	Ante meridiem (a.m.)		la-phrases
Note well	Nota bene (N.B.)		la-phrases
Thank God	Deo gratias (Latin thanks)		la-phrases
A healthy mind in a healthy body	Mens sana in corpore sano (Juvenal)		la-phrases
Love conquers all	Omnia vincit amor (Virgil)		la-phrases
Hello	Salvē (to one person)		la-phrases
Hello (to several people)	Salvēte (plural)		la-phrases
Goodbye	Valē (to one person)		la-phrases
Goodbye (to several)	Valēte (plural)		la-phrases
Thank you	Gratiās tibi agō (lit. I give thanks to you)		la-phrases
Please	Sī placet (lit. if it pleases)		la-phrases
How are you?	Quid agis? (lit. what are you doing)		la-phrases
I am well	Bene valeō (lit. I am strong in health)		la-phrases
My name is...	Nōmen mihi est (lit. a name is to me)		la-phrases
What is your name?	Quod nōmen tibi est? (question)		la-phrases
Yes	Ita vērō (lit. so truly)		la-phrases
No	Minimē (lit. least of all)		la-phrases
Good night	Bonam noctem (lit. good night)		la-phrases
Cheers!	Prōsit (lit. may it benefit)		la-phrases
Happy birthday	Fēlīx diēs nātālis (lit. happy birthday)		la-phrases
With the greatest praise	Summa cum laude (graduation honor)		la-phrases
With praise	Cum laude (graduation honor)		la-phrases
Alma mater	Alma mater (nourishing mother; one's school)		la-phrases
From start to finish (lit. from egg to apples)	Ab ovo usque ad mala (Roman dinner idiom)		la-phrases
Per year	Per annum (each year)		la-phrases
In the year of the Lord	Anno Domini (A.D.)		la-phrases
Behold the man	Ecce homo (phrase)		la-phrases
I am	Sum (the verb "to be")		la-phrases
Out of nothing, nothing	Ex nihilo nihil fit (old philosophy saying)		la-phrases
Truth	Vēritās (motto of Harvard)		la-phrases
Good	bonus (bona, bonum)		la-school-words
Bad	malus (mala, malum)		la-school-words
Big	magnus (magna, magnum)		la-school-words
Small	parvus (parva, parvum)		la-school-words
New	novus (nova, novum)		la-school-words
Old	vetus (veteris)		la-school-words
Beautiful	pulcher (pulchra, pulchrum)		la-school-words
Long	longus (longa, longum)		la-school-words
Short	brevis (breve)		la-school-words
Many	multī (multae, multa)		la-school-words
Few	paucī (paucae, pauca)		la-school-words
All	omnis (omne)		la-school-words
Happy	laetus (laeta, laetum)		la-school-words
Sad	trīstis (trīste)		la-school-words
Brave	fortis (forte)		la-school-words
Wise	sapiēns (sapientis)		la-school-words
Strong	validus (valida, validum)		la-school-words
Free	līber (lībera, līberum)		la-school-words
Dear / beloved	cārus (cāra, cārum)		la-school-words
Fast	celer (celeris, celere)		la-school-words
Slow	lentus (lenta, lentum)		la-school-words
High	altus (alta, altum)		la-school-words
Deep	altus (alta, altum (same word as high))		la-school-words
Easy	facilis (facile)		la-school-words
Difficult	difficilis (difficile)		la-school-words
Another	alius (alia, aliud)		la-school-words
Same	īdem (eadem, idem)		la-school-words
Whole	tōtus (tōta, tōtum)		la-school-words
Here	hīc (adverb)		la-school-words
There	ibi (adverb)		la-school-words
Now	nunc (adverb)		la-school-words
Then	tum (adverb)		la-school-words
Always	semper (adverb)		la-school-words
Never	numquam (adverb)		la-school-words
Often	saepe (adverb)		la-school-words
Very	valdē (adverb)		la-school-words
Well	bene (adverb)		la-school-words
Badly	male (adverb)		la-school-words
And	et (conjunction)		la-school-words
Or	aut (conjunction)		la-school-words
But	sed (conjunction)		la-school-words
Because	quia (conjunction)		la-school-words
Not	nōn (adverb)		la-school-words
In / on	in (+ ablative (place), + accusative (into))		la-school-words
To / toward	ad (+ accusative)		la-school-words
From / out of	ex (+ ablative)		la-school-words
With	cum (+ ablative)		la-school-words
Without	sine (+ ablative)		la-school-words
Who / what?	quis / quid (interrogative)		la-school-words
Where?	ubi (question word)		la-school-words
Why?	cūr (question word)		la-school-words
I love	amō (amāre)		la-verbs
I call	vocō (vocāre)		la-verbs
I walk	ambulō (ambulāre)		la-verbs
I give	dō (dare)		la-verbs
I stand	stō (stāre)		la-verbs
I help	iuvō (iuvāre)		la-verbs
I work	labōrō (labōrāre)		la-verbs
I praise	laudō (laudāre)		la-verbs
I carry	portō (portāre)		la-verbs
I save	servō (servāre)		la-verbs
I fight	pugnō (pugnāre)		la-verbs
I see	videō (vidēre)		la-verbs
I have	habeō (habēre)		la-verbs
I hold	teneō (tenēre)		la-verbs
I sit	sedeō (sedēre)		la-verbs
I warn / advise	moneō (monēre)		la-verbs
I fear	timeō (timēre)		la-verbs
I teach	doceō (docēre)		la-verbs
I move	moveō (movēre)		la-verbs
I remain	maneō (manēre)		la-verbs
I answer	respondeō (respondēre)		la-verbs
I laugh	rideō (ridēre)		la-verbs
I lead	dūcō (dūcere)		la-verbs
I read	legō (legere)		la-verbs
I write	scrībō (scrībere)		la-verbs
I say	dīcō (dīcere)		la-verbs
I do / make	faciō (facere)		la-verbs
I take	capiō (capere)		la-verbs
I run	currō (currere)		la-verbs
I live	vīvō (vīvere)		la-verbs
I put	pōnō (pōnere)		la-verbs
I send	mittō (mittere)		la-verbs
I ask	petō (petere)		la-verbs
I defend	dēfendō (dēfendere)		la-verbs
I close	claudō (claudere)		la-verbs
I carry / bring	ferō (ferre)		la-verbs
I conquer	vincō (vincere)		la-verbs
I know	sciō (scīre)		la-verbs
I hear	audiō (audīre)		la-verbs
I sleep	dormiō (dormīre)		la-verbs
I come	veniō (venīre)		la-verbs
I build	aedificō (aedificāre)		la-verbs
I am	sum (esse)		la-verbs
I can	possum (posse)		la-verbs
I want	volō (velle)		la-verbs
I go	eō (īre)		la-verbs
I find	inveniō (invenīre)		la-verbs
I drink	bibō (bibere)		la-verbs
I eat	edō (edere)		la-verbs
I look at	spectō (spectāre)		la-verbs
I think	cōgitō (cōgitāre)		la-verbs
I learn	discō (discere)		la-verbs
Who?	Quem? (kayn)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
What?	O quê? (oo KEH)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
Where?	Onde? (OHN-jee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
When?	Quando? (KWAHN-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
Why?	Por quê? (pohr KEH)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
How?	Como? (KOH-moo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
How much?	Quanto? (KWAHN-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
How many?	Quantos? (KWAHN-toos)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
Which?	Qual? (kwahl)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
because	porque (pohr-KEH)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
big	grande (GRAHN-jee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
small	pequeno (peh-KEH-noo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
tall	alto (AHL-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
short (height)	baixo (BY-shoo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
long	comprido (kohm-PREE-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
short (length)	curto (KOOR-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
fat	gordo (GOHR-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
thin	magro (MAH-groo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
new	novo (NOH-voo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
old	velho (VEHL-yoo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
young	jovem (ZHOH-vayn)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
good	bom (bohm)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
bad	mau (MOW)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
better	melhor (mehl-YOHR)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
beautiful	bonito (boh-NEE-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
pretty	lindo (LEEN-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
ugly	feio (FAY-oo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
happy	feliz (feh-LEES)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
sad	triste (TREES-chee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
angry	bravo (BRAH-voo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
scared	assustado (ah-soos-TAH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
tired	cansado (kahn-SAH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
hungry	faminto (fah-MEEN-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
sick	doente (doh-EHN-chee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
funny	engraçado (ehn-grah-SAH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
serious	sério (SEH-ree-oo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
smart	inteligente (een-teh-lee-ZHEHN-chee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
kind	gentil (zhehn-CHEEL)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
brave	corajoso (koh-rah-ZHOH-zoo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
shy	tímido (CHEE-mee-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
lazy	preguiçoso (preh-gee-SOH-zoo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
fast	rápido (HAH-pee-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
slow	devagar (jee-vah-GAR)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
hot	quente (KEHN-chee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
cold	frio (FREE-oo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
hard	duro (DOO-roo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
soft	macio (mah-SEE-oo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
easy	fácil (FAH-seel)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
difficult	difícil (jee-FEE-seel)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
heavy	pesado (peh-ZAH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
light (weight)	leve (LEH-vee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
full	cheio (SHAY-oo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
empty	vazio (vah-ZEE-oo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
open	aberto (ah-BEHR-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
closed	fechado (feh-SHAH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
clean	limpo (LEEM-poo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
dirty	sujo (SOO-zhoo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
wet	molhado (mohl-YAH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
dry	seco (SEH-koo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
rich	rico (HEE-koo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
poor	pobre (POH-bree)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
expensive	caro (KAH-roo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
cheap	barato (bah-RAH-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
strong	forte (FOHR-chee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
weak	fraco (FRAH-koo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
loud	barulhento (bah-rool-YEHN-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
quiet	quieto (kee-EH-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
near	perto (PEHR-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
far	longe (LOHN-zhee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
a lot of	muito (MOOY-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
a little	pouco (POH-koo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
all	todo (TOH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
same	igual (ee-GWAHL)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
different	diferente (jee-feh-REHN-chee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
important	importante (eem-pohr-TAHN-chee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
true	verdadeiro (vehr-dah-DAY-roo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
false	falso (FAHL-soo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
ready	pronto (PROHN-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
free	livre (LEE-vree)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
busy	ocupado (oh-koo-PAH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
dangerous	perigoso (peh-ree-GOH-zoo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
delicious	delicioso (deh-lee-see-OH-zoo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
city	a cidade (ah see-DAH-jee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
street	a rua (ah HOO-ah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
store	a loja (ah LOH-zhah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
supermarket	o supermercado (oo soo-pehr-mehr-KAH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
market	o mercado (oo mehr-KAH-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
bakery	a padaria (ah pah-dah-REE-ah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
hospital	o hospital (oo ohs-pee-TAHL)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
pharmacy	a farmácia (ah far-MAH-see-ah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
bank	o banco (oo BAHN-koo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
post office	o correio (oo koh-HAY-oo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
church	a igreja (ah ee-GREH-zhah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
museum	o museu (oo moo-ZEH-oo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
park	o parque (oo PAR-kee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
school	a escola (ah ehs-KOH-lah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
beach	a praia (ah PRY-ah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
mountain	a montanha (ah mohn-TAHN-yah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
river	o rio (oo HEE-oo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
lake	o lago (oo LAH-goo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
sea	o mar (oo MAR)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
forest	a floresta (ah floh-REHS-tah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
island	a ilha (ah EEL-yah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
airport	o aeroporto (oo ah-eh-roh-POHR-too)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
bus station	a rodoviária (ah hoh-doh-vee-AH-ree-ah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
hotel	o hotel (oo oh-TEHL)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
airplane	o avião (oo ah-vee-OWM)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
train	o trem (oo trayn)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
bus	o ônibus (oo OH-nee-boos)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
car	o carro (oo KAH-hoo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
bicycle	a bicicleta (ah bee-see-KLEH-tah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
boat	o barco (oo BAR-koo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
ticket	a passagem (ah pah-SAH-zhayn)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
passport	o passaporte (oo pah-sah-POHR-chee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
suitcase	a mala (ah MAH-lah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
Where is...?	Onde fica...? (OHN-jee FEE-kah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
Where is the bathroom?	Onde fica o banheiro? (OHN-jee FEE-kah oo bahn-YAY-roo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
to the right	à direita (ah jee-RAY-tah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
to the left	à esquerda (ah ehs-KEHR-dah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
straight ahead	em frente (ayn FREHN-chee)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
here	aqui (ah-KEE)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
there	ali (ah-LEE)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
How much does it cost?	Quanto custa? (KWAHN-too KOOS-tah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
I am lost	Estou perdido (ehs-TOH pehr-JEE-doo)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
I need help	Preciso de ajuda (preh-SEE-zoo jee ah-ZHOO-dah)		pt-adjectives-questions-places
dog	o cachorro (oo kah-SHOH-hoo)		pt-animals
cat	o gato (oo GAH-too)		pt-animals
bird	o pássaro (oo PAH-sah-roo)		pt-animals
fish	o peixe (oo PAY-shee)		pt-animals
horse	o cavalo (oo kah-VAH-loo)		pt-animals
cow	a vaca (ah VAH-kah)		pt-animals
pig	o porco (oo POHR-koo)		pt-animals
sheep	a ovelha (ah oh-VEHL-yah)		pt-animals
goat	a cabra (ah KAH-brah)		pt-animals
chicken	a galinha (ah gah-LEEN-yah)		pt-animals
rooster	o galo (oo GAH-loo)		pt-animals
duck	o pato (oo PAH-too)		pt-animals
rabbit	o coelho (oo koh-EHL-yoo)		pt-animals
mouse	o rato (oo HAH-too)		pt-animals
turkey	o peru (oo peh-ROO)		pt-animals
donkey	o burro (oo BOO-hoo)		pt-animals
lion	o leão (oo leh-OWM)		pt-animals
tiger	o tigre (oo CHEE-gree)		pt-animals
bear	o urso (oo OOR-soo)		pt-animals
elephant	o elefante (oo eh-leh-FAHN-chee)		pt-animals
giraffe	a girafa (ah zhee-RAH-fah)		pt-animals
monkey	o macaco (oo mah-KAH-koo)		pt-animals
zebra	a zebra (ah ZEH-brah)		pt-animals
wolf	o lobo (oo LOH-boo)		pt-animals
fox	a raposa (ah hah-POH-zah)		pt-animals
deer	o veado (oo vee-AH-doo)		pt-animals
hippopotamus	o hipopótamo (oo ee-poh-POH-tah-moo)		pt-animals
rhinoceros	o rinoceronte (oo hee-noh-seh-ROHN-chee)		pt-animals
kangaroo	o canguru (oo kahn-goo-ROO)		pt-animals
squirrel	o esquilo (oo ehs-KEE-loo)		pt-animals
bat	o morcego (oo mohr-SEH-goo)		pt-animals
camel	o camelo (oo kah-MEH-loo)		pt-animals
whale	a baleia (ah bah-LAY-ah)		pt-animals
dolphin	o golfinho (oo gohl-FEEN-yoo)		pt-animals
shark	o tubarão (oo too-bah-ROWM)		pt-animals
octopus	o polvo (oo POHL-voo)		pt-animals
turtle	a tartaruga (ah tar-tah-ROO-gah)		pt-animals
crab	o caranguejo (oo kah-rahn-GAY-zhoo)		pt-animals
seal	a foca (ah FOH-kah)		pt-animals
jellyfish	a água-viva (ah AH-gwah VEE-vah)		pt-animals
frog	o sapo (oo SAH-poo)		pt-animals
snake	a cobra (ah KOH-brah)		pt-animals
lizard	o lagarto (oo lah-GAR-too)		pt-animals
crocodile	o crocodilo (oo kroh-koh-JEE-loo)		pt-animals
butterfly	a borboleta (ah bohr-boh-LEH-tah)		pt-animals
bee	a abelha (ah ah-BEHL-yah)		pt-animals
ant	a formiga (ah fohr-MEE-gah)		pt-animals
spider	a aranha (ah ah-RAHN-yah)		pt-animals
fly	a mosca (ah MOHS-kah)		pt-animals
ladybug	a joaninha (ah zhoh-ah-NEEN-yah)		pt-animals
worm	a minhoca (ah meen-YOH-kah)		pt-animals
snail	o caracol (oo kah-rah-KOHL)		pt-animals
mosquito	o mosquito (oo mohs-KEE-too)		pt-animals
eagle	a águia (ah AH-gee-ah)		pt-animals
owl	a coruja (ah koh-ROO-zhah)		pt-animals
parrot	o papagaio (oo pah-pah-GY-oo)		pt-animals
penguin	o pinguim (oo peen-GWEEM)		pt-animals
swan	o cisne (oo SEEZ-nee)		pt-animals
dove	a pomba (ah POHM-bah)		pt-animals
puppy	o filhote (oo feel-YOH-chee)		pt-animals
kitten	o gatinho (oo gah-CHEEN-yoo)		pt-animals
animal	o animal (oo ah-nee-MAHL)		pt-animals
jaguar	a onça (ah OHN-sah)		pt-animals
sloth	a preguiça (ah preh-GEE-sah)		pt-animals
toucan	o tucano (oo too-KAH-noo)		pt-animals
head	a cabeça (ah kah-BEH-sah)		pt-body-clothes
hair	o cabelo (oo kah-BEH-loo)		pt-body-clothes
face	o rosto (oo HOHS-too)		pt-body-clothes
eye	o olho (oo OHL-yoo)		pt-body-clothes
ear	a orelha (ah oh-REHL-yah)		pt-body-clothes
nose	o nariz (oo nah-REES)		pt-body-clothes
mouth	a boca (ah BOH-kah)		pt-body-clothes
tooth	o dente (oo DEHN-chee)		pt-body-clothes
tongue	a língua (ah LEEN-gwah)		pt-body-clothes
lip	o lábio (oo LAH-bee-oo)		pt-body-clothes
cheek	a bochecha (ah boh-SHEH-shah)		pt-body-clothes
chin	o queixo (oo KAY-shoo)		pt-body-clothes
neck	o pescoço (oo pehs-KOH-soo)		pt-body-clothes
shoulder	o ombro (oo OHM-broo)		pt-body-clothes
arm	o braço (oo BRAH-soo)		pt-body-clothes
elbow	o cotovelo (oo koh-toh-VEH-loo)		pt-body-clothes
hand	a mão (ah MOWM)		pt-body-clothes
finger	o dedo (oo DEH-doo)		pt-body-clothes
thumb	o polegar (oo poh-leh-GAR)		pt-body-clothes
fingernail	a unha (ah OON-yah)		pt-body-clothes
chest	o peito (oo PAY-too)		pt-body-clothes
back	as costas (ahs KOHS-tahs)		pt-body-clothes
stomach / belly	a barriga (ah bah-HEE-gah)		pt-body-clothes
leg	a perna (ah PEHR-nah)		pt-body-clothes
knee	o joelho (oo zhoh-EHL-yoo)		pt-body-clothes
foot	o pé (oo PEH)		pt-body-clothes
toe	o dedo do pé (oo DEH-doo doo PEH)		pt-body-clothes
ankle	o tornozelo (oo tohr-noh-ZEH-loo)		pt-body-clothes
heart	o coração (oo koh-rah-SOWM)		pt-body-clothes
brain	o cérebro (oo SEH-reh-broo)		pt-body-clothes
bone	o osso (oo OH-soo)		pt-body-clothes
skin	a pele (ah PEH-lee)		pt-body-clothes
body	o corpo (oo KOHR-poo)		pt-body-clothes
I have a headache	Estou com dor de cabeça (ehs-TOH kohm dohr jee kah-BEH-sah)		pt-body-clothes
My stomach hurts	Estou com dor de barriga (ehs-TOH kohm dohr jee bah-HEE-gah)		pt-body-clothes
I am sick	Estou doente (ehs-TOH doh-EHN-chee)		pt-body-clothes
doctor	o médico (oo MEH-jee-koo)		pt-body-clothes
clothes	as roupas (ahs HOH-pahs)		pt-body-clothes
shirt	a camisa (ah kah-MEE-zah)		pt-body-clothes
T-shirt	a camiseta (ah kah-mee-ZEH-tah)		pt-body-clothes
pants	a calça (ah KAHL-sah)		pt-body-clothes
shorts	o short (oo SHOHR-chee)		pt-body-clothes
jeans	o jeans (oo JEENS)		pt-body-clothes
skirt	a saia (ah SY-ah)		pt-body-clothes
dress	o vestido (oo vehs-CHEE-doo)		pt-body-clothes
sweater	o suéter (oo SWEH-tehr)		pt-body-clothes
jacket	a jaqueta (ah zhah-KEH-tah)		pt-body-clothes
coat	o casaco (oo kah-ZAH-koo)		pt-body-clothes
socks	as meias (ahs MAY-ahs)		pt-body-clothes
shoes	os sapatos (oos sah-PAH-toos)		pt-body-clothes
sneakers	o tênis (oo TEH-nees)		pt-body-clothes
boots	as botas (ahs BOH-tahs)		pt-body-clothes
sandals	as sandálias (ahs sahn-DAHL-yahs)		pt-body-clothes
flip-flops	o chinelo (oo shee-NEH-loo)		pt-body-clothes
hat	o chapéu (oo shah-PEH-oo)		pt-body-clothes
cap	o boné (oo boh-NEH)		pt-body-clothes
gloves	as luvas (ahs LOO-vahs)		pt-body-clothes
scarf	o cachecol (oo kah-sheh-KOHL)		pt-body-clothes
belt	o cinto (oo SEEN-too)		pt-body-clothes
pajamas	o pijama (oo pee-ZHAH-mah)		pt-body-clothes
underwear	a roupa íntima (ah HOH-pah EEN-chee-mah)		pt-body-clothes
swimsuit	o maiô (oo my-OH)		pt-body-clothes
umbrella	o guarda-chuva (oo GWAR-dah SHOO-vah)		pt-body-clothes
glasses	os óculos (oos OH-koo-loos)		pt-body-clothes
backpack	a mochila (ah moh-SHEE-lah)		pt-body-clothes
pocket	o bolso (oo BOHL-soo)		pt-body-clothes
button	o botão (oo boh-TOWM)		pt-body-clothes
zipper	o zíper (oo ZEE-pehr)		pt-body-clothes
tie	a gravata (ah grah-VAH-tah)		pt-body-clothes
ring	o anel (oo ah-NEHL)		pt-body-clothes
watch	o relógio (oo heh-LOH-zhee-oo)		pt-body-clothes
purse	a bolsa (ah BOHL-sah)		pt-body-clothes
to get dressed	vestir-se (vehs-CHEER-see)		pt-body-clothes
red	vermelho (vehr-MEHL-yoo)		pt-colors-family
blue	azul (ah-ZOOL)		pt-colors-family
yellow	amarelo (ah-mah-REH-loo)		pt-colors-family
green	verde (VEHR-jee)		pt-colors-family
orange	laranja (lah-RAHN-zhah)		pt-colors-family
purple	roxo (HOH-shoo)		pt-colors-family
pink	rosa (HOH-zah)		pt-colors-family
brown	marrom (mah-HOHM)		pt-colors-family
black	preto (PREH-too)		pt-colors-family
white	branco (BRAHN-koo)		pt-colors-family
gray	cinza (SEEN-zah)		pt-colors-family
gold	dourado (doh-RAH-doo)		pt-colors-family
silver	prateado (prah-chee-AH-doo)		pt-colors-family
dark	escuro (ehs-KOO-roo)		pt-colors-family
light (color)	claro (KLAH-roo)		pt-colors-family
color	a cor (ah KOHR)		pt-colors-family
rainbow	o arco-íris (oo AR-koo EE-rees)		pt-colors-family
circle	o círculo (oo SEER-koo-loo)		pt-colors-family
square	o quadrado (oo kwah-DRAH-doo)		pt-colors-family
triangle	o triângulo (oo tree-AHN-goo-loo)		pt-colors-family
rectangle	o retângulo (oo heh-TAHN-goo-loo)		pt-colors-family
star	a estrela (ah ehs-TREH-lah)		pt-colors-family
heart	o coração (oo koh-rah-SOWM)		pt-colors-family
oval	o oval (oo oh-VAHL)		pt-colors-family
line	a linha (ah LEEN-yah)		pt-colors-family
family	a família (ah fah-MEEL-yah)		pt-colors-family
mother	a mãe (ah MY)		pt-colors-family
father	o pai (oo PY)		pt-colors-family
parents	os pais (oos PYS)		pt-colors-family
son	o filho (oo FEEL-yoo)		pt-colors-family
daughter	a filha (ah FEEL-yah)		pt-colors-family
children	os filhos (oos FEEL-yoos)		pt-colors-family
brother	o irmão (oo eer-MOWM)		pt-colors-family
sister	a irmã (ah eer-MAH)		pt-colors-family
grandmother	a avó (ah ah-VOH)		pt-colors-family
grandfather	o avô (oo ah-VOH)		pt-colors-family
grandparents	os avós (oos ah-VOHS)		pt-colors-family
grandson	o neto (oo NEH-too)		pt-colors-family
granddaughter	a neta (ah NEH-tah)		pt-colors-family
uncle	o tio (oo CHEE-oo)		pt-colors-family
aunt	a tia (ah CHEE-ah)		pt-colors-family
cousin (boy)	o primo (oo PREE-moo)		pt-colors-family
cousin (girl)	a prima (ah PREE-mah)		pt-colors-family
nephew	o sobrinho (oo soh-BREEN-yoo)		pt-colors-family
niece	a sobrinha (ah soh-BREEN-yah)		pt-colors-family
husband	o marido (oo mah-REE-doo)		pt-colors-family
wife	a esposa (ah ehs-POH-zah)		pt-colors-family
baby	o bebê (oo beh-BEH)		pt-colors-family
boy	o menino (oo meh-NEE-noo)		pt-colors-family
girl	a menina (ah meh-NEE-nah)		pt-colors-family
man	o homem (oo OH-mehn)		pt-colors-family
woman	a mulher (ah mool-YEHR)		pt-colors-family
friend (boy)	o amigo (oo ah-MEE-goo)		pt-colors-family
friend (girl)	a amiga (ah ah-MEE-gah)		pt-colors-family
neighbor	o vizinho (oo vee-ZEEN-yoo)		pt-colors-family
twin	o gêmeo (oo ZHEH-meh-oo)		pt-colors-family
godfather	o padrinho (oo pah-DREEN-yoo)		pt-colors-family
godmother	a madrinha (ah mah-DREEN-yah)		pt-colors-family
people	as pessoas (ahs peh-SOH-ahs)		pt-colors-family
pet	o animal de estimação (oo ah-nee-MAHL jee ehs-chee-mah-SOWM)		pt-colors-family
food	a comida (ah koh-MEE-dah)		pt-food-drink
water	a água (ah AH-gwah)		pt-food-drink
milk	o leite (oo LAY-chee)		pt-food-drink
juice	o suco (oo SOO-koo)		pt-food-drink
coffee	o café (oo kah-FEH)		pt-food-drink
tea	o chá (oo SHAH)		pt-food-drink
soda	o refrigerante (oo heh-free-zheh-RAHN-chee)		pt-food-drink
hot chocolate	o chocolate quente (oo shoh-koh-LAH-chee KEHN-chee)		pt-food-drink
bread	o pão (oo POWM)		pt-food-drink
butter	a manteiga (ah mahn-TAY-gah)		pt-food-drink
cheese	o queijo (oo KAY-zhoo)		pt-food-drink
egg	o ovo (oo OH-voo)		pt-food-drink
rice	o arroz (oo ah-HOHS)		pt-food-drink
beans	o feijão (oo fay-ZHOWM)		pt-food-drink
soup	a sopa (ah SOH-pah)		pt-food-drink
salad	a salada (ah sah-LAH-dah)		pt-food-drink
sandwich	o sanduíche (oo sahn-DWEE-shee)		pt-food-drink
pizza	a pizza (ah PEET-zah)		pt-food-drink
pasta	o macarrão (oo mah-kah-HOWM)		pt-food-drink
meat	a carne (ah KAR-nee)		pt-food-drink
chicken (meat)	o frango (oo FRAHN-goo)		pt-food-drink
beef	a carne de vaca (ah KAR-nee jee VAH-kah)		pt-food-drink
pork	a carne de porco (ah KAR-nee jee POHR-koo)		pt-food-drink
ham	o presunto (oo preh-ZOON-too)		pt-food-drink
sausage	a salsicha (ah sahl-SEE-shah)		pt-food-drink
fish (food)	o peixe (oo PAY-shee)		pt-food-drink
shrimp	o camarão (oo kah-mah-ROWM)		pt-food-drink
french fries	as batatas fritas (ahs bah-TAH-tahs FREE-tahs)		pt-food-drink
hamburger	o hambúrguer (oo ahm-BOOR-gehr)		pt-food-drink
cheese bread (Brazilian snack)	o pão de queijo (oo powm jee KAY-zhoo)		pt-food-drink
breakfast	o café da manhã (oo kah-FEH dah mahn-YAH)		pt-food-drink
lunch	o almoço (oo ahl-MOH-soo)		pt-food-drink
dinner	o jantar (oo zhahn-TAR)		pt-food-drink
snack	o lanche (oo LAHN-shee)		pt-food-drink
dessert	a sobremesa (ah soh-bree-MEH-zah)		pt-food-drink
apple	a maçã (ah mah-SAH)		pt-food-drink
banana	a banana (ah bah-NAH-nah)		pt-food-drink
orange (fruit)	a laranja (ah lah-RAHN-zhah)		pt-food-drink
strawberry	o morango (oo moh-RAHN-goo)		pt-food-drink
grapes	as uvas (ahs OO-vahs)		pt-food-drink
watermelon	a melancia (ah meh-lahn-SEE-ah)		pt-food-drink
pineapple	o abacaxi (oo ah-bah-kah-SHEE)		pt-food-drink
lemon	o limão (oo lee-MOWM)		pt-food-drink
peach	o pêssego (oo PEH-seh-goo)		pt-food-drink
pear	a pera (ah PEH-rah)		pt-food-drink
mango	a manga (ah MAHN-gah)		pt-food-drink
papaya	o mamão (oo mah-MOWM)		pt-food-drink
coconut	o coco (oo KOH-koo)		pt-food-drink
fruit	a fruta (ah FROO-tah)		pt-food-drink
vegetable	o legume (oo leh-GOO-mee)		pt-food-drink
potato	a batata (ah bah-TAH-tah)		pt-food-drink
tomato	o tomate (oo toh-MAH-chee)		pt-food-drink
carrot	a cenoura (ah seh-NOH-rah)		pt-food-drink
onion	a cebola (ah seh-BOH-lah)		pt-food-drink
lettuce	a alface (ah ahl-FAH-see)		pt-food-drink
corn	o milho (oo MEEL-yoo)		pt-food-drink
peas	as ervilhas (ahs ehr-VEEL-yahs)		pt-food-drink
cucumber	o pepino (oo peh-PEE-noo)		pt-food-drink
garlic	o alho (oo AHL-yoo)		pt-food-drink
mushroom	o cogumelo (oo koh-goo-MEH-loo)		pt-food-drink
cake	o bolo (oo BOH-loo)		pt-food-drink
cookie	o biscoito (oo bees-KOY-too)		pt-food-drink
ice cream	o sorvete (oo sohr-VEH-chee)		pt-food-drink
candy	o doce (oo DOH-see)		pt-food-drink
chocolate	o chocolate (oo shoh-koh-LAH-chee)		pt-food-drink
sugar	o açúcar (oo ah-SOO-kar)		pt-food-drink
salt	o sal (oo SAHL)		pt-food-drink
pepper (spice)	a pimenta (ah pee-MEHN-tah)		pt-food-drink
honey	o mel (oo MEHL)		pt-food-drink
jam	a geleia (ah zheh-LAY-ah)		pt-food-drink
plate	o prato (oo PRAH-too)		pt-food-drink
fork	o garfo (oo GAR-foo)		pt-food-drink
knife	a faca (ah FAH-kah)		pt-food-drink
spoon	a colher (ah kohl-YEHR)		pt-food-drink
cup	a xícara (ah SHEE-kah-rah)		pt-food-drink
glass	o copo (oo KOH-poo)		pt-food-drink
napkin	o guardanapo (oo gwar-dah-NAH-poo)		pt-food-drink
bowl	a tigela (ah chee-ZHEH-lah)		pt-food-drink
menu	o cardápio (oo kar-DAH-pee-oo)		pt-food-drink
The check, please	A conta, por favor (ah KOHN-tah pohr fah-VOHR)		pt-food-drink
I would like...	Eu gostaria de... (eh-oo gohs-tah-REE-ah jee)		pt-food-drink
It's delicious	Está delicioso (ehs-TAH deh-lee-see-OH-zoo)		pt-food-drink
I am vegetarian	Eu sou vegetariano (eh-oo soh veh-zheh-tah-ree-AH-noo)		pt-food-drink
waiter	o garçom (oo gar-SOHM)		pt-food-drink
restaurant	o restaurante (oo hehs-tow-RAHN-chee)		pt-food-drink
Hello	Olá (oh-LAH)		pt-greetings-phrases
Hi (casual)	Oi (OY)		pt-greetings-phrases
Good morning	Bom dia (bohm JEE-ah)		pt-greetings-phrases
Good afternoon	Boa tarde (BOH-ah TAR-jee)		pt-greetings-phrases
Good evening / Good night	Boa noite (BOH-ah NOY-chee)		pt-greetings-phrases
Goodbye	Tchau (chow)		pt-greetings-phrases
See you later	Até logo (ah-TEH LOH-goh)		pt-greetings-phrases
See you tomorrow	Até amanhã (ah-TEH ah-mah-NYAH)		pt-greetings-phrases
See you soon	Até breve (ah-TEH BREH-vee)		pt-greetings-phrases
Please	Por favor (pohr fah-VOHR)		pt-greetings-phrases
Thank you (said by a boy)	Obrigado (oh-bree-GAH-doo)		pt-greetings-phrases
Thank you (said by a girl)	Obrigada (oh-bree-GAH-dah)		pt-greetings-phrases
Thank you very much	Muito obrigado (MOOY-too oh-bree-GAH-doo)		pt-greetings-phrases
You're welcome	De nada (jee NAH-dah)		pt-greetings-phrases
Excuse me	Com licença (kohm lee-SEHN-sah)		pt-greetings-phrases
I'm sorry	Desculpe (dehs-KOOL-pee)		pt-greetings-phrases
Yes	Sim (SEEM)		pt-greetings-phrases
No	Não (NOWM)		pt-greetings-phrases
Maybe	Talvez (tahl-VEHS)		pt-greetings-phrases
How are you?	Como vai você? (KOH-moh vye voh-SEH)		pt-greetings-phrases
How are you? (casual)	Tudo bem? (TOO-doo behm)		pt-greetings-phrases
I am fine	Estou bem (ehs-TOH behm)		pt-greetings-phrases
Everything is fine	Tudo bem (TOO-doo behm)		pt-greetings-phrases
Very well, thank you	Muito bem, obrigado (MOOY-too behm oh-bree-GAH-doo)		pt-greetings-phrases
So-so	Mais ou menos (mize oh MEH-noos)		pt-greetings-phrases
Not good	Mal (MAHL)		pt-greetings-phrases
And you?	E você? (ee voh-SEH)		pt-greetings-phrases
What is your name?	Qual é o seu nome? (kwahl eh oo seh-oo NOH-mee)		pt-greetings-phrases
My name is...	Meu nome é... (meh-oo NOH-mee eh)		pt-greetings-phrases
Nice to meet you	Prazer (prah-ZEHR)		pt-greetings-phrases
Where are you from?	De onde você é? (jee OHN-jee voh-SEH eh)		pt-greetings-phrases
I am from...	Eu sou de... (eh-oo soh jee)		pt-greetings-phrases
How old are you?	Quantos anos você tem? (KWAHN-toos AH-noos voh-SEH tayn)		pt-greetings-phrases
I am ten years old	Eu tenho dez anos (eh-oo TEH-nyoo dehs AH-noos)		pt-greetings-phrases
Do you speak English?	Você fala inglês? (voh-SEH FAH-lah een-GLEHS)		pt-greetings-phrases
I speak a little Portuguese	Eu falo um pouco de português (eh-oo FAH-loo oom POH-koo jee pohr-too-GEHS)		pt-greetings-phrases
I don't understand	Não entendo (nowm ehn-TEHN-doo)		pt-greetings-phrases
I understand	Eu entendo (eh-oo ehn-TEHN-doo)		pt-greetings-phrases
I don't know	Não sei (nowm SAY)		pt-greetings-phrases
Can you repeat that?	Pode repetir? (POH-jee heh-peh-CHEER)		pt-greetings-phrases
More slowly, please	Mais devagar, por favor (mize jee-vah-GAR pohr fah-VOHR)		pt-greetings-phrases
How do you say...?	Como se diz...? (KOH-moo see JEES)		pt-greetings-phrases
Help!	Socorro! (soh-KOH-hoo)		pt-greetings-phrases
Welcome	Bem-vindo (behm-VEEN-doo)		pt-greetings-phrases
Congratulations	Parabéns (pah-rah-BEHNS)		pt-greetings-phrases
Happy birthday	Feliz aniversário (feh-LEES ah-nee-vehr-SAH-ree-oo)		pt-greetings-phrases
Merry Christmas	Feliz Natal (feh-LEES nah-TAHL)		pt-greetings-phrases
Happy New Year	Feliz Ano Novo (feh-LEES AH-noo NOH-voo)		pt-greetings-phrases
Good luck	Boa sorte (BOH-ah SOHR-chee)		pt-greetings-phrases
Cheers!	Saúde! (sah-OO-jee)		pt-greetings-phrases
Have a good day	Tenha um bom dia (TEH-nyah oom bohm JEE-ah)		pt-greetings-phrases
Enjoy your meal	Bom apetite (bohm ah-peh-CHEE-chee)		pt-greetings-phrases
Sweet dreams	Bons sonhos (bohns SOH-nyoos)		pt-greetings-phrases
Come in	Entre (EHN-tree)		pt-greetings-phrases
Sit down	Sente-se (SEHN-chee-see)		pt-greetings-phrases
Wait a moment	Um momento (oom moh-MEHN-too)		pt-greetings-phrases
I'm hungry	Estou com fome (ehs-TOH kohm FOH-mee)		pt-greetings-phrases
I'm thirsty	Estou com sede (ehs-TOH kohm SEH-jee)		pt-greetings-phrases
I'm tired	Estou cansado (ehs-TOH kahn-SAH-doo)		pt-greetings-phrases
I'm cold	Estou com frio (ehs-TOH kohm FREE-oo)		pt-greetings-phrases
I'm hot	Estou com calor (ehs-TOH kohm kah-LOHR)		pt-greetings-phrases
I love you	Eu te amo (eh-oo chee AH-moo)		pt-greetings-phrases
I like it	Eu gosto (eh-oo GOHS-too)		pt-greetings-phrases
I don't like it	Eu não gosto (eh-oo nowm GOHS-too)		pt-greetings-phrases
I want...	Eu quero... (eh-oo KEH-roo)		pt-greetings-phrases
I need...	Eu preciso de... (eh-oo preh-SEE-zoo jee)		pt-greetings-phrases
Of course	Claro (KLAH-roo)		pt-greetings-phrases
It's okay	Tudo bem (TOO-doo behm)		pt-greetings-phrases
0	zero (ZEH-roo)		pt-numbers
1	um (oom)		pt-numbers
2	dois (doys)		pt-numbers
3	três (trehs)		pt-numbers
4	quatro (KWAH-troo)		pt-numbers
5	cinco (SEEN-koo)		pt-numbers
6	seis (says)		pt-numbers
7	sete (SEH-chee)		pt-numbers
8	oito (OY-too)		pt-numbers
9	nove (NOH-vee)		pt-numbers
10	dez (dehs)		pt-numbers
11	onze (OHN-zee)		pt-numbers
12	doze (DOH-zee)		pt-numbers
13	treze (TREH-zee)		pt-numbers
14	catorze (kah-TOHR-zee)		pt-numbers
15	quinze (KEEN-zee)		pt-numbers
16	dezesseis (deh-zeh-SAYS)		pt-numbers
17	dezessete (deh-zeh-SEH-chee)		pt-numbers
18	dezoito (deh-ZOY-too)		pt-numbers
19	dezenove (deh-zeh-NOH-vee)		pt-numbers
20	vinte (VEEN-chee)		pt-numbers
21	vinte e um (VEEN-chee ee oom)		pt-numbers
22	vinte e dois (VEEN-chee ee doys)		pt-numbers
23	vinte e três (VEEN-chee ee trehs)		pt-numbers
24	vinte e quatro (VEEN-chee ee KWAH-troo)		pt-numbers
25	vinte e cinco (VEEN-chee ee SEEN-koo)		pt-numbers
26	vinte e seis (VEEN-chee ee says)		pt-numbers
27	vinte e sete (VEEN-chee ee SEH-chee)		pt-numbers
28	vinte e oito (VEEN-chee ee OY-too)		pt-numbers
29	vinte e nove (VEEN-chee ee NOH-vee)		pt-numbers
30	trinta (TREEN-tah)		pt-numbers
31	trinta e um (TREEN-tah ee oom)		pt-numbers
40	quarenta (kwah-REHN-tah)		pt-numbers
50	cinquenta (seen-KWEHN-tah)		pt-numbers
60	sessenta (seh-SEHN-tah)		pt-numbers
70	setenta (seh-TEHN-tah)		pt-numbers
80	oitenta (oy-TEHN-tah)		pt-numbers
90	noventa (noh-VEHN-tah)		pt-numbers
100	cem (sehn)		pt-numbers
45	quarenta e cinco (kwah-REHN-tah ee SEEN-koo)		pt-numbers
58	cinquenta e oito (seen-KWEHN-tah ee OY-too)		pt-numbers
67	sessenta e sete (seh-SEHN-tah ee SEH-chee)		pt-numbers
73	setenta e três (seh-TEHN-tah ee trehs)		pt-numbers
99	noventa e nove (noh-VEHN-tah ee NOH-vee)		pt-numbers
101	cento e um (SEHN-too ee oom)		pt-numbers
200	duzentos (doo-ZEHN-toos)		pt-numbers
500	quinhentos (keen-YEHN-toos)		pt-numbers
1,000	mil (meel)		pt-numbers
1,000,000	um milhão (oom meel-YOWM)		pt-numbers
first	primeiro (pree-MAY-roo)		pt-numbers
second	segundo (seh-GOON-doo)		pt-numbers
third	terceiro (tehr-SAY-roo)		pt-numbers
fourth	quarto (KWAR-too)		pt-numbers
fifth	quinto (KEEN-too)		pt-numbers
tenth	décimo (DEH-see-moo)		pt-numbers
half	a metade (ah meh-TAH-jee)		pt-numbers
a dozen	uma dúzia (OO-mah DOO-zee-ah)		pt-numbers
a pair	um par (oom PAR)		pt-numbers
to be (permanent)	ser (sehr)		pt-verbs
to be (state, place)	estar (ehs-TAR)		pt-verbs
to have	ter (tehr)		pt-verbs
to do / to make	fazer (fah-ZEHR)		pt-verbs
to go	ir (eer)		pt-verbs
to come	vir (veer)		pt-verbs
to say / to tell	dizer (jee-ZEHR)		pt-verbs
to give	dar (dar)		pt-verbs
to see	ver (vehr)		pt-verbs
to know (a fact)	saber (sah-BEHR)		pt-verbs
to know (a person or place)	conhecer (kohn-yeh-SEHR)		pt-verbs
to want	querer (keh-REHR)		pt-verbs
to be able to / can	poder (poh-DEHR)		pt-verbs
to put	pôr (pohr)		pt-verbs
to leave / to go out	sair (sah-EER)		pt-verbs
to eat	comer (koh-MEHR)		pt-verbs
to drink	beber (beh-BEHR)		pt-verbs
to sleep	dormir (dohr-MEER)		pt-verbs
to live	viver (vee-VEHR)		pt-verbs
to speak	falar (fah-LAR)		pt-verbs
to listen	escutar (ehs-koo-TAR)		pt-verbs
to look at / to watch	olhar (ohl-YAR)		pt-verbs
to hear	ouvir (oh-VEER)		pt-verbs
to read	ler (lehr)		pt-verbs
to write	escrever (ehs-kreh-VEHR)		pt-verbs
to learn	aprender (ah-prehn-DEHR)		pt-verbs
to study	estudar (ehs-too-DAR)		pt-verbs
to teach	ensinar (ehn-see-NAR)		pt-verbs
to understand	entender (ehn-tehn-DEHR)		pt-verbs
to think	pensar (pehn-SAR)		pt-verbs
to remember	lembrar (lehm-BRAR)		pt-verbs
to forget	esquecer (ehs-keh-SEHR)		pt-verbs
to ask	perguntar (pehr-goon-TAR)		pt-verbs
to answer	responder (hehs-pohn-DEHR)		pt-verbs
to call	chamar (shah-MAR)		pt-verbs
to walk	andar (ahn-DAR)		pt-verbs
to run	correr (koh-HEHR)		pt-verbs
to jump	pular (poo-LAR)		pt-verbs
to swim	nadar (nah-DAR)		pt-verbs
to dance	dançar (dahn-SAR)		pt-verbs
to sing	cantar (kahn-TAR)		pt-verbs
to play	brincar (breen-KAR)		pt-verbs
to work	trabalhar (trah-bahl-YAR)		pt-verbs
to help	ajudar (ah-zhoo-DAR)		pt-verbs
to love	amar (ah-MAR)		pt-verbs
to like	gostar (gohs-TAR)		pt-verbs
to carry	carregar (kah-heh-GAR)		pt-verbs
to bring	trazer (trah-ZEHR)		pt-verbs
to buy	comprar (kohm-PRAR)		pt-verbs
to sell	vender (vehn-DEHR)		pt-verbs
to pay	pagar (pah-GAR)		pt-verbs
to cost	custar (koos-TAR)		pt-verbs
to open	abrir (ah-BREER)		pt-verbs
to close	fechar (feh-SHAR)		pt-verbs
to begin	começar (koh-meh-SAR)		pt-verbs
to finish	terminar (tehr-mee-NAR)		pt-verbs
to stop	parar (pah-RAR)		pt-verbs
to wait	esperar (ehs-peh-RAR)		pt-verbs
to find	encontrar (ehn-kohn-TRAR)		pt-verbs
to look for	procurar (proh-koo-RAR)		pt-verbs
to lose	perder (pehr-DEHR)		pt-verbs
to win	ganhar (gahn-YAR)		pt-verbs
to try	tentar (tehn-TAR)		pt-verbs
to use	usar (oo-ZAR)		pt-verbs
to cook	cozinhar (koh-zeen-YAR)		pt-verbs
to clean	limpar (leem-PAR)		pt-verbs
to wash	lavar (lah-VAR)		pt-verbs
to cut	cortar (kohr-TAR)		pt-verbs
to draw	desenhar (deh-zehn-YAR)		pt-verbs
to paint	pintar (peen-TAR)		pt-verbs
to build	construir (kohns-troo-EER)		pt-verbs
to fall	cair (kah-EER)		pt-verbs
to climb	subir (soo-BEER)		pt-verbs
to go down	descer (deh-SEHR)		pt-verbs
to enter	entrar (ehn-TRAR)		pt-verbs
to return	voltar (vohl-TAR)		pt-verbs
to arrive	chegar (sheh-GAR)		pt-verbs
to travel	viajar (vee-ah-ZHAR)		pt-verbs
to drive	dirigir (jee-ree-ZHEER)		pt-verbs
to fly	voar (voh-AR)		pt-verbs
to sit	sentar-se (sehn-TAR-see)		pt-verbs
to wake up	acordar (ah-kohr-DAR)		pt-verbs
to laugh	rir (heer)		pt-verbs
to cry	chorar (shoh-RAR)		pt-verbs
to smile	sorrir (soh-HEER)		pt-verbs
to share	compartilhar (kohm-par-cheel-YAR)		pt-verbs
to send	enviar (ehn-vee-AR)		pt-verbs
to receive	receber (heh-seh-BEHR)		pt-verbs
to choose	escolher (ehs-kohl-YEHR)		pt-verbs
to follow	seguir (seh-GEER)		pt-verbs
to believe	acreditar (ah-kreh-jee-TAR)		pt-verbs
to hope	esperar (ehs-peh-RAR)		pt-verbs
to stay	ficar (fee-KAR)		pt-verbs
to change	mudar (moo-DAR)		pt-verbs
to need	precisar (preh-see-ZAR)		pt-verbs
Monday	segunda-feira (seh-GOON-dah FAY-rah)		pt-weather-time
Tuesday	terça-feira (TEHR-sah FAY-rah)		pt-weather-time
Wednesday	quarta-feira (KWAR-tah FAY-rah)		pt-weather-time
Thursday	quinta-feira (KEEN-tah FAY-rah)		pt-weather-time
Friday	sexta-feira (SEHS-tah FAY-rah)		pt-weather-time
Saturday	sábado (SAH-bah-doo)		pt-weather-time
Sunday	domingo (doh-MEEN-goo)		pt-weather-time
week	a semana (ah seh-MAH-nah)		pt-weather-time
weekend	o fim de semana (oo feem jee seh-MAH-nah)		pt-weather-time
January	janeiro (zhah-NAY-roo)		pt-weather-time
February	fevereiro (feh-veh-RAY-roo)		pt-weather-time
March	março (MAR-soo)		pt-weather-time
April	abril (ah-BREEL)		pt-weather-time
May	maio (MY-oo)		pt-weather-time
June	junho (ZHOON-yoo)		pt-weather-time
July	julho (ZHOOL-yoo)		pt-weather-time
August	agosto (ah-GOHS-too)		pt-weather-time
September	setembro (seh-TEHM-broo)		pt-weather-time
October	outubro (oh-TOO-broo)		pt-weather-time
November	novembro (noh-VEHM-broo)		pt-weather-time
December	dezembro (deh-ZEHM-broo)		pt-weather-time
month	o mês (oo MEHS)		pt-weather-time
year	o ano (oo AH-noo)		pt-weather-time
spring	a primavera (ah pree-mah-VEH-rah)		pt-weather-time
summer	o verão (oo veh-ROWM)		pt-weather-time
fall / autumn	o outono (oo oh-TOH-noo)		pt-weather-time
winter	o inverno (oo een-VEHR-noo)		pt-weather-time
season	a estação (ah ehs-tah-SOWM)		pt-weather-time
today	hoje (OH-zhee)		pt-weather-time
yesterday	ontem (OHN-tayn)		pt-weather-time
tomorrow	amanhã (ah-mahn-YAH)		pt-weather-time
now	agora (ah-GOH-rah)		pt-weather-time
later	depois (deh-POYS)		pt-weather-time
always	sempre (SEHM-pree)		pt-weather-time
never	nunca (NOON-kah)		pt-weather-time
sometimes	às vezes (ahs VEH-zees)		pt-weather-time
morning	a manhã (ah mahn-YAH)		pt-weather-time
afternoon	a tarde (ah TAR-jee)		pt-weather-time
night	a noite (ah NOY-chee)		pt-weather-time
day	o dia (oo JEE-ah)		pt-weather-time
hour	a hora (ah OH-rah)		pt-weather-time
minute	o minuto (oo mee-NOO-too)		pt-weather-time
second	o segundo (oo seh-GOON-doo)		pt-weather-time
What time is it?	Que horas são? (keh OH-rahs sowm)		pt-weather-time
It is one o'clock	É uma hora (eh OO-mah OH-rah)		pt-weather-time
It is three o'clock	São três horas (sowm trehs OH-rahs)		pt-weather-time
half past	e meia (ee MAY-ah)		pt-weather-time
quarter past	e quinze (ee KEEN-zee)		pt-weather-time
noon	o meio-dia (oo MAY-oo JEE-ah)		pt-weather-time
midnight	a meia-noite (ah MAY-ah NOY-chee)		pt-weather-time
early	cedo (SEH-doo)		pt-weather-time
late	tarde (TAR-jee)		pt-weather-time
birthday	o aniversário (oo ah-nee-vehr-SAH-ree-oo)		pt-weather-time
calendar	o calendário (oo kah-lehn-DAH-ree-oo)		pt-weather-time
weather	o tempo (oo TEHM-poo)		pt-weather-time
What is the weather like?	Como está o tempo? (KOH-moo ehs-TAH oo TEHM-poo)		pt-weather-time
It is sunny	Está ensolarado (ehs-TAH ehn-soh-lah-RAH-doo)		pt-weather-time
It is hot	Faz calor (fahs kah-LOHR)		pt-weather-time
It is cold	Faz frio (fahs FREE-oo)		pt-weather-time
It is windy	Está ventando (ehs-TAH vehn-TAHN-doo)		pt-weather-time
It is cloudy	Está nublado (ehs-TAH noo-BLAH-doo)		pt-weather-time
It is raining	Está chovendo (ehs-TAH shoh-VEHN-doo)		pt-weather-time
It is snowing	Está nevando (ehs-TAH neh-VAHN-doo)		pt-weather-time
rain	a chuva (ah SHOO-vah)		pt-weather-time
snow	a neve (ah NEH-vee)		pt-weather-time
sun	o sol (oo SOHL)		pt-weather-time
moon	a lua (ah LOO-ah)		pt-weather-time
star	a estrela (ah ehs-TREH-lah)		pt-weather-time
sky	o céu (oo SEH-oo)		pt-weather-time
cloud	a nuvem (ah NOO-vayn)		pt-weather-time
wind	o vento (oo VEHN-too)		pt-weather-time
storm	a tempestade (ah tehm-pehs-TAH-jee)		pt-weather-time
thunder	o trovão (oo troh-VOWM)		pt-weather-time
lightning	o relâmpago (oo heh-LAHM-pah-goo)		pt-weather-time
fog	a névoa (ah NEH-voh-ah)		pt-weather-time
ice	o gelo (oo ZHEH-loo)		pt-weather-time
rainbow	o arco-íris (oo AR-koo EE-rees)		pt-weather-time
Dog	собака (sobaka)		ru-animals
Cat	кошка (koshka)		ru-animals
Bird	птица (ptitsa)		ru-animals
Fish	рыба (ryba)		ru-animals
Horse	лошадь (loshad')		ru-animals
Cow	корова (korova)		ru-animals
Pig	свинья (svin'ya)		ru-animals
Sheep	овца (ovtsa)		ru-animals
Goat	коза (koza)		ru-animals
Chicken	курица (kuritsa)		ru-animals
Duck	утка (utka)		ru-animals
Goose	гусь (gus')		ru-animals
Rabbit	кролик (krolik)		ru-animals
Mouse	мышь (mysh')		ru-animals
Monkey	обезьяна (obez'yana)		ru-animals
Bear	медведь (medved')		ru-animals
Elephant	слон (slon)		ru-animals
Lion	лев (lev)		ru-animals
Tiger	тигр (tigr)		ru-animals
Giraffe	жираф (zhiraf)		ru-animals
Camel	верблюд (verblyud)		ru-animals
Wolf	волк (volk)		ru-animals
Fox	лиса (lisa)		ru-animals
Deer	олень (olen')		ru-animals
Hare	заяц (zayats)		ru-animals
Squirrel	белка (belka)		ru-animals
Hedgehog	ёж (yozh)		ru-animals
Frog	лягушка (lyagushka)		ru-animals
Snake	змея (zmeya)		ru-animals
Turtle	черепаха (cherepakha)		ru-animals
Butterfly	бабочка (babochka)		ru-animals
Bee	пчела (pchela)		ru-animals
Ant	муравей (muravey)		ru-animals
Spider	паук (pauk)		ru-animals
Whale	кит (kit)		ru-animals
Dolphin	дельфин (del'fin)		ru-animals
Shark	акула (akula)		ru-animals
Crab	краб (krab)		ru-animals
Owl	сова (sova)		ru-animals
Eagle	орёл (oryol)		ru-animals
Crow	ворона (vorona)		ru-animals
Swan	лебедь (lebed')		ru-animals
Penguin	пингвин (pingvin)		ru-animals
Seal	тюлень (tyulen')		ru-animals
Insect	насекомое (nasekomoye)		ru-animals
Animal	животное (zhivotnoye)		ru-animals
Zoo	зоопарк (zoopark)		ru-animals
Dinosaur	динозавр (dinozavr)		ru-animals
Crocodile	крокодил (krokodil)		ru-animals
Parrot	попугай (popugay)		ru-animals
Red	красный (krasnyy)		ru-colors
Blue (dark)	синий (siniy)		ru-colors
Light blue	голубой (goluboy)		ru-colors
Yellow	жёлтый (zhyoltyy)		ru-colors
Green	зелёный (zelyonyy)		ru-colors
White	белый (belyy)		ru-colors
Black	чёрный (chyornyy)		ru-colors
Orange	оранжевый (oranzhevyy)		ru-colors
Pink	розовый (rozovyy)		ru-colors
Purple	фиолетовый (fioletovyy)		ru-colors
Brown	коричневый (korichnevyy)		ru-colors
Gray	серый (seryy)		ru-colors
Gold	золотой (zolotoy)		ru-colors
Silver	серебряный (serebryanyy)		ru-colors
Color	цвет (tsvet)		ru-colors
Big	большой (bol'shoy)		ru-colors
Small	маленький (malen'kiy)		ru-colors
Long	длинный (dlinnyy)		ru-colors
Short	короткий (korotkiy)		ru-colors
Tall	высокий (vysokiy)		ru-colors
Low	низкий (nizkiy)		ru-colors
New	новый (novyy)		ru-colors
Old	старый (staryy)		ru-colors
Hot	горячий (goryachiy)		ru-colors
Cold	холодный (kholodnyy)		ru-colors
Good	хороший (khoroshiy)		ru-colors
Bad	плохой (plokhoy)		ru-colors
Fast	быстрый (bystryy)		ru-colors
Slow	медленный (medlennyy)		ru-colors
Happy	счастливый (schastlivyy)		ru-colors
Sad	грустный (grustnyy)		ru-colors
Beautiful	красивый (krasivyy)		ru-colors
Heavy	тяжёлый (tyazhelyy)		ru-colors
Light (weight)	лёгкий (lyogkiy)		ru-colors
Near	близкий (blizkiy)		ru-colors
Far	далёкий (dalyokiy)		ru-colors
Easy	лёгкий (lyogkiy)		ru-colors
Difficult	трудный (trudnyy)		ru-colors
Clean	чистый (chistyy)		ru-colors
Dirty	грязный (gryaznyy)		ru-colors
Strong	сильный (sil'nyy)		ru-colors
Weak	слабый (slabyy)		ru-colors
Wide	широкий (shirokiy)		ru-colors
Narrow	узкий (uzkiy)		ru-colors
Circle	круг (krug)		ru-colors
Square	квадрат (kvadrat)		ru-colors
Triangle	треугольник (treugol'nik)		ru-colors
Star	звезда (zvezda)		ru-colors
Heart	сердце (serdtse)		ru-colors
Family	семья (sem'ya)		ru-family
Mother	мама (mama)		ru-family
Father	папа (papa)		ru-family
Parents	родители (roditeli)		ru-family
Brother	брат (brat)		ru-family
Sister	сестра (sestra)		ru-family
Son	сын (syn)		ru-family
Daughter	дочь (doch')		ru-family
Grandfather	дедушка (dedushka)		ru-family
Grandmother	бабушка (babushka)		ru-family
Uncle	дядя (dyadya)		ru-family
Aunt	тётя (tyotya)		ru-family
Cousin (male)	двоюродный брат (dvoyurodnyy brat)		ru-family
Husband	муж (muzh)		ru-family
Wife	жена (zhena)		ru-family
Child	ребёнок (rebyonok)		ru-family
Children	дети (deti)		ru-family
Baby	малыш (malysh)		ru-family
Boy	мальчик (mal'chik)		ru-family
Girl	девочка (devochka)		ru-family
Man	мужчина (muzhchina)		ru-family
Woman	женщина (zhenshchina)		ru-family
Person	человек (chelovek)		ru-family
Friend	друг (drug)		ru-family
Friend (female)	подруга (podruga)		ru-family
Teacher	учитель (uchitel')		ru-family
Student	ученик (uchenik)		ru-family
Doctor	врач (vrach)		ru-family
Neighbor	сосед (sosed)		ru-family
I	я (ya)		ru-family
You (informal)	ты (ty)		ru-family
You (polite / plural)	вы (vy)		ru-family
He	он (on)		ru-family
She	она (ona)		ru-family
It	оно (ono)		ru-family
We	мы (my)		ru-family
They	они (oni)		ru-family
House	дом (dom)		ru-family
Apartment	квартира (kvartira)		ru-family
School	школа (shkola)		ru-family
Class	класс (klass)		ru-family
City	город (gorod)		ru-family
Country	страна (strana)		ru-family
Name	имя (imya)		ru-family
Everyone	все (vse)		ru-family
King	король (korol')		ru-family
Queen	королева (koroleva)		ru-family
Water	вода (voda)		ru-food
Tea	чай (chay)		ru-food
Coffee	кофе (kofe)		ru-food
Milk	молоко (moloko)		ru-food
Juice	сок (sok)		ru-food
Bread	хлеб (khleb)		ru-food
Rice	рис (ris)		ru-food
Egg	яйцо (yaytso)		ru-food
Meat	мясо (myaso)		ru-food
Chicken (meat)	курица (kuritsa)		ru-food
Fish	рыба (ryba)		ru-food
Vegetables	овощи (ovoshchi)		ru-food
Fruit	фрукты (frukty)		ru-food
Apple	яблоко (yabloko)		ru-food
Banana	банан (banan)		ru-food
Orange	апельсин (apel'sin)		ru-food
Grapes	виноград (vinograd)		ru-food
Strawberry	клубника (klubnika)		ru-food
Watermelon	арбуз (arbuz)		ru-food
Pear	груша (grusha)		ru-food
Lemon	лимон (limon)		ru-food
Potato	картофель (kartofel')		ru-food
Tomato	помидор (pomidor)		ru-food
Cucumber	огурец (ogurets)		ru-food
Carrot	морковь (morkov')		ru-food
Onion	лук (luk)		ru-food
Cabbage	капуста (kapusta)		ru-food
Beet	свёкла (svyokla)		ru-food
Cheese	сыр (syr)		ru-food
Butter	масло (maslo)		ru-food
Sour cream	сметана (smetana)		ru-food
Honey	мёд (myod)		ru-food
Salt	соль (sol')		ru-food
Sugar	сахар (sakhar)		ru-food
Soup	суп (sup)		ru-food
Beet soup (borscht)	борщ (borshch)		ru-food
Porridge	каша (kasha)		ru-food
Pancakes (thin)	блины (bliny)		ru-food
Dumplings	пельмени (pel'meni)		ru-food
Cake	торт (tort)		ru-food
Ice cream	мороженое (morozhenoye)		ru-food
Candy	конфета (konfeta)		ru-food
Chocolate	шоколад (shokolad)		ru-food
Breakfast	завтрак (zavtrak)		ru-food
Lunch	обед (obed)		ru-food
Dinner	ужин (uzhin)		ru-food
Spoon	ложка (lozhka)		ru-food
Fork	вилка (vilka)		ru-food
Knife	нож (nozh)		ru-food
Plate	тарелка (tarelka)		ru-food
Cup	чашка (chashka)		ru-food
I'm hungry	Я голоден (ya goloden)		ru-food
I'm thirsty	Я хочу пить (ya khochu pit')		ru-food
Delicious	вкусно (vkusno)		ru-food
Hello	Здравствуйте (zdravstvuyte)		ru-greetings
Hi (casual)	Привет (privet)		ru-greetings
Good morning	Доброе утро (dobroye utro)		ru-greetings
Good afternoon	Добрый день (dobryy den')		ru-greetings
Good evening	Добрый вечер (dobryy vecher)		ru-greetings
Good night	Спокойной ночи (spokoynoy nochi)		ru-greetings
Goodbye	До свидания (do svidaniya)		ru-greetings
Bye (casual)	Пока (poka)		ru-greetings
See you soon	До скорой встречи (do skoroy vstrechi)		ru-greetings
See you tomorrow	До завтра (do zavtra)		ru-greetings
Thank you	Спасибо (spasibo)		ru-greetings
Thank you very much	Большое спасибо (bol'shoye spasibo)		ru-greetings
You're welcome	Пожалуйста (pozhaluysta)		ru-greetings
Please	Пожалуйста (pozhaluysta)		ru-greetings
Sorry	Извините (izvinite)		ru-greetings
Excuse me	Простите (prostite)		ru-greetings
Yes	Да (da)		ru-greetings
No	Нет (net)		ru-greetings
How are you?	Как дела? (kak dela)		ru-greetings
I'm fine	Хорошо (khorosho)		ru-greetings
Not bad	Неплохо (neplokho)		ru-greetings
And you?	А у вас? (a u vas)		ru-greetings
Nice to meet you	Очень приятно (ochen' priyatno)		ru-greetings
What is your name?	Как вас зовут? (kak vas zovut)		ru-greetings
My name is Anna	Меня зовут Анна (menya zovut Anna)		ru-greetings
I am from America	Я из Америки (ya iz Ameriki)		ru-greetings
Happy birthday	С днём рождения (s dnyom rozhdeniya)		ru-greetings
Happy New Year	С Новым годом (s Novym godom)		ru-greetings
Congratulations	Поздравляю (pozdravlyayu)		ru-greetings
Cheers	За здоровье (za zdorov'ye)		ru-greetings
Welcome	Добро пожаловать (dobro pozhalovat')		ru-greetings
Bon appetit	Приятного аппетита (priyatnogo appetita)		ru-greetings
Good luck	Удачи (udachi)		ru-greetings
Be healthy (after a sneeze)	Будь здоров (bud' zdorov)		ru-greetings
I understand	Я понимаю (ya ponimayu)		ru-greetings
I don't understand	Я не понимаю (ya ne ponimayu)		ru-greetings
Please repeat	Повторите, пожалуйста (povtorite, pozhaluysta)		ru-greetings
Please speak slowly	Говорите медленно, пожалуйста (govorite medlenno, pozhaluysta)		ru-greetings
Do you speak English?	Вы говорите по-английски? (vy govorite po-angliyski)		ru-greetings
I speak a little Russian	Я немного говорю по-русски (ya nemnogo govoryu po-russki)		ru-greetings
Where is the toilet?	Где туалет? (gde tualet)		ru-greetings
I don't know	Я не знаю (ya ne znayu)		ru-greetings
Of course	Конечно (konechno)		ru-greetings
Maybe	Может быть (mozhet byt')		ru-greetings
Very good	Очень хорошо (ochen' khorosho)		ru-greetings
Wonderful	Замечательно (zamechatel'no)		ru-greetings
I love you	Я тебя люблю (ya tebya lyublyu)		ru-greetings
Wait a moment	Минутку (minutku)		ru-greetings
Come in	Входите (vkhodite)		ru-greetings
Sit down	Садитесь (sadites')		ru-greetings
Let's go	Пойдёмте (poydyomte)		ru-greetings
0	ноль (nol')		ru-numbers
1	один (odin)		ru-numbers
2	два (dva)		ru-numbers
3	три (tri)		ru-numbers
4	четыре (chetyre)		ru-numbers
5	пять (pyat')		ru-numbers
6	шесть (shest')		ru-numbers
7	семь (sem')		ru-numbers
8	восемь (vosem')		ru-numbers
9	девять (devyat')		ru-numbers
10	десять (desyat')		ru-numbers
11	одиннадцать (odinnadtsat')		ru-numbers
12	двенадцать (dvenadtsat')		ru-numbers
13	тринадцать (trinadtsat')		ru-numbers
14	четырнадцать (chetyrnadtsat')		ru-numbers
15	пятнадцать (pyatnadtsat')		ru-numbers
16	шестнадцать (shestnadtsat')		ru-numbers
17	семнадцать (semnadtsat')		ru-numbers
18	восемнадцать (vosemnadtsat')		ru-numbers
19	девятнадцать (devyatnadtsat')		ru-numbers
20	двадцать (dvadtsat')		ru-numbers
21	двадцать один (dvadtsat' odin)		ru-numbers
30	тридцать (tridtsat')		ru-numbers
40	сорок (sorok)		ru-numbers
50	пятьдесят (pyat'desyat)		ru-numbers
60	шестьдесят (shest'desyat)		ru-numbers
70	семьдесят (sem'desyat)		ru-numbers
80	восемьдесят (vosem'desyat)		ru-numbers
90	девяносто (devyanosto)		ru-numbers
100	сто (sto)		ru-numbers
200	двести (dvesti)		ru-numbers
300	триста (trista)		ru-numbers
400	четыреста (chetyresta)		ru-numbers
500	пятьсот (pyat'sot)		ru-numbers
600	шестьсот (shest'sot)		ru-numbers
700	семьсот (sem'sot)		ru-numbers
800	восемьсот (vosem'sot)		ru-numbers
900	девятьсот (devyat'sot)		ru-numbers
1,000	тысяча (tysyacha)		ru-numbers
1,000,000	миллион (million)		ru-numbers
First	первый (pervyy)		ru-numbers
Second	второй (vtoroy)		ru-numbers
Third	третий (tretiy)		ru-numbers
Half	половина (polovina)		ru-numbers
How many?	сколько (skol'ko)		ru-numbers
What is this?	Что это? (chto eto)		ru-phrases
How much is it?	Сколько это стоит? (skol'ko eto stoit)		ru-phrases
Where?	где (gde)		ru-phrases
When?	когда (kogda)		ru-phrases
Who?	кто (kto)		ru-phrases
What?	что (chto)		ru-phrases
Why?	почему (pochemu)		ru-phrases
How?	как (kak)		ru-phrases
This	это (eto)		ru-phrases
Here	здесь (zdes')		ru-phrases
There	там (tam)		ru-phrases
Today	сегодня (segodnya)		ru-phrases
Tomorrow	завтра (zavtra)		ru-phrases
Yesterday	вчера (vchera)		ru-phrases
Now	сейчас (seychas)		ru-phrases
Morning	утро (utro)		ru-phrases
Day	день (den')		ru-phrases
Evening	вечер (vecher)		ru-phrases
Night	ночь (noch')		ru-phrases
Week	неделя (nedelya)		ru-phrases
Month	месяц (mesyats)		ru-phrases
Year	год (god)		ru-phrases
Monday	понедельник (ponedel'nik)		ru-phrases
Tuesday	вторник (vtornik)		ru-phrases
Wednesday	среда (sreda)		ru-phrases
Thursday	четверг (chetverg)		ru-phrases
Friday	пятница (pyatnitsa)		ru-phrases
Saturday	суббота (subbota)		ru-phrases
Sunday	воскресенье (voskresen'ye)		ru-phrases
Right	направо (napravo)		ru-phrases
Left	налево (nalevo)		ru-phrases
Straight ahead	прямо (pryamo)		ru-phrases
Up	вверх (vverkh)		ru-phrases
Down	вниз (vniz)		ru-phrases
Inside	внутри (vnutri)		ru-phrases
Outside	снаружи (snaruzhi)		ru-phrases
And	и (i)		ru-phrases
Or	или (ili)		ru-phrases
But	но (no)		ru-phrases
With	с (s)		ru-phrases
In	в (v)		ru-phrases
Very	очень (ochen')		ru-phrases
Also	тоже (tozhe)		ru-phrases
Always	всегда (vsegda)		ru-phrases
Never	никогда (nikogda)		ru-phrases
Sometimes	иногда (inogda)		ru-phrases
I like cats	Мне нравятся кошки (mne nravyatsya koshki)		ru-phrases
I have a dog	У меня есть собака (u menya yest' sobaka)		ru-phrases
I want water	Я хочу воды (ya khochu vody)		ru-phrases
I am a student	Я ученик (ya uchenik)		ru-phrases
What time is it?	Который час? (kotoryy chas)		ru-phrases
To eat	есть (yest')		ru-verbs
To drink	пить (pit')		ru-verbs
To go (on foot)	идти (idti)		ru-verbs
To go (by vehicle)	ехать (yekhat')		ru-verbs
To come	приходить (prikhodit')		ru-verbs
To see	видеть (videt')		ru-verbs
To look	смотреть (smotret')		ru-verbs
To hear	слышать (slyshat')		ru-verbs
To speak	говорить (govorit')		ru-verbs
To read	читать (chitat')		ru-verbs
To write	писать (pisat')		ru-verbs
To do	делать (delat')		ru-verbs
To buy	покупать (pokupat')		ru-verbs
To sell	продавать (prodavat')		ru-verbs
To sleep	спать (spat')		ru-verbs
To play	играть (igrat')		ru-verbs
To swim	плавать (plavat')		ru-verbs
To run	бежать (bezhat')		ru-verbs
To study	учиться (uchit'sya)		ru-verbs
To teach	учить (uchit')		ru-verbs
To know	знать (znat')		ru-verbs
To think	думать (dumat')		ru-verbs
To wait	ждать (zhdat')		ru-verbs
To sit	сидеть (sidet')		ru-verbs
To stand	стоять (stoyat')		ru-verbs
To open	открывать (otkryvat')		ru-verbs
To close	закрывать (zakryvat')		ru-verbs
To give	давать (davat')		ru-verbs
To take	брать (brat')		ru-verbs
To use	использовать (ispol'zovat')		ru-verbs
To sing	петь (pet')		ru-verbs
To dance	танцевать (tantsevat')		ru-verbs
To draw	рисовать (risovat')		ru-verbs
To laugh	смеяться (smeyat'sya)		ru-verbs
To cry	плакать (plakat')		ru-verbs
To love	любить (lyubit')		ru-verbs
To want	хотеть (khotet')		ru-verbs
To be able (can)	мочь (moch')		ru-verbs
To have	иметь (imet')		ru-verbs
To meet	встречать (vstrechat')		ru-verbs
To work	работать (rabotat')		ru-verbs
To rest	отдыхать (otdykhat')		ru-verbs
To wash	мыть (myt')		ru-verbs
To cook	готовить (gotovit')		ru-verbs
To help	помогать (pomogat')		ru-verbs
To forget	забывать (zabyvat')		ru-verbs
To remember	помнить (pomnit')		ru-verbs
To ask	спрашивать (sprashivat')		ru-verbs
To answer	отвечать (otvechat')		ru-verbs
To find	находить (nakhodit')		ru-verbs
To fly	летать (letat')		ru-verbs
To jump	прыгать (prygat')		ru-verbs
To live	жить (zhit')		ru-verbs
To build	строить (stroit')		ru-verbs
To wear	носить (nosit')		ru-verbs
Dog	mbwa (M-bwa)		sw-animals
Cat	paka (PA-ka)		sw-animals
Bird	ndege (N-de-ge)		sw-animals
Fish	samaki (sa-MA-ki)		sw-animals
Horse	farasi (fa-RA-si)		sw-animals
Cow	ng'ombe (n-GOM-be)		sw-animals
Pig	nguruwe (n-goo-ROO-we)		sw-animals
Sheep	kondoo (kon-DO-o)		sw-animals
Goat	mbuzi (m-BOO-zi)		sw-animals
Chicken	kuku (KOO-koo)		sw-animals
Duck	bata (BA-ta)		sw-animals
Rabbit	sungura (soon-GOO-ra)		sw-animals
Mouse	panya (PA-nya)		sw-animals
Monkey	tumbili (toom-BEE-li)		sw-animals
Gorilla	sokwe (SOK-we)		sw-animals
Elephant	tembo (TEM-bo)		sw-animals
Lion	simba (SEEM-ba)		sw-animals
Leopard	chui (CHOO-ee)		sw-animals
Cheetah	duma (DOO-ma)		sw-animals
Giraffe	twiga (TWEE-ga)		sw-animals
Zebra	pundamilia (poon-da-mee-LEE-a)		sw-animals
Hippopotamus	kiboko (kee-BO-ko)		sw-animals
Rhinoceros	kifaru (kee-FA-roo)		sw-animals
Buffalo	nyati (NYA-ti)		sw-animals
Antelope	swala (SWA-la)		sw-animals
Wildebeest	nyumbu (NYOOM-boo)		sw-animals
Warthog	ngiri (n-GEE-ri)		sw-animals
Hyena	fisi (FEE-si)		sw-animals
Camel	ngamia (n-ga-MEE-a)		sw-animals
Donkey	punda (POON-da)		sw-animals
Wolf	mbwa mwitu (M-bwa MWEE-too)		sw-animals
Fox	mbweha (m-BWE-ha)		sw-animals
Deer	kulungu (koo-LOON-goo)		sw-animals
Bear	dubu (DOO-boo)		sw-animals
Frog	chura (CHOO-ra)		sw-animals
Snake	nyoka (NYO-ka)		sw-animals
Crocodile	mamba (MAM-ba)		sw-animals
Turtle	kobe (KO-be)		sw-animals
Butterfly	kipepeo (kee-pe-PE-o)		sw-animals
Bee	nyuki (NYOO-ki)		sw-animals
Ant	chungu (CHOON-goo)		sw-animals
Spider	buibui (boo-ee-BOO-ee)		sw-animals
Fly	nzi (N-zee)		sw-animals
Mosquito	mbu (M-boo)		sw-animals
Whale	nyangumi (nyan-GOO-mi)		sw-animals
Dolphin	pomboo (pom-BO-o)		sw-animals
Shark	papa (PA-pa)		sw-animals
Crab	kaa (KA-a)		sw-animals
Owl	bundi (BOON-di)		sw-animals
Eagle	tai (TA-ee)		sw-animals
Ostrich	mbuni (m-BOO-ni)		sw-animals
Flamingo	heroe (he-RO-e)		sw-animals
Parrot	kasuku (ka-SOO-koo)		sw-animals
Crow	kunguru (koon-GOO-roo)		sw-animals
Insect	mdudu (m-DOO-doo)		sw-animals
Animal	mnyama (m-NYA-ma)		sw-animals
Red	nyekundu (nye-KOON-doo)		sw-colors
Blue	buluu (boo-LOO)		sw-colors
Yellow	njano (n-JA-no)		sw-colors
Green	kijani (kee-JA-ni)		sw-colors
White	nyeupe (nye-OO-pe)		sw-colors
Black	nyeusi (nye-OO-si)		sw-colors
Orange	rangi ya machungwa (RAN-gi ya ma-CHOONG-wa)		sw-colors
Pink	waridi (wa-REE-di)		sw-colors
Purple	zambarau (zam-ba-RA-oo)		sw-colors
Brown	kahawia (ka-ha-WEE-a)		sw-colors
Gray	kijivu (kee-JEE-voo)		sw-colors
Color	rangi (RAN-gi)		sw-colors
Big	kubwa (KOOB-wa)		sw-colors
Small	ndogo (n-DO-go)		sw-colors
Long	refu (RE-foo)		sw-colors
Short	fupi (FOO-pi)		sw-colors
New	mpya (M-pya)		sw-colors
Old	-kongwe (KON-gwe)		sw-colors
Hot	moto (MO-to)		sw-colors
Cold	baridi (ba-REE-di)		sw-colors
Good	nzuri (n-ZOO-ri)		sw-colors
Bad	mbaya (m-BA-ya)		sw-colors
Fast	haraka (ha-RA-ka)		sw-colors
Slow	polepole (po-le-PO-le)		sw-colors
Happy	furaha (foo-RA-ha)		sw-colors
Sad	huzuni (hoo-ZOO-ni)		sw-colors
Beautiful	-zuri (ZOO-ri)		sw-colors
Delicious	tamu (TA-moo)		sw-colors
Heavy	-zito (ZEE-to)		sw-colors
Light (weight)	-epesi (e-PE-si)		sw-colors
Near	karibu (ka-REE-boo)		sw-colors
Far	mbali (M-ba-li)		sw-colors
Many	-ingi (EEN-gi)		sw-colors
Few	-chache (CHA-che)		sw-colors
Easy	rahisi (ra-HEE-si)		sw-colors
Difficult	ngumu (n-GOO-moo)		sw-colors
Clean	safi (SA-fi)		sw-colors
Dirty	chafu (CHA-foo)		sw-colors
Strong	nguvu (n-GOO-voo)		sw-colors
Circle	duara (doo-A-ra)		sw-colors
Square	mraba (m-RA-ba)		sw-colors
Triangle	pembetatu (pem-be-TA-too)		sw-colors
Star	nyota (NYO-ta)		sw-colors
Brave	jasiri (ja-SEE-ri)		sw-colors
Smart	mwerevu (mwe-RE-voo)		sw-colors
Family	familia (fa-MEE-lee-a)		sw-family
Mother	mama (MA-ma)		sw-family
Father	baba (BA-ba)		sw-family
Parents	wazazi (wa-ZA-zi)		sw-family
Brother	kaka (KA-ka)		sw-family
Sister	dada (DA-da)		sw-family
Brother or sister (sibling)	ndugu (n-DOO-goo)		sw-family
Younger sibling	mdogo wangu (m-DO-go WAN-goo)		sw-family
Son	mwana wa kiume (MWA-na wa kee-OO-me)		sw-family
Daughter	mwana wa kike (MWA-na wa KEE-ke)		sw-family
Grandfather	babu (BA-boo)		sw-family
Grandmother	bibi (BEE-bi)		sw-family
Uncle (mother's brother)	mjomba (m-JOM-ba)		sw-family
Uncle (father's brother)	baba mdogo / baba mkubwa (younger / older than your father)		sw-family
Aunt (father's sister)	shangazi (shan-GA-zi)		sw-family
Aunt (mother's sister)	mama mdogo / mama mkubwa (younger / older than your mother)		sw-family
Husband	mume (MOO-me)		sw-family
Wife	mke (M-ke)		sw-family
Child	mtoto (m-TO-to)		sw-family
Children	watoto (wa-TO-to)		sw-family
Baby	mtoto mchanga (m-TO-to m-CHAN-ga)		sw-family
Boy	mvulana (m-voo-LA-na)		sw-family
Girl	msichana (m-see-CHA-na)		sw-family
Man	mwanamume (mwa-na-MOO-me)		sw-family
Woman	mwanamke (mwa-na-M-ke)		sw-family
Person	mtu (m-TOO)		sw-family
People	watu (WA-too)		sw-family
Friend	rafiki (ra-FEE-ki)		sw-family
Teacher	mwalimu (mwa-LEE-moo)		sw-family
Student	mwanafunzi (mwa-na-FOON-zi)		sw-family
Doctor	daktari (dak-TA-ri)		sw-family
Neighbor	jirani (jee-RA-ni)		sw-family
I / me	mimi (MEE-mi)		sw-family
You	wewe (WE-we)		sw-family
He / she	yeye (YE-ye)		sw-family
We	sisi (SEE-si)		sw-family
You (plural)	ninyi (NEEN-yi)		sw-family
They	wao (WA-o)		sw-family
House	nyumba (NYOOM-ba)		sw-family
Home	nyumbani (nyoom-BA-ni)		sw-family
School	shule (SHOO-le)		sw-family
Class	darasa (da-RA-sa)		sw-family
Village	kijiji (kee-JEE-jee)		sw-family
City	mji (m-JEE)		sw-family
Country	nchi (N-chee)		sw-family
Kenya	Kenya (KEN-ya)		sw-family
Tanzania	Tanzania (tan-za-NEE-a)		sw-family
Name	jina (JEE-na)		sw-family
Everyone	kila mtu (KEE-la m-TOO)		sw-family
Chief / leader	chifu (CHEE-foo)		sw-family
Water	maji (MA-jee)		sw-food
Tea	chai (CHA-ee)		sw-food
Coffee	kahawa (ka-HA-wa)		sw-food
Milk	maziwa (ma-ZEE-wa)		sw-food
Juice	juisi (joo-EE-si)		sw-food
Bread	mkate (m-KA-te)		sw-food
Rice (cooked)	wali (WA-li)		sw-food
Rice (uncooked)	mchele (m-CHE-le)		sw-food
Egg	yai (YA-ee)		sw-food
Meat	nyama (NYA-ma)		sw-food
Beef	nyama ya ng'ombe (NYA-ma ya n-GOM-be)		sw-food
Chicken (meat)	kuku (KOO-koo)		sw-food
Fish (food)	samaki (sa-MA-ki)		sw-food
Vegetables	mboga (M-bo-ga)		sw-food
Fruit	matunda (ma-TOON-da)		sw-food
Apple	tufaha (too-FA-ha)		sw-food
Banana	ndizi (n-DEE-zi)		sw-food
Orange	chungwa (CHOONG-wa)		sw-food
Mango	embe (EM-be)		sw-food
Pineapple	nanasi (na-NA-si)		sw-food
Watermelon	tikiti maji (tee-KEE-ti MA-jee)		sw-food
Coconut	nazi (NA-zi)		sw-food
Lemon	limau (lee-MA-oo)		sw-food
Avocado	parachichi (pa-ra-CHEE-chi)		sw-food
Potato	kiazi (kee-A-zi)		sw-food
Sweet potato	kiazi kitamu (kee-A-zi kee-TA-moo)		sw-food
Tomato	nyanya (NYA-nya)		sw-food
Onion	kitunguu (kee-toon-GOO)		sw-food
Carrot	karoti (ka-RO-ti)		sw-food
Cabbage	kabichi (ka-BEE-chi)		sw-food
Corn / maize	mahindi (ma-HEEN-di)		sw-food
Beans	maharage (ma-ha-RA-ge)		sw-food
Cassava	muhogo (moo-HO-go)		sw-food
Cornmeal porridge (ugali)	ugali (oo-GA-li)		sw-food
Porridge	uji (OO-jee)		sw-food
Flatbread (chapati)	chapati (cha-PA-ti)		sw-food
Pilau rice	pilau (pee-LA-oo)		sw-food
Soup	supu (SOO-poo)		sw-food
Salt	chumvi (CHOOM-vi)		sw-food
Sugar	sukari (soo-KA-ri)		sw-food
Honey	asali (a-SA-li)		sw-food
Peanuts	karanga (ka-RAN-ga)		sw-food
Cake	keki (KE-ki)		sw-food
Ice cream	aiskrimu (a-ees-KREE-moo)		sw-food
Candy	pipi (PEE-pi)		sw-food
Breakfast	kifungua kinywa (kee-foon-GOO-a kee-NYWA)		sw-food
Lunch	chakula cha mchana (cha-KOO-la cha m-CHA-na)		sw-food
Dinner	chakula cha jioni (cha-KOO-la cha jee-O-ni)		sw-food
Food	chakula (cha-KOO-la)		sw-food
Spoon	kijiko (kee-JEE-ko)		sw-food
Plate	sahani (sa-HA-ni)		sw-food
Cup	kikombe (kee-KOM-be)		sw-food
I'm hungry	Nina njaa (NEE-na N-ja-a)		sw-food
I'm thirsty	Nina kiu (NEE-na KEE-oo)		sw-food
Delicious	tamu (TA-moo)		sw-food
Hello	Habari (HA-ba-ri (lit. news))		sw-greetings
Hello (to an elder, respectful)	Shikamoo (shee-ka-MO-o)		sw-greetings
Reply to shikamoo	Marahaba (ma-ra-HA-ba)		sw-greetings
Hi (casual)	Jambo (JAM-bo)		sw-greetings
Hello (reply to jambo)	Jambo (JAM-bo)		sw-greetings
How are you?	Hujambo? (hoo-JAM-bo)		sw-greetings
I'm fine (reply)	Sijambo (see-JAM-bo)		sw-greetings
Fine	Nzuri (n-ZOO-ri)		sw-greetings
Very fine	Nzuri sana (n-ZOO-ri SA-na)		sw-greetings
Good morning	Habari za asubuhi (ha-BA-ri za a-soo-BOO-hee)		sw-greetings
Good afternoon	Habari za mchana (ha-BA-ri za m-CHA-na)		sw-greetings
Good evening	Habari za jioni (ha-BA-ri za jee-O-ni)		sw-greetings
Good night	Usiku mwema (oo-SEE-koo MWE-ma)		sw-greetings
Goodbye	Kwaheri (kwa-HE-ri)		sw-greetings
Goodbye (to many)	Kwaherini (kwa-he-REE-ni)		sw-greetings
See you later	Tutaonana baadaye (too-ta-o-NA-na ba-a-DA-ye)		sw-greetings
See you tomorrow	Tutaonana kesho (too-ta-o-NA-na KE-sho)		sw-greetings
Thank you	Asante (a-SAN-te)		sw-greetings
Thank you very much	Asante sana (a-SAN-te SA-na)		sw-greetings
You're welcome	Karibu (ka-REE-boo)		sw-greetings
Welcome	Karibu (ka-REE-boo)		sw-greetings
Please	Tafadhali (ta-fa-DHA-li)		sw-greetings
Sorry	Pole (PO-le)		sw-greetings
Excuse me	Samahani (sa-ma-HA-ni)		sw-greetings
Yes	Ndiyo (n-DEE-yo)		sw-greetings
No	Hapana (ha-PA-na)		sw-greetings
Nice to meet you	Nimefurahi kukutana nawe (ni-me-foo-RA-hi koo-koo-TA-na NA-we)		sw-greetings
What is your name?	Jina lako nani? (JEE-na LA-ko NA-ni)		sw-greetings
My name is Amani	Jina langu ni Amani (JEE-na LAN-goo ni a-MA-ni)		sw-greetings
I am from America	Mimi ni kutoka Marekani (MEE-mi ni koo-TO-ka ma-re-KA-ni)		sw-greetings
Happy birthday	Siku ya kuzaliwa njema (SEE-koo ya koo-za-LEE-wa N-je-ma)		sw-greetings
Congratulations	Hongera (hon-GE-ra)		sw-greetings
Happy New Year	Heri ya mwaka mpya (HE-ri ya MWA-ka M-pya)		sw-greetings
Cheers	Afya (A-fya (lit. health))		sw-greetings
No problem	Hakuna matata (ha-KOO-na ma-TA-ta)		sw-greetings
Take care	Jihadhari (jee-ha-DHA-ri)		sw-greetings
Good luck	Bahati njema (ba-HA-ti N-je-ma)		sw-greetings
I understand	Naelewa (na-e-LE-wa)		sw-greetings
I don't understand	Sielewi (si-e-LE-wi)		sw-greetings
Please say it again	Tafadhali rudia (ta-fa-DHA-li roo-DEE-a)		sw-greetings
Do you speak English?	Unazungumza Kiingereza? (oo-na-zoon-GOO-m-za kee-een-ge-RE-za)		sw-greetings
I speak a little Swahili	Ninaongea Kiswahili kidogo (ni-na-on-GE-a kee-swa-HEE-li kee-DO-go)		sw-greetings
Where is the toilet?	Choo kiko wapi? (CHO-o KEE-ko WA-pi)		sw-greetings
I don't know	Sijui (see-JOO-ee)		sw-greetings
Wait a moment	Subiri kidogo (soo-BEE-ri kee-DO-go)		sw-greetings
Let's go	Twende (TWEN-de)		sw-greetings
Very good	Vizuri sana (vee-ZOO-ri SA-na)		sw-greetings
Okay	Sawa (SA-wa)		sw-greetings
I love you	Nakupenda (na-koo-PEN-da)		sw-greetings
1	moja (MO-ja)		sw-numbers
2	mbili (M-bee-li)		sw-numbers
3	tatu (TA-too)		sw-numbers
4	nne (N-ne)		sw-numbers
5	tano (TA-no)		sw-numbers
6	sita (SEE-ta)		sw-numbers
7	saba (SA-ba)		sw-numbers
8	nane (NA-ne)		sw-numbers
9	tisa (TEE-sa)		sw-numbers
10	kumi (KOO-mi)		sw-numbers
11	kumi na moja (koo-mi na MO-ja)		sw-numbers
12	kumi na mbili (koo-mi na M-bee-li)		sw-numbers
13	kumi na tatu (koo-mi na TA-too)		sw-numbers
14	kumi na nne (koo-mi na N-ne)		sw-numbers
15	kumi na tano (koo-mi na TA-no)		sw-numbers
16	kumi na sita (koo-mi na SEE-ta)		sw-numbers
17	kumi na saba (koo-mi na SA-ba)		sw-numbers
18	kumi na nane (koo-mi na NA-ne)		sw-numbers
19	kumi na tisa (koo-mi na TEE-sa)		sw-numbers
20	ishirini (ee-shee-REE-ni)		sw-numbers
21	ishirini na moja (ee-shee-REE-ni na MO-ja)		sw-numbers
30	thelathini (the-la-THEE-ni)		sw-numbers
40	arobaini (a-ro-ba-EE-ni)		sw-numbers
50	hamsini (ham-SEE-ni)		sw-numbers
60	sitini (see-TEE-ni)		sw-numbers
70	sabini (sa-BEE-ni)		sw-numbers
80	themanini (the-ma-NEE-ni)		sw-numbers
90	tisini (tee-SEE-ni)		sw-numbers
100	mia moja (MEE-a MO-ja)		sw-numbers
200	mia mbili (MEE-a M-bee-li)		sw-numbers
500	mia tano (MEE-a TA-no)		sw-numbers
1,000	elfu moja (EL-foo MO-ja)		sw-numbers
2,000	elfu mbili (EL-foo M-bee-li)		sw-numbers
10,000	elfu kumi (EL-foo KOO-mi)		sw-numbers
1,000,000	milioni moja (mee-lee-O-ni MO-ja)		sw-numbers
Zero	sifuri (see-FOO-ri)		sw-numbers
First	wa kwanza (wa KWAN-za)		sw-numbers
Second	wa pili (wa PEE-li)		sw-numbers
Third	wa tatu (wa TA-too)		sw-numbers
Half	nusu (NOO-soo)		sw-numbers
How many?	ngapi (N-ga-pi)		sw-numbers
What is this?	Hii ni nini? (hee ni NEE-ni)		sw-phrases
How much is it?	Ni bei gani? (ni BE-ee GA-ni)		sw-phrases
Where?	wapi (WA-pi)		sw-phrases
When?	lini (LEE-ni)		sw-phrases
Who?	nani (NA-ni)		sw-phrases
What?	nini (NEE-ni)		sw-phrases
Why?	kwa nini (kwa NEE-ni)		sw-phrases
How?	vipi (VEE-pi)		sw-phrases
Which?	gani (GA-ni)		sw-phrases
Here	hapa (HA-pa)		sw-phrases
There	pale (PA-le)		sw-phrases
Today	leo (LE-o)		sw-phrases
Tomorrow	kesho (KE-sho)		sw-phrases
Yesterday	jana (JA-na)		sw-phrases
Now	sasa (SA-sa)		sw-phrases
Morning	asubuhi (a-soo-BOO-hee)		sw-phrases
Afternoon	mchana (m-CHA-na)		sw-phrases
Evening	jioni (jee-O-ni)		sw-phrases
Night	usiku (oo-SEE-koo)		sw-phrases
Day	siku (SEE-koo)		sw-phrases
Week	wiki (WEE-ki)		sw-phrases
Month	mwezi (MWE-zi)		sw-phrases
Year	mwaka (MWA-ka)		sw-phrases
Monday	Jumatatu (joo-ma-TA-too (day 3 of the week counting from Saturday))		sw-phrases
Tuesday	Jumanne (joo-MA-n-ne)		sw-phrases
Wednesday	Jumatano (joo-ma-TA-no)		sw-phrases
Thursday	Alhamisi (al-ha-MEE-si)		sw-phrases
Friday	Ijumaa (ee-joo-MA-a)		sw-phrases
Saturday	Jumamosi (joo-ma-MO-si)		sw-phrases
Sunday	Jumapili (joo-ma-PEE-li)		sw-phrases
Right	kulia (koo-LEE-a)		sw-phrases
Left	kushoto (koo-SHO-to)		sw-phrases
Straight ahead	moja kwa moja (MO-ja kwa MO-ja)		sw-phrases
Up	juu (JOO)		sw-phrases
Down	chini (CHEE-ni)		sw-phrases
Inside	ndani (n-DA-ni)		sw-phrases
Outside	nje (N-je)		sw-phrases
And	na (na)		sw-phrases
Or	au (A-oo)		sw-phrases
But	lakini (la-KEE-ni)		sw-phrases
With	na (na)		sw-phrases
Very	sana (SA-na)		sw-phrases
Also	pia (PEE-a)		sw-phrases
Always	daima (da-EE-ma)		sw-phrases
Never	kamwe (KAM-we)		sw-phrases
Sometimes	wakati mwingine (wa-KA-ti mween-GEE-ne)		sw-phrases
I like cats	Ninapenda paka (ni-na-PEN-da PA-ka)		sw-phrases
I have a dog	Nina mbwa (NEE-na M-bwa)		sw-phrases
I want water	Nataka maji (na-TA-ka MA-jee)		sw-phrases
What time is it?	Saa ngapi? (SA-a N-ga-pi)		sw-phrases
Swahili language	Kiswahili (kee-swa-HEE-li)		sw-phrases
To eat	kula (KOO-la)		sw-verbs
To drink	kunywa (KOON-wa)		sw-verbs
To go	kwenda (KWEN-da)		sw-verbs
To come	kuja (KOO-ja)		sw-verbs
To see	kuona (koo-O-na)		sw-verbs
To look	kutazama (koo-ta-ZA-ma)		sw-verbs
To hear	kusikia (koo-see-KEE-a)		sw-verbs
To speak	kusema (koo-SE-ma)		sw-verbs
To read	kusoma (koo-SO-ma)		sw-verbs
To write	kuandika (koo-an-DEE-ka)		sw-verbs
To do / make	kufanya (koo-FA-nya)		sw-verbs
To buy	kununua (koo-noo-NOO-a)		sw-verbs
To sell	kuuza (koo-OO-za)		sw-verbs
To sleep	kulala (koo-LA-la)		sw-verbs
To wake up	kuamka (koo-AM-ka)		sw-verbs
To play	kucheza (koo-CHE-za)		sw-verbs
To swim	kuogelea (koo-o-ge-LE-a)		sw-verbs
To run	kukimbia (koo-keem-BEE-a)		sw-verbs
To walk	kutembea (koo-tem-BE-a)		sw-verbs
To study / learn	kujifunza (koo-jee-FOON-za)		sw-verbs
To teach	kufundisha (koo-foon-DEE-sha)		sw-verbs
To know	kujua (koo-JOO-a)		sw-verbs
To think	kufikiri (koo-fee-KEE-ri)		sw-verbs
To wait	kungoja (koon-GO-ja)		sw-verbs
To sit	kukaa (koo-KA-a)		sw-verbs
To stand	kusimama (koo-see-MA-ma)		sw-verbs
To open	kufungua (koo-foon-GOO-a)		sw-verbs
To close	kufunga (koo-FOON-ga)		sw-verbs
To give	kutoa (koo-TO-a)		sw-verbs
To take	kuchukua (koo-choo-KOO-a)		sw-verbs
To use	kutumia (koo-too-MEE-a)		sw-verbs
To sing	kuimba (koo-EEM-ba)		sw-verbs
To dance	kucheza ngoma (koo-CHE-za N-go-ma)		sw-verbs
To draw	kuchora (koo-CHO-ra)		sw-verbs
To laugh	kucheka (koo-CHE-ka)		sw-verbs
To cry	kulia (koo-LEE-a)		sw-verbs
To love	kupenda (koo-PEN-da)		sw-verbs
To want	kutaka (koo-TA-ka)		sw-verbs
To have	kuwa na (koo-WA na)		sw-verbs
To be	kuwa (koo-WA)		sw-verbs
To meet	kukutana (koo-koo-TA-na)		sw-verbs
To work	kufanya kazi (koo-FA-nya KA-zi)		sw-verbs
To rest	kupumzika (koo-poom-ZEE-ka)		sw-verbs
To wash	kuosha (koo-O-sha)		sw-verbs
To cook	kupika (koo-PEE-ka)		sw-verbs
To help	kusaidia (koo-sa-ee-DEE-a)		sw-verbs
To forget	kusahau (koo-sa-HA-oo)		sw-verbs
To remember	kukumbuka (koo-koom-BOO-ka)		sw-verbs
To ask	kuuliza (koo-oo-LEE-za)		sw-verbs
To answer	kujibu (koo-JEE-boo)		sw-verbs
To find	kupata (koo-PA-ta)		sw-verbs
To fly	kuruka (koo-ROO-ka)		sw-verbs
To jump	kuruka (koo-ROO-ka (same word as fly))		sw-verbs
To wear	kuvaa (koo-VA-a)		sw-verbs
To arrive	kufika (koo-FEE-ka)		sw-verbs
To return	kurudi (koo-ROO-di)		sw-verbs
Dog	狗 (gǒu)		zh-animals
Cat	猫 (māo)		zh-animals
Bird	鸟 (niǎo)		zh-animals
Fish	鱼 (yú)		zh-animals
Horse	马 (mǎ)		zh-animals
Cow	牛 (niú)		zh-animals
Pig	猪 (zhū)		zh-animals
Sheep	羊 (yáng)		zh-animals
Chicken	鸡 (jī)		zh-animals
Duck	鸭 (yā)		zh-animals
Goose	鹅 (é)		zh-animals
Rabbit	兔子 (tùzi)		zh-animals
Mouse	老鼠 (lǎoshǔ)		zh-animals
Monkey	猴子 (hóuzi)		zh-animals
Bear	熊 (xióng)		zh-animals
Panda	熊猫 (xióngmāo)		zh-animals
Elephant	大象 (dàxiàng)		zh-animals
Lion	狮子 (shīzi)		zh-animals
Tiger	老虎 (lǎohǔ)		zh-animals
Giraffe	长颈鹿 (chángjǐnglù)		zh-animals
Zebra	斑马 (bānmǎ)		zh-animals
Wolf	狼 (láng)		zh-animals
Fox	狐狸 (húli)		zh-animals
Deer	鹿 (lù)		zh-animals
Frog	青蛙 (qīngwā)		zh-animals
Snake	蛇 (shé)		zh-animals
Turtle	乌龟 (wūguī)		zh-animals
Butterfly	蝴蝶 (húdié)		zh-animals
Bee	蜜蜂 (mìfēng)		zh-animals
Ant	蚂蚁 (mǎyǐ)		zh-animals
Spider	蜘蛛 (zhīzhū)		zh-animals
Whale	鲸鱼 (jīngyú)		zh-animals
Dolphin	海豚 (hǎitún)		zh-animals
Shark	鲨鱼 (shāyú)		zh-animals
Octopus	章鱼 (zhāngyú)		zh-animals
Crab	螃蟹 (pángxiè)		zh-animals
Owl	猫头鹰 (māotóuyīng)		zh-animals
Squirrel	松鼠 (sōngshǔ)		zh-animals
Dragon	龙 (lóng)		zh-animals
Penguin	企鹅 (qǐ'é)		zh-animals
Kangaroo	袋鼠 (dàishǔ)		zh-animals
Camel	骆驼 (luòtuo)		zh-animals
Donkey	驴 (lǘ)		zh-animals
Insect	虫子 (chóngzi)		zh-animals
Dinosaur	恐龙 (kǒnglóng)		zh-animals
Crow	乌鸦 (wūyā)		zh-animals
Goldfish	金鱼 (jīnyú)		zh-animals
Dragonfly	蜻蜓 (qīngtíng)		zh-animals
Animal	动物 (dòngwù)		zh-animals
Zoo	动物园 (dòngwùyuán)		zh-animals
Rooster	公鸡 (gōngjī)		zh-animals
Swan	天鹅 (tiān'é)		zh-animals
Eagle	鹰 (yīng)		zh-animals
Red	红色 (hóngsè)		zh-colors
Blue	蓝色 (lánsè)		zh-colors
Yellow	黄色 (huángsè)		zh-colors
Green	绿色 (lǜsè)		zh-colors
White	白色 (báisè)		zh-colors
Black	黑色 (hēisè)		zh-colors
Orange	橙色 (chéngsè)		zh-colors
Pink	粉红色 (fěnhóngsè)		zh-colors
Purple	紫色 (zǐsè)		zh-colors
Brown	棕色 (zōngsè)		zh-colors
Gray	灰色 (huīsè)		zh-colors
Gold	金色 (jīnsè)		zh-colors
Silver	银色 (yínsè)		zh-colors
Color	颜色 (yánsè)		zh-colors
Circle	圆形 (yuánxíng)		zh-colors
Square	正方形 (zhèngfāngxíng)		zh-colors
Triangle	三角形 (sānjiǎoxíng)		zh-colors
Rectangle	长方形 (chángfāngxíng)		zh-colors
Star	星星 (xīngxing)		zh-colors
Heart	心形 (xīnxíng)		zh-colors
Big	大 (dà)		zh-colors
Small	小 (xiǎo)		zh-colors
Long	长 (cháng)		zh-colors
Short	短 (duǎn)		zh-colors
Tall	高 (gāo)		zh-colors
Short (height)	矮 (ǎi)		zh-colors
New	新 (xīn)		zh-colors
Old	旧 (jiù)		zh-colors
Hot	热 (rè)		zh-colors
Cold	冷 (lěng)		zh-colors
Good	好 (hǎo)		zh-colors
Bad	坏 (huài)		zh-colors
Fast	快 (kuài)		zh-colors
Slow	慢 (màn)		zh-colors
Happy	高兴 (gāoxìng)		zh-colors
Sad	难过 (nánguò)		zh-colors
Beautiful	漂亮 (piàoliang)		zh-colors
Delicious	好吃 (hǎochī)		zh-colors
Heavy	重 (zhòng)		zh-colors
Light (weight)	轻 (qīng)		zh-colors
Bright	亮 (liàng)		zh-colors
Dark	暗 (àn)		zh-colors
Near	近 (jìn)		zh-colors
Far	远 (yuǎn)		zh-colors
Many	多 (duō)		zh-colors
Few	少 (shǎo)		zh-colors
Easy	容易 (róngyì)		zh-colors
Difficult	难 (nán)		zh-colors
Clean	干净 (gānjìng)		zh-colors
Dirty	脏 (zāng)		zh-colors
Open (adj. / verb)	开 (kāi)		zh-colors
Closed / to close	关 (guān)		zh-colors
Family	家人 (jiārén)		zh-family
Home / family	家 (jiā)		zh-family
Mother	妈妈 (māma)		zh-family
Father	爸爸 (bàba)		zh-family
Older brother	哥哥 (gēge)		zh-family
Older sister	姐姐 (jiějie)		zh-family
Younger brother	弟弟 (dìdi)		zh-family
Younger sister	妹妹 (mèimei)		zh-family
Grandfather (father's father)	爷爷 (yéye)		zh-family
Grandmother (father's mother)	奶奶 (nǎinai)		zh-family
Grandfather (mother's father)	外公 (wàigōng)		zh-family
Grandmother (mother's mother)	外婆 (wàipó)		zh-family
Husband	丈夫 (zhàngfu)		zh-family
Wife	妻子 (qīzi)		zh-family
Son	儿子 (érzi)		zh-family
Daughter	女儿 (nǚ'ér)		zh-family
Child	孩子 (háizi)		zh-family
Baby	宝宝 (bǎobao)		zh-family
Boy	男孩 (nánhái)		zh-family
Girl	女孩 (nǚhái)		zh-family
Man	男人 (nánrén)		zh-family
Woman	女人 (nǚrén)		zh-family
Person	人 (rén)		zh-family
Friend	朋友 (péngyou)		zh-family
Teacher	老师 (lǎoshī)		zh-family
Student	学生 (xuésheng)		zh-family
Doctor	医生 (yīshēng)		zh-family
Classmate	同学 (tóngxué)		zh-family
I / me	我 (wǒ)		zh-family
You	你 (nǐ)		zh-family
He / him	他 (tā)		zh-family
She / her	她 (tā)		zh-family
It	它 (tā)		zh-family
We	我们 (wǒmen)		zh-family
You (plural)	你们 (nǐmen)		zh-family
They	他们 (tāmen)		zh-family
Uncle (father's younger brother)	叔叔 (shūshu)		zh-family
Aunt (father's sister)	姑姑 (gūgu)		zh-family
Cousin (father's brother's child, older male)	堂哥 (tánggē)		zh-family
Parents	父母 (fùmǔ)		zh-family
Name	名字 (míngzi)		zh-family
Age (years old)	岁 (suì)		zh-family
Neighbor	邻居 (línjū)		zh-family
Country	国家 (guójiā)		zh-family
China	中国 (Zhōngguó)		zh-family
America	美国 (Měiguó)		zh-family
School	学校 (xuéxiào)		zh-family
Classroom	教室 (jiàoshì)		zh-family
House / room	房子 (fángzi)		zh-family
Pet	宠物 (chǒngwù)		zh-family
Everyone	大家 (dàjiā)		zh-family
Rice (cooked)	米饭 (mǐfàn)		zh-food
Water	水 (shuǐ)		zh-food
Tea	茶 (chá)		zh-food
Milk	牛奶 (niúnǎi)		zh-food
Juice	果汁 (guǒzhī)		zh-food
Coffee	咖啡 (kāfēi)		zh-food
Bread	面包 (miànbāo)		zh-food
Egg	鸡蛋 (jīdàn)		zh-food
Meat	肉 (ròu)		zh-food
Beef	牛肉 (niúròu)		zh-food
Pork	猪肉 (zhūròu)		zh-food
Chicken (meat)	鸡肉 (jīròu)		zh-food
Fish (food)	鱼 (yú)		zh-food
Vegetables	蔬菜 (shūcài)		zh-food
Fruit	水果 (shuǐguǒ)		zh-food
Apple	苹果 (píngguǒ)		zh-food
Banana	香蕉 (xiāngjiāo)		zh-food
Orange	橙子 (chéngzi)		zh-food
Grapes	葡萄 (pútao)		zh-food
Strawberry	草莓 (cǎoméi)		zh-food
Watermelon	西瓜 (xīguā)		zh-food
Peach	桃子 (táozi)		zh-food
Pear	梨 (lí)		zh-food
Lemon	柠檬 (níngméng)		zh-food
Mango	芒果 (mángguǒ)		zh-food
Potato	土豆 (tǔdòu)		zh-food
Tomato	西红柿 (xīhóngshì)		zh-food
Carrot	胡萝卜 (húluóbo)		zh-food
Corn	玉米 (yùmǐ)		zh-food
Onion	洋葱 (yángcōng)		zh-food
Cabbage	白菜 (báicài)		zh-food
Noodles	面条 (miàntiáo)		zh-food
Dumplings	饺子 (jiǎozi)		zh-food
Steamed bun	包子 (bāozi)		zh-food
Soup	汤 (tāng)		zh-food
Fried rice	炒饭 (chǎofàn)		zh-food
Tofu	豆腐 (dòufu)		zh-food
Salt	盐 (yán)		zh-food
Sugar	糖 (táng)		zh-food
Candy	糖果 (tángguǒ)		zh-food
Cake	蛋糕 (dàngāo)		zh-food
Ice cream	冰淇淋 (bīngqílín)		zh-food
Cookie	饼干 (bǐnggān)		zh-food
Chocolate	巧克力 (qiǎokèlì)		zh-food
Breakfast	早饭 (zǎofàn)		zh-food
Lunch	午饭 (wǔfàn)		zh-food
Dinner	晚饭 (wǎnfàn)		zh-food
Chopsticks	筷子 (kuàizi)		zh-food
Bowl	碗 (wǎn)		zh-food
Spoon	勺子 (sháozi)		zh-food
Knife	刀 (dāo)		zh-food
I'm hungry	我饿了 (wǒ è le)		zh-food
I'm thirsty	我渴了 (wǒ kě le)		zh-food
I want to eat	我想吃 (wǒ xiǎng chī)		zh-food
Delicious	好吃 (hǎochī)		zh-food
Full (I'm full)	我吃饱了 (wǒ chī bǎo le)		zh-food
Hello	你好 (nǐ hǎo)		zh-greetings
Hello (to many people / polite)	您好 (nín hǎo)		zh-greetings
Good morning	早上好 (zǎoshang hǎo)		zh-greetings
Good morning (short)	早安 (zǎo ān)		zh-greetings
Good evening	晚上好 (wǎnshang hǎo)		zh-greetings
Good night	晚安 (wǎn ān)		zh-greetings
Goodbye	再见 (zàijiàn)		zh-greetings
See you tomorrow	明天见 (míngtiān jiàn)		zh-greetings
Thank you	谢谢 (xièxie)		zh-greetings
You're welcome	不客气 (bú kèqi)		zh-greetings
Sorry	对不起 (duìbuqǐ)		zh-greetings
It's okay / no problem	没关系 (méi guānxi)		zh-greetings
Excuse me	打扰一下 (dǎrǎo yíxià)		zh-greetings
Please	请 (qǐng)		zh-greetings
Yes / correct	对 (duì)		zh-greetings
Yes (it is)	是 (shì)		zh-greetings
No (it is not)	不是 (bú shì)		zh-greetings
No / not	不 (bù)		zh-greetings
How are you?	你好吗 (nǐ hǎo ma)		zh-greetings
I'm fine	我很好 (wǒ hěn hǎo)		zh-greetings
And you?	你呢 (nǐ ne)		zh-greetings
Nice to meet you	很高兴认识你 (hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ)		zh-greetings
What is your name?	你叫什么名字 (nǐ jiào shénme míngzi)		zh-greetings
My name is Mei	我叫美 (wǒ jiào Měi)		zh-greetings
I am American	我是美国人 (wǒ shì Měiguó rén)		zh-greetings
Happy birthday	生日快乐 (shēngrì kuàilè)		zh-greetings
Happy New Year	新年快乐 (xīnnián kuàilè)		zh-greetings
Congratulations and prosperity	恭喜发财 (gōngxǐ fācái)		zh-greetings
Cheers	干杯 (gānbēi)		zh-greetings
Welcome	欢迎 (huānyíng)		zh-greetings
Take care	保重 (bǎozhòng)		zh-greetings
Come on! / Keep going	加油 (jiāyóu)		zh-greetings
Please sit	请坐 (qǐng zuò)		zh-greetings
Please come in	请进 (qǐng jìn)		zh-greetings
Please wait	请等一下 (qǐng děng yíxià)		zh-greetings
I understand	我懂 (wǒ dǒng)		zh-greetings
I don't understand	我不懂 (wǒ bù dǒng)		zh-greetings
Please say it again	请再说一遍 (qǐng zài shuō yí biàn)		zh-greetings
Please speak slowly	请说慢一点 (qǐng shuō màn yìdiǎn)		zh-greetings
Do you speak English?	你会说英语吗 (nǐ huì shuō Yīngyǔ ma)		zh-greetings
I speak a little Chinese	我会说一点中文 (wǒ huì shuō yìdiǎn Zhōngwén)		zh-greetings
Where is the bathroom?	洗手间在哪里 (xǐshǒujiān zài nǎlǐ)		zh-greetings
I don't know	我不知道 (wǒ bù zhīdào)		zh-greetings
I know	我知道 (wǒ zhīdào)		zh-greetings
Really?	真的吗 (zhēn de ma)		zh-greetings
Very good	很好 (hěn hǎo)		zh-greetings
Great!	太好了 (tài hǎo le)		zh-greetings
Let's go	我们走吧 (wǒmen zǒu ba)		zh-greetings
Have a good trip	一路平安 (yílù píng'ān)		zh-greetings
Hello (on the phone)	喂 (wéi)		zh-greetings
Sleep well	睡个好觉 (shuì ge hǎo jiào)		zh-greetings
0	零 (líng)		zh-numbers
1	一 (yī)		zh-numbers
2	二 (èr (for counting; liǎng 两 before measure words))		zh-numbers
3	三 (sān)		zh-numbers
4	四 (sì)		zh-numbers
5	五 (wǔ)		zh-numbers
6	六 (liù)		zh-numbers
7	七 (qī)		zh-numbers
8	八 (bā)		zh-numbers
9	九 (jiǔ)		zh-numbers
10	十 (shí)		zh-numbers
11	十一 (shí yī)		zh-numbers
12	十二 (shí èr)		zh-numbers
13	十三 (shí sān)		zh-numbers
14	十四 (shí sì)		zh-numbers
15	十五 (shí wǔ)		zh-numbers
16	十六 (shí liù)		zh-numbers
17	十七 (shí qī)		zh-numbers
18	十八 (shí bā)		zh-numbers
19	十九 (shí jiǔ)		zh-numbers
20	二十 (èr shí)		zh-numbers
21	二十一 (èr shí yī)		zh-numbers
25	二十五 (èr shí wǔ)		zh-numbers
30	三十 (sān shí)		zh-numbers
40	四十 (sì shí)		zh-numbers
50	五十 (wǔ shí)		zh-numbers
60	六十 (liù shí)		zh-numbers
70	七十 (qī shí)		zh-numbers
80	八十 (bā shí)		zh-numbers
90	九十 (jiǔ shí)		zh-numbers
99	九十九 (jiǔ shí jiǔ)		zh-numbers
100	一百 (yì bǎi)		zh-numbers
101	一百零一 (yì bǎi líng yī)		zh-numbers
200	两百 (liǎng bǎi)		zh-numbers
500	五百 (wǔ bǎi)		zh-numbers
1,000	一千 (yì qiān)		zh-numbers
2,000	两千 (liǎng qiān)		zh-numbers
10,000	一万 (yí wàn)		zh-numbers
100,000	十万 (shí wàn)		zh-numbers
1,000,000	一百万 (yì bǎi wàn)		zh-numbers
100,000,000	一亿 (yí yì)		zh-numbers
Half	一半 (yíbàn)		zh-numbers
First	第一 (dì yī)		zh-numbers
Second (ordinal)	第二 (dì èr)		zh-numbers
Third	第三 (dì sān)		zh-numbers
How many?	几个 (jǐ ge)		zh-numbers
How much?	多少 (duōshao)		zh-numbers
Zero (alternative)	〇 (líng)		zh-numbers
Many	很多 (hěn duō)		zh-numbers
A few	几个 (jǐ ge)		zh-numbers
What is this?	这是什么 (zhè shì shénme)		zh-phrases
How much is it?	多少钱 (duōshao qián)		zh-phrases
Where is the school?	学校在哪里 (xuéxiào zài nǎlǐ)		zh-phrases
I want water	我想要水 (wǒ xiǎng yào shuǐ)		zh-phrases
I like cats	我喜欢猫 (wǒ xǐhuan māo)		zh-phrases
I don't like carrots	我不喜欢胡萝卜 (wǒ bù xǐhuan húluóbo)		zh-phrases
I am ten years old	我十岁 (wǒ shí suì)		zh-phrases
I am a student	我是学生 (wǒ shì xuésheng)		zh-phrases
I have a dog	我有一只狗 (wǒ yǒu yì zhī gǒu)		zh-phrases
I don't have	我没有 (wǒ méiyǒu)		zh-phrases
What time is it?	现在几点 (xiànzài jǐ diǎn)		zh-phrases
Today	今天 (jīntiān)		zh-phrases
Tomorrow	明天 (míngtiān)		zh-phrases
Yesterday	昨天 (zuótiān)		zh-phrases
Now	现在 (xiànzài)		zh-phrases
Morning	早上 (zǎoshang)		zh-phrases
Afternoon	下午 (xiàwǔ)		zh-phrases
Evening	晚上 (wǎnshang)		zh-phrases
Monday	星期一 (xīngqī yī)		zh-phrases
Tuesday	星期二 (xīngqī èr)		zh-phrases
Wednesday	星期三 (xīngqī sān)		zh-phrases
Thursday	星期四 (xīngqī sì)		zh-phrases
Friday	星期五 (xīngqī wǔ)		zh-phrases
Saturday	星期六 (xīngqī liù)		zh-phrases
Sunday	星期天 (xīngqī tiān)		zh-phrases
Week	星期 (xīngqī)		zh-phrases
Month	月 (yuè)		zh-phrases
Year	年 (nián)		zh-phrases
Day	天 (tiān)		zh-phrases
Left	左 (zuǒ)		zh-phrases
Right	右 (yòu)		zh-phrases
Straight ahead	往前走 (wǎng qián zǒu)		zh-phrases
Up	上 (shàng)		zh-phrases
Down	下 (xià)		zh-phrases
Inside	里面 (lǐmiàn)		zh-phrases
Outside	外面 (wàimiàn)		zh-phrases
Here	这里 (zhèlǐ)		zh-phrases
There	那里 (nàlǐ)		zh-phrases
Who?	谁 (shéi)		zh-phrases
What?	什么 (shénme)		zh-phrases
When?	什么时候 (shénme shíhou)		zh-phrases
Where?	哪里 (nǎlǐ)		zh-phrases
Why?	为什么 (wèishénme)		zh-phrases
How?	怎么 (zěnme)		zh-phrases
This	这 (zhè)		zh-phrases
That	那 (nà)		zh-phrases
And	和 (hé)		zh-phrases
Very	很 (hěn)		zh-phrases
Also	也 (yě)		zh-phrases
Can / know how to	会 (huì)		zh-phrases
Want	想 (xiǎng)		zh-phrases
To eat	吃 (chī)		zh-verbs
To drink	喝 (hē)		zh-verbs
To go	去 (qù)		zh-verbs
To come	来 (lái)		zh-verbs
To see / look	看 (kàn)		zh-verbs
To listen	听 (tīng)		zh-verbs
To speak	说 (shuō)		zh-verbs
To read	读 (dú)		zh-verbs
To write	写 (xiě)		zh-verbs
To do	做 (zuò)		zh-verbs
To buy	买 (mǎi)		zh-verbs
To sell	卖 (mài)		zh-verbs
To sleep	睡觉 (shuìjiào)		zh-verbs
To get up	起床 (qǐchuáng)		zh-verbs
To play	玩 (wán)		zh-verbs
To swim	游泳 (yóuyǒng)		zh-verbs
To run	跑 (pǎo)		zh-verbs
To walk	走 (zǒu)		zh-verbs
To study	学习 (xuéxí)		zh-verbs
To teach	教 (jiāo)		zh-verbs
To know (a fact)	知道 (zhīdào)		zh-verbs
To think	想 (xiǎng)		zh-verbs
To wait	等 (děng)		zh-verbs
To sit	坐 (zuò)		zh-verbs
To stand	站 (zhàn)		zh-verbs
To open	开 (kāi)		zh-verbs
To close	关 (guān)		zh-verbs
To give	给 (gěi)		zh-verbs
To take	拿 (ná)		zh-verbs
To use	用 (yòng)		zh-verbs
To sing	唱歌 (chànggē)		zh-verbs
To dance	跳舞 (tiàowǔ)		zh-verbs
To draw	画 (huà)		zh-verbs
To laugh	笑 (xiào)		zh-verbs
To cry	哭 (kū)		zh-verbs
To like	喜欢 (xǐhuan)		zh-verbs
To love	爱 (ài)		zh-verbs
To have	有 (yǒu)		zh-verbs
To be	是 (shì)		zh-verbs
To meet	见面 (jiànmiàn)		zh-verbs
To work	工作 (gōngzuò)		zh-verbs
To rest	休息 (xiūxi)		zh-verbs
To wash	洗 (xǐ)		zh-verbs
To cook	做饭 (zuòfàn)		zh-verbs
To help	帮助 (bāngzhù)		zh-verbs
To borrow	借 (jiè)		zh-verbs
To remember	记得 (jìde)		zh-verbs
To forget	忘 (wàng)		zh-verbs
To ask	问 (wèn)		zh-verbs
To answer	回答 (huídá)		zh-verbs
To find	找 (zhǎo)		zh-verbs
To drive	开车 (kāichē)		zh-verbs
To fly	飞 (fēi)		zh-verbs
To jump	跳 (tiào)		zh-verbs
To call / be called	叫 (jiào)		zh-verbs
To wear (clothes)	穿 (chuān)		zh-verbs
To arrive	到 (dào)		zh-verbs
To return	回 (huí)		zh-verbs
Anthropology	The study of humans, past and present, including biology and culture		anthropology-intro-terms
Four fields	Cultural, biological (physical), archaeological and linguistic anthropology		anthropology-intro-terms
Cultural anthropology	Study of human societies and cultures		anthropology-intro-terms
Biological anthropology	Study of human biology, evolution and primates		anthropology-intro-terms
Archaeology	Study of the human past through material remains		anthropology-intro-terms
Linguistic anthropology	Study of language in its social and cultural context		anthropology-intro-terms
Culture	Learned, shared beliefs, values and behaviors of a group		anthropology-intro-terms
Society	A group of people who share territory and culture		anthropology-intro-terms
Ethnography	A detailed written study of a culture, based on fieldwork		anthropology-intro-terms
Fieldwork	Research done by living among and observing people		anthropology-intro-terms
Participant observation	Learning about a group by taking part in its daily life		anthropology-intro-terms
Informant	A person who teaches a researcher about their culture		anthropology-intro-terms
Emic perspective	Understanding a culture from the insider's point of view		anthropology-intro-terms
Etic perspective	Describing a culture from an outsider's, more objective viewpoint		anthropology-intro-terms
Ethnocentrism	Judging other cultures by the standards of your own		anthropology-intro-terms
Cultural relativism	Understanding a culture on its own terms without judging it by outside standards		anthropology-intro-terms
Enculturation	The process of learning your culture		anthropology-intro-terms
Acculturation	Change when cultures come into contact		anthropology-intro-terms
Cultural diffusion	Spread of cultural traits from one society to another		anthropology-intro-terms
Material culture	Physical objects made by a culture		anthropology-intro-terms
Nonmaterial culture	Ideas, beliefs and values		anthropology-intro-terms
Norm	A shared expectation about behavior		anthropology-intro-terms
Value	A shared belief about what is good or important		anthropology-intro-terms
Ritual	A repeated, symbolic action		anthropology-intro-terms
Rite of passage	Ritual marking a change in status, like adulthood		anthropology-intro-terms
Symbol	Something that stands for something else		anthropology-intro-terms
Kinship	Relationships based on blood, marriage or adoption		anthropology-intro-terms
Nuclear family	Parents and their children		anthropology-intro-terms
Extended family	Family that includes other relatives		anthropology-intro-terms
Descent	How people trace family ties		anthropology-intro-terms
Patrilineal descent	Tracing descent through the father's line		anthropology-intro-terms
Matrilineal descent	Tracing descent through the mother's line		anthropology-intro-terms
Marriage	A socially recognized union, with different forms across cultures		anthropology-intro-terms
Exogamy	Marrying outside one's group		anthropology-intro-terms
Endogamy	Marrying within one's group		anthropology-intro-terms
Band	Small, mobile group of hunter-gatherers		anthropology-intro-terms
Tribe	Group of related bands or clans with shared culture		anthropology-intro-terms
Chiefdom	Society led by a chief with inherited rank		anthropology-intro-terms
State	Society with centralized government and social classes		anthropology-intro-terms
Hunter-gatherers	People who live by hunting animals and gathering plants		anthropology-intro-terms
Pastoralism	Livelihood based on herding animals		anthropology-intro-terms
Horticulture	Small-scale farming with simple tools		anthropology-intro-terms
Agriculture	Large-scale farming		anthropology-intro-terms
Neolithic Revolution	Shift to farming about 10,000 years ago		anthropology-intro-terms
Reciprocity	Exchange of goods and favors based on mutual obligation		anthropology-intro-terms
Potlatch	Feast with gift-giving practiced on the Northwest Coast		anthropology-intro-terms
Kula ring	Exchange system among islands near Papua New Guinea studied by Malinowski		anthropology-intro-terms
Bronislaw Malinowski	Anthropologist who pioneered fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands		anthropology-intro-terms
Franz Boas	Father of American anthropology; stressed cultural relativism		anthropology-intro-terms
Margaret Mead	Anthropologist who studied adolescence in Samoa		anthropology-intro-terms
Ruth Benedict	Anthropologist who wrote Patterns of Culture		anthropology-intro-terms
Claude Levi-Strauss	French anthropologist who studied myth and kinship		anthropology-intro-terms
Clifford Geertz	Anthropologist who described culture as webs of meaning		anthropology-intro-terms
Hominin	Humans and their extinct close relatives		anthropology-intro-terms
Australopithecus	Early bipedal hominins that lived in Africa millions of years ago		anthropology-intro-terms
Lucy	A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton found in Ethiopia in 1974		anthropology-intro-terms
Homo habilis	Early Homo species associated with stone tools		anthropology-intro-terms
Homo erectus	Early human relative that used fire and spread out of Africa		anthropology-intro-terms
Neanderthals	Close human relatives who lived in Europe and Asia until about 40,000 years ago		anthropology-intro-terms
Homo sapiens	Modern humans, who first appeared in Africa about 300,000 years ago		anthropology-intro-terms
Bipedalism	Walking on two legs		anthropology-intro-terms
Primate	Group of mammals including monkeys, apes and humans		anthropology-intro-terms
Out of Africa	Evidence that modern humans originated in Africa and spread worldwide		anthropology-intro-terms
Paleolithic	Old Stone Age		anthropology-intro-terms
Artifact	An object made or used by people in the past		anthropology-intro-terms
Excavation	Careful digging at an archaeological site		anthropology-intro-terms
Stratigraphy	Layers of earth that help date finds		anthropology-intro-terms
Radiocarbon dating	Method that measures carbon-14 to date organic remains		anthropology-intro-terms
Linguistic relativity	Idea that language influences thought (Sapir-Whorf)		anthropology-intro-terms
Globalization	Growing connections among cultures worldwide		anthropology-intro-terms
What is the supreme law of the United States?	The Constitution		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What does the Constitution do?	It sets up the government, defines its powers and protects basic rights		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What are the first three words of the Constitution?	We the People		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What does 'We the People' show about the government?	That the government's power comes from the people		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is an amendment?	A change or addition to the Constitution		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What do we call the first ten amendments?	The Bill of Rights		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
How many amendments does the Constitution have?	Twenty-seven (27)		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What did the Declaration of Independence do?	Announced that the colonies were free from Great Britain		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Who wrote most of the Declaration of Independence?	Thomas Jefferson		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
On what date was the Declaration of Independence adopted?	July 4, 1776		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Name two rights listed in the Declaration of Independence.	Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is freedom of religion?	You may practice any religion, or none		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is the economic system of the United States?	A capitalist or market economy		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is the rule of law?	Everyone, including leaders, must obey the law, and no one is above it		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Name one right guaranteed by the First Amendment.	Speech, religion, assembly, press, or petitioning the government		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is freedom of the press?	The right to publish news and opinions without government control		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is the right to petition?	The right to ask the government to fix a problem		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Who can vote in federal elections?	US citizens aged 18 and older		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Name one right only for US citizens.	Voting in federal elections, or running for federal office		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What rights do all people living in the US have?	Freedom of speech, religion, assembly and others in the Bill of Rights		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What does a person promise in the Oath of Allegiance?	To give up loyalty to other countries, defend the Constitution and obey the laws		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Name two promises in the Oath of Allegiance.	Obey the laws, serve in the military or do work of national importance if needed		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Name one duty of every citizen.	Obeying laws, paying taxes, or serving on a jury when called		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Name one responsibility only for citizens.	Serving on a jury, or voting in federal elections		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
How old must you be to vote?	Eighteen		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is a jury?	A group of citizens who decide the facts in a trial		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What do Americans do on Election Day?	Vote for leaders and on issues		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
When is Election Day for federal offices?	In November		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What must men register for at age 18?	Selective Service, the military draft registration system		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Why is paying taxes a duty?	Taxes fund roads, schools, defense and other public services		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
When are federal income taxes due?	April 15, in most years		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is a political party?	A group of people with similar ideas who work to elect leaders		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Name the two major political parties in the US.	Democratic and Republican		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is a citizen?	A full member of a country with rights and responsibilities		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is naturalization?	The process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What does 'equal justice under law' mean?	The law applies the same way to everyone		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is due process?	Fair legal procedures before the government takes life, liberty or property		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is the right to a speedy and public trial?	A defendant is tried promptly and in the open, guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What does the Fifth Amendment protect?	The right not to testify against yourself and to due process		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What does the Fourth Amendment protect?	People from unreasonable searches and seizures		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is the right to bear arms?	The Second Amendment right to keep and carry weapons, subject to laws		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What does the Eighth Amendment forbid?	Cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is freedom of assembly?	The right to gather peacefully in groups		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is freedom of speech?	The right to express ideas without government punishment, with limits		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is a constitutional right?	A right protected by the Constitution		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is a civil right?	A right to equal treatment, such as voting and equal protection		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is a civic duty?	Something citizens should do to help the community and country		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is volunteering?	Giving your time to help others without pay		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is the pursuit of happiness?	The freedom to seek a good life in your own way		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Why do we have a Constitution?	To create a lasting government with limited power and protected rights		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Who has the final say in a democracy?	The people, by voting		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What does 'limited government' mean?	The government can only do what the Constitution and laws allow		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is representative democracy?	People elect representatives to make laws for them		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is the Pledge of Allegiance?	A promise of loyalty to the flag and the republic		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is a patriot?	Someone who loves and supports their country		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
What is the Preamble?	The opening statement of the Constitution that states its purposes		civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights
Name the three branches of the federal government.	Legislative, executive and judicial		civics-citizenship-government
What is the legislative branch?	Congress, which makes the laws		civics-citizenship-government
What is the executive branch?	The president and agencies that carry out the laws		civics-citizenship-government
What is the judicial branch?	The courts, which interpret the laws		civics-citizenship-government
What keeps one branch from becoming too powerful?	Separation of powers and checks and balances		civics-citizenship-government
What is a check and balance?	A way for one branch to limit the power of another		civics-citizenship-government
Who is in charge of the executive branch?	The president		civics-citizenship-government
Who makes federal laws?	Congress		civics-citizenship-government
What are the two parts of Congress?	The Senate and the House of Representatives		civics-citizenship-government
How many US senators are there?	One hundred (100)		civics-citizenship-government
How many senators does each state have?	Two		civics-citizenship-government
How long is a senator's term?	Six years		civics-citizenship-government
How many voting members are in the House of Representatives?	Four hundred thirty-five (435)		civics-citizenship-government
How long is a House member's term?	Two years		civics-citizenship-government
Why do some states have more House members than others?	Seats are based on each state's population		civics-citizenship-government
Who does a senator represent?	All the people of their state		civics-citizenship-government
Who does a House member represent?	The people of their district		civics-citizenship-government
Who leads the House of Representatives?	The Speaker of the House		civics-citizenship-government
Who presides over the Senate?	The vice president, who votes only to break a tie		civics-citizenship-government
How long is a president's term?	Four years		civics-citizenship-government
How many terms can a president serve?	Two elected terms		civics-citizenship-government
Which amendment limited presidents to two terms?	The 22nd Amendment		civics-citizenship-government
In what month do we vote for president?	November		civics-citizenship-government
What is the Electoral College?	The system of electors who formally choose the president		civics-citizenship-government
How many electoral votes does a candidate need to win?	At least 270		civics-citizenship-government
What is the minimum age to be president?	Thirty-five		civics-citizenship-government
What must a president be, by birth?	A natural-born citizen		civics-citizenship-government
Who takes over if the president can no longer serve?	The vice president		civics-citizenship-government
If both president and vice president cannot serve, who is next?	The Speaker of the House		civics-citizenship-government
Who is the commander in chief of the military?	The president		civics-citizenship-government
Who signs bills into law?	The president		civics-citizenship-government
Who can veto a bill?	The president		civics-citizenship-government
Can Congress override a veto?	Yes, with a two-thirds vote in both houses		civics-citizenship-government
What does the cabinet do?	Advises the president; its members head major departments		civics-citizenship-government
Name one cabinet department.	State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Education, Labor and others		civics-citizenship-government
Who nominates Supreme Court justices?	The president		civics-citizenship-government
Who confirms the president's nominees for the Supreme Court?	The Senate		civics-citizenship-government
What does the judicial branch do?	Interprets laws, settles disputes and decides if laws follow the Constitution		civics-citizenship-government
What is the highest court in the US?	The Supreme Court		civics-citizenship-government
How many justices are on the Supreme Court?	Nine		civics-citizenship-government
How long do federal judges serve?	For life, unless they resign or are removed		civics-citizenship-government
What is judicial review?	The courts' power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution		civics-citizenship-government
Who declares war?	Congress		civics-citizenship-government
Who makes treaties?	The president, with Senate approval		civics-citizenship-government
Who coins and prints money?	The federal government		civics-citizenship-government
Name one power of the federal government.	Print money, declare war, create an army, make treaties, regulate trade between states		civics-citizenship-government
Name one power of state governments.	Run schools, issue driver's licenses, hold elections, provide police		civics-citizenship-government
What is federalism?	Sharing power between the national government and states		civics-citizenship-government
What does the Tenth Amendment say?	Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or the people		civics-citizenship-government
Who is the head of a state's government?	The governor		civics-citizenship-government
What is the head of a city government often called?	The mayor		civics-citizenship-government
What is a county?	A region within a state with its own local government		civics-citizenship-government
What is a state capital?	The city where a state's government meets		civics-citizenship-government
What is the capital of the United States?	Washington, DC		civics-citizenship-government
Who gets to vote in a state election?	Citizens who are registered and old enough, with state rules		civics-citizenship-government
What is a census?	A count of the population taken every ten years		civics-citizenship-government
What is the purpose of the census?	To divide House seats and plan public services		civics-citizenship-government
What is a bill?	A proposed law		civics-citizenship-government
What is a law?	A rule made by the government and enforced by courts		civics-citizenship-government
What is a tax?	Money collected by the government for public services		civics-citizenship-government
What does the Senate do with treaties?	Approves them by a two-thirds vote		civics-citizenship-government
Who can impeach a federal official?	The House brings charges; the Senate holds the trial		civics-citizenship-government
What is an appeal?	Asking a higher court to review a decision		civics-citizenship-government
What does the vice president do?	Takes over if the president cannot serve, and presides over the Senate		civics-citizenship-government
What is the Library of Congress?	The nation's largest library, in Washington, DC		civics-citizenship-government
What is the Capitol?	The building where Congress meets		civics-citizenship-government
What is the White House?	Home and office of the president		civics-citizenship-government
What is the Pentagon?	Headquarters of the Department of Defense		civics-citizenship-government
Who lived in America before Europeans arrived?	Native American peoples		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one reason colonists came to America.	Freedom, religious freedom, economic opportunity, or to escape persecution		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who was brought to America by force from Africa?	Enslaved Africans		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who fought for American independence from Britain?	Colonists, called Patriots, led by the Continental Army		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Why did colonists fight the British?	High taxes without representation, and no say in laws		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What was the main purpose of the Declaration of Independence?	To tell the world why the colonies were separating from Britain		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who was the first president?	George Washington		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who commanded the Continental Army?	George Washington		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What did Benjamin Franklin invent or do?	Invented bifocals and the lightning rod, was a diplomat, and helped write founding documents		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who is called the Father of Our Country?	George Washington		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What was the Constitutional Convention?	The 1787 meeting where the Constitution was written		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Why were the Federalist Papers written?	To persuade states to ratify the Constitution		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one author of the Federalist Papers.	Alexander Hamilton, James Madison or John Jay		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What territory did the US buy from France in 1803?	The Louisiana Territory		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one war fought by the US in the 1800s.	War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, or Spanish-American War		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name the war between the North and the South.	The Civil War		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one problem that led to the Civil War.	Slavery, economic differences, or states' rights		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What was one important thing Abraham Lincoln did?	Freed enslaved people (Emancipation Proclamation), saved the Union, or led during the Civil War		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?	Declared freedom for enslaved people in rebelling states		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What did Susan B. Anthony do?	Fought for women's rights and the right to vote		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one war fought by the US in the 1900s.	World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War or Gulf War		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who was president during World War I?	Woodrow Wilson		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who was president during the Great Depression and World War II?	Franklin Roosevelt		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who did the US fight in World War II?	Japan, Germany and Italy		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Before he was president, Eisenhower was a general. In which war?	World War II		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What was the main concern of the US during the Cold War?	The spread of communism		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What movement did Martin Luther King Jr. lead?	The civil rights movement		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What did Martin Luther King Jr. do?	Fought for civil rights and equality for all Americans using nonviolence		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What major event happened on September 11, 2001?	Terrorists attacked the United States		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one American Indian tribe in the US.	Cherokee, Navajo, Sioux, Apache, Iroquois, Pueblo and many others		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one of the two longest rivers in the US.	The Missouri River or the Mississippi River		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What ocean is on the West Coast?	The Pacific Ocean		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What ocean is on the East Coast?	The Atlantic Ocean		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one US territory.	Puerto Rico, Guam, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa or Northern Mariana Islands		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one state that borders Canada.	Maine, New York, Montana, Washington, Alaska and others		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name one state that borders Mexico.	California, Arizona, New Mexico or Texas		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is the capital of the US?	Washington, DC		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Where is the Statue of Liberty?	New York Harbor, near Liberty Island		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Why does the flag have 13 stripes?	They stand for the original 13 colonies		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Why does the flag have 50 stars?	One for each state		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is the name of the national anthem?	The Star-Spangled Banner		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who wrote the words to the national anthem?	Francis Scott Key		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
When do we celebrate Independence Day?	July 4		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Name two national US holidays.	New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Juneteenth, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is Memorial Day?	A holiday honoring those who died serving in the military, on the last Monday in May		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is Veterans Day?	A holiday honoring all who served in the military, on November 11		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is Labor Day?	A holiday honoring workers, on the first Monday in September		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is Thanksgiving?	A holiday in late November to give thanks, on the fourth Thursday		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is Juneteenth?	A holiday on June 19 marking the end of slavery		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What are the colors of the US flag?	Red, white and blue		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is the nickname of the US flag?	The Stars and Stripes		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is the bald eagle?	The national bird of the United States		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is E Pluribus Unum?	Latin for 'Out of many, one,' a national motto		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is the Liberty Bell?	A bell in Philadelphia, a symbol of freedom		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
How many states are in the US?	Fifty		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Which cities served as the nation's capital before Washington, DC?	New York City and Philadelphia		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Which state is the largest by area?	Alaska		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Which state is the smallest by area?	Rhode Island		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Which state has the most people?	California		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Which was the last state to join?	Hawaii, in 1959		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who were the Pilgrims?	English settlers who founded Plymouth in 1620		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What was the Underground Railroad?	A secret network that helped enslaved people escape to freedom		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Who led people on the Underground Railroad?	Harriet Tubman is the best known		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What was the Great Depression?	A severe economic downturn in the 1930s		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What happened at Pearl Harbor?	Japan attacked the US naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
What is the Fourth of July also called?	Independence Day		civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols
Government	The people and system that make and enforce laws for a community or nation		civics-vocabulary
Citizen	A legal member of a country		civics-vocabulary
Citizenship	Being a member of a country with rights and duties		civics-vocabulary
Democracy	Government by the people, usually through voting		civics-vocabulary
Republic	A government with elected representatives and a constitution		civics-vocabulary
Monarchy	Rule by a king or queen		civics-vocabulary
Dictatorship	Rule by one person with total power		civics-vocabulary
Constitution	The basic plan and laws of a government		civics-vocabulary
Law	A rule made by the government that everyone must follow		civics-vocabulary
Right	Something you are free to do or have		civics-vocabulary
Responsibility	Something you should do		civics-vocabulary
Duty	A task you are required to do		civics-vocabulary
Liberty	Freedom		civics-vocabulary
Justice	Fair treatment under the law		civics-vocabulary
Equality	Being treated the same under the law		civics-vocabulary
Authority	The power to make decisions and be obeyed		civics-vocabulary
Power	The ability to make things happen		civics-vocabulary
Rule of law	Everyone follows the same laws, including leaders		civics-vocabulary
Legislature	A group that makes laws		civics-vocabulary
Executive	The part of government that carries out laws		civics-vocabulary
Judiciary	The courts		civics-vocabulary
Federal	National, as opposed to state or local		civics-vocabulary
State	One of the 50 divisions of the US with its own government		civics-vocabulary
Local government	City, town or county government		civics-vocabulary
Mayor	Head of a city government		civics-vocabulary
Governor	Head of a state government		civics-vocabulary
Council	A group of officials who make local laws		civics-vocabulary
Representative	A person elected to speak and act for others		civics-vocabulary
Senator	A member of the Senate		civics-vocabulary
Ambassador	Official sent to represent a country abroad		civics-vocabulary
Candidate	Person running for office		civics-vocabulary
Campaign	Efforts to win an election		civics-vocabulary
Election	A vote to choose leaders or decide an issue		civics-vocabulary
Ballot	The paper or screen used to cast a vote		civics-vocabulary
Vote	A choice made in an election		civics-vocabulary
Voter registration	Signing up to vote		civics-vocabulary
Polling place	Where people go to vote		civics-vocabulary
Primary election	A vote to choose a party's candidate		civics-vocabulary
General election	A vote to choose among candidates from different parties		civics-vocabulary
Majority	More than half		civics-vocabulary
Minority	Less than half; also a smaller group		civics-vocabulary
Referendum	A direct vote by citizens on a law or issue		civics-vocabulary
Initiative	A way for citizens to propose a law by gathering signatures		civics-vocabulary
Political party	A group that organizes to win elections and shape government		civics-vocabulary
Platform	A party's list of goals and positions		civics-vocabulary
Interest group	A group that tries to influence government decisions		civics-vocabulary
Lobbying	Trying to influence lawmakers		civics-vocabulary
Media	News sources that inform the public		civics-vocabulary
Public opinion	What most people think about issues		civics-vocabulary
Poll	A survey of people's opinions		civics-vocabulary
Petition	A written request signed by many people		civics-vocabulary
Protest	A public demonstration of disagreement		civics-vocabulary
Boycott	Refusing to buy something as a protest		civics-vocabulary
Civil rights	Rights to equal treatment under the law		civics-vocabulary
Civil liberties	Basic freedoms protected from government action		civics-vocabulary
Discrimination	Unfair treatment because of identity		civics-vocabulary
Segregation	Forced separation of groups		civics-vocabulary
Suffrage	The right to vote		civics-vocabulary
Amendment	A change to a constitution		civics-vocabulary
Ratify	To approve formally		civics-vocabulary
Veto	To reject a bill		civics-vocabulary
Impeach	To charge an official with wrongdoing		civics-vocabulary
Override	To pass a bill despite a veto		civics-vocabulary
Treaty	An agreement between nations		civics-vocabulary
Diplomacy	Handling relations between countries peacefully		civics-vocabulary
Sovereignty	A nation's right to govern itself		civics-vocabulary
Immigrant	Person who moves to a new country to live		civics-vocabulary
Naturalization	Process of becoming a citizen		civics-vocabulary
Tax	Money paid to the government		civics-vocabulary
Budget	A plan for earning and spending money		civics-vocabulary
Public service	Work done for the community		civics-vocabulary
Volunteer	Person who works without pay to help others		civics-vocabulary
Jury	Citizens who decide a verdict		civics-vocabulary
Verdict	Decision of a jury or judge		civics-vocabulary
Defendant	Person accused in court		civics-vocabulary
Plaintiff	Person who brings a lawsuit		civics-vocabulary
Prosecutor	Lawyer who brings charges for the government		civics-vocabulary
Judge	Official who runs a court		civics-vocabulary
Testify	To give evidence in court		civics-vocabulary
Common good	What benefits everyone in a community		civics-vocabulary
Compromise	Each side gives up something to agree		civics-vocabulary
Consensus	General agreement		civics-vocabulary
Civic engagement	Taking part in community and public life		civics-vocabulary
Bipartisan	Involving two political parties		civics-vocabulary
Constituent	A voter represented by an official		civics-vocabulary
Term	The length of time an official serves		civics-vocabulary
Incumbent	Person currently holding an office		civics-vocabulary
Firefighter	Puts out fires and rescues people (Wears a helmet and rides a fire truck)		community-helpers
Police officer	Keeps people safe and helps follow the rules (Call 911 in an emergency)		community-helpers
Doctor	Helps people who are sick or hurt feel better		community-helpers
Nurse	Cares for patients and helps doctors		community-helpers
Dentist	Takes care of our teeth (Brush twice a day)		community-helpers
Teacher	Helps students learn		community-helpers
Librarian	Helps people find books and information		community-helpers
Mail carrier	Delivers letters and packages		community-helpers
Bus driver	Drives people safely to places like school		community-helpers
Farmer	Grows food like fruits, vegetables and grains		community-helpers
Baker	Makes bread, cakes and cookies		community-helpers
Grocery store worker	Sells food and helps shoppers		community-helpers
Chef	Cooks food in a restaurant		community-helpers
Server	Brings food to customers in a restaurant		community-helpers
Garbage collector	Takes away trash and keeps the town clean		community-helpers
Recycling worker	Sorts materials so they can be used again		community-helpers
Construction worker	Builds houses, roads and bridges		community-helpers
Carpenter	Builds with wood		community-helpers
Plumber	Fixes pipes and water problems		community-helpers
Electrician	Installs and fixes wires and lights		community-helpers
Mechanic	Fixes cars and other machines		community-helpers
Veterinarian	Doctor for animals		community-helpers
Pharmacist	Prepares medicine from a doctor's order		community-helpers
Paramedic	Gives emergency care and rides in an ambulance		community-helpers
Crossing guard	Helps children cross the street safely		community-helpers
Pilot	Flies airplanes		community-helpers
Flight attendant	Helps passengers on a plane		community-helpers
Train conductor	Takes tickets and helps run a train		community-helpers
Taxi driver	Drives people where they want to go		community-helpers
Scientist	Learns about the world by testing ideas		community-helpers
Engineer	Designs things like bridges, machines and apps		community-helpers
Architect	Designs buildings		community-helpers
Artist	Makes paintings, drawings and sculptures		community-helpers
Musician	Plays or sings music		community-helpers
Writer	Writes stories, news or books		community-helpers
Journalist	Finds and shares news		community-helpers
Judge	Leads a court and makes sure the law is followed		community-helpers
Lawyer	Helps people with legal problems		community-helpers
Mayor	Leader of a town or city		community-helpers
Soldier	Member of the military who protects the country		community-helpers
Lifeguard	Watches swimmers and keeps them safe		community-helpers
Barber or hair stylist	Cuts and styles hair		community-helpers
Photographer	Takes pictures		community-helpers
Dentist hygienist	Cleans teeth		community-helpers
Optometrist	Checks eyes and helps people see well		community-helpers
Park ranger	Takes care of parks and teaches visitors		community-helpers
Zookeeper	Cares for animals in a zoo		community-helpers
Florist	Arranges and sells flowers		community-helpers
Tailor	Sews and fixes clothes		community-helpers
Shoemaker	Makes and repairs shoes		community-helpers
Coach	Teaches and trains a sports team		community-helpers
Therapist	Helps people feel better in body or mind		community-helpers
Custodian	Cleans and takes care of a building like a school		community-helpers
School principal	Leader of a school		community-helpers
School counselor	Helps students with feelings and school choices		community-helpers
Cashier	Takes payment at a store		community-helpers
Delivery driver	Brings packages and food to homes		community-helpers
Truck driver	Moves goods from place to place		community-helpers
Window washer	Cleans windows on tall buildings		community-helpers
Gardener	Takes care of plants and lawns		community-helpers
Locksmith	Makes keys and fixes locks		community-helpers
Painter	Paints walls, houses or pictures		community-helpers
Utility worker	Keeps electricity, gas and water running		community-helpers
Lineworker	Fixes power lines		community-helpers
Why community helpers matter	They do jobs that keep our community safe, clean and healthy		community-helpers
Emergency number	Dial 911		community-helpers
Tools of a firefighter	Hose, ladder, helmet and fire truck		community-helpers
Tools of a doctor	Stethoscope and thermometer		community-helpers
Tools of a teacher	Books, markers and a whiteboard		community-helpers
Tools of a mail carrier	Mailbag and truck		community-helpers
Tools of a builder	Hammer, saw and hard hat		community-helpers
Culture	The shared way of life of a group: language, food, clothing, beliefs, art and customs		cultures-and-customs
Custom	A way of acting that a group has followed for a long time		cultures-and-customs
Tradition	A custom passed from one generation to the next		cultures-and-customs
Heritage	Traditions and history inherited from the past		cultures-and-customs
Ethnic group	People who share a common culture, language or ancestry		cultures-and-customs
Language	A system of words used to communicate		cultures-and-customs
Dialect	A regional or social form of a language		cultures-and-customs
Bilingual	Able to speak two languages		cultures-and-customs
Cuisine	A style of cooking		cultures-and-customs
Folktale	A traditional story passed down by telling		cultures-and-customs
Folk music	Traditional music of a people		cultures-and-customs
Folk dance	Traditional dance of a region		cultures-and-customs
Festival	A celebration with special events		cultures-and-customs
Ceremony	A formal event marking something important		cultures-and-customs
Rite of passage	A ritual that marks moving to a new stage of life		cultures-and-customs
Namaste	A greeting in India, with hands pressed together		cultures-and-customs
Bowing	A common greeting in Japan and Korea		cultures-and-customs
Handshake	A common greeting in many Western countries		cultures-and-customs
Kiss on the cheek	A common greeting among friends in many European and Latin American countries		cultures-and-customs
Hongi	A traditional Maori greeting of pressing noses		cultures-and-customs
Salaam	Arabic greeting meaning peace		cultures-and-customs
Sushi	Japanese dish of rice with fish or vegetables		cultures-and-customs
Pasta	Italian staple made from wheat dough		cultures-and-customs
Tortilla	Flatbread of corn or wheat used in Mexican food		cultures-and-customs
Injera	Spongy flatbread of Ethiopia and Eritrea		cultures-and-customs
Curry	Spiced dish common in South Asia		cultures-and-customs
Dim sum	Small Chinese dishes served with tea		cultures-and-customs
Baguette	Long French bread		cultures-and-customs
Paella	Spanish rice dish		cultures-and-customs
Kimchi	Korean fermented cabbage dish		cultures-and-customs
Tagine	North African stew cooked in a clay pot		cultures-and-customs
Pho	Vietnamese noodle soup		cultures-and-customs
Falafel	Fried chickpea balls from the Middle East		cultures-and-customs
Jollof rice	West African rice dish		cultures-and-customs
Kimono	Traditional Japanese robe		cultures-and-customs
Sari	Long cloth draped as a dress in India and South Asia		cultures-and-customs
Kilt	Traditional Scottish knee-length garment		cultures-and-customs
Poncho	Cloth garment worn in the Andes and Latin America		cultures-and-customs
Dashiki	Colorful West African shirt		cultures-and-customs
Hanbok	Traditional Korean clothing		cultures-and-customs
Sombrero	Wide-brimmed Mexican hat		cultures-and-customs
Turban	Wrapped headcloth worn in several cultures		cultures-and-customs
Hijab	Head covering worn by some Muslim women		cultures-and-customs
Kippah (yarmulke)	Skullcap worn by many Jewish men		cultures-and-customs
Totem pole	Carved pole from Native peoples of the Northwest coast		cultures-and-customs
Mask	Face covering used in ceremonies in many cultures		cultures-and-customs
Didgeridoo	Wind instrument of Aboriginal Australians		cultures-and-customs
Sitar	Stringed instrument of India		cultures-and-customs
Bagpipes	Wind instrument associated with Scotland		cultures-and-customs
Samba	Lively music and dance style from Brazil		cultures-and-customs
Flamenco	Spanish music and dance with guitars and clapping		cultures-and-customs
Kabuki	Japanese theater with elaborate costumes		cultures-and-customs
Taiko drums	Large Japanese drums		cultures-and-customs
Steel drum	Instrument from Trinidad and Tobago		cultures-and-customs
Origami	Japanese art of paper folding		cultures-and-customs
Calligraphy	Art of beautiful writing, important in East Asia and the Middle East		cultures-and-customs
Batik	Cloth dyed with wax patterns, from Indonesia		cultures-and-customs
Mosaic	Pictures made from small pieces of tile or glass		cultures-and-customs
Henna	Plant dye used for body art in South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa		cultures-and-customs
Tea ceremony	Formal serving of tea in Japan		cultures-and-customs
Chopsticks	Eating tools used in East Asia		cultures-and-customs
Eating with hands	Common in many places, such as India and Ethiopia; use the right hand		cultures-and-customs
Removing shoes	Common in homes in Japan, Korea and many other countries		cultures-and-customs
Siesta	Midday rest in Spain and Latin America		cultures-and-customs
Fika	Swedish coffee break with a pastry		cultures-and-customs
Hospitality	Welcoming guests; very important in many cultures		cultures-and-customs
Elders	Older people, often respected for wisdom		cultures-and-customs
Extended family	Family including grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins		cultures-and-customs
Cultural diffusion	Spread of customs, ideas or goods from one culture to another		cultures-and-customs
Assimilation	Adopting the culture of a new place		cultures-and-customs
Multicultural	Having many cultures present		cultures-and-customs
Stereotype	An oversimplified belief about a group; it is often wrong		cultures-and-customs
Respect for differences	Learning about other cultures helps us understand and appreciate each other		cultures-and-customs
Cultural landmark	A place of cultural importance, like the Taj Mahal		cultures-and-customs
Microeconomics	The study of individual consumers, firms and markets		economics-concepts-high-school
Macroeconomics	The study of the whole economy: growth, inflation and jobs		economics-concepts-high-school
Marginal analysis	Weighing the added benefit and added cost of one more unit		economics-concepts-high-school
Marginal cost	The extra cost of producing one more unit		economics-concepts-high-school
Marginal benefit	The extra satisfaction from one more unit		economics-concepts-high-school
Diminishing returns	Adding more of one input eventually adds less output		economics-concepts-high-school
Economies of scale	Average costs fall as output grows		economics-concepts-high-school
Price elasticity of demand	How much quantity demanded changes when price changes		economics-concepts-high-school
Elastic demand	Buyers respond strongly to price changes		economics-concepts-high-school
Inelastic demand	Buyers respond little to price changes, like necessities		economics-concepts-high-school
Substitute goods	Goods that can replace each other, like butter and margarine		economics-concepts-high-school
Complementary goods	Goods used together, like printers and ink		economics-concepts-high-school
Normal good	A good you buy more of when income rises		economics-concepts-high-school
Inferior good	A good you buy less of when income rises		economics-concepts-high-school
Determinants of demand	Income, tastes, prices of related goods, expectations and number of buyers		economics-concepts-high-school
Determinants of supply	Input costs, technology, taxes and number of sellers		economics-concepts-high-school
Price ceiling	A legal maximum price		economics-concepts-high-school
Price floor	A legal minimum price, like a minimum wage		economics-concepts-high-school
Deadweight loss	Lost value when a market does not trade at the efficient level		economics-concepts-high-school
Consumer surplus	The difference between what buyers would pay and what they do pay		economics-concepts-high-school
Producer surplus	The difference between the price received and the lowest price a seller would accept		economics-concepts-high-school
Perfect competition	Many sellers, identical products and no control over price		economics-concepts-high-school
Oligopoly	A market with a few large firms		economics-concepts-high-school
Monopolistic competition	Many firms with differentiated products		economics-concepts-high-school
Natural monopoly	An industry where one firm can serve the market at the lowest cost		economics-concepts-high-school
Antitrust law	Laws that promote competition and limit monopolies		economics-concepts-high-school
Public good	Non-excludable and non-rival, like national defense		economics-concepts-high-school
Free rider	A person who benefits from a good without paying for it		economics-concepts-high-school
Externality	A cost or benefit that affects people who are not part of a transaction		economics-concepts-high-school
Gross domestic product	Total market value of goods and services produced in a country in a year		economics-concepts-high-school
Real GDP	GDP adjusted for inflation		economics-concepts-high-school
Economic growth	Increase in real GDP over time		economics-concepts-high-school
Business cycle	Recurring phases of expansion, peak, contraction and trough		economics-concepts-high-school
Recession	A significant decline in economic activity		economics-concepts-high-school
Unemployment rate	Percent of the labor force without a job but looking for one		economics-concepts-high-school
Frictional unemployment	Short-term joblessness while changing jobs		economics-concepts-high-school
Structural unemployment	Job loss because skills do not match available jobs		economics-concepts-high-school
Cyclical unemployment	Job loss caused by an economic downturn		economics-concepts-high-school
Inflation	A general rise in the price level		economics-concepts-high-school
Consumer Price Index	A measure of the average change in prices consumers pay		economics-concepts-high-school
Fiscal policy	Government spending and taxation to influence the economy		economics-concepts-high-school
Monetary policy	Central bank actions that influence interest rates and money supply		economics-concepts-high-school
Federal Reserve	The US central bank, created in 1913		economics-concepts-high-school
Federal funds rate	The interest rate banks charge each other overnight, a key policy tool		economics-concepts-high-school
Stimulus	Government action to boost the economy		economics-concepts-high-school
Budget deficit	When spending exceeds revenue in a year		economics-concepts-high-school
National debt	The total of past deficits the government owes		economics-concepts-high-school
Progressive tax	Higher earners pay a higher percentage		economics-concepts-high-school
Regressive tax	Lower earners pay a larger share of income		economics-concepts-high-school
Aggregate demand	Total demand for all goods and services in an economy		economics-concepts-high-school
Aggregate supply	Total goods and services producers will supply		economics-concepts-high-school
Multiplier effect	An initial spending change leads to larger changes in income		economics-concepts-high-school
Comparative advantage	Producing something at a lower opportunity cost than others		economics-concepts-high-school
Absolute advantage	Producing more of something with the same resources		economics-concepts-high-school
Trade deficit	Imports exceed exports		economics-concepts-high-school
Exchange rate	The price of one currency in terms of another		economics-concepts-high-school
World Trade Organization	International body that sets rules for trade		economics-concepts-high-school
Gold standard	Money tied to a fixed amount of gold		economics-concepts-high-school
Adam Smith	Author of The Wealth of Nations (1776), who described the 'invisible hand' of markets		economics-concepts-high-school
Invisible hand	Smith's idea that self-interested trading can benefit society		economics-concepts-high-school
John Maynard Keynes	Economist who argued governments should spend to fight depressions		economics-concepts-high-school
Milton Friedman	Economist who stressed the money supply and free markets		economics-concepts-high-school
Karl Marx	Writer who criticized capitalism and wrote Das Kapital		economics-concepts-high-school
Human capital	Skills and knowledge workers have		economics-concepts-high-school
Labor force	People working or looking for work		economics-concepts-high-school
Minimum wage	Lowest hourly pay allowed by law		economics-concepts-high-school
Labor union	Workers' group that bargains for pay and conditions		economics-concepts-high-school
Productivity growth	Rising output per worker, which raises living standards		economics-concepts-high-school
Gig economy	Short-term, flexible work done through apps and platforms		economics-concepts-high-school
Supply chain	The steps that move a product from raw materials to customers		economics-concepts-high-school
Economics	The study of how people make choices about limited resources		economics-vocabulary
Scarcity	Not having enough resources to meet everyone's wants		economics-vocabulary
Resources	Land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship used to make goods and services		economics-vocabulary
Natural resources	Materials from nature, like water, oil and soil		economics-vocabulary
Labor	Human work, both physical and mental		economics-vocabulary
Capital	Tools, machines and buildings used to make goods		economics-vocabulary
Entrepreneur	A person who starts a business and takes risks		economics-vocabulary
Needs	Things required to live, like food and shelter		economics-vocabulary
Wants	Things we desire but do not need		economics-vocabulary
Goods	Physical products that satisfy wants		economics-vocabulary
Services	Work done for others		economics-vocabulary
Consumer	A person who buys and uses goods and services		economics-vocabulary
Producer	A person or business that makes goods or services		economics-vocabulary
Opportunity cost	The next best thing you give up when you make a choice		economics-vocabulary
Trade-off	Giving up one thing to get another		economics-vocabulary
Incentive	Something that motivates people to act		economics-vocabulary
Supply	How much of a good sellers are willing to offer at each price		economics-vocabulary
Demand	How much of a good buyers are willing to buy at each price		economics-vocabulary
Law of demand	When price rises, quantity demanded falls		economics-vocabulary
Law of supply	When price rises, quantity supplied rises		economics-vocabulary
Equilibrium price	The price where supply equals demand		economics-vocabulary
Shortage	When demand is greater than supply		economics-vocabulary
Surplus	When supply is greater than demand		economics-vocabulary
Price	The amount of money asked for something		economics-vocabulary
Market	Place or system where buyers and sellers trade		economics-vocabulary
Competition	Businesses trying to win customers by offering better prices or quality		economics-vocabulary
Monopoly	When only one business sells a product		economics-vocabulary
Profit	Money left after paying all costs		economics-vocabulary
Revenue	Money a business takes in from sales		economics-vocabulary
Cost	What it takes to make or buy something		economics-vocabulary
Fixed cost	A cost that stays the same, like rent		economics-vocabulary
Variable cost	A cost that changes with output, like materials		economics-vocabulary
Wage	Pay for work		economics-vocabulary
Salary	Fixed pay for a job, usually yearly		economics-vocabulary
Income	Money received by a person or household		economics-vocabulary
Budget	A plan for earning, saving and spending money		economics-vocabulary
Saving	Setting money aside for later		economics-vocabulary
Investment	Putting money into something expecting it to grow		economics-vocabulary
Interest	Money paid for borrowing, or earned on savings		economics-vocabulary
Credit	Borrowing money or buying now to pay later		economics-vocabulary
Debt	Money that is owed		economics-vocabulary
Loan	Money borrowed that must be repaid		economics-vocabulary
Bank	Business that holds money and makes loans		economics-vocabulary
Inflation	A general rise in prices over time		economics-vocabulary
Deflation	A general fall in prices		economics-vocabulary
Recession	A period when the economy shrinks		economics-vocabulary
Depression	A very severe, long economic downturn		economics-vocabulary
GDP	Gross domestic product: total value of goods and services a country produces in a year		economics-vocabulary
Unemployment	When people who want jobs cannot find them		economics-vocabulary
Tax	Money paid to the government		economics-vocabulary
Tariff	A tax on imported goods		economics-vocabulary
Trade	Exchange of goods and services		economics-vocabulary
Import	A good bought from another country		economics-vocabulary
Export	A good sold to another country		economics-vocabulary
Barter	Trading goods directly without money		economics-vocabulary
Specialization	Focusing on producing one thing		economics-vocabulary
Division of labor	Splitting work into tasks		economics-vocabulary
Productivity	Output per worker or per hour		economics-vocabulary
Free market	Economy where buyers and sellers decide what to produce and at what price		economics-vocabulary
Command economy	Government makes most economic decisions		economics-vocabulary
Mixed economy	Combination of private choice and government action		economics-vocabulary
Traditional economy	Decisions based on custom and habit		economics-vocabulary
Capitalism	System based on private ownership and profit		economics-vocabulary
Socialism	System where the community or government owns major industries		economics-vocabulary
Private property	Goods and land owned by individuals		economics-vocabulary
Public goods	Things everyone shares, like roads and parks		economics-vocabulary
Externality	A side effect of an activity that affects others, like pollution		economics-vocabulary
Subsidy	Government money to help support an industry		economics-vocabulary
Regulation	Government rules for businesses		economics-vocabulary
Stock	A share of ownership in a company		economics-vocabulary
Bond	A loan to a company or government that pays interest		economics-vocabulary
Stock market	Place where shares in companies are bought and sold		economics-vocabulary
Entrepreneurship	Starting and running a business		economics-vocabulary
Standard of living	How well people live based on goods, services and money		economics-vocabulary
Global economy	Trade and money flows connecting countries		economics-vocabulary
Globalization	Increasing connections among economies worldwide		economics-vocabulary
Election	A process where voters choose officials or decide questions		elections-and-voting
Voter	A person who casts a vote		elections-and-voting
Voting age	18 in the United States		elections-and-voting
Voter registration	Signing up in order to vote; rules vary by state		elections-and-voting
Ballot	Form or screen where voters mark their choices		elections-and-voting
Secret ballot	Voting privately so no one knows your choice		elections-and-voting
Polling place	Location where people vote on Election Day		elections-and-voting
Absentee ballot	A ballot sent by mail to someone who cannot vote in person		elections-and-voting
Early voting	Voting before Election Day		elections-and-voting
Election Day	Tuesday after the first Monday in November for federal elections		elections-and-voting
Presidential term	Four years		elections-and-voting
Midterm election	Election in the middle of a president's term		elections-and-voting
Primary	Election to choose each party's candidate		elections-and-voting
Caucus	A meeting where party members choose candidates		elections-and-voting
National convention	Meeting where a party nominates its presidential candidate		elections-and-voting
Running mate	A presidential candidate's choice for vice president		elections-and-voting
Campaign	The effort to win votes		elections-and-voting
Debate	Event where candidates discuss issues		elections-and-voting
Platform	A party's goals		elections-and-voting
Swing state	A state where either party could win		elections-and-voting
Electoral College	538 electors who formally choose the president		elections-and-voting
Electoral votes needed	270 of 538		elections-and-voting
Elector	A person chosen by a state to cast electoral votes		elections-and-voting
Winner-take-all	In most states, the candidate who wins the state gets all its electoral votes		elections-and-voting
Popular vote	The total number of votes cast by individual voters		elections-and-voting
Inauguration	Ceremony when a new president takes office, January 20		elections-and-voting
Oath of office	Promise taken by officials when they start their jobs		elections-and-voting
Two-party system	Politics dominated by two main parties		elections-and-voting
Democratic Party	One of the two major US parties, founded in the 1820s-1830s		elections-and-voting
Republican Party	One of the two major US parties, founded in 1854		elections-and-voting
Third party	A smaller party outside the two major ones		elections-and-voting
Independent	A voter or candidate not tied to a party		elections-and-voting
Gerrymandering	Drawing district lines to give one group an advantage		elections-and-voting
Redistricting	Redrawing voting districts after each census		elections-and-voting
District	An area represented by one official		elections-and-voting
Census	Count of all people, every ten years		elections-and-voting
Reapportionment	Reassigning House seats among states after the census		elections-and-voting
Suffrage	The right to vote		elections-and-voting
1789	Early voting was limited mostly to property-owning white men in many states		elections-and-voting
15th Amendment (1870)	Said race could not deny the right to vote		elections-and-voting
19th Amendment (1920)	Women gained the right to vote nationwide		elections-and-voting
Suffragists	People who worked for women's right to vote		elections-and-voting
Seneca Falls (1848)	First women's rights convention		elections-and-voting
Susan B. Anthony	Suffrage leader who was arrested for voting in 1872		elections-and-voting
Alice Paul	Suffragist who led marches and picketing for the 19th Amendment		elections-and-voting
Indian Citizenship Act (1924)	Made Native Americans citizens; some states still blocked voting for years		elections-and-voting
Poll tax	Fee for voting, used to keep poor and Black voters away		elections-and-voting
24th Amendment (1964)	Banned poll taxes in federal elections		elections-and-voting
Literacy test	Reading test used to keep Black citizens from voting		elections-and-voting
Voting Rights Act (1965)	Protected voting rights and ended many barriers		elections-and-voting
Selma marches	1965 marches for voting rights in Alabama		elections-and-voting
26th Amendment (1971)	Lowered the voting age to 18		elections-and-voting
Motor Voter Act (1993)	Let people register while getting a driver's license		elections-and-voting
Ballot measure	A question put to voters directly		elections-and-voting
Recall	A vote to remove an official before their term ends, in some states		elections-and-voting
Exit poll	Survey of voters leaving polling places		elections-and-voting
Election observer	Person who watches voting to make sure it is fair		elections-and-voting
Turnout	Percent of eligible voters who vote		elections-and-voting
Incumbent	Person currently holding office		elections-and-voting
Term limits	Laws limiting how many terms someone can serve		elections-and-voting
Campaign finance	How candidates raise and spend money		elections-and-voting
Why vote?	Elections let citizens choose leaders and influence laws		elections-and-voting
Family	A group of people who care for each other		families-and-communities-k2
Parent	A mom or dad who cares for a child		families-and-communities-k2
Grandparent	The mother or father of your parent		families-and-communities-k2
Sibling	A brother or sister		families-and-communities-k2
Aunt and uncle	The sister or brother of your parent		families-and-communities-k2
Cousin	The child of your aunt or uncle		families-and-communities-k2
Guardian	A grown-up who takes care of a child		families-and-communities-k2
Families are different	Some families are big, some small; all families care for each other		families-and-communities-k2
Family tradition	Something a family does again and again, like a holiday meal		families-and-communities-k2
Chore	A small job to help at home		families-and-communities-k2
Home	A place where people live		families-and-communities-k2
Neighborhood	The area around where you live		families-and-communities-k2
Community	A group of people who live, work and play in the same place		families-and-communities-k2
Town	A community with homes, stores and a government		families-and-communities-k2
City	A large community with many people and buildings		families-and-communities-k2
Rural	Countryside with farms and open land		families-and-communities-k2
Urban	A busy city area		families-and-communities-k2
Suburb	A community near a city with many homes		families-and-communities-k2
Neighbor	A person who lives near you		families-and-communities-k2
Map	A drawing that shows where places are		families-and-communities-k2
Map key	Shows what the symbols on a map mean		families-and-communities-k2
Globe	A round model of Earth		families-and-communities-k2
Compass rose	Shows north, south, east and west on a map		families-and-communities-k2
Rule	Something that tells us what we should do		families-and-communities-k2
Law	A rule for everyone in a community		families-and-communities-k2
Why we have rules	To keep us safe and treat everyone fairly		families-and-communities-k2
Fair	Treating everyone the same way		families-and-communities-k2
Share	Let others use or have some of what you have		families-and-communities-k2
Take turns	Each person gets a chance, one after another		families-and-communities-k2
Respect	Treating people and things with care		families-and-communities-k2
Kindness	Being friendly and helpful		families-and-communities-k2
Honest	Telling the truth		families-and-communities-k2
Responsible	Doing what you are supposed to do		families-and-communities-k2
Citizen	A member of a community or country		families-and-communities-k2
Good citizen	Someone who follows rules, helps others and cares for the community		families-and-communities-k2
Vote	Make a choice by marking a ballot or raising a hand		families-and-communities-k2
Leader	A person who guides a group		families-and-communities-k2
President	Leader of the United States		families-and-communities-k2
Mayor	Leader of a town or city		families-and-communities-k2
Flag	A symbol of a country or group		families-and-communities-k2
Pledge of Allegiance	A promise we say to honor our flag		families-and-communities-k2
Need	Something you must have to live, like food, water, clothing and shelter		families-and-communities-k2
Want	Something you would like but do not need, like a toy		families-and-communities-k2
Goods	Things you can buy or use, like shoes		families-and-communities-k2
Services	Jobs people do for others, like haircuts		families-and-communities-k2
Job	Work that a person does		families-and-communities-k2
Money	What we use to buy things		families-and-communities-k2
Save	Keep money for later		families-and-communities-k2
Spend	Use money to buy something		families-and-communities-k2
Earn	Get money for working		families-and-communities-k2
Store	A place where we buy things		families-and-communities-k2
Market	A place where people buy and sell food and goods		families-and-communities-k2
Farm	A place where food is grown		families-and-communities-k2
Factory	A place where things are made		families-and-communities-k2
School	A place where children learn		families-and-communities-k2
Library	A place where you borrow books		families-and-communities-k2
Hospital	A place where sick or hurt people get care		families-and-communities-k2
Fire station	Where firefighters work		families-and-communities-k2
Post office	Where mail is sent and received		families-and-communities-k2
Park	A place to play outside		families-and-communities-k2
Museum	A place to see art, history or science		families-and-communities-k2
Bridge	A structure that lets people cross water or roads		families-and-communities-k2
Road	A path for cars, buses and bikes		families-and-communities-k2
Past	Things that already happened		families-and-communities-k2
Present	Now		families-and-communities-k2
Future	Things that will happen later		families-and-communities-k2
History	The story of the past		families-and-communities-k2
Long ago	A time many years before now		families-and-communities-k2
Timeline	A line that shows events in order		families-and-communities-k2
Holiday	A special day that people celebrate		families-and-communities-k2
Culture	The way a group of people live, including food, music and customs		families-and-communities-k2
Custom	A way of doing things that people share		families-and-communities-k2
Immigrant	Someone who moves to a new country		families-and-communities-k2
Tradition	A custom passed down over time		families-and-communities-k2
Resolve conflict	Solve a problem with words and kindness		families-and-communities-k2
Safe	Not in danger		families-and-communities-k2
Lunar New Year	Celebrated in China and many Asian countries in January or February, with family meals and lion dances		holidays-around-the-world
Diwali	Festival of lights celebrated in India and by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains in autumn		holidays-around-the-world
Holi	Spring festival of colors in India and Nepal		holidays-around-the-world
Eid al-Fitr	Muslim celebration after the month of Ramadan ends		holidays-around-the-world
Eid al-Adha	Muslim holiday during the time of the Hajj pilgrimage		holidays-around-the-world
Hanukkah	Eight-day Jewish festival of lights in late autumn or winter		holidays-around-the-world
Passover	Jewish spring holiday remembering the exodus from Egypt		holidays-around-the-world
Rosh Hashanah	Jewish New Year, often in September		holidays-around-the-world
Christmas	Christian holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus, December 25 in most places		holidays-around-the-world
Easter	Christian spring holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus		holidays-around-the-world
Orthodox Christmas	Celebrated on January 7 in several Orthodox churches		holidays-around-the-world
Kwanzaa	Seven-day celebration of African American culture, December 26 to January 1		holidays-around-the-world
Day of the Dead (Dia de los Muertos)	Mexican holiday on November 1-2 to remember loved ones with altars and flowers		holidays-around-the-world
Cinco de Mayo	May 5 remembers a Mexican victory at Puebla in 1862, celebrated widely in the US		holidays-around-the-world
Mexican Independence Day	September 16, marks the start of the independence movement in 1810		holidays-around-the-world
Carnival	Pre-Lent festival with parades, especially in Brazil		holidays-around-the-world
Mardi Gras	Carnival season ending on Fat Tuesday, famous in New Orleans		holidays-around-the-world
Oktoberfest	Bavarian autumn festival in Munich, Germany		holidays-around-the-world
Bastille Day	July 14, France's national day		holidays-around-the-world
St. Patrick's Day	March 17, honoring the patron saint of Ireland		holidays-around-the-world
Halloween	October 31, a night of costumes and treats in many countries		holidays-around-the-world
Thanksgiving (US)	Fourth Thursday in November, a day for gratitude and family meals		holidays-around-the-world
Thanksgiving (Canada)	Second Monday in October		holidays-around-the-world
Independence Day (US)	July 4, marks the Declaration of Independence		holidays-around-the-world
Canada Day	July 1, marks Canada's confederation in 1867		holidays-around-the-world
Australia Day	January 26, Australia's national day		holidays-around-the-world
Anzac Day	April 25 in Australia and New Zealand, honoring those who served		holidays-around-the-world
Waitangi Day	February 6, New Zealand's national day marking a 1840 treaty		holidays-around-the-world
Songkran	Thai New Year in April, with water splashing		holidays-around-the-world
Loy Krathong	Thai festival with floating lanterns on water		holidays-around-the-world
Chuseok	Korean harvest festival in autumn		holidays-around-the-world
Seollal	Korean New Year		holidays-around-the-world
Obon	Japanese summer festival honoring ancestors		holidays-around-the-world
Tanabata	Japanese star festival on July 7		holidays-around-the-world
Setsubun	Japanese festival marking the start of spring		holidays-around-the-world
Hinamatsuri	Japanese Girls' Day on March 3 with display dolls		holidays-around-the-world
Children's Day (Japan)	May 5, with carp streamers		holidays-around-the-world
Mid-Autumn Festival	Celebrated in China and Vietnam with mooncakes and lanterns		holidays-around-the-world
Dragon Boat Festival	Chinese festival with boat races, in late spring or early summer		holidays-around-the-world
Lantern Festival	Marks the end of Lunar New Year celebrations		holidays-around-the-world
Vesak	Buddhist festival honoring the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and passing		holidays-around-the-world
Nowruz	Persian New Year at the spring equinox, celebrated in Iran and Central Asia		holidays-around-the-world
Navratri	Hindu festival of nine nights		holidays-around-the-world
Raksha Bandhan	Indian festival celebrating the bond between brothers and sisters		holidays-around-the-world
Pongal	Tamil harvest festival in January		holidays-around-the-world
Onam	Harvest festival in Kerala, India		holidays-around-the-world
Ganesh Chaturthi	Hindu festival honoring Ganesha		holidays-around-the-world
Vaisakhi	Sikh and Punjabi harvest festival in April		holidays-around-the-world
Hogmanay	Scottish New Year's Eve celebration		holidays-around-the-world
Bonfire Night	November 5 in Britain with fireworks		holidays-around-the-world
Burns Night	January 25, Scots celebrate poet Robert Burns		holidays-around-the-world
Guy Fawkes Night	Another name for Bonfire Night		holidays-around-the-world
La Tomatina	Spanish tomato-throwing festival in August		holidays-around-the-world
Running of the bulls	Spanish festival in Pamplona in July		holidays-around-the-world
Midsummer	Celebrated in Sweden and across Northern Europe near the June solstice		holidays-around-the-world
St. Lucia Day	December 13, celebrated in Sweden with candles		holidays-around-the-world
Sinterklaas	Dutch gift-giving tradition in early December		holidays-around-the-world
Epiphany (Three Kings Day)	January 6, celebrated in Spain and Latin America		holidays-around-the-world
Las Posadas	Mexican pre-Christmas processions		holidays-around-the-world
Inti Raymi	Inca festival of the sun, celebrated in Peru		holidays-around-the-world
Juneteenth	June 19, US holiday marking the end of slavery		holidays-around-the-world
Martin Luther King Jr. Day	US holiday on the third Monday in January		holidays-around-the-world
Yom Kippur	Jewish Day of Atonement		holidays-around-the-world
Ramadan	Muslim month of fasting		holidays-around-the-world
Lent	Christian season before Easter		holidays-around-the-world
Sukkot	Jewish harvest festival of booths		holidays-around-the-world
Purim	Jewish holiday with costumes and stories		holidays-around-the-world
Earth Day	April 22, a day to protect the environment, observed worldwide		holidays-around-the-world
International Women's Day	March 8		holidays-around-the-world
Human Rights Day	December 10		holidays-around-the-world
Pi Day	March 14, celebrating the number pi (3.14)		holidays-around-the-world
Groundhog Day	February 2, a North American tradition about predicting spring		holidays-around-the-world
Arbor Day	Tree planting holiday celebrated in many countries		holidays-around-the-world
Winter solstice	Shortest day of the year, marked by festivals like Yule and Dongzhi		holidays-around-the-world
Holidays follow calendars	Many holidays follow lunar or religious calendars, so dates change each year		holidays-around-the-world
Step 1: An idea	A citizen, group or lawmaker has an idea for a law		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 2: Sponsor	A member of Congress agrees to introduce the bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 3: Introduction	The bill is introduced in the House or the Senate and given a number		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 4: Committee	A small group of members studies the bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 5: Hearings	Committees listen to experts and the public		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 6: Markup	The committee debates and may change the bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 7: Committee vote	If the committee approves, the bill goes to the full chamber		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 8: Floor debate	All members of that chamber discuss and may amend the bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 9: Vote	A majority must vote yes for the bill to pass that chamber		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 10: Other chamber	The bill goes through the same process in the other chamber		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 11: Conference committee	If versions differ, members from both chambers work out one version		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 12: Final vote	Both chambers must pass the same version		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Step 13: President	The bill goes to the president		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
President signs	The bill becomes law		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
President vetoes	The bill is rejected and sent back to Congress		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Veto override	Two-thirds of both houses can pass it anyway		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Pocket veto	If Congress adjourns and the president does not sign within ten days, the bill dies		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
No action by president	After ten days (not counting Sundays) it becomes law if Congress is in session		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Bill	A proposed law		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Sponsor	The lawmaker who introduces a bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Cosponsor	A lawmaker who joins in supporting a bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Act	A bill that has passed both houses		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Statute	A law passed by a legislature		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Committee	A smaller group of lawmakers who study certain subjects		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Subcommittee	A smaller group within a committee		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Hearing	A meeting where experts and citizens give opinions on a bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Amendment (to a bill)	A change proposed to the text of a bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Floor	The main meeting space where all members debate and vote		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Majority	More than half of the votes		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Quorum	Number of members needed to hold a vote		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Roll call vote	A vote where each member's answer is recorded		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Voice vote	Members shout yes or no and the presiding officer decides		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Filibuster	Long speeches used to delay a Senate vote		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Cloture	A Senate vote to end debate; needs three-fifths (60) of senators		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Conference committee	House and Senate members who combine different versions of a bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Revenue bills	Bills for raising money must begin in the House		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Who can introduce a bill?	Only members of Congress, though anyone can suggest an idea		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Where do bills start?	In either the House or Senate, except revenue bills		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Rider	An unrelated provision added to a bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Omnibus bill	A very large bill that covers many topics		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Appropriations	Bills that provide money for government programs		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Resolution	A statement of Congress's opinion that does not become law		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Joint resolution	Passed by both houses and signed by the president; has the force of law		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Public law	A law that applies to everyone		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Private law	A law that applies to a specific person or group		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Federal Register	Daily publication of rules and notices from federal agencies		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Regulations	Detailed rules made by agencies to carry out laws		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Constituent	A voter represented by a lawmaker; they can contact their representatives		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
How you can help	Contact lawmakers, vote, testify at hearings, join groups or write letters		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Congress.gov	Official website to follow bills		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Law enforcement	Executive branch carries out the laws		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Courts and laws	Courts interpret laws and can strike them down if unconstitutional		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
State laws	State legislatures follow similar steps, with a governor signing instead of the president		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Local laws (ordinances)	Passed by city or county councils		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Three readings	Many legislatures read a bill several times before passing it		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Enacted	Officially made into law		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Supermajority	A vote higher than a simple majority, like two-thirds		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Simple majority	Half plus one of those voting		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Tie vote in the Senate	The vice president casts the deciding vote		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Bill number	H.R. means a House bill; S. means a Senate bill		how-a-bill-becomes-a-law
Need	Something you must have to live, like food, water, clothes and a home		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Want	Something you would like to have but can live without		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Is food a need or a want?	A need		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Is a video game a need or a want?	A want		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Is a coat in winter a need or a want?	A need		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Good	A thing you can see and touch that people buy, like a ball		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Service	Work someone does for you, like a haircut		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Is a teacher's lesson a good or a service?	A service		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Is a bike a good or a service?	A good		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Producer	A person or business that makes goods or services		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Consumer	A person who buys and uses goods and services		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Resource	Something used to make goods or services		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Natural resource	Something from nature, like water, trees or soil		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Human resource	People and the work they do		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Capital resource	Tools and machines used to make things		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Scarcity	Not enough of something for everyone to have all they want		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Choice	Picking one thing over another		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Opportunity cost	What you give up when you choose something else		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Trade-off	Giving up one thing to get another		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Trade	Exchanging goods or services		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Barter	Trading things without money		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Money	Coins and bills used to pay for things		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Price	How much something costs		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Buy	Pay money to get something		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Sell	Give something in exchange for money		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Earn	Get money for doing work		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Spend	Use money to buy		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Save	Keep money for later		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Budget	A plan for how to use your money		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Profit	Money a business has left after paying its costs		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Business	An organization that sells goods or services		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Entrepreneur	Someone who starts a business		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Lemonade stand	A simple business where kids sell drinks		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Customer	A person who buys from a business		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Worker	A person who does a job		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Job	Work that people do to earn money		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Income	Money you receive		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Wage	Pay for work		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Tax	Money people pay to the government for things like roads and schools		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Bank	A place that keeps your money safe		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Market	A place where people buy and sell		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Supply	How much of something is available to buy		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Demand	How much people want something		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
When many people want something that is hard to get	The price may go up		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Import	A good brought into a country from another country		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Export	A good sent out to another country		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Factory	Place where goods are made		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Farm	Where food is grown		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Where does a banana come from?	From farms in warm places, then shipped to stores		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Specialize	Focus on doing one kind of job well		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Why trade?	People trade because no one can make everything they need		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Fair trade	Trade that pays workers fairly		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Advertising	Messages that try to get you to buy something		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Coupon	A paper or code that gives a discount		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Sale	A time when prices are lower		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Donate	Give something to help others		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Charity	A group that helps people in need		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Allowance	Money kids may get regularly		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Interest	Extra money a bank pays when you save		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Loan	Money borrowed that must be paid back		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Debt	Money you owe		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Compare prices	Look at different prices to find the best deal		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Smart shopper	Someone who plans, compares prices and saves		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Piggy bank	A container for saving coins		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Wealth	Having many valuable things		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Cost	What you pay or give up to get something		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Benefit	A good result from a choice		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Decision-making steps	Name the problem, list choices, weigh pros and cons, choose, then think about how it went		kids-economics-goods-and-trade
Money	Something people accept in trade for goods and services		money-and-banking-basics
Barter	Trading goods without using money		money-and-banking-basics
Three uses of money	A way to pay, a way to measure value and a way to save		money-and-banking-basics
Currency	The paper bills and coins used in a country		money-and-banking-basics
Penny	A coin worth 1 cent		money-and-banking-basics
Nickel	A coin worth 5 cents		money-and-banking-basics
Dime	A coin worth 10 cents		money-and-banking-basics
Quarter	A coin worth 25 cents		money-and-banking-basics
Half dollar	A coin worth 50 cents		money-and-banking-basics
Dollar coin	A coin worth 100 cents		money-and-banking-basics
How many cents in a dollar?	One hundred		money-and-banking-basics
How many nickels make a quarter?	Five		money-and-banking-basics
How many dimes make a dollar?	Ten		money-and-banking-basics
How many quarters make a dollar?	Four		money-and-banking-basics
How many pennies make a dime?	Ten		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on a penny?	Abraham Lincoln		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on a nickel?	Thomas Jefferson		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on a dime?	Franklin D. Roosevelt		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on a quarter?	George Washington		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on the $1 bill?	George Washington		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on the $5 bill?	Abraham Lincoln		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on the $10 bill?	Alexander Hamilton		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on the $20 bill?	Andrew Jackson		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on the $50 bill?	Ulysses S. Grant		money-and-banking-basics
Whose picture is on the $100 bill?	Benjamin Franklin		money-and-banking-basics
US Mint	Government agency that makes coins		money-and-banking-basics
Bureau of Engraving and Printing	Government agency that prints paper bills		money-and-banking-basics
Federal Reserve	The central bank of the United States		money-and-banking-basics
Counterfeit	Fake money		money-and-banking-basics
Earning	Receiving money for work		money-and-banking-basics
Allowance	Money given regularly to a child		money-and-banking-basics
Saving	Keeping money to use later		money-and-banking-basics
Spending	Using money to buy something		money-and-banking-basics
Giving	Donating money to help others		money-and-banking-basics
Budget	A plan for how to use money		money-and-banking-basics
Piggy bank	A container where children save coins		money-and-banking-basics
Goal	Something you want to work toward, like saving for a toy		money-and-banking-basics
Bank	A business that keeps money safe and makes loans		money-and-banking-basics
Credit union	A member-owned bank-like organization		money-and-banking-basics
Savings account	Bank account that earns interest		money-and-banking-basics
Checking account	Bank account used to pay bills and spend money		money-and-banking-basics
Deposit	Putting money into an account		money-and-banking-basics
Withdrawal	Taking money out of an account		money-and-banking-basics
Balance	The amount of money in an account		money-and-banking-basics
Interest	Money the bank pays you for saving, or you pay for borrowing		money-and-banking-basics
Compound interest	Earning interest on both your money and past interest		money-and-banking-basics
ATM	Machine where you can withdraw cash or make deposits		money-and-banking-basics
Debit card	Card that takes money directly from your account		money-and-banking-basics
Credit card	Card that lets you borrow money to pay later		money-and-banking-basics
Loan	Money borrowed that must be paid back		money-and-banking-basics
Debt	Money you owe		money-and-banking-basics
Mortgage	Loan to buy a home		money-and-banking-basics
Credit score	A number that shows how well you repay debts		money-and-banking-basics
Insurance	Protection where you pay a fee to be covered for big losses		money-and-banking-basics
FDIC	Government program that insures bank deposits		money-and-banking-basics
Tax	Money paid to the government		money-and-banking-basics
Sales tax	Extra money added when you buy things		money-and-banking-basics
Income tax	Tax on what you earn		money-and-banking-basics
Paycheck	Payment for work		money-and-banking-basics
Gross pay	Pay before taxes are taken out		money-and-banking-basics
Net pay	Pay after taxes and other deductions		money-and-banking-basics
Profit	Money left after costs are paid		money-and-banking-basics
Price	How much something costs		money-and-banking-basics
Sale	A lower price for a limited time		money-and-banking-basics
Coupon	A voucher that gives a discount		money-and-banking-basics
Compare prices	Check different stores to find a better deal		money-and-banking-basics
Unit price	Cost per ounce, pound or item to compare products		money-and-banking-basics
Entrepreneur	Person who starts a business		money-and-banking-basics
Lemonade stand	A common first business for kids		money-and-banking-basics
Donation	A gift to help a cause		money-and-banking-basics
Charity	Organization that helps people in need		money-and-banking-basics
Stock	A small piece of ownership in a company		money-and-banking-basics
Cryptocurrency	Digital money that uses computer code; its value can change a lot		money-and-banking-basics
Dollar sign	The symbol $ for dollars		money-and-banking-basics
Cent sign	The symbol ¢ for cents		money-and-banking-basics
Change	Money given back when you pay more than the price		money-and-banking-basics
Psychology	The scientific study of behavior and mental processes		psychology-intro-terms
Wilhelm Wundt	Founded the first psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig		psychology-intro-terms
William James	American pioneer who wrote Principles of Psychology		psychology-intro-terms
Sigmund Freud	Founder of psychoanalysis; emphasized the unconscious		psychology-intro-terms
B.F. Skinner	Behaviorist known for operant conditioning		psychology-intro-terms
Ivan Pavlov	Discovered classical conditioning with dogs		psychology-intro-terms
Jean Piaget	Described stages of cognitive development in children		psychology-intro-terms
Lev Vygotsky	Stressed the role of social interaction in learning		psychology-intro-terms
Carl Rogers	Humanistic psychologist who emphasized acceptance and growth		psychology-intro-terms
Abraham Maslow	Proposed a hierarchy of human needs		psychology-intro-terms
Behaviorism	Approach that studies observable behavior		psychology-intro-terms
Cognitive psychology	Study of thinking, memory and problem solving		psychology-intro-terms
Humanistic psychology	Approach focused on personal growth and potential		psychology-intro-terms
Neuroscience	Study of the brain and nervous system		psychology-intro-terms
Neuron	A nerve cell that sends signals		psychology-intro-terms
Synapse	The gap where neurons communicate		psychology-intro-terms
Neurotransmitter	Chemical messenger between neurons, like dopamine		psychology-intro-terms
Brain stem	Controls basic life functions like breathing		psychology-intro-terms
Cerebellum	Helps with balance and coordination		psychology-intro-terms
Cerebral cortex	Outer layer of the brain involved in thinking		psychology-intro-terms
Frontal lobe	Involved in planning and decision-making		psychology-intro-terms
Hippocampus	Brain region important for forming new memories		psychology-intro-terms
Amygdala	Brain region involved in emotion, especially fear		psychology-intro-terms
Nature vs nurture	Debate about how much genes versus experience shape behavior		psychology-intro-terms
Hypothesis	A testable prediction		psychology-intro-terms
Experiment	A study that changes one variable to see its effect		psychology-intro-terms
Independent variable	The factor the researcher changes		psychology-intro-terms
Dependent variable	The outcome that is measured		psychology-intro-terms
Control group	Group that does not receive the treatment, for comparison		psychology-intro-terms
Correlation	A relationship between two variables		psychology-intro-terms
Placebo	A harmless treatment with no active ingredient		psychology-intro-terms
Random sample	A sample chosen by chance		psychology-intro-terms
Sensation	Detecting stimuli with the senses		psychology-intro-terms
Perception	Interpreting sensory information		psychology-intro-terms
Attention	Focusing mental resources on something		psychology-intro-terms
Consciousness	Awareness of yourself and your surroundings		psychology-intro-terms
REM sleep	Sleep stage with rapid eye movement and vivid dreams		psychology-intro-terms
Circadian rhythm	The body's roughly 24-hour clock		psychology-intro-terms
Classical conditioning	Learning by linking two stimuli		psychology-intro-terms
Operant conditioning	Learning from the consequences of behavior		psychology-intro-terms
Reinforcement	Something that increases a behavior		psychology-intro-terms
Punishment	Something that decreases a behavior		psychology-intro-terms
Observational learning	Learning by watching others, studied by Albert Bandura		psychology-intro-terms
Memory	The process of storing and retrieving information		psychology-intro-terms
Encoding	Putting information into memory		psychology-intro-terms
Storage	Keeping information over time		psychology-intro-terms
Retrieval	Getting information out of memory		psychology-intro-terms
Short-term memory	Holds a small amount of information briefly		psychology-intro-terms
Working memory	Mental workspace for handling information		psychology-intro-terms
Long-term memory	Lasting storage of knowledge and experiences		psychology-intro-terms
Forgetting curve	Hermann Ebbinghaus's finding that memory fades quickly without review		psychology-intro-terms
Spaced practice	Studying over time rather than all at once		psychology-intro-terms
Mnemonic	A memory aid		psychology-intro-terms
Cognition	Mental activities like thinking and knowing		psychology-intro-terms
Heuristic	A mental shortcut for making decisions		psychology-intro-terms
Bias	A systematic error in thinking		psychology-intro-terms
Intelligence	Ability to learn, reason and adapt		psychology-intro-terms
Developmental psychology	Study of how people change across life		psychology-intro-terms
Attachment	Emotional bond between a child and caregiver		psychology-intro-terms
Erikson's stages	Eight stages of psychosocial development across life		psychology-intro-terms
Adolescence	Period of development between childhood and adulthood		psychology-intro-terms
Emotion	A feeling with physical, mental and behavioral parts		psychology-intro-terms
Motivation	The drive to act toward goals		psychology-intro-terms
Maslow's hierarchy	Needs from basic (food, safety) to love, esteem and self-actualization		psychology-intro-terms
Personality	Lasting patterns of thinking, feeling and acting		psychology-intro-terms
Big Five	Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism		psychology-intro-terms
Stress	Response to demands or threats		psychology-intro-terms
Coping	Ways of managing stress		psychology-intro-terms
Psychological disorder	A pattern of thoughts or behaviors that causes distress or difficulty		psychology-intro-terms
Therapy	Treatment to help with mental health concerns		psychology-intro-terms
Social psychology	Study of how people influence each other		psychology-intro-terms
Conformity	Changing behavior to match a group		psychology-intro-terms
Bystander effect	People are less likely to help when others are present		psychology-intro-terms
Cognitive dissonance	Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or actions		psychology-intro-terms
Stereotype	Overgeneralized belief about a group		psychology-intro-terms
Prejudice	Negative attitude toward a group		psychology-intro-terms
Altruism	Helping others without expecting rewards		psychology-intro-terms
Growth mindset	Belief that abilities can grow with effort		psychology-intro-terms
Sociology	The scientific study of society and social behavior		sociology-intro-terms
Society	A group of people who share a territory and culture		sociology-intro-terms
Sociological imagination	C. Wright Mills's idea of linking personal troubles to larger social issues		sociology-intro-terms
Auguste Comte	Coined the word sociology; called the father of sociology		sociology-intro-terms
Emile Durkheim	Studied social facts, solidarity and suicide rates		sociology-intro-terms
Max Weber	Studied bureaucracy and the Protestant ethic		sociology-intro-terms
Karl Marx	Focused on class conflict		sociology-intro-terms
W.E.B. Du Bois	Early American sociologist who studied race and The Philadelphia Negro		sociology-intro-terms
Jane Addams	Social reformer whose work with Hull House shaped early sociology		sociology-intro-terms
Harriet Martineau	Early sociologist who translated Comte and studied American society		sociology-intro-terms
Structural functionalism	View that society is a system of parts that work together		sociology-intro-terms
Conflict theory	View that society is shaped by competition over resources and power		sociology-intro-terms
Symbolic interactionism	View that society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings		sociology-intro-terms
Macrosociology	Study of large-scale social patterns		sociology-intro-terms
Microsociology	Study of small groups and face-to-face interaction		sociology-intro-terms
Culture	Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group		sociology-intro-terms
Norms	Rules for behavior in a group		sociology-intro-terms
Folkways	Everyday customs, like table manners		sociology-intro-terms
Mores	Norms with strong moral importance		sociology-intro-terms
Laws	Formal norms enforced by government		sociology-intro-terms
Values	Ideas about what is good, right and important		sociology-intro-terms
Sanction	A reward or punishment that enforces norms		sociology-intro-terms
Deviance	Behavior that violates norms		sociology-intro-terms
Social control	Ways society encourages conformity		sociology-intro-terms
Conformity	Following the norms of a group		sociology-intro-terms
Socialization	The lifelong process of learning culture and roles		sociology-intro-terms
Agents of socialization	Family, school, peers, media and religion		sociology-intro-terms
Primary socialization	Early learning in the family		sociology-intro-terms
Peer group	People of similar age and interests		sociology-intro-terms
Hidden curriculum	Lessons schools teach without saying so, like punctuality		sociology-intro-terms
Social structure	Patterns of relationships that organize society		sociology-intro-terms
Status	A position in society		sociology-intro-terms
Ascribed status	Status given at birth or involuntarily		sociology-intro-terms
Achieved status	Status earned by effort		sociology-intro-terms
Role	Behavior expected of someone in a status		sociology-intro-terms
Role conflict	Tension between roles, such as student and employee		sociology-intro-terms
Primary group	Small, close group, like family		sociology-intro-terms
Secondary group	Larger, goal-oriented group, like a company		sociology-intro-terms
In-group	A group you identify with		sociology-intro-terms
Out-group	A group you do not identify with		sociology-intro-terms
Reference group	Group used to evaluate yourself		sociology-intro-terms
Social network	A web of connections among people		sociology-intro-terms
Social institution	Established system meeting basic needs, like family, education and government		sociology-intro-terms
Bureaucracy	Organization with rules, ranks and specialized jobs		sociology-intro-terms
Social stratification	Ranking of people in layers by wealth, power or prestige		sociology-intro-terms
Social class	A group with similar economic position		sociology-intro-terms
Socioeconomic status	Combination of income, education and occupation		sociology-intro-terms
Social mobility	Moving between social classes		sociology-intro-terms
Poverty	Lacking resources for basic needs		sociology-intro-terms
Inequality	Unequal sharing of wealth, power or opportunity		sociology-intro-terms
Prejudice	Unfair attitudes toward a group		sociology-intro-terms
Discrimination	Unfair treatment based on group membership		sociology-intro-terms
Stereotype	Oversimplified belief about a group		sociology-intro-terms
Race	A social category based on perceived physical traits		sociology-intro-terms
Ethnicity	Shared cultural heritage		sociology-intro-terms
Minority group	A group with less power than the dominant group		sociology-intro-terms
Gender	Social and cultural roles linked to being male or female		sociology-intro-terms
Gender roles	Expected behaviors for men and women		sociology-intro-terms
Demography	Study of population size and change		sociology-intro-terms
Birth rate	Number of births per 1,000 people per year		sociology-intro-terms
Migration	Movement of people from one place to another		sociology-intro-terms
Urbanization	Growth of cities		sociology-intro-terms
Social movement	Organized effort for or against social change		sociology-intro-terms
Collective behavior	Spontaneous group actions, like crowds		sociology-intro-terms
Social change	Changes in culture and institutions over time		sociology-intro-terms
Technology and society	New technologies change how people work and relate		sociology-intro-terms
Globalization	Increasing connection among societies		sociology-intro-terms
Sample	A smaller group studied to learn about a larger one		sociology-intro-terms
Survey	Questions asked of many people		sociology-intro-terms
Correlation	A relationship between two variables, which does not prove one causes the other		sociology-intro-terms
Hypothesis	A testable prediction		sociology-intro-terms
Variable	A factor that can change		sociology-intro-terms
Ethnography	In-depth study through observation		sociology-intro-terms
Anomie	Durkheim's term for feeling of normlessness		sociology-intro-terms
Looking-glass self	Charles Cooley's idea that we form self-image from how others see us		sociology-intro-terms
Generalized other	George Herbert Mead's term for society's expectations		sociology-intro-terms
Dramaturgy	Erving Goffman's view of life as a performance with front and back stages		sociology-intro-terms
State government	The government of one of the 50 states		state-and-local-government
Governor	The head of a state's executive branch		state-and-local-government
State legislature	The group of elected people who make state laws		state-and-local-government
State capital	City where the state government meets		state-and-local-government
State capitol	The building where the legislature meets		state-and-local-government
State constitution	Each state's own written plan of government		state-and-local-government
State supreme court	The highest court in most states		state-and-local-government
Local government	Government of a city, town, village or county		state-and-local-government
City government	Runs services for a city, led by a mayor and council		state-and-local-government
Mayor	Elected head of a city or town		state-and-local-government
City council	Group that makes local laws called ordinances		state-and-local-government
Ordinance	A law made by a city or county government		state-and-local-government
County	A region within a state with its own government		state-and-local-government
County seat	The town where a county's government is located		state-and-local-government
Sheriff	Elected law officer for a county		state-and-local-government
Town meeting	A gathering where townspeople vote on local issues		state-and-local-government
School board	Elected group that oversees local public schools		state-and-local-government
Superintendent	Head of a school district		state-and-local-government
Special district	A local government for one purpose, like water or parks		state-and-local-government
Public services	Services governments provide: schools, roads, police, fire, libraries, parks		state-and-local-government
Police department	Works to keep the community safe and enforce laws		state-and-local-government
Fire department	Fights fires and responds to emergencies		state-and-local-government
Public library	Free place to borrow books and learn		state-and-local-government
Public works	Departments that maintain roads, water and sewers		state-and-local-government
Public transportation	Buses, trains and subways that serve the community		state-and-local-government
Taxes (local)	Property and sales taxes help pay for local services		state-and-local-government
Property tax	A tax on land and buildings		state-and-local-government
Sales tax	A tax added to the price of items you buy		state-and-local-government
Income tax	A tax on money people earn		state-and-local-government
License	Official permission, like a driver's license		state-and-local-government
Zoning	Rules about how land can be used		state-and-local-government
Building permit	Permission to build or change a building		state-and-local-government
Election (local)	Voters choose mayors, council members, school boards and judges		state-and-local-government
Zoning board	Group that decides how land may be used		state-and-local-government
Federalism	Power shared between national and state governments		state-and-local-government
Powers of states	Run schools, hold elections, regulate businesses and set driving rules		state-and-local-government
Powers of the federal government	Print money, declare war, make treaties, run the military		state-and-local-government
Shared powers	Taxing, building roads and making laws are done by both		state-and-local-government
Statehood	A territory becomes a state when Congress approves		state-and-local-government
Territory	Land belonging to the US that is not a state		state-and-local-government
Home rule	Local authority to run its own affairs		state-and-local-government
City charter	A city's founding document and rules for its government		state-and-local-government
Township	A form of local government in some states		state-and-local-government
Tribal government	Federally recognized Native nations govern themselves		state-and-local-government
Municipality	A city, town or village with local government		state-and-local-government
Urban	City area		state-and-local-government
Rural	Countryside area		state-and-local-government
Suburb	Community near a city		state-and-local-government
District attorney	Local lawyer who prosecutes crimes for the government		state-and-local-government
Local judge	Judge in a municipal or county court		state-and-local-government
Public hearing	Meeting where citizens speak about a proposed rule		state-and-local-government
Petition (local)	Citizens collect signatures to ask the government to act		state-and-local-government
Public comment	Time at meetings for people to speak		state-and-local-government
Volunteer fire company	Local firefighters who serve without pay in many towns		state-and-local-government
Emergency services	911 services for fire, medical and police needs		state-and-local-government
911	Number to call in an emergency in the US		state-and-local-government
Recycling program	Local service that collects and processes recyclable materials		state-and-local-government
Parks department	Maintains parks and playgrounds		state-and-local-government
Health department	Works to protect public health, like checking restaurants		state-and-local-government
Community center	Place that offers classes and activities		state-and-local-government
Budget (local)	Plan for how a city or county will spend money		state-and-local-government
Why local government matters	It handles many things you use every day		state-and-local-government
Governor's powers	Signs or vetoes bills and leads the state's executive branch		state-and-local-government
Lieutenant governor	Second in command in many states		state-and-local-government
Attorney general (state)	The state's chief lawyer		state-and-local-government
Secretary of state (state)	Official who often oversees elections and records		state-and-local-government
National Guard	Military units that can serve under the governor or the president		state-and-local-government
Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments, ratified in 1791		us-bill-of-rights
Why add a bill of rights?	Many people wanted written protection from a strong national government		us-bill-of-rights
First Amendment	Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition		us-bill-of-rights
Freedom of religion	Government cannot set up an official church or stop you from practicing your faith		us-bill-of-rights
Establishment Clause	Government may not establish an official religion		us-bill-of-rights
Free Exercise Clause	You may practice your religion freely		us-bill-of-rights
Freedom of speech	You may express your ideas without government punishment, within limits		us-bill-of-rights
Freedom of the press	News outlets may publish without government censorship		us-bill-of-rights
Freedom of assembly	People may gather peacefully		us-bill-of-rights
Right to petition	People may ask the government to fix problems		us-bill-of-rights
Second Amendment	The right to keep and bear arms, with a militia purpose stated		us-bill-of-rights
Third Amendment	Soldiers cannot be forced to live in your home in peacetime		us-bill-of-rights
Fourth Amendment	Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures		us-bill-of-rights
Search warrant	Court order that lets police search a place, based on probable cause		us-bill-of-rights
Probable cause	Good reason to believe a crime happened		us-bill-of-rights
Fifth Amendment	Grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, due process, fair payment for property taken		us-bill-of-rights
Double jeopardy	You cannot be tried twice for the same crime		us-bill-of-rights
Self-incrimination	No one can be forced to testify against themselves		us-bill-of-rights
Pleading the fifth	Refusing to answer questions that could incriminate you		us-bill-of-rights
Due process	Fair procedures before the government takes life, liberty or property		us-bill-of-rights
Eminent domain	Government may take private land for public use if it pays fairly		us-bill-of-rights
Grand jury	Group that decides whether there is enough evidence to bring charges		us-bill-of-rights
Sixth Amendment	Speedy public trial, an impartial jury, a lawyer, and facing your accusers		us-bill-of-rights
Right to counsel	Right to have a lawyer		us-bill-of-rights
Impartial jury	Jurors who are fair and have not decided in advance		us-bill-of-rights
Seventh Amendment	Jury trials in many civil cases		us-bill-of-rights
Civil case	A legal dispute between people or groups, often about money		us-bill-of-rights
Criminal case	Government charges someone with breaking a law		us-bill-of-rights
Eighth Amendment	No excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment		us-bill-of-rights
Bail	Money paid to be free while waiting for trial		us-bill-of-rights
Ninth Amendment	People have other rights besides those listed		us-bill-of-rights
Tenth Amendment	Powers not given to the national government belong to the states or the people		us-bill-of-rights
Reserved powers	Powers the Tenth Amendment leaves to the states		us-bill-of-rights
James Madison	Wrote the Bill of Rights in Congress in 1789		us-bill-of-rights
George Mason	Virginian who urged a bill of rights and wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights		us-bill-of-rights
Anti-Federalists	Opponents of the Constitution who demanded a bill of rights		us-bill-of-rights
Federalists	Supporters of the Constitution who promised to add one		us-bill-of-rights
Ratification of Bill of Rights	Completed December 15, 1791		us-bill-of-rights
Bill of Rights Day	December 15, marking ratification		us-bill-of-rights
Magna Carta influence	England's 1215 charter influenced ideas of due process		us-bill-of-rights
English Bill of Rights	1689 document that influenced American rights		us-bill-of-rights
Virginia Declaration of Rights	1776 state document, a model for the national Bill of Rights		us-bill-of-rights
Selective incorporation	Courts applying the Bill of Rights to the states through the 14th Amendment		us-bill-of-rights
Fourteenth Amendment	Guarantees equal protection and due process from state governments		us-bill-of-rights
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)	Students keep free speech rights at school if they do not disrupt learning		us-bill-of-rights
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	Police must tell suspects of their rights before questioning		us-bill-of-rights
Miranda rights	You have the right to remain silent and to have a lawyer		us-bill-of-rights
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	The state must provide a lawyer to defendants who cannot afford one		us-bill-of-rights
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)	Evidence taken by illegal search cannot be used in state court		us-bill-of-rights
New York Times v. United States (1971)	Upheld press freedom in the Pentagon Papers case		us-bill-of-rights
Engel v. Vitale (1962)	Public schools cannot sponsor official prayer		us-bill-of-rights
West Virginia v. Barnette (1943)	Students cannot be forced to salute the flag		us-bill-of-rights
Libel and slander	False statements that harm someone's reputation; not protected speech		us-bill-of-rights
Censorship	Government control of what can be said or published		us-bill-of-rights
Peaceful protest	Gathering to express views, protected by the First Amendment		us-bill-of-rights
Search and seizure	Looking through property and taking items		us-bill-of-rights
Jury of peers	A group of ordinary citizens who decide a trial		us-bill-of-rights
Unreasonable search	A search without a good reason or warrant		us-bill-of-rights
Witness	Person who testifies about what they saw or know		us-bill-of-rights
Defendant	Person accused of a crime or sued in court		us-bill-of-rights
Rights vs responsibilities	Rights come with duties, like respecting others' rights		us-bill-of-rights
Amendments 11-27	Later amendments, such as ending slavery, granting voting rights, and others		us-bill-of-rights
Constitution	The written plan for the US government and the nation's highest law		us-constitution-basics
Year written	1787, in Philadelphia		us-constitution-basics
Year in effect	1789, after nine states ratified it in 1788		us-constitution-basics
Constitutional Convention	Meeting of state delegates in 1787 that wrote the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
Framers	The delegates who wrote the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
James Madison	Called the Father of the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
George Washington	President of the Constitutional Convention		us-constitution-basics
Preamble	The introduction that begins 'We the People'		us-constitution-basics
Purposes in the Preamble	Form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure peace, provide defense, promote welfare, secure liberty		us-constitution-basics
Article I	Describes Congress, the legislative branch		us-constitution-basics
Article II	Describes the president, the executive branch		us-constitution-basics
Article III	Describes the courts, the judicial branch		us-constitution-basics
Article IV	Describes the relationship of states to each other and the nation		us-constitution-basics
Article V	Explains how to amend the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
Article VI	Says the Constitution is the supreme law of the land		us-constitution-basics
Article VII	Explains how the Constitution would be ratified		us-constitution-basics
Supremacy Clause	Federal law is above state law when they conflict		us-constitution-basics
Popular sovereignty	Government's power comes from the people		us-constitution-basics
Limited government	The government has only the powers the Constitution gives it		us-constitution-basics
Separation of powers	Power is divided among three branches		us-constitution-basics
Checks and balances	Each branch can limit the other two		us-constitution-basics
Federalism	Power shared between national and state governments		us-constitution-basics
Republicanism	People elect representatives to govern for them		us-constitution-basics
Individual rights	Basic freedoms protected from government interference		us-constitution-basics
Great Compromise	Gave states equal votes in the Senate and population-based seats in the House		us-constitution-basics
Roger Sherman	Delegate from Connecticut who helped craft the Great Compromise		us-constitution-basics
Three-Fifths Compromise	Counted three-fifths of enslaved people for representation; later ended		us-constitution-basics
Virginia Plan	Proposal for representation based on population		us-constitution-basics
New Jersey Plan	Proposal for equal representation for each state		us-constitution-basics
Federalists	People who supported ratifying the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
Anti-Federalists	People who opposed it without a bill of rights		us-constitution-basics
Ratify	To formally approve		us-constitution-basics
Amendment	A formal change to the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
How to propose an amendment	Two-thirds of both houses of Congress, or a convention called by two-thirds of states		us-constitution-basics
How to ratify an amendment	Three-fourths of the states must approve		us-constitution-basics
Number of amendments	Twenty-seven		us-constitution-basics
Bill of Rights	First ten amendments, ratified in 1791		us-constitution-basics
Necessary and Proper Clause	Lets Congress make laws needed to carry out its powers		us-constitution-basics
Commerce Clause	Gives Congress power to regulate trade between states and with other nations		us-constitution-basics
Enumerated powers	Powers specifically listed for Congress in Article I		us-constitution-basics
Implied powers	Powers not listed but suggested by the listed ones		us-constitution-basics
Reserved powers	Powers left to the states under the Tenth Amendment		us-constitution-basics
Concurrent powers	Powers shared by federal and state governments, like taxing		us-constitution-basics
Elastic clause	Another name for the Necessary and Proper Clause		us-constitution-basics
Bicameral	Having two chambers, like the House and Senate		us-constitution-basics
Qualifications for president	Natural-born citizen, at least 35, 14 years a resident		us-constitution-basics
Qualifications for senator	At least 30, a citizen for nine years, lives in the state		us-constitution-basics
Qualifications for representative	At least 25, a citizen for seven years, lives in the state		us-constitution-basics
Impeachment	House charges and Senate tries an official for serious misconduct		us-constitution-basics
Veto	President's rejection of a bill		us-constitution-basics
Veto override	Two-thirds of both houses can pass a bill over a veto		us-constitution-basics
Judicial review	Courts can decide that laws violate the Constitution (Marbury v. Madison, 1803)		us-constitution-basics
Electoral College	Electors chosen by states formally select the president		us-constitution-basics
Habeas corpus	Right to be brought before a court to challenge imprisonment		us-constitution-basics
Ex post facto law	A law that punishes an act that was legal when it was done; banned by the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
Bill of attainder	A law that declares someone guilty without a trial; banned		us-constitution-basics
Treason	Betraying the country, defined narrowly in the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
Full Faith and Credit	States must respect each other's public acts and court rulings		us-constitution-basics
Extradition	Returning a person accused of a crime to the state where it happened		us-constitution-basics
Oath of office	Promise by officials to support the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
National Archives	Washington, DC building where the Constitution is displayed		us-constitution-basics
Constitution Day	September 17, marking the 1787 signing		us-constitution-basics
Signers	Thirty-nine delegates signed the Constitution		us-constitution-basics
Benjamin Franklin	Oldest delegate at the Convention		us-constitution-basics
Gouverneur Morris	Wrote much of the final Constitution's wording		us-constitution-basics
Elbridge Gerry	Delegate who refused to sign because it lacked a bill of rights		us-constitution-basics
1st Amendment (1791)	Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition		us-constitutional-amendments
2nd Amendment (1791)	The right to keep and bear arms		us-constitutional-amendments
3rd Amendment (1791)	Limits quartering soldiers in private homes		us-constitutional-amendments
4th Amendment (1791)	Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures		us-constitutional-amendments
5th Amendment (1791)	Due process, no double jeopardy, no forced self-incrimination		us-constitutional-amendments
6th Amendment (1791)	Rights of the accused: speedy public trial, jury, lawyer		us-constitutional-amendments
7th Amendment (1791)	Right to a jury trial in many civil cases		us-constitutional-amendments
8th Amendment (1791)	No excessive bail or fines; no cruel and unusual punishment		us-constitutional-amendments
9th Amendment (1791)	Rights not listed are still kept by the people		us-constitutional-amendments
10th Amendment (1791)	Powers not given to the federal government belong to states or the people		us-constitutional-amendments
11th Amendment (1795)	Limits suing a state in federal court by citizens of other states		us-constitutional-amendments
12th Amendment (1804)	Electors vote separately for president and vice president		us-constitutional-amendments
13th Amendment (1865)	Ended slavery in the United States		us-constitutional-amendments
14th Amendment (1868)	Citizenship for all born in the US; equal protection and due process for all persons		us-constitutional-amendments
15th Amendment (1870)	Voting rights cannot be denied because of race		us-constitutional-amendments
16th Amendment (1913)	Allows Congress to collect an income tax		us-constitutional-amendments
17th Amendment (1913)	Senators are elected directly by the people		us-constitutional-amendments
18th Amendment (1919)	Prohibited making and selling alcohol		us-constitutional-amendments
19th Amendment (1920)	Women have the right to vote		us-constitutional-amendments
20th Amendment (1933)	Sets the start dates for presidents' and Congress's terms; the 'lame duck' amendment		us-constitutional-amendments
21st Amendment (1933)	Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition		us-constitutional-amendments
22nd Amendment (1951)	Limits a president to two elected terms		us-constitutional-amendments
23rd Amendment (1961)	Gives Washington, DC electoral votes for president		us-constitutional-amendments
24th Amendment (1964)	Bans poll taxes in federal elections		us-constitutional-amendments
25th Amendment (1967)	Explains what happens if a president cannot serve, and fills vice presidential vacancies		us-constitutional-amendments
26th Amendment (1971)	Lowered the voting age to 18		us-constitutional-amendments
27th Amendment (1992)	Congress's pay changes cannot take effect until after the next election		us-constitutional-amendments
Which amendments ended slavery and protected rights after the Civil War?	The 13th, 14th and 15th, called the Reconstruction Amendments		us-constitutional-amendments
Which amendments expand voting rights?	15th (race), 19th (women), 23rd (DC), 24th (no poll tax), 26th (age 18)		us-constitutional-amendments
Which amendment created the income tax?	The 16th		us-constitutional-amendments
Which amendment is Prohibition?	The 18th (it was repealed by the 21st)		us-constitutional-amendments
Which is the only amendment that repealed another?	The 21st repealed the 18th		us-constitutional-amendments
Which amendment lowered the voting age?	The 26th		us-constitutional-amendments
Which amendment gave women the vote?	The 19th		us-constitutional-amendments
Which amendment has the Due Process Clause for states?	The 14th		us-constitutional-amendments
Which amendment limits the president to two terms?	The 22nd		us-constitutional-amendments
Which amendments make up the Bill of Rights?	The first ten		us-constitutional-amendments
How long did the 27th Amendment take to ratify?	Over 200 years: proposed in 1789, ratified in 1992		us-constitutional-amendments
How many amendments were proposed by Congress and ratified?	Twenty-seven have been ratified		us-constitutional-amendments
Who proposes amendments?	Two-thirds of Congress, or a convention requested by two-thirds of states		us-constitutional-amendments
Who ratifies amendments?	Three-fourths of the states		us-constitutional-amendments
Does the president sign amendments?	No; the president has no formal role in ratifying them		us-constitutional-amendments
Equal protection clause	Part of the 14th Amendment requiring states to treat people equally under the law		us-constitutional-amendments
Birthright citizenship	The 14th Amendment says people born in the US are citizens		us-constitutional-amendments
Direct election	Voters choose a leader without electors, as with senators after 1913		us-constitutional-amendments
Poll tax	A fee to vote, banned in federal elections by the 24th Amendment		us-constitutional-amendments
Lame duck	An official whose term is ending after an election; the 20th Amendment shortened that period		us-constitutional-amendments
Inauguration date	January 20, set by the 20th Amendment		us-constitutional-amendments
Electoral votes for DC	Three, granted by the 23rd Amendment		us-constitutional-amendments
Suffrage	The right to vote		us-constitutional-amendments
Prohibition	National ban on alcohol, 1920-1933		us-constitutional-amendments
Repeal	To cancel a law or amendment		us-constitutional-amendments
American flag	Called the Stars and Stripes; red, white and blue		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Stars on the flag	Fifty, one for each state		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Stripes on the flag	Thirteen, for the original colonies		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Colors of the flag	Red, white and blue		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Pledge of Allegiance	A promise of loyalty to the flag and the nation		us-symbols-and-landmarks
The Star-Spangled Banner	The national anthem		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Francis Scott Key	Wrote the anthem's words in 1814		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Bald eagle	National bird and a symbol of the United States		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Great Seal	Official emblem used on documents, shown on the back of the dollar bill		us-symbols-and-landmarks
E Pluribus Unum	Latin for 'Out of many, one'		us-symbols-and-landmarks
In God We Trust	National motto adopted in 1956		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Uncle Sam	Cartoon figure who stands for the US government		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Liberty Bell	Cracked bell in Philadelphia that stands for freedom		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Statue of Liberty	Gift from France in 1886, in New York Harbor		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Ellis Island	Where millions of immigrants arrived in New York		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Independence Hall	Philadelphia building where the Declaration and Constitution were signed		us-symbols-and-landmarks
White House	Home of the president, in Washington, DC		us-symbols-and-landmarks
US Capitol	Building where Congress meets		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Supreme Court building	Home of the nation's highest court		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Lincoln Memorial	Monument to Abraham Lincoln on the National Mall		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Washington Monument	Tall obelisk honoring George Washington		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Jefferson Memorial	Domed monument to Thomas Jefferson		us-symbols-and-landmarks
National Mall	Long park in Washington, DC with monuments and museums		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Vietnam Veterans Memorial	Black granite wall with the names of those lost in the war		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Arlington National Cemetery	Burial place for many who served in the military		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier	Honors unnamed fallen soldiers, in Arlington		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Mount Rushmore	Mountain carving of four presidents in South Dakota		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Four faces on Mount Rushmore	Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Lincoln		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Golden Gate Bridge	Red suspension bridge in San Francisco		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Grand Canyon	Huge canyon in Arizona carved by the Colorado River		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Niagara Falls	Waterfalls on the border of New York and Canada		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Yellowstone	First US national park, in 1872		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Old Faithful	Famous geyser in Yellowstone		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Alamo	Texas mission, a symbol of the fight for Texas independence		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Gateway Arch	Tall arch in St. Louis, Missouri		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Space Needle	Tower in Seattle		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Empire State Building	Famous New York skyscraper		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Hoover Dam	Dam on the Colorado River between Nevada and Arizona		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Mississippi River	Major river that flows to the Gulf of Mexico		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Rocky Mountains	Mountain range in western North America		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Appalachian Mountains	Mountain range in the eastern United States		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Great Lakes	Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Independence Day	July 4, the birthday of the nation		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Memorial Day	Last Monday in May, honors those who died serving		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Veterans Day	November 11, honors all who served		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Labor Day	First Monday in September, honors workers		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Thanksgiving	Fourth Thursday in November		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Martin Luther King Jr. Day	Third Monday in January		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Presidents Day	Third Monday in February, honors presidents		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Flag Day	June 14 honors the flag		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Constitution Day	September 17		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Juneteenth	June 19, marks the end of slavery		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Columbus Day	Second Monday in October; some places celebrate Indigenous Peoples' Day		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Pledge words 'one nation'	The Pledge says 'one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all'		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Penny	Shows Abraham Lincoln		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Dollar bill	Shows George Washington		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Capital of the US	Washington, DC		us-symbols-and-landmarks
How many states?	Fifty		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Number of original colonies	Thirteen		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Betsy Ross	Said by tradition to have sewn an early flag; the story is not proven		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Flag etiquette	Treat the flag with respect; do not let it touch the ground		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Smokey Bear	Symbol for preventing wildfires		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Apple pie and baseball	Often thought of as American traditions		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Yankee Doodle	Song from the Revolution era		us-symbols-and-landmarks
America the Beautiful	Patriotic song written by Katharine Lee Bates		us-symbols-and-landmarks
This Land Is Your Land	Folk song by Woody Guthrie about the American landscape		us-symbols-and-landmarks
My Country, 'Tis of Thee	Patriotic song also called America		us-symbols-and-landmarks
National park	Land protected by the nation for its beauty or history		us-symbols-and-landmarks
National Park Service	Agency that cares for national parks, created in 1916		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Smithsonian	Group of museums in Washington, DC		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Library of Congress	Largest library in the world		us-symbols-and-landmarks
Legislative branch	Congress; makes the laws		us-three-branches-of-government
Executive branch	The president and agencies; carry out the laws		us-three-branches-of-government
Judicial branch	The courts; interpret the laws		us-three-branches-of-government
Congress	The Senate and the House of Representatives together		us-three-branches-of-government
Senate	Part of Congress with 100 members, two from each state		us-three-branches-of-government
House of Representatives	Part of Congress with 435 voting members, based on state population		us-three-branches-of-government
Senator's term	Six years		us-three-branches-of-government
Representative's term	Two years		us-three-branches-of-government
President's term	Four years		us-three-branches-of-government
Vice president	Takes over if the president cannot serve and presides over the Senate		us-three-branches-of-government
Cabinet	Advisers who lead major departments		us-three-branches-of-government
Federal agency	Part of the executive branch that does a specific job, like the FDA or NASA		us-three-branches-of-government
Supreme Court	The nation's highest court, with nine justices		us-three-branches-of-government
Federal judge	Judge appointed by the president and approved by the Senate; serves for life		us-three-branches-of-government
Justice	A member of the Supreme Court		us-three-branches-of-government
Chief Justice	The leader of the Supreme Court		us-three-branches-of-government
Bill	A proposed law		us-three-branches-of-government
Law	A rule made by government		us-three-branches-of-government
Veto	President says no to a bill		us-three-branches-of-government
Override	Congress passes a bill again over a veto with a two-thirds vote		us-three-branches-of-government
Separation of powers	Splitting government power among three branches		us-three-branches-of-government
Checks and balances	Each branch has ways to limit the others		us-three-branches-of-government
Congress checks the president	By passing laws, controlling funds and impeaching officials		us-three-branches-of-government
President checks Congress	By vetoing bills		us-three-branches-of-government
Courts check Congress and the president	By ruling that laws or actions are unconstitutional		us-three-branches-of-government
Senate checks the president	By confirming nominees and approving treaties		us-three-branches-of-government
President checks the courts	By nominating judges		us-three-branches-of-government
Congress checks the courts	By approving judges, creating lower courts and proposing amendments		us-three-branches-of-government
Impeach	To charge an official with serious wrongdoing		us-three-branches-of-government
Confirm	To approve a nominee, which the Senate does		us-three-branches-of-government
Nominate	To propose someone for a job		us-three-branches-of-government
Treaty	Agreement with another nation, made by the president with Senate approval		us-three-branches-of-government
Commander in chief	The president as head of the military		us-three-branches-of-government
Declare war	Power given to Congress		us-three-branches-of-government
Pass a budget	Congress decides how federal money is spent		us-three-branches-of-government
Regulate trade	Congress can set rules for trade between states and with other countries		us-three-branches-of-government
Interpret laws	Courts decide what laws mean		us-three-branches-of-government
Judicial review	Courts can decide a law goes against the Constitution		us-three-branches-of-government
Appeals court	Court that reviews decisions of lower courts		us-three-branches-of-government
District court	Federal trial court		us-three-branches-of-government
Executive order	Directive from the president to run the executive branch		us-three-branches-of-government
Pardon	President's power to forgive a federal crime		us-three-branches-of-government
Speaker of the House	Leader of the House of Representatives		us-three-branches-of-government
Majority leader	Senate or House leader of the largest party		us-three-branches-of-government
Committee	Small group of members who study bills in detail		us-three-branches-of-government
Filibuster	Using long speeches to delay a vote in the Senate		us-three-branches-of-government
Quorum	Minimum number of members needed to do business		us-three-branches-of-government
Term limit	Limit on how long someone may hold an office		us-three-branches-of-government
Constituent	A person represented by an elected official		us-three-branches-of-government
Lobbyist	Person who tries to influence lawmakers on behalf of a group		us-three-branches-of-government
Federal budget	Plan for how the national government will spend and raise money		us-three-branches-of-government
Capitol	Building in Washington, DC where Congress meets		us-three-branches-of-government
White House	Residence and office of the president		us-three-branches-of-government
Supreme Court building	In Washington, DC, with the words 'Equal Justice Under Law'		us-three-branches-of-government
Marbury v. Madison	1803 case that established judicial review		us-three-branches-of-government
Number of justices	Nine; the number is set by Congress		us-three-branches-of-government
Why three branches?	So no single group has too much power		us-three-branches-of-government
Executive departments	Fifteen major departments such as State, Treasury, Defense and Education		us-three-branches-of-government
Secretary of State	Cabinet member who handles foreign relations		us-three-branches-of-government
Attorney General	Head of the Justice Department		us-three-branches-of-government
Independent agency	Federal agency not part of a cabinet department		us-three-branches-of-government
Religion	A system of beliefs and practices about the sacred, often shared by a community		world-religions-basics
Monotheism	Belief in one God		world-religions-basics
Polytheism	Belief in many gods		world-religions-basics
Faith	Trust or belief in a religion's teachings		world-religions-basics
Judaism	One of the oldest monotheistic religions, began in the Middle East about 4,000 years ago		world-religions-basics
Torah	The first five books of the Hebrew Bible; central text of Judaism		world-religions-basics
Synagogue	Jewish house of worship and community		world-religions-basics
Rabbi	Jewish teacher and leader		world-religions-basics
Sabbath (Shabbat)	Jewish weekly day of rest from Friday evening to Saturday evening		world-religions-basics
Passover	Jewish spring festival remembering the Israelites' freedom from slavery in Egypt		world-religions-basics
Hanukkah	Jewish festival of lights in winter		world-religions-basics
Yom Kippur	Jewish Day of Atonement, a day of fasting and prayer		world-religions-basics
Rosh Hashanah	Jewish New Year		world-religions-basics
Bar and bat mitzvah	Ceremonies marking a Jewish young person's religious responsibility		world-religions-basics
Christianity	Religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth; the largest religion in the world		world-religions-basics
Bible	Holy book of Christianity, with the Old and New Testaments		world-religions-basics
Church	Christian house of worship		world-religions-basics
Christmas	Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus, on December 25 in most churches		world-religions-basics
Easter	Christian celebration of the resurrection of Jesus		world-religions-basics
Trinity	Christian teaching of God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit		world-religions-basics
Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant	The three main branches of Christianity		world-religions-basics
Islam	Religion founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad; followers are called Muslims		world-religions-basics
Quran	Holy book of Islam, believed by Muslims to be God's word		world-religions-basics
Mosque	Muslim house of worship		world-religions-basics
Five Pillars of Islam	Faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage		world-religions-basics
Ramadan	Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset		world-religions-basics
Eid al-Fitr	Festival marking the end of Ramadan		world-religions-basics
Eid al-Adha	Festival of sacrifice at the time of the Hajj		world-religions-basics
Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca		world-religions-basics
Mecca	Holy city in Saudi Arabia that Muslims face when praying		world-religions-basics
Imam	Leader of prayer in a mosque		world-religions-basics
Hinduism	Ancient religion of India with many gods and traditions		world-religions-basics
Vedas	Oldest sacred texts of Hinduism		world-religions-basics
Bhagavad Gita	Hindu scripture about duty and devotion		world-religions-basics
Temple (mandir)	Hindu house of worship		world-religions-basics
Brahman	The supreme reality in Hindu thought		world-religions-basics
Karma	The idea that actions have consequences, in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain thought		world-religions-basics
Reincarnation	Belief that the soul is reborn after death		world-religions-basics
Diwali	Hindu festival of lights, also observed by Sikhs and Jains		world-religions-basics
Holi	Hindu spring festival of colors		world-religions-basics
Ganges River	River considered sacred by Hindus		world-religions-basics
Buddhism	Religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha		world-religions-basics
Buddha	Means 'awakened one'		world-religions-basics
Four Noble Truths	Buddhist teachings about suffering and how to end it		world-religions-basics
Eightfold Path	Buddhist guide to ethical living and meditation		world-religions-basics
Nirvana	Buddhist goal of freedom from suffering		world-religions-basics
Meditation	A practice of focused attention and calm		world-religions-basics
Monk	A man who lives a religious life in a monastery		world-religions-basics
Wesak (Vesak)	Festival marking the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death		world-religions-basics
Sikhism	Monotheistic religion founded in Punjab by Guru Nanak in the 1400s		world-religions-basics
Guru Granth Sahib	Sikh holy scripture		world-religions-basics
Gurdwara	Sikh house of worship		world-religions-basics
Five Ks	Articles of faith worn by initiated Sikhs		world-religions-basics
Jainism	Indian religion stressing nonviolence toward all living things		world-religions-basics
Confucianism	Chinese philosophy based on Confucius that stresses respect, learning and family		world-religions-basics
Daoism	Chinese tradition of living in harmony with the Dao, or Way		world-religions-basics
Shinto	Japan's native tradition honoring kami, or spirits		world-religions-basics
Bahá'í Faith	Religion founded in the 1800s that teaches the unity of humanity		world-religions-basics
Indigenous religions	Traditions of native peoples, often tied to land and ancestors		world-religions-basics
Animism	Belief that natural things have spirits		world-religions-basics
Zoroastrianism	Ancient Persian religion with the prophet Zoroaster		world-religions-basics
Humanism	A non-religious outlook focused on human values and reason		world-religions-basics
Atheism	Lack of belief in a god or gods		world-religions-basics
Agnosticism	The view that the existence of God cannot be known		world-religions-basics
Secular	Not connected to religion		world-religions-basics
Interfaith	Involving people of different religions		world-religions-basics
Religious freedom	The right to follow your own beliefs		world-religions-basics
Scripture	Sacred writings		world-religions-basics
Pilgrimage	Journey to a holy place		world-religions-basics
Prayer	Communication with the divine		world-religions-basics
Ritual	A set of actions performed for a religious purpose		world-religions-basics
Clergy	Religious leaders		world-religions-basics
Place of worship	Church, synagogue, mosque, temple, gurdwara or shrine		world-religions-basics
Golden Rule	Many traditions teach to treat others as you want to be treated		world-religions-basics
Number of followers (approx.)	Christianity and Islam are the two largest; Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism follow in various order		world-religions-basics
Respect	Learning about faiths helps people understand and respect each other		world-religions-basics
Algeria	North Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Egypt	North Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Libya	North Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Morocco	North Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Sudan	North Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Tunisia	North Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Benin	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Burkina Faso	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Cabo Verde	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Côte d'Ivoire	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
The Gambia	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Ghana	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Guinea	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Guinea-Bissau	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Liberia	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Mali	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Mauritania	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Niger	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Nigeria	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Senegal	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Sierra Leone	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Togo	West Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Angola	Central Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Cameroon	Central Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Central African Republic	Central Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Chad	Central Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Republic of the Congo	Central Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Central Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Equatorial Guinea	Central Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Gabon	Central Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
São Tomé and Príncipe	Central Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Burundi	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Comoros	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Djibouti	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Eritrea	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Ethiopia	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Kenya	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Madagascar	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Malawi	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Mauritius	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Mozambique	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Rwanda	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Seychelles	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Somalia	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
South Sudan	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Tanzania	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Uganda	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Zambia	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Zimbabwe	East Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Botswana	Southern Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Eswatini	Southern Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Lesotho	Southern Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Namibia	Southern Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
South Africa	Southern Africa		geo-africa-countries-regions
Canada	North America		geo-americas-countries-regions
United States	North America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Mexico	North America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Belize	Central America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Costa Rica	Central America		geo-americas-countries-regions
El Salvador	Central America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Guatemala	Central America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Honduras	Central America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Nicaragua	Central America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Panama	Central America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Antigua and Barbuda	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
The Bahamas	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Barbados	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Cuba	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Dominica	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Dominican Republic	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Grenada	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Haiti	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Jamaica	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Saint Lucia	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Trinidad and Tobago	Caribbean		geo-americas-countries-regions
Argentina	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Bolivia	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Brazil	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Chile	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Colombia	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Ecuador	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Guyana	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Paraguay	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Peru	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Suriname	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Uruguay	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Venezuela	South America		geo-americas-countries-regions
Canada	The United States only (including Alaska)		geo-americas-neighbors
United States	Canada and Mexico		geo-americas-neighbors
Mexico	United States, Guatemala and Belize		geo-americas-neighbors
Belize	Mexico and Guatemala		geo-americas-neighbors
Guatemala	Mexico, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador		geo-americas-neighbors
El Salvador	Guatemala and Honduras		geo-americas-neighbors
Honduras	Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua		geo-americas-neighbors
Nicaragua	Honduras and Costa Rica		geo-americas-neighbors
Costa Rica	Nicaragua and Panama		geo-americas-neighbors
Panama	Costa Rica and Colombia		geo-americas-neighbors
Haiti	The Dominican Republic		geo-americas-neighbors
Dominican Republic	Haiti		geo-americas-neighbors
Colombia	Panama, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador		geo-americas-neighbors
Venezuela	Colombia, Brazil and Guyana		geo-americas-neighbors
Guyana	Venezuela, Brazil and Suriname		geo-americas-neighbors
Suriname	Guyana, Brazil and French Guiana		geo-americas-neighbors
Brazil	Every South American country except Chile and Ecuador		geo-americas-neighbors
Ecuador	Colombia and Peru		geo-americas-neighbors
Peru	Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and Chile		geo-americas-neighbors
Bolivia	Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile and Peru		geo-americas-neighbors
Chile	Peru, Bolivia and Argentina		geo-americas-neighbors
Argentina	Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil and Uruguay		geo-americas-neighbors
Paraguay	Bolivia, Brazil and Argentina		geo-americas-neighbors
Uruguay	Brazil and Argentina		geo-americas-neighbors
Which two South American countries do not border Brazil?	Chile and Ecuador		geo-americas-neighbors
Which South American countries are landlocked?	Bolivia and Paraguay		geo-americas-neighbors
Which country connects Central America and South America?	Panama		geo-americas-neighbors
Which Central American country has no Caribbean coast?	El Salvador		geo-americas-neighbors
Which Central American country has coasts on both oceans?	Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala		geo-americas-neighbors
Which Central American country uses English as its official language?	Belize		geo-americas-neighbors
Which South American country uses English as its official language?	Guyana		geo-americas-neighbors
Which South American country speaks Dutch?	Suriname		geo-americas-neighbors
Which South American country speaks Portuguese?	Brazil		geo-americas-neighbors
Which territory in South America belongs to France?	French Guiana		geo-americas-neighbors
Which country has Tierra del Fuego shared with Chile?	Argentina		geo-americas-neighbors
Which two countries share Lake Titicaca?	Peru and Bolivia		geo-americas-neighbors
Which two countries share Iguazú Falls?	Argentina and Brazil		geo-americas-neighbors
Which two countries share the island of Hispaniola?	Haiti and the Dominican Republic		geo-americas-neighbors
China	East Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Japan	East Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Mongolia	East Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
North Korea	East Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
South Korea	East Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Brunei	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Cambodia	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Indonesia	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Laos	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Malaysia	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Myanmar	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Philippines	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Singapore	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Thailand	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Timor-Leste	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Vietnam	Southeast Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Afghanistan	South Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Bangladesh	South Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Bhutan	South Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
India	South Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Maldives	South Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Nepal	South Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Pakistan	South Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Sri Lanka	South Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Kazakhstan	Central Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Kyrgyzstan	Central Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Tajikistan	Central Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Turkmenistan	Central Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Uzbekistan	Central Asia		geo-asia-countries-regions
Armenia	West Asia (Caucasus)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Azerbaijan	West Asia (Caucasus)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Georgia	West Asia (Caucasus)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Bahrain	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Iran	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Iraq	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Israel	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Jordan	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Kuwait	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Lebanon	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Oman	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Qatar	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Saudi Arabia	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Syria	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Turkey	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
United Arab Emirates	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
Yemen	West Asia (Middle East)		geo-asia-countries-regions
India	Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar		geo-asia-neighbors
China	Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and North Korea		geo-asia-neighbors
Japan	None; it is an island nation		geo-asia-neighbors
South Korea	North Korea		geo-asia-neighbors
North Korea	South Korea, China and Russia		geo-asia-neighbors
Thailand	Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia		geo-asia-neighbors
Vietnam	China, Laos and Cambodia		geo-asia-neighbors
Cambodia	Thailand, Laos and Vietnam		geo-asia-neighbors
Laos	China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar		geo-asia-neighbors
Myanmar	India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand		geo-asia-neighbors
Malaysia	Thailand, Indonesia and Brunei; Singapore is across a narrow strait		geo-asia-neighbors
Pakistan	India, China, Afghanistan and Iran		geo-asia-neighbors
Afghanistan	Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China		geo-asia-neighbors
Iran	Iraq, Türkiye, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan		geo-asia-neighbors
Iraq	Türkiye, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria		geo-asia-neighbors
Saudi Arabia	Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Oman and Yemen		geo-asia-neighbors
Israel	Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt		geo-asia-neighbors
Türkiye	Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria		geo-asia-neighbors
Mongolia	Russia and China		geo-asia-neighbors
Kazakhstan	Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan		geo-asia-neighbors
Nepal	India and China		geo-asia-neighbors
Bangladesh	India and Myanmar		geo-asia-neighbors
Egypt	Libya, Sudan, Israel and the Gaza Strip		geo-asia-neighbors
Libya	Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Algeria and Tunisia		geo-asia-neighbors
Algeria	Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania and Western Sahara		geo-asia-neighbors
Morocco	Algeria and Mauritania (and Western Sahara)		geo-asia-neighbors
Nigeria	Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon		geo-asia-neighbors
Ghana	Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Togo		geo-asia-neighbors
Ethiopia	Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan		geo-asia-neighbors
Kenya	Ethiopia, South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania and Somalia		geo-asia-neighbors
Tanzania	Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique		geo-asia-neighbors
South Africa	Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho		geo-asia-neighbors
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Republic of the Congo, CAR, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia and Angola		geo-asia-neighbors
Namibia	Angola, Zambia, Botswana and South Africa		geo-asia-neighbors
Zambia	DR Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Angola		geo-asia-neighbors
Sudan	Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea		geo-asia-neighbors
Mali	Algeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal and Mauritania		geo-asia-neighbors
Senegal	Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and The Gambia		geo-asia-neighbors
The Gambia	Senegal only (it is surrounded by Senegal)		geo-asia-neighbors
Capital of New South Wales	Sydney		geo-australia-states-places
Capital of Victoria	Melbourne		geo-australia-states-places
Capital of Queensland	Brisbane		geo-australia-states-places
Capital of South Australia	Adelaide		geo-australia-states-places
Capital of Western Australia	Perth		geo-australia-states-places
Capital of Tasmania	Hobart		geo-australia-states-places
Capital of the Northern Territory	Darwin		geo-australia-states-places
Capital of Australia	Canberra		geo-australia-states-places
Which state is the largest in area?	Western Australia		geo-australia-states-places
Which state is an island south of the mainland?	Tasmania		geo-australia-states-places
Which red rock in the Northern Territory is sacred to the Anangu people?	Uluru (Ayers Rock)		geo-australia-states-places
Which huge coral reef lies off Queensland?	The Great Barrier Reef		geo-australia-states-places
Which sea lies between Australia and New Zealand?	The Tasman Sea		geo-australia-states-places
Which city has the Sydney Opera House?	Sydney		geo-australia-states-places
Which long river system is Australia's most important?	The Murray–Darling river system		geo-australia-states-places
Which mountain range runs down the east coast?	The Great Dividing Range		geo-australia-states-places
What is the highest mountain on mainland Australia?	Mount Kosciuszko		geo-australia-states-places
What is the dry, empty middle of Australia called?	The Outback		geo-australia-states-places
Which ocean is west of Australia?	The Indian Ocean		geo-australia-states-places
Which ocean is east of Australia?	The Pacific Ocean		geo-australia-states-places
Which strait separates Tasmania from the mainland?	Bass Strait		geo-australia-states-places
Which strait separates Australia from Papua New Guinea?	Torres Strait		geo-australia-states-places
Which Australian city is the capital of Queensland and sits on a river?	Brisbane		geo-australia-states-places
Which city is in the territory set up to be the national capital?	Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory		geo-australia-states-places
Which Australian animals carry babies in a pouch and hop?	Kangaroos		geo-australia-states-places
What is Australia's currency?	The Australian dollar		geo-australia-states-places
Tropical rainforest	Hot and wet all year, tall trees and the most kinds of life; found in the Amazon, Congo and Southeast Asia		geo-biomes
Savanna	Warm grassland with scattered trees and wet and dry seasons; found in East Africa and northern Australia		geo-biomes
Desert	Gets very little rain, with plants like cacti; the Sahara is an example		geo-biomes
Temperate deciduous forest	Four seasons and trees that lose their leaves in fall; found in the eastern United States, Europe and East Asia		geo-biomes
Temperate grassland	Wide open grass with hot summers and cold winters; includes the prairies, steppes and pampas		geo-biomes
Taiga (boreal forest)	A cold forest of evergreen trees, the largest land biome; found in Canada, Alaska and Russia		geo-biomes
Tundra	Very cold, windy and treeless with frozen ground; found near the Arctic		geo-biomes
Alpine tundra	Cold, treeless land high on mountains		geo-biomes
Chaparral (Mediterranean scrub)	Hot dry summers, mild wet winters and shrubs; found in California and around the Mediterranean		geo-biomes
Coral reef	Warm, shallow ocean habitat built by tiny animals called corals		geo-biomes
Open ocean	Deep salt water habitat that covers most of the Earth		geo-biomes
Freshwater biome	Rivers, lakes and ponds with little salt in the water		geo-biomes
Wetland	Land covered with water for much of the year, like marshes and swamps		geo-biomes
Mangrove forest	Salt-tolerant trees growing in shallow water along tropical coasts		geo-biomes
Estuary	A place where a river meets the sea and fresh and salt water mix		geo-biomes
Polar ice	Land and sea covered with ice year-round at the poles		geo-biomes
Which biome is the Amazon?	Tropical rainforest		geo-biomes
Which biome is the Serengeti?	Savanna		geo-biomes
Which biome is the Sahara?	Desert		geo-biomes
Which biome has permafrost?	Tundra		geo-biomes
Which biome has the most biodiversity on land?	Tropical rainforest		geo-biomes
Which biome has pines, spruces and firs across northern Canada and Russia?	Taiga		geo-biomes
Which biome is the Great Plains of North America?	Temperate grassland		geo-biomes
What are the grasslands of Eurasia called?	Steppes		geo-biomes
What are the grasslands of South America called?	Pampas		geo-biomes
What are the grasslands of North America called?	Prairies		geo-biomes
What are the layers of a rainforest, from top to bottom?	Emergent layer, canopy, understory, forest floor		geo-biomes
What is a biome?	A large region with a similar climate and similar plants and animals		geo-biomes
Which biome has polar bears?	Arctic tundra and polar ice		geo-biomes
Which biome has camels, cacti and lizards?	Desert		geo-biomes
Which biome has lions, zebras and giraffes?	Savanna		geo-biomes
Which biome has moose, wolves and spruce trees?	Taiga		geo-biomes
Which biome has monkeys, toucans and orchids?	Tropical rainforest		geo-biomes
Which biome has deer, squirrels and oak trees?	Temperate deciduous forest		geo-biomes
What kind of biome is the Great Barrier Reef?	Coral reef (a marine biome)		geo-biomes
What kind of biome is the Everglades?	Wetland		geo-biomes
Golden Gate Bridge	San Francisco, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Brooklyn Bridge	New York City, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Tower Bridge	London, England		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Sydney Harbour Bridge	Sydney, Australia		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Ponte Vecchio	Florence, Italy		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Rialto Bridge	Venice, Italy		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Bridge of Sighs	Venice, Italy		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Charles Bridge	Prague, Czechia		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Chain Bridge	Budapest, Hungary		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Stari Most	Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Øresund Bridge	Between Copenhagen, Denmark and Malmö, Sweden		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge	Japan		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Millau Viaduct	France		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Confederation Bridge	Canada; joins Prince Edward Island to the mainland		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Mackinac Bridge	Michigan, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge	New York City, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Eiffel Tower	Paris, France		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
CN Tower	Toronto, Canada		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Space Needle	Seattle, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Empire State Building	New York City, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
One World Trade Center	New York City, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Willis Tower	Chicago, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Burj Khalifa	Dubai, UAE		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Petronas Towers	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Taipei 101	Taipei, Taiwan		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Tokyo Skytree	Tokyo, Japan		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Shanghai Tower	Shanghai, China		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Canton Tower	Guangzhou, China		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Sky Tower	Auckland, New Zealand		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Eureka Tower	Melbourne, Australia		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
The Shard	London, England		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Big Ben	London, England		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Leaning Tower	Pisa, Italy		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Galata Tower	Istanbul, Türkiye		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Ostankino Tower	Moscow, Russia		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Berlin TV Tower	Berlin, Germany		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Atomium	Brussels, Belgium		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Hoover Dam	On the Colorado River, Nevada and Arizona, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Grand Coulee Dam	On the Columbia River, Washington, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Aswan High Dam	On the Nile, Egypt		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Three Gorges Dam	On the Yangtze, China		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Itaipu Dam	On the Paraná, between Brazil and Paraguay		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Panama Canal Locks	Panama		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Sydney Opera House	Sydney, Australia		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao	Bilbao, Spain		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Louvre Pyramid	Paris, France		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Pentagon	Arlington, Virginia, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Kremlin	Moscow, Russia		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Westminster Abbey	London, England		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
St. Paul's Cathedral	London, England		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Notre-Dame	Paris, France		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Sacré-Cœur	Paris, France		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
La Sagrada Família	Barcelona, Spain		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Cologne Cathedral	Cologne, Germany		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
St. Peter's Basilica	Vatican City		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
St. Basil's Cathedral	Moscow, Russia		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Blue Mosque	Istanbul, Türkiye		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Hagia Sophia	Istanbul, Türkiye		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque	Abu Dhabi, UAE		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Lotus Temple	New Delhi, India		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Marina Bay Sands	Singapore		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Christ the Redeemer	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Hollywood Sign	Los Angeles, USA		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Fisherman's Bastion	Budapest, Hungary		geo-bridges-towers-buildings
Toronto	Ontario		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Ottawa	Ontario		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Hamilton	Ontario		geo-canada-cities-provinces
London (Canada)	Ontario		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Windsor	Ontario		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Kingston	Ontario		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Niagara Falls (city)	Ontario		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Thunder Bay	Ontario		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Montreal	Quebec		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Quebec City	Quebec		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Laval	Quebec		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Gatineau	Quebec		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Sherbrooke	Quebec		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Vancouver	British Columbia		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Victoria	British Columbia		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Kelowna	British Columbia		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Whistler	British Columbia		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Calgary	Alberta		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Edmonton	Alberta		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Banff	Alberta		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Jasper	Alberta		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Regina	Saskatchewan		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Saskatoon	Saskatchewan		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Winnipeg	Manitoba		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Brandon	Manitoba		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Churchill	Manitoba		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Halifax	Nova Scotia		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Sydney (Canada)	Nova Scotia		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Fredericton	New Brunswick		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Moncton	New Brunswick		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Saint John	New Brunswick		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Charlottetown	Prince Edward Island		geo-canada-cities-provinces
St. John's	Newfoundland and Labrador		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Gander	Newfoundland and Labrador		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Whitehorse	Yukon		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Dawson City	Yukon		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Yellowknife	Northwest Territories		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Iqaluit	Nunavut		geo-canada-cities-provinces
Which city is Canada's capital?	Ottawa		geo-canada-facts
Which province has the most people, and holds Toronto?	Ontario		geo-canada-facts
Which province is mostly French-speaking?	Quebec		geo-canada-facts
In which province is Vancouver?	British Columbia		geo-canada-facts
In which province is Calgary?	Alberta		geo-canada-facts
In which province is Montreal?	Quebec		geo-canada-facts
In which province is Winnipeg?	Manitoba		geo-canada-facts
In which province is Halifax?	Nova Scotia		geo-canada-facts
Which Canadian province is an island, known for Anne of Green Gables?	Prince Edward Island		geo-canada-facts
Which waterfalls are on the border of Ontario and New York?	Niagara Falls		geo-canada-facts
What is the tallest mountain in Canada?	Mount Logan (In the Yukon)		geo-canada-facts
Which mountain range runs through Alberta and British Columbia?	The Canadian Rockies		geo-canada-facts
Which ocean is on Canada's west coast?	The Pacific Ocean		geo-canada-facts
Which ocean is on Canada's east coast?	The Atlantic Ocean		geo-canada-facts
Which ocean lies to Canada's north?	The Arctic Ocean		geo-canada-facts
Which large bay is in the middle of northern Canada?	Hudson Bay		geo-canada-facts
Which river runs from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic past Montreal and Quebec City?	The St. Lawrence River		geo-canada-facts
Which is the longest river in Canada?	The Mackenzie River (It flows to the Arctic Ocean)		geo-canada-facts
Which country shares a land border with Canada?	The United States		geo-canada-facts
What is the world's longest border shared by two countries?	The Canada–United States border		geo-canada-facts
Which territory is Canada's largest by area?	Nunavut		geo-canada-facts
Which Canadian territory is famous for the Klondike Gold Rush?	Yukon		geo-canada-facts
Which is Canada's newest territory, created in 1999?	Nunavut		geo-canada-facts
What is the Canadian national symbol leaf?	The maple leaf		geo-canada-facts
Which Great Lake lies entirely within the United States?	Lake Michigan		geo-canada-facts
Which island off British Columbia holds the capital Victoria?	Vancouver Island		geo-canada-facts
Which large island is mostly in Nunavut and is Canada's biggest island?	Baffin Island		geo-canada-facts
Which Canadian city has the CN Tower?	Toronto		geo-canada-facts
Which Canadian city is known for the Calgary Stampede?	Calgary		geo-canada-facts
Which Canadian province is farthest east?	Newfoundland and Labrador		geo-canada-facts
Which Canadian prairie provinces are between Alberta and Ontario?	Saskatchewan and Manitoba		geo-canada-facts
Which Canadian province is between Quebec and Nova Scotia?	New Brunswick		geo-canada-facts
Which Canadian city has the Parliament Hill buildings?	Ottawa		geo-canada-facts
What two official languages does Canada have at the national level?	English and French		geo-canada-facts
What are Canada's flag colors?	Red and white, with a red maple leaf		geo-canada-facts
What is the Canadian currency?	The Canadian dollar		geo-canada-facts
Alberta	Edmonton		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
British Columbia	Victoria		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Manitoba	Winnipeg		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
New Brunswick	Fredericton		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Newfoundland and Labrador	St. John's		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Nova Scotia	Halifax		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Ontario	Toronto		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Prince Edward Island	Charlottetown		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Quebec	Quebec City		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Saskatchewan	Regina		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Northwest Territories	Yellowknife		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Nunavut	Iqaluit		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Yukon	Whitehorse		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Canada (the country)	Ottawa (It sits in Ontario beside the Quebec border)		geo-canada-provinces-capitals
Ottawa	Canada		geo-capital-to-country
Washington, D.C.	United States		geo-capital-to-country
Mexico City	Mexico		geo-capital-to-country
Havana	Cuba		geo-capital-to-country
Kingston	Jamaica		geo-capital-to-country
Nassau	The Bahamas		geo-capital-to-country
Port-au-Prince	Haiti		geo-capital-to-country
San José	Costa Rica		geo-capital-to-country
Panama City	Panama		geo-capital-to-country
Bogotá	Colombia		geo-capital-to-country
Caracas	Venezuela		geo-capital-to-country
Quito	Ecuador		geo-capital-to-country
Lima	Peru		geo-capital-to-country
La Paz	Bolivia (seat of government)		geo-capital-to-country
Brasília	Brazil		geo-capital-to-country
Buenos Aires	Argentina		geo-capital-to-country
Santiago	Chile		geo-capital-to-country
Montevideo	Uruguay		geo-capital-to-country
Asunción	Paraguay		geo-capital-to-country
London	United Kingdom		geo-capital-to-country
Dublin	Ireland		geo-capital-to-country
Paris	France		geo-capital-to-country
Madrid	Spain		geo-capital-to-country
Lisbon	Portugal		geo-capital-to-country
Rome	Italy		geo-capital-to-country
Berlin	Germany		geo-capital-to-country
Vienna	Austria		geo-capital-to-country
Bern	Switzerland		geo-capital-to-country
Brussels	Belgium		geo-capital-to-country
Amsterdam	Netherlands		geo-capital-to-country
Copenhagen	Denmark		geo-capital-to-country
Oslo	Norway		geo-capital-to-country
Stockholm	Sweden		geo-capital-to-country
Helsinki	Finland		geo-capital-to-country
Reykjavík	Iceland		geo-capital-to-country
Warsaw	Poland		geo-capital-to-country
Prague	Czechia		geo-capital-to-country
Budapest	Hungary		geo-capital-to-country
Bucharest	Romania		geo-capital-to-country
Sofia	Bulgaria		geo-capital-to-country
Athens	Greece		geo-capital-to-country
Belgrade	Serbia		geo-capital-to-country
Zagreb	Croatia		geo-capital-to-country
Kyiv	Ukraine		geo-capital-to-country
Minsk	Belarus		geo-capital-to-country
Moscow	Russia		geo-capital-to-country
Vilnius	Lithuania		geo-capital-to-country
Riga	Latvia		geo-capital-to-country
Tallinn	Estonia		geo-capital-to-country
Ankara	Türkiye		geo-capital-to-country
Cairo	Egypt		geo-capital-to-country
Tripoli	Libya		geo-capital-to-country
Tunis	Tunisia		geo-capital-to-country
Algiers	Algeria		geo-capital-to-country
Rabat	Morocco		geo-capital-to-country
Dakar	Senegal		geo-capital-to-country
Accra	Ghana		geo-capital-to-country
Abuja	Nigeria		geo-capital-to-country
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia		geo-capital-to-country
Nairobi	Kenya		geo-capital-to-country
Kampala	Uganda		geo-capital-to-country
Dodoma	Tanzania		geo-capital-to-country
Lusaka	Zambia		geo-capital-to-country
Harare	Zimbabwe		geo-capital-to-country
Maputo	Mozambique		geo-capital-to-country
Antananarivo	Madagascar		geo-capital-to-country
Windhoek	Namibia		geo-capital-to-country
Gaborone	Botswana		geo-capital-to-country
Luanda	Angola		geo-capital-to-country
Kinshasa	Democratic Republic of the Congo		geo-capital-to-country
Khartoum	Sudan		geo-capital-to-country
Mogadishu	Somalia		geo-capital-to-country
Kigali	Rwanda		geo-capital-to-country
Riyadh	Saudi Arabia		geo-capital-to-country
Baghdad	Iraq		geo-capital-to-country
Tehran	Iran		geo-capital-to-country
Kabul	Afghanistan		geo-capital-to-country
Islamabad	Pakistan		geo-capital-to-country
New Delhi	India		geo-capital-to-country
Dhaka	Bangladesh		geo-capital-to-country
Kathmandu	Nepal		geo-capital-to-country
Colombo / Kotte	Sri Lanka		geo-capital-to-country
Beijing	China		geo-capital-to-country
Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia		geo-capital-to-country
Tokyo	Japan		geo-capital-to-country
Seoul	South Korea		geo-capital-to-country
Pyongyang	North Korea		geo-capital-to-country
Hanoi	Vietnam		geo-capital-to-country
Bangkok	Thailand		geo-capital-to-country
Phnom Penh	Cambodia		geo-capital-to-country
Vientiane	Laos		geo-capital-to-country
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia		geo-capital-to-country
Jakarta	Indonesia		geo-capital-to-country
Manila	Philippines		geo-capital-to-country
Canberra	Australia		geo-capital-to-country
Wellington	New Zealand		geo-capital-to-country
Suva	Fiji		geo-capital-to-country
Port Moresby	Papua New Guinea		geo-capital-to-country
Tashkent	Uzbekistan		geo-capital-to-country
Astana	Kazakhstan		geo-capital-to-country
Tbilisi	Georgia		geo-capital-to-country
Yerevan	Armenia		geo-capital-to-country
Baku	Azerbaijan		geo-capital-to-country
Damascus	Syria		geo-capital-to-country
Beirut	Lebanon		geo-capital-to-country
Amman	Jordan		geo-capital-to-country
Doha	Qatar		geo-capital-to-country
Muscat	Oman		geo-capital-to-country
Abu Dhabi	United Arab Emirates		geo-capital-to-country
Kuwait City	Kuwait		geo-capital-to-country
Algeria	Algiers		geo-capitals-africa
Angola	Luanda		geo-capitals-africa
Benin	Porto-Novo (Cotonou is the biggest city, but Porto-Novo is the capital)		geo-capitals-africa
Botswana	Gaborone		geo-capitals-africa
Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou (Say it: WAH-gah-DOO-goo)		geo-capitals-africa
Burundi	Gitega		geo-capitals-africa
Cabo Verde	Praia		geo-capitals-africa
Cameroon	Yaoundé		geo-capitals-africa
Central African Republic	Bangui		geo-capitals-africa
Chad	N'Djamena		geo-capitals-africa
Comoros	Moroni		geo-capitals-africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Kinshasa		geo-capitals-africa
Republic of the Congo	Brazzaville		geo-capitals-africa
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)	Yamoussoukro (Abidjan is the biggest city)		geo-capitals-africa
Djibouti	Djibouti (city)		geo-capitals-africa
Egypt	Cairo		geo-capitals-africa
Equatorial Guinea	Malabo		geo-capitals-africa
Eritrea	Asmara		geo-capitals-africa
Eswatini	Mbabane (Formerly called Swaziland)		geo-capitals-africa
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa		geo-capitals-africa
Gabon	Libreville		geo-capitals-africa
The Gambia	Banjul		geo-capitals-africa
Ghana	Accra		geo-capitals-africa
Guinea	Conakry		geo-capitals-africa
Guinea-Bissau	Bissau		geo-capitals-africa
Kenya	Nairobi		geo-capitals-africa
Lesotho	Maseru		geo-capitals-africa
Liberia	Monrovia		geo-capitals-africa
Libya	Tripoli		geo-capitals-africa
Madagascar	Antananarivo		geo-capitals-africa
Malawi	Lilongwe		geo-capitals-africa
Mali	Bamako		geo-capitals-africa
Mauritania	Nouakchott		geo-capitals-africa
Mauritius	Port Louis		geo-capitals-africa
Morocco	Rabat		geo-capitals-africa
Mozambique	Maputo		geo-capitals-africa
Namibia	Windhoek		geo-capitals-africa
Niger	Niamey		geo-capitals-africa
Nigeria	Abuja (Lagos is bigger, but Abuja is the capital)		geo-capitals-africa
Rwanda	Kigali		geo-capitals-africa
São Tomé and Príncipe	São Tomé		geo-capitals-africa
Senegal	Dakar		geo-capitals-africa
Seychelles	Victoria		geo-capitals-africa
Sierra Leone	Freetown		geo-capitals-africa
Somalia	Mogadishu		geo-capitals-africa
South Africa	Pretoria (executive), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial) (It has three capitals)		geo-capitals-africa
South Sudan	Juba		geo-capitals-africa
Sudan	Khartoum		geo-capitals-africa
Tanzania	Dodoma (Dar es Salaam is the biggest city)		geo-capitals-africa
Togo	Lomé		geo-capitals-africa
Tunisia	Tunis		geo-capitals-africa
Uganda	Kampala		geo-capitals-africa
Zambia	Lusaka		geo-capitals-africa
Zimbabwe	Harare		geo-capitals-africa
Afghanistan	Kabul		geo-capitals-asia
Armenia	Yerevan		geo-capitals-asia
Azerbaijan	Baku		geo-capitals-asia
Bahrain	Manama		geo-capitals-asia
Bangladesh	Dhaka		geo-capitals-asia
Bhutan	Thimphu		geo-capitals-asia
Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan		geo-capitals-asia
Cambodia	Phnom Penh		geo-capitals-asia
China	Beijing		geo-capitals-asia
Georgia	Tbilisi		geo-capitals-asia
India	New Delhi		geo-capitals-asia
Indonesia	Jakarta (A new capital, Nusantara, is being built)		geo-capitals-asia
Iran	Tehran		geo-capitals-asia
Iraq	Baghdad		geo-capitals-asia
Israel	Jerusalem		geo-capitals-asia
Japan	Tokyo		geo-capitals-asia
Jordan	Amman		geo-capitals-asia
Kazakhstan	Astana		geo-capitals-asia
Kuwait	Kuwait City		geo-capitals-asia
Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek		geo-capitals-asia
Laos	Vientiane		geo-capitals-asia
Lebanon	Beirut		geo-capitals-asia
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur		geo-capitals-asia
Maldives	Malé		geo-capitals-asia
Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar		geo-capitals-asia
Myanmar (Burma)	Naypyidaw		geo-capitals-asia
Nepal	Kathmandu		geo-capitals-asia
North Korea	Pyongyang		geo-capitals-asia
Oman	Muscat		geo-capitals-asia
Pakistan	Islamabad		geo-capitals-asia
Philippines	Manila		geo-capitals-asia
Qatar	Doha		geo-capitals-asia
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh		geo-capitals-asia
Singapore	Singapore		geo-capitals-asia
South Korea	Seoul		geo-capitals-asia
Sri Lanka	Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (Colombo is the largest city)		geo-capitals-asia
Syria	Damascus		geo-capitals-asia
Tajikistan	Dushanbe		geo-capitals-asia
Thailand	Bangkok		geo-capitals-asia
Timor-Leste (East Timor)	Dili		geo-capitals-asia
Turkey (Türkiye)	Ankara (Istanbul is bigger, but Ankara is the capital)		geo-capitals-asia
Turkmenistan	Ashgabat		geo-capitals-asia
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi		geo-capitals-asia
Uzbekistan	Tashkent		geo-capitals-asia
Vietnam	Hanoi		geo-capitals-asia
Yemen	Sana'a		geo-capitals-asia
Albania	Tirana		geo-capitals-europe
Andorra	Andorra la Vella		geo-capitals-europe
Austria	Vienna		geo-capitals-europe
Belarus	Minsk		geo-capitals-europe
Belgium	Brussels		geo-capitals-europe
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo		geo-capitals-europe
Bulgaria	Sofia		geo-capitals-europe
Croatia	Zagreb		geo-capitals-europe
Cyprus	Nicosia		geo-capitals-europe
Czechia (Czech Republic)	Prague		geo-capitals-europe
Denmark	Copenhagen		geo-capitals-europe
Estonia	Tallinn		geo-capitals-europe
Finland	Helsinki		geo-capitals-europe
France	Paris		geo-capitals-europe
Germany	Berlin		geo-capitals-europe
Greece	Athens		geo-capitals-europe
Hungary	Budapest		geo-capitals-europe
Iceland	Reykjavík		geo-capitals-europe
Ireland	Dublin		geo-capitals-europe
Italy	Rome		geo-capitals-europe
Kosovo	Pristina		geo-capitals-europe
Latvia	Riga		geo-capitals-europe
Liechtenstein	Vaduz		geo-capitals-europe
Lithuania	Vilnius		geo-capitals-europe
Luxembourg	Luxembourg City		geo-capitals-europe
Malta	Valletta		geo-capitals-europe
Moldova	Chișinău		geo-capitals-europe
Monaco	Monaco		geo-capitals-europe
Montenegro	Podgorica		geo-capitals-europe
Netherlands	Amsterdam (The government sits in The Hague)		geo-capitals-europe
North Macedonia	Skopje		geo-capitals-europe
Norway	Oslo		geo-capitals-europe
Poland	Warsaw		geo-capitals-europe
Portugal	Lisbon		geo-capitals-europe
Romania	Bucharest		geo-capitals-europe
Russia	Moscow		geo-capitals-europe
San Marino	San Marino		geo-capitals-europe
Serbia	Belgrade		geo-capitals-europe
Slovakia	Bratislava		geo-capitals-europe
Slovenia	Ljubljana		geo-capitals-europe
Spain	Madrid		geo-capitals-europe
Sweden	Stockholm		geo-capitals-europe
Switzerland	Bern		geo-capitals-europe
Ukraine	Kyiv		geo-capitals-europe
United Kingdom	London		geo-capitals-europe
Vatican City	Vatican City		geo-capitals-europe
Antigua and Barbuda	St. John's		geo-capitals-north-america
The Bahamas	Nassau		geo-capitals-north-america
Barbados	Bridgetown		geo-capitals-north-america
Belize	Belmopan		geo-capitals-north-america
Canada	Ottawa		geo-capitals-north-america
Costa Rica	San José		geo-capitals-north-america
Cuba	Havana		geo-capitals-north-america
Dominica	Roseau		geo-capitals-north-america
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo		geo-capitals-north-america
El Salvador	San Salvador		geo-capitals-north-america
Grenada	St. George's		geo-capitals-north-america
Guatemala	Guatemala City		geo-capitals-north-america
Haiti	Port-au-Prince		geo-capitals-north-america
Honduras	Tegucigalpa		geo-capitals-north-america
Jamaica	Kingston		geo-capitals-north-america
Mexico	Mexico City		geo-capitals-north-america
Nicaragua	Managua		geo-capitals-north-america
Panama	Panama City		geo-capitals-north-america
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre		geo-capitals-north-america
Saint Lucia	Castries		geo-capitals-north-america
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown		geo-capitals-north-america
Trinidad and Tobago	Port of Spain		geo-capitals-north-america
United States	Washington, D.C.		geo-capitals-north-america
Australia	Canberra (Not Sydney or Melbourne)		geo-capitals-oceania
Fiji	Suva		geo-capitals-oceania
Kiribati	South Tarawa		geo-capitals-oceania
Marshall Islands	Majuro		geo-capitals-oceania
Micronesia (Federated States of)	Palikir		geo-capitals-oceania
Nauru	Yaren (de facto)		geo-capitals-oceania
New Zealand	Wellington		geo-capitals-oceania
Palau	Ngerulmud		geo-capitals-oceania
Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby		geo-capitals-oceania
Samoa	Apia		geo-capitals-oceania
Solomon Islands	Honiara		geo-capitals-oceania
Tonga	Nukuʻalofa		geo-capitals-oceania
Tuvalu	Funafuti		geo-capitals-oceania
Vanuatu	Port Vila		geo-capitals-oceania
Argentina	Buenos Aires		geo-capitals-south-america
Bolivia	Sucre (official), La Paz (seat of government)		geo-capitals-south-america
Brazil	Brasília (Not Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo)		geo-capitals-south-america
Chile	Santiago		geo-capitals-south-america
Colombia	Bogotá		geo-capitals-south-america
Ecuador	Quito		geo-capitals-south-america
Guyana	Georgetown		geo-capitals-south-america
Paraguay	Asunción		geo-capitals-south-america
Peru	Lima		geo-capitals-south-america
Suriname	Paramaribo		geo-capitals-south-america
Uruguay	Montevideo		geo-capitals-south-america
Venezuela	Caracas		geo-capitals-south-america
United States	Washington, D.C.		geo-capitals-world-famous
Canada	Ottawa		geo-capitals-world-famous
Mexico	Mexico City		geo-capitals-world-famous
Brazil	Brasília		geo-capitals-world-famous
Argentina	Buenos Aires		geo-capitals-world-famous
Chile	Santiago		geo-capitals-world-famous
Peru	Lima		geo-capitals-world-famous
Colombia	Bogotá		geo-capitals-world-famous
Cuba	Havana		geo-capitals-world-famous
Jamaica	Kingston		geo-capitals-world-famous
United Kingdom	London		geo-capitals-world-famous
Ireland	Dublin		geo-capitals-world-famous
France	Paris		geo-capitals-world-famous
Spain	Madrid		geo-capitals-world-famous
Portugal	Lisbon		geo-capitals-world-famous
Italy	Rome		geo-capitals-world-famous
Germany	Berlin		geo-capitals-world-famous
Netherlands	Amsterdam		geo-capitals-world-famous
Belgium	Brussels		geo-capitals-world-famous
Switzerland	Bern		geo-capitals-world-famous
Austria	Vienna		geo-capitals-world-famous
Poland	Warsaw		geo-capitals-world-famous
Czechia	Prague		geo-capitals-world-famous
Hungary	Budapest		geo-capitals-world-famous
Greece	Athens		geo-capitals-world-famous
Norway	Oslo		geo-capitals-world-famous
Sweden	Stockholm		geo-capitals-world-famous
Denmark	Copenhagen		geo-capitals-world-famous
Finland	Helsinki		geo-capitals-world-famous
Iceland	Reykjavík		geo-capitals-world-famous
Russia	Moscow		geo-capitals-world-famous
Ukraine	Kyiv		geo-capitals-world-famous
Turkey (Türkiye)	Ankara		geo-capitals-world-famous
Egypt	Cairo		geo-capitals-world-famous
Morocco	Rabat		geo-capitals-world-famous
Nigeria	Abuja		geo-capitals-world-famous
Ghana	Accra		geo-capitals-world-famous
Kenya	Nairobi		geo-capitals-world-famous
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa		geo-capitals-world-famous
Tanzania	Dodoma		geo-capitals-world-famous
South Africa	Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein (Three capitals)		geo-capitals-world-famous
Madagascar	Antananarivo		geo-capitals-world-famous
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh		geo-capitals-world-famous
Israel	Jerusalem		geo-capitals-world-famous
Iraq	Baghdad		geo-capitals-world-famous
Iran	Tehran		geo-capitals-world-famous
Afghanistan	Kabul		geo-capitals-world-famous
Pakistan	Islamabad		geo-capitals-world-famous
India	New Delhi		geo-capitals-world-famous
Bangladesh	Dhaka		geo-capitals-world-famous
Nepal	Kathmandu		geo-capitals-world-famous
China	Beijing		geo-capitals-world-famous
Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar		geo-capitals-world-famous
Japan	Tokyo		geo-capitals-world-famous
South Korea	Seoul		geo-capitals-world-famous
Vietnam	Hanoi		geo-capitals-world-famous
Thailand	Bangkok		geo-capitals-world-famous
Philippines	Manila		geo-capitals-world-famous
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur		geo-capitals-world-famous
Indonesia	Jakarta		geo-capitals-world-famous
Singapore	Singapore		geo-capitals-world-famous
Australia	Canberra		geo-capitals-world-famous
New Zealand	Wellington		geo-capitals-world-famous
Fiji	Suva		geo-capitals-world-famous
Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby		geo-capitals-world-famous
Kazakhstan	Astana		geo-capitals-world-famous
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi		geo-capitals-world-famous
Venezuela	Caracas		geo-capitals-world-famous
Ecuador	Quito		geo-capitals-world-famous
Bolivia	Sucre (official), La Paz (seat of government)		geo-capitals-world-famous
Uruguay	Montevideo		geo-capitals-world-famous
Panama	Panama City		geo-capitals-world-famous
Costa Rica	San José		geo-capitals-world-famous
Guatemala	Guatemala City		geo-capitals-world-famous
Haiti	Port-au-Prince		geo-capitals-world-famous
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo		geo-capitals-world-famous
Algeria	Algiers		geo-capitals-world-famous
Libya	Tripoli		geo-capitals-world-famous
Sudan	Khartoum		geo-capitals-world-famous
Senegal	Dakar		geo-capitals-world-famous
Zimbabwe	Harare		geo-capitals-world-famous
Zambia	Lusaka		geo-capitals-world-famous
Uganda	Kampala		geo-capitals-world-famous
Rwanda	Kigali		geo-capitals-world-famous
Angola	Luanda		geo-capitals-world-famous
Namibia	Windhoek		geo-capitals-world-famous
Croatia	Zagreb		geo-capitals-world-famous
Serbia	Belgrade		geo-capitals-world-famous
Romania	Bucharest		geo-capitals-world-famous
Bulgaria	Sofia		geo-capitals-world-famous
Slovakia	Bratislava		geo-capitals-world-famous
Lithuania	Vilnius		geo-capitals-world-famous
Latvia	Riga		geo-capitals-world-famous
Estonia	Tallinn		geo-capitals-world-famous
Cambodia	Phnom Penh		geo-capitals-world-famous
Sri Lanka	Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte		geo-capitals-world-famous
Myanmar	Naypyidaw		geo-capitals-world-famous
Largest island in the Caribbean?	Cuba		geo-caribbean-islands
Which island is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic?	Hispaniola		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Cuba?	Havana		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Jamaica?	Kingston		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Haiti?	Port-au-Prince		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of the Dominican Republic?	Santo Domingo		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of The Bahamas?	Nassau		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Barbados?	Bridgetown		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Trinidad and Tobago?	Port of Spain		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Saint Lucia?	Castries		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Grenada?	St. George's		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Antigua and Barbuda?	St. John's		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Dominica?	Roseau		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis?	Basseterre		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines?	Kingstown		geo-caribbean-islands
Capital of Puerto Rico (U.S. territory)?	San Juan		geo-caribbean-islands
What language is spoken in Cuba?	Spanish		geo-caribbean-islands
What language is spoken in Jamaica?	English (with Jamaican Patois)		geo-caribbean-islands
What language is spoken in Haiti?	French and Haitian Creole		geo-caribbean-islands
What language is spoken in the Dominican Republic?	Spanish		geo-caribbean-islands
What language is spoken in The Bahamas?	English		geo-caribbean-islands
Which Caribbean island is a U.S. territory with San Juan?	Puerto Rico		geo-caribbean-islands
Which islands make up the Greater Antilles?	Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico		geo-caribbean-islands
What are the smaller islands that curve toward South America called?	The Lesser Antilles		geo-caribbean-islands
Which island nation has two main islands and is near Venezuela?	Trinidad and Tobago		geo-caribbean-islands
Which Caribbean country is made of over 700 islands in the Atlantic?	The Bahamas		geo-caribbean-islands
Which Caribbean island is famous for its Pitons?	Saint Lucia		geo-caribbean-islands
Which Caribbean island is known as the 'Nature Island'?	Dominica		geo-caribbean-islands
Which Caribbean island is famous for reggae music?	Jamaica		geo-caribbean-islands
Which Caribbean island is the easternmost of the Lesser Antilles?	Barbados		geo-caribbean-islands
Which U.S. territory in the Caribbean includes St. Thomas?	The U.S. Virgin Islands		geo-caribbean-islands
Which Caribbean sea is bordered by Mexico, Central America and South America?	The Caribbean Sea		geo-caribbean-islands
Which strait separates Cuba from Florida?	The Straits of Florida		geo-caribbean-islands
Which Caribbean country first won independence from France in a slave revolt in 1804?	Haiti		geo-caribbean-islands
What is the Caribbean region's usual weather season for storms?	Hurricane season, from June to November		geo-caribbean-islands
Toronto	Canada		geo-cities-and-countries
Vancouver	Canada		geo-cities-and-countries
Montreal	Canada		geo-cities-and-countries
Calgary	Canada		geo-cities-and-countries
Rio de Janeiro	Brazil		geo-cities-and-countries
São Paulo	Brazil		geo-cities-and-countries
Salvador	Brazil		geo-cities-and-countries
Manaus	Brazil		geo-cities-and-countries
Córdoba	Argentina		geo-cities-and-countries
Mendoza	Argentina		geo-cities-and-countries
Cusco	Peru		geo-cities-and-countries
Cartagena	Colombia		geo-cities-and-countries
Medellín	Colombia		geo-cities-and-countries
Valparaíso	Chile		geo-cities-and-countries
Guayaquil	Ecuador		geo-cities-and-countries
Santa Cruz de la Sierra	Bolivia		geo-cities-and-countries
Guadalajara	Mexico		geo-cities-and-countries
Monterrey	Mexico		geo-cities-and-countries
Cancún	Mexico		geo-cities-and-countries
Tijuana	Mexico		geo-cities-and-countries
Acapulco	Mexico		geo-cities-and-countries
Montego Bay	Jamaica		geo-cities-and-countries
Santiago de Cuba	Cuba		geo-cities-and-countries
Barcelona	Spain		geo-cities-and-countries
Seville	Spain		geo-cities-and-countries
Valencia	Spain		geo-cities-and-countries
Bilbao	Spain		geo-cities-and-countries
Porto	Portugal		geo-cities-and-countries
Milan	Italy		geo-cities-and-countries
Venice	Italy		geo-cities-and-countries
Florence	Italy		geo-cities-and-countries
Naples	Italy		geo-cities-and-countries
Turin	Italy		geo-cities-and-countries
Marseille	France		geo-cities-and-countries
Lyon	France		geo-cities-and-countries
Nice	France		geo-cities-and-countries
Bordeaux	France		geo-cities-and-countries
Strasbourg	France		geo-cities-and-countries
Munich	Germany		geo-cities-and-countries
Hamburg	Germany		geo-cities-and-countries
Frankfurt	Germany		geo-cities-and-countries
Cologne	Germany		geo-cities-and-countries
Zurich	Switzerland		geo-cities-and-countries
Geneva	Switzerland		geo-cities-and-countries
Salzburg	Austria		geo-cities-and-countries
Edinburgh	Scotland, United Kingdom		geo-cities-and-countries
Glasgow	Scotland, United Kingdom		geo-cities-and-countries
Manchester	England, United Kingdom		geo-cities-and-countries
Liverpool	England, United Kingdom		geo-cities-and-countries
Birmingham	England, United Kingdom		geo-cities-and-countries
Cardiff	Wales, United Kingdom		geo-cities-and-countries
Belfast	Northern Ireland, United Kingdom		geo-cities-and-countries
Cork	Ireland		geo-cities-and-countries
Galway	Ireland		geo-cities-and-countries
Rotterdam	Netherlands		geo-cities-and-countries
Antwerp	Belgium		geo-cities-and-countries
Bruges	Belgium		geo-cities-and-countries
Gothenburg	Sweden		geo-cities-and-countries
Bergen	Norway		geo-cities-and-countries
Kraków	Poland		geo-cities-and-countries
Gdańsk	Poland		geo-cities-and-countries
Saint Petersburg	Russia		geo-cities-and-countries
Vladivostok	Russia		geo-cities-and-countries
Novosibirsk	Russia		geo-cities-and-countries
Odesa	Ukraine		geo-cities-and-countries
Istanbul	Turkey		geo-cities-and-countries
Izmir	Turkey		geo-cities-and-countries
Thessaloniki	Greece		geo-cities-and-countries
Dubrovnik	Croatia		geo-cities-and-countries
Alexandria	Egypt		geo-cities-and-countries
Luxor	Egypt		geo-cities-and-countries
Aswan	Egypt		geo-cities-and-countries
Casablanca	Morocco		geo-cities-and-countries
Marrakech	Morocco		geo-cities-and-countries
Fez	Morocco		geo-cities-and-countries
Lagos	Nigeria		geo-cities-and-countries
Kumasi	Ghana		geo-cities-and-countries
Timbuktu	Mali		geo-cities-and-countries
Johannesburg	South Africa		geo-cities-and-countries
Cape Town	South Africa		geo-cities-and-countries
Durban	South Africa		geo-cities-and-countries
Mombasa	Kenya		geo-cities-and-countries
Dar es Salaam	Tanzania		geo-cities-and-countries
Zanzibar City	Tanzania		geo-cities-and-countries
Dubai	United Arab Emirates		geo-cities-and-countries
Jeddah	Saudi Arabia		geo-cities-and-countries
Mecca	Saudi Arabia		geo-cities-and-countries
Tel Aviv	Israel		geo-cities-and-countries
Haifa	Israel		geo-cities-and-countries
Mumbai	India		geo-cities-and-countries
Kolkata	India		geo-cities-and-countries
Chennai	India		geo-cities-and-countries
Bengaluru	India		geo-cities-and-countries
Jaipur	India		geo-cities-and-countries
Agra	India		geo-cities-and-countries
Varanasi	India		geo-cities-and-countries
Karachi	Pakistan		geo-cities-and-countries
Lahore	Pakistan		geo-cities-and-countries
Chittagong	Bangladesh		geo-cities-and-countries
Colombo	Sri Lanka		geo-cities-and-countries
Shanghai	China		geo-cities-and-countries
Guangzhou	China		geo-cities-and-countries
Shenzhen	China		geo-cities-and-countries
Chengdu	China		geo-cities-and-countries
Hong Kong	China (a special administrative region)		geo-cities-and-countries
Macau	China (a special administrative region)		geo-cities-and-countries
Osaka	Japan		geo-cities-and-countries
Kyoto	Japan		geo-cities-and-countries
Hiroshima	Japan		geo-cities-and-countries
Nagoya	Japan		geo-cities-and-countries
Sapporo	Japan		geo-cities-and-countries
Busan	South Korea		geo-cities-and-countries
Incheon	South Korea		geo-cities-and-countries
Ho Chi Minh City	Vietnam		geo-cities-and-countries
Da Nang	Vietnam		geo-cities-and-countries
Chiang Mai	Thailand		geo-cities-and-countries
Phuket	Thailand		geo-cities-and-countries
Siem Reap	Cambodia		geo-cities-and-countries
Luang Prabang	Laos		geo-cities-and-countries
Cebu	Philippines		geo-cities-and-countries
Davao	Philippines		geo-cities-and-countries
Surabaya	Indonesia		geo-cities-and-countries
Penang	Malaysia		geo-cities-and-countries
Yangon	Myanmar		geo-cities-and-countries
Sydney	Australia		geo-cities-and-countries
Melbourne	Australia		geo-cities-and-countries
Brisbane	Australia		geo-cities-and-countries
Perth	Australia		geo-cities-and-countries
Adelaide	Australia		geo-cities-and-countries
Auckland	New Zealand		geo-cities-and-countries
Christchurch	New Zealand		geo-cities-and-countries
Queenstown	New Zealand		geo-cities-and-countries
Samarkand	Uzbekistan		geo-cities-and-countries
Almaty	Kazakhstan		geo-cities-and-countries
London	Thames		geo-cities-on-rivers
Paris	Seine		geo-cities-on-rivers
Rome	Tiber		geo-cities-on-rivers
Berlin	Spree		geo-cities-on-rivers
Vienna	Danube		geo-cities-on-rivers
Budapest	Danube		geo-cities-on-rivers
Belgrade	Danube and Sava		geo-cities-on-rivers
Bratislava	Danube		geo-cities-on-rivers
Prague	Vltava		geo-cities-on-rivers
Warsaw	Vistula		geo-cities-on-rivers
Kraków	Vistula		geo-cities-on-rivers
Moscow	Moskva		geo-cities-on-rivers
Saint Petersburg	Neva		geo-cities-on-rivers
Kyiv	Dnieper		geo-cities-on-rivers
Cologne	Rhine		geo-cities-on-rivers
Basel	Rhine		geo-cities-on-rivers
Hamburg	Elbe		geo-cities-on-rivers
Dresden	Elbe		geo-cities-on-rivers
Lyon	Rhône and Saône		geo-cities-on-rivers
Bordeaux	Garonne		geo-cities-on-rivers
Florence	Arno		geo-cities-on-rivers
Pisa	Arno		geo-cities-on-rivers
Turin	Po		geo-cities-on-rivers
Lisbon	Tagus		geo-cities-on-rivers
Madrid	Manzanares		geo-cities-on-rivers
Seville	Guadalquivir		geo-cities-on-rivers
Dublin	Liffey		geo-cities-on-rivers
Glasgow	Clyde		geo-cities-on-rivers
Cairo	Nile		geo-cities-on-rivers
Khartoum	Nile		geo-cities-on-rivers
Luxor	Nile		geo-cities-on-rivers
Baghdad	Tigris		geo-cities-on-rivers
Mosul	Tigris		geo-cities-on-rivers
Delhi	Yamuna		geo-cities-on-rivers
Varanasi	Ganges		geo-cities-on-rivers
Patna	Ganges		geo-cities-on-rivers
Kolkata	Hooghly		geo-cities-on-rivers
Lahore	Ravi		geo-cities-on-rivers
Shanghai	Huangpu, near the Yangtze		geo-cities-on-rivers
Wuhan	Yangtze		geo-cities-on-rivers
Chongqing	Yangtze		geo-cities-on-rivers
Bangkok	Chao Phraya		geo-cities-on-rivers
Phnom Penh	Mekong		geo-cities-on-rivers
Vientiane	Mekong		geo-cities-on-rivers
Hanoi	Red River		geo-cities-on-rivers
Seoul	Han		geo-cities-on-rivers
Yangon	Yangon River, near the Irrawaddy delta		geo-cities-on-rivers
Washington, D.C.	Potomac		geo-cities-on-rivers
New York City	Hudson		geo-cities-on-rivers
Pittsburgh	Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio		geo-cities-on-rivers
St. Louis	Mississippi		geo-cities-on-rivers
Minneapolis	Mississippi		geo-cities-on-rivers
Memphis	Mississippi		geo-cities-on-rivers
New Orleans	Mississippi		geo-cities-on-rivers
Kansas City	Missouri		geo-cities-on-rivers
Omaha	Missouri		geo-cities-on-rivers
Cincinnati	Ohio		geo-cities-on-rivers
Louisville	Ohio		geo-cities-on-rivers
Portland, Oregon	Willamette and Columbia		geo-cities-on-rivers
Sacramento	Sacramento River		geo-cities-on-rivers
Austin	Colorado River (Texas)		geo-cities-on-rivers
Montreal	St. Lawrence		geo-cities-on-rivers
Quebec City	St. Lawrence		geo-cities-on-rivers
Ottawa	Ottawa River		geo-cities-on-rivers
Winnipeg	Red and Assiniboine		geo-cities-on-rivers
Edmonton	North Saskatchewan		geo-cities-on-rivers
Buenos Aires	Río de la Plata		geo-cities-on-rivers
Asunción	Paraguay River		geo-cities-on-rivers
Manaus	Rio Negro and Amazon		geo-cities-on-rivers
Belém	Amazon delta (Pará River)		geo-cities-on-rivers
Iquitos	Amazon		geo-cities-on-rivers
Brisbane	Brisbane River		geo-cities-on-rivers
Melbourne	Yarra		geo-cities-on-rivers
Perth	Swan		geo-cities-on-rivers
Bamako	Niger		geo-cities-on-rivers
Niamey	Niger		geo-cities-on-rivers
Kinshasa	Congo		geo-cities-on-rivers
Brazzaville	Congo		geo-cities-on-rivers
How many continents are there?	Seven		geo-continents-oceans
Name the seven continents.	Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia (Oceania), Europe, North America, South America		geo-continents-oceans
How many oceans are there?	Five		geo-continents-oceans
Name the five oceans.	Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic) and Arctic		geo-continents-oceans
Which is the largest continent?	Asia		geo-continents-oceans
Which is the smallest continent?	Australia (Oceania)		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent is the coldest and covered by ice?	Antarctica		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has the most countries?	Africa		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has the most people?	Asia		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has the Amazon rainforest?	South America		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has the Sahara Desert?	Africa		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has the Alps?	Europe		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has the Himalayas?	Asia		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has the Great Barrier Reef?	Australia (Oceania)		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has the Andes mountains?	South America		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has the Rocky Mountains?	North America		geo-continents-oceans
Which is the largest ocean?	The Pacific Ocean		geo-continents-oceans
Which ocean is the smallest and shallowest?	The Arctic Ocean		geo-continents-oceans
Which ocean lies between Africa and Australia, south of Asia?	The Indian Ocean		geo-continents-oceans
Which ocean separates North America and Europe?	The Atlantic Ocean		geo-continents-oceans
Which ocean lies around Antarctica?	The Southern Ocean		geo-continents-oceans
Which ocean touches the North Pole?	The Arctic Ocean		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent is also a single country?	Australia		geo-continents-oceans
Which two continents are joined by the Isthmus of Panama?	North America and South America		geo-continents-oceans
Which two continents are joined by the Sinai Peninsula region?	Africa and Asia		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent do we live on if we live in Mexico?	North America		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent is Brazil on?	South America		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent is Egypt mostly on?	Africa		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent is Japan on?	Asia		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent is France on?	Europe		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent is New Zealand part of?	Oceania		geo-continents-oceans
Which is the second largest continent?	Africa		geo-continents-oceans
Which is the driest continent?	Antarctica (It gets very little snow)		geo-continents-oceans
Which is the deepest ocean?	The Pacific Ocean		geo-continents-oceans
Which is the deepest part of the ocean, in the Pacific?	The Mariana Trench		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent has no permanent human population?	Antarctica		geo-continents-oceans
Which continent is north of Africa across the Mediterranean?	Europe		geo-continents-oceans
What do we call a huge body of salt water that covers most of the Earth?	An ocean		geo-continents-oceans
About how much of Earth's surface is covered by water?	About 71 percent (roughly 7/10)		geo-continents-oceans
Which hemisphere has more land: northern or southern?	The Northern Hemisphere		geo-continents-oceans
Which is the largest island continent?	Australia		geo-continents-oceans
Brazil	Portuguese		geo-country-languages
Portugal	Portuguese		geo-country-languages
Angola	Portuguese		geo-country-languages
Mozambique	Portuguese		geo-country-languages
Mexico	Spanish		geo-country-languages
Spain	Spanish		geo-country-languages
Argentina	Spanish		geo-country-languages
Colombia	Spanish		geo-country-languages
Peru	Spanish		geo-country-languages
Chile	Spanish		geo-country-languages
Cuba	Spanish		geo-country-languages
Costa Rica	Spanish		geo-country-languages
Equatorial Guinea	Spanish (also French and Portuguese)		geo-country-languages
France	French		geo-country-languages
Haiti	French and Haitian Creole		geo-country-languages
Senegal	French		geo-country-languages
Ivory Coast	French		geo-country-languages
Belgium	Dutch, French and German		geo-country-languages
Switzerland	German, French, Italian and Romansh		geo-country-languages
Canada	English and French		geo-country-languages
Germany	German		geo-country-languages
Austria	German		geo-country-languages
Italy	Italian		geo-country-languages
Netherlands	Dutch		geo-country-languages
Suriname	Dutch		geo-country-languages
Sweden	Swedish		geo-country-languages
Norway	Norwegian		geo-country-languages
Denmark	Danish		geo-country-languages
Finland	Finnish and Swedish		geo-country-languages
Iceland	Icelandic		geo-country-languages
Poland	Polish		geo-country-languages
Czechia	Czech		geo-country-languages
Hungary	Hungarian		geo-country-languages
Romania	Romanian		geo-country-languages
Greece	Greek		geo-country-languages
Turkey	Turkish		geo-country-languages
Russia	Russian		geo-country-languages
Ukraine	Ukrainian		geo-country-languages
United States	English (no official national language by law, but English is most used)		geo-country-languages
United Kingdom	English (plus Welsh and Scottish Gaelic in places)		geo-country-languages
Ireland	Irish (Gaelic) and English		geo-country-languages
Australia	English		geo-country-languages
New Zealand	English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language		geo-country-languages
Jamaica	English (with Patois)		geo-country-languages
Nigeria	English		geo-country-languages
Ghana	English		geo-country-languages
Kenya	Swahili and English		geo-country-languages
Tanzania	Swahili and English		geo-country-languages
Ethiopia	Amharic		geo-country-languages
Egypt	Arabic		geo-country-languages
Saudi Arabia	Arabic		geo-country-languages
Morocco	Arabic and Amazigh (Berber)		geo-country-languages
Iraq	Arabic and Kurdish		geo-country-languages
Iran	Persian (Farsi)		geo-country-languages
Israel	Hebrew and Arabic		geo-country-languages
Pakistan	Urdu and English		geo-country-languages
Afghanistan	Dari and Pashto		geo-country-languages
India	Hindi and English, plus many regional languages		geo-country-languages
Bangladesh	Bengali (Bangla)		geo-country-languages
Nepal	Nepali		geo-country-languages
Sri Lanka	Sinhala and Tamil		geo-country-languages
China	Mandarin Chinese		geo-country-languages
Japan	Japanese		geo-country-languages
South Korea	Korean		geo-country-languages
Mongolia	Mongolian		geo-country-languages
Vietnam	Vietnamese		geo-country-languages
Thailand	Thai		geo-country-languages
Cambodia	Khmer		geo-country-languages
Laos	Lao		geo-country-languages
Myanmar	Burmese		geo-country-languages
Indonesia	Indonesian		geo-country-languages
Malaysia	Malay		geo-country-languages
Philippines	Filipino and English		geo-country-languages
Singapore	English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil		geo-country-languages
South Africa	Eleven official languages, including Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans and English		geo-country-languages
Madagascar	Malagasy and French		geo-country-languages
Somalia	Somali and Arabic		geo-country-languages
Kazakhstan	Kazakh and Russian		geo-country-languages
Uzbekistan	Uzbek		geo-country-languages
Georgia	Georgian		geo-country-languages
Armenia	Armenian		geo-country-languages
Albania	Albanian		geo-country-languages
Bulgaria	Bulgarian		geo-country-languages
Serbia	Serbian		geo-country-languages
Croatia	Croatian		geo-country-languages
Lithuania	Lithuanian		geo-country-languages
Latvia	Latvian		geo-country-languages
Estonia	Estonian		geo-country-languages
Malta	Maltese and English		geo-country-languages
Luxembourg	Luxembourgish, French and German		geo-country-languages
Paraguay	Spanish and Guaraní		geo-country-languages
Bolivia	Spanish and many Indigenous languages, including Quechua and Aymara		geo-country-languages
Guyana	English		geo-country-languages
Papua New Guinea	English, Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu, plus hundreds of local languages		geo-country-languages
United States	North America		geo-country-to-continent
Canada	North America		geo-country-to-continent
Mexico	North America		geo-country-to-continent
Cuba	North America (Caribbean)		geo-country-to-continent
Guatemala	North America (Central America)		geo-country-to-continent
Panama	North America (Central America)		geo-country-to-continent
Brazil	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Argentina	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Peru	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Colombia	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Chile	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Venezuela	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Ecuador	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Bolivia	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Uruguay	South America		geo-country-to-continent
United Kingdom	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
France	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Germany	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Italy	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Spain	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Portugal	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Greece	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Poland	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Ukraine	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Sweden	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Norway	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Finland	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Switzerland	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Ireland	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Iceland	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Netherlands	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Egypt	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Nigeria	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Kenya	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Ethiopia	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
South Africa	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Morocco	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Ghana	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Tanzania	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Madagascar	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Algeria	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Senegal	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Congo (DR)	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Uganda	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Zimbabwe	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
China	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Japan	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
India	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
South Korea	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Thailand	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Vietnam	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Indonesia	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Philippines	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Saudi Arabia	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Iran	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Iraq	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Israel	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Pakistan	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Afghanistan	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Nepal	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Mongolia	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Kazakhstan	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Malaysia	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Bangladesh	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Sri Lanka	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Australia	Australia (Oceania)		geo-country-to-continent
New Zealand	Oceania		geo-country-to-continent
Fiji	Oceania		geo-country-to-continent
Papua New Guinea	Oceania		geo-country-to-continent
Samoa	Oceania		geo-country-to-continent
Turkey	Asia and Europe (mostly Asia)		geo-country-to-continent
Russia	Europe and Asia (spans both)		geo-country-to-continent
Singapore	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Jamaica	North America (Caribbean)		geo-country-to-continent
Honduras	North America (Central America)		geo-country-to-continent
Costa Rica	North America (Central America)		geo-country-to-continent
Paraguay	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Guyana	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Suriname	South America		geo-country-to-continent
Austria	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Hungary	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Romania	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Czechia	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Denmark	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Belgium	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Croatia	Europe		geo-country-to-continent
Lebanon	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Jordan	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Cambodia	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Myanmar	Asia		geo-country-to-continent
Libya	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Sudan	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Angola	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Namibia	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Zambia	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
Mali	Africa		geo-country-to-continent
United States	U.S. dollar		geo-currencies
Canada	Canadian dollar		geo-currencies
Mexico	Mexican peso		geo-currencies
Brazil	Real		geo-currencies
Argentina	Argentine peso		geo-currencies
Chile	Chilean peso		geo-currencies
Colombia	Colombian peso		geo-currencies
Peru	Sol		geo-currencies
Cuba	Cuban peso		geo-currencies
Jamaica	Jamaican dollar		geo-currencies
Guatemala	Quetzal		geo-currencies
Costa Rica	Colón		geo-currencies
United Kingdom	Pound sterling		geo-currencies
France	Euro		geo-currencies
Germany	Euro		geo-currencies
Italy	Euro		geo-currencies
Spain	Euro		geo-currencies
Ireland	Euro		geo-currencies
Greece	Euro		geo-currencies
Switzerland	Swiss franc		geo-currencies
Sweden	Swedish krona		geo-currencies
Norway	Norwegian krone		geo-currencies
Denmark	Danish krone		geo-currencies
Iceland	Icelandic króna		geo-currencies
Poland	Złoty		geo-currencies
Czechia	Czech koruna		geo-currencies
Hungary	Forint		geo-currencies
Romania	Romanian leu		geo-currencies
Ukraine	Hryvnia		geo-currencies
Russia	Ruble		geo-currencies
Turkey	Turkish lira		geo-currencies
Egypt	Egyptian pound		geo-currencies
Morocco	Moroccan dirham		geo-currencies
Nigeria	Naira		geo-currencies
Ghana	Cedi		geo-currencies
Kenya	Kenyan shilling		geo-currencies
Tanzania	Tanzanian shilling		geo-currencies
Ethiopia	Birr		geo-currencies
South Africa	Rand		geo-currencies
Botswana	Pula		geo-currencies
Zambia	Kwacha		geo-currencies
Saudi Arabia	Saudi riyal		geo-currencies
United Arab Emirates	UAE dirham		geo-currencies
Israel	New shekel		geo-currencies
Jordan	Jordanian dinar		geo-currencies
Kuwait	Kuwaiti dinar		geo-currencies
Iran	Iranian rial		geo-currencies
India	Indian rupee		geo-currencies
Pakistan	Pakistani rupee		geo-currencies
Bangladesh	Taka		geo-currencies
Sri Lanka	Sri Lankan rupee		geo-currencies
Nepal	Nepalese rupee		geo-currencies
China	Yuan (renminbi)		geo-currencies
Japan	Yen		geo-currencies
South Korea	Won		geo-currencies
Mongolia	Tögrög		geo-currencies
Thailand	Baht		geo-currencies
Vietnam	Dong		geo-currencies
Cambodia	Riel		geo-currencies
Laos	Kip		geo-currencies
Myanmar	Kyat		geo-currencies
Indonesia	Rupiah		geo-currencies
Malaysia	Ringgit		geo-currencies
Singapore	Singapore dollar		geo-currencies
Philippines	Philippine peso		geo-currencies
Australia	Australian dollar		geo-currencies
New Zealand	New Zealand dollar		geo-currencies
Fiji	Fijian dollar		geo-currencies
Sahara	Northern Africa; the largest hot desert		geo-deserts-world
Antarctic Desert	Antarctica; the largest desert of all, a cold desert		geo-deserts-world
Arctic Desert	Around the North Pole; a cold desert with little snowfall		geo-deserts-world
Arabian Desert	Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia and neighbors		geo-deserts-world
Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter)	Southern Arabian Peninsula; a huge sand sea		geo-deserts-world
Syrian Desert	Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia		geo-deserts-world
Negev	Southern Israel		geo-deserts-world
Gobi	Mongolia and northern China		geo-deserts-world
Taklamakan	Northwest China; a big sandy desert		geo-deserts-world
Thar Desert	India and Pakistan		geo-deserts-world
Karakum	Turkmenistan, in Central Asia		geo-deserts-world
Kyzylkum	Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, in Central Asia		geo-deserts-world
Kalahari	Botswana, Namibia and South Africa		geo-deserts-world
Namib	Namibia; one of the oldest deserts, along the Atlantic coast		geo-deserts-world
Nubian Desert	Northeastern Sudan		geo-deserts-world
Danakil Desert	Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti; one of the hottest places on Earth		geo-deserts-world
Atacama	Chile; one of the driest places on Earth		geo-deserts-world
Patagonian Desert	Argentina and Chile; the largest desert in the Americas		geo-deserts-world
Mojave Desert	California, Nevada, Arizona and Utah		geo-deserts-world
Sonoran Desert	Arizona, California and Mexico; has saguaro cacti		geo-deserts-world
Chihuahuan Desert	Mexico, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona		geo-deserts-world
Great Basin Desert	Nevada and Utah; the largest desert in the United States		geo-deserts-world
Colorado Desert	Southeastern California		geo-deserts-world
Painted Desert	Arizona; colorful striped badlands		geo-deserts-world
Death Valley	California; one of the hottest, driest places in North America		geo-deserts-world
Great Victoria Desert	Australia; the largest desert in Australia		geo-deserts-world
Great Sandy Desert	Western Australia		geo-deserts-world
Gibson Desert	Western Australia		geo-deserts-world
Simpson Desert	Central Australia; has long red dunes		geo-deserts-world
Tanami Desert	Northern Territory, Australia		geo-deserts-world
Sturt Stony Desert	Australia		geo-deserts-world
Black Rock Desert	Nevada		geo-deserts-world
White Sands	New Mexico; a desert of white gypsum dunes		geo-deserts-world
Lut Desert	Iran		geo-deserts-world
Dasht-e Kavir	Iran; a great salt desert		geo-deserts-world
Ordos Desert	Inner Mongolia, China		geo-deserts-world
Monte Desert	Argentina		geo-deserts-world
Sechura Desert	Peru		geo-deserts-world
Joshua Tree National Park	Southern California, where the Mojave and Colorado deserts meet		geo-deserts-world
Denmark	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Estonia	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Finland	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Iceland	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Ireland	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Latvia	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Lithuania	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Norway	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Sweden	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
United Kingdom	Northern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Austria	Western Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Belgium	Western Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
France	Western Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Germany	Western Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Liechtenstein	Western Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Luxembourg	Western Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Monaco	Western Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Netherlands	Western Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Switzerland	Western Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Belarus	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Bulgaria	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Czechia	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Hungary	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Moldova	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Poland	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Romania	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Russia	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Slovakia	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Ukraine	Eastern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Albania	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Andorra	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Croatia	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Greece	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Italy	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Kosovo	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Malta	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Montenegro	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
North Macedonia	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Portugal	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
San Marino	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Serbia	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Slovenia	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Spain	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
Vatican City	Southern Europe		geo-europe-countries-regions
France	Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Spain and Andorra		geo-europe-neighbors
Germany	Denmark, Poland, Czechia, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands		geo-europe-neighbors
Spain	Portugal, France, Andorra (and Gibraltar)		geo-europe-neighbors
Portugal	Spain only		geo-europe-neighbors
Italy	France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City		geo-europe-neighbors
Switzerland	Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein		geo-europe-neighbors
Austria	Germany, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland and Liechtenstein		geo-europe-neighbors
Poland	Germany, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Russia (Kaliningrad)		geo-europe-neighbors
Hungary	Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia		geo-europe-neighbors
Romania	Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Serbia and Hungary		geo-europe-neighbors
Greece	Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Türkiye		geo-europe-neighbors
Norway	Sweden, Finland and Russia		geo-europe-neighbors
Sweden	Norway and Finland		geo-europe-neighbors
Finland	Sweden, Norway and Russia		geo-europe-neighbors
Denmark	Germany		geo-europe-neighbors
Netherlands	Belgium and Germany		geo-europe-neighbors
Belgium	Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France		geo-europe-neighbors
Luxembourg	Belgium, Germany and France		geo-europe-neighbors
Ireland	The United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)		geo-europe-neighbors
United Kingdom	Ireland (by land, in Northern Ireland)		geo-europe-neighbors
Czechia	Germany, Poland, Slovakia and Austria		geo-europe-neighbors
Slovakia	Czechia, Poland, Ukraine, Hungary and Austria		geo-europe-neighbors
Ukraine	Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Belarus and Russia		geo-europe-neighbors
Belarus	Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Ukraine		geo-europe-neighbors
Estonia	Latvia and Russia		geo-europe-neighbors
Latvia	Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus and Russia		geo-europe-neighbors
Lithuania	Latvia, Belarus, Poland and Russia (Kaliningrad)		geo-europe-neighbors
Croatia	Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro		geo-europe-neighbors
Serbia	Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia		geo-europe-neighbors
Bulgaria	Romania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece and Türkiye		geo-europe-neighbors
Albania	Montenegro, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Greece		geo-europe-neighbors
Slovenia	Italy, Austria, Hungary and Croatia		geo-europe-neighbors
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro		geo-europe-neighbors
Montenegro	Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo and Albania		geo-europe-neighbors
North Macedonia	Kosovo, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Albania		geo-europe-neighbors
Moldova	Romania and Ukraine		geo-europe-neighbors
Liechtenstein	Switzerland and Austria		geo-europe-neighbors
Andorra	France and Spain		geo-europe-neighbors
San Marino	Italy		geo-europe-neighbors
Vatican City	Italy		geo-europe-neighbors
Monaco	France		geo-europe-neighbors
Russia	Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and more in Asia		geo-europe-neighbors
United States	13 red and white stripes; white stars on a blue box in the corner (50 stars)		geo-flags-americas-europe
Canada	Red, white, red vertical bands with a red maple leaf in the middle		geo-flags-americas-europe
Mexico	Green, white, red vertical bands with an eagle on a cactus in the white band		geo-flags-americas-europe
Cuba	Blue and white stripes with a red triangle holding a white star		geo-flags-americas-europe
Jamaica	A gold diagonal cross with green triangles top and bottom, black triangles at the sides		geo-flags-americas-europe
Haiti	Blue band over a red band with a small coat of arms in the center		geo-flags-americas-europe
Dominican Republic	A white cross dividing blue and red boxes		geo-flags-americas-europe
Guatemala	Light blue, white, light blue vertical bands with a coat of arms with a bird in the middle		geo-flags-americas-europe
Honduras	Blue, white, blue horizontal bands with five blue stars in the middle		geo-flags-americas-europe
Costa Rica	Blue, white, wide red, white, blue horizontal bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Panama	Four boxes: white with blue star, red, white, blue with red star		geo-flags-americas-europe
Brazil	Green field with a yellow diamond and a blue circle with stars and a band		geo-flags-americas-europe
Argentina	Light blue, white, light blue stripes with a yellow sun in the middle		geo-flags-americas-europe
Chile	White over red with a blue box and a white star in the corner		geo-flags-americas-europe
Peru	Red, white, red vertical bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Colombia	Yellow band (double size), then blue, then red		geo-flags-americas-europe
Venezuela	Yellow, blue and red stripes with an arc of white stars on the blue		geo-flags-americas-europe
Ecuador	Yellow (double size), blue and red stripes with a coat of arms in the middle		geo-flags-americas-europe
Bolivia	Red, yellow and green horizontal stripes		geo-flags-americas-europe
Uruguay	White and blue stripes with a sun in the corner		geo-flags-americas-europe
Paraguay	Red, white and blue horizontal stripes with a seal in the middle		geo-flags-americas-europe
United Kingdom	The Union Jack: red and white crosses on blue		geo-flags-americas-europe
Ireland	Green, white, orange vertical bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Scotland	A white diagonal cross on blue		geo-flags-americas-europe
Wales	A red dragon on white over green		geo-flags-americas-europe
France	Blue, white, red vertical bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Italy	Green, white, red vertical bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Germany	Black, red, gold horizontal bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Spain	Red, yellow (double size), red horizontal bands with a coat of arms		geo-flags-americas-europe
Portugal	Green and red vertical sections with a shield and a ring of gold in the middle		geo-flags-americas-europe
Netherlands	Red, white, blue horizontal bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Belgium	Black, yellow, red vertical bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Switzerland	A white cross on a red square		geo-flags-americas-europe
Austria	Red, white, red horizontal bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Sweden	A yellow cross on a blue field		geo-flags-americas-europe
Norway	A blue cross with a white outline on red		geo-flags-americas-europe
Denmark	A white cross on a red field		geo-flags-americas-europe
Finland	A blue cross on a white field		geo-flags-americas-europe
Iceland	A red cross with a white outline on blue		geo-flags-americas-europe
Poland	A white band over a red band		geo-flags-americas-europe
Ukraine	A blue band over a yellow band		geo-flags-americas-europe
Russia	White, blue, red horizontal bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Greece	Blue and white stripes with a white cross on blue in the corner		geo-flags-americas-europe
Czechia	White over red with a blue triangle at the hoist		geo-flags-americas-europe
Hungary	Red, white, green horizontal bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Romania	Blue, yellow, red vertical bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Bulgaria	White, green, red horizontal bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Estonia	Blue, black, white horizontal bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Lithuania	Yellow, green, red horizontal bands		geo-flags-americas-europe
Latvia	Dark red with a thin white stripe in the middle		geo-flags-americas-europe
Malta	White and red halves with a small cross in the corner		geo-flags-americas-europe
Croatia	Red, white, blue stripes with a red-and-white checkerboard shield		geo-flags-americas-europe
Japan	A white field with a red circle in the middle		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
China	Red with a big yellow star and four small yellow stars in the corner		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
South Korea	White with a red-and-blue circle in the middle and four black bars in the corners		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
India	Saffron, white and green bands with a blue wheel in the white band		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Pakistan	Green with a white stripe at the hoist and a white crescent and star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Bangladesh	Dark green with a red circle		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Nepal	Two stacked triangle-shaped pennants, crimson with a blue border		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Bhutan	Yellow and orange halves split diagonally with a white dragon		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Vietnam	Red with a yellow star in the middle		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Thailand	Red, white, wide blue, white, red horizontal bands		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Philippines	Blue and red bands with a white triangle holding a sun and three stars		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Indonesia	A red band over a white band		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Singapore	Red over white, with a white crescent and five stars in the corner		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Mongolia	Red, blue, red vertical bands with a gold symbol on the left		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Kazakhstan	Sky blue with a gold sun and an eagle		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Turkey	Red with a white crescent and star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Saudi Arabia	Green with white Arabic writing and a sword		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Israel	White with two blue stripes and a blue six-pointed star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Lebanon	Red, white, red horizontal bands with a green cedar tree in the middle		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Australia	Blue with the Union Jack, a large white star and the Southern Cross stars		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
New Zealand	Blue with the Union Jack and four red stars with white borders		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Egypt	Red, white, black horizontal bands with a gold eagle in the middle		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
South Africa	A sideways Y of green, with red and blue bands, black, yellow and white triangles		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Nigeria	Green, white, green vertical bands		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Kenya	Black, red, green bands with white edges and a Maasai shield and two spears		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Ghana	Red, yellow, green horizontal bands with a black star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Ethiopia	Green, yellow, red horizontal bands with a blue circle and star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Senegal	Green, yellow, red vertical bands with a green star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Mali	Green, yellow, red vertical bands		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Cameroon	Green, red, yellow vertical bands with a yellow star in the red		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Côte d'Ivoire	Orange, white, green vertical bands		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Morocco	Red with a green five-pointed star outline in the middle		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Algeria	Green and white halves with a red crescent and star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Tunisia	Red with a white circle holding a red crescent and star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Madagascar	A white stripe at the hoist with red over green stripes		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Somalia	Light blue with a white five-pointed star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Tanzania	Green and blue triangles split by a diagonal black band with yellow edges		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Libya	Red, black and green horizontal bands with a white crescent and star		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Fiji	Light blue with the Union Jack and a shield		geo-flags-asia-africa-oceania
Name the five Great Lakes.	Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario		geo-great-lakes
What word helps you remember the Great Lakes?	HOMES: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is the largest by area?	Lake Superior		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is the smallest by area?	Lake Ontario		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is the shallowest?	Lake Erie		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is the deepest?	Lake Superior		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is entirely inside the United States?	Lake Michigan		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lakes does the U.S.–Canada border run through?	Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is farthest west?	Lake Superior		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is farthest east?	Lake Ontario		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is the only one that borders Indiana?	Lake Michigan		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake borders Ohio?	Lake Erie		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake borders Minnesota?	Lake Superior		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake does Chicago sit on?	Lake Michigan		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake does Milwaukee sit on?	Lake Michigan		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake does Cleveland sit on?	Lake Erie		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake does Buffalo sit on?	Lake Erie		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake does Toronto sit on?	Lake Ontario		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake does Duluth sit on?	Lake Superior		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake does Detroit sit near (via the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair)?	Lake Erie, to the south		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is Rochester, New York on?	Lake Ontario		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is Green Bay, Wisconsin on?	Lake Michigan (via Green Bay)		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake has Mackinac Island in it?	Lake Huron		geo-great-lakes
Which state is bordered by the most Great Lakes?	Michigan (four of the five)		geo-great-lakes
Which U.S. states touch Lake Superior?	Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan		geo-great-lakes
Which U.S. states touch Lake Michigan?	Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan		geo-great-lakes
Which U.S. states touch Lake Erie?	Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York		geo-great-lakes
Which U.S. state touches Lake Huron?	Michigan		geo-great-lakes
Which U.S. state touches Lake Ontario?	New York		geo-great-lakes
Which Canadian province touches the most Great Lakes?	Ontario		geo-great-lakes
Which waterfall is between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario?	Niagara Falls		geo-great-lakes
Which river flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario?	The Niagara River		geo-great-lakes
Which river carries Great Lakes water to the Atlantic Ocean?	The St. Lawrence River		geo-great-lakes
Which strait connects Lake Michigan and Lake Huron?	The Straits of Mackinac		geo-great-lakes
Which locks let ships pass between Lake Superior and Lake Huron?	The Soo Locks		geo-great-lakes
About how much of the world's surface fresh water do the Great Lakes hold?	About one-fifth		geo-great-lakes
Which Great Lake is the fourth-largest?	Lake Erie		geo-great-lakes
Which is the second largest Great Lake?	Lake Huron (by area; Michigan is the third largest in area)		geo-great-lakes
Which two Great Lakes are really one big lake joined at the Straits of Mackinac?	Lake Michigan and Lake Huron		geo-great-lakes
Which peninsula separates Lake Michigan from Lake Huron?	Michigan's Lower Peninsula		geo-great-lakes
Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar		geo-india-states-capitals
Assam	Dispur		geo-india-states-capitals
Bihar	Patna		geo-india-states-capitals
Chhattisgarh	Raipur		geo-india-states-capitals
Goa	Panaji		geo-india-states-capitals
Gujarat	Gandhinagar		geo-india-states-capitals
Haryana	Chandigarh (Shared with Punjab)		geo-india-states-capitals
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla		geo-india-states-capitals
Jharkhand	Ranchi		geo-india-states-capitals
Karnataka	Bengaluru		geo-india-states-capitals
Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram		geo-india-states-capitals
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal		geo-india-states-capitals
Maharashtra	Mumbai		geo-india-states-capitals
Manipur	Imphal		geo-india-states-capitals
Meghalaya	Shillong		geo-india-states-capitals
Mizoram	Aizawl		geo-india-states-capitals
Nagaland	Kohima		geo-india-states-capitals
Odisha	Bhubaneswar		geo-india-states-capitals
Punjab	Chandigarh (Shared with Haryana)		geo-india-states-capitals
Rajasthan	Jaipur		geo-india-states-capitals
Sikkim	Gangtok		geo-india-states-capitals
Tamil Nadu	Chennai		geo-india-states-capitals
Telangana	Hyderabad		geo-india-states-capitals
Tripura	Agartala		geo-india-states-capitals
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow		geo-india-states-capitals
Uttarakhand	Dehradun		geo-india-states-capitals
West Bengal	Kolkata		geo-india-states-capitals
Delhi (union territory)	New Delhi		geo-india-states-capitals
Ladakh (union territory)	Leh		geo-india-states-capitals
Japan	Island nation, in the Pacific		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Philippines	Island nation, in the Pacific		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Indonesia	Island nation, between the Indian and Pacific oceans		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Sri Lanka	Island nation, in the Indian Ocean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Madagascar	Island nation, off the east coast of Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Cuba	Island nation, in the Caribbean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Jamaica	Island nation, in the Caribbean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
The Bahamas	Island nation, in the Atlantic		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Iceland	Island nation, in the North Atlantic		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Ireland	Occupies most of an island, in the North Atlantic		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
New Zealand	Island nation, in the South Pacific		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Fiji	Island nation, in the South Pacific		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Papua New Guinea	Eastern half of New Guinea plus islands		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Malta	Island nation, in the Mediterranean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Cyprus	Island nation, in the Mediterranean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Singapore	Island city-state at the tip of the Malay Peninsula		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Maldives	Island nation of coral atolls in the Indian Ocean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Mauritius	Island nation, in the Indian Ocean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Seychelles	Island nation, in the Indian Ocean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Comoros	Island nation, in the Indian Ocean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Cabo Verde	Island nation, in the Atlantic Ocean off West Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Samoa	Island nation, in the Pacific		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Tonga	Island nation, in the Pacific		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Tuvalu	Island nation of small atolls in the Pacific		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Barbados	Island nation, in the Caribbean		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Trinidad and Tobago	Island nation near Venezuela		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Haiti	Shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Bahrain	Island nation in the Persian Gulf		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Mongolia	Landlocked in Asia		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Kazakhstan	Landlocked in Asia (the largest landlocked country)		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Uzbekistan	Doubly landlocked in Central Asia		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Afghanistan	Landlocked in Asia		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Nepal	Landlocked, in the Himalayas		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Bhutan	Landlocked, in the Himalayas		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Laos	Landlocked in Southeast Asia		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Armenia	Landlocked in the Caucasus		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Switzerland	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Austria	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Czechia	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Slovakia	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Hungary	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Serbia	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
North Macedonia	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Luxembourg	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Liechtenstein	Doubly landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Andorra	Landlocked in the Pyrenees		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
San Marino	Landlocked, surrounded by Italy		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Vatican City	Landlocked, surrounded by Rome, Italy		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Belarus	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Moldova	Landlocked in Europe		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Bolivia	Landlocked in South America		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Paraguay	Landlocked in South America		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Ethiopia	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Uganda	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Rwanda	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Burundi	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Zambia	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Zimbabwe	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Malawi	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Botswana	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Lesotho	Landlocked, surrounded entirely by South Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Eswatini	Landlocked in southern Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Mali	Landlocked in West Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Niger	Landlocked in West Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Chad	Landlocked in Central Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Burkina Faso	Landlocked in West Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
South Sudan	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Central African Republic	Landlocked in Africa		geo-island-and-landlocked-countries
Greenland	North Atlantic; the largest island in the world, part of Denmark's realm		geo-islands-world
New Guinea	Pacific; second-largest island, shared by Indonesia and Papua New Guinea		geo-islands-world
Borneo	Southeast Asia; shared by Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei		geo-islands-world
Madagascar	Off southeast Africa; home to lemurs		geo-islands-world
Baffin Island	Nunavut, Canada; Canada's largest island		geo-islands-world
Sumatra	Indonesia; large island in Southeast Asia		geo-islands-world
Honshu	Japan's largest island, with Tokyo		geo-islands-world
Great Britain	Europe; the island of England, Scotland and Wales		geo-islands-world
Victoria Island	Canadian Arctic		geo-islands-world
Ellesmere Island	Nunavut, Canada; near Greenland		geo-islands-world
Sulawesi	Indonesia; shaped like a letter K		geo-islands-world
Java	Indonesia; the most populated island on Earth, with Jakarta		geo-islands-world
Cuba	Caribbean; the largest island in the Caribbean		geo-islands-world
Hispaniola	Caribbean; shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic		geo-islands-world
Jamaica	Caribbean; south of Cuba		geo-islands-world
Puerto Rico	Caribbean; a U.S. territory		geo-islands-world
Ireland	Europe; west of Great Britain		geo-islands-world
Iceland	North Atlantic; an island of volcanoes and glaciers		geo-islands-world
Sri Lanka	Off the southern tip of India		geo-islands-world
Hokkaido	Northern island of Japan		geo-islands-world
Kyushu	Southern main island of Japan		geo-islands-world
Shikoku	A main island of Japan, smallest of the four big ones		geo-islands-world
Newfoundland	Eastern Canada		geo-islands-world
Vancouver Island	British Columbia, Canada		geo-islands-world
Tasmania	An Australian state south of the mainland		geo-islands-world
South Island	New Zealand's larger island		geo-islands-world
North Island	New Zealand; has Wellington and Auckland		geo-islands-world
Sicily	Italy; the largest island in the Mediterranean		geo-islands-world
Sardinia	Italy; west of the Italian mainland		geo-islands-world
Corsica	France; north of Sardinia		geo-islands-world
Crete	Greece; the largest Greek island		geo-islands-world
Cyprus	Eastern Mediterranean; its own country		geo-islands-world
Malta	Mediterranean; an island nation south of Sicily		geo-islands-world
Mallorca	Spain; the largest of the Balearic Islands		geo-islands-world
Zanzibar	Off the coast of Tanzania, East Africa		geo-islands-world
Mauritius	Indian Ocean island nation		geo-islands-world
Seychelles	Indian Ocean island nation		geo-islands-world
Maldives	Indian Ocean island nation of low coral islands		geo-islands-world
Bali	Indonesia; a popular island with temples		geo-islands-world
Singapore	A small island nation at the tip of the Malay Peninsula		geo-islands-world
Taiwan	Island off the southeast coast of China		geo-islands-world
Luzon	The largest island of the Philippines, with Manila		geo-islands-world
Hawaii (Big Island)	The largest island in the Hawaiian chain		geo-islands-world
Oahu	The Hawaiian island with Honolulu and Pearl Harbor		geo-islands-world
Maui	Hawaiian island, home of Haleakalā volcano		geo-islands-world
Kodiak Island	Alaska; the largest island in the United States after the Big Island of Hawaii		geo-islands-world
Long Island	New York State; holds Brooklyn and Queens		geo-islands-world
Manhattan	New York City island between the Hudson and East rivers		geo-islands-world
Nantucket	Massachusetts island south of Cape Cod		geo-islands-world
Martha's Vineyard	Massachusetts island off Cape Cod		geo-islands-world
Galápagos Islands	Pacific; owned by Ecuador, famous for unusual animals		geo-islands-world
Easter Island	Pacific; part of Chile, known for giant stone heads		geo-islands-world
Tierra del Fuego	Southern tip of South America, shared by Chile and Argentina		geo-islands-world
Falkland Islands	South Atlantic, off Argentina		geo-islands-world
Fiji	South Pacific island nation		geo-islands-world
Tahiti	French Polynesia in the South Pacific		geo-islands-world
Guam	Western Pacific; a U.S. territory		geo-islands-world
Isle of Wight	England's south coast		geo-islands-world
Isle of Skye	Scotland; one of the Inner Hebrides		geo-islands-world
Caspian Sea	Between Europe and Asia; the world's largest lake by area (salty)		geo-lakes-world
Lake Superior	North America; the largest of the Great Lakes, between the U.S. and Canada		geo-lakes-world
Lake Victoria	East Africa: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania; Africa's largest lake		geo-lakes-world
Lake Huron	Great Lakes; between Michigan and Ontario		geo-lakes-world
Lake Michigan	Great Lakes; the only one completely inside the United States		geo-lakes-world
Lake Erie	Great Lakes; the shallowest, with Niagara River leaving it		geo-lakes-world
Lake Ontario	Great Lakes; the smallest by area, east of Erie		geo-lakes-world
Lake Tanganyika	East Africa; very long and deep		geo-lakes-world
Lake Malawi	Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania		geo-lakes-world
Lake Chad	Central Africa; has shrunk a lot		geo-lakes-world
Lake Turkana	Kenya; the largest desert lake		geo-lakes-world
Lake Nasser	Egypt and Sudan; made by the Aswan High Dam		geo-lakes-world
Lake Baikal	Siberia, Russia; the deepest lake in the world		geo-lakes-world
Aral Sea	Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan; mostly dried up		geo-lakes-world
Dead Sea	Israel, Jordan and the West Bank; a super salty lake, the lowest land on Earth		geo-lakes-world
Sea of Galilee	Israel; a freshwater lake		geo-lakes-world
Lake Titicaca	Peru and Bolivia; the highest large navigable lake		geo-lakes-world
Lake Maracaibo	Venezuela		geo-lakes-world
Great Bear Lake	Northwest Territories, Canada		geo-lakes-world
Great Slave Lake	Northwest Territories, Canada; very deep		geo-lakes-world
Lake Winnipeg	Manitoba, Canada		geo-lakes-world
Lake Athabasca	Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada		geo-lakes-world
Great Salt Lake	Utah; a big salty lake		geo-lakes-world
Lake Tahoe	California and Nevada; a clear mountain lake		geo-lakes-world
Crater Lake	Oregon; the deepest lake in the United States, in an old volcano		geo-lakes-world
Lake Okeechobee	Florida; the largest freshwater lake in the state		geo-lakes-world
Lake Champlain	Vermont, New York and Quebec		geo-lakes-world
Lake Pontchartrain	Louisiana, next to New Orleans		geo-lakes-world
Lake Mead	Nevada and Arizona; made by Hoover Dam		geo-lakes-world
Lake Powell	Utah and Arizona; made by Glen Canyon Dam		geo-lakes-world
Lake of the Woods	Minnesota, Ontario and Manitoba		geo-lakes-world
Finger Lakes	New York State; a group of long narrow lakes		geo-lakes-world
Lake Geneva	Switzerland and France		geo-lakes-world
Lake Constance	Germany, Austria and Switzerland		geo-lakes-world
Lake Como	Italy; in the foothills of the Alps		geo-lakes-world
Lake Garda	Italy; the largest lake in Italy		geo-lakes-world
Loch Ness	Scotland; the legend of a monster		geo-lakes-world
Lake Windermere	England; the largest lake in England, in the Lake District		geo-lakes-world
Lake Ladoga	Russia; the largest lake in Europe		geo-lakes-world
Lake Vänern	Sweden; the largest lake in the European Union		geo-lakes-world
Lake Taupō	New Zealand's North Island; the largest lake in New Zealand		geo-lakes-world
Lake Eyre	South Australia; a huge salt lake that is usually dry		geo-lakes-world
Lake Toba	Sumatra, Indonesia; a big volcanic lake		geo-lakes-world
Qinghai Lake	China; the largest lake in China		geo-lakes-world
Lake Biwa	Japan; the largest lake in Japan		geo-lakes-world
Mountain	A very high, steep piece of land that rises above the land around it		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Hill	A rounded piece of land higher than the land around it, but lower than a mountain		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Valley	Low land between hills or mountains		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Plain	A large, flat area of land		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Plateau	A high, flat area of land		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Mesa	A flat-topped hill with steep sides, found in dry places		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Butte	A small, steep hill with a flat top, narrower than a mesa		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Canyon	A deep valley with steep rock sides, often cut by a river		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Gorge	A narrow, steep-sided valley		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Cliff	A high, steep rock face		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Cave	A hollow place in rock or a hillside		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Volcano	A mountain with an opening where hot melted rock can erupt		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Crater	A bowl-shaped hole at the top of a volcano or made by an impact		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Glacier	A huge, slow-moving river of ice		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Iceberg	A large piece of ice floating in the sea		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Desert	A very dry place that gets little rain		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Dune	A hill of sand built by the wind		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Oasis	A place in a desert where water lets plants grow		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Prairie	A large grassland with few trees		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Tundra	A cold, treeless land where the ground below the top is frozen		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Savanna	A grassland with scattered trees in a warm place		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Forest	A large area covered with trees		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Rainforest	A thick forest in a warm place with lots of rain		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Swamp	Wet land covered with water and trees		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Marsh	Wet, soft land with grasses and reeds		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Wetland	Land that is soaked with water much of the year		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Peninsula	Land almost surrounded by water, joined to the mainland on one side		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Island	Land completely surrounded by water		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Archipelago	A group or chain of islands		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Isthmus	A narrow strip of land joining two larger land areas		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Cape	A point of land that sticks out into the sea		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Coast	Land along the edge of the sea		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Beach	A sandy or pebbly shore by the water		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Bay	Part of the sea that curves into the land		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Gulf	A large bay, partly closed in by land		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Strait	A narrow waterway that joins two larger bodies of water		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Channel	A wide strait or a deep path for water or ships		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Fjord	A long, narrow sea inlet with steep cliffs on both sides		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Harbor	A sheltered place where ships can stay safe		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Delta	Land formed where a river drops mud and sand as it reaches the sea		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Estuary	The wide mouth of a river where fresh water meets the sea		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Lake	A large body of water surrounded by land		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Pond	A small body of still water		geo-landforms-vocabulary
River	A large stream of water that flows to a lake or sea		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Stream	A small, narrow river		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Waterfall	Water falling from a high place over a cliff		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Spring	A place where water flows naturally out of the ground		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Source (of a river)	The place where a river starts		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Mouth (of a river)	The place where a river ends and flows into a sea or lake		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Tributary	A smaller river or stream that flows into a bigger river		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Watershed	Land where all the water drains into one river or lake		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Basin	A low area of land, often drained by a river		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Reef	A ridge of rock or coral near the surface of the sea		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Atoll	A ring-shaped coral island around a lagoon		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Lagoon	A shallow body of water cut off from the sea by a reef or sand bar		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Geyser	A hot spring that shoots water and steam into the air		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Foothills	Low hills at the bottom of a mountain range		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Mountain range	A long row of connected mountains		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Summit	The very top of a mountain		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Slope	A surface that is higher at one end than the other		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Badlands	Dry land worn by wind and water into strange shapes		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Continental divide	A ridge that sends rivers to opposite sides of a continent		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Sea level	The height of the ocean's surface, used as zero for measuring height		geo-landforms-vocabulary
Statue of Liberty	New York Harbor, New York		geo-landmarks-americas
Empire State Building	New York City		geo-landmarks-americas
Brooklyn Bridge	New York City		geo-landmarks-americas
Times Square	New York City		geo-landmarks-americas
Central Park	New York City		geo-landmarks-americas
Niagara Falls	Border of New York and Ontario		geo-landmarks-americas
Liberty Bell	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania		geo-landmarks-americas
Independence Hall	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania		geo-landmarks-americas
Lincoln Memorial	Washington, D.C.		geo-landmarks-americas
Washington Monument	Washington, D.C.		geo-landmarks-americas
The White House	Washington, D.C.		geo-landmarks-americas
U.S. Capitol	Washington, D.C.		geo-landmarks-americas
Smithsonian museums	Washington, D.C.		geo-landmarks-americas
Gettysburg battlefield	Pennsylvania		geo-landmarks-americas
Mount Vernon	Virginia; George Washington's home		geo-landmarks-americas
Monticello	Virginia; Thomas Jefferson's home		geo-landmarks-americas
Colonial Williamsburg	Virginia		geo-landmarks-americas
Kitty Hawk	North Carolina; where the Wright brothers flew		geo-landmarks-americas
Kennedy Space Center	Cape Canaveral, Florida		geo-landmarks-americas
Walt Disney World	Near Orlando, Florida		geo-landmarks-americas
Everglades	Southern Florida		geo-landmarks-americas
Gateway Arch	St. Louis, Missouri		geo-landmarks-americas
Mount Rushmore	South Dakota		geo-landmarks-americas
Grand Canyon	Arizona		geo-landmarks-americas
Hoover Dam	On the Nevada–Arizona border		geo-landmarks-americas
Golden Gate Bridge	San Francisco, California		geo-landmarks-americas
Alcatraz Island	San Francisco Bay, California		geo-landmarks-americas
Hollywood sign	Los Angeles, California		geo-landmarks-americas
Yosemite Valley	California		geo-landmarks-americas
Space Needle	Seattle, Washington		geo-landmarks-americas
Pike Place Market	Seattle, Washington		geo-landmarks-americas
Las Vegas Strip	Las Vegas, Nevada		geo-landmarks-americas
The Alamo	San Antonio, Texas		geo-landmarks-americas
Johnson Space Center	Houston, Texas		geo-landmarks-americas
French Quarter	New Orleans, Louisiana		geo-landmarks-americas
Graceland	Memphis, Tennessee		geo-landmarks-americas
Mammoth Cave	Kentucky; the longest known cave system		geo-landmarks-americas
Cedar Point	Sandusky, Ohio		geo-landmarks-americas
Willis Tower (Sears Tower)	Chicago, Illinois		geo-landmarks-americas
Cloud Gate (The Bean)	Chicago, Illinois		geo-landmarks-americas
Pearl Harbor	Oahu, Hawaii		geo-landmarks-americas
Denali	Alaska		geo-landmarks-americas
Old Faithful	Yellowstone, Wyoming		geo-landmarks-americas
Devils Tower	Wyoming		geo-landmarks-americas
Arches National Park Delicate Arch	Utah		geo-landmarks-americas
Monument Valley	Border of Utah and Arizona		geo-landmarks-americas
Mesa Verde cliff dwellings	Colorado		geo-landmarks-americas
Plymouth Rock	Plymouth, Massachusetts		geo-landmarks-americas
Freedom Trail	Boston, Massachusetts		geo-landmarks-americas
CN Tower	Toronto, Canada		geo-landmarks-americas
Chateau Frontenac	Quebec City, Canada		geo-landmarks-americas
Parliament Hill	Ottawa, Canada		geo-landmarks-americas
Banff National Park	Alberta, Canada		geo-landmarks-americas
Lake Louise	Banff National Park, Alberta		geo-landmarks-americas
Chichén Itzá	Yucatán, Mexico; a Maya pyramid city		geo-landmarks-americas
Teotihuacan pyramids	Near Mexico City, Mexico		geo-landmarks-americas
Tulum	Quintana Roo, Mexico; Maya ruins by the sea		geo-landmarks-americas
Copper Canyon	Chihuahua, Mexico		geo-landmarks-americas
Tikal	Guatemala; Maya pyramids in the jungle		geo-landmarks-americas
Panama Canal	Panama		geo-landmarks-americas
Arenal Volcano	Costa Rica		geo-landmarks-americas
Machu Picchu	Peru; Inca city high in the Andes		geo-landmarks-americas
Nazca Lines	Peru; giant drawings in the desert		geo-landmarks-americas
Cusco	Peru; old capital of the Inca empire		geo-landmarks-americas
Christ the Redeemer	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		geo-landmarks-americas
Sugarloaf Mountain	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		geo-landmarks-americas
Iguazú Falls	Border of Argentina and Brazil		geo-landmarks-americas
Angel Falls	Venezuela; the highest waterfall in the world		geo-landmarks-americas
Perito Moreno Glacier	Patagonia, Argentina		geo-landmarks-americas
Torres del Paine	Patagonia, Chile		geo-landmarks-americas
Salar de Uyuni	Bolivia; the world's largest salt flat		geo-landmarks-americas
Galápagos Islands	Ecuador		geo-landmarks-americas
Amazon rainforest	Mostly Brazil, in South America		geo-landmarks-americas
Havana's Malecón	Havana, Cuba		geo-landmarks-americas
Pitons	Saint Lucia; two tall volcanic peaks		geo-landmarks-americas
Citadelle Laferrière	Haiti; a mountaintop fortress		geo-landmarks-americas
Dunn's River Falls	Jamaica		geo-landmarks-americas
Great Wall of China	Northern China		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Forbidden City	Beijing, China		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Terracotta Army	Xi'an, China		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Tiananmen Square	Beijing, China		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Temple of Heaven	Beijing, China		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Potala Palace	Lhasa, Tibet, China		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Li River and Guilin karst hills	Guangxi, China		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Three Gorges Dam	Yangtze River, China		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Oriental Pearl Tower	Shanghai, China		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Victoria Harbour	Hong Kong		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Mount Fuji	Honshu, Japan		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Tokyo Skytree	Tokyo, Japan		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Fushimi Inari Shrine	Kyoto, Japan; thousands of red gates		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Himeji Castle	Hyōgo, Japan		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Itsukushima floating torii gate	Miyajima Island, Japan		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Hiroshima Peace Memorial	Hiroshima, Japan		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Gyeongbokgung Palace	Seoul, South Korea		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Namsan Tower	Seoul, South Korea		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Angkor Wat	Siem Reap, Cambodia		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Ha Long Bay	Vietnam; limestone islands in the sea		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Temple of Literature	Hanoi, Vietnam		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Grand Palace	Bangkok, Thailand		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Wat Arun	Bangkok, Thailand		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Phi Phi Islands	Thailand		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Petronas Twin Towers	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Marina Bay Sands and Gardens by the Bay	Singapore		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Borobudur	Java, Indonesia; a giant Buddhist temple		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Komodo National Park	Indonesia; home of Komodo dragons		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Chocolate Hills	Bohol, Philippines		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Rice terraces of Banaue	Luzon, Philippines		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Shwedagon Pagoda	Yangon, Myanmar		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Bagan temples	Myanmar		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Taj Mahal	Agra, India		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Red Fort	Delhi, India		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
India Gate	New Delhi, India		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Hawa Mahal	Jaipur, India		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Golden Temple	Amritsar, India		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Varanasi ghats	Along the Ganges, India		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Gateway of India	Mumbai, India		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Mount Everest Base Camp	Nepal		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Pashupatinath Temple	Kathmandu, Nepal		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Tiger's Nest Monastery	Paro, Bhutan		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Sigiriya rock fortress	Sri Lanka		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Ancient city of Mohenjo-daro	Pakistan		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Registan Square	Samarkand, Uzbekistan		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Petra	Jordan; a city carved into rose-red rock		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Wadi Rum	Jordan; a desert valley of red sand		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Dome of the Rock	Jerusalem		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Western Wall	Jerusalem		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Masada	Israel; a fortress on a mountaintop		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Burj Khalifa	Dubai, United Arab Emirates		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque	Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Persepolis	Iran; ruins of an ancient Persian capital		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Mecca's Kaaba	Mecca, Saudi Arabia		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Sydney Opera House	Sydney, Australia		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Sydney Harbour Bridge	Sydney, Australia		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Uluru	Northern Territory, Australia		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Great Barrier Reef	Off Queensland, Australia		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Twelve Apostles	Victoria, Australia; sea stacks		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Bondi Beach	Sydney, Australia		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Milford Sound	South Island, New Zealand		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Hobbiton Movie Set	Matamata, New Zealand		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Sky Tower	Auckland, New Zealand		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Moai statues	Easter Island, Chile		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Bora Bora	French Polynesia		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Waikiki and Diamond Head	Honolulu, Hawaii		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Pearl Harbor	Oahu, Hawaii		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Nan Madol	Pohnpei, Micronesia; ancient stone city		geo-landmarks-asia-oceania
Eiffel Tower	Paris, France		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Louvre Museum	Paris, France		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Notre-Dame Cathedral	Paris, France		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Arc de Triomphe	Paris, France		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Palace of Versailles	Versailles, near Paris, France		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Mont-Saint-Michel	Normandy, France; an abbey on a tidal island		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Big Ben (Elizabeth Tower)	London, England		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Tower of London	London, England		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Buckingham Palace	London, England		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Tower Bridge	London, England		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Stonehenge	Wiltshire, England		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Edinburgh Castle	Edinburgh, Scotland		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Giant's Causeway	Northern Ireland		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Cliffs of Moher	County Clare, Ireland		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Colosseum	Rome, Italy		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Trevi Fountain	Rome, Italy		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Pantheon	Rome, Italy		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica	Rome, surrounded by Italy		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Leaning Tower of Pisa	Pisa, Italy		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Grand Canal	Venice, Italy		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Pompeii	Near Naples, Italy; an ancient city buried by Mount Vesuvius		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Duomo of Florence	Florence, Italy		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Sagrada Família	Barcelona, Spain		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Alhambra	Granada, Spain		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Brandenburg Gate	Berlin, Germany		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Neuschwanstein Castle	Bavaria, Germany		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Cologne Cathedral	Cologne, Germany		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Acropolis and Parthenon	Athens, Greece		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Meteora monasteries	Thessaly, Greece; built on tall rock pillars		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Santorini	Greece; a Greek island with white and blue buildings		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Hagia Sophia	Istanbul, Turkey		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Blue Mosque	Istanbul, Turkey		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Cappadocia fairy chimneys	Central Turkey		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Charles Bridge	Prague, Czechia		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Prague Castle	Prague, Czechia		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Schönbrunn Palace	Vienna, Austria		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Matterhorn	Swiss and Italian Alps		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Parliament Building on the Danube	Budapest, Hungary		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Atomium	Brussels, Belgium		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Manneken Pis	Brussels, Belgium		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Little Mermaid statue	Copenhagen, Denmark		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Tivoli Gardens	Copenhagen, Denmark		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Vasa Museum	Stockholm, Sweden		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Blue Lagoon	Near Reykjavík, Iceland		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Red Square and St. Basil's Cathedral	Moscow, Russia		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Kremlin	Moscow, Russia		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Hermitage Museum	Saint Petersburg, Russia		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Kinderdijk windmills	Netherlands		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Rijksmuseum	Amsterdam, Netherlands		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Belém Tower	Lisbon, Portugal		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Great Pyramid of Giza	Giza, near Cairo, Egypt		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Great Sphinx	Giza, Egypt		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Valley of the Kings	Near Luxor, Egypt		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Abu Simbel temples	Southern Egypt		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Karnak Temple	Luxor, Egypt		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Mount Kilimanjaro	Tanzania		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Serengeti National Park	Tanzania		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Ngorongoro Crater	Tanzania		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Maasai Mara National Reserve	Kenya		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Victoria Falls	Between Zambia and Zimbabwe		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Table Mountain	Cape Town, South Africa		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Robben Island	Off Cape Town, South Africa		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Kruger National Park	South Africa		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Okavango Delta	Botswana		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Sossusvlei sand dunes	Namib Desert, Namibia		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Lalibela rock-hewn churches	Ethiopia		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Great Mosque of Djenné	Mali; built of mud brick		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Marrakech's Jemaa el-Fnaa	Marrakech, Morocco; a big market square		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Chefchaouen blue city	Morocco		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Carthage ruins	Near Tunis, Tunisia		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Timgad ruins	Algeria; a Roman city		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Lake Retba (Pink Lake)	Senegal, near Dakar		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Great Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe; ancient stone ruins		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Gorée Island	Off Dakar, Senegal		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Bwindi Impenetrable Forest	Uganda; home to mountain gorillas		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Pyramids of Meroë	Sudan		geo-landmarks-europe-africa
Australia	Canberra, not Sydney or Melbourne		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Brazil	Brasília, not Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Canada	Ottawa, not Toronto		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Turkey (Türkiye)	Ankara, not Istanbul		geo-largest-city-not-capital
New Zealand	Wellington, not Auckland		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Switzerland	Bern, not Zurich or Geneva		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Nigeria	Abuja, not Lagos		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Tanzania	Dodoma, not Dar es Salaam		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Morocco	Rabat, not Casablanca		geo-largest-city-not-capital
India	New Delhi, not Mumbai		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Pakistan	Islamabad, not Karachi		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Vietnam	Hanoi, not Ho Chi Minh City		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Myanmar	Naypyidaw, not Yangon		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Kazakhstan	Astana, not Almaty		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Côte d'Ivoire	Yamoussoukro, not Abidjan		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Belize	Belmopan, not Belize City		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Benin	Porto-Novo, not Cotonou		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Bolivia	Sucre is official, La Paz is the government seat; Santa Cruz is the largest city		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Ecuador	Quito, not Guayaquil		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Sri Lanka	Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, not Colombo		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Israel	Jerusalem, while Tel Aviv is a famous large city		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Netherlands	Amsterdam, but the government sits in The Hague		geo-largest-city-not-capital
South Africa	Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein; Johannesburg is the biggest city		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur, but the government offices are in Putrajaya		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Germany	Berlin, not Bonn (the old West German capital)		geo-largest-city-not-capital
United States	Washington, D.C., not New York		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Scotland	Edinburgh, not Glasgow		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Cameroon	Yaoundé, not Douala		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Mexico	Mexico City, which is also the biggest city		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Japan	Tokyo, also the biggest city		geo-largest-city-not-capital
France	Paris, also the biggest city		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Egypt	Cairo, also the biggest city		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Russia	Moscow, also the biggest city		geo-largest-city-not-capital
Nile	Africa; flows north through Egypt into the Mediterranean Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Amazon	South America; flows through Brazil into the Atlantic; carries the most water of any river		geo-major-rivers-world
Yangtze	China; the longest river in Asia, flows into the East China Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Mississippi	United States; flows south into the Gulf of Mexico		geo-major-rivers-world
Missouri	United States; the longest river in North America, joins the Mississippi		geo-major-rivers-world
Congo	Central Africa; flows into the Atlantic Ocean		geo-major-rivers-world
Niger	West Africa; flows through Mali, Niger and Nigeria into the Gulf of Guinea		geo-major-rivers-world
Zambezi	Southern Africa; has Victoria Falls on it		geo-major-rivers-world
Limpopo	Southern Africa; flows into the Indian Ocean through Mozambique		geo-major-rivers-world
Orange River	Southern Africa; flows west to the Atlantic along Namibia's border		geo-major-rivers-world
Ganges	India; sacred river that flows into the Bay of Bengal		geo-major-rivers-world
Indus	Pakistan; flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Brahmaputra	Flows from Tibet through India and Bangladesh		geo-major-rivers-world
Mekong	Southeast Asia; flows through six countries to Vietnam and the South China Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Yellow River (Huang He)	China; flows into the Bohai Sea; cradle of early Chinese civilization		geo-major-rivers-world
Irrawaddy	Myanmar; flows into the Andaman Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Tigris	Flows through Turkey and Iraq; Mesopotamia's river		geo-major-rivers-world
Euphrates	Flows through Turkey, Syria and Iraq; Mesopotamia's other river		geo-major-rivers-world
Jordan River	Flows through the Middle East into the Dead Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Amur	Forms part of the border between Russia and China		geo-major-rivers-world
Ob	Russia; flows north through Siberia to the Arctic Ocean		geo-major-rivers-world
Lena	Russia; flows through Siberia to the Arctic Ocean		geo-major-rivers-world
Volga	Russia; longest river in Europe, flows into the Caspian Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Danube	Europe; flows through many countries to the Black Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Rhine	Europe; flows from the Alps through Germany to the North Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Seine	France; flows through Paris		geo-major-rivers-world
Loire	France; the longest river in France		geo-major-rivers-world
Thames	England; flows through London		geo-major-rivers-world
Elbe	Czechia and Germany; flows through Dresden and Hamburg to the North Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Po	Italy; the longest river in Italy		geo-major-rivers-world
Tiber	Italy; flows through Rome		geo-major-rivers-world
Rhône	Flows from Switzerland through France to the Mediterranean		geo-major-rivers-world
Dnieper	Flows through Russia, Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Colorado River	Western United States; carved the Grand Canyon		geo-major-rivers-world
Rio Grande	Forms part of the border between Texas and Mexico		geo-major-rivers-world
Columbia River	Northwestern United States; flows to the Pacific between Oregon and Washington		geo-major-rivers-world
Ohio River	United States; flows into the Mississippi		geo-major-rivers-world
Hudson River	New York State; flows past New York City		geo-major-rivers-world
Potomac	Flows past Washington, D.C.		geo-major-rivers-world
St. Lawrence	Canada and U.S.; flows from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic		geo-major-rivers-world
Mackenzie	Northwest Territories, Canada; flows to the Arctic Ocean		geo-major-rivers-world
Yukon River	Flows from Canada through Alaska to the Bering Sea		geo-major-rivers-world
Orinoco	Venezuela; flows into the Atlantic		geo-major-rivers-world
Paraná	South America; flows through Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina		geo-major-rivers-world
Río de la Plata	A wide estuary between Argentina and Uruguay		geo-major-rivers-world
Murray River	Australia; the longest river in the country		geo-major-rivers-world
Snake River	Flows through Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon and Washington		geo-major-rivers-world
Arkansas River	Flows through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas		geo-major-rivers-world
Map	A flat drawing that shows where places are		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Globe	A model of the Earth shaped like a ball		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Atlas	A book of maps		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Compass rose	A symbol on a map that shows the directions north, south, east and west		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Cardinal directions	North, south, east and west		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Intermediate directions	Northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Map key (legend)	A box that explains what the symbols and colors on a map mean		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Map scale	Shows how distance on the map matches real distance		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Symbol	A small picture or mark on a map that stands for a real thing		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Title	Tells what the map shows		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Grid	Crossing lines on a map used to find places		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Equator	The imaginary line around the middle of the Earth at 0 degrees latitude		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Prime Meridian	The imaginary line at 0 degrees longitude that runs through Greenwich, England		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Latitude	Lines that run east and west and measure distance north or south of the equator		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Longitude	Lines that run north and south and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Parallels	Another name for lines of latitude		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Meridians	Another name for lines of longitude		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Hemisphere	Half of the Earth		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Northern Hemisphere	The half of the Earth north of the equator		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Southern Hemisphere	The half of the Earth south of the equator		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Eastern Hemisphere	The half of the Earth east of the Prime Meridian, including Asia and Australia		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Western Hemisphere	The half of the Earth west of the Prime Meridian, including the Americas		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Tropic of Cancer	The line of latitude 23.5 degrees north of the equator		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Tropic of Capricorn	The line of latitude 23.5 degrees south of the equator		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Arctic Circle	The line of latitude about 66.5 degrees north		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Antarctic Circle	The line of latitude about 66.5 degrees south		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
North Pole	The point farthest north on Earth, at 90 degrees north		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
South Pole	The point farthest south on Earth, at 90 degrees south		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Degree	A unit used to measure latitude and longitude, shown as °		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Coordinates	Numbers (latitude and longitude) that name an exact place		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Political map	A map that shows borders of countries, states and cities		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Physical map	A map that shows landforms like mountains and rivers		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Topographic map	A map that uses lines to show the height and shape of the land		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Contour line	A line on a map joining places of the same height		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Elevation	How high a place is above sea level		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Road map	A map that shows roads and highways		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Thematic map	A map about one topic, such as rainfall or population		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Population density	How many people live in a certain area		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Border (boundary)	A line that shows where one country, state or area ends and another begins		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Continent	One of Earth's seven huge land areas		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Capital	The city where a country's or state's government is based		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Region	An area with something in common, like climate or culture		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Relative location	Where a place is compared with other places, such as 'north of the river'		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Absolute location	The exact spot of a place, often given in latitude and longitude		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Projection	A way of flattening the round Earth onto a flat map		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Mercator projection	A common map style that stretches areas near the poles		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Inset map	A small map placed on a bigger map to show a detail		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Sea level	The average height of the ocean's surface, used as zero for measuring height		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Cartographer	A person who makes maps		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
GPS	Global Positioning System: uses satellites to find where you are		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Bird's-eye view	A view looking straight down from above		geo-map-skills-vocabulary
Aguascalientes	Aguascalientes		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Baja California	Mexicali		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Baja California Sur	La Paz		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Campeche	Campeche		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Chiapas	Tuxtla Gutiérrez		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Chihuahua	Chihuahua		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Coahuila	Saltillo		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Colima	Colima		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Durango	Durango		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Guanajuato	Guanajuato		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Guerrero	Chilpancingo		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Hidalgo	Pachuca		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Jalisco	Guadalajara		geo-mexico-states-capitals
State of Mexico (Estado de México)	Toluca		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Michoacán	Morelia		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Morelos	Cuernavaca		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Nayarit	Tepic		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Nuevo León	Monterrey		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Oaxaca	Oaxaca de Juárez		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Puebla	Puebla		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Querétaro	Santiago de Querétaro		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Quintana Roo	Chetumal (Cancún is in this state)		geo-mexico-states-capitals
San Luis Potosí	San Luis Potosí		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Sinaloa	Culiacán		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Sonora	Hermosillo		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Tabasco	Villahermosa		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Tamaulipas	Ciudad Victoria		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Tlaxcala	Tlaxcala		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Veracruz	Xalapa		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Yucatán	Mérida		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Zacatecas	Zacatecas		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Mexico City (Ciudad de México)	It is its own capital district and the nation's capital		geo-mexico-states-capitals
Capital of Saudi Arabia?	Riyadh		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Iraq?	Baghdad		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Iran?	Tehran		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Jordan?	Amman		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Lebanon?	Beirut		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Syria?	Damascus		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Yemen?	Sana'a		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Oman?	Muscat		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Kuwait?	Kuwait City		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Qatar?	Doha		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Bahrain?	Manama		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of the United Arab Emirates?	Abu Dhabi		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Turkey?	Ankara		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Kazakhstan?	Astana		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Uzbekistan?	Tashkent		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Turkmenistan?	Ashgabat		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Kyrgyzstan?	Bishkek		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Tajikistan?	Dushanbe		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Capital of Afghanistan?	Kabul		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which two rivers flow through ancient Mesopotamia?	The Tigris and the Euphrates		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which sea is the saltiest place on land and the lowest?	The Dead Sea		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which gulf lies between Iran and Saudi Arabia?	The Persian Gulf		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which narrow waterway leads out of the Persian Gulf?	The Strait of Hormuz		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which peninsula holds Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman?	The Arabian Peninsula		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which large empty sand desert is in southern Arabia?	Rub' al Khali (the Empty Quarter)		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which sea lies between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula?	The Red Sea		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which canal joins the Red Sea to the Mediterranean?	The Suez Canal		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which strait divides Istanbul between Europe and Asia?	The Bosporus		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which sea is the largest inland body of water, lying east of the Caucasus?	The Caspian Sea		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which sea in Central Asia has mostly dried up?	The Aral Sea		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which mountain range lies between the Caspian and the Black Sea?	The Caucasus		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which mountains form the southern edge of Central Asia?	The Pamir and Hindu Kush		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which long trading route linked China and the Mediterranean?	The Silk Road		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which Central Asian city was a famous Silk Road stop with beautiful tiled buildings?	Samarkand, in Uzbekistan		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which is the largest country in Central Asia?	Kazakhstan		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which ancient city carved in rock is in Jordan?	Petra		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which tall tower is in Dubai?	The Burj Khalifa		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Which waterway joins the Black Sea and the Aegean via Istanbul?	The Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles		geo-middle-east-central-asia
What is the main language of Iran?	Persian (Farsi)		geo-middle-east-central-asia
What is the main language of Türkiye?	Turkish		geo-middle-east-central-asia
Mount Everest	Nepal and China (Tibet); the highest mountain above sea level, 8,849 m		geo-mountain-peaks
K2	Pakistan and China; the second-highest mountain		geo-mountain-peaks
Kangchenjunga	Nepal and India; third-highest mountain		geo-mountain-peaks
Lhotse	Nepal and China; next to Everest		geo-mountain-peaks
Annapurna	Nepal; one of the world's highest peaks		geo-mountain-peaks
Denali	Alaska; the highest mountain in North America		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Logan	Yukon, Canada; Canada's highest mountain		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Whitney	California; the highest peak in the lower 48 states		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Rainier	Washington State; a huge volcano near Seattle		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount St. Helens	Washington State; a volcano that erupted in 1980		geo-mountain-peaks
Pikes Peak	Colorado; known as America's Mountain		geo-mountain-peaks
Grand Teton	Wyoming; the tallest peak in the Teton Range		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Mitchell	North Carolina; the highest peak east of the Mississippi		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Washington	New Hampshire; the highest peak in the Northeast		geo-mountain-peaks
Mauna Kea	Hawaii; measured from the ocean floor it is taller than Everest		geo-mountain-peaks
Kilimanjaro	Tanzania; the highest mountain in Africa		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Kenya	Kenya; second-highest mountain in Africa		geo-mountain-peaks
Table Mountain	Cape Town, South Africa; a flat-topped mountain		geo-mountain-peaks
Aconcagua	Argentina; the highest mountain in South America		geo-mountain-peaks
Cotopaxi	Ecuador; a tall active volcano in the Andes		geo-mountain-peaks
Mont Blanc	France and Italy; the highest peak in the Alps		geo-mountain-peaks
Matterhorn	Switzerland and Italy; a pointed peak in the Alps		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Elbrus	Russia, in the Caucasus; the highest peak in Europe		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Olympus	Greece; the tallest mountain in Greece, home of the gods in myth		geo-mountain-peaks
Ben Nevis	Scotland; the highest mountain in the UK		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Etna	Sicily, Italy; one of Europe's most active volcanoes		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Vesuvius	Italy; the volcano that buried Pompeii		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Fuji	Japan; the tallest mountain in Japan, a famous volcano		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Ararat	Turkey; where Noah's ark is said to have landed		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Kosciuszko	Australia; the highest mountain on mainland Australia		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Vinson	Antarctica; the highest mountain on the continent		geo-mountain-peaks
Puncak Jaya	Indonesia (New Guinea); the highest peak in Oceania		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Cook (Aoraki)	New Zealand; the highest peak in New Zealand		geo-mountain-peaks
Popocatépetl	Mexico; an active volcano near Mexico City		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Sinai	Egypt, Sinai Peninsula; where the Ten Commandments are said to have been given		geo-mountain-peaks
Krakatoa	Indonesia; a volcanic island that exploded in 1883		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Rushmore	South Dakota; has the carved faces of four presidents		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Hood	Oregon; the tallest peak in Oregon		geo-mountain-peaks
Mount Shasta	California; a big volcano in the north of the state		geo-mountain-peaks
Half Dome	California's Yosemite Valley; a famous granite cliff		geo-mountain-peaks
Himalayas	Asia: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China, Pakistan; highest mountains on Earth		geo-mountain-ranges
Karakoram	Pakistan, India and China; home of K2		geo-mountain-ranges
Hindu Kush	Afghanistan and Pakistan		geo-mountain-ranges
Tian Shan	Central Asia, in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and China		geo-mountain-ranges
Altai	Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan meet		geo-mountain-ranges
Ural Mountains	Russia; traditional border between Europe and Asia		geo-mountain-ranges
Caucasus	Between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia		geo-mountain-ranges
Zagros	Iran and Iraq		geo-mountain-ranges
Western Ghats	Along the west coast of India		geo-mountain-ranges
Alps	Europe: France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia		geo-mountain-ranges
Pyrenees	Between France and Spain		geo-mountain-ranges
Carpathians	Eastern Europe: Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania		geo-mountain-ranges
Apennines	Run down the middle of Italy		geo-mountain-ranges
Balkan Mountains	Bulgaria		geo-mountain-ranges
Scandinavian Mountains	Norway and Sweden		geo-mountain-ranges
Dolomites	Northern Italy; a part of the Alps		geo-mountain-ranges
Sierra Nevada (Spain)	Southern Spain; highest peaks on the Iberian mainland		geo-mountain-ranges
Atlas Mountains	Northwest Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia		geo-mountain-ranges
Drakensberg	South Africa, Lesotho		geo-mountain-ranges
Ethiopian Highlands	Ethiopia; the roof of Africa		geo-mountain-ranges
Rwenzori Mountains	Uganda and DR Congo; the Mountains of the Moon		geo-mountain-ranges
Rocky Mountains	North America: from Canada through the western United States		geo-mountain-ranges
Appalachian Mountains	Eastern North America: from Canada down to Alabama		geo-mountain-ranges
Sierra Nevada (California)	California and Nevada; includes Yosemite and Mount Whitney		geo-mountain-ranges
Cascade Range	Pacific Northwest: California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia		geo-mountain-ranges
Coast Ranges	Along the Pacific coast of North America		geo-mountain-ranges
Ozark Mountains	Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma		geo-mountain-ranges
Adirondack Mountains	Northern New York State		geo-mountain-ranges
Black Hills	South Dakota and Wyoming		geo-mountain-ranges
Brooks Range	Northern Alaska		geo-mountain-ranges
Alaska Range	Alaska; includes Denali		geo-mountain-ranges
Sierra Madre Occidental	Western Mexico		geo-mountain-ranges
Sierra Madre Oriental	Eastern Mexico		geo-mountain-ranges
Andes	South America; the longest mountain range on Earth, down the west side		geo-mountain-ranges
Great Dividing Range	Eastern Australia		geo-mountain-ranges
Southern Alps	South Island, New Zealand		geo-mountain-ranges
Transantarctic Mountains	Antarctica; cross the continent		geo-mountain-ranges
Great Smoky Mountains	Tennessee and North Carolina; part of the Appalachians		geo-mountain-ranges
Blue Ridge Mountains	Virginia to Georgia; part of the Appalachians		geo-mountain-ranges
Green Mountains	Vermont		geo-mountain-ranges
White Mountains	New Hampshire		geo-mountain-ranges
Mediterranean Sea	Between Europe, Africa and Asia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Caribbean Sea	Between the Caribbean islands and Central and South America		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Red Sea	Between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Black Sea	Between southeastern Europe and Turkey		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Baltic Sea	Northern Europe: Sweden, Finland, Poland, the Baltic states		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
North Sea	Between Great Britain and Scandinavia and the European mainland		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Adriatic Sea	Between Italy and the Balkan coast		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Aegean Sea	Between Greece and Turkey		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Ionian Sea	West of Greece, east of southern Italy		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Tyrrhenian Sea	West of Italy		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Norwegian Sea	Between Norway and Iceland		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Barents Sea	North of Norway and Russia, part of the Arctic Ocean		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Caspian Sea	Between Europe and Asia; a salty inland sea		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Arabian Sea	Part of the Indian Ocean between India and Arabia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Bay of Bengal	Part of the Indian Ocean between India and Southeast Asia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Andaman Sea	Between Myanmar, Thailand and the Andaman Islands		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
South China Sea	Off southern China and Southeast Asia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
East China Sea	Between China, Japan and Taiwan		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Yellow Sea	Between China and Korea		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Sea of Japan	Between Japan and the Asian mainland		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Sea of Okhotsk	Off eastern Russia, near Kamchatka		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Philippine Sea	East of the Philippines, part of the Pacific		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Java Sea	Between Java and Borneo, Indonesia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Coral Sea	Off northeastern Australia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Tasman Sea	Between Australia and New Zealand		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Bering Sea	Between Alaska and Russia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Beaufort Sea	Arctic Ocean north of Alaska and Canada		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Labrador Sea	Between Greenland and Labrador, Canada		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Sargasso Sea	A sea without shores in the North Atlantic, full of floating seaweed		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Weddell Sea	Off Antarctica		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Ross Sea	Off Antarctica, south of New Zealand		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Gulf of Mexico	Bordered by the U.S., Mexico and Cuba		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Persian Gulf	Between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Gulf of Aden	Between Yemen and Somalia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Gulf of Guinea	West African coast		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Gulf of California	Between Baja California and mainland Mexico		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Gulf of Alaska	Southern coast of Alaska		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Gulf of Thailand	Between Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Bay of Biscay	Off the coasts of France and Spain		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Hudson Bay	A huge inland bay in northern Canada		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Chesapeake Bay	Maryland and Virginia		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
San Francisco Bay	California; has the Golden Gate		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Bay of Fundy	Canada; has some of the highest tides in the world		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Baffin Bay	Between Canada and Greenland		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Puget Sound	Washington State; an inlet of the Pacific		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Long Island Sound	Between Connecticut and Long Island, New York		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
Gulf of St. Lawrence	Eastern Canada, where the river meets the Atlantic		geo-seas-gulfs-bays
How many countries are in Southeast Asia?	Eleven		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Thailand?	Bangkok		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Vietnam?	Hanoi		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Cambodia?	Phnom Penh		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Laos?	Vientiane		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Myanmar?	Naypyidaw		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Malaysia?	Kuala Lumpur		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Singapore?	Singapore		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Indonesia?	Jakarta		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of the Philippines?	Manila		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Brunei?	Bandar Seri Begawan		geo-southeast-asia
Capital of Timor-Leste?	Dili		geo-southeast-asia
Which river flows through Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam?	The Mekong		geo-southeast-asia
Which river flows through Myanmar to the Andaman Sea?	The Irrawaddy		geo-southeast-asia
Which Southeast Asian country is made of over 17,000 islands?	Indonesia		geo-southeast-asia
Which Southeast Asian country is made of over 7,000 islands?	The Philippines		geo-southeast-asia
Which country shares the island of Borneo with Malaysia and Brunei?	Indonesia		geo-southeast-asia
Which Southeast Asian country is the only one without a coast?	Laos		geo-southeast-asia
Which Southeast Asian city-state is on an island at the tip of the Malay Peninsula?	Singapore		geo-southeast-asia
Which ancient temple complex is in Cambodia?	Angkor Wat		geo-southeast-asia
Which bay in Vietnam has thousands of limestone islands?	Ha Long Bay		geo-southeast-asia
Which Indonesian island is the most populous?	Java		geo-southeast-asia
Which strait runs between Malaysia and Sumatra?	The Strait of Malacca		geo-southeast-asia
Which sea is east of Vietnam and west of the Philippines?	The South China Sea		geo-southeast-asia
Which Southeast Asian country was never colonized by a European power?	Thailand		geo-southeast-asia
Which large lake is in Cambodia?	Tonlé Sap		geo-southeast-asia
Which Southeast Asian country has the Petronas Towers?	Malaysia		geo-southeast-asia
Which Philippine island has Manila?	Luzon		geo-southeast-asia
Which volcano in the Philippines is famed for its perfect cone?	Mount Mayon		geo-southeast-asia
Which island in Indonesia is popular with visitors for temples and beaches?	Bali		geo-southeast-asia
Which Southeast Asian country has Komodo dragons?	Indonesia		geo-southeast-asia
Which Southeast Asian country was once called Burma?	Myanmar		geo-southeast-asia
Which Southeast Asian country is the newest, independent since 2002?	Timor-Leste		geo-southeast-asia
Strait of Gibraltar	Connects the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, between Spain and Morocco		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Bosporus	Strait through Istanbul linking the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Dardanelles	Strait in Turkey linking the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Bering Strait	Between Alaska and Russia, joins the Pacific and Arctic oceans		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Strait of Hormuz	Narrow waterway between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Strait of Malacca	Between Malaysia and Sumatra; a busy shipping lane		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Strait of Magellan	Passage at the southern tip of South America		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Strait of Dover	Narrowest part of the English Channel, between England and France		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Bab-el-Mandeb	Strait between Yemen and Djibouti at the south end of the Red Sea		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Strait of Mackinac	Connects Lake Michigan and Lake Huron		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Taiwan Strait	Between Taiwan and mainland China		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Torres Strait	Between Australia and Papua New Guinea		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Bass Strait	Between mainland Australia and Tasmania		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Cook Strait	Between New Zealand's North and South islands		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Davis Strait	Between Greenland and Baffin Island		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Drake Passage	Between South America and Antarctica		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Strait of Florida	Between Florida and Cuba		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Strait of Juan de Fuca	Between Washington State and Vancouver Island		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Panama Canal	Links the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across Panama		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Suez Canal	Links the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea across Egypt		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Erie Canal	New York State; joined the Hudson River to Lake Erie		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Kiel Canal	Germany; links the North Sea and the Baltic Sea		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Corinth Canal	Greece; cuts across a narrow neck of land		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Grand Canal (China)	Very old canal running north to south in China		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Soo Locks	Michigan; ships pass between Lake Superior and Lake Huron		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Welland Canal	Ontario, Canada; bypasses Niagara Falls between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Iberian Peninsula	Spain and Portugal		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Italian Peninsula	Shaped like a boot, including Italy		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Balkan Peninsula	Southeastern Europe: Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, and more		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Scandinavian Peninsula	Norway and Sweden, with part of Finland		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Jutland	Peninsula holding mainland Denmark and part of Germany		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Crimean Peninsula	Juts into the Black Sea		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Arabian Peninsula	The largest peninsula in the world, in southwest Asia		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Sinai Peninsula	Egypt; between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Indochina Peninsula	Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Malay Peninsula	Southeast Asia: Malaysia, southern Thailand, Singapore		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Korean Peninsula	East Asia: North Korea and South Korea		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Kamchatka Peninsula	Eastern Russia, full of volcanoes		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Florida Peninsula	Southeastern United States		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Baja California	Long Mexican peninsula west of the Gulf of California		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Yucatán Peninsula	Southeastern Mexico, with Cancún		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Labrador Peninsula	Eastern Canada, in Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Cape Cod	Massachusetts; a curved peninsula		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Olympic Peninsula	Washington State; has Olympic National Park		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Upper Peninsula	Michigan; the northern part north of Lake Michigan		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Cape Horn	Southern tip of South America in Chile		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Cape of Good Hope	Southwestern tip of Africa near Cape Town		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Cape Canaveral	Florida; where rockets launch		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Cape Hatteras	North Carolina's Outer Banks		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Land's End	Cornwall, England; the westernmost point of mainland England		geo-straits-canals-peninsulas
Why do we have time zones?	The Earth turns, so the sun is high at different times in different places		geo-time-zones
How many degrees of longitude is one time zone, roughly?	15 degrees		geo-time-zones
How many hours does the Earth take to turn once?	24 hours		geo-time-zones
What line is zero degrees longitude?	The Prime Meridian		geo-time-zones
Which city does the Prime Meridian run through?	Greenwich, London (England)		geo-time-zones
What does UTC stand for?	Coordinated Universal Time (The standard time all zones are measured from)		geo-time-zones
What is GMT?	Greenwich Mean Time, the time at the Prime Meridian		geo-time-zones
Which line is roughly where one calendar day changes to the next?	The International Date Line		geo-time-zones
Where is the International Date Line in the Earth?	About 180 degrees longitude, in the Pacific Ocean		geo-time-zones
If you cross the Date Line going west, what happens to the date?	It moves forward one day		geo-time-zones
If you cross the Date Line going east, what happens to the date?	It moves back one day		geo-time-zones
Which way does the sun seem to move across the sky?	East to west		geo-time-zones
If it is noon in New York, is it earlier or later in Los Angeles?	Earlier, because Los Angeles is further west (9 a.m.)		geo-time-zones
Name the four main U.S. time zones in the lower 48 states.	Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific		geo-time-zones
Which U.S. time zone is farthest east in the lower 48?	Eastern Time		geo-time-zones
Which U.S. time zone is farthest west in the lower 48?	Pacific Time		geo-time-zones
Which zone is New York City in?	Eastern Time		geo-time-zones
Which zone is Chicago in?	Central Time		geo-time-zones
Which zone is Denver in?	Mountain Time		geo-time-zones
Which zone is Los Angeles in?	Pacific Time		geo-time-zones
Which zone is Alaska mostly in?	Alaska Time		geo-time-zones
Which zone is Hawaii in?	Hawaii–Aleutian Time		geo-time-zones
How many hours apart are Eastern and Pacific Time?	Three hours		geo-time-zones
What is Daylight Saving Time?	Moving clocks ahead an hour in spring and back in fall to use more daylight		geo-time-zones
Which U.S. state mostly does not use daylight saving time?	Arizona (except the Navajo Nation) (Hawaii also does not use it)		geo-time-zones
What does a.m. mean?	Ante meridiem: before noon		geo-time-zones
What does p.m. mean?	Post meridiem: after noon		geo-time-zones
What time zone is London in during winter?	GMT (UTC+0)		geo-time-zones
Which time zone is Tokyo, Japan in?	Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)		geo-time-zones
Which time zone is India in?	India Standard Time (UTC+5:30)		geo-time-zones
Which time zone is Beijing, China in?	China Standard Time (UTC+8) (China uses one time zone for the whole country)		geo-time-zones
Which country has the most time zones, counting overseas territories?	France		geo-time-zones
Which large country spans eleven time zones?	Russia		geo-time-zones
Which zone is Paris in during winter?	Central European Time (UTC+1)		geo-time-zones
Which zone is Sydney, Australia on the east coast in?	Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)		geo-time-zones
What does it mean when a place is 'ahead' of us in time zones?	It is further east, and its clock shows a later time		geo-time-zones
At which time is the sun directly overhead, on average?	Around noon (solar noon)		geo-time-zones
Name the four nations of the United Kingdom.	England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland		geo-uk-nations-places
Capital of England	London		geo-uk-nations-places
Capital of Scotland	Edinburgh		geo-uk-nations-places
Capital of Wales	Cardiff		geo-uk-nations-places
Capital of Northern Ireland	Belfast		geo-uk-nations-places
Which three nations make up Great Britain, the main island?	England, Scotland and Wales		geo-uk-nations-places
Which island is Northern Ireland on?	The island of Ireland		geo-uk-nations-places
Which river flows through London?	The River Thames		geo-uk-nations-places
What is the highest mountain in the UK?	Ben Nevis (In Scotland)		geo-uk-nations-places
What is the highest mountain in Wales?	Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa)		geo-uk-nations-places
What is the highest mountain in England?	Scafell Pike		geo-uk-nations-places
Which Scottish lake is said to hold a monster?	Loch Ness		geo-uk-nations-places
Which sea lies east of England?	The North Sea		geo-uk-nations-places
Which body of water separates England from France?	The English Channel		geo-uk-nations-places
Which sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland?	The Irish Sea		geo-uk-nations-places
Which city in northern England is known for its Minster and walls?	York		geo-uk-nations-places
In which county is the Cornish coast and the tip of Land's End?	Cornwall		geo-uk-nations-places
Which county in southeast England is called the Garden of England?	Kent		geo-uk-nations-places
Which county has Oxford University?	Oxfordshire		geo-uk-nations-places
Which county has Cambridge University?	Cambridgeshire		geo-uk-nations-places
Which largest English county by area is in the north?	North Yorkshire		geo-uk-nations-places
Which famous stone circle is in Wiltshire?	Stonehenge		geo-uk-nations-places
Which Roman wall crosses northern England?	Hadrian's Wall		geo-uk-nations-places
Which Scottish city is the biggest?	Glasgow		geo-uk-nations-places
Which English city is famous for The Beatles?	Liverpool		geo-uk-nations-places
Which English city is a big center for industry and called the 'second city'?	Birmingham		geo-uk-nations-places
Which English city is famous for Manchester United?	Manchester		geo-uk-nations-places
What is the Welsh language called?	Welsh (Cymraeg)		geo-uk-nations-places
What is the UK's currency?	The pound sterling		geo-uk-nations-places
Which natural wonder of hexagonal rock columns is in Northern Ireland?	The Giant's Causeway		geo-uk-nations-places
Which group of islands lies north of mainland Scotland?	The Orkney Islands		geo-uk-nations-places
Which Scottish region is known for mountains and glens in the north?	The Highlands		geo-uk-nations-places
Which English region is famous for lakes and mountains in the northwest?	The Lake District		geo-uk-nations-places
Which Welsh island is off the north coast, with a very long place name?	Anglesey		geo-uk-nations-places
Which island lies off England's south coast?	The Isle of Wight		geo-uk-nations-places
Pyramids of Giza	Egypt		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Acropolis of Athens	Greece		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Colosseum and Roman Forum	Italy		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Historic Centre of Florence	Italy		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Venice and its Lagoon	Italy		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Pompeii	Italy		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Palace of Versailles	France		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Mont-Saint-Michel	France		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Banks of the Seine in Paris	France		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Stonehenge	United Kingdom		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Tower of London	United Kingdom		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Old Town of Edinburgh	United Kingdom		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Giant's Causeway	United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Alhambra of Granada	Spain		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Works of Antoni Gaudí	Spain		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Historic Centre of Prague	Czechia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Historic Centre of Kraków	Poland		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Old Town of Dubrovnik	Croatia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Plitvice Lakes	Croatia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Hallstatt–Dachstein Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape	Austria		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Historic Centre of Vienna	Austria		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Cologne Cathedral	Germany		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Kremlin and Red Square	Russia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg	Russia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Lake Baikal	Russia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Hagia Sophia area, Historic Areas of Istanbul	Türkiye		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Göreme and Cappadocia	Türkiye		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Petra	Jordan		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Persepolis	Iran		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Taj Mahal	India		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Red Fort Complex	India		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Ajanta Caves	India		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Sundarbans National Park	India and Bangladesh (separate sites)		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Sagarmatha National Park (Mount Everest)	Nepal		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Kathmandu Valley	Nepal		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Great Wall	China		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Imperial Palaces of Beijing (Forbidden City)	China		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (Terracotta Army)	China		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Mount Taishan	China		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto	Japan		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Himeji Castle	Japan		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Hiroshima Peace Memorial	Japan		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Angkor	Cambodia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Ha Long Bay	Vietnam		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Borobudur Temple Compounds	Indonesia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Komodo National Park	Indonesia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Luang Prabang	Laos		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Ayutthaya	Thailand		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Sigiriya	Sri Lanka		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Great Barrier Reef	Australia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Sydney Opera House	Australia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park	Australia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Te Wahipounamu (Southwest New Zealand)	New Zealand		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Tongariro National Park	New Zealand		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Rapa Nui National Park (Easter Island)	Chile		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Machu Picchu	Peru		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Cusco, Historic Centre	Peru		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Galápagos Islands	Ecuador		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Iguazú National Park	Argentina and Brazil (separate sites)		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Rio de Janeiro landscapes	Brazil		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia	Brazil		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Cartagena Port, Fortresses and Monuments	Colombia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Historic Centre of Mexico City	Mexico		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza	Mexico		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Teotihuacan	Mexico		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Tikal National Park	Guatemala		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Old Havana	Cuba		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Statue of Liberty	United States		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Independence Hall	United States		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Grand Canyon National Park	United States		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Yellowstone National Park	United States		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Yosemite National Park	United States		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Everglades National Park	United States		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Mesa Verde National Park	United States		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Mammoth Cave National Park	United States		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks	Canada		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Old Quebec	Canada		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Serengeti National Park	Tanzania		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Kilimanjaro National Park	Tanzania		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls	Zambia and Zimbabwe		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Robben Island	South Africa		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Okavango Delta	Botswana		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela	Ethiopia		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Medina of Fez	Morocco		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Medina of Marrakesh	Morocco		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis (Luxor)	Egypt		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae	Egypt		geo-unesco-world-heritage-sites
Alabama	AL		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Alaska	AK		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Arizona	AZ		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Arkansas	AR		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
California	CA		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Colorado	CO		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Connecticut	CT		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Delaware	DE		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Florida	FL		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Georgia	GA		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Hawaii	HI		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Idaho	ID		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Illinois	IL		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Indiana	IN		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Iowa	IA		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Kansas	KS		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Kentucky	KY		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Louisiana	LA		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Maine	ME		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Maryland	MD		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Massachusetts	MA		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Michigan	MI		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Minnesota	MN		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Mississippi	MS		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Missouri	MO		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Montana	MT		geo-us-abbreviations-a-m
Nebraska	NE		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Nevada	NV		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
New Hampshire	NH		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
New Jersey	NJ		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
New Mexico	NM		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
New York	NY		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
North Carolina	NC		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
North Dakota	ND		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Ohio	OH		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Oklahoma	OK		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Oregon	OR		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Pennsylvania	PA		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Rhode Island	RI		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
South Carolina	SC		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
South Dakota	SD		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Tennessee	TN		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Texas	TX		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Utah	UT		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Vermont	VT		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Virginia	VA		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Washington	WA		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
West Virginia	WV		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Wisconsin	WI		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Wyoming	WY		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Washington, D.C.	DC		geo-us-abbreviations-n-w
Montgomery	Alabama		geo-us-capital-to-state
Juneau	Alaska		geo-us-capital-to-state
Phoenix	Arizona		geo-us-capital-to-state
Little Rock	Arkansas		geo-us-capital-to-state
Sacramento	California		geo-us-capital-to-state
Denver	Colorado		geo-us-capital-to-state
Hartford	Connecticut		geo-us-capital-to-state
Dover	Delaware		geo-us-capital-to-state
Tallahassee	Florida		geo-us-capital-to-state
Atlanta	Georgia		geo-us-capital-to-state
Honolulu	Hawaii		geo-us-capital-to-state
Boise	Idaho		geo-us-capital-to-state
Springfield	Illinois		geo-us-capital-to-state
Indianapolis	Indiana		geo-us-capital-to-state
Des Moines	Iowa		geo-us-capital-to-state
Topeka	Kansas		geo-us-capital-to-state
Frankfort	Kentucky		geo-us-capital-to-state
Baton Rouge	Louisiana		geo-us-capital-to-state
Augusta	Maine		geo-us-capital-to-state
Annapolis	Maryland		geo-us-capital-to-state
Boston	Massachusetts		geo-us-capital-to-state
Lansing	Michigan		geo-us-capital-to-state
Saint Paul	Minnesota		geo-us-capital-to-state
Jackson	Mississippi		geo-us-capital-to-state
Jefferson City	Missouri		geo-us-capital-to-state
Helena	Montana		geo-us-capital-to-state
Lincoln	Nebraska		geo-us-capital-to-state
Carson City	Nevada		geo-us-capital-to-state
Concord	New Hampshire		geo-us-capital-to-state
Trenton	New Jersey		geo-us-capital-to-state
Santa Fe	New Mexico		geo-us-capital-to-state
Albany	New York		geo-us-capital-to-state
Raleigh	North Carolina		geo-us-capital-to-state
Bismarck	North Dakota		geo-us-capital-to-state
Columbus	Ohio		geo-us-capital-to-state
Oklahoma City	Oklahoma		geo-us-capital-to-state
Salem	Oregon		geo-us-capital-to-state
Harrisburg	Pennsylvania		geo-us-capital-to-state
Providence	Rhode Island		geo-us-capital-to-state
Columbia	South Carolina		geo-us-capital-to-state
Pierre	South Dakota		geo-us-capital-to-state
Nashville	Tennessee		geo-us-capital-to-state
Austin	Texas		geo-us-capital-to-state
Salt Lake City	Utah		geo-us-capital-to-state
Montpelier	Vermont		geo-us-capital-to-state
Richmond	Virginia		geo-us-capital-to-state
Olympia	Washington		geo-us-capital-to-state
Charleston	West Virginia		geo-us-capital-to-state
Madison	Wisconsin		geo-us-capital-to-state
Cheyenne	Wyoming		geo-us-capital-to-state
Alabama	Montgomery		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Alaska	Juneau		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Arizona	Phoenix		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Arkansas	Little Rock		geo-us-capitals-all-50
California	Sacramento		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Colorado	Denver		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Connecticut	Hartford		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Delaware	Dover		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Florida	Tallahassee		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Georgia	Atlanta		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Hawaii	Honolulu		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Idaho	Boise		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Illinois	Springfield		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Indiana	Indianapolis		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Iowa	Des Moines		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Kansas	Topeka		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Kentucky	Frankfort		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Louisiana	Baton Rouge		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Maine	Augusta		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Maryland	Annapolis		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Massachusetts	Boston		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Michigan	Lansing		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Minnesota	Saint Paul		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Mississippi	Jackson		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Missouri	Jefferson City		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Montana	Helena		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Nebraska	Lincoln		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Nevada	Carson City		geo-us-capitals-all-50
New Hampshire	Concord		geo-us-capitals-all-50
New Jersey	Trenton		geo-us-capitals-all-50
New Mexico	Santa Fe		geo-us-capitals-all-50
New York	Albany		geo-us-capitals-all-50
North Carolina	Raleigh		geo-us-capitals-all-50
North Dakota	Bismarck		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Ohio	Columbus		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Oklahoma	Oklahoma City		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Oregon	Salem		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Pennsylvania	Harrisburg		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Rhode Island	Providence		geo-us-capitals-all-50
South Carolina	Columbia		geo-us-capitals-all-50
South Dakota	Pierre		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Tennessee	Nashville		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Texas	Austin		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Utah	Salt Lake City		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Vermont	Montpelier		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Virginia	Richmond		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Washington	Olympia		geo-us-capitals-all-50
West Virginia	Charleston		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Wisconsin	Madison		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Wyoming	Cheyenne		geo-us-capitals-all-50
Ohio	Columbus		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Indiana	Indianapolis		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Illinois	Springfield (Not Chicago)		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Michigan	Lansing		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Wisconsin	Madison		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Minnesota	Saint Paul		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Iowa	Des Moines		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Missouri	Jefferson City		geo-us-capitals-midwest
North Dakota	Bismarck		geo-us-capitals-midwest
South Dakota	Pierre		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Nebraska	Lincoln		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Kansas	Topeka		geo-us-capitals-midwest
Maine	Augusta		geo-us-capitals-northeast
New Hampshire	Concord		geo-us-capitals-northeast
Vermont	Montpelier		geo-us-capitals-northeast
Massachusetts	Boston		geo-us-capitals-northeast
Rhode Island	Providence		geo-us-capitals-northeast
Connecticut	Hartford		geo-us-capitals-northeast
New York	Albany (Not New York City)		geo-us-capitals-northeast
New Jersey	Trenton		geo-us-capitals-northeast
Pennsylvania	Harrisburg		geo-us-capitals-northeast
Delaware	Dover		geo-us-capitals-northeast
Maryland	Annapolis		geo-us-capitals-northeast
Washington, D.C.	It is a district, not a state, and is the national capital		geo-us-capitals-northeast
New York City, New York	Albany		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Los Angeles, California	Sacramento		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Chicago, Illinois	Springfield		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Seattle, Washington	Olympia		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Miami, Florida	Tallahassee		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Las Vegas, Nevada	Carson City		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	Harrisburg		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Detroit, Michigan	Lansing		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Dallas or Houston, Texas	Austin		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
New Orleans, Louisiana	Baton Rouge		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Portland, Oregon	Salem		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Milwaukee, Wisconsin	Madison		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Cleveland, Ohio	Columbus		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Birmingham, Alabama	Montgomery		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Charlotte, North Carolina	Raleigh		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Kansas City, Missouri	Jefferson City		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Minneapolis, Minnesota	Saint Paul		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Buffalo, New York	Albany		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Sioux Falls, South Dakota	Pierre		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Billings, Montana	Helena		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Fargo, North Dakota	Bismarck		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Wichita, Kansas	Topeka		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Omaha, Nebraska	Lincoln		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Anchorage, Alaska	Juneau		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Memphis, Tennessee	Nashville		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Louisville, Kentucky	Frankfort		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Burlington, Vermont	Montpelier		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Portland, Maine	Augusta		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Bridgeport, Connecticut	Hartford		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Wilmington, Delaware	Dover		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Baltimore, Maryland	Annapolis		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Newark, New Jersey	Trenton		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Charleston, South Carolina	Columbia		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Jacksonville, Florida	Tallahassee		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Cincinnati, Ohio	Columbus		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Tulsa, Oklahoma	Oklahoma City		geo-us-capitals-not-biggest-city
Virginia	Richmond		geo-us-capitals-south
West Virginia	Charleston		geo-us-capitals-south
North Carolina	Raleigh		geo-us-capitals-south
South Carolina	Columbia		geo-us-capitals-south
Georgia	Atlanta		geo-us-capitals-south
Florida	Tallahassee		geo-us-capitals-south
Alabama	Montgomery		geo-us-capitals-south
Mississippi	Jackson		geo-us-capitals-south
Tennessee	Nashville		geo-us-capitals-south
Kentucky	Frankfort		geo-us-capitals-south
Arkansas	Little Rock		geo-us-capitals-south
Louisiana	Baton Rouge		geo-us-capitals-south
Texas	Austin		geo-us-capitals-south
Oklahoma	Oklahoma City		geo-us-capitals-south
Arizona	Phoenix		geo-us-capitals-west
New Mexico	Santa Fe		geo-us-capitals-west
Colorado	Denver		geo-us-capitals-west
Utah	Salt Lake City		geo-us-capitals-west
Nevada	Carson City		geo-us-capitals-west
Idaho	Boise		geo-us-capitals-west
Montana	Helena		geo-us-capitals-west
Wyoming	Cheyenne		geo-us-capitals-west
California	Sacramento (Not Los Angeles)		geo-us-capitals-west
Oregon	Salem		geo-us-capitals-west
Washington	Olympia (Not Seattle)		geo-us-capitals-west
Alaska	Juneau		geo-us-capitals-west
Hawaii	Honolulu		geo-us-capitals-west
Maine	Northeast		geo-us-census-regions
New Hampshire	Northeast		geo-us-census-regions
Vermont	Northeast		geo-us-census-regions
Massachusetts	Northeast		geo-us-census-regions
Rhode Island	Northeast		geo-us-census-regions
Connecticut	Northeast		geo-us-census-regions
New York	Northeast		geo-us-census-regions
New Jersey	Northeast		geo-us-census-regions
Pennsylvania	Northeast		geo-us-census-regions
Ohio	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Indiana	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Illinois	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Michigan	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Wisconsin	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Minnesota	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Iowa	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Missouri	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
North Dakota	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
South Dakota	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Nebraska	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Kansas	Midwest		geo-us-census-regions
Delaware	South		geo-us-census-regions
Maryland	South		geo-us-census-regions
Virginia	South		geo-us-census-regions
West Virginia	South		geo-us-census-regions
North Carolina	South		geo-us-census-regions
South Carolina	South		geo-us-census-regions
Georgia	South		geo-us-census-regions
Florida	South		geo-us-census-regions
Kentucky	South		geo-us-census-regions
Tennessee	South		geo-us-census-regions
Alabama	South		geo-us-census-regions
Mississippi	South		geo-us-census-regions
Arkansas	South		geo-us-census-regions
Louisiana	South		geo-us-census-regions
Oklahoma	South		geo-us-census-regions
Texas	South		geo-us-census-regions
Montana	West		geo-us-census-regions
Idaho	West		geo-us-census-regions
Wyoming	West		geo-us-census-regions
Colorado	West		geo-us-census-regions
New Mexico	West		geo-us-census-regions
Arizona	West		geo-us-census-regions
Utah	West		geo-us-census-regions
Nevada	West		geo-us-census-regions
California	West		geo-us-census-regions
Oregon	West		geo-us-census-regions
Washington	West		geo-us-census-regions
Alaska	West		geo-us-census-regions
Hawaii	West		geo-us-census-regions
Washington, D.C.	South (in the Census regions)		geo-us-census-regions
New York City	New York		geo-us-cities-and-states
Buffalo	New York		geo-us-cities-and-states
Los Angeles	California		geo-us-cities-and-states
San Francisco	California		geo-us-cities-and-states
San Diego	California		geo-us-cities-and-states
San Jose	California		geo-us-cities-and-states
Chicago	Illinois		geo-us-cities-and-states
Houston	Texas		geo-us-cities-and-states
Dallas	Texas		geo-us-cities-and-states
San Antonio	Texas		geo-us-cities-and-states
El Paso	Texas		geo-us-cities-and-states
Phoenix	Arizona		geo-us-cities-and-states
Tucson	Arizona		geo-us-cities-and-states
Philadelphia	Pennsylvania		geo-us-cities-and-states
Pittsburgh	Pennsylvania		geo-us-cities-and-states
Jacksonville	Florida		geo-us-cities-and-states
Miami	Florida		geo-us-cities-and-states
Orlando	Florida		geo-us-cities-and-states
Tampa	Florida		geo-us-cities-and-states
Columbus	Ohio		geo-us-cities-and-states
Cleveland	Ohio		geo-us-cities-and-states
Cincinnati	Ohio		geo-us-cities-and-states
Charlotte	North Carolina		geo-us-cities-and-states
Asheville	North Carolina		geo-us-cities-and-states
Indianapolis	Indiana		geo-us-cities-and-states
Seattle	Washington		geo-us-cities-and-states
Spokane	Washington		geo-us-cities-and-states
Denver	Colorado		geo-us-cities-and-states
Colorado Springs	Colorado		geo-us-cities-and-states
Boston	Massachusetts		geo-us-cities-and-states
Nashville	Tennessee		geo-us-cities-and-states
Memphis	Tennessee		geo-us-cities-and-states
Detroit	Michigan		geo-us-cities-and-states
Grand Rapids	Michigan		geo-us-cities-and-states
Portland (Oregon)	Oregon		geo-us-cities-and-states
Portland (Maine)	Maine		geo-us-cities-and-states
Las Vegas	Nevada		geo-us-cities-and-states
Reno	Nevada		geo-us-cities-and-states
Louisville	Kentucky		geo-us-cities-and-states
Lexington	Kentucky		geo-us-cities-and-states
Baltimore	Maryland		geo-us-cities-and-states
Milwaukee	Wisconsin		geo-us-cities-and-states
Albuquerque	New Mexico		geo-us-cities-and-states
Omaha	Nebraska		geo-us-cities-and-states
Kansas City	Missouri and Kansas (two cities of the same name)		geo-us-cities-and-states
St. Louis	Missouri		geo-us-cities-and-states
Atlanta	Georgia		geo-us-cities-and-states
Savannah	Georgia		geo-us-cities-and-states
Virginia Beach	Virginia		geo-us-cities-and-states
Norfolk	Virginia		geo-us-cities-and-states
New Orleans	Louisiana		geo-us-cities-and-states
Minneapolis	Minnesota		geo-us-cities-and-states
Honolulu	Hawaii		geo-us-cities-and-states
Anchorage	Alaska		geo-us-cities-and-states
Salt Lake City	Utah		geo-us-cities-and-states
Boise	Idaho		geo-us-cities-and-states
Billings	Montana		geo-us-cities-and-states
Fargo	North Dakota		geo-us-cities-and-states
Sioux Falls	South Dakota		geo-us-cities-and-states
Rapid City	South Dakota		geo-us-cities-and-states
Des Moines	Iowa		geo-us-cities-and-states
Wichita	Kansas		geo-us-cities-and-states
Oklahoma City	Oklahoma		geo-us-cities-and-states
Tulsa	Oklahoma		geo-us-cities-and-states
Little Rock	Arkansas		geo-us-cities-and-states
Birmingham	Alabama		geo-us-cities-and-states
Mobile	Alabama		geo-us-cities-and-states
Jackson	Mississippi		geo-us-cities-and-states
Charleston	South Carolina		geo-us-cities-and-states
Burlington	Vermont		geo-us-cities-and-states
Manchester	New Hampshire		geo-us-cities-and-states
Providence	Rhode Island		geo-us-cities-and-states
Newark	New Jersey		geo-us-cities-and-states
Atlantic City	New Jersey		geo-us-cities-and-states
Wilmington	Delaware		geo-us-cities-and-states
Sacramento	California		geo-us-cities-and-states
Fresno	California		geo-us-cities-and-states
Oakland	California		geo-us-cities-and-states
Austin	Texas		geo-us-cities-and-states
Fort Worth	Texas		geo-us-cities-and-states
Santa Fe	New Mexico		geo-us-cities-and-states
Cheyenne	Wyoming		geo-us-cities-and-states
Duluth	Minnesota		geo-us-cities-and-states
Madison	Wisconsin		geo-us-cities-and-states
Green Bay	Wisconsin		geo-us-cities-and-states
Cedar Rapids	Iowa		geo-us-cities-and-states
Springfield (Illinois capital)	Illinois		geo-us-cities-and-states
Hartford	Connecticut		geo-us-cities-and-states
New Haven	Connecticut		geo-us-cities-and-states
Pasadena	California		geo-us-cities-and-states
Santa Barbara	California		geo-us-cities-and-states
Taos	New Mexico		geo-us-cities-and-states
Which state is the largest by area?	Alaska		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is the smallest by area?	Rhode Island		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the most people?	California		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the fewest people?	Wyoming		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is the largest in the lower 48 by area?	Texas		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is the southernmost?	Hawaii		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is the northernmost?	Alaska		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the longest coastline?	Alaska		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is made of islands?	Hawaii		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states touch Canada in the Northeast?	Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and New York		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states border Mexico?	California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state borders only one other state?	Maine, which touches only New Hampshire		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state borders the most other states?	Missouri and Tennessee, with eight each		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which four states meet at one point?	Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona (Four Corners)		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states are in New England?	Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which are the original thirteen colonies?	Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina and Rhode Island		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states are the Gulf Coast states?	Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states border the Mississippi River?	Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi and Louisiana		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states are on the Gulf of Mexico?	Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is shaped like a mitten?	Michigan's Lower Peninsula		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has a panhandle that points toward the Gulf?	Florida		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state was the 50th to join the Union?	Hawaii (1959)		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state was the 49th?	Alaska (1959)		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state was the first to join?	Delaware (1787)		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is the Peach State?	Georgia		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states are not connected to any other state?	Alaska and Hawaii		geo-us-facts-and-borders
What are the Great Plains states?	North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma, and parts of nearby states		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the most national parks?	California		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the Everglades?	Florida		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has Mount Rushmore?	South Dakota		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the Grand Canyon?	Arizona		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is the Lone Star State?	Texas		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is home to Yellowstone's Old Faithful?	Wyoming		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the Gateway Arch?	Missouri		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the Alamo?	Texas		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which U.S. city is the home of the White House?	Washington, D.C.		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states touch Lake Michigan?	Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states are the Four Corners states?	Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which states border the Pacific Ocean?	California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska and Hawaii		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the most coastline in the lower 48?	Florida		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is the Sunshine State?	Florida		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state is the Golden State?	California		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has Mount Hood?	Oregon		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has the Space Needle?	Washington		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Which state has Niagara Falls on its border with Canada?	New York		geo-us-facts-and-borders
Yellowstone	Old Faithful geyser, hot springs, bison; the first national park (1872)		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Grand Canyon	A huge canyon cut by the Colorado River		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Yosemite	Granite cliffs like El Capitan and Half Dome, and tall waterfalls		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Great Smoky Mountains	Misty mountains, black bears and wildflowers		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Glacier	Mountain glaciers, lakes and the Going-to-the-Sun Road		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Zion	Red sandstone canyons and the Narrows		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Bryce Canyon	Tall rock spires called hoodoos		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Arches	More than 2,000 natural stone arches, including Delicate Arch		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Everglades	A huge wetland with alligators and wading birds		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Denali	North America's highest mountain, in Alaska		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Acadia	Rocky coast and mountains in Maine		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Rocky Mountain	High peaks, elk and Trail Ridge Road		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Grand Teton	Jagged mountain peaks above Jackson Hole		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Olympic	Rainforest, mountains and a wild Pacific coast		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Mount Rainier	A giant snowy volcano near Seattle		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Crater Lake	A deep blue lake inside an old volcano		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Redwood	The tallest trees in the world		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Sequoia	Giant sequoia trees, including General Sherman		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Death Valley	Extreme heat and the lowest point in North America		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Joshua Tree	Spiky Joshua trees and desert boulders		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Badlands	Striped rock formations and prairie wildlife		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Carlsbad Caverns	Huge underground caves and bats		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Mammoth Cave	The longest known cave system in the world		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes	Active volcanoes, including Kīlauea		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Haleakalā	A giant volcano on Maui with sunrise views		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Canyonlands	Deep canyons carved by the Colorado and Green rivers		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Mesa Verde	Ancient cliff dwellings built by Ancestral Puebloans		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Petrified Forest	Trees turned to stone and colorful badlands		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Saguaro	Giant saguaro cacti		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Big Bend	A desert and mountains along the Rio Grande		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
White Sands	Dunes of bright white gypsum sand		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Dry Tortugas	An old fort on islands in the Gulf of Mexico		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Channel Islands	Offshore islands with unique plants and animals		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Great Sand Dunes	The tallest sand dunes in North America		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Shenandoah	Skyline Drive and Blue Ridge views		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Voyageurs	Lakes and waterways of northern Minnesota		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Katmai	Brown bears catching salmon		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Kenai Fjords	Glaciers and sea life near Seward, Alaska		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Glacier Bay	Tidewater glaciers and whales		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Theodore Roosevelt	Badlands and prairie where the president once ranched		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Congaree	Old-growth floodplain forest		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Wind Cave	A maze of boxwork cave formations		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Gateway Arch	The tall stainless steel arch beside the Mississippi		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Cuyahoga Valley	Woodlands and waterfalls between Cleveland and Akron		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Lassen Volcanic	Steaming vents and mud pots in a volcanic area		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Pinnacles	Rock spires and California condors		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Biscayne	Mostly water: coral reefs and islands near Miami		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Isle Royale	A wild island in Lake Superior with wolves and moose		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Indiana Dunes	Sand dunes on the shore of Lake Michigan		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
New River Gorge	A deep gorge with a famous steel arch bridge		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Hot Springs	Natural hot springs and old bathhouses		geo-us-national-parks-famous-for
Acadia	Maine		geo-us-national-parks-states
American Samoa	American Samoa (a U.S. territory)		geo-us-national-parks-states
Arches	Utah		geo-us-national-parks-states
Badlands	South Dakota		geo-us-national-parks-states
Big Bend	Texas		geo-us-national-parks-states
Biscayne	Florida		geo-us-national-parks-states
Black Canyon of the Gunnison	Colorado		geo-us-national-parks-states
Bryce Canyon	Utah		geo-us-national-parks-states
Canyonlands	Utah		geo-us-national-parks-states
Capitol Reef	Utah		geo-us-national-parks-states
Carlsbad Caverns	New Mexico		geo-us-national-parks-states
Channel Islands	California		geo-us-national-parks-states
Congaree	South Carolina		geo-us-national-parks-states
Crater Lake	Oregon		geo-us-national-parks-states
Cuyahoga Valley	Ohio		geo-us-national-parks-states
Death Valley	California and Nevada		geo-us-national-parks-states
Denali	Alaska		geo-us-national-parks-states
Dry Tortugas	Florida		geo-us-national-parks-states
Everglades	Florida		geo-us-national-parks-states
Gates of the Arctic	Alaska		geo-us-national-parks-states
Gateway Arch	Missouri		geo-us-national-parks-states
Glacier	Montana		geo-us-national-parks-states
Glacier Bay	Alaska		geo-us-national-parks-states
Grand Canyon	Arizona		geo-us-national-parks-states
Grand Teton	Wyoming		geo-us-national-parks-states
Great Basin	Nevada		geo-us-national-parks-states
Great Sand Dunes	Colorado		geo-us-national-parks-states
Great Smoky Mountains	Tennessee and North Carolina		geo-us-national-parks-states
Guadalupe Mountains	Texas		geo-us-national-parks-states
Haleakalā	Hawaii		geo-us-national-parks-states
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes	Hawaii		geo-us-national-parks-states
Hot Springs	Arkansas		geo-us-national-parks-states
Indiana Dunes	Indiana		geo-us-national-parks-states
Isle Royale	Michigan		geo-us-national-parks-states
Joshua Tree	California		geo-us-national-parks-states
Katmai	Alaska		geo-us-national-parks-states
Kenai Fjords	Alaska		geo-us-national-parks-states
Kings Canyon	California		geo-us-national-parks-states
Lassen Volcanic	California		geo-us-national-parks-states
Mammoth Cave	Kentucky		geo-us-national-parks-states
Mesa Verde	Colorado		geo-us-national-parks-states
Mount Rainier	Washington		geo-us-national-parks-states
New River Gorge	West Virginia		geo-us-national-parks-states
North Cascades	Washington		geo-us-national-parks-states
Olympic	Washington		geo-us-national-parks-states
Petrified Forest	Arizona		geo-us-national-parks-states
Pinnacles	California		geo-us-national-parks-states
Redwood	California		geo-us-national-parks-states
Rocky Mountain	Colorado		geo-us-national-parks-states
Saguaro	Arizona		geo-us-national-parks-states
Sequoia	California		geo-us-national-parks-states
Shenandoah	Virginia		geo-us-national-parks-states
Theodore Roosevelt	North Dakota		geo-us-national-parks-states
Virgin Islands	U.S. Virgin Islands		geo-us-national-parks-states
Voyageurs	Minnesota		geo-us-national-parks-states
White Sands	New Mexico		geo-us-national-parks-states
Wind Cave	South Dakota		geo-us-national-parks-states
Wrangell–St. Elias	Alaska		geo-us-national-parks-states
Yellowstone	Wyoming, Montana and Idaho		geo-us-national-parks-states
Yosemite	California		geo-us-national-parks-states
Zion	Utah		geo-us-national-parks-states
Mississippi River	Flows from Minnesota south to the Gulf of Mexico		geo-us-physical-geography
Missouri River	Longest river in the United States; joins the Mississippi near St. Louis		geo-us-physical-geography
Ohio River	Flows from Pittsburgh to the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois		geo-us-physical-geography
Colorado River	Flows from the Rocky Mountains through the Grand Canyon toward Mexico		geo-us-physical-geography
Columbia River	Flows through Washington and Oregon to the Pacific Ocean		geo-us-physical-geography
Rio Grande	Flows from Colorado through New Mexico, then forms the Texas–Mexico border		geo-us-physical-geography
Hudson River	Flows through New York State to New York Harbor		geo-us-physical-geography
Delaware River	Flows between Pennsylvania and New Jersey		geo-us-physical-geography
Potomac River	Flows past Washington, D.C. to Chesapeake Bay		geo-us-physical-geography
Susquehanna River	Flows through Pennsylvania and Maryland to Chesapeake Bay		geo-us-physical-geography
Tennessee River	Flows through Tennessee, Alabama and Kentucky to the Ohio		geo-us-physical-geography
Arkansas River	Flows from Colorado through Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas		geo-us-physical-geography
Platte River	Flows across Nebraska		geo-us-physical-geography
Snake River	Flows through Idaho and Oregon to the Columbia		geo-us-physical-geography
Yukon River	Flows across Alaska to the Bering Sea		geo-us-physical-geography
Connecticut River	The longest river in New England		geo-us-physical-geography
Savannah River	Forms the border of Georgia and South Carolina		geo-us-physical-geography
Rocky Mountains	Run from Canada down to New Mexico		geo-us-physical-geography
Appalachian Mountains	Run along the eastern United States		geo-us-physical-geography
Sierra Nevada	Mountain range in California with Yosemite and Mount Whitney		geo-us-physical-geography
Cascade Range	Mountains with volcanoes in Washington, Oregon and northern California		geo-us-physical-geography
Coast Ranges	Mountains close to the Pacific coast		geo-us-physical-geography
Ozark Plateau	Highlands in Missouri and Arkansas		geo-us-physical-geography
Great Plains	Wide grasslands between the Mississippi River and the Rockies		geo-us-physical-geography
Great Basin	Dry region in Nevada and Utah where rivers do not reach the sea		geo-us-physical-geography
Mojave Desert	Desert in California and Nevada		geo-us-physical-geography
Sonoran Desert	Desert in Arizona with giant saguaro cacti		geo-us-physical-geography
Chihuahuan Desert	Desert in New Mexico and Texas		geo-us-physical-geography
Mississippi Delta	Wide swampy lowland where the Mississippi reaches the Gulf in Louisiana		geo-us-physical-geography
Everglades	A huge wetland in southern Florida		geo-us-physical-geography
Okefenokee Swamp	A large swamp in Georgia and Florida		geo-us-physical-geography
Great Salt Lake	A huge salty lake in Utah		geo-us-physical-geography
Death Valley	Lowest point in North America, in California		geo-us-physical-geography
Mount Whitney	Highest peak in the lower 48 states, in California		geo-us-physical-geography
Denali	Highest peak in the United States, in Alaska		geo-us-physical-geography
Mauna Kea	A big volcano on Hawaii's Big Island		geo-us-physical-geography
Chesapeake Bay	A big bay in Maryland and Virginia		geo-us-physical-geography
Cape Cod	A hooked peninsula in Massachusetts		geo-us-physical-geography
Outer Banks	A string of barrier islands off North Carolina		geo-us-physical-geography
Florida Keys	A chain of small islands off the southern tip of Florida		geo-us-physical-geography
Puget Sound	An inlet of the Pacific in Washington State		geo-us-physical-geography
San Andreas Fault	A fault line in California where earthquakes happen		geo-us-physical-geography
Yellowstone Caldera	A giant volcanic area in Wyoming with geysers		geo-us-physical-geography
Grand Canyon	A mile-deep canyon cut by the Colorado River in Arizona		geo-us-physical-geography
Mount St. Helens	A volcano in Washington State that erupted in 1980		geo-us-physical-geography
Mount Rainier	A big snowy volcano in Washington State		geo-us-physical-geography
Black Hills	Low mountains in South Dakota and Wyoming		geo-us-physical-geography
Badlands	Eroded rock and prairie in South Dakota		geo-us-physical-geography
Aleutian Islands	A long chain of islands extending from Alaska		geo-us-physical-geography
Mount Washington	Highest peak in the northeastern United States, in New Hampshire		geo-us-physical-geography
Mammoth Cave	The longest known cave system, in Kentucky		geo-us-physical-geography
Lake Okeechobee	A big lake in southern Florida		geo-us-physical-geography
Lake Tahoe	A deep mountain lake on the California–Nevada border		geo-us-physical-geography
Crater Lake	The deepest lake in the United States, in Oregon		geo-us-physical-geography
The Continental Divide	A ridge in the Rockies that sends water to the Pacific or the Atlantic side		geo-us-physical-geography
Alabama	Huntsville (Birmingham is also big; counts have been close)		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Alaska	Anchorage		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Arizona	Phoenix		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Arkansas	Little Rock		geo-us-state-largest-cities
California	Los Angeles		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Colorado	Denver		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Connecticut	Bridgeport		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Delaware	Wilmington		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Florida	Jacksonville		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Georgia	Atlanta		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Hawaii	Honolulu		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Idaho	Boise		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Illinois	Chicago		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Indiana	Indianapolis		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Iowa	Des Moines		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Kansas	Wichita		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Kentucky	Louisville		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Louisiana	New Orleans		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Maine	Portland		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Maryland	Baltimore		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Massachusetts	Boston		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Michigan	Detroit		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Minnesota	Minneapolis		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Mississippi	Jackson		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Missouri	Kansas City		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Montana	Billings		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Nebraska	Omaha		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Nevada	Las Vegas		geo-us-state-largest-cities
New Hampshire	Manchester		geo-us-state-largest-cities
New Jersey	Newark		geo-us-state-largest-cities
New Mexico	Albuquerque		geo-us-state-largest-cities
New York	New York City		geo-us-state-largest-cities
North Carolina	Charlotte		geo-us-state-largest-cities
North Dakota	Fargo		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Ohio	Columbus		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Oklahoma	Oklahoma City		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Oregon	Portland		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Pennsylvania	Philadelphia		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Rhode Island	Providence		geo-us-state-largest-cities
South Carolina	Charleston		geo-us-state-largest-cities
South Dakota	Sioux Falls		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Tennessee	Nashville		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Texas	Houston		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Utah	Salt Lake City		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Vermont	Burlington		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Virginia	Virginia Beach		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Washington	Seattle		geo-us-state-largest-cities
West Virginia	Charleston		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Wisconsin	Milwaukee		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Wyoming	Cheyenne		geo-us-state-largest-cities
Alabama	The Yellowhammer State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Alaska	The Last Frontier		geo-us-state-nicknames
Arizona	The Grand Canyon State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Arkansas	The Natural State		geo-us-state-nicknames
California	The Golden State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Colorado	The Centennial State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Connecticut	The Constitution State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Delaware	The First State (It was first to approve the Constitution)		geo-us-state-nicknames
Florida	The Sunshine State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Georgia	The Peach State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Hawaii	The Aloha State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Idaho	The Gem State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Illinois	The Prairie State (Also Land of Lincoln)		geo-us-state-nicknames
Indiana	The Hoosier State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Iowa	The Hawkeye State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Kansas	The Sunflower State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Kentucky	The Bluegrass State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Louisiana	The Pelican State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Maine	The Pine Tree State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Maryland	The Old Line State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Massachusetts	The Bay State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Michigan	The Great Lakes State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Minnesota	The North Star State (Also Land of 10,000 Lakes)		geo-us-state-nicknames
Mississippi	The Magnolia State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Missouri	The Show-Me State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Montana	The Treasure State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Nebraska	The Cornhusker State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Nevada	The Silver State		geo-us-state-nicknames
New Hampshire	The Granite State		geo-us-state-nicknames
New Jersey	The Garden State		geo-us-state-nicknames
New Mexico	The Land of Enchantment		geo-us-state-nicknames
New York	The Empire State		geo-us-state-nicknames
North Carolina	The Tar Heel State		geo-us-state-nicknames
North Dakota	The Peace Garden State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Ohio	The Buckeye State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Oklahoma	The Sooner State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Oregon	The Beaver State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Pennsylvania	The Keystone State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Rhode Island	The Ocean State		geo-us-state-nicknames
South Carolina	The Palmetto State		geo-us-state-nicknames
South Dakota	The Mount Rushmore State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Tennessee	The Volunteer State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Texas	The Lone Star State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Utah	The Beehive State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Vermont	The Green Mountain State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Virginia	The Old Dominion		geo-us-state-nicknames
Washington	The Evergreen State		geo-us-state-nicknames
West Virginia	The Mountain State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Wisconsin	The Badger State		geo-us-state-nicknames
Wyoming	The Equality State (Also called the Cowboy State)		geo-us-state-nicknames
Capital of Puerto Rico	San Juan		geo-us-territories-dc
Capital of Guam	Hagåtña		geo-us-territories-dc
Capital of the U.S. Virgin Islands	Charlotte Amalie		geo-us-territories-dc
Capital of American Samoa	Pago Pago		geo-us-territories-dc
Capital of the Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan		geo-us-territories-dc
Which sea is Puerto Rico in?	The Caribbean Sea		geo-us-territories-dc
Which ocean is Guam in?	The Pacific Ocean		geo-us-territories-dc
Which ocean are American Samoa and the Northern Marianas in?	The Pacific Ocean		geo-us-territories-dc
Which Caribbean territory is made of St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix?	The U.S. Virgin Islands		geo-us-territories-dc
Is Washington, D.C. a state?	No, it is a federal district		geo-us-territories-dc
What does D.C. stand for?	District of Columbia		geo-us-territories-dc
Which two states border Washington, D.C.?	Maryland and Virginia		geo-us-territories-dc
Which river runs beside Washington, D.C.?	The Potomac River		geo-us-territories-dc
How many states are in the United States?	50		geo-us-territories-dc
Which two states are not part of the lower 48 mainland?	Alaska and Hawaii		geo-us-territories-dc
Which was the newest state to join the United States?	Hawaii, in 1959		geo-us-territories-dc
Which was the first state in the nation, by ratifying the Constitution?	Delaware		geo-us-territories-dc
Which language is widely spoken, along with English, in Puerto Rico?	Spanish		geo-us-territories-dc
Niagara Falls	On the border of Ontario, Canada and New York, USA		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Angel Falls	Venezuela; the highest waterfall in the world		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Victoria Falls	On the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe, on the Zambezi River		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Iguazú Falls	On the border of Argentina and Brazil		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Yosemite Falls	California, in Yosemite National Park		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Multnomah Falls	Oregon, in the Columbia River Gorge		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Havasu Falls	Arizona, in a side canyon of the Grand Canyon		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Shoshone Falls	Idaho, on the Snake River		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Bridalveil Fall	California, in Yosemite Valley		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Kaieteur Falls	Guyana; a very tall single-drop waterfall		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Gullfoss	Iceland; a big two-step waterfall		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Dettifoss	Iceland; one of the most powerful waterfalls in Europe		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Rhine Falls	Switzerland; the largest plain waterfall in Europe		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Plitvice Falls	Croatia, in a park of linked lakes		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Jog Falls	India, in Karnataka		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Kegon Falls	Japan, near Nikko		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Ban Gioc–Detian Falls	On the border of Vietnam and China		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Sutherland Falls	New Zealand's South Island		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Wallaman Falls	Queensland, Australia		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Vesuvius	Italy; the volcano that buried Pompeii in 79 AD		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Etna	Sicily, Italy; one of the most active volcanoes in Europe		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Stromboli	An island volcano in Italy that erupts often		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Fuji	Japan; the highest mountain in Japan		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Krakatoa	Indonesia; its huge eruption in 1883 was heard far away		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Pinatubo	Philippines; erupted in 1991		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Mayon	Philippines; famous for its perfect cone shape		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Merapi	Java, Indonesia		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Tambora	Indonesia; its 1815 eruption cooled the whole world		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount St. Helens	Washington, USA; erupted in 1980		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Rainier	Washington, USA		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Shasta	California, USA		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Kīlauea	Hawaii, USA; one of the most active volcanoes on Earth		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mauna Loa	Hawaii, USA; the largest active volcano on Earth by volume		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Hood	Oregon, USA		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Popocatépetl	Mexico; near Mexico City		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Paricutín	Mexico; a volcano that grew out of a cornfield in 1943		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Cotopaxi	Ecuador; one of the highest active volcanoes		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Novarupta (near Mount Katmai)	Alaska; site of a huge 1912 eruption		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Eyjafjallajökull	Iceland; its 2010 ash cloud stopped many flights		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Surtsey	A volcanic island that rose off Iceland in 1963		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Erebus	Antarctica; the southernmost active volcano		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Kilimanjaro	Tanzania; a dormant volcano and Africa's highest peak		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Ol Doinyo Lengai	Tanzania; the 'Mountain of God' that erupts unusual lava		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Mount Ararat	Turkey; a large volcano near the Armenian border		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Santorini	Greece; a volcanic island with a flooded caldera		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Yellowstone Caldera	Wyoming, USA; a giant volcanic basin with geysers		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Ring of Fire	A belt of volcanoes and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean		geo-waterfalls-volcanoes
Great Pyramid of Giza	Egypt; the only ancient wonder still standing		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Hanging Gardens of Babylon	Ancient Babylon, in what is now Iraq; no proof of where it stood		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Statue of Zeus at Olympia	Olympia, Greece; a giant statue (lost)		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Temple of Artemis	Ephesus, in what is now Turkey (destroyed)		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus	Bodrum, in what is now Turkey; a tomb for King Mausolus (destroyed)		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Colossus of Rhodes	Greek island of Rhodes; a giant bronze statue (fell in an earthquake)		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos)	Alexandria, Egypt (lost to earthquakes)		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Great Wall of China	China; one of the New Seven Wonders		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Petra	Jordan; a city carved in rock, one of the New Seven Wonders		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Christ the Redeemer	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; one of the New Seven Wonders		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Machu Picchu	Peru; an Inca city, one of the New Seven Wonders		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Chichén Itzá	Mexico; a Maya pyramid city, one of the New Seven Wonders		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Colosseum	Rome, Italy; one of the New Seven Wonders		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Taj Mahal	Agra, India; one of the New Seven Wonders		geo-wonders-of-the-world
How many Ancient Wonders are there?	Seven		geo-wonders-of-the-world
How many New Wonders were chosen in 2007?	Seven		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which ancient wonder is still standing?	The Great Pyramid of Giza		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is Earth's largest coral reef system?	The Great Barrier Reef, off Australia		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a huge canyon in Arizona?	The Grand Canyon		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a mountain on the Nepal and China border?	Mount Everest		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is the biggest river by water flow?	The Amazon River		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a massive waterfall on the Zambia–Zimbabwe border?	Victoria Falls		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a glowing sky light seen in the far north?	The Northern Lights (aurora borealis)		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a rock in the middle of Australia?	Uluru		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a harbor in Brazil circled by mountains?	Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a huge volcano near Naples, Italy?	Mount Vesuvius		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a great volcanic crater in Tanzania full of wildlife?	Ngorongoro Crater		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder has a salt flat that looks like a mirror after rain?	Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is the deepest lake in the world?	Lake Baikal, Russia		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a ring of fire of volcanoes around the Pacific?	The Ring of Fire		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is the mouth of a giant cave system in Kentucky?	Mammoth Cave		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a set of waterfalls on the Argentina–Brazil border?	Iguazú Falls		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which natural wonder is a 30-foot-high column of water that shoots up in Yellowstone?	Old Faithful		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which man-made wonder links the Atlantic and Pacific oceans?	The Panama Canal		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which man-made wonder runs through China and is thousands of miles long?	The Great Wall of China		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which man-made wonder is a long wall in northern England built by the Romans?	Hadrian's Wall		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which wonder was built to be a tomb for an emperor's wife in India?	The Taj Mahal		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which wonder is a giant statue of Jesus with open arms?	Christ the Redeemer		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Which wonder is a huge stone circle in England?	Stonehenge		geo-wonders-of-the-world
Largest country by area?	Russia		geo-world-records
Second-largest country by area?	Canada		geo-world-records
Smallest country in the world by area?	Vatican City		geo-world-records
Most populous country in the world?	India (it passed China in 2023)		geo-world-records
Largest continent?	Asia		geo-world-records
Smallest continent?	Australia (Oceania)		geo-world-records
Largest ocean?	The Pacific Ocean		geo-world-records
Smallest ocean?	The Arctic Ocean		geo-world-records
Deepest ocean trench?	Mariana Trench, in the Pacific		geo-world-records
Highest mountain above sea level?	Mount Everest		geo-world-records
Highest mountain in South America?	Aconcagua		geo-world-records
Highest mountain in Africa?	Kilimanjaro		geo-world-records
Highest mountain in Europe?	Mount Elbrus (Russia)		geo-world-records
Highest mountain in North America?	Denali (Alaska)		geo-world-records
Highest mountain in Antarctica?	Mount Vinson		geo-world-records
Longest river in Africa?	The Nile		geo-world-records
River with the most water flow?	The Amazon		geo-world-records
Longest river in Asia?	The Yangtze		geo-world-records
Longest river in Europe?	The Volga		geo-world-records
Longest river in the United States?	The Missouri		geo-world-records
Largest hot desert?	The Sahara		geo-world-records
Largest desert of all?	Antarctica		geo-world-records
Largest lake by area?	The Caspian Sea		geo-world-records
Deepest lake?	Lake Baikal (Russia)		geo-world-records
Largest freshwater lake in the United States?	Lake Superior		geo-world-records
Largest island?	Greenland		geo-world-records
Largest island in the Mediterranean?	Sicily		geo-world-records
Largest rainforest?	The Amazon rainforest		geo-world-records
Highest waterfall?	Angel Falls, in Venezuela		geo-world-records
Largest coral reef system?	The Great Barrier Reef		geo-world-records
Lowest point on land?	Shores of the Dead Sea		geo-world-records
Lowest point in the United States?	Badwater Basin in Death Valley		geo-world-records
Highest point in the United States?	Denali		geo-world-records
Highest point in the lower 48 states?	Mount Whitney		geo-world-records
Coldest continent?	Antarctica		geo-world-records
Hottest continent?	Africa		geo-world-records
Driest continent?	Antarctica		geo-world-records
Longest mountain range on land?	The Andes		geo-world-records
Highest capital city in the world?	La Paz, Bolivia (seat of government)		geo-world-records
Country with the most islands?	Sweden		geo-world-records
Country with the most time zones including territories?	France		geo-world-records
Country with the longest coastline?	Canada		geo-world-records
Largest country in Africa by area?	Algeria		geo-world-records
Largest country in South America?	Brazil		geo-world-records
Largest country in Europe by area?	Russia		geo-world-records
Largest country in Central America?	Nicaragua		geo-world-records
Smallest country in Africa?	Seychelles		geo-world-records
Smallest country in South America?	Suriname		geo-world-records
Largest state in Australia?	Western Australia		geo-world-records
Tallest tree species?	Coast redwood		geo-world-records
Largest salt flat?	Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia		geo-world-records
Largest glacier in the world?	Lambert Glacier in Antarctica		geo-world-records
Longest border between two countries?	Canada and the United States		geo-world-records
Tallest building (as of 2025)?	Burj Khalifa in Dubai		geo-world-records
Benjamin Franklin	Lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, and a public library		american-inventors-and-innovators
Eli Whitney	Cotton gin (1793) and ideas about interchangeable parts		american-inventors-and-innovators
Robert Fulton	Made steamboats practical, starting with the Clermont in 1807		american-inventors-and-innovators
Samuel Morse	Telegraph and Morse code, 1830s-1840s		american-inventors-and-innovators
Cyrus McCormick	Mechanical reaper for harvesting grain		american-inventors-and-innovators
John Deere	Steel plow for breaking prairie soil		american-inventors-and-innovators
Elias Howe	Sewing machine with a lockstitch, 1846		american-inventors-and-innovators
Isaac Singer	Improved and sold sewing machines widely		american-inventors-and-innovators
Elisha Otis	Safety elevator, shown in 1854		american-inventors-and-innovators
Charles Goodyear	Vulcanized rubber		american-inventors-and-innovators
Samuel Colt	Revolver and mass production methods		american-inventors-and-innovators
Alexander Graham Bell	Telephone, patented in 1876		american-inventors-and-innovators
Thomas Edison	Phonograph, practical light bulb and research laboratories		american-inventors-and-innovators
Nikola Tesla	Worked on alternating current electric systems		american-inventors-and-innovators
George Westinghouse	Air brake for trains and AC power systems		american-inventors-and-innovators
Lewis Latimer	Improved the carbon filament for light bulbs		american-inventors-and-innovators
Granville Woods	Black inventor with many patents for railway and electrical devices		american-inventors-and-innovators
Elijah McCoy	Invented lubricating devices for steam engines		american-inventors-and-innovators
Madam C. J. Walker	Built a hair care business and became a self-made millionaire		american-inventors-and-innovators
George Washington Carver	Scientist who promoted peanuts and crop rotation		american-inventors-and-innovators
Booker T. Washington	Founded Tuskegee Institute		american-inventors-and-innovators
Wright brothers	Made the first powered airplane flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk		american-inventors-and-innovators
Henry Ford	Model T and the moving assembly line		american-inventors-and-innovators
George Eastman	Simple Kodak cameras and roll film		american-inventors-and-innovators
Garrett Morgan	Improved traffic signal and a safety hood		american-inventors-and-innovators
Charles Drew	Developed blood banking methods		american-inventors-and-innovators
Percy Julian	Chemist who made medicines from plants		american-inventors-and-innovators
Hedy Lamarr	Actress who co-invented a frequency-hopping idea used later in wireless tech		american-inventors-and-innovators
Grace Hopper	Helped create early programming languages		american-inventors-and-innovators
Steve Jobs	Co-founder of Apple; helped popularize personal computers		american-inventors-and-innovators
Bill Gates	Co-founder of Microsoft		american-inventors-and-innovators
Jonas Salk	Developed a polio vaccine, 1955		american-inventors-and-innovators
Albert Sabin	Developed an oral polio vaccine		american-inventors-and-innovators
Robert Goddard	Launched the first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926		american-inventors-and-innovators
Philo Farnsworth	Demonstrated all-electronic television in 1927		american-inventors-and-innovators
Lee de Forest	Invented the audion vacuum tube, important for radio		american-inventors-and-innovators
Mary Anderson	Invented the windshield wiper in 1903		american-inventors-and-innovators
Josephine Cochrane	Invented the dishwasher in 1886		american-inventors-and-innovators
Margaret Knight	Invented the flat-bottomed paper bag machine		american-inventors-and-innovators
Stephanie Kwolek	Invented Kevlar, a super strong fiber		american-inventors-and-innovators
Ruth Handler	Created the Barbie doll		american-inventors-and-innovators
Earle Dickson	Invented the Band-Aid for his wife in 1920		american-inventors-and-innovators
Walter Hunt	Invented the safety pin in 1849		american-inventors-and-innovators
Ole Evinrude	Invented the outboard motor		american-inventors-and-innovators
Willis Carrier	Invented modern air conditioning		american-inventors-and-innovators
Clarence Birdseye	Developed quick-freezing for foods		american-inventors-and-innovators
Gideon Sundback	Improved the zipper		american-inventors-and-innovators
James Naismith	Invented basketball in 1891		american-inventors-and-innovators
Frederick McKinley Jones	Invented refrigeration units for trucks		american-inventors-and-innovators
Katherine Johnson	Calculated flight paths for NASA		american-inventors-and-innovators
Mark Dean	Co-developed key IBM PC technologies		american-inventors-and-innovators
Jerry Lawson	Helped develop the first cartridge-based video game console		american-inventors-and-innovators
Ralph Baer	Called the father of video games for the Magnavox Odyssey		american-inventors-and-innovators
Wilbur Wright	Older Wright brother who piloted first flights		american-inventors-and-innovators
Orville Wright	Younger Wright brother, who piloted the first flight		american-inventors-and-innovators
Patent	Government record giving an inventor exclusive rights to an invention		american-inventors-and-innovators
Patent Office	Government office that registers patents; the first US patent law was in 1790		american-inventors-and-innovators
Smithsonian	Museums that preserve American inventions		american-inventors-and-innovators
Innovation	A new idea, method or device		american-inventors-and-innovators
Prototype	An early test version of an invention		american-inventors-and-innovators
Franklin's kite experiment	1752 test linking lightning to electricity		american-inventors-and-innovators
Telegraph line to California	Completed in 1861		american-inventors-and-innovators
First transcontinental telephone call	Made in 1915		american-inventors-and-innovators
Apollo program	NASA program that landed astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972		american-inventors-and-innovators
Mesoamerica	Region of Mexico and Central America where several great civilizations arose		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Olmec	Earliest known Mesoamerican civilization, about 1200-400 BCE, known for giant stone heads		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Colossal heads	Huge carved stone heads made by the Olmec		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Mother culture	Nickname for the Olmec, who influenced later peoples		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Maize (corn)	The most important crop in Mesoamerica		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Maya	Civilization of southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, with city-states and writing		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Classic Maya	The peak of Maya civilization, about 250-900 CE		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Tikal	Large Maya city in Guatemala with tall temple pyramids		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Chichen Itza	Maya city in Yucatan with the pyramid El Castillo		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Palenque	Maya city in southern Mexico known for its Temple of the Inscriptions		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Pakal the Great	Long-ruling king of Palenque		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Maya glyphs	Writing system combining pictures and sounds		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Maya calendar	Used interlocking cycles including a 260-day count and a 365-day year		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Long Count	Maya system for counting days from a starting date		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Maya zero	Maya used a symbol for zero in their math		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Maya astronomy	Observed Venus, the Sun and Moon carefully		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Popol Vuh	K'iche' Maya sacred book with creation stories		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Cacao	Maya and Aztec used cacao beans for chocolate drinks and as money		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Ball game	Mesoamerican game with a rubber ball played in stone courts		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Maya collapse	Many southern lowland cities were abandoned after about 800-900 CE		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Teotihuacan	Huge city near Mexico City with the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon, flourished 100-550 CE		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Toltec	Culture whose capital, Tula, flourished after Teotihuacan		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Aztec (Mexica)	People who founded Tenochtitlan around 1325		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Tenochtitlan	Aztec capital on an island in Lake Texcoco, now Mexico City		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Chinampas	Floating garden plots the Aztec built in shallow lakes		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Causeway	Raised road across water, used to reach Tenochtitlan		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Templo Mayor	Great temple in the center of Tenochtitlan		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Moctezuma II	Aztec ruler when the Spanish arrived in 1519		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
La Malinche	Nahua woman who served as Cortes's interpreter		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Triple Alliance	Aztec league of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Tribute	Goods demanded from conquered peoples		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Nahuatl	Aztec language, still spoken by many today		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Tlaxcalans	Neighbors of the Aztecs who allied with the Spanish		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Fall of Tenochtitlan (1521)	Spanish and allies captured the city after a long siege and an outbreak of smallpox		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Quetzalcoatl	Feathered serpent god		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Huitzilopochtli	Aztec god of the sun and war		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Tlaloc	Aztec god of rain		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Codex	Folded book painted by Aztec or Maya scribes		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Inca Empire	Largest empire in the Americas, in the Andes, peaked in the 1400s-1500s		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Cusco	Inca capital in Peru		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Pachacuti	Ruler who began the Inca's great expansion in the 1430s		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Sapa Inca	Title of the Inca emperor		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Machu Picchu	Inca mountain estate in Peru, built about 1450		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Quipu	Inca record-keeping device of knotted strings		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Inca road system	Thousands of miles of roads across the Andes		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Chasqui	Inca relay runners who carried messages		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Mit'a	Inca labor service owed to the state		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Terrace farming	Stepped fields on mountainsides in the Andes		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Potato	Crop first domesticated in the Andes		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Llama	Pack animal of the Andes		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Alpaca	Animal raised for soft wool in the Andes		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Quechua	Language of the Inca, still spoken by millions		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Atahualpa	Last independent Inca emperor, captured by Pizarro in 1532		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Francisco Pizarro	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Inca		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Inca bridges	Rope suspension bridges woven from grass		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Norte Chico (Caral)	One of the oldest civilizations in the Americas, in coastal Peru, about 3000 BCE		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Chavin	Early Andean culture known for temple center Chavin de Huantar		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Nazca	Peruvian culture famous for giant desert line drawings		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Nazca Lines	Huge figures of animals and shapes etched into the desert		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Moche	Peruvian culture known for pottery and gold work		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Tiwanaku	Andean city near Lake Titicaca		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Lake Titicaca	High-elevation lake on the Peru-Bolivia border		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Mound Builders	Ancient peoples in what is now the US who built earthen mounds		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Cahokia	Largest city north of Mexico before 1492, near St. Louis		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Ancestral Puebloans	Southwestern builders of cliff dwellings		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Tainos	Indigenous people of the Caribbean who met Columbus		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Land bridge theory	Idea that early people crossed from Asia to the Americas over Beringia		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Beringia	Land that once connected Siberia and Alaska		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Clovis points	Stone spear tips found at sites across North America		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Domestication	Mesoamericans bred corn from a wild grass called teosinte		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Turquoise and jade	Highly valued stones in Mesoamerica		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Obsidian	Volcanic glass used for sharp tools		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Sacrifice	Religious offerings, including human offerings, were part of Aztec and Maya ritual		ancient-civilizations-of-the-americas
Code of Hammurabi (c. 1754 BCE)	Babylonian law code carved on a stone pillar		famous-historical-documents
Cyrus Cylinder (539 BCE)	Persian clay cylinder describing Cyrus's rule and respect for local customs		famous-historical-documents
Twelve Tables (c. 450 BCE)	Rome's first written laws, displayed in the Forum		famous-historical-documents
Edicts of Ashoka (c. 250 BCE)	Messages carved on pillars by the Maurya emperor about justice and compassion		famous-historical-documents
Rosetta Stone (196 BCE)	Decree in three scripts that helped decode hieroglyphs		famous-historical-documents
Edict of Milan (313 CE)	Roman proclamation of religious tolerance		famous-historical-documents
Justinian Code (529-534)	Byzantine collection of Roman laws that shaped later legal systems		famous-historical-documents
Constitution of Medina (c. 622)	Early agreement among communities in Medina		famous-historical-documents
Domesday Book (1086)	English survey of land and property ordered by William the Conqueror		famous-historical-documents
Magna Carta (1215)	English charter limiting the king's power and protecting rights		famous-historical-documents
Golden Bull (1222)	Hungarian charter limiting royal power, similar to Magna Carta		famous-historical-documents
Gutenberg Bible (c. 1455)	First major book printed in Europe with movable type		famous-historical-documents
95 Theses (1517)	Martin Luther's list of church criticisms		famous-historical-documents
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Spain and Portugal divided new lands outside Europe		famous-historical-documents
Mayflower Compact (1620)	Agreement by Pilgrims to govern themselves fairly		famous-historical-documents
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)	One of the first written constitutions in the colonies		famous-historical-documents
Petition of Right (1628)	English document limiting the king's power to tax and jail without cause		famous-historical-documents
English Bill of Rights (1689)	Guaranteed Parliament's powers and individual rights		famous-historical-documents
Two Treatises of Government (1689)	John Locke's work on natural rights and consent of the governed		famous-historical-documents
Common Sense (1776)	Thomas Paine's pamphlet arguing for independence		famous-historical-documents
Declaration of Independence (1776)	Announced the colonies' freedom and the ideas of equality and rights		famous-historical-documents
Articles of Confederation (1781)	First US government plan		famous-historical-documents
Northwest Ordinance (1787)	Set rules for new territories and banned slavery north of the Ohio		famous-historical-documents
US Constitution (1787)	Framework of the US government		famous-historical-documents
Federalist Papers (1787-88)	Essays defending the Constitution		famous-historical-documents
Bill of Rights (1791)	First ten amendments protecting individual rights		famous-historical-documents
Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)	French statement of rights and equality under the law		famous-historical-documents
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)	Mary Wollstonecraft's argument for women's education and equality		famous-historical-documents
Washington's Farewell Address (1796)	Warned about political division and foreign entanglements		famous-historical-documents
Monroe Doctrine (1823)	Warned Europe against new colonies in the Americas		famous-historical-documents
Declaration of Sentiments (1848)	Seneca Falls document calling for women's equality		famous-historical-documents
Communist Manifesto (1848)	Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's pamphlet about class struggle		famous-historical-documents
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)	Ended the Mexican-American War		famous-historical-documents
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)	Novel that increased opposition to slavery		famous-historical-documents
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)	Lincoln's order freeing enslaved people in rebelling states		famous-historical-documents
Gettysburg Address (1863)	Lincoln's short speech about equality and 'government of the people'		famous-historical-documents
13th Amendment (1865)	Ended slavery in the United States		famous-historical-documents
14th Amendment (1868)	Citizenship and equal protection for all persons born in the US		famous-historical-documents
15th Amendment (1870)	Gave Black men the right to vote		famous-historical-documents
19th Amendment (1920)	Gave women the right to vote		famous-historical-documents
Origin of Species (1859)	Charles Darwin's book on evolution by natural selection		famous-historical-documents
Balfour Declaration (1917)	British letter supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine		famous-historical-documents
Fourteen Points (1918)	Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-WWI peace		famous-historical-documents
Treaty of Versailles (1919)	Peace treaty ending WWI with Germany		famous-historical-documents
Atlantic Charter (1941)	Churchill and Roosevelt's statement of war aims		famous-historical-documents
Four Freedoms (1941)	FDR's speech on freedom of speech, worship, from want and from fear		famous-historical-documents
UN Charter (1945)	Founding document of the United Nations		famous-historical-documents
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)	UN statement of rights for all people		famous-historical-documents
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)	Supreme Court decision against school segregation		famous-historical-documents
Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)	Martin Luther King Jr.'s defense of nonviolent protest		famous-historical-documents
I Have a Dream (1963)	King's speech at the March on Washington		famous-historical-documents
Civil Rights Act (1964)	Outlawed segregation in public places and job discrimination		famous-historical-documents
Voting Rights Act (1965)	Protected voting rights for Black citizens		famous-historical-documents
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)	Banned discrimination against people with disabilities		famous-historical-documents
Silent Spring (1962)	Rachel Carson's book that sparked the environmental movement		famous-historical-documents
The Diary of a Young Girl	Anne Frank's diary, published in 1947		famous-historical-documents
Wealth of Nations (1776)	Adam Smith's book on markets and trade		famous-historical-documents
Leviathan (1651)	Thomas Hobbes's book on government and order		famous-historical-documents
The Social Contract (1762)	Rousseau's book on the general will		famous-historical-documents
The Prince (1532)	Machiavelli's guide to ruling, published after his death		famous-historical-documents
Dead Sea Scrolls	Ancient manuscripts found in caves near the Dead Sea starting in 1947		famous-historical-documents
Treaty of Paris (1783)	Ended the American Revolution		famous-historical-documents
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)	Ended the Thirty Years' War		famous-historical-documents
Great Law of Peace	Haudenosaunee constitution, some influence on early American ideas is debated		famous-historical-documents
Cherokee Constitution (1827)	Written constitution of the Cherokee Nation		famous-historical-documents
Sequoyah's syllabary	Cherokee writing system created in the 1820s		famous-historical-documents
Indian Citizenship Act (1924)	Granted citizenship to Native Americans born in the US		famous-historical-documents
Emancipation Manifesto (1861)	Russian tsar Alexander II freed the serfs		famous-historical-documents
Meiji Constitution (1889)	Japan's first modern constitution		famous-historical-documents
Constitution of India (1950)	World's longest written national constitution		famous-historical-documents
Magna Carta's clause 39	No free person to be punished without lawful judgment, a root of due process		famous-historical-documents
Habeas corpus	Principle that you cannot be held without legal charges; strengthened by England's 1679 Act		famous-historical-documents
Bill of Rights (1689) vs 1791	England's came first; the American one added rights to the US Constitution		famous-historical-documents
Homestead Act (1862)	Offered free land to settlers who farmed it		famous-historical-documents
Pendleton Act (1883)	Created merit-based jobs in the federal government		famous-historical-documents
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)	Law against monopolies		famous-historical-documents
Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)	Athens defeated a Persian invasion in Greece		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)	Small Greek force held a mountain pass against Persia		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Salamis (480 BCE)	Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy		famous-wars-and-battles
Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)	Sparta defeated Athens		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE)	Alexander the Great defeated Persian king Darius III		famous-wars-and-battles
Punic Wars (264-146 BCE)	Rome defeated Carthage in three wars		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Cannae (216 BCE)	Hannibal's great victory over Rome		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Zama (202 BCE)	Scipio defeated Hannibal		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Actium (31 BCE)	Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Hastings (1066)	William of Normandy won England		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Tours (732)	Charles Martel stopped a Muslim army in France		famous-wars-and-battles
First Crusade (1096-1099)	Christian knights captured Jerusalem		famous-wars-and-battles
Mongol conquests	Genghis Khan and successors built the largest land empire in the 1200s		famous-wars-and-battles
Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)	England and France fought; Joan of Arc rallied the French		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Agincourt (1415)	English longbows beat French knights		famous-wars-and-battles
Fall of Constantinople (1453)	Ottomans took the Byzantine capital		famous-wars-and-battles
Spanish Armada (1588)	English defeated Spain's invasion fleet		famous-wars-and-battles
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)	Religious and political war in central Europe		famous-wars-and-battles
French and Indian War (1754-1763)	Britain defeated France in North America		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775)	First fights of the American Revolution		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Saratoga (1777)	American victory that brought France into the war		famous-wars-and-battles
Siege of Yorktown (1781)	Last major battle of the American Revolution		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Trafalgar (1805)	British Admiral Nelson defeated the French and Spanish fleets		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Austerlitz (1805)	Napoleon's greatest victory, over Russia and Austria		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Waterloo (1815)	Napoleon's final defeat		famous-wars-and-battles
War of 1812	US versus Britain; ended in a stalemate in 1815		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of New Orleans (1815)	Andrew Jackson defeated British troops		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of the Alamo (1836)	Texas defenders fell to Mexican forces		famous-wars-and-battles
Mexican-American War (1846-48)	US won California and the Southwest		famous-wars-and-battles
Crimean War (1853-56)	Britain, France and the Ottomans fought Russia; Florence Nightingale nursed there		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Fort Sumter (1861)	First shots of the American Civil War		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Gettysburg (1863)	Turning point of the Civil War in the East		famous-wars-and-battles
Siege of Vicksburg (1863)	Union victory that took control of the Mississippi River		famous-wars-and-battles
Appomattox (1865)	Lee's surrender to Grant		famous-wars-and-battles
Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)	Prussia defeated France and united Germany		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)	Lakota and Cheyenne defeated Custer's troops		famous-wars-and-battles
Spanish-American War (1898)	US gained Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines		famous-wars-and-battles
Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)	Japan defeated Russia		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Verdun (1916)	Long battle between France and Germany in WWI		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of the Somme (1916)	British offensive in WWI with heavy losses		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Britain (1940)	RAF stopped German air attacks		famous-wars-and-battles
Dunkirk evacuation (1940)	Rescue of Allied troops from France by many boats		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43)	Soviet victory on the Eastern Front		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Midway (1942)	US Navy victory in the Pacific		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of El Alamein (1942)	British victory in North Africa		famous-wars-and-battles
D-Day (June 6, 1944)	Allied landings in Normandy		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of the Bulge (1944-45)	Germany's last big offensive in the West		famous-wars-and-battles
Iwo Jima (1945)	US Marines captured the island		famous-wars-and-battles
Korean War (1950-53)	UN forces helped South Korea against North Korea		famous-wars-and-battles
Vietnam War (1955-75)	Long conflict between North and South Vietnam; the US supported the South		famous-wars-and-battles
Six-Day War (1967)	Israel and neighboring Arab states fought in June 1967		famous-wars-and-battles
Gulf War (1991)	Coalition forces freed Kuwait after Iraq's invasion		famous-wars-and-battles
Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)	Fighting between Nationalists and Communists, which the Communists won		famous-wars-and-battles
Russian Civil War (1917-1922)	Reds under the Bolsheviks defeated Whites		famous-wars-and-battles
American Civil War (1861-1865)	Union defeated the Confederacy; slavery ended		famous-wars-and-battles
English Civil War (1642-1651)	Parliament defeated the king, Charles I		famous-wars-and-battles
Wars of the Roses (1455-1487)	English families York and Lancaster fought for the throne		famous-wars-and-battles
Boer War (1899-1902)	Britain fought two Boer republics in South Africa		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Adwa (1896)	Ethiopia defeated Italy		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Plassey (1757)	British East India Company victory that brought it power in Bengal		famous-wars-and-battles
Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60)	Britain defeated China, forcing trade concessions		famous-wars-and-battles
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)	Uprising against foreign influence in China		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Lepanto (1571)	Christian fleet defeated the Ottoman navy at sea		famous-wars-and-battles
Siege of Vienna (1683)	Defeat of Ottoman forces outside Vienna		famous-wars-and-battles
Seven Years' War (1756-1763)	Global war involving Britain, France, Prussia and others		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)	British won but lost many men		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)	William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's followers		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of San Jacinto (1836)	Texans defeated Mexican forces and won independence		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Antietam (1862)	Bloodiest day of the Civil War		famous-wars-and-battles
Pearl Harbor (1941)	Japanese surprise attack that brought the US into WWII		famous-wars-and-battles
Siege of Leningrad (1941-44)	Long German siege of the Soviet city		famous-wars-and-battles
Battle of Okinawa (1945)	Last major battle of the Pacific		famous-wars-and-battles
Fall of Saigon (1975)	End of the Vietnam War		famous-wars-and-battles
Hatshepsut	Egyptian woman who ruled as pharaoh and sent a great trading expedition to Punt		famous-women-in-history
Cleopatra VII	Last active queen of Egypt, who ruled with great political skill		famous-women-in-history
Boudica	Queen of the Iceni who led a revolt against Roman rule in Britain around 60 CE		famous-women-in-history
Wu Zetian	Only woman to rule China as emperor, in the 600s-700s		famous-women-in-history
Hypatia	Mathematician, astronomer and teacher in Alexandria around 400 CE		famous-women-in-history
Murasaki Shikibu	Japanese author of The Tale of Genji, often called the first novel		famous-women-in-history
Eleanor of Aquitaine	Powerful medieval queen of France and England		famous-women-in-history
Joan of Arc	French teenager who helped lead the army to victories in 1429		famous-women-in-history
Isabella I of Castile	Spanish queen who funded Columbus's voyage		famous-women-in-history
Elizabeth I	Queen of England, 1558-1603, during a time of great arts and exploration		famous-women-in-history
Queen Nzinga	African queen who defended her lands in Angola against the Portuguese		famous-women-in-history
Pocahontas	Powhatan woman connected to Jamestown in the early 1600s		famous-women-in-history
Sacagawea	Shoshone guide for the Lewis and Clark expedition		famous-women-in-history
Catherine the Great	Russian empress, 1762-1796, who expanded Russia		famous-women-in-history
Maria Theresa	Austrian ruler in the 1700s		famous-women-in-history
Marie Curie	Won Nobel Prizes in both physics and chemistry; discovered polonium and radium		famous-women-in-history
Florence Nightingale	Founder of modern nursing, who improved hospital care		famous-women-in-history
Clara Barton	Civil War nurse and founder of the American Red Cross		famous-women-in-history
Harriet Tubman	Led many people to freedom on the Underground Railroad		famous-women-in-history
Sojourner Truth	Former slave and powerful speaker for abolition and women's rights		famous-women-in-history
Susan B. Anthony	Leader of the US women's suffrage movement		famous-women-in-history
Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848		famous-women-in-history
Harriet Beecher Stowe	Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin		famous-women-in-history
Dorothea Dix	Reformer who improved care for people with mental illness		famous-women-in-history
Emily Dickinson	American poet of nearly 1,800 poems		famous-women-in-history
Jane Austen	English novelist of Pride and Prejudice		famous-women-in-history
Mary Shelley	Author of Frankenstein, written when she was 18-19		famous-women-in-history
Ada Lovelace	Wrote the first computer program idea for Babbage's engine in the 1840s		famous-women-in-history
Queen Victoria	British queen from 1837 to 1901, giving her name to an era		famous-women-in-history
Queen Liliuokalani	Last queen of Hawaii		famous-women-in-history
Emmeline Pankhurst	British leader of the movement for women's right to vote		famous-women-in-history
Jane Addams	Founded Hull House; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931		famous-women-in-history
Ida B. Wells	Journalist and activist who exposed lynching and fought for justice		famous-women-in-history
Helen Keller	Deaf and blind author and activist who graduated from college		famous-women-in-history
Anne Sullivan	Helen Keller's teacher		famous-women-in-history
Maria Montessori	Italian educator who developed a child-centered teaching method		famous-women-in-history
Amelia Earhart	First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, in 1932		famous-women-in-history
Bessie Coleman	First Black woman to earn a pilot's license, in 1921		famous-women-in-history
Eleanor Roosevelt	First lady who worked for human rights		famous-women-in-history
Frances Perkins	First woman in a US cabinet; helped create Social Security		famous-women-in-history
Mary McLeod Bethune	Educator who founded a school that became Bethune-Cookman University		famous-women-in-history
Zora Neale Hurston	Harlem Renaissance author of Their Eyes Were Watching God		famous-women-in-history
Frida Kahlo	Mexican painter known for vivid self-portraits		famous-women-in-history
Georgia O'Keeffe	American painter of flowers, desert scenes and skyscrapers		famous-women-in-history
Marian Anderson	Opera singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial in 1939		famous-women-in-history
Rosa Parks	Her 1955 bus protest helped spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott		famous-women-in-history
Anne Frank	Wrote a diary while hiding from the Nazis		famous-women-in-history
Mother Teresa	Nun who cared for the poor in Kolkata, India		famous-women-in-history
Indira Gandhi	First woman prime minister of India		famous-women-in-history
Golda Meir	Israel's first woman prime minister		famous-women-in-history
Margaret Thatcher	Britain's first woman prime minister		famous-women-in-history
Wangari Maathai	Kenyan environmentalist who won the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize		famous-women-in-history
Rachel Carson	Author of Silent Spring (1962), which helped start the environmental movement		famous-women-in-history
Jane Goodall	Studied chimpanzees in Tanzania for decades		famous-women-in-history
Dian Fossey	Studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda		famous-women-in-history
Rosalind Franklin	Her X-ray images helped reveal the structure of DNA		famous-women-in-history
Barbara McClintock	Won a Nobel Prize for discovering jumping genes in corn		famous-women-in-history
Katherine Johnson	NASA mathematician whose calculations helped astronauts reach orbit		famous-women-in-history
Dorothy Vaughan	NASA mathematician and early computer programming leader		famous-women-in-history
Mary Jackson	First Black woman engineer at NASA		famous-women-in-history
Grace Hopper	Computer scientist who helped create early programming languages		famous-women-in-history
Sally Ride	First American woman in space		famous-women-in-history
Valentina Tereshkova	First woman to travel in space, in 1963		famous-women-in-history
Mae Jemison	First Black woman in space		famous-women-in-history
Ruth Bader Ginsburg	Supreme Court justice who fought for equal treatment of women		famous-women-in-history
Sandra Day O'Connor	First woman on the US Supreme Court		famous-women-in-history
Sonia Sotomayor	First Latina on the Supreme Court		famous-women-in-history
Shirley Chisholm	First Black woman elected to the US Congress, in 1968		famous-women-in-history
Billie Jean King	Tennis champion who fought for equal pay for women athletes		famous-women-in-history
Wilma Rudolph	Overcame polio to win three Olympic gold medals in 1960		famous-women-in-history
Malala Yousafzai	Pakistani education activist, youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner		famous-women-in-history
Greta Thunberg	Swedish climate activist who began protesting in 2018		famous-women-in-history
Maya Angelou	Poet and author of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings		famous-women-in-history
Toni Morrison	Novelist who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993		famous-women-in-history
Dolores Huerta	Co-founded the United Farm Workers		famous-women-in-history
Fannie Lou Hamer	Voting rights activist from Mississippi		famous-women-in-history
Temple Grandin	Scientist who speaks about autism and designs humane animal facilities		famous-women-in-history
I ruled Egypt as a woman and sent ships to the land of Punt.	Hatshepsut		historical-figures-who-am-i
I built the Great Pyramid at Giza.	Khufu		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote one of the first known law codes in Babylon.	Hammurabi		historical-figures-who-am-i
I taught by asking questions in Athens and was Plato's teacher.	Socrates		historical-figures-who-am-i
I tutored Alexander the Great and wrote on logic, science and politics.	Aristotle		historical-figures-who-am-i
I conquered Persia and spread Greek culture to India's border.	Alexander the Great		historical-figures-who-am-i
I crossed the Alps with elephants to attack Rome.	Hannibal		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led the Roman army in Gaul and was killed on the Ides of March.	Julius Caesar		historical-figures-who-am-i
I became Rome's first emperor in 27 BCE.	Augustus		historical-figures-who-am-i
I united China and began the Terra-cotta Army.	Qin Shi Huang		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a teacher in China who stressed respect, learning and family.	Confucius		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a prince in India who became the Buddha.	Siddhartha Gautama		historical-figures-who-am-i
I ruled the Maurya Empire and turned to peace after a bloody war.	Ashoka		historical-figures-who-am-i
I am the Prophet of Islam, born in Mecca.	Muhammad		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was crowned emperor of the Romans in 800.	Charlemagne		historical-figures-who-am-i
I won England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.	William the Conqueror		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a French teenager who led an army in 1429.	Joan of Arc		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a Mongol leader who built the largest land empire.	Genghis Khan		historical-figures-who-am-i
I ruled Mali and made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324.	Mansa Musa		historical-figures-who-am-i
I traveled to China and wrote about it in the 1200s.	Marco Polo		historical-figures-who-am-i
I painted the Mona Lisa and sketched flying machines.	Leonardo da Vinci		historical-figures-who-am-i
I painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and carved the David.	Michelangelo		historical-figures-who-am-i
I printed Bibles with movable type in Europe around 1450.	Johannes Gutenberg		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote 95 theses and began the Reformation.	Martin Luther		historical-figures-who-am-i
I first sailed across the Atlantic for Spain in 1492.	Christopher Columbus		historical-figures-who-am-i
My crew first sailed around the world, though I died on the way.	Ferdinand Magellan		historical-figures-who-am-i
I conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521.	Hernan Cortes		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was Queen of England during the Spanish Armada.	Elizabeth I		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet.	William Shakespeare		historical-figures-who-am-i
I used a telescope to see Jupiter's moons.	Galileo Galilei		historical-figures-who-am-i
I explained gravity and the laws of motion.	Isaac Newton		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the Sun King of France.	Louis XIV		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote that people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	John Locke		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led the Haitian Revolution.	Toussaint Louverture		historical-figures-who-am-i
I crowned myself emperor of the French in 1804 and lost at Waterloo.	Napoleon Bonaparte		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led the fight for independence in northern South America.	Simon Bolivar		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the British queen for over 63 years and an era is named after me.	Queen Victoria		historical-figures-who-am-i
I founded modern nursing in the Crimean War.	Florence Nightingale		historical-figures-who-am-i
I developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.	Charles Darwin		historical-figures-who-am-i
I discovered radium and won two Nobel Prizes.	Marie Curie		historical-figures-who-am-i
I developed the theory of relativity.	Albert Einstein		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led India to independence through nonviolence.	Mahatma Gandhi		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led Britain through most of World War II.	Winston Churchill		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a South African leader jailed for 27 years who became president.	Nelson Mandela		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.	Vladimir Lenin		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first president of the United States.	George Washington		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote the Declaration of Independence.	Thomas Jefferson		historical-figures-who-am-i
I flew a kite in a storm and signed the Constitution.	Benjamin Franklin		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote most of the Federalist Papers and later became the fourth president.	James Madison		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first Treasury Secretary and later died in a duel.	Alexander Hamilton		historical-figures-who-am-i
I guided Lewis and Clark.	Sacagawea		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the seventh president and fought at New Orleans.	Andrew Jackson		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the Shawnee leader who built a Native alliance.	Tecumseh		historical-figures-who-am-i
I escaped slavery and led others on the Underground Railroad.	Harriet Tubman		historical-figures-who-am-i
I escaped slavery, wrote an autobiography, and spoke against it.	Frederick Douglass		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was president during the Civil War.	Abraham Lincoln		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the Confederate general who surrendered at Appomattox.	Robert E. Lee		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led the Union armies and became president.	Ulysses S. Grant		historical-figures-who-am-i
I founded the American Red Cross.	Clara Barton		historical-figures-who-am-i
I organized the Seneca Falls Convention.	Elizabeth Cady Stanton		historical-figures-who-am-i
I campaigned for women's right to vote and was arrested for voting in 1872.	Susan B. Anthony		historical-figures-who-am-i
I invented the practical light bulb and the phonograph.	Thomas Edison		historical-figures-who-am-i
I patented the telephone in 1876.	Alexander Graham Bell		historical-figures-who-am-i
We built and flew the first airplane at Kitty Hawk.	The Wright brothers		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led the Lakota at the Battle of Little Bighorn.	Sitting Bull		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the Nez Perce leader who said I would fight no more forever.	Chief Joseph		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the 26th president and a Rough Rider.	Theodore Roosevelt		historical-figures-who-am-i
I founded Hull House in Chicago.	Jane Addams		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was president during World War I.	Woodrow Wilson		historical-figures-who-am-i
I flew solo across the Atlantic in 1927.	Charles Lindbergh		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was elected four times and started the New Deal.	Franklin D. Roosevelt		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first lady who worked for human rights.	Eleanor Roosevelt		historical-figures-who-am-i
I became president when FDR died in 1945 and ordered the atomic bombs used.	Harry S. Truman		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led Allied forces in Europe and became president in 1953.	Dwight D. Eisenhower		historical-figures-who-am-i
I refused to give up my bus seat in Montgomery.	Rosa Parks		historical-figures-who-am-i
I said 'I have a dream' at the March on Washington.	Martin Luther King Jr.		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first Black player in modern major league baseball.	Jackie Robinson		historical-figures-who-am-i
I integrated an elementary school in New Orleans at age six.	Ruby Bridges		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a young president, 35th, and faced the Cuban Missile Crisis.	John F. Kennedy		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first person to walk on the Moon.	Neil Armstrong		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first Black justice on the Supreme Court.	Thurgood Marshall		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first woman on the Supreme Court.	Sandra Day O'Connor		historical-figures-who-am-i
I organized farm workers with Dolores Huerta.	Cesar Chavez		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first American woman in space.	Sally Ride		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first Black president of the United States.	Barack Obama		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a Pakistani girl who became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner.	Malala Yousafzai		historical-figures-who-am-i
I discovered that germs cause disease and invented a way to make milk safer.	Louis Pasteur		historical-figures-who-am-i
I created the smallpox vaccine in 1796.	Edward Jenner		historical-figures-who-am-i
I discovered penicillin.	Alexander Fleming		historical-figures-who-am-i
I studied chimpanzees in Tanzania.	Jane Goodall		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote Silent Spring about pesticides.	Rachel Carson		historical-figures-who-am-i
I proposed that Earth moves around the Sun.	Nicolaus Copernicus		historical-figures-who-am-i
I described the planets' elliptical orbits.	Johannes Kepler		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote Pride and Prejudice.	Jane Austen		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist.	Charles Dickens		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.	Mark Twain		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote the Gettysburg Address.	Abraham Lincoln		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels.	Karl Marx		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote The Wealth of Nations.	Adam Smith		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote Common Sense in 1776.	Thomas Paine		historical-figures-who-am-i
I said 'Give me liberty, or give me death!'	Patrick Henry		historical-figures-who-am-i
I rode at night to warn that British troops were coming.	Paul Revere		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a Patriot spy who regretted having only one life to give.	Nathan Hale		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led the Continental Army at Valley Forge.	George Washington		historical-figures-who-am-i
I helped Jefferson draft the Declaration and became the second president.	John Adams		historical-figures-who-am-i
I asked my husband to 'remember the ladies.'	Abigail Adams		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a Wampanoag leader who made peace with the Pilgrims.	Massasoit		historical-figures-who-am-i
I taught the Pilgrims to plant corn.	Squanto		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a captain at Jamestown who said those who do not work do not eat.	John Smith		historical-figures-who-am-i
I founded Pennsylvania as a Quaker colony.	William Penn		historical-figures-who-am-i
I founded Rhode Island and believed in religious freedom.	Roger Williams		historical-figures-who-am-i
I created the Cherokee writing system.	Sequoyah		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a Cherokee leader who became principal chief in 1985.	Wilma Mankiller		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the Apache leader who resisted removal.	Geronimo		historical-figures-who-am-i
I led the Texans to victory at San Jacinto.	Sam Houston		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was Hawaii's last queen.	Queen Liliuokalani		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.	Harriet Beecher Stowe		historical-figures-who-am-i
I founded the Tuskegee Institute.	Booker T. Washington		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote about lynching and fought for justice as a journalist.	Ida B. Wells		historical-figures-who-am-i
I founded the first Montessori school in Rome.	Maria Montessori		historical-figures-who-am-i
I became deaf and blind as a baby and wrote books.	Helen Keller		historical-figures-who-am-i
I disappeared in 1937 while flying around the world.	Amelia Earhart		historical-figures-who-am-i
I won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics.	Jesse Owens		historical-figures-who-am-i
I wrote a diary while in hiding in Amsterdam.	Anne Frank		historical-figures-who-am-i
I cared for the poor in Kolkata and won a Nobel Peace Prize.	Mother Teresa		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was Britain's first woman prime minister.	Margaret Thatcher		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the Soviet leader who introduced glasnost.	Mikhail Gorbachev		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the Kenyan woman who started the Green Belt Movement.	Wangari Maathai		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was a NASA mathematician who checked orbit calculations for John Glenn.	Katherine Johnson		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first person in space.	Yuri Gagarin		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first American to orbit Earth.	John Glenn		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the first woman in space.	Valentina Tereshkova		historical-figures-who-am-i
I walked on the Moon with Neil Armstrong.	Buzz Aldrin		historical-figures-who-am-i
I was the Ethiopian emperor who defeated Italy at Adwa.	Menelik II		historical-figures-who-am-i
Indigenous peoples	The first peoples of a land, here the Native peoples of the Americas		native-american-nations-history
Native nation	A tribal community with its own government and culture		native-american-nations-history
Sovereignty	The right of a nation to govern itself; many Native nations are sovereign within the US		native-american-nations-history
Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)	Confederacy of six nations in the Northeast: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora		native-american-nations-history
Great Law of Peace	Haudenosaunee constitution that joined the nations in a league		native-american-nations-history
Longhouse	Long bark-covered home shared by Haudenosaunee families		native-american-nations-history
Three Sisters	Corn, beans and squash, grown together by many Native farmers		native-american-nations-history
Wampanoag	People of southeastern Massachusetts who met the Pilgrims		native-american-nations-history
Massasoit	Wampanoag leader who made a peace with the Pilgrims in 1621		native-american-nations-history
Squanto (Tisquantum)	Patuxet man who helped the Pilgrims survive		native-american-nations-history
Powhatan	Leader of a confederacy of Algonquian nations in Virginia		native-american-nations-history
Algonquian	Large language family of eastern and central North America		native-american-nations-history
Wigwam	Dome-shaped home covered with bark or mats, used by many Eastern nations		native-american-nations-history
Lenape (Delaware)	People of the Delaware River area and Manhattan		native-american-nations-history
Cherokee	Southeastern nation with its own writing system, created by Sequoyah		native-american-nations-history
Sequoyah	Created the Cherokee syllabary in the 1820s		native-american-nations-history
Trail of Tears	Forced removal of Cherokee and other southeastern nations in the 1830s		native-american-nations-history
Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole	Other nations forced west by removal, along with the Cherokee		native-american-nations-history
Seminole	People who resisted removal in Florida in several wars		native-american-nations-history
Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that led to the forced move of Native nations to lands west of the Mississippi		native-american-nations-history
Navajo (Diné)	Largest Native nation by population in the US, in the Southwest		native-american-nations-history
Long Walk (1864)	Forced march of the Navajo to Bosque Redondo		native-american-nations-history
Navajo Code Talkers	Marines in WWII who used the Navajo language as an unbreakable code		native-american-nations-history
Hogan	Traditional Navajo home		native-american-nations-history
Pueblo peoples	Hopi, Zuni, Taos and others who built villages of adobe in the Southwest		native-american-nations-history
Adobe	Sun-dried brick made from clay and straw		native-american-nations-history
Pueblo Revolt (1680)	Pueblo peoples drove the Spanish from New Mexico for about twelve years		native-american-nations-history
Popé	Pueblo leader of the 1680 revolt		native-american-nations-history
Hopi	Pueblo people of northern Arizona with ancient farming traditions		native-american-nations-history
Apache	Southwestern nations including the Chiricahua		native-american-nations-history
Geronimo	Apache leader who resisted forced removal		native-american-nations-history
Lakota	Western Sioux people of the Great Plains		native-american-nations-history
Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, Nakota)	Three related groups of Plains and prairie peoples		native-american-nations-history
Tipi	Cone-shaped tent used by Plains peoples that could be moved easily		native-american-nations-history
Bison	Plains peoples used nearly every part of the bison for food, tools and shelter		native-american-nations-history
Sitting Bull	Lakota leader who resisted taking of the Black Hills		native-american-nations-history
Crazy Horse	Lakota war leader at the Battle of the Little Bighorn		native-american-nations-history
Red Cloud	Oglala Lakota leader who won a war in 1868 forcing the US to abandon forts		native-american-nations-history
Wounded Knee (1890)	Massacre of Lakota people by the US Army in South Dakota		native-american-nations-history
Cheyenne	Plains people who allied with the Arapaho and Lakota		native-american-nations-history
Comanche	Skilled horse riders who dominated the southern plains		native-american-nations-history
Crow (Apsáalooke)	Plains nation of Montana		native-american-nations-history
Blackfoot	Plains nation in Montana and Alberta		native-american-nations-history
Nez Perce	People of the Pacific Northwest plateau led by Chief Joseph in 1877		native-american-nations-history
Chief Joseph	Nez Perce leader who led a long march toward Canada and said 'I will fight no more forever'		native-american-nations-history
Totem pole	Carved cedar pole telling family stories, made by Northwest Coast peoples		native-american-nations-history
Potlatch	Feast where hosts gave gifts, practiced by Northwest Coast nations		native-american-nations-history
Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl	Northwest Coast peoples famed for carving and salmon fishing		native-american-nations-history
Salmon	Key food for Northwest peoples		native-american-nations-history
Inuit	Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, who built igloos for winter hunting shelters		native-american-nations-history
Aleut (Unangan)	Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska		native-american-nations-history
Kayak	Narrow hunting boat developed by Arctic peoples		native-american-nations-history
Hawaiians	Native Hawaiians are the Indigenous people of Hawaii, with their own language and culture		native-american-nations-history
Mississippian culture	Mound-building societies in the Mississippi Valley, about 800-1500 CE		native-american-nations-history
Cahokia	Largest Mississippian city, near St. Louis, with Monks Mound		native-american-nations-history
Hopewell	Ancient Ohio Valley culture known for earthworks and trade		native-american-nations-history
Adena	Early mound-building culture in the Ohio Valley		native-american-nations-history
Ancestral Puebloans	Ancient builders of cliff dwellings like Mesa Verde		native-american-nations-history
Mesa Verde	Colorado site of cliff dwellings built about 1190-1280 CE		native-american-nations-history
Chaco Canyon	Ancient Pueblo center in New Mexico with great houses		native-american-nations-history
Mohawk	Easternmost nation of the Haudenosaunee		native-american-nations-history
Pontiac's War (1763)	Native alliance rose against British forces in the Great Lakes		native-american-nations-history
Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who tried to unite Native nations in the early 1800s		native-american-nations-history
Tenskwatawa	Shawnee prophet, Tecumseh's brother		native-american-nations-history
Joseph Brant	Mohawk leader who sided with the British in the Revolution		native-american-nations-history
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	Supreme Court said Georgia could not control Cherokee land		native-american-nations-history
Reservation	Land reserved for Native nations by treaty or law		native-american-nations-history
Indian Territory	Land in present Oklahoma where many removed nations were sent		native-american-nations-history
Dawes Act (1887)	Broke up reservation land into individual plots, reducing Native land		native-american-nations-history
Boarding schools	Schools that separated Native children from their families and languages		native-american-nations-history
Indian Citizenship Act (1924)	Granted US citizenship to Native Americans born in the US		native-american-nations-history
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)	Ended allotment and encouraged tribal self-government		native-american-nations-history
American Indian Movement	Activist group formed in 1968		native-american-nations-history
Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)	Gave tribes more control over programs and schools		native-american-nations-history
Powwow	Gathering with dance, song and food celebrating Native culture		native-american-nations-history
Oral tradition	Passing history and stories by speaking rather than writing		native-american-nations-history
Language revitalization	Native communities are teaching and restoring their languages		native-american-nations-history
Native American Heritage Month	November		native-american-nations-history
Jim Thorpe	Sac and Fox athlete who won Olympic gold medals in 1912		native-american-nations-history
Maria Tallchief	Osage ballerina, America's first major prima ballerina		native-american-nations-history
Wilma Mankiller	First woman elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, in 1985		native-american-nations-history
Deb Haaland	Laguna Pueblo member who was the first Native American US cabinet secretary		native-american-nations-history
Charles Curtis	Kaw Nation member who served as vice president under Hoover		native-american-nations-history
Stamp Act (1765)	A British tax on printed paper that colonists protested loudly		us-american-revolution
No taxation without representation	Colonial slogan: colonists had no voice in the Parliament that taxed them		us-american-revolution
Sons of Liberty	Colonial protest group that opposed British taxes		us-american-revolution
Townshend Acts (1767)	British taxes on goods like glass, paper, paint and tea		us-american-revolution
Boston Massacre (1770)	British soldiers fired into a Boston crowd and killed five colonists		us-american-revolution
Crispus Attucks	A man of African and Native descent, the first person killed in the Boston Massacre		us-american-revolution
Tea Act (1773)	British law that helped the East India Company sell tea in the colonies		us-american-revolution
Boston Tea Party (1773)	Colonists dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor		us-american-revolution
Intolerable Acts (1774)	Punishing British laws after the Tea Party; the colonists' name for them		us-american-revolution
First Continental Congress (1774)	Delegates from twelve colonies met in Philadelphia to answer British actions		us-american-revolution
Minutemen	Colonial militia ready to fight at a minute's notice		us-american-revolution
Paul Revere	Rider who warned of British troops marching in April 1775		us-american-revolution
Lexington and Concord (1775)	The first battles of the Revolutionary War, in Massachusetts		us-american-revolution
Shot heard 'round the world	Famous poem phrase about the first shot at Concord		us-american-revolution
Second Continental Congress	Met in 1775; ran the war and later voted for independence		us-american-revolution
Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)	A costly British win near Boston that showed colonists could fight well		us-american-revolution
George Washington	Chosen in 1775 to lead the Continental Army		us-american-revolution
Continental Army	The army formed by the Second Continental Congress		us-american-revolution
Common Sense (1776)	Thomas Paine's pamphlet arguing for independence in plain language		us-american-revolution
Thomas Paine	Writer of Common Sense and The American Crisis		us-american-revolution
Declaration of Independence	Adopted July 4, 1776; explained why the colonies were free from Britain		us-american-revolution
Thomas Jefferson	Main writer of the Declaration of Independence		us-american-revolution
Committee of Five	Group chosen to draft the Declaration: Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Sherman, Livingston		us-american-revolution
Loyalists	Colonists who stayed loyal to the British king		us-american-revolution
Patriots	Colonists who wanted independence		us-american-revolution
Redcoats	Nickname for British soldiers because of their uniforms		us-american-revolution
Hessians	German soldiers hired by Britain to fight in America		us-american-revolution
Washington crossing the Delaware	A surprise Christmas night 1776 crossing before the Battle of Trenton		us-american-revolution
Battle of Trenton (1776)	Washington's surprise win over Hessian troops in New Jersey		us-american-revolution
Battle of Saratoga (1777)	American victory in New York that was the turning point of the war		us-american-revolution
Valley Forge	Winter camp 1777-1778 in Pennsylvania where the army endured hardship and training		us-american-revolution
Baron von Steuben	Prussian officer who trained the Continental Army at Valley Forge		us-american-revolution
Marquis de Lafayette	French nobleman who joined Washington as a general		us-american-revolution
Alliance with France (1778)	France joined the war on the American side after Saratoga		us-american-revolution
Battle of Yorktown (1781)	Last major battle; British General Cornwallis surrendered		us-american-revolution
Lord Cornwallis	British general who surrendered at Yorktown		us-american-revolution
Treaty of Paris (1783)	Ended the war; Britain recognized American independence		us-american-revolution
Articles of Confederation	First US plan of government, with a weak national government		us-american-revolution
Abigail Adams	Wrote to John Adams asking him to 'remember the ladies' in new laws		us-american-revolution
John Adams	Massachusetts leader who supported independence and later became the second president		us-american-revolution
Benjamin Franklin	Diplomat who won French support in Paris		us-american-revolution
Samuel Adams	Boston leader and organizer of protests against British taxes		us-american-revolution
Patrick Henry	Virginian famous for 'Give me liberty, or give me death'		us-american-revolution
John Hancock	Congress president whose signature on the Declaration was large and bold		us-american-revolution
Nathan Hale	Patriot spy who said he regretted having only one life to give for his country		us-american-revolution
Molly Pitcher	Name for women who carried water to soldiers and sometimes helped load cannons		us-american-revolution
Deborah Sampson	A woman who disguised herself as a man to fight in the Continental Army		us-american-revolution
Haym Salomon	Jewish financier who helped raise money for the war		us-american-revolution
Phillis Wheatley	Enslaved poet in Boston whose poems were published in 1773		us-american-revolution
Sybil Ludington	Teen who rode at night to call militia in 1777, as the story goes		us-american-revolution
Francis Marion	South Carolina leader nicknamed the Swamp Fox		us-american-revolution
Benedict Arnold	American general who turned traitor and joined the British		us-american-revolution
John Paul Jones	Naval commander famous for 'I have not yet begun to fight'		us-american-revolution
Bernardo de Galvez	Spanish governor who helped the Americans by fighting the British in the Gulf region		us-american-revolution
Joseph Brant	Mohawk leader who sided with the British		us-american-revolution
Boycott	Refusing to buy goods as a protest; colonists used it against British goods		us-american-revolution
Taxation	Charging money to support a government		us-american-revolution
Parliament	Britain's lawmaking body		us-american-revolution
Repeal	To cancel a law; Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766		us-american-revolution
Quartering Act	British law requiring colonies to house soldiers		us-american-revolution
King George III	British king during the Revolution		us-american-revolution
Independence	Freedom from rule by another country		us-american-revolution
Committees of Correspondence	Groups that shared news and plans among the colonies		us-american-revolution
Olive Branch Petition (1775)	Congress's last request to King George to avoid war		us-american-revolution
Battle of Long Island (1776)	Major British win in New York at the start of the campaign for the city		us-american-revolution
Battle of Cowpens (1781)	American victory in South Carolina		us-american-revolution
Siege	Surrounding a place to force it to give up		us-american-revolution
Treaty	A written agreement between nations		us-american-revolution
Declaration signers	Fifty-six delegates signed the Declaration		us-american-revolution
July 4	Date the Declaration was adopted, now Independence Day		us-american-revolution
Liberty Bell	Famous bell in Philadelphia, a symbol of American freedom		us-american-revolution
Betsy Ross	Philadelphia seamstress tradition says sewed an early American flag		us-american-revolution
Continental dollar	Paper money printed by Congress that lost value quickly		us-american-revolution
Militia	Citizen soldiers who served part time		us-american-revolution
Guerrilla warfare	Fighting with small surprise attacks, used by some Patriot forces		us-american-revolution
Segregation	Keeping people apart by race in schools, buses, restaurants and more		us-civil-rights-movement
Jim Crow laws	Laws in the South that enforced segregation		us-civil-rights-movement
Discrimination	Treating people unfairly because of who they are		us-civil-rights-movement
Civil rights	Rights that guarantee equal treatment under the law		us-civil-rights-movement
NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909		us-civil-rights-movement
Thurgood Marshall	NAACP lawyer who argued Brown v. Board and became the first Black Supreme Court justice		us-civil-rights-movement
Jackie Robinson	In 1947 became the first Black player in modern major league baseball		us-civil-rights-movement
Executive Order 9981 (1948)	Truman ordered the end of segregation in the armed forces		us-civil-rights-movement
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)	Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools are unequal		us-civil-rights-movement
Earl Warren	Chief Justice when the Court decided Brown v. Board		us-civil-rights-movement
Linda Brown	Kansas student at the center of the Brown v. Board case		us-civil-rights-movement
Emmett Till	Black teenager killed in Mississippi in 1955; his mother's courage drew national attention		us-civil-rights-movement
Rosa Parks	In December 1955 she refused to give up her bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama		us-civil-rights-movement
Montgomery Bus Boycott	A year-long refusal to ride city buses in 1955-56		us-civil-rights-movement
Martin Luther King Jr.	Baptist minister and leader of nonviolent protest		us-civil-rights-movement
Nonviolence	Peaceful protest, a method King learned from Gandhi and the Gospel		us-civil-rights-movement
Mahatma Gandhi	Indian leader whose peaceful methods inspired the movement		us-civil-rights-movement
SCLC	Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a group led by King		us-civil-rights-movement
Little Rock Nine (1957)	Nine Black students who integrated Central High School in Arkansas		us-civil-rights-movement
Integration	Bringing people of different races together in schools and places		us-civil-rights-movement
Ruby Bridges	At age six in 1960 she integrated an elementary school in New Orleans		us-civil-rights-movement
Greensboro sit-ins (1960)	Four college students sat at a whites-only lunch counter in North Carolina		us-civil-rights-movement
Sit-in	A protest where people sit in a place and refuse to leave		us-civil-rights-movement
SNCC	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, formed in 1960		us-civil-rights-movement
Freedom Riders (1961)	Black and white activists rode buses together through the South to test desegregation		us-civil-rights-movement
John Lewis	Student leader and Freedom Rider who later served in Congress		us-civil-rights-movement
James Meredith	First Black student at the University of Mississippi, in 1962		us-civil-rights-movement
Birmingham campaign (1963)	Protests in Alabama, including a march of many young people		us-civil-rights-movement
Letter from Birmingham Jail	King's 1963 letter explaining why people should not wait for justice		us-civil-rights-movement
March on Washington (1963)	Over 200,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial for jobs and freedom		us-civil-rights-movement
I Have a Dream	King's speech at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963		us-civil-rights-movement
A. Philip Randolph	Labor leader and a main organizer of the March on Washington		us-civil-rights-movement
Bayard Rustin	Main organizer of the 1963 March on Washington		us-civil-rights-movement
16th Street Baptist Church bombing (1963)	Attack in Birmingham that killed four girls		us-civil-rights-movement
Civil Rights Act of 1964	Outlawed segregation in public places and discrimination in jobs		us-civil-rights-movement
Lyndon B. Johnson	President who signed the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts		us-civil-rights-movement
Freedom Summer (1964)	Volunteers worked to register Black voters in Mississippi		us-civil-rights-movement
Fannie Lou Hamer	Mississippi voting rights activist who spoke at the 1964 Democratic Convention		us-civil-rights-movement
24th Amendment (1964)	Banned poll taxes in federal elections		us-civil-rights-movement
Poll tax	A fee to vote that kept poor Black voters away from the polls		us-civil-rights-movement
Literacy test	Reading tests unfairly used to keep Black citizens from voting		us-civil-rights-movement
Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)	Marches for voting rights, including 'Bloody Sunday' on March 7		us-civil-rights-movement
Edmund Pettus Bridge	Selma bridge where marchers were attacked on Bloody Sunday		us-civil-rights-movement
Voting Rights Act (1965)	Protected the right to vote and banned practices that blocked Black voters		us-civil-rights-movement
Malcolm X	Leader who spoke for Black pride and self-determination		us-civil-rights-movement
Nation of Islam	Religious and social group Malcolm X belonged to before 1964		us-civil-rights-movement
Black Power	Slogan from the 1960s about pride, strength and community control		us-civil-rights-movement
Black Panther Party	Group founded in 1966 in Oakland, California		us-civil-rights-movement
Loving v. Virginia (1967)	Supreme Court struck down laws against marriage between people of different races		us-civil-rights-movement
Thurgood Marshall's appointment (1967)	Became the first Black justice on the Supreme Court		us-civil-rights-movement
Assassination of MLK (1968)	King was killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968		us-civil-rights-movement
Fair Housing Act (1968)	Banned discrimination in selling or renting homes		us-civil-rights-movement
Poor People's Campaign	Movement for economic justice that King was planning at his death		us-civil-rights-movement
Cesar Chavez	Labor leader who organized farm workers and led nonviolent boycotts		us-civil-rights-movement
Dolores Huerta	Co-founded the United Farm Workers with Chavez		us-civil-rights-movement
United Farm Workers	Union of farm workers organized in the 1960s		us-civil-rights-movement
American Indian Movement (1968)	Native activists working for treaty rights and justice		us-civil-rights-movement
Women's liberation movement	Push for equal pay and rights for women in the 1960s and 70s		us-civil-rights-movement
Betty Friedan	Author of The Feminine Mystique (1963)		us-civil-rights-movement
Title IX (1972)	Law banning sex discrimination in schools that get federal money, including sports		us-civil-rights-movement
Equal Pay Act (1963)	Law requiring equal pay for equal work regardless of sex		us-civil-rights-movement
Stonewall (1969)	New York protest often seen as a spark of the gay rights movement		us-civil-rights-movement
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)	Banned discrimination against people with disabilities		us-civil-rights-movement
Ed Roberts	Disability rights pioneer who helped start the independent living movement		us-civil-rights-movement
Japanese American redress (1988)	Law that apologized for the WWII incarceration and paid survivors		us-civil-rights-movement
Civil disobedience	Peacefully refusing to obey an unjust law		us-civil-rights-movement
Boycott	Refusing to buy or use something as a protest		us-civil-rights-movement
Desegregation	Ending separation of races		us-civil-rights-movement
Separate but equal	Rule from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), overturned for schools by Brown		us-civil-rights-movement
Plessy v. Ferguson	1896 case that allowed segregation		us-civil-rights-movement
Medgar Evers	Mississippi NAACP leader killed in 1963		us-civil-rights-movement
Ella Baker	Organizer who helped start SNCC		us-civil-rights-movement
Claudette Colvin	Teen who refused to give up a bus seat in Montgomery in March 1955		us-civil-rights-movement
Constance Baker Motley	Lawyer who argued important civil rights cases and became a federal judge		us-civil-rights-movement
Barbara Johns	Teen who led a student walkout for better schools in Virginia in 1951		us-civil-rights-movement
Septima Clark	Teacher who started citizenship schools to prepare people to register to vote		us-civil-rights-movement
Main cause of the Civil War	Disagreement over slavery and whether it could spread into new states and territories		us-civil-war
Union	The Northern states that stayed in the United States		us-civil-war
Confederacy	The eleven Southern states that left the Union		us-civil-war
Secession	A state's decision to leave the Union		us-civil-war
First state to secede	South Carolina, in December 1860		us-civil-war
Abraham Lincoln	16th president; his election in 1860 led Southern states to secede		us-civil-war
Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederacy		us-civil-war
Fort Sumter (1861)	Confederate guns fired on this South Carolina fort, starting the war on April 12		us-civil-war
Border states	Slave states that stayed in the Union: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri		us-civil-war
Robert E. Lee	Commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia		us-civil-war
Ulysses S. Grant	Union general who led all Union armies and later became president		us-civil-war
William T. Sherman	Union general who led the March to the Sea through Georgia in 1864		us-civil-war
Stonewall Jackson	Confederate general famous for standing like a stone wall at Bull Run		us-civil-war
George McClellan	Union general who trained the Army of the Potomac but moved cautiously		us-civil-war
Anaconda Plan	Union plan to squeeze the South by blockading ports and taking the Mississippi River		us-civil-war
Blockade	Using ships to keep supplies from reaching or leaving ports		us-civil-war
First Battle of Bull Run (1861)	First big battle, in Virginia; showed the war would be long		us-civil-war
Ironclad	Warship covered in iron plates		us-civil-war
Monitor and Merrimack (1862)	First battle between ironclad ships; neither side won clearly		us-civil-war
Battle of Shiloh (1862)	Bloody Tennessee battle that showed how costly the war would be		us-civil-war
Battle of Antietam (1862)	Fought in Maryland on September 17; the bloodiest single day in American history		us-civil-war
Emancipation Proclamation	Lincoln's order, effective January 1, 1863, freeing enslaved people in areas in rebellion		us-civil-war
54th Massachusetts	Famous regiment of Black soldiers led by white officers; attacked Fort Wagner in 1863		us-civil-war
Black soldiers	About 180,000 Black men served in the Union Army		us-civil-war
Robert Gould Shaw	White colonel who led the 54th Massachusetts		us-civil-war
Harriet Tubman in the war	Served the Union as a scout, nurse and spy		us-civil-war
Battle of Fredericksburg (1862)	Confederate victory in Virginia with heavy Union losses		us-civil-war
Battle of Chancellorsville (1863)	Lee's bold victory in Virginia, though Jackson was fatally wounded		us-civil-war
Siege of Vicksburg (1863)	Grant captured this Mississippi River city after weeks of siege		us-civil-war
Battle of Gettysburg (1863)	Three-day battle in Pennsylvania; Lee's northern invasion was turned back		us-civil-war
Pickett's Charge	Failed Confederate assault on the last day at Gettysburg		us-civil-war
Turning points of 1863	Gettysburg and Vicksburg, both ending July 3-4		us-civil-war
Gettysburg Address	Lincoln's short speech in November 1863 about equality and a 'new birth of freedom'		us-civil-war
Draft riots (1863)	Violent protests in New York City against the military draft		us-civil-war
Habeas corpus	Right to challenge your imprisonment; Lincoln suspended it during the war		us-civil-war
Clara Barton	Nurse who helped wounded soldiers and later founded the American Red Cross		us-civil-war
Dorothea Dix in the war	Led the Union Army's nurses		us-civil-war
Women in the war	Served as nurses and spies, ran farms and businesses, and a few disguised themselves to fight		us-civil-war
Soldier's diet	Hardtack, a hard cracker, was a common food		us-civil-war
Hardtack	A hard, dry biscuit given to soldiers		us-civil-war
Minie ball	A cone-shaped rifle bullet that made battles deadlier		us-civil-war
Disease in the war	More soldiers died of illness than of wounds		us-civil-war
Mathew Brady	Photographer whose team showed the war's reality to the public		us-civil-war
Telegraph in the war	Let Lincoln and generals send orders quickly		us-civil-war
Railroads in the war	Moved troops and supplies quickly, especially for the Union		us-civil-war
Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)	Union army cut through Georgia, destroying railroads and supplies		us-civil-war
Atlanta captured (1864)	Sherman took Atlanta in September 1864, helping Lincoln win re-election		us-civil-war
Election of 1864	Lincoln won a second term		us-civil-war
Thirteenth Amendment	Ended slavery in the US; passed by Congress in 1865 and ratified that December		us-civil-war
Siege of Petersburg	Months-long Union siege in Virginia in 1864-65		us-civil-war
Appomattox Court House	Virginia town where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865		us-civil-war
Lee's surrender	April 9, 1865, effectively ended the war in the East		us-civil-war
Lincoln's assassination	John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln on April 14, 1865; he died the next day		us-civil-war
Andrew Johnson	Became president after Lincoln's death		us-civil-war
Casualties	About 620,000 soldiers died in the war		us-civil-war
Dred Scott decision (1857)	Supreme Court ruled Black people could not be citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories		us-civil-war
Missouri Compromise	1820 plan that tried to balance slave and free states		us-civil-war
Compromise of 1850	Package of laws including California as a free state and a stronger Fugitive Slave Act		us-civil-war
Fugitive Slave Act	Law requiring that escaped enslaved people be returned		us-civil-war
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)	Let settlers vote on slavery in those territories, leading to 'Bleeding Kansas'		us-civil-war
Bleeding Kansas	Violent fighting in Kansas over slavery in the 1850s		us-civil-war
John Brown's raid (1859)	Abolitionist John Brown attacked the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia		us-civil-war
Uncle Tom's Cabin	1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that turned many against slavery		us-civil-war
Harriet Beecher Stowe	Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin		us-civil-war
Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)	Illinois Senate debates that made Lincoln famous		us-civil-war
Stephen Douglas	Illinois senator who debated Lincoln over slavery		us-civil-war
Republican Party	Founded in 1854 to oppose spreading slavery into territories		us-civil-war
Sectionalism	Loyalty to a region more than to the whole country		us-civil-war
States' rights	Idea that states hold powers the federal government should not control		us-civil-war
Cotton in the South	The Southern economy depended heavily on cotton grown by enslaved labor		us-civil-war
North's economy	Based more on factories, trade and smaller farms		us-civil-war
Frederick Douglass in the war	Urged Lincoln to free enslaved people and let Black men fight		us-civil-war
Contrabands	Name for enslaved people who fled to Union lines		us-civil-war
Homestead Act and Morrill Act (1862)	Laws passed during the war that gave land to settlers and colleges		us-civil-war
Greenbacks	Paper money the Union printed to pay for the war		us-civil-war
Gettysburg National Cemetery	Burial place for Union dead, where Lincoln spoke		us-civil-war
Battle of Mobile Bay (1864)	Union naval victory under Admiral David Farragut that closed a key Confederate port		us-civil-war
Clara Barton's Red Cross	Founded in 1881 after her war work		us-civil-war
Juneteenth	June 19, 1865, when enslaved people in Texas learned they were free; now a national holiday		us-civil-war
Civil War	War within one country between two sides		us-civil-war
Cold War	Decades-long rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union that stopped short of direct war		us-cold-war
Superpowers	The US and the Soviet Union, the two strongest nations after WWII		us-cold-war
Capitalism	Economic system with private businesses and free markets		us-cold-war
Communism	System where the government controls the economy and there is one party		us-cold-war
Iron Curtain	Churchill's phrase for the line dividing communist Eastern Europe from the West		us-cold-war
Containment	US policy of stopping communism from spreading		us-cold-war
Truman Doctrine (1947)	Promised US aid to nations resisting communist takeover		us-cold-war
Marshall Plan	US money that helped rebuild Western Europe after WWII		us-cold-war
Berlin Airlift (1948-49)	Allies flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blocked roads		us-cold-war
NATO (1949)	Western alliance in which members agree to defend one another		us-cold-war
Warsaw Pact (1955)	Soviet-led military alliance in Eastern Europe		us-cold-war
Soviet atomic bomb (1949)	The USSR tested its first nuclear weapon		us-cold-war
Arms race	Competition to build more and better weapons		us-cold-war
Nuclear weapons	Bombs of great destructive power, built by both sides		us-cold-war
Deterrence	Preventing attack by showing that you could strike back		us-cold-war
Mutually assured destruction	Idea that a nuclear war would destroy both sides, so neither would start one		us-cold-war
Korean War (1950-53)	War in which the US and UN forces helped South Korea against North Korea and China		us-cold-war
38th parallel	Line that divided North and South Korea		us-cold-war
Armistice (1953)	Ceasefire that ended the Korean War's fighting without a peace treaty		us-cold-war
McCarthyism	1950s practice of accusing people of being communists with little proof		us-cold-war
Joseph McCarthy	Wisconsin senator who made many unproven accusations		us-cold-war
Red Scare	Widespread fear of communists in America		us-cold-war
Duck and cover	School drills that taught children how to protect themselves from an atomic blast		us-cold-war
Fallout shelter	Underground room built to protect people from radioactive dust		us-cold-war
Sputnik (1957)	First artificial satellite, launched by the Soviet Union		us-cold-war
Space Race	Competition between the US and USSR to lead in space		us-cold-war
NASA	US space agency, founded in 1958		us-cold-war
National Defense Education Act	1958 law that increased money for science and math education		us-cold-war
Yuri Gagarin	Soviet cosmonaut, first human in space in 1961		us-cold-war
Alan Shepard	First American in space, 1961		us-cold-war
John Glenn	First American to orbit Earth, 1962		us-cold-war
Moon landing (1969)	Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the Moon on July 20		us-cold-war
Neil Armstrong	First person to step on the Moon		us-cold-war
Eisenhower	President from 1953 to 1961 during the early Cold War		us-cold-war
Interstate Highway System	Highway network started in 1956, partly for defense		us-cold-war
U-2 incident (1960)	A US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union		us-cold-war
Fidel Castro	Led a revolution in Cuba in 1959 and ruled it as a communist leader		us-cold-war
Bay of Pigs (1961)	Failed US-backed attempt to invade Cuba		us-cold-war
Berlin Wall (1961)	Wall built by East Germany dividing East and West Berlin		us-cold-war
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)	Tense 13 days when the US found Soviet missiles in Cuba		us-cold-war
John F. Kennedy	President during the Cuban Missile Crisis		us-cold-war
Nikita Khrushchev	Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis		us-cold-war
Hotline	Direct phone line set up between Washington and Moscow in 1963		us-cold-war
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)	Banned nuclear tests in the air, in space and underwater		us-cold-war
Vietnam War	Conflict in Vietnam from the 1950s to 1975 in which the US supported South Vietnam		us-cold-war
Domino theory	Belief that if one country fell to communism its neighbors would too		us-cold-war
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)	Gave President Johnson wide power to use force in Vietnam		us-cold-war
Tet Offensive (1968)	Big surprise attacks in Vietnam that shook American support for the war		us-cold-war
Antiwar movement	Protests against US involvement in Vietnam		us-cold-war
Vietnam Veterans Memorial	Wall in Washington, DC listing names of the Americans who died in the war		us-cold-war
Fall of Saigon (1975)	South Vietnam's capital fell to North Vietnam, ending the war		us-cold-war
Détente	Easing of tensions between the US and USSR in the 1970s		us-cold-war
Richard Nixon	President who visited China in 1972 and Moscow the same year		us-cold-war
SALT I (1972)	First treaty limiting some nuclear weapons		us-cold-war
Apollo-Soyuz (1975)	US and Soviet spacecraft docked in orbit		us-cold-war
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)	Soviet troops entered Afghanistan, ending détente		us-cold-war
1980 Olympic boycott	The US and others stayed away from the Moscow Summer Games		us-cold-war
Ronald Reagan	President in the 1980s who built up defense and later negotiated with the USSR		us-cold-war
Strategic Defense Initiative	Reagan's plan for missile defense, nicknamed Star Wars		us-cold-war
Mikhail Gorbachev	Last Soviet leader; introduced glasnost and perestroika		us-cold-war
Glasnost	Gorbachev's policy of openness		us-cold-war
Perestroika	Gorbachev's policy of restructuring the Soviet economy		us-cold-war
INF Treaty (1987)	US-Soviet treaty eliminating a class of nuclear missiles		us-cold-war
Reagan's Berlin speech (1987)	Reagan urged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall		us-cold-war
Solidarity	Polish workers' movement that helped end communism in Poland		us-cold-war
Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)	On November 9, crowds opened the wall between East and West Berlin		us-cold-war
German reunification (1990)	East and West Germany joined as one nation		us-cold-war
Collapse of the USSR (1991)	The Soviet Union ended and split into 15 independent countries		us-cold-war
Proxy war	A war where powers back opposing sides in another country		us-cold-war
Espionage	Spying		us-cold-war
Sino-Soviet split	Rift between China and the Soviet Union in the 1960s		us-cold-war
Marshall, Truman and Kennan	Key figures in early containment; George Kennan wrote the 'Long Telegram'		us-cold-war
1607	Jamestown, Virginia, became the first lasting English settlement in North America		us-colonial-america
1619	The first enslaved Africans were brought to English Virginia; the House of Burgesses also first met		us-colonial-america
1620	The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on the Mayflower		us-colonial-america
Mayflower Compact	A 1620 agreement by the Pilgrims to make fair laws and obey them		us-colonial-america
1621	The Pilgrims and Wampanoag shared a harvest feast, often called the first Thanksgiving		us-colonial-america
1630	Puritans led by John Winthrop founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony		us-colonial-america
1636	Roger Williams founded Rhode Island; Harvard College was also founded		us-colonial-america
1624	The Dutch began settling New Netherland, which later became New York		us-colonial-america
1664	England took New Amsterdam from the Dutch and renamed it New York		us-colonial-america
1682	William Penn founded Pennsylvania with Philadelphia as its city		us-colonial-america
1732	Georgia, the last of the 13 colonies, was founded by James Oglethorpe		us-colonial-america
1692	The Salem witch trials took place in Massachusetts		us-colonial-america
1754	The French and Indian War began in North America		us-colonial-america
1763	The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War; Britain won Canada		us-colonial-america
Proclamation of 1763	British order that kept colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains		us-colonial-america
Thirteen colonies	The British colonies on the Atlantic coast that became the first US states		us-colonial-america
New England Colonies	Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut		us-colonial-america
Middle Colonies	New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware		us-colonial-america
Southern Colonies	Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia		us-colonial-america
Jamestown's early leader	Captain John Smith, who insisted that settlers who did not work would not eat		us-colonial-america
Pocahontas	A Powhatan girl connected to Jamestown who later married colonist John Rolfe		us-colonial-america
John Rolfe	Jamestown settler whose tobacco crop made Virginia profitable		us-colonial-america
Cash crop	A crop grown mainly to be sold, like tobacco in Virginia		us-colonial-america
Squanto	A Patuxet man who taught the Pilgrims to grow corn and fish		us-colonial-america
William Bradford	Governor of Plymouth Colony for many years		us-colonial-america
Anne Hutchinson	A Puritan woman banished from Massachusetts for her religious ideas		us-colonial-america
Roger Williams	Believed in separating church and government and in fair treatment of Native Americans		us-colonial-america
Lord Baltimore	Founder of Maryland, planned as a home for English Catholics		us-colonial-america
William Penn	A Quaker who made Pennsylvania a place of religious freedom		us-colonial-america
Quakers	A Christian group that valued peace and equality		us-colonial-america
Puritans	English Protestants who wanted to make the church simpler and purer		us-colonial-america
Pilgrims	Separatists who left England to worship in their own way		us-colonial-america
Separatists	People who wanted to break away from the Church of England		us-colonial-america
Indentured servant	A person who worked for a set number of years to pay for the trip to America		us-colonial-america
Headright system	Virginia plan that gave land to anyone who paid for a settler's trip		us-colonial-america
House of Burgesses	The first elected lawmaking group in the English colonies, started in Virginia in 1619		us-colonial-america
Town meeting	A New England gathering where townspeople voted on local matters		us-colonial-america
Triangular trade	Trade routes linking New England, Africa and the West Indies		us-colonial-america
Middle Passage	The forced sea voyage that carried enslaved Africans across the Atlantic		us-colonial-america
Plantation	A large farm in the South that grew crops like tobacco, rice and indigo		us-colonial-america
Slavery in the colonies	Forced labor of enslaved Africans, legal in all thirteen colonies at the time		us-colonial-america
Great Awakening	A religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s that spread through the colonies		us-colonial-america
Jonathan Edwards	Preacher and leader of the Great Awakening		us-colonial-america
Benjamin Franklin	Printer and inventor in Philadelphia; proposed the Albany Plan of Union in 1754		us-colonial-america
Albany Plan	Franklin's 1754 idea to unite the colonies for defense		us-colonial-america
Join, or Die	Franklin's cartoon of a snake cut in pieces, urging the colonies to unite		us-colonial-america
George Washington	A young Virginian who fought in the French and Indian War		us-colonial-america
Fort Necessity	Small fort in Pennsylvania where Washington fought the French in 1754		us-colonial-america
Mercantilism	The idea that colonies exist to make the mother country rich		us-colonial-america
Navigation Acts	British laws that made colonists trade mainly with Britain		us-colonial-america
Salutary neglect	Britain's loose enforcement of colonial laws before 1763		us-colonial-america
Charter	A written document from the king giving a colony the right to exist		us-colonial-america
Proprietary colony	A colony owned by one person or a family, like Pennsylvania		us-colonial-america
Royal colony	A colony ruled directly by the king through a governor		us-colonial-america
Virginia	The first of the thirteen colonies, founded at Jamestown		us-colonial-america
Plymouth Colony	The Pilgrims' settlement in Massachusetts, begun in 1620		us-colonial-america
Boston	Main city of Massachusetts Bay and a busy colonial port		us-colonial-america
Philadelphia	Largest colonial city by the 1770s; its name means brotherly love		us-colonial-america
Charleston	Main port of South Carolina		us-colonial-america
Williamsburg	Capital of colonial Virginia from 1699		us-colonial-america
Pennsylvania Dutch	German-speaking settlers in Pennsylvania		us-colonial-america
Hornbook	A paddle-shaped board that held a lesson sheet for young colonial students		us-colonial-america
New England Primer	A popular colonial reading book for children		us-colonial-america
Apprentice	A young person who learned a trade by working for a master		us-colonial-america
Blacksmith	Colonial worker who made tools and nails from iron		us-colonial-america
Cooper	Colonial craftsperson who made barrels		us-colonial-america
Wampanoag	Native nation in what is now Massachusetts who met the Pilgrims		us-colonial-america
Powhatan Confederacy	Alliance of Native nations in tidewater Virginia		us-colonial-america
King Philip's War	1675-1676 conflict between New England colonists and Native nations led by Metacom		us-colonial-america
Metacom	Wampanoag leader, called King Philip by the English		us-colonial-america
Fur trade	Trade in animal pelts, important to the French and Dutch in North America		us-colonial-america
New France	French territory in North America, centered on Quebec		us-colonial-america
Quebec	City founded by the French in 1608		us-colonial-america
Samuel de Champlain	French explorer who founded Quebec		us-colonial-america
Henry Hudson	English explorer working for the Dutch who sailed into the Hudson River in 1609		us-colonial-america
Peter Stuyvesant	Last Dutch governor of New Amsterdam		us-colonial-america
St. Augustine	Spanish settlement in Florida, founded in 1565, the oldest European-founded city in the US		us-colonial-america
Lost Colony of Roanoke	English settlement in 1587 whose people had vanished by 1590		us-colonial-america
Virginia Dare	First English child born in the Americas, at Roanoke in 1587		us-colonial-america
Articles of Confederation	First national plan of government (1781); it gave Congress little power		us-early-republic
Shays' Rebellion (1786-87)	Farmers in Massachusetts protested debts and taxes, showing the need for a stronger government		us-early-republic
Northwest Ordinance (1787)	Law for organizing new states north of the Ohio River and banning slavery there		us-early-republic
Constitutional Convention (1787)	Philadelphia meeting that wrote the US Constitution		us-early-republic
James Madison	Called the Father of the Constitution; fourth president		us-early-republic
Great Compromise	Deal creating a Senate with equal votes and a House based on population		us-early-republic
Three-Fifths Compromise	Counted three-fifths of enslaved people toward a state's population for representation		us-early-republic
Federalists	Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong national government		us-early-republic
Anti-Federalists	Opponents of the Constitution who feared a too-powerful government		us-early-republic
Federalist Papers	Essays by Hamilton, Madison and Jay urging states to ratify the Constitution		us-early-republic
Bill of Rights	First ten amendments, added in 1791		us-early-republic
Ratification	Formal approval; nine states had to approve the Constitution		us-early-republic
George Washington	First president, serving 1789 to 1797		us-early-republic
Cabinet	Group of top advisers to the president		us-early-republic
Alexander Hamilton	First Secretary of the Treasury; wanted a national bank and a strong economy		us-early-republic
Thomas Jefferson	First Secretary of State and third president		us-early-republic
National bank	Hamilton's plan for a bank to hold government money and print a stable currency		us-early-republic
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)	Western Pennsylvania farmers protested a tax on whiskey; Washington sent troops		us-early-republic
Washington's Farewell Address	Warned against political parties and entangling alliances with other nations		us-early-republic
Judiciary Act of 1789	Created the federal court system		us-early-republic
Political parties	Federalists (Hamilton) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) formed in the 1790s		us-early-republic
John Adams	Second president, 1797 to 1801		us-early-republic
XYZ Affair (1797)	French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats, angering the public		us-early-republic
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)	Laws that limited immigrants' rights and criticism of the government		us-early-republic
Election of 1800	Jefferson defeated Adams in a vote that moved power peacefully between parties		us-early-republic
Marbury v. Madison (1803)	Supreme Court case that set up judicial review		us-early-republic
Judicial review	The courts' power to decide that a law goes against the Constitution		us-early-republic
John Marshall	Chief Justice who made the Supreme Court a strong branch		us-early-republic
Louisiana Purchase (1803)	Jefferson bought land from France that doubled the size of the US		us-early-republic
Lewis and Clark Expedition	1804-1806 trip to explore the Louisiana Purchase and reach the Pacific		us-early-republic
Sacagawea	Shoshone woman who guided and helped the Lewis and Clark expedition		us-early-republic
Corps of Discovery	Name for the Lewis and Clark exploring group		us-early-republic
Zebulon Pike	Army explorer who led an expedition in the Southwest and Rockies		us-early-republic
Embargo Act (1807)	Jefferson's ban on American trade with other countries		us-early-republic
Impressment	British practice of taking sailors off American ships to serve in its navy		us-early-republic
War Hawks	Young Congress members who pushed for war with Britain in 1812		us-early-republic
War of 1812	War between the US and Britain, 1812 to 1815		us-early-republic
Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who built a Native alliance to resist settlers' expansion		us-early-republic
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)	William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's followers in Indiana		us-early-republic
USS Constitution	Warship nicknamed Old Ironsides for its strong hull		us-early-republic
Burning of Washington (1814)	British troops set fire to the Capitol and White House		us-early-republic
Francis Scott Key	Wrote the words of The Star-Spangled Banner while watching Fort McHenry in 1814		us-early-republic
Fort McHenry	Baltimore fort that withstood British bombardment in 1814		us-early-republic
Dolley Madison	First lady who saved a portrait of Washington when the White House burned		us-early-republic
Treaty of Ghent (1814)	Treaty that ended the War of 1812		us-early-republic
Battle of New Orleans (1815)	Andrew Jackson's victory, fought after the treaty was signed		us-early-republic
Era of Good Feelings	Period around 1817-1825 of national pride and one dominant party		us-early-republic
James Monroe	Fifth president, 1817 to 1825		us-early-republic
Monroe Doctrine (1823)	Warned European powers not to colonize the Americas		us-early-republic
Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; set a line for slavery's spread		us-early-republic
Erie Canal (1825)	Canal linking the Hudson River to Lake Erie, speeding trade		us-early-republic
Eli Whitney	Invented the cotton gin in 1793		us-early-republic
Cotton gin	Machine that quickly cleaned cotton seeds, which increased demand for enslaved labor		us-early-republic
Industrial Revolution begins	Early American factories, like Slater's mill in 1790, began making cloth		us-early-republic
Lowell mills	Massachusetts textile factories that employed young women		us-early-republic
Steamboat	Robert Fulton's Clermont made steam travel practical in 1807		us-early-republic
Market revolution	Growth of roads, canals and factories that tied farms to markets		us-early-republic
Andrew Jackson	Seventh president, 1829 to 1837; champion of the 'common man'		us-early-republic
Jacksonian democracy	Expansion of voting rights to most white men, regardless of wealth		us-early-republic
Spoils system	Giving government jobs to loyal supporters		us-early-republic
Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that led to forcing Native nations from southeastern lands		us-early-republic
Trail of Tears	Forced march of the Cherokee and other nations to Indian Territory in the 1830s		us-early-republic
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	Supreme Court said states could not rule Cherokee land; Jackson did not enforce it		us-early-republic
Nullification Crisis	South Carolina tried to cancel a federal tariff in 1832		us-early-republic
John C. Calhoun	South Carolinian who defended states' power to nullify federal laws		us-early-republic
Second Great Awakening	Religious revival of the early 1800s that inspired reform movements		us-early-republic
Abolitionist	A person who wanted to end slavery		us-early-republic
Frederick Douglass	Escaped from slavery and became a famed writer, speaker and abolitionist		us-early-republic
William Lloyd Garrison	Boston editor who published The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper		us-early-republic
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)	First women's rights convention, in New York		us-early-republic
Underground Railroad	Secret network of people helping enslaved people reach freedom		us-early-republic
Harriet Tubman	Escaped slavery and guided many others to freedom on the Underground Railroad		us-early-republic
Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)	Virginia uprising by enslaved people led by Nat Turner		us-early-republic
Horace Mann	Reformer who promoted free public schools		us-early-republic
Dorothea Dix	Reformer who worked to improve care for people with mental illness		us-early-republic
Sequoyah	Created the Cherokee writing system in the 1820s		us-early-republic
Columbus reaches the Americas	1492		us-history-key-dates
Jamestown founded	1607		us-history-key-dates
Pilgrims land at Plymouth	1620		us-history-key-dates
First enslaved Africans arrive in Virginia	1619		us-history-key-dates
Salem witch trials	1692		us-history-key-dates
French and Indian War begins	1754		us-history-key-dates
Stamp Act	1765		us-history-key-dates
Boston Massacre	1770		us-history-key-dates
Boston Tea Party	1773		us-history-key-dates
Battles of Lexington and Concord	1775		us-history-key-dates
Declaration of Independence adopted	July 4, 1776		us-history-key-dates
Battle of Saratoga	1777		us-history-key-dates
Winter at Valley Forge	1777-1778		us-history-key-dates
British surrender at Yorktown	1781		us-history-key-dates
Treaty of Paris ends the Revolution	1783		us-history-key-dates
Constitutional Convention	1787		us-history-key-dates
George Washington becomes president	1789		us-history-key-dates
Bill of Rights ratified	1791		us-history-key-dates
Louisiana Purchase	1803		us-history-key-dates
Lewis and Clark expedition	1804-1806		us-history-key-dates
War of 1812 begins	1812		us-history-key-dates
Star-Spangled Banner written	1814		us-history-key-dates
Missouri Compromise	1820		us-history-key-dates
Monroe Doctrine	1823		us-history-key-dates
Erie Canal opens	1825		us-history-key-dates
Indian Removal Act	1830		us-history-key-dates
Battle of the Alamo	1836		us-history-key-dates
Seneca Falls Convention	1848		us-history-key-dates
California Gold Rush begins	1848		us-history-key-dates
Mexican-American War ends	1848		us-history-key-dates
Compromise of 1850	1850		us-history-key-dates
Dred Scott decision	1857		us-history-key-dates
Lincoln elected president	1860		us-history-key-dates
Fort Sumter attacked	1861		us-history-key-dates
Emancipation Proclamation	1863		us-history-key-dates
Battle of Gettysburg	1863		us-history-key-dates
Lee surrenders at Appomattox	1865		us-history-key-dates
Lincoln assassinated	1865		us-history-key-dates
13th Amendment ratified	1865		us-history-key-dates
Alaska purchased from Russia	1867		us-history-key-dates
Transcontinental railroad completed	1869		us-history-key-dates
Telephone patented	1876		us-history-key-dates
Battle of Little Bighorn	1876		us-history-key-dates
Light bulb perfected by Edison	1879		us-history-key-dates
Statue of Liberty dedicated	1886		us-history-key-dates
Ellis Island opens	1892		us-history-key-dates
Plessy v. Ferguson	1896		us-history-key-dates
Spanish-American War	1898		us-history-key-dates
Wright brothers' first flight	1903		us-history-key-dates
World War I begins in Europe	1914		us-history-key-dates
US enters World War I	1917		us-history-key-dates
19th Amendment (women's suffrage)	1920		us-history-key-dates
Stock market crash	1929		us-history-key-dates
Franklin Roosevelt elected; New Deal begins	1932-1933		us-history-key-dates
Social Security Act	1935		us-history-key-dates
Pearl Harbor attacked	December 7, 1941		us-history-key-dates
D-Day	June 6, 1944		us-history-key-dates
World War II ends	1945		us-history-key-dates
Marshall Plan	1948		us-history-key-dates
Korean War begins	1950		us-history-key-dates
Brown v. Board of Education	1954		us-history-key-dates
Montgomery Bus Boycott	1955-1956		us-history-key-dates
Sputnik launched	1957		us-history-key-dates
Cuban Missile Crisis	1962		us-history-key-dates
March on Washington	1963		us-history-key-dates
JFK assassinated	1963		us-history-key-dates
Civil Rights Act	1964		us-history-key-dates
Voting Rights Act	1965		us-history-key-dates
Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated	1968		us-history-key-dates
First Moon landing	1969		us-history-key-dates
Nixon resigns	1974		us-history-key-dates
Fall of Saigon	1975		us-history-key-dates
Berlin Wall falls	1989		us-history-key-dates
Soviet Union dissolves	1991		us-history-key-dates
September 11 attacks	2001		us-history-key-dates
Barack Obama elected	2008		us-history-key-dates
Colony	A territory ruled by another country		us-history-vocabulary
Settler	A person who moves to and lives in a new place		us-history-vocabulary
Immigrant	A person who moves to a new country to live		us-history-vocabulary
Emigrant	A person who leaves one country to live in another		us-history-vocabulary
Pioneer	One of the first people to settle in a new area		us-history-vocabulary
Frontier	The edge of settled land		us-history-vocabulary
Territory	Land owned by a country but not yet a state		us-history-vocabulary
Statehood	Becoming one of the states		us-history-vocabulary
Expansion	Growth in size or reach		us-history-vocabulary
Annex	To add a territory to a country		us-history-vocabulary
Treaty	A formal agreement between nations		us-history-vocabulary
Alliance	A partnership among nations or groups		us-history-vocabulary
Neutral	Not taking a side in a conflict		us-history-vocabulary
Revolution	A sudden, major change, often in government		us-history-vocabulary
Rebellion	An open fight against authority		us-history-vocabulary
Independence	Freedom from outside control		us-history-vocabulary
Patriot	A person who loves and supports their country		us-history-vocabulary
Loyalist	A colonist who supported Britain		us-history-vocabulary
Tax	Money people pay to support the government		us-history-vocabulary
Tariff	A tax on goods from other countries		us-history-vocabulary
Boycott	Refusing to buy or use something as a protest		us-history-vocabulary
Embargo	A government ban on trade with a country		us-history-vocabulary
Constitution	The written plan for a country's government and laws		us-history-vocabulary
Amendment	A change or addition to the Constitution		us-history-vocabulary
Ratify	To formally approve		us-history-vocabulary
Federal	Having to do with the national government		us-history-vocabulary
Federalism	Power shared between national and state governments		us-history-vocabulary
Republic	A government where people elect representatives		us-history-vocabulary
Democracy	Government by the people, through voting		us-history-vocabulary
Monarchy	Government led by a king or queen		us-history-vocabulary
Dictator	A ruler with total power		us-history-vocabulary
Compromise	Each side gives up something to reach an agreement		us-history-vocabulary
Abolish	To officially end something		us-history-vocabulary
Abolitionist	Someone who worked to end slavery		us-history-vocabulary
Slavery	The forced ownership and unpaid labor of people		us-history-vocabulary
Emancipation	Freeing people from slavery		us-history-vocabulary
Secede	To formally withdraw from a group or country		us-history-vocabulary
Union	The states that stayed with the US during the Civil War; also the nation		us-history-vocabulary
Confederate	Belonging to the Confederacy		us-history-vocabulary
Civil war	A war between groups within the same country		us-history-vocabulary
Reconstruction	The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War		us-history-vocabulary
Sharecropper	A farmer who pays rent with part of the crop		us-history-vocabulary
Segregation	Forced separation of people by race		us-history-vocabulary
Discrimination	Unfair treatment based on identity		us-history-vocabulary
Suffrage	The right to vote		us-history-vocabulary
Suffragist	A person who worked for voting rights, especially for women		us-history-vocabulary
Industry	Business that makes goods, often in factories		us-history-vocabulary
Factory	A building where goods are made with machines		us-history-vocabulary
Urban	Having to do with cities		us-history-vocabulary
Rural	Having to do with the countryside		us-history-vocabulary
Monopoly	Complete control of a product or service by one business		us-history-vocabulary
Union (labor)	A group of workers organized to protect their interests		us-history-vocabulary
Strike	Workers stop working to demand change		us-history-vocabulary
Reform	To improve something by changing it		us-history-vocabulary
Progressive	Favoring reform, as in the Progressive Era		us-history-vocabulary
Depression	A long period of very weak economy and high unemployment		us-history-vocabulary
Inflation	A general rise in prices		us-history-vocabulary
Recession	A shorter, milder slump in the economy		us-history-vocabulary
Ration	To limit how much people can have of something scarce		us-history-vocabulary
Draft	A system that requires people to serve in the military		us-history-vocabulary
Propaganda	Information used to push a view, often one-sided		us-history-vocabulary
Cold War	Rivalry between the US and USSR without direct fighting between them		us-history-vocabulary
Communism	System where the state controls the economy and property		us-history-vocabulary
Containment	Policy to stop the spread of communism		us-history-vocabulary
Primary source	Evidence from the time, like a letter, photo or diary		us-history-vocabulary
Secondary source	A later account written about the past, like a textbook		us-history-vocabulary
Timeline	A line of events shown in order		us-history-vocabulary
Era	A long period of history with a common theme		us-history-vocabulary
Century	One hundred years		us-history-vocabulary
Decade	Ten years		us-history-vocabulary
Chronological order	Arranged in the order events happened		us-history-vocabulary
Cause	Why something happened		us-history-vocabulary
Effect	What happened because of an event		us-history-vocabulary
Legacy	What is left behind for the future		us-history-vocabulary
Heritage	Traditions and history passed down		us-history-vocabulary
Landmark	A place or event of historic importance		us-history-vocabulary
Memorial	Something built to remember a person or event		us-history-vocabulary
Artifact	An object made by people long ago		us-history-vocabulary
Historian	A person who studies the past		us-history-vocabulary
Archaeologist	A scientist who studies the past by digging up objects		us-history-vocabulary
Led the Continental Army and was the first president	George Washington		us-presidents-facts
Second president; his son also became president	John Adams		us-presidents-facts
Wrote the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase	Thomas Jefferson		us-presidents-facts
Called the Father of the Constitution	James Madison		us-presidents-facts
Warned European nations away from the Americas in 1823	James Monroe		us-presidents-facts
Son of the second president, he was the sixth	John Quincy Adams		us-presidents-facts
Hero of the Battle of New Orleans; started the 'common man' era	Andrew Jackson		us-presidents-facts
Served only one month in 1841 and died	William Henry Harrison		us-presidents-facts
President during the Mexican-American War and the Oregon Treaty	James K. Polk		us-presidents-facts
Led the nation during the Civil War and signed the Emancipation Proclamation	Abraham Lincoln		us-presidents-facts
First president to be impeached by the House	Andrew Johnson		us-presidents-facts
Civil War general who became the 18th president	Ulysses S. Grant		us-presidents-facts
Shot in 1881 and died months later	James A. Garfield		us-presidents-facts
Only president to serve two separate terms	Grover Cleveland		us-presidents-facts
President when the Spanish-American War happened	William McKinley		us-presidents-facts
Youngest person to become president, at age 42	Theodore Roosevelt		us-presidents-facts
Teddy bear was named after him	Theodore Roosevelt		us-presidents-facts
Only person to be both president and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court	William Howard Taft		us-presidents-facts
Led the US in World War I and proposed the League of Nations	Woodrow Wilson		us-presidents-facts
President at the start of the Great Depression	Herbert Hoover		us-presidents-facts
Only president elected four times	Franklin D. Roosevelt		us-presidents-facts
Led the nation through the Depression and most of World War II	Franklin D. Roosevelt		us-presidents-facts
Ordered the atomic bombs used to end World War II	Harry S. Truman		us-presidents-facts
Supreme Allied commander in WWII who became president	Dwight D. Eisenhower		us-presidents-facts
Started the Interstate Highway System	Dwight D. Eisenhower		us-presidents-facts
Youngest person elected president, at age 43	John F. Kennedy		us-presidents-facts
First Catholic president	John F. Kennedy		us-presidents-facts
President during the Cuban Missile Crisis	John F. Kennedy		us-presidents-facts
Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964	Lyndon B. Johnson		us-presidents-facts
President when Americans first walked on the Moon	Richard Nixon		us-presidents-facts
Only president to resign from office	Richard Nixon		us-presidents-facts
Became president after Nixon resigned, without being elected president or vice president	Gerald Ford		us-presidents-facts
Peanut farmer from Georgia who became the 39th president	Jimmy Carter		us-presidents-facts
Former actor and California governor who became president in 1981	Ronald Reagan		us-presidents-facts
President when the Berlin Wall fell	George H. W. Bush		us-presidents-facts
President in the 1990s who was the 42nd	Bill Clinton		us-presidents-facts
Son of the 41st president, he became the 43rd	George W. Bush		us-presidents-facts
First Black president	Barack Obama		us-presidents-facts
Presidents' term length	Four years		us-presidents-facts
Maximum terms for a president	Two elected terms, set by the 22nd Amendment (1951)		us-presidents-facts
Minimum age to be president	35 years old		us-presidents-facts
Who becomes president if the president cannot serve?	The vice president		us-presidents-facts
The White House	Home of the president at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC		us-presidents-facts
First president to live in the White House	John Adams		us-presidents-facts
Camp David	The president's country retreat in Maryland		us-presidents-facts
Air Force One	The airplane that carries the president		us-presidents-facts
Oval Office	The president's formal office in the White House		us-presidents-facts
Electoral College	The system of electors who formally choose the president		us-presidents-facts
Inauguration	Ceremony where a president takes the oath of office		us-presidents-facts
Inauguration Day	January 20 (since 1937)		us-presidents-facts
Veto	The president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress		us-presidents-facts
Executive order	A directive issued by the president that has the force of law		us-presidents-facts
Commander in chief	The president's role as head of the armed forces		us-presidents-facts
Cabinet	Leaders of major government departments who advise the president		us-presidents-facts
First lady	Title for the president's wife (so far); some have been active leaders		us-presidents-facts
Eleanor Roosevelt	First lady who held press conferences and wrote a newspaper column		us-presidents-facts
Dolley Madison	First lady known for hosting events and saving a portrait during the War of 1812		us-presidents-facts
Abigail Adams	First lady and trusted adviser to John Adams		us-presidents-facts
First president born a US citizen rather than a British subject	Martin Van Buren		us-presidents-facts
Taller than most, 6 feet 4 inches	Abraham Lincoln		us-presidents-facts
Protected millions of acres as national forests, parks and monuments	Theodore Roosevelt		us-presidents-facts
Mount Rushmore presidents	Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Lincoln		us-presidents-facts
President on the penny	Abraham Lincoln		us-presidents-facts
President on the nickel	Thomas Jefferson		us-presidents-facts
President on the dollar bill	George Washington		us-presidents-facts
President on the five-dollar bill	Abraham Lincoln		us-presidents-facts
President on the 50-dollar bill	Ulysses S. Grant		us-presidents-facts
President on the quarter	George Washington		us-presidents-facts
President on the dime	Franklin D. Roosevelt		us-presidents-facts
Born on the Fourth of July	Calvin Coolidge		us-presidents-facts
Died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration	Thomas Jefferson and John Adams		us-presidents-facts
Had a pet raccoon named Rebecca	Calvin Coolidge		us-presidents-facts
Won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1906	Theodore Roosevelt		us-presidents-facts
1st president	George Washington (1789-1797)		us-presidents-in-order
2nd president	John Adams (1797-1801)		us-presidents-in-order
3rd president	Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)		us-presidents-in-order
4th president	James Madison (1809-1817)		us-presidents-in-order
5th president	James Monroe (1817-1825)		us-presidents-in-order
6th president	John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)		us-presidents-in-order
7th president	Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)		us-presidents-in-order
8th president	Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)		us-presidents-in-order
9th president	William Henry Harrison (1841; died after one month)		us-presidents-in-order
10th president	John Tyler (1841-1845)		us-presidents-in-order
11th president	James K. Polk (1845-1849)		us-presidents-in-order
12th president	Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)		us-presidents-in-order
13th president	Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)		us-presidents-in-order
14th president	Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)		us-presidents-in-order
15th president	James Buchanan (1857-1861)		us-presidents-in-order
16th president	Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)		us-presidents-in-order
17th president	Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)		us-presidents-in-order
18th president	Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)		us-presidents-in-order
19th president	Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)		us-presidents-in-order
20th president	James A. Garfield (1881)		us-presidents-in-order
21st president	Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)		us-presidents-in-order
22nd president	Grover Cleveland (1885-1889; first of two separate terms)		us-presidents-in-order
23rd president	Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)		us-presidents-in-order
24th president	Grover Cleveland (1893-1897; the same man as the 22nd)		us-presidents-in-order
25th president	William McKinley (1897-1901)		us-presidents-in-order
26th president	Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)		us-presidents-in-order
27th president	William Howard Taft (1909-1913)		us-presidents-in-order
28th president	Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)		us-presidents-in-order
29th president	Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)		us-presidents-in-order
30th president	Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)		us-presidents-in-order
31st president	Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)		us-presidents-in-order
32nd president	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)		us-presidents-in-order
33rd president	Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)		us-presidents-in-order
34th president	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)		us-presidents-in-order
35th president	John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)		us-presidents-in-order
36th president	Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)		us-presidents-in-order
37th president	Richard Nixon (1969-1974)		us-presidents-in-order
38th president	Gerald Ford (1974-1977)		us-presidents-in-order
39th president	Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)		us-presidents-in-order
40th president	Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)		us-presidents-in-order
41st president	George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)		us-presidents-in-order
42nd president	Bill Clinton (1993-2001)		us-presidents-in-order
43rd president	George W. Bush (2001-2009)		us-presidents-in-order
44th president	Barack Obama (2009-2017)		us-presidents-in-order
45th president	Donald Trump (2017-2021; later also the 47th)		us-presidents-in-order
46th president	Joe Biden (2021-2025)		us-presidents-in-order
47th president	Donald Trump (Began a second term in 2025)		us-presidents-in-order
George Washington	1st president		us-presidents-in-order
John Adams	2nd president		us-presidents-in-order
Thomas Jefferson	3rd president		us-presidents-in-order
James Madison	4th president		us-presidents-in-order
James Monroe	5th president		us-presidents-in-order
John Quincy Adams	6th president		us-presidents-in-order
Andrew Jackson	7th president		us-presidents-in-order
Abraham Lincoln	16th president		us-presidents-in-order
Ulysses S. Grant	18th president		us-presidents-in-order
Theodore Roosevelt	26th president		us-presidents-in-order
Woodrow Wilson	28th president		us-presidents-in-order
Franklin D. Roosevelt	32nd president		us-presidents-in-order
Harry S. Truman	33rd president		us-presidents-in-order
Dwight D. Eisenhower	34th president		us-presidents-in-order
John F. Kennedy	35th president		us-presidents-in-order
Lyndon B. Johnson	36th president		us-presidents-in-order
Richard Nixon	37th president		us-presidents-in-order
Ronald Reagan	40th president		us-presidents-in-order
Bill Clinton	42nd president		us-presidents-in-order
Barack Obama	44th president		us-presidents-in-order
Grover Cleveland	22nd and 24th president		us-presidents-in-order
Herbert Hoover	31st president		us-presidents-in-order
Jimmy Carter	39th president		us-presidents-in-order
Andrew Johnson	17th president		us-presidents-in-order
Reconstruction	The years after the Civil War (1865-1877) when the South was rebuilt and rejoined the Union		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Freedmen's Bureau	Agency that helped formerly enslaved people with food, schools and work		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Black Codes	Southern laws that tried to limit the freedom of Black people after the war		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Thirteenth Amendment	Ended slavery in 1865		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Fourteenth Amendment	Gave citizenship and equal protection of the laws to people born in the US (1868)		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Fifteenth Amendment	Said the right to vote could not be denied because of race (1870)		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Radical Republicans	Congress members who wanted strong action to protect freed people		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Andrew Johnson	President who clashed with Congress and was impeached in 1868 but stayed in office		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Impeachment	Formal charges against an official that the House brings; the Senate holds the trial		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Civil Rights Act of 1866	First federal law to define citizenship and equal rights for Black Americans		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Reconstruction Acts (1867)	Divided the South into military districts and set rules to rejoin the Union		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Hiram Revels	First Black US senator, from Mississippi, in 1870		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Carpetbaggers	Name Southerners gave to Northerners who moved South after the war		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Scalawags	Name given to white Southerners who supported Reconstruction		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Sharecropping	System where farmers worked land for a share of the crop, often falling into debt		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Ku Klux Klan	Hate group formed in 1865 that used violence to stop Black Americans from voting		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Enforcement Acts	Laws of 1870-71 to protect voting rights and fight the Klan		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Compromise of 1877	Deal that made Rutherford Hayes president and ended Reconstruction		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Jim Crow laws	Southern laws that separated people by race		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Supreme Court allowed 'separate but equal' public facilities		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Historically Black colleges	Colleges like Howard and Fisk were founded to educate freed people		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Booker T. Washington	Educator who founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Gilded Age	Period of great wealth for a few and hardship for many, roughly 1870s to 1900		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Mark Twain	Author who named the era 'the Gilded Age' in a novel		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Industrialization	Growth of factories and machines making goods		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Robber barons	Critics' name for rich business owners accused of unfair practices		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Andrew Carnegie	Steel tycoon who later gave away millions to build libraries		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
John D. Rockefeller	Founder of Standard Oil, the largest oil company		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
J.P. Morgan	Banker who financed and organized huge companies		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Cornelius Vanderbilt	Railroad and shipping tycoon		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Monopoly	When one company controls an industry, leaving buyers little choice		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Trust	A group of companies joined to control a market		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)	Law meant to stop monopolies		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Laissez-faire	Idea that government should stay out of business		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Thomas Edison	Inventor of the practical light bulb and a research laboratory at Menlo Park		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Alexander Graham Bell	Patented the telephone in 1876		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Bessemer process	Method for making steel cheaply and in large amounts		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Skyscraper	Tall steel-frame building; first rose in Chicago in the 1880s		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Electric streetcar	Let cities spread outward		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Urbanization	Growth of cities		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Tenement	Crowded city apartment building, often with poor light and air		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Jacob Riis	Photographer who showed the crowded lives of poor people in New York		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Jane Addams	Founded Hull House in Chicago to help immigrants and the poor		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Settlement house	Community center in a poor neighborhood offering classes and care		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Ellis Island	New York immigration station that opened in 1892		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Statue of Liberty	Gift from France, dedicated in 1886		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Angel Island	California immigration station that mostly processed Asian immigrants		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Nativism	Favoring native-born people over immigrants		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Old immigrants	Mostly from northern and western Europe		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
New immigrants	Late 1800s arrivals from southern and eastern Europe, like Italy and Poland		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Labor union	A group of workers who join to ask for better pay and conditions		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
American Federation of Labor	Union group led by Samuel Gompers that organized skilled workers		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Samuel Gompers	Founding leader of the AFL		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Strike	Workers refusing to work until their demands are met		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Haymarket Affair (1886)	A Chicago labor rally ended in a bomb blast and deaths		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Homestead Strike (1892)	Steelworkers' strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie Steel		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Pullman Strike (1894)	Railroad workers' strike that stopped trains across the nation		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Eugene Debs	Leader of the American Railway Union during the Pullman Strike		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Child labor	Children working in mines and factories, common before reform laws		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Populist Party	1890s farmers' party that wanted silver coins, regulation of railroads and an income tax		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
William Jennings Bryan	Populist-backed candidate famous for the 'Cross of Gold' speech in 1896		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Gold standard	Money system where paper money is tied to gold		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Political machine	Organization that controlled a city's government, such as Tammany Hall		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Boss Tweed	Leader of Tammany Hall in New York, jailed for corruption		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Spoils system	Giving government jobs to supporters		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Pendleton Act (1883)	Created a civil service system where jobs go by merit		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
James Garfield	Twentieth president, shot in 1881 by a man who wanted a government job		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)	First law to regulate railroads		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Spanish-American War (1898)	War with Spain that gave the US Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
USS Maine	Battleship that exploded in Havana harbor in 1898, increasing calls for war		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Rough Riders	Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt in Cuba		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Annexation of Hawaii (1898)	The US took over the islands after Queen Liliuokalani was removed in 1893		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Queen Liliuokalani	Last queen of Hawaii		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Alaska Purchase (1867)	US bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Seward's Folly	Critics' mocking name for the Alaska purchase		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Progressive Era	Reform period from about 1890 to 1920		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Ida B. Wells	Journalist who wrote against lynching and for justice		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Susan B. Anthony	Leader of the fight for women's right to vote		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Centennial Exposition (1876)	World's fair in Philadelphia marking 100 years of independence		us-reconstruction-gilded-age
Roaring Twenties	The lively 1920s, a time of new products, jazz and rising prosperity for many		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Jazz Age	Nickname for the 1920s, when jazz music became popular		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Harlem Renaissance	1920s flowering of Black art, music and writing centered in Harlem, New York		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Langston Hughes	Poet of the Harlem Renaissance		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Louis Armstrong	Jazz trumpeter and singer who became a star in the 1920s		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Duke Ellington	Bandleader and composer who played at Harlem's Cotton Club		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Prohibition	Ban on making and selling alcohol, from 1920 to 1933		us-roaring-twenties-depression
18th Amendment	Started Prohibition		us-roaring-twenties-depression
21st Amendment	Ended Prohibition in 1933		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Speakeasy	Secret place that sold alcohol during Prohibition		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Flapper	Young woman of the 1920s known for short hair and modern fashion		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Charles Lindbergh	Made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic, in 1927		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Model T	Henry Ford's affordable car, first sold in 1908		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Assembly line	Factory method where a product moves past workers, each doing one job		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Henry Ford	Car maker who made automobiles cheap enough for many families		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Mass production	Making large amounts of goods quickly using standard parts		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Radio	New in the 1920s; families gathered to hear music, news and ball games		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Babe Ruth	Baseball star who hit 60 home runs in 1927		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Installment plan	Buying now and paying in small payments over time		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Red Scare (1919-20)	Fear of communists and radicals after World War I		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Immigration quotas	1920s laws limiting how many people could come from each country		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Scopes Trial (1925)	Tennessee trial over teaching evolution in public schools		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Calvin Coolidge	President from 1923 to 1929, known for supporting business		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Herbert Hoover	President when the Great Depression began		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Stock market	Place where shares in companies are bought and sold		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Buying on margin	Buying stocks with borrowed money		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Stock market crash (1929)	Stock prices fell sharply in October 1929, starting the Great Depression		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Black Tuesday	October 29, 1929, one of the worst days of the crash		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Great Depression	Severe economic slump in the 1930s with many job losses		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Unemployment	When people who want jobs cannot find them		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Bank run	When many people try to withdraw money at once, and banks fail		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Hoovervilles	Camps of shacks for homeless people during the Depression		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Bread line	Line of hungry people waiting for free food		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Soup kitchen	Place serving free meals to people in need		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Dust Bowl	1930s drought and dust storms across the southern Plains		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Black Sunday (1935)	April 14, a giant dust storm on the Plains		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Okies	Nickname for people who left Oklahoma and nearby states for California		us-roaring-twenties-depression
The Grapes of Wrath	John Steinbeck's novel about a family leaving the Dust Bowl		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Dorothea Lange	Photographer whose pictures such as 'Migrant Mother' showed Depression hardship		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Bonus Army (1932)	Veterans who marched to Washington asking for early payment of a bonus		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Smoot-Hawley Tariff	1930 law raising taxes on imported goods, which hurt world trade		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Elected in 1932; promised a New Deal		us-roaring-twenties-depression
New Deal	Roosevelt's programs for relief, recovery and reform		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Fireside chats	Roosevelt's radio talks explaining his plans in a calm voice		us-roaring-twenties-depression
First hundred days	Spring 1933, when Congress passed many New Deal laws quickly		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Bank holiday (1933)	Roosevelt closed banks briefly to check which were safe		us-roaring-twenties-depression
FDIC	Created in 1933 to insure bank deposits		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Civilian Conservation Corps	Gave young men jobs planting trees and building parks		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Works Progress Administration	Gave jobs building roads, schools and public art		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Tennessee Valley Authority	Built dams and brought electricity to the Tennessee River region		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Social Security Act (1935)	Created pensions for older Americans and help for the unemployed		us-roaring-twenties-depression
SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission, which oversees stock markets, formed in 1934		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Wagner Act (1935)	Protected workers' right to form unions		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)	Set a minimum wage and a maximum workweek and limited child labor		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Eleanor Roosevelt	First lady who spoke out for the poor and for civil rights		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Mary McLeod Bethune	Educator who advised FDR and led efforts on Black youth issues		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Frances Perkins	First woman in a US cabinet, Secretary of Labor under FDR		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Huey Long	Louisiana senator who proposed the Share Our Wealth plan		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Court-packing plan (1937)	Roosevelt's failed plan to add more Supreme Court justices		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Hindenburg disaster (1937)	German airship burst into flames in New Jersey		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Amelia Earhart	Pilot who flew solo across the Atlantic in 1932 and vanished in 1937		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Jesse Owens	Track star who won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Joe Louis	Heavyweight boxing champion who became a national hero		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Radio dramas	Shows like The Shadow and Fibber McGee entertained families		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Gone with the Wind	1939 film that won many Academy Awards		us-roaring-twenties-depression
The Wizard of Oz	Film released in 1939		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Monopoly game	Board game that became popular during the Depression		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Hoover Dam	Huge dam on the Colorado River finished in 1936		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Golden Gate Bridge	San Francisco bridge opened in 1937		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Empire State Building	New York skyscraper opened in 1931, then the world's tallest		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Recession	A period of falling business activity and rising unemployment		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Deflation	A general fall in prices		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Relief, recovery, reform	The three Rs: the main goals of the New Deal		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Mexican repatriation	In the 1930s many Mexican Americans were pressured or forced to leave the US		us-roaring-twenties-depression
End of the Depression	Defense spending for World War II finally brought full employment		us-roaring-twenties-depression
Manifest Destiny	1840s belief that the US was meant to spread across the continent		us-westward-expansion
Oregon Trail	Overland route of about 2,000 miles from Missouri to Oregon, used by wagon trains		us-westward-expansion
Wagon train	A group of covered wagons traveling west together		us-westward-expansion
Prairie schooner	Nickname for a covered wagon		us-westward-expansion
Pioneers	People who settled new lands ahead of others		us-westward-expansion
Independence, Missouri	A common starting town for the Oregon Trail		us-westward-expansion
Santa Fe Trail	Trade route from Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico		us-westward-expansion
Mormon Trail	Route Brigham Young led members of the Latter-day Saints to Utah in 1847		us-westward-expansion
Brigham Young	Led the Mormon pioneers to the Salt Lake Valley		us-westward-expansion
Texas Revolution (1835-36)	Texans fought to break away from Mexico		us-westward-expansion
The Alamo (1836)	Mission in San Antonio where Texan defenders fell after a 13-day siege		us-westward-expansion
Sam Houston	Led Texans to victory at San Jacinto and became president of the Republic of Texas		us-westward-expansion
Republic of Texas	Independent nation from 1836 to 1845		us-westward-expansion
Texas annexation (1845)	Texas joined the United States as a state		us-westward-expansion
Mexican-American War (1846-48)	War between the US and Mexico over Texas and western lands		us-westward-expansion
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)	Ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico gave up California, Nevada, Utah and more		us-westward-expansion
Mexican Cession	Land the US received from Mexico in 1848		us-westward-expansion
Gadsden Purchase (1853)	US bought a strip of land from Mexico for a southern rail route		us-westward-expansion
Oregon Treaty (1846)	Agreement with Britain that set the northwest border at the 49th parallel		us-westward-expansion
Gold Rush (1848-49)	Gold found at Sutter's Mill in California drew about 300,000 people		us-westward-expansion
Forty-niners	Gold seekers who came to California in 1849		us-westward-expansion
James Marshall	Found gold at Sutter's Mill in January 1848		us-westward-expansion
Prospector	A person who searches for valuable minerals		us-westward-expansion
Boomtown	A town that grows suddenly, often near a gold or silver find		us-westward-expansion
Ghost town	A town left empty after the mines or railroads moved on		us-westward-expansion
Comstock Lode	Huge silver discovery in Nevada in 1859		us-westward-expansion
Pony Express (1860-61)	Rider relay that carried mail between Missouri and California in about ten days		us-westward-expansion
Telegraph	Machine that sent messages by electric wire; it ended the Pony Express in 1861		us-westward-expansion
Homestead Act (1862)	Gave 160 acres free to settlers who farmed it for five years		us-westward-expansion
Homesteader	A settler who claimed land under the Homestead Act		us-westward-expansion
Sod house	Prairie home built of cut blocks of grass and soil		us-westward-expansion
Exodusters	Black families who moved from the South to Kansas in the 1870s		us-westward-expansion
Transcontinental railroad	Rail line across the US, completed in 1869		us-westward-expansion
Promontory Summit, Utah	Site where the two railroads joined in 1869 with a golden spike		us-westward-expansion
Union Pacific	Railroad company that built west from Nebraska		us-westward-expansion
Central Pacific	Railroad company that built east from California		us-westward-expansion
Chinese railroad workers	Thousands of immigrants who did dangerous work building the Central Pacific		us-westward-expansion
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)	Law that banned most Chinese immigration for ten years, then longer		us-westward-expansion
Cattle drive	Moving herds of cattle on foot to railroad towns		us-westward-expansion
Chisholm Trail	Route cattle drovers used from Texas to Kansas		us-westward-expansion
Cowboy	A worker who tends cattle on ranches and drives		us-westward-expansion
Vaquero	Mexican horseback herder whose methods shaped cowboy life		us-westward-expansion
Buffalo (bison)	Large grazing animal of the plains that Plains peoples depended on		us-westward-expansion
Great Plains	Wide grassland region in the middle of North America		us-westward-expansion
Plains Indians	Nations such as the Lakota, Cheyenne, Comanche and Crow who lived on the Plains		us-westward-expansion
Lakota Sioux	Plains nation of the northern plains and Black Hills		us-westward-expansion
Black Hills	Lakota sacred lands; gold found there in 1874 led to conflict		us-westward-expansion
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)	Promised the Black Hills to the Lakota; later broken		us-westward-expansion
Sitting Bull	Lakota leader who resisted giving up Plains lands		us-westward-expansion
Crazy Horse	Lakota war leader who fought at Little Bighorn		us-westward-expansion
Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)	Native warriors defeated Custer's troops in Montana		us-westward-expansion
George Custer	US Army officer killed at Little Bighorn		us-westward-expansion
Wounded Knee (1890)	Tragic killing of many Lakota people by US soldiers in South Dakota		us-westward-expansion
Reservation	Land set aside by treaty or law for Native nations to live on		us-westward-expansion
Dawes Act (1887)	Law that split reservation land into private plots, shrinking Native holdings		us-westward-expansion
Indian boarding schools	Schools that took Native children from families to change their culture		us-westward-expansion
Chief Joseph	Nez Perce leader who led a long retreat in 1877 and said he would fight no more forever		us-westward-expansion
Geronimo	Apache leader who resisted US forces in the Southwest		us-westward-expansion
Cherokee removal	Forced move of the Cherokee from their southeastern homes in the 1830s		us-westward-expansion
Donner Party	California-bound pioneers trapped by winter snow in 1846-47		us-westward-expansion
Whitman Mission	Missionary settlement in Oregon Country involved in tragic conflict in 1847		us-westward-expansion
Lewis and Clark	Explorers of the Louisiana Purchase 1804-1806 who opened interest in the West		us-westward-expansion
Louisiana Purchase	1803 land deal from France that opened the West		us-westward-expansion
Frontier	Edge of settled land, where few people lived		us-westward-expansion
Frederick Jackson Turner	Historian who argued in 1893 that the frontier shaped American life		us-westward-expansion
Annie Oakley	Sharpshooter famous in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show		us-westward-expansion
Buffalo Bill Cody	Showman whose Wild West show toured the US and Europe		us-westward-expansion
Laura Ingalls Wilder	Author of the Little House books about prairie childhood		us-westward-expansion
Mountain men	Trappers who lived in the Rockies and traded furs		us-westward-expansion
Jim Bridger	Mountain man and guide who knew the Rockies well		us-westward-expansion
Kit Carson	Scout and guide in the West		us-westward-expansion
Rocky Mountains	Mountain chain that wagon trains crossed through passes like South Pass		us-westward-expansion
South Pass	Wide Rocky Mountain gap in Wyoming used by the Oregon Trail		us-westward-expansion
Fort Laramie	Fort in Wyoming that served as a stop on the Oregon Trail		us-westward-expansion
Statehood for California (1850)	California entered as a free state after the Gold Rush		us-westward-expansion
Utah Territory	Settled by Mormon pioneers around Salt Lake City		us-westward-expansion
Land rush (1889)	Settlers raced to claim free lands in Oklahoma		us-westward-expansion
Oklahoma Territory	Opened to settlers by land runs beginning in 1889		us-westward-expansion
Barbed wire	Cheap fencing that let ranchers and farmers close off land in the 1870s		us-westward-expansion
Steel plow	John Deere's plow that could cut through tough prairie sod		us-westward-expansion
Windmill	Tool that pumped water for farms and ranches on dry plains		us-westward-expansion
World War I	Global war from 1914 to 1918 among the Allies and the Central Powers		us-world-wars
Allied Powers	Britain, France, Russia and later the US and Italy		us-world-wars
Central Powers	Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria		us-world-wars
Archduke Franz Ferdinand	Austrian heir whose 1914 assassination set off the war		us-world-wars
Neutrality	Not taking sides in a war; the US stayed neutral until 1917		us-world-wars
Lusitania (1915)	British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine, killing 128 Americans		us-world-wars
Zimmermann Telegram	Secret 1917 German message proposing an alliance with Mexico, which angered Americans		us-world-wars
US enters WWI (April 1917)	Congress declared war on Germany after submarine attacks		us-world-wars
Woodrow Wilson	President during World War I who proposed the Fourteen Points		us-world-wars
Fourteen Points	Wilson's plan for peace, including a League of Nations		us-world-wars
American Expeditionary Forces	US troops sent to Europe, led by General John Pershing		us-world-wars
John J. Pershing	Commander of US forces in Europe in WWI		us-world-wars
Trench warfare	Fighting from long ditches, common on the Western Front		us-world-wars
Armistice (Nov. 11, 1918)	Cease-fire that ended the fighting in World War I		us-world-wars
Treaty of Versailles	1919 peace treaty with Germany		us-world-wars
League of Nations	International group meant to keep peace; the US Senate refused to join		us-world-wars
Liberty bonds	War bonds citizens bought to lend money to the government		us-world-wars
Selective Service	System for drafting people into the military		us-world-wars
19th Amendment (1920)	Gave women the right to vote		us-world-wars
Great Migration	Millions of Black Americans moved from the South to northern cities, starting around 1916		us-world-wars
Rise of dictators	In the 1930s Hitler, Mussolini and others took power in Europe and Japan expanded in Asia		us-world-wars
World War II	Global war from 1939 to 1945		us-world-wars
Axis Powers	Germany, Italy and Japan		us-world-wars
Allies in WWII	Britain, the Soviet Union, the US, China and others		us-world-wars
Adolf Hitler	Nazi dictator of Germany who started the war		us-world-wars
Neutrality Acts	1930s laws trying to keep the US out of foreign wars		us-world-wars
Lend-Lease Act (1941)	Let the US supply weapons and goods to Allies		us-world-wars
Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941)	Japan's surprise attack on the US naval base in Hawaii		us-world-wars
Infamous date	FDR called December 7, 1941 'a date which will live in infamy'		us-world-wars
Franklin D. Roosevelt	President during most of the Depression and World War II		us-world-wars
Holocaust	Nazi Germany's murder of six million Jewish people and millions of others		us-world-wars
D-Day (June 6, 1944)	Allied landing in Normandy, France, the largest sea invasion ever		us-world-wars
Dwight Eisenhower	Supreme Allied commander in Europe; later president		us-world-wars
Normandy	Region of France where the D-Day landings occurred		us-world-wars
Battle of the Bulge (1944-45)	Germany's last big attack in the West, in Belgium		us-world-wars
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)	Victory in Europe: Germany surrendered		us-world-wars
Battle of Midway (1942)	Naval battle that turned the Pacific war toward the US		us-world-wars
Island hopping	US plan to take key Pacific islands and skip others		us-world-wars
Iwo Jima	Pacific island taken by US Marines in 1945; famous flag-raising photo		us-world-wars
Douglas MacArthur	General who led US forces in the Pacific		us-world-wars
Chester Nimitz	Admiral in charge of the US Pacific Fleet		us-world-wars
Manhattan Project	Secret US program that built the first atomic bombs		us-world-wars
Atomic bombs (Aug. 1945)	Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, before Japan's surrender		us-world-wars
V-J Day (Aug. 14-15, 1945)	Japan announced surrender; formal signing on September 2		us-world-wars
United Nations	International organization formed in 1945 to keep peace		us-world-wars
Home front	What people did at home to support the war		us-world-wars
Rationing	Limiting how much of items like sugar, gas and rubber people could buy		us-world-wars
Victory garden	Home vegetable garden planted to ease food shortages		us-world-wars
Rosie the Riveter	Symbol of women who worked in factories during the war		us-world-wars
War bonds	Savings bonds sold to help pay for the war		us-world-wars
Scrap drives	Families collected metal, rubber and paper for the war effort		us-world-wars
Tuskegee Airmen	Black fighter pilots who trained in Alabama and served with honor		us-world-wars
Navajo Code Talkers	Marines who used the Navajo language to send unbreakable messages		us-world-wars
442nd Regimental Combat Team	Japanese American unit that became the most decorated for its size		us-world-wars
Japanese American incarceration	Over 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced from their homes to camps; it is now seen as a grave injustice		us-world-wars
Executive Order 9066	1942 order that allowed the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast		us-world-wars
Women's Army Corps	Created in 1942 so women could serve in the Army		us-world-wars
WASP	Women Airforce Service Pilots, who flew military aircraft within the US		us-world-wars
G.I. Bill (1944)	Gave veterans help with college, loans and housing		us-world-wars
Yalta Conference (1945)	Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin planned the end of the war		us-world-wars
Winston Churchill	British prime minister during most of the war		us-world-wars
Joseph Stalin	Leader of the Soviet Union		us-world-wars
Harry Truman	Became president when FDR died in April 1945		us-world-wars
Marshall Plan (1948)	US aid that helped rebuild Western Europe		us-world-wars
Nuremberg Trials	Courts that tried Nazi leaders for war crimes		us-world-wars
Anne Frank	Jewish girl whose diary describes hiding from the Nazis in Amsterdam		us-world-wars
Code breaking	Allied codebreakers broke Axis codes and helped win key battles		us-world-wars
Radar	Technology using radio waves to find aircraft and ships		us-world-wars
Sgt. Alvin York	WWI soldier famed for bravery in the Argonne Forest		us-world-wars
Harlem Hellfighters	369th Infantry, a Black regiment that fought with French forces in WWI		us-world-wars
Spanish flu (1918)	Worldwide flu outbreak that killed millions near the end of WWI		us-world-wars
Red Cross in wartime	Helped wounded soldiers and war refugees		us-world-wars
Total war	When a country uses all its resources, including factories and citizens, for war		us-world-wars
Kush	Kingdom south of Egypt in Nubia; its rulers once ruled Egypt as the 25th dynasty		world-african-kingdoms
Meroe	Kushite capital famous for iron working and pyramids		world-african-kingdoms
Aksum (Axum)	Powerful trading kingdom in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea		world-african-kingdoms
Ezana	Aksumite king who adopted Christianity in the 300s		world-african-kingdoms
Stelae of Aksum	Tall carved stone monuments in Aksum		world-african-kingdoms
Ge'ez	Ancient language and script of Aksum, still used in church		world-african-kingdoms
Sahara	World's largest hot desert, crossed by trade caravans		world-african-kingdoms
Sahel	Dry grassland belt south of the Sahara		world-african-kingdoms
Savanna	Grassland with scattered trees		world-african-kingdoms
Trans-Saharan trade	Caravans carried gold and salt across the desert		world-african-kingdoms
Camel	Desert animal that made trade across the Sahara possible		world-african-kingdoms
Caravan	Group of traders traveling together		world-african-kingdoms
Salt	Valuable in West Africa; traded for gold		world-african-kingdoms
Gold	Mined in West Africa and traded to North Africa and beyond		world-african-kingdoms
Ghana Empire	West African trading empire, about 300-1100 CE (not today's Ghana)		world-african-kingdoms
Wagadu	Local name for the Ghana Empire		world-african-kingdoms
Kumbi Saleh	Ghana's capital and trading city		world-african-kingdoms
Mali Empire	Large West African empire that peaked in the 1300s		world-african-kingdoms
Sundiata Keita	Founder of the Mali Empire, about 1235		world-african-kingdoms
Epic of Sundiata	Story of the founder of Mali, told by griots		world-african-kingdoms
Griot	West African storyteller and keeper of history		world-african-kingdoms
Mansa	Title meaning 'king' in Mali		world-african-kingdoms
Mansa Musa	Mali's king famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324		world-african-kingdoms
Hajj	Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca		world-african-kingdoms
Timbuktu	Mali trading city and center of Islamic learning		world-african-kingdoms
Sankore	Mosque and university in Timbuktu		world-african-kingdoms
Djinguereber Mosque	Mud-brick mosque in Timbuktu, built in the 1300s		world-african-kingdoms
Manuscripts of Timbuktu	Hundreds of thousands of handwritten books on many subjects		world-african-kingdoms
Ibn Battuta	Moroccan traveler who visited Mali in the 1350s		world-african-kingdoms
Songhai Empire	Largest West African empire, 1400s-1591		world-african-kingdoms
Sunni Ali	Songhai ruler who built the empire and took Timbuktu		world-african-kingdoms
Askia the Great	Songhai ruler who strengthened the empire and promoted learning		world-african-kingdoms
Gao	Songhai capital on the Niger River		world-african-kingdoms
Battle of Tondibi (1591)	Moroccan forces with guns defeated Songhai		world-african-kingdoms
Niger River	Major river of West Africa		world-african-kingdoms
Great Zimbabwe	Stone city built in southern Africa, about 1100-1450		world-african-kingdoms
Zimbabwe (word)	From a word meaning 'stone houses' or 'venerated houses'		world-african-kingdoms
Shona	People linked to Great Zimbabwe		world-african-kingdoms
Swahili Coast	East African coast where African and Arab trade cultures blended		world-african-kingdoms
Kilwa	Wealthy Swahili trading city on an island		world-african-kingdoms
Swahili	Bantu language with many Arabic words, spoken in East Africa		world-african-kingdoms
Mombasa	Trading port on the Kenyan coast		world-african-kingdoms
Indian Ocean trade	Monsoon winds carried ships between Africa, Arabia and Asia		world-african-kingdoms
Dhow	Triangular-sail ship used on the Indian Ocean		world-african-kingdoms
Benin Kingdom	Forest kingdom in today's Nigeria with a strong ruler, the Oba		world-african-kingdoms
Oba	King of Benin		world-african-kingdoms
Benin Bronzes	Famous plaques and sculptures made by Benin artists		world-african-kingdoms
Ife	Yoruba city known for its fine brass and terra-cotta heads		world-african-kingdoms
Yoruba	People of southwestern Nigeria with a rich art tradition		world-african-kingdoms
Hausa city-states	Trading states in northern Nigeria, like Kano		world-african-kingdoms
Kanem-Bornu	Empire near Lake Chad, long-lasting		world-african-kingdoms
Ethiopia	African land with ancient Christian kingdoms and never colonized for long		world-african-kingdoms
Lalibela	Town in Ethiopia with churches carved from rock in the 1200s		world-african-kingdoms
Queen Nzinga	Ruler of Ndongo and Matamba who resisted Portuguese rule in the 1600s		world-african-kingdoms
Kongo Kingdom	Central African kingdom that traded with Portugal		world-african-kingdoms
Bantu migrations	Spread of Bantu-speaking peoples across much of Africa over centuries		world-african-kingdoms
Iron working	Skill that spread through sub-Saharan Africa and made tools stronger		world-african-kingdoms
Nok culture	Ancient culture of Nigeria known for terra-cotta sculpture		world-african-kingdoms
Transatlantic slave trade	Forced removal of millions of Africans to the Americas from the 1500s to the 1800s		world-african-kingdoms
Colonialism	Control of a land by a foreign power		world-african-kingdoms
Berlin Conference (1884-85)	European powers set rules for dividing Africa among themselves		world-african-kingdoms
Scramble for Africa	European takeover of most of Africa between 1880 and 1914		world-african-kingdoms
Shaka Zulu	Leader who built the powerful Zulu kingdom in the early 1800s		world-african-kingdoms
Menelik II	Ethiopian emperor who defeated Italy at Adwa in 1896		world-african-kingdoms
Battle of Adwa (1896)	Ethiopian victory that secured its independence		world-african-kingdoms
Kwame Nkrumah	Led Ghana to independence in 1957		world-african-kingdoms
Independence era	Most African countries gained independence between 1950 and 1975		world-african-kingdoms
Nelson Mandela	Anti-apartheid leader who became South Africa's first Black president		world-african-kingdoms
Apartheid	South African system of racial separation, ended in the early 1990s		world-african-kingdoms
Wangari Maathai	Kenyan environmentalist who founded the Green Belt Movement		world-african-kingdoms
Africa	Second-largest continent, with 54 countries		world-african-kingdoms
Yellow River (Huang He)	River where early Chinese civilization began		world-ancient-china
Yangtze River	China's longest river		world-ancient-china
Dynasty	A line of rulers from one family		world-ancient-china
Shang Dynasty	Early dynasty known for bronze and oracle bones, about 1600-1046 BCE		world-ancient-china
Oracle bones	Animal bones with the earliest Chinese writing, used to ask the gods questions		world-ancient-china
Zhou Dynasty	Long dynasty that introduced the idea of the Mandate of Heaven		world-ancient-china
Mandate of Heaven	Belief that Heaven gave a just ruler the right to rule and could take it away		world-ancient-china
Confucius	Teacher (551-479 BCE) who stressed respect, learning and good government		world-ancient-china
Confucianism	Philosophy of proper behavior, family loyalty and education		world-ancient-china
Filial piety	Respect and care for parents and elders		world-ancient-china
Daoism (Taoism)	Philosophy of living in harmony with nature, linked to Laozi		world-ancient-china
Laozi	Traditional author of the Daodejing		world-ancient-china
Yin and yang	Opposite forces that balance each other		world-ancient-china
Legalism	Philosophy that strong laws and harsh punishment keep order		world-ancient-china
Warring States Period	Time of war among rival Chinese states, ending in 221 BCE		world-ancient-china
Qin Dynasty	First dynasty to unite China, 221-206 BCE		world-ancient-china
Qin Shi Huang	First emperor of a unified China		world-ancient-china
Great Wall of China	Long defensive walls begun by Qin and rebuilt by later dynasties		world-ancient-china
Terra-cotta Army	Thousands of clay soldiers buried with Qin Shi Huang		world-ancient-china
Standardization	Qin made weights, measures, money and writing the same across China		world-ancient-china
Han Dynasty	Long dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) that expanded China and grew trade		world-ancient-china
Han Wudi	Han emperor who expanded the empire and started the Silk Road trade		world-ancient-china
Silk Road	Network of trade routes linking China with the Mediterranean		world-ancient-china
Zhang Qian	Han envoy whose travels helped open the Silk Road		world-ancient-china
Silk	Fine cloth made by silkworms; China kept the method secret for centuries		world-ancient-china
Paper	Invented in China, improved by Cai Lun around 105 CE		world-ancient-china
Printing	Woodblock printing began in China by the Tang era; movable type came later		world-ancient-china
Gunpowder	Developed in China, first used for fireworks and later for weapons		world-ancient-china
Compass	Magnetic tool invented in China for finding direction		world-ancient-china
Four Great Inventions	Paper, printing, gunpowder and the compass		world-ancient-china
Seismograph	Zhang Heng's device (132 CE) for detecting earthquakes		world-ancient-china
Civil service exam	Test used to choose government officials by merit		world-ancient-china
Tang Dynasty	618-907; a golden age of poetry, art and trade		world-ancient-china
Li Bai	Famous Tang poet		world-ancient-china
Du Fu	Tang poet known for poems about people's hardships		world-ancient-china
Wu Zetian	Only woman to rule China as emperor, in the Tang era		world-ancient-china
Chang'an	Tang capital, one of the world's biggest cities		world-ancient-china
Song Dynasty	960-1279; saw paper money, movable type and great cities		world-ancient-china
Paper money	First widely used in Song China		world-ancient-china
Grand Canal	Long waterway linking northern and southern China, begun in the Sui era		world-ancient-china
Sui Dynasty	Short dynasty that reunified China in 589 and built the Grand Canal		world-ancient-china
Mongols	Nomadic people who conquered China under Kublai Khan		world-ancient-china
Genghis Khan	Founder of the Mongol Empire		world-ancient-china
Kublai Khan	Mongol ruler who founded the Yuan Dynasty in 1271		world-ancient-china
Yuan Dynasty	Mongol-led dynasty in China, 1271-1368		world-ancient-china
Marco Polo	Italian merchant who wrote about his travels in Asia		world-ancient-china
Ming Dynasty	1368-1644; Chinese rule restored; built the Forbidden City		world-ancient-china
Zheng He	Admiral who led huge treasure fleets across the Indian Ocean in the early 1400s		world-ancient-china
Forbidden City	Imperial palace complex in Beijing		world-ancient-china
Beijing	Capital of China from the Ming era onward		world-ancient-china
Qing Dynasty	Last dynasty, 1644-1912, ruled by Manchus		world-ancient-china
Manchus	People from northeast China who founded the Qing		world-ancient-china
Queue	Braided hairstyle men were required to wear under the Qing		world-ancient-china
Opium Wars	Conflicts with Britain in the 1800s over trade that weakened Qing China		world-ancient-china
Taiping Rebellion	Massive 1850-1864 uprising during the Qing era		world-ancient-china
Boxer Rebellion	1899-1901 uprising against foreign influence		world-ancient-china
Puyi	Last emperor of China, who gave up the throne in 1912		world-ancient-china
Sun Yat-sen	Leader of the 1911 revolution that ended imperial rule		world-ancient-china
Republic of China	Government that began in 1912		world-ancient-china
Chinese characters	Writing system in which each symbol stands for a word or idea		world-ancient-china
Calligraphy	Art of beautiful brush writing		world-ancient-china
Abacus	Counting frame with beads		world-ancient-china
Acupuncture	Medicine practice using thin needles in the body		world-ancient-china
Porcelain	Fine ceramic called 'china' in English		world-ancient-china
Terraced rice paddies	Stepped fields for growing rice on hills		world-ancient-china
Rice	Main food in southern China		world-ancient-china
Millet	Main grain in early northern China		world-ancient-china
Tea	Drink used in China for thousands of years		world-ancient-china
Chinese New Year	Major holiday based on the lunar calendar		world-ancient-china
Lunar calendar	Calendar following the Moon's phases		world-ancient-china
Chinese zodiac	Twelve-year cycle of animals		world-ancient-china
Dragon	Symbol of imperial power and good fortune		world-ancient-china
Great Wall length	All its sections together measure thousands of miles		world-ancient-china
Shi Huangdi's tomb	Large burial complex near Xi'an		world-ancient-china
Xi'an	City near where the Terra-cotta Army was found in 1974		world-ancient-china
Han Chinese	Largest ethnic group in China		world-ancient-china
Peasant	Farmer; most people were peasants		world-ancient-china
Scholar-official	Educated person who served the government		world-ancient-china
Cultural Revolution	1966-1976 political campaign in China that caused great disruption		world-ancient-china
Nile River	Long river whose yearly flood made Egyptian farmland rich		world-ancient-egypt
Delta	Fan-shaped land where the Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea		world-ancient-egypt
Upper and Lower Egypt	The two regions joined as one kingdom around 3100 BCE		world-ancient-egypt
Narmer	King traditionally credited with uniting Egypt		world-ancient-egypt
Pharaoh	Ruler of ancient Egypt, seen as a god-king		world-ancient-egypt
Dynasty	A line of rulers from the same family		world-ancient-egypt
Old Kingdom	Period of the great pyramids, about 2686-2181 BCE		world-ancient-egypt
Middle Kingdom	Period of reunified and strong rule, about 2055-1650 BCE		world-ancient-egypt
New Kingdom	Period of Egypt's greatest power, about 1550-1070 BCE		world-ancient-egypt
Pyramid	Huge stone tomb built for a pharaoh		world-ancient-egypt
Great Pyramid of Giza	Built for Khufu; the tallest human-made structure for thousands of years		world-ancient-egypt
Khufu	Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid		world-ancient-egypt
Sphinx	Giant statue with a lion's body and a human head at Giza		world-ancient-egypt
Giza	Site near Cairo with the three famous pyramids		world-ancient-egypt
Imhotep	Architect of the first step pyramid, later honored as a god of healing		world-ancient-egypt
Step Pyramid of Djoser	Egypt's first large stone pyramid, at Saqqara		world-ancient-egypt
Mummy	A preserved body wrapped in cloth		world-ancient-egypt
Mummification	Process of drying and wrapping a body so it would last		world-ancient-egypt
Embalmer	Priest who prepared a body for burial		world-ancient-egypt
Canopic jars	Jars that held organs removed from a mummy		world-ancient-egypt
Sarcophagus	Stone coffin		world-ancient-egypt
Afterlife	Life believed to follow death		world-ancient-egypt
Book of the Dead	Spells and prayers placed in tombs to guide the dead		world-ancient-egypt
Valley of the Kings	Burial place of New Kingdom pharaohs near Luxor		world-ancient-egypt
Tutankhamun	Boy pharaoh whose nearly untouched tomb was found in 1922		world-ancient-egypt
Howard Carter	British archaeologist who found Tutankhamun's tomb		world-ancient-egypt
Hatshepsut	Female pharaoh who sent a famous trading expedition to Punt		world-ancient-egypt
Ramses II	Pharaoh who ruled for 66 years and built many monuments		world-ancient-egypt
Akhenaten	Pharaoh who promoted worship of one sun disk, Aten		world-ancient-egypt
Nefertiti	Queen and wife of Akhenaten, known for a famous bust		world-ancient-egypt
Cleopatra VII	Last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt		world-ancient-egypt
Ptolemaic Dynasty	Greek-speaking family that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great		world-ancient-egypt
Hieroglyphs	Egyptian picture writing		world-ancient-egypt
Rosetta Stone	Slab with the same text in three scripts, which helped decode hieroglyphs		world-ancient-egypt
Jean-Francois Champollion	French scholar who deciphered hieroglyphs in 1822		world-ancient-egypt
Papyrus	Paper-like writing material made from a river plant		world-ancient-egypt
Scribe	Trained writer who recorded information		world-ancient-egypt
Cartouche	Oval ring around a royal name in hieroglyphs		world-ancient-egypt
Ra	Sun god, one of the most important Egyptian gods		world-ancient-egypt
Osiris	God of the afterlife and rebirth		world-ancient-egypt
Isis	Goddess of magic and motherhood		world-ancient-egypt
Horus	Sky god shown as a falcon		world-ancient-egypt
Anubis	Jackal-headed god of embalming		world-ancient-egypt
Thoth	God of writing and wisdom		world-ancient-egypt
Hathor	Goddess of music, joy and love		world-ancient-egypt
Bastet	Cat goddess		world-ancient-egypt
Amun	God who became the king of gods in the New Kingdom		world-ancient-egypt
Ma'at	Goddess and idea of truth, balance and justice		world-ancient-egypt
Temple of Karnak	Giant temple complex in Thebes		world-ancient-egypt
Abu Simbel	Temples carved into a cliff by Ramses II		world-ancient-egypt
Thebes	Important southern capital, now Luxor		world-ancient-egypt
Memphis	Ancient capital near modern Cairo		world-ancient-egypt
Obelisk	Tall four-sided stone pillar topped with a point		world-ancient-egypt
Inundation	The Nile's yearly flood		world-ancient-egypt
Silt	Fine, rich soil left behind by the flood		world-ancient-egypt
Shaduf	Tool with a bucket on a pole used to lift water for fields		world-ancient-egypt
Irrigation	Bringing water to crops by canals		world-ancient-egypt
Emmer wheat	Ancient grain used to make bread		world-ancient-egypt
Linen	Cloth made from flax, common in Egyptian clothing		world-ancient-egypt
Kohl	Dark eye makeup that also helped reduce glare		world-ancient-egypt
Senet	Popular Egyptian board game		world-ancient-egypt
Cataracts of the Nile	Rocky rapids that made some stretches hard to sail		world-ancient-egypt
Nubia	Land to Egypt's south, a trade partner and sometimes rival		world-ancient-egypt
Kush	Powerful Nubian kingdom whose rulers once ruled Egypt		world-ancient-egypt
Hyksos	Foreign rulers who controlled northern Egypt around 1650 BCE		world-ancient-egypt
Chariot	Light two-wheeled cart pulled by horses, used in war		world-ancient-egypt
Sea Peoples	Groups of raiders who troubled Mediterranean lands around 1200 BCE		world-ancient-egypt
Alexander the Great	Conquered Egypt in 332 BCE		world-ancient-egypt
Alexandria	City founded by Alexander; home of a famous library and lighthouse		world-ancient-egypt
Pharos of Alexandria	Great lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders		world-ancient-egypt
Roman conquest of Egypt	Egypt became part of the Roman Empire in 30 BCE		world-ancient-egypt
Cat in Egypt	Cats were honored and protected		world-ancient-egypt
Deben	Weight unit used in trading goods		world-ancient-egypt
Barter	Trading goods without coins, as Egyptians often did		world-ancient-egypt
Social pyramid	Pharaoh at the top, then nobles and priests, scribes, craftspeople, farmers		world-ancient-egypt
Soldier	Army member; some became wealthy in the New Kingdom		world-ancient-egypt
Peasant farmers	Most people; worked the land and helped build monuments in the flood season		world-ancient-egypt
Pyramid workers	Paid, fed Egyptians who built the pyramids, not slaves as is commonly said		world-ancient-egypt
Ankh	Symbol meaning life		world-ancient-egypt
Polis	A Greek city-state with its own government		world-ancient-greece
Acropolis	High hill in a Greek city with temples; the Parthenon is on Athens's		world-ancient-greece
Parthenon	Temple to Athena in Athens, built in the 400s BCE		world-ancient-greece
Agora	Open marketplace and meeting place		world-ancient-greece
Athens	City-state known for democracy, art and learning		world-ancient-greece
Sparta	City-state known for its strong military		world-ancient-greece
Democracy	Government by the people; began in Athens		world-ancient-greece
Cleisthenes	Athenian leader who set up reforms that began democracy, about 508 BCE		world-ancient-greece
Citizen (Athens)	Free adult male born to Athenian parents; women and enslaved people could not vote		world-ancient-greece
Assembly	Athenian meeting where citizens voted on laws		world-ancient-greece
Pericles	Athenian leader in the Golden Age who sponsored the Parthenon		world-ancient-greece
Golden Age of Athens	The 400s BCE, rich in art, theater and ideas		world-ancient-greece
Oligarchy	Rule by a few people, as in Sparta		world-ancient-greece
Tyrant	A ruler who took power without a legal right		world-ancient-greece
Helots	Enslaved people who farmed for Spartans		world-ancient-greece
Spartan training	Boys left home around age seven to train in the military school called the agoge		world-ancient-greece
Persian Wars	Greek city-states fought Persia from 499 to 449 BCE		world-ancient-greece
Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)	Athens defeated a Persian force		world-ancient-greece
Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)	300 Spartans and allies held a narrow pass against Persia		world-ancient-greece
Battle of Salamis (480 BCE)	Greek ships won a sea battle against Persia		world-ancient-greece
Delian League	Alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens		world-ancient-greece
Peloponnesian War	War between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BCE; Sparta won		world-ancient-greece
Socrates	Philosopher who taught by asking questions		world-ancient-greece
Socratic method	Learning by asking and answering questions		world-ancient-greece
Plato	Student of Socrates who founded the Academy		world-ancient-greece
Aristotle	Student of Plato and teacher of Alexander; studied nearly every subject		world-ancient-greece
Philosophy	Greek for 'love of wisdom'		world-ancient-greece
Hippocrates	Physician called the father of medicine		world-ancient-greece
Euclid	Mathematician who wrote Elements, a famous geometry book		world-ancient-greece
Pythagoras	Greek thinker famous for the relationship of the sides of right triangles		world-ancient-greece
Archimedes	Greek scientist and inventor from Syracuse who explained levers and buoyancy		world-ancient-greece
Herodotus	Writer called the father of history		world-ancient-greece
Thucydides	Historian who wrote about the Peloponnesian War		world-ancient-greece
Homer	Poet traditionally credited with the Iliad and the Odyssey		world-ancient-greece
Iliad	Epic poem about the Trojan War		world-ancient-greece
Odyssey	Epic poem about Odysseus's long trip home		world-ancient-greece
Trojan Horse	Giant wooden horse in the myth used to enter Troy		world-ancient-greece
Aesop	Storyteller linked with fables like the Tortoise and the Hare		world-ancient-greece
Sophocles	Playwright who wrote Oedipus Rex		world-ancient-greece
Greek tragedy	Serious plays about heroes and their downfall		world-ancient-greece
Greek comedy	Funny plays; Aristophanes was a famous writer		world-ancient-greece
Amphitheater	Open-air theater with seats in a curve		world-ancient-greece
Olympic Games	Contests held at Olympia every four years, starting in 776 BCE by tradition		world-ancient-greece
Olympia	Site of the ancient Olympic Games		world-ancient-greece
Marathon (race)	Named for a legendary run from Marathon to Athens		world-ancient-greece
Zeus	King of the gods		world-ancient-greece
Hera	Queen of the gods, goddess of marriage		world-ancient-greece
Poseidon	God of the sea		world-ancient-greece
Hades	God of the underworld		world-ancient-greece
Athena	Goddess of wisdom and crafts; patron of Athens		world-ancient-greece
Apollo	God of music, light and healing		world-ancient-greece
Artemis	Goddess of the hunt and the Moon		world-ancient-greece
Ares	God of war		world-ancient-greece
Aphrodite	Goddess of love and beauty		world-ancient-greece
Hermes	Messenger of the gods		world-ancient-greece
Demeter	Goddess of the harvest		world-ancient-greece
Dionysus	God of wine and theater		world-ancient-greece
Hephaestus	God of fire and metalwork		world-ancient-greece
Hercules	Roman name for Heracles, a hero known for twelve labors		world-ancient-greece
Perseus	Hero who defeated Medusa		world-ancient-greece
Mount Olympus	Tallest mountain in Greece, home of the gods in myth		world-ancient-greece
Oracle of Delphi	Priestess who gave advice thought to come from Apollo		world-ancient-greece
Myth	Traditional story about gods and heroes		world-ancient-greece
Hoplite	Greek foot soldier with shield and spear		world-ancient-greece
Phalanx	Tight formation of soldiers with overlapping shields		world-ancient-greece
Trireme	Greek warship with three rows of oars		world-ancient-greece
Greek columns	Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles		world-ancient-greece
Amphora	Tall clay jar with two handles		world-ancient-greece
Alphabet	Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels		world-ancient-greece
Philip II	King of Macedonia who united Greece		world-ancient-greece
Alexander the Great	Philip's son who conquered Persia and reached India by 326 BCE		world-ancient-greece
Hellenistic Age	Era after Alexander when Greek culture spread across his lands		world-ancient-greece
Alexandria (Egypt)	City Alexander founded; later a center of learning		world-ancient-greece
Library of Alexandria	Famous ancient library in Egypt		world-ancient-greece
Colossus of Rhodes	Giant statue of the sun god, one of the Seven Wonders		world-ancient-greece
Roman conquest of Greece (146 BCE)	Rome took control of Greece		world-ancient-greece
Women in Athens	Could not vote; most worked at home		world-ancient-greece
Slavery in Greece	Enslaved people did much of the labor in many city-states		world-ancient-greece
Ostracism	Vote to send a citizen away from Athens for ten years		world-ancient-greece
Indus River	River in South Asia where an early civilization grew		world-ancient-india
Indus Valley Civilization	Early culture in today's Pakistan and India, about 2600-1900 BCE		world-ancient-india
Harappa	One of the main cities of the Indus Valley Civilization		world-ancient-india
Mohenjo-daro	Major Indus city with a planned layout and a Great Bath		world-ancient-india
Great Bath	Large water tank found at Mohenjo-daro		world-ancient-india
Grid plan	Streets laid out in straight lines, as in Indus cities		world-ancient-india
Indus script	Symbols on seals that have not yet been decoded		world-ancient-india
Seal	Small stone with an image used to mark goods		world-ancient-india
Drainage	Indus cities had covered drains for waste water		world-ancient-india
Monsoon	Seasonal wind that brings heavy rains to South Asia		world-ancient-india
Himalayas	Mountains north of the Indian subcontinent		world-ancient-india
Ganges River	Sacred river in northern India		world-ancient-india
Subcontinent	A large landmass that is part of a continent, like India		world-ancient-india
Vedic period	Era following the Indus cities when the Vedas were composed		world-ancient-india
Vedas	Oldest sacred texts of Hinduism		world-ancient-india
Sanskrit	Ancient language of India used in sacred and scholarly writing		world-ancient-india
Hinduism	Religion with many gods and ideas like karma and dharma		world-ancient-india
Brahman	Hindu idea of the universal spirit		world-ancient-india
Karma	Idea that actions have consequences		world-ancient-india
Dharma	Duty or right way of living		world-ancient-india
Reincarnation	Belief that souls are reborn in new lives		world-ancient-india
Moksha	Release from the cycle of rebirth		world-ancient-india
Upanishads	Texts about the nature of the self and the universe		world-ancient-india
Mahabharata	Long epic poem that includes the Bhagavad Gita		world-ancient-india
Bhagavad Gita	Section of the Mahabharata; a conversation about duty		world-ancient-india
Ramayana	Epic poem about Rama and Sita		world-ancient-india
Caste system	Division of society into groups by birth		world-ancient-india
Varna	Four traditional groupings: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras		world-ancient-india
Dalits	People historically outside the caste system, once called untouchables		world-ancient-india
Siddhartha Gautama	Prince who became the Buddha, about 500s-400s BCE		world-ancient-india
Buddha	Means 'awakened one'		world-ancient-india
Four Noble Truths	Buddhist teaching about suffering and how to end it		world-ancient-india
Eightfold Path	Buddhist guide to right living		world-ancient-india
Nirvana	Peace beyond suffering in Buddhism		world-ancient-india
Bodh Gaya	Place where the Buddha is said to have gained enlightenment		world-ancient-india
Jainism	Religion that strongly stresses nonviolence		world-ancient-india
Mahavira	Teacher who formed Jainism's main teachings		world-ancient-india
Ahimsa	Principle of not harming living beings		world-ancient-india
Mahajanapadas	Sixteen early Indian kingdoms and republics		world-ancient-india
Alexander in India	Alexander the Great reached the Indus region in 326 BCE		world-ancient-india
Chandragupta Maurya	Founded the Maurya Empire, about 321 BCE		world-ancient-india
Maurya Empire	First empire to unite most of India		world-ancient-india
Ashoka	Maurya emperor who embraced Buddhism and nonviolence		world-ancient-india
Ashoka's edicts	Messages carved on pillars and rocks about fair rule		world-ancient-india
Chakravartin	Wheel-turning ruler, an ideal king		world-ancient-india
Arthashastra	Ancient book on government and strategy, linked to Kautilya		world-ancient-india
Pataliputra	Capital of the Maurya Empire		world-ancient-india
Gupta Empire	Dynasty from about 320 to 550 CE, called a golden age		world-ancient-india
Chandragupta I	Founder of the Gupta Empire		world-ancient-india
Kalidasa	Great Sanskrit poet and playwright of the Gupta era		world-ancient-india
Aryabhata	Mathematician and astronomer who wrote about zero and Earth's rotation		world-ancient-india
Zero	Number concept developed in India that made modern math easier		world-ancient-india
Decimal system	Counting in base ten, developed in India		world-ancient-india
Hindu-Arabic numerals	The digits 0 to 9 that came from India and spread through the Arab world		world-ancient-india
Chess	Game that began in India as chaturanga		world-ancient-india
Iron pillar of Delhi	Ancient pillar that has hardly rusted		world-ancient-india
Ajanta caves	Rock-cut Buddhist caves with paintings		world-ancient-india
Ellora caves	Rock-cut temples of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths		world-ancient-india
Stupa	Dome-shaped Buddhist monument		world-ancient-india
Sushruta	Ancient Indian physician known for surgery		world-ancient-india
Ayurveda	Traditional Indian system of medicine		world-ancient-india
Yoga	Practice of body, breath and mind that began in India		world-ancient-india
Spice trade	Pepper and other spices from India were traded to many lands		world-ancient-india
Silk Road in India	Indian goods like cotton, spices and gems moved along trade routes		world-ancient-india
Delhi Sultanate	Muslim rulers in northern India, 1206-1526		world-ancient-india
Mughal Empire	Empire founded by Babur in 1526 that ruled much of India		world-ancient-india
Akbar	Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and a strong government		world-ancient-india
Shah Jahan	Mughal emperor who built the Taj Mahal		world-ancient-india
Taj Mahal	White marble tomb in Agra built in the 1600s		world-ancient-india
British East India Company	Trading company that gained great power in India		world-ancient-india
Mahatma Gandhi	Led India's nonviolent independence movement		world-ancient-india
Indian independence (1947)	India gained freedom from British rule and was partitioned into India and Pakistan		world-ancient-india
Partition (1947)	Division of British India into India and Pakistan		world-ancient-india
Diwali	Festival of lights, celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains		world-ancient-india
Sikhism	Religion founded by Guru Nanak in the 1400s in Punjab		world-ancient-india
Rome	City on the Tiber River in Italy that grew into a huge empire		world-ancient-rome
Romulus and Remus	Twin brothers in legend who founded Rome in 753 BCE		world-ancient-rome
Roman Republic	Government with elected officials, from 509 BCE to 27 BCE		world-ancient-rome
Roman Empire	Rome ruled by emperors, beginning in 27 BCE		world-ancient-rome
Senate	Council of powerful Romans who advised leaders and made laws		world-ancient-rome
Consul	One of two elected leaders of the Republic each year		world-ancient-rome
Patricians	Wealthy, noble Roman families		world-ancient-rome
Plebeians	Ordinary Roman citizens		world-ancient-rome
Tribune	Official who protected the rights of plebeians		world-ancient-rome
Twelve Tables	Rome's first written laws, about 450 BCE		world-ancient-rome
Punic Wars	Three wars between Rome and Carthage, 264-146 BCE		world-ancient-rome
Carthage	City in North Africa that rivaled Rome		world-ancient-rome
Hannibal	Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps with war elephants		world-ancient-rome
Scipio Africanus	Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202 BCE		world-ancient-rome
Julius Caesar	General and leader who won Gaul and ruled Rome as dictator		world-ancient-rome
Crossing the Rubicon	Caesar's 49 BCE move into Italy with his army, starting a civil war		world-ancient-rome
Ides of March	March 15, 44 BCE, when Caesar was killed by senators		world-ancient-rome
Dictator (Rome)	A leader given emergency power for a limited time		world-ancient-rome
Gaul	Roman name for lands in modern France		world-ancient-rome
Mark Antony	Roman general who allied with Cleopatra		world-ancient-rome
Augustus	Rome's first emperor; formerly Octavian		world-ancient-rome
Octavian	Caesar's adopted heir, who became Augustus		world-ancient-rome
Pax Romana	About 200 years of relative peace and prosperity, starting under Augustus		world-ancient-rome
Tiberius	Augustus's successor, second emperor		world-ancient-rome
Nero	Emperor during the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE		world-ancient-rome
Trajan	Emperor under whom the empire was largest, in 117 CE		world-ancient-rome
Hadrian	Emperor who built a wall across northern Britain		world-ancient-rome
Marcus Aurelius	Emperor and philosopher who wrote Meditations		world-ancient-rome
Constantine	Emperor who moved the capital to Constantinople and ended the persecution of Christians		world-ancient-rome
Constantinople	New eastern capital, now Istanbul		world-ancient-rome
Diocletian	Emperor who split rule of the empire for easier control		world-ancient-rome
Fall of Rome (476 CE)	Date often used for the end of the Western Roman Empire		world-ancient-rome
Byzantine Empire	Eastern Roman Empire that lasted until 1453		world-ancient-rome
Latin	Language of Rome; parent of Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian		world-ancient-rome
Roman numerals	Number system using I, V, X, L, C, D and M		world-ancient-rome
Legion	Main Roman army unit of about 5,000 soldiers		world-ancient-rome
Legionary	Roman soldier		world-ancient-rome
Centurion	Officer in charge of about 80 soldiers		world-ancient-rome
Gladius	Short sword used by Roman soldiers		world-ancient-rome
Testudo	Formation where soldiers locked shields into a shell		world-ancient-rome
Roman roads	Paved roads that connected the empire; 'all roads lead to Rome'		world-ancient-rome
Aqueduct	Bridge-like channel that carried water to cities		world-ancient-rome
Arch	Curved structure the Romans used widely in buildings		world-ancient-rome
Concrete	Strong building material the Romans developed		world-ancient-rome
Colosseum	Huge arena in Rome for public shows, finished in 80 CE		world-ancient-rome
Gladiator	Fighter who entertained crowds in arenas		world-ancient-rome
Circus Maximus	Large Roman racetrack for chariots		world-ancient-rome
Forum	Public square and center of Roman life		world-ancient-rome
Pantheon	Roman temple with a famous domed roof, rebuilt around 126 CE		world-ancient-rome
Baths	Public places to wash, relax and meet people		world-ancient-rome
Toga	Draped garment worn by Roman citizens		world-ancient-rome
Villa	Large country house of wealthy Romans		world-ancient-rome
Insula	Apartment building for ordinary city residents		world-ancient-rome
Slavery in Rome	Millions of people were enslaved; many were prisoners of war		world-ancient-rome
Spartacus	Gladiator who led a large slave revolt from 73 to 71 BCE		world-ancient-rome
Jupiter	King of the Roman gods		world-ancient-rome
Juno	Queen of the gods		world-ancient-rome
Mars	Roman god of war		world-ancient-rome
Venus	Roman goddess of love		world-ancient-rome
Neptune	Roman god of the sea		world-ancient-rome
Minerva	Roman goddess of wisdom		world-ancient-rome
Pompeii	Roman city buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE		world-ancient-rome
Mount Vesuvius	Volcano near Naples that destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum		world-ancient-rome
Pliny the Younger	Roman who wrote an eyewitness account of the Vesuvius eruption		world-ancient-rome
Virgil	Poet who wrote the Aeneid		world-ancient-rome
Aeneid	Epic poem about Aeneas, a Trojan hero linked to Rome's founding		world-ancient-rome
Cicero	Famous Roman speaker and writer		world-ancient-rome
Christianity in Rome	Spread through the empire and became the official religion in 380 CE		world-ancient-rome
Edict of Milan (313 CE)	Declared tolerance for Christians		world-ancient-rome
Roman law	Basis for many modern legal ideas, such as being innocent until proven guilty		world-ancient-rome
Republic's check and balance	Two consuls could each veto the other		world-ancient-rome
Citizenship	Rome gradually extended citizenship to many conquered peoples		world-ancient-rome
Mare Nostrum	Latin for 'our sea', Rome's name for the Mediterranean		world-ancient-rome
Visigoths	Germanic people who sacked Rome in 410 CE		world-ancient-rome
Attila the Hun	Leader of the Huns who threatened Rome in the 400s		world-ancient-rome
Romulus Augustulus	Last emperor of the Western Roman Empire		world-ancient-rome
Roman calendar	Julius Caesar introduced the 365-day Julian calendar in 45 BCE		world-ancient-rome
Month names	July is named for Julius Caesar and August for Augustus		world-ancient-rome
Hadrian's Wall	Defensive wall in northern England built from 122 CE		world-ancient-rome
Enlightenment	18th-century movement that valued reason, science and individual rights		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Age of Reason	Another name for the Enlightenment		world-enlightenment-revolutions
John Locke	English thinker who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty and property		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Natural rights	Rights people have simply by being human		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Social contract	Idea that governments get their power from agreement with the governed		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Thomas Hobbes	Wrote Leviathan; argued people need a strong ruler to avoid chaos		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Montesquieu	French thinker who urged separation of powers		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Separation of powers	Dividing government into branches so none has too much power		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Voltaire	French writer who defended freedom of speech and religion		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Wrote The Social Contract; said the general will of the people should rule		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Mary Wollstonecraft	Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Adam Smith	Wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), about markets and free trade		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Isaac Newton	Described gravity and the laws of motion		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Scientific Revolution	Era of new discoveries in astronomy, physics and medicine		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Salons	Gatherings where thinkers discussed ideas		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Encyclopedia	Diderot edited a French encyclopedia collecting knowledge		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Enlightened despots	Rulers who followed some Enlightenment ideas but kept power, like Catherine the Great		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Absolute monarchy	Government where a king or queen has total power		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Louis XIV	French Sun King, ruled 1643-1715, built Versailles		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Versailles	Grand palace outside Paris		world-enlightenment-revolutions
English Civil War	1642-1651 conflict between king and Parliament		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Glorious Revolution (1688)	Parliament replaced King James II with William and Mary peacefully		world-enlightenment-revolutions
English Bill of Rights (1689)	Limited the monarch's power and protected Parliament's rights		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Constitutional monarchy	King or queen with powers limited by law		world-enlightenment-revolutions
American Revolution	Colonies won independence from Britain, 1775-1783		world-enlightenment-revolutions
French Revolution	1789 uprising that ended the monarchy in France		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Estates	Three social groups in France: clergy, nobles and everyone else		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Third Estate	Common people, the vast majority of the French population		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Estates-General	French assembly called in 1789 that began the Revolution		world-enlightenment-revolutions
National Assembly	Group formed by the Third Estate in 1789		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)	Crowd attacked a Paris prison, a symbol of royal power		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen	1789 French document of rights		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Liberty, equality, fraternity	Slogan of the French Revolution		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Louis XVI	French king executed in 1793		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Marie Antoinette	Queen of France, executed in 1793		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Guillotine	Device used for executions during the Revolution		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Reign of Terror (1793-94)	Period of extreme violence led by Robespierre		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Robespierre	Revolutionary leader of the Terror, later executed		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Napoleon Bonaparte	Army general who took power in France in 1799		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Napoleonic Code	French legal code that spread ideas of legal equality		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Emperor Napoleon	Crowned himself emperor in 1804		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Battle of Waterloo (1815)	Napoleon's final defeat, in Belgium		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Duke of Wellington	British commander who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Congress of Vienna (1815)	European leaders tried to restore order after Napoleon		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Haitian Revolution	Enslaved people in Haiti rebelled and won independence in 1804		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Toussaint Louverture	Leader of the Haitian Revolution		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Haiti	First nation led by formerly enslaved people to win independence		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Simon Bolivar	Led independence movements in northern South America		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Jose de San Martin	Led liberation efforts in Argentina, Chile and Peru		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Miguel Hidalgo	Priest who began Mexico's fight for independence in 1810		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Mexican independence	Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Brazil's independence	Declared in 1822 by Pedro I		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Revolutions of 1848	Uprisings across Europe demanding liberal reforms		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Nationalism	Strong pride in one's nation		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Unification of Italy	Italy became one kingdom in 1861 with leaders like Garibaldi and Cavour		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Giuseppe Garibaldi	Italian general who led volunteers to take Sicily and Naples in 1860		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Otto von Bismarck	Prussian statesman who united Germany in 1871		world-enlightenment-revolutions
German Empire (1871)	Formed after the Franco-Prussian War		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Liberalism	Belief in individual freedom and limited government		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Conservatism	Belief in tradition and gradual change		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Romanticism	Art and literature stressing feeling, nature and imagination		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Abolition of slave trade	Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 and slavery in its empire in 1833		world-enlightenment-revolutions
William Wilberforce	British politician who campaigned against the slave trade		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Olympe de Gouges	French writer of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791)		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Tennis Court Oath	Third Estate members swore in 1789 not to separate until France had a constitution		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Bourgeoisie	Middle class of merchants and professionals		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Sans-culottes	Working-class Parisian revolutionaries		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Directory	Five-man government that ruled France from 1795 to 1799		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Metric system	Created in revolutionary France, based on tens		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Catherine the Great	Russian empress (1762-1796) who corresponded with Voltaire		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Frederick the Great	King of Prussia, supporter of the arts and reforms		world-enlightenment-revolutions
Age of Exploration	Period from about 1400 to 1700 when Europeans sailed across oceans		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Prince Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages along Africa's coast		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Bartolomeu Dias	First European to sail around Africa's southern tip, 1488		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer who reached India by sea in 1498		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Christopher Columbus	Italian sailor who crossed the Atlantic for Spain in 1492		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Columbus's ships	The Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Isabella and Ferdinand	Spain's rulers who funded Columbus		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
San Salvador	Island in the Bahamas where Columbus landed in 1492		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Columbian Exchange	Movement of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the Old World		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Diseases in the Americas	Smallpox and other European illnesses killed many Native people		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Spain and Portugal divided newly found lands		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Amerigo Vespucci	Explorer whose first name gave America its name		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
John Cabot	Italian explorer sailing for England who reached North America in 1497		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Vasco Nunez de Balboa	First European to see the Pacific from the Americas, 1513		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Ferdinand Magellan	Led the first voyage to sail around the world, 1519-1522		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Juan Sebastian Elcano	Completed Magellan's voyage after Magellan died in 1521		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Strait of Magellan	Passage near South America's southern tip		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Circumnavigation	Sailing all the way around the world		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Francisco Pizarro	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Inca in the 1530s		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Conquistador	Spanish soldier-explorer who conquered lands in the Americas		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Ponce de Leon	Spanish explorer who explored Florida in 1513		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Hernando de Soto	Spanish explorer who traveled through the southeastern US, 1539-1542		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Francisco Coronado	Spanish explorer who searched the Southwest for cities of gold		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Jacques Cartier	French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River in the 1530s		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Samuel de Champlain	Founded Quebec in 1608		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Henry Hudson	English explorer who explored the Hudson River in 1609 for the Dutch		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Northwest Passage	Hoped-for water route through North America to Asia		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
La Salle	French explorer who traveled down the Mississippi in 1682		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Marquette and Joliet	French explorers who traveled the upper Mississippi in 1673		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Walter Raleigh	English courtier who sponsored the Roanoke colonies		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Francis Drake	English sea captain who sailed around the world, 1577-1580		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
James Cook	English navigator who mapped Pacific coasts including New Zealand and Hawaii in the 1700s		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Abel Tasman	Dutch explorer who sighted Tasmania and New Zealand in 1642		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Zheng He	Chinese admiral whose fleets reached East Africa in the early 1400s		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Ibn Battuta	Muslim scholar who traveled across Africa and Asia in the 1300s		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Marco Polo	Venetian merchant who traveled in Asia in the late 1200s		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Leif Erikson	Norse explorer who reached North America about 1000		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Viking Vinland	Name the Norse gave to the land they reached in North America		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
L'Anse aux Meadows	Norse site in Newfoundland, proof of an early landing		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Sacagawea	Shoshone woman who guided Lewis and Clark		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Lewis and Clark	Explored the Louisiana Purchase and reached the Pacific, 1804-1806		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Matthew Henson	Black explorer who traveled with Robert Peary to the Arctic		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Robert Peary	Led expeditions toward the North Pole in the early 1900s		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Roald Amundsen	Norwegian explorer, first to reach the South Pole, 1911		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Ernest Shackleton	Led the Endurance expedition to Antarctica (1914-1917); all his men survived		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay	First climbers confirmed to reach Mount Everest's summit, 1953		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Jacques Cousteau	French ocean explorer who co-invented the Aqualung		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Neil Armstrong	First person on the Moon, 1969		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Sally Ride	First American woman in space, 1983		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Mae Jemison	First Black woman in space, 1992		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Valentina Tereshkova	First woman in space, 1963		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Yuri Gagarin	First human in space, 1961		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Gold, God and glory	Three motives often given for European exploration		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Caravel	Small, fast Portuguese ship used for exploring		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Astrolabe	Tool for finding latitude using the stars or Sun		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Compass	Magnetic tool for finding direction		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Latitude	Distance north or south of the equator		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Longitude	Distance east or west of the prime meridian		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Navigator	Person who plans a ship's course		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Cartographer	Mapmaker		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Mercator map	1569 map by Gerardus Mercator, useful for sailors		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Spice Islands	Islands in today's Indonesia that produced cloves and nutmeg		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Mercantilism	Idea that colonies exist to enrich the home country		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Colony	Territory settled and controlled by another country		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Transatlantic slave trade	Forced movement of millions of Africans to the Americas		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Potatoes	Crop from the Americas that spread to Europe and fed millions		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Tomatoes, corn and chocolate	Foods that came to Europe from the Americas		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Horses in the Americas	Spanish brought horses, which changed life on the Plains		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Wheat and sugar to the Americas	Old World crops carried across the Atlantic		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Smallpox	Disease that devastated Native communities after contact		world-explorers-age-of-exploration
Sumerian cities appear	About 3500 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Egypt unified under the first pharaoh	About 3100 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Great Pyramid of Giza built	About 2560 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Code of Hammurabi	About 1754 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Tutankhamun rules Egypt	About 1332-1323 BCE		world-history-key-dates
First Olympic Games (traditional date)	776 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Rome founded (traditional date)	753 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Rome becomes a republic	509 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Athens develops democracy	About 508 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Battle of Marathon	490 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Parthenon built	447-432 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Alexander the Great's reign	336-323 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Qin unifies China	221 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Han Dynasty begins	206 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Julius Caesar assassinated	44 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Augustus becomes first Roman emperor	27 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Vesuvius buries Pompeii	79 CE		world-history-key-dates
Constantine legalizes Christianity	313 CE		world-history-key-dates
Western Roman Empire ends	476 CE		world-history-key-dates
Muhammad's migration to Medina (Hijra)	622 CE		world-history-key-dates
Charlemagne crowned emperor	800 CE		world-history-key-dates
Norman conquest of England	1066		world-history-key-dates
First Crusade begins	1096		world-history-key-dates
Magna Carta	1215		world-history-key-dates
Genghis Khan unites the Mongols	1206		world-history-key-dates
Mansa Musa's pilgrimage	1324		world-history-key-dates
Black Death in Europe	1347-1351		world-history-key-dates
Joan of Arc at Orleans	1429		world-history-key-dates
Printing press in Europe	About 1450		world-history-key-dates
Fall of Constantinople	1453		world-history-key-dates
Columbus reaches the Americas	1492		world-history-key-dates
Vasco da Gama reaches India	1498		world-history-key-dates
Luther's 95 Theses	1517		world-history-key-dates
Cortes conquers the Aztec	1521		world-history-key-dates
Magellan's fleet circles the globe	1519-1522		world-history-key-dates
Spanish Armada defeated	1588		world-history-key-dates
Shakespeare's life	1564-1616		world-history-key-dates
Taj Mahal begun	1632		world-history-key-dates
Newton's Principia	1687		world-history-key-dates
Glorious Revolution	1688		world-history-key-dates
American Revolution	1775-1783		world-history-key-dates
French Revolution begins	1789		world-history-key-dates
Haiti becomes independent	1804		world-history-key-dates
Napoleon defeated at Waterloo	1815		world-history-key-dates
Latin American independence wars	1810s-1820s		world-history-key-dates
Revolutions of 1848	1848		world-history-key-dates
Meiji Restoration in Japan	1868		world-history-key-dates
Unification of Germany	1871		world-history-key-dates
Scramble for Africa begins	1880s		world-history-key-dates
World War I	1914-1918		world-history-key-dates
Russian Revolution	1917		world-history-key-dates
Great Depression begins	1929		world-history-key-dates
World War II	1939-1945		world-history-key-dates
Indian independence	1947		world-history-key-dates
People's Republic of China founded	1949		world-history-key-dates
Sputnik launched	1957		world-history-key-dates
Most African countries gain independence	1950s-1960s		world-history-key-dates
Berlin Wall built	1961		world-history-key-dates
Berlin Wall falls	1989		world-history-key-dates
Soviet Union ends	1991		world-history-key-dates
End of apartheid and Mandela elected	1994		world-history-key-dates
Euro introduced	1999 (coins and notes in 2002)		world-history-key-dates
First iPhone released	2007		world-history-key-dates
Roman Republic ends	27 BCE		world-history-key-dates
Inca Empire falls to Spain	1532-1533		world-history-key-dates
Mongol Empire reaches China	1271 (Yuan Dynasty)		world-history-key-dates
Ming Dynasty founded	1368		world-history-key-dates
Mughal Empire founded	1526		world-history-key-dates
Ottoman Empire founded	About 1299		world-history-key-dates
Industrial Revolution	Shift from hand-made goods to machine production, starting in Britain in the 1700s		world-industrial-revolution
Why Britain first	Coal and iron, capital, colonies, rivers and stable government		world-industrial-revolution
Textile industry	Cloth-making; the first big factory industry		world-industrial-revolution
Spinning jenny	James Hargreaves's machine (about 1764) that spun many threads at once		world-industrial-revolution
Water frame	Richard Arkwright's water-powered spinning machine		world-industrial-revolution
Power loom	Edmund Cartwright's machine for weaving cloth		world-industrial-revolution
Cotton gin	Eli Whitney's 1793 invention for cleaning cotton		world-industrial-revolution
Flying shuttle	John Kay's 1733 loom improvement		world-industrial-revolution
Steam engine	Machine that turns heat into motion; James Watt improved it in the 1770s		world-industrial-revolution
James Watt	Scottish engineer who made the steam engine efficient		world-industrial-revolution
Thomas Newcomen	Built an early steam engine for pumping water from mines		world-industrial-revolution
Coal	Main fuel of the Industrial Revolution		world-industrial-revolution
Iron and steel	Key materials for machines, rails and bridges		world-industrial-revolution
Abraham Darby	Found a way to smelt iron using coke		world-industrial-revolution
Bessemer process	Method for cheap, large-scale steel production from the 1850s		world-industrial-revolution
Factory system	Workers gather in one place to use powered machines		world-industrial-revolution
Division of labor	Splitting a job into small steps, each done by a different worker		world-industrial-revolution
Interchangeable parts	Standard-sized pieces that fit any copy of a product		world-industrial-revolution
Mass production	Making goods in large numbers		world-industrial-revolution
Assembly line	Workers add parts as a product moves down a line		world-industrial-revolution
Locomotive	Self-moving steam engine for pulling trains		world-industrial-revolution
George Stephenson	British engineer who built early railways and the Rocket locomotive		world-industrial-revolution
Railroad	Rail line for trains; sped trade and travel		world-industrial-revolution
Steamboat	Robert Fulton made steamboats practical in 1807		world-industrial-revolution
Canals	Man-made waterways for moving goods		world-industrial-revolution
Telegraph	Samuel Morse's electrical message system, 1840s		world-industrial-revolution
Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell's 1876 patent		world-industrial-revolution
Electric light	Thomas Edison developed a practical bulb in 1879		world-industrial-revolution
Alternating current	Electric current type championed by George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla		world-industrial-revolution
Michael Faraday	Scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction		world-industrial-revolution
Second Industrial Revolution	Late 1800s boom in steel, oil, chemicals and electricity		world-industrial-revolution
Urbanization	Movement of people from farms to cities		world-industrial-revolution
Slums	Crowded poor neighborhoods		world-industrial-revolution
Working conditions	Factory work meant long hours, low pay and danger		world-industrial-revolution
Child labor	Children worked in factories and mines		world-industrial-revolution
Factory Acts	British laws limiting working hours, especially for children		world-industrial-revolution
Trade union	Group of workers organizing for better conditions		world-industrial-revolution
Luddites	Workers who destroyed machines that threatened their jobs, 1811-1816		world-industrial-revolution
Capitalism	Economic system of private ownership and profit		world-industrial-revolution
Socialism	Idea that workers or the community should own the means of production		world-industrial-revolution
Karl Marx	Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels		world-industrial-revolution
Charles Dickens	Novelist who wrote about poverty in Victorian England		world-industrial-revolution
Middle class	Growing group of factory owners, managers and professionals		world-industrial-revolution
Working class	People who work in factories and mills		world-industrial-revolution
Public health	Cities built sewers and clean water supplies after outbreaks like cholera		world-industrial-revolution
John Snow	Physician who traced a London cholera outbreak in 1854 to a water pump		world-industrial-revolution
Edward Jenner	Created the smallpox vaccine in 1796		world-industrial-revolution
Louis Pasteur	Showed that germs cause disease and developed vaccines		world-industrial-revolution
Florence Nightingale	Nurse who improved hospital hygiene in the Crimean War		world-industrial-revolution
Agricultural Revolution	Better farming methods that freed workers for factories		world-industrial-revolution
Enclosure	Fencing in common land, which pushed many farmers off the land		world-industrial-revolution
Seed drill	Jethro Tull's machine for planting seeds in rows		world-industrial-revolution
Crop rotation	Changing crops each year to keep soil rich		world-industrial-revolution
Reaper	Cyrus McCormick's machine for harvesting grain (1830s)		world-industrial-revolution
Spread to America	Samuel Slater built a cotton mill in Rhode Island in 1790		world-industrial-revolution
Lowell mill girls	Young women who worked in Massachusetts textile mills		world-industrial-revolution
Industrial Japan	Japan rapidly industrialized after the Meiji Restoration of 1868		world-industrial-revolution
Imperialism	Strong nations taking control of other lands to get materials and markets		world-industrial-revolution
Raw materials	Natural resources like cotton, rubber and metal used to make goods		world-industrial-revolution
Great Exhibition (1851)	Showcase of industry held in London's Crystal Palace		world-industrial-revolution
Crystal Palace	Iron-and-glass building made for the Great Exhibition		world-industrial-revolution
Suez Canal (1869)	Canal across Egypt linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea		world-industrial-revolution
Transcontinental railroad	US railroad completed in 1869		world-industrial-revolution
Trans-Siberian Railway	Russian railroad begun in 1891 linking Moscow to the Pacific		world-industrial-revolution
Standard time	Railroads led to time zones, set in the US in 1883		world-industrial-revolution
Department store	New kind of large store that appeared in cities		world-industrial-revolution
Consumer goods	Products bought by ordinary people		world-industrial-revolution
Patent	Government grant giving an inventor sole rights to an invention		world-industrial-revolution
Telegraph cable	Transatlantic cable first worked in 1858 and was reliable by 1866		world-industrial-revolution
Oil	Drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859; later fueled engines		world-industrial-revolution
Internal combustion engine	Engine that burns fuel inside cylinders to power cars		world-industrial-revolution
Automobile	Karl Benz built an early practical car in 1885-86		world-industrial-revolution
Fire control	Early humans used fire for warmth and cooking, hundreds of thousands of years ago		world-inventions-timeline
Wheel	Mesopotamia, about 3500 BCE		world-inventions-timeline
Writing	Sumer's cuneiform and Egypt's hieroglyphs, about 3200 BCE		world-inventions-timeline
Plow	Early farmers in Mesopotamia and Egypt		world-inventions-timeline
Bronze	Metal alloy of copper and tin, about 3300 BCE		world-inventions-timeline
Paper	China, improved by Cai Lun about 105 CE		world-inventions-timeline
Papyrus	Egyptian writing material from a river plant		world-inventions-timeline
Alphabet	Developed by Phoenician traders, about 1050 BCE		world-inventions-timeline
Coins	Lydia (in modern Turkey), about 600 BCE		world-inventions-timeline
Aqueduct	Romans perfected water-carrying bridges		world-inventions-timeline
Concrete	Romans widely used it in building		world-inventions-timeline
Compass	China, used for navigation by about 1100 CE		world-inventions-timeline
Gunpowder	China, about 900 CE		world-inventions-timeline
Woodblock printing	China, by the 600s-700s CE		world-inventions-timeline
Movable type	Bi Sheng in China (about 1040); Gutenberg in Europe (about 1450)		world-inventions-timeline
Eyeglasses	Italy, late 1200s		world-inventions-timeline
Mechanical clock	Europe, 1200s-1300s		world-inventions-timeline
Printing press	Johannes Gutenberg, about 1450		world-inventions-timeline
Telescope	Dutch lens makers, about 1608; Galileo improved it		world-inventions-timeline
Microscope	Dutch makers around 1590s; Leeuwenhoek used one to see microbes		world-inventions-timeline
Thermometer	Galileo and others in the early 1600s; Fahrenheit's mercury version in 1714		world-inventions-timeline
Barometer	Evangelista Torricelli, 1643		world-inventions-timeline
Steam engine	Newcomen 1712; Watt improved it in the 1770s		world-inventions-timeline
Lightning rod	Benjamin Franklin, 1752		world-inventions-timeline
Hot air balloon	Montgolfier brothers, 1783		world-inventions-timeline
Vaccine	Edward Jenner, smallpox vaccine, 1796		world-inventions-timeline
Battery	Alessandro Volta, 1800		world-inventions-timeline
Cotton gin	Eli Whitney, 1793		world-inventions-timeline
Steamboat	Robert Fulton, 1807		world-inventions-timeline
Locomotive	George Stephenson built practical steam locomotives in the 1810s-1820s		world-inventions-timeline
Photography	Daguerreotype process announced in 1839		world-inventions-timeline
Telegraph	Samuel Morse, 1830s-1840s		world-inventions-timeline
Sewing machine	Elias Howe, 1846, improved by Isaac Singer		world-inventions-timeline
Safety elevator	Elisha Otis, 1850s		world-inventions-timeline
Pasteurization	Louis Pasteur, 1860s		world-inventions-timeline
Dynamite	Alfred Nobel, 1867		world-inventions-timeline
Typewriter	Christopher Sholes, 1868		world-inventions-timeline
Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell, 1876		world-inventions-timeline
Phonograph	Thomas Edison, 1877		world-inventions-timeline
Light bulb	Thomas Edison and others, 1879		world-inventions-timeline
Automobile	Karl Benz, 1885-86		world-inventions-timeline
Pneumatic tire	John Boyd Dunlop, 1888		world-inventions-timeline
Motion pictures	Lumiere brothers, 1895		world-inventions-timeline
Radio	Guglielmo Marconi's wireless telegraph, 1890s		world-inventions-timeline
X-rays	Wilhelm Rontgen, 1895		world-inventions-timeline
Airplane	Wright brothers, 1903		world-inventions-timeline
Model T	Henry Ford, 1908		world-inventions-timeline
Zipper	Gideon Sundback improved it in 1913		world-inventions-timeline
Television	Philo Farnsworth demonstrated all-electronic TV in 1927		world-inventions-timeline
Penicillin	Alexander Fleming, 1928		world-inventions-timeline
Jet engine	Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain, 1930s		world-inventions-timeline
Helicopter	Igor Sikorsky's practical helicopter, 1939-1940		world-inventions-timeline
Computer (ENIAC)	First large general-purpose electronic computer, 1945		world-inventions-timeline
Transistor	Bell Labs, 1947		world-inventions-timeline
Microwave oven	Percy Spencer, 1945-47		world-inventions-timeline
Polio vaccine	Jonas Salk, 1955		world-inventions-timeline
Satellite	Sputnik 1, 1957		world-inventions-timeline
Integrated circuit	Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, late 1950s		world-inventions-timeline
Laser	Theodore Maiman built the first working laser in 1960		world-inventions-timeline
Moon landing	Apollo 11, 1969		world-inventions-timeline
ARPANET	Early network that led to the Internet, 1969		world-inventions-timeline
Email	Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email in 1971		world-inventions-timeline
Personal computer	Altair 8800 (1975); Apple II (1977)		world-inventions-timeline
Cell phone	Martin Cooper made the first handheld mobile phone call in 1973		world-inventions-timeline
Compact disc	Introduced in 1982		world-inventions-timeline
World Wide Web	Tim Berners-Lee, 1989-1991		world-inventions-timeline
Web browser	Mosaic in 1993 helped the Web take off		world-inventions-timeline
GPS	US satellite navigation system fully operational in the 1990s		world-inventions-timeline
Smartphone	Early models in the 1990s; iPhone in 2007		world-inventions-timeline
3D printing	Chuck Hull invented stereolithography in 1984		world-inventions-timeline
Inventor of the safety pin	Walter Hunt, 1849		world-inventions-timeline
Inventor of the Braille system	Louis Braille, 1820s		world-inventions-timeline
Inventor of the stethoscope	Rene Laennec, 1816		world-inventions-timeline
Inventor of the bifocal lens	Benjamin Franklin, around 1784		world-inventions-timeline
Inventor of the crayon	Binney & Smith began making Crayola crayons in 1903		world-inventions-timeline
Inventor of basketball	James Naismith, 1891		world-inventions-timeline
Inventor of the traffic light signal	Garrett Morgan patented an improved signal in 1923		world-inventions-timeline
Inventor of the Super Soaker	Lonnie Johnson, 1980s		world-inventions-timeline
Islam	Monotheistic religion that began in Arabia in the 600s CE		world-islamic-golden-age
Muslim	A follower of Islam		world-islamic-golden-age
Muhammad	Prophet of Islam, born in Mecca around 570 CE		world-islamic-golden-age
Mecca	Holy city in Arabia where Muhammad was born; the Kaaba is there		world-islamic-golden-age
Medina	City where Muhammad moved in 622 CE		world-islamic-golden-age
Hijra	The 622 journey from Mecca to Medina; Year 1 of the Islamic calendar		world-islamic-golden-age
Quran	Holy book of Islam		world-islamic-golden-age
Allah	Arabic word for God		world-islamic-golden-age
Five Pillars of Islam	Faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage		world-islamic-golden-age
Shahada	Statement of faith		world-islamic-golden-age
Salat	Prayer five times a day		world-islamic-golden-age
Zakat	Giving to people in need		world-islamic-golden-age
Sawm	Fasting during the month of Ramadan		world-islamic-golden-age
Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca, expected once in a lifetime if able		world-islamic-golden-age
Ramadan	Ninth month of the Islamic calendar, a month of fasting		world-islamic-golden-age
Eid al-Fitr	Festival marking the end of Ramadan		world-islamic-golden-age
Mosque	Muslim house of worship		world-islamic-golden-age
Minaret	Tower of a mosque from which the call to prayer is given		world-islamic-golden-age
Caliph	Successor to Muhammad as the leader of the Muslim community		world-islamic-golden-age
Caliphate	Government led by a caliph		world-islamic-golden-age
Rashidun	The first four caliphs after Muhammad		world-islamic-golden-age
Umayyad Caliphate	661-750; capital at Damascus		world-islamic-golden-age
Abbasid Caliphate	750-1258; capital at Baghdad		world-islamic-golden-age
Sunni and Shia	The two main branches of Islam, which differ over early leadership		world-islamic-golden-age
Damascus	Umayyad capital in Syria		world-islamic-golden-age
Baghdad	Founded in 762; the Abbasid capital and a center of learning		world-islamic-golden-age
House of Wisdom	Library and research center in Baghdad		world-islamic-golden-age
Harun al-Rashid	Famous Abbasid caliph, linked to Baghdad's glory		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Ma'mun	Caliph who supported translation and science		world-islamic-golden-age
Translation movement	Scholars translated Greek, Persian and Indian works into Arabic		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Khwarizmi	Mathematician whose name gave us the word algorithm		world-islamic-golden-age
Algebra	Name comes from al-jabr in al-Khwarizmi's book		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn al-Haytham	Pioneer of optics who explained how vision works		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Razi	Physician who wrote about measles and smallpox		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)	Physician whose Canon of Medicine was used for centuries		world-islamic-golden-age
Canon of Medicine	Ibn Sina's encyclopedia of medicine		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Zahrawi	Surgeon in Spain who wrote about surgical tools		world-islamic-golden-age
Hospital (bimaristan)	Public hospitals developed in Islamic cities		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Biruni	Scholar who studied astronomy, geography and many subjects		world-islamic-golden-age
Astrolabe	Instrument used to find time and position of stars		world-islamic-golden-age
Algorithm	Step-by-step process for solving a problem; from al-Khwarizmi's name		world-islamic-golden-age
Arabic numerals	Digits we use today, passed on through Arab scholars from India		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Idrisi	Geographer who made a world map for a Norman king in 1154		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn Khaldun	Historian who wrote about the rise and fall of societies		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn Rushd (Averroes)	Philosopher in Spain who wrote about Aristotle		world-islamic-golden-age
Rumi	Persian poet of the 1200s		world-islamic-golden-age
One Thousand and One Nights	Collection of tales including Aladdin and Sinbad		world-islamic-golden-age
Arabic calligraphy	Art of beautiful writing, important in Islamic art		world-islamic-golden-age
Geometric patterns	Repeated shapes used to decorate buildings and tiles		world-islamic-golden-age
Arabesque	Flowing, plant-like decorative pattern		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Andalus	Muslim-ruled parts of Spain, 711-1492		world-islamic-golden-age
Cordoba	Capital of Al-Andalus with great libraries and a famous mosque		world-islamic-golden-age
Great Mosque of Cordoba	Spain's grand mosque with red-and-white arches		world-islamic-golden-age
Alhambra	Palace-fortress in Granada, Spain		world-islamic-golden-age
Dome of the Rock	Shrine in Jerusalem finished in 691		world-islamic-golden-age
Battle of Tours (732)	Frankish victory that halted a Muslim advance into France		world-islamic-golden-age
Seljuk Turks	Turkic dynasty that ruled much of the Middle East in the 1000s		world-islamic-golden-age
Ottoman Empire	Empire that lasted from about 1299 to 1922		world-islamic-golden-age
Suleiman the Magnificent	Ottoman sultan in the 1500s		world-islamic-golden-age
Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453		world-islamic-golden-age
Istanbul	Name for Constantinople under the Ottomans		world-islamic-golden-age
Safavid Empire	Persian empire (1501-1736) that made Shia Islam the state religion		world-islamic-golden-age
Mughal Empire	Islamic empire in India from 1526		world-islamic-golden-age
Mongol sack of Baghdad (1258)	Ended the Abbasid caliphate		world-islamic-golden-age
Silk Road	Muslim merchants traveled along these trade routes		world-islamic-golden-age
Spice trade	Muslim traders carried spices from Asia to Europe		world-islamic-golden-age
Paper-making	Skills reached the Islamic world from China and spread to Europe		world-islamic-golden-age
Sugar and cotton	Crops spread by Muslim farmers across the Mediterranean		world-islamic-golden-age
Coffee	Became popular in the Islamic world by the 1400s		world-islamic-golden-age
Waterwheel and irrigation	Islamic engineers improved ways to lift and spread water		world-islamic-golden-age
Al-Jazari	Engineer who wrote a book of ingenious machines in 1206		world-islamic-golden-age
Fatima al-Fihri	Founded al-Qarawiyyin in Fez in 859, often called the oldest degree-granting university		world-islamic-golden-age
Mansa Musa	Muslim king of Mali famous for his pilgrimage in 1324		world-islamic-golden-age
Ibn Battuta	Traveled about 75,000 miles across the Muslim world in the 1300s		world-islamic-golden-age
Middle Ages	Period in Europe from about 500 to 1500 CE; also called the medieval era		world-medieval-europe
Medieval	Of the Middle Ages		world-medieval-europe
Franks	Germanic people who built a powerful kingdom in what is now France		world-medieval-europe
Charlemagne	King of the Franks crowned emperor in 800		world-medieval-europe
Clovis	First Frankish king to unite the Franks		world-medieval-europe
Vikings	Seafaring Norsemen who raided and traded from the late 700s		world-medieval-europe
Longship	Narrow, fast Viking vessel		world-medieval-europe
Leif Erikson	Norse explorer who reached North America around 1000		world-medieval-europe
William the Conqueror	Duke of Normandy who won England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066		world-medieval-europe
Battle of Hastings (1066)	Norman victory that began Norman rule of England		world-medieval-europe
Domesday Book	Survey of English land ordered by William in 1086		world-medieval-europe
Feudalism	System where lords gave land in exchange for loyalty and service		world-medieval-europe
Lord	Landowner who held power over a territory		world-medieval-europe
Vassal	Person who held land from a lord and promised service		world-medieval-europe
Knight	Mounted soldier who served a lord		world-medieval-europe
Chivalry	Knightly code of bravery, courtesy and honor		world-medieval-europe
Squire	Young man training to become a knight		world-medieval-europe
Page	Boy who started training for knighthood		world-medieval-europe
Manor	Lord's estate with a village and farmland		world-medieval-europe
Serf	Peasant bound to the land and to a lord		world-medieval-europe
Peasant	Farm worker who made up most of the population		world-medieval-europe
Three-field system	Rotating crops across three fields to keep soil healthy		world-medieval-europe
Castle	Fortified home of a lord		world-medieval-europe
Moat	Ditch, often water-filled, around a castle		world-medieval-europe
Drawbridge	Bridge over a moat that could be raised		world-medieval-europe
Keep	Strong central tower of a castle		world-medieval-europe
Portcullis	Heavy gate lowered to block a castle entrance		world-medieval-europe
Siege	Surrounding a castle or town to force surrender		world-medieval-europe
Catapult	Machine that hurled stones at walls		world-medieval-europe
Longbow	Powerful bow used by English archers		world-medieval-europe
Armor	Protective metal covering		world-medieval-europe
Roman Catholic Church	Dominant church in western Europe during the Middle Ages		world-medieval-europe
Pope	Head of the Catholic Church		world-medieval-europe
Monastery	Home of monks who prayed, worked and copied books		world-medieval-europe
Monk	Man who lives a religious life in a monastery		world-medieval-europe
Nun	Woman who lives a religious life in a convent		world-medieval-europe
Illuminated manuscript	Hand-copied book decorated with gold and colors		world-medieval-europe
Cathedral	Large and important church		world-medieval-europe
Gothic architecture	Style with pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses		world-medieval-europe
Stained glass	Colored glass windows in churches		world-medieval-europe
Guild	Association of craftsmen or merchants in a town		world-medieval-europe
Apprentice	Young person learning a trade		world-medieval-europe
Charter	Document granting rights to a town		world-medieval-europe
Magna Carta (1215)	English charter limiting the king's power; signed by King John		world-medieval-europe
King John	English king forced by barons to sign the Magna Carta		world-medieval-europe
Parliament	English lawmaking body that grew from royal councils		world-medieval-europe
Eleanor of Aquitaine	Powerful queen of France and later England		world-medieval-europe
Crusades	Religious wars from 1095 to 1291, mainly to control Jerusalem		world-medieval-europe
Pope Urban II	Called the First Crusade in 1095		world-medieval-europe
Saladin	Muslim leader who retook Jerusalem in 1187		world-medieval-europe
Richard the Lionheart	English king who led the Third Crusade		world-medieval-europe
Effects of the Crusades	Increased trade and exchange of ideas between Europe and the Middle East		world-medieval-europe
Marco Polo's trip	Italian merchant who traveled to China in the late 1200s		world-medieval-europe
Hanseatic League	Alliance of northern European trading cities		world-medieval-europe
Black Death	Plague that killed perhaps a third of Europeans, 1347-1351		world-medieval-europe
Bubonic plague	Disease spread by fleas on rats, cause of the Black Death		world-medieval-europe
Effects of the Black Death	Labor shortages gave surviving workers more bargaining power		world-medieval-europe
Hundred Years' War	Long conflict between England and France, 1337-1453		world-medieval-europe
Joan of Arc	French teenage heroine who helped lift the siege of Orleans in 1429		world-medieval-europe
Battle of Agincourt (1415)	English longbowmen won against a larger French army		world-medieval-europe
Peasants' Revolt (1381)	English uprising against taxes		world-medieval-europe
Reconquista	Centuries-long effort by Christian kingdoms to retake Iberia		world-medieval-europe
Byzantine Empire	Eastern Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinople		world-medieval-europe
Justinian	Byzantine emperor who built Hagia Sophia and organized Roman law		world-medieval-europe
Hagia Sophia	Great church in Constantinople completed in 537		world-medieval-europe
Fall of Constantinople (1453)	Ottoman Turks captured the city, ending the Byzantine Empire		world-medieval-europe
Gutenberg	Introduced the printing press with movable type in Europe around 1450		world-medieval-europe
Dante	Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy		world-medieval-europe
Chaucer	English author of The Canterbury Tales		world-medieval-europe
Thomas Aquinas	Scholar who tried to combine faith and reason		world-medieval-europe
University	Medieval schools in Bologna, Paris and Oxford grew into universities		world-medieval-europe
Tournament	Contest where knights showed skill		world-medieval-europe
Heraldry	System of coats of arms to identify families and knights		world-medieval-europe
Jester	Entertainer at court, often wearing bright clothes		world-medieval-europe
Troubadour	Poet-musician in southern France		world-medieval-europe
Dark Ages	Old name for the early Middle Ages; many historians now avoid it		world-medieval-europe
Holy Roman Empire	Union of German and central European lands under an emperor		world-medieval-europe
Otto I	King crowned emperor in 962, starting the Holy Roman Empire		world-medieval-europe
Wat Tyler	Leader of the Peasants' Revolt		world-medieval-europe
Mesopotamia	Greek for 'between the rivers'; the land between the Tigris and Euphrates		world-mesopotamia
Tigris and Euphrates	The two rivers that watered Mesopotamia		world-mesopotamia
Fertile Crescent	Curved area of fertile land from the Nile through Mesopotamia		world-mesopotamia
Sumer	Southern Mesopotamia, home of some of the first cities		world-mesopotamia
Sumerians	People who built the first known cities and invented writing		world-mesopotamia
Uruk	One of the world's first great cities		world-mesopotamia
Ur	Sumerian city with a large ziggurat		world-mesopotamia
City-state	A city and surrounding land with its own government		world-mesopotamia
Ziggurat	Stepped temple tower of Mesopotamian cities		world-mesopotamia
Cuneiform	Wedge-shaped writing pressed into clay		world-mesopotamia
Stylus	Reed pen used to press marks into wet clay		world-mesopotamia
Clay tablet	Slab of clay used for writing		world-mesopotamia
Scribe	Person trained to write and keep records		world-mesopotamia
Epic of Gilgamesh	One of the oldest known stories, about a king and his friend Enkidu		world-mesopotamia
Gilgamesh	Legendary king of Uruk in the oldest epic		world-mesopotamia
Irrigation	Canals carrying river water to fields		world-mesopotamia
Surplus	Extra food beyond what people need		world-mesopotamia
Barley	Main grain grown in Mesopotamia		world-mesopotamia
Wheel	Invented in Mesopotamia about 3500 BCE		world-mesopotamia
Plow	Farm tool used to turn the soil, early versions pulled by oxen		world-mesopotamia
Sailboat	Used on the rivers for trade		world-mesopotamia
Sexagesimal system	Base-60 counting that gave us 60 minutes and 360 degrees		world-mesopotamia
Lunar calendar	Calendar based on the Moon's cycles		world-mesopotamia
Sargon of Akkad	Built the first known empire about 2300 BCE		world-mesopotamia
Akkadian Empire	Empire created by Sargon, joining many city-states		world-mesopotamia
Hammurabi	Babylonian king famous for his written laws		world-mesopotamia
Code of Hammurabi	One of the earliest written law codes, about 1754 BCE		world-mesopotamia
Babylon	Major city on the Euphrates; capital of Hammurabi's kingdom		world-mesopotamia
Hanging Gardens of Babylon	Famed gardens, thought to be one of the Seven Wonders		world-mesopotamia
Nebuchadnezzar II	Babylonian king who rebuilt Babylon around 600 BCE		world-mesopotamia
Ishtar Gate	Blue glazed brick gate of Babylon		world-mesopotamia
Assyrians	Fierce warriors from northern Mesopotamia who built a large empire		world-mesopotamia
Nineveh	Assyrian capital with a great library		world-mesopotamia
Ashurbanipal	Assyrian king who collected thousands of tablets in a library		world-mesopotamia
Persians	Conquered Babylon in 539 BCE under Cyrus the Great		world-mesopotamia
Cyrus the Great	Persian king who took Babylon		world-mesopotamia
Epic	A long story about heroes		world-mesopotamia
Polytheism	Belief in many gods		world-mesopotamia
Temple	Building for worship, also a center of business in Sumer		world-mesopotamia
Priest	Religious leader who served the gods		world-mesopotamia
Patron god	God believed to protect a particular city		world-mesopotamia
Enlil	Sumerian god of air and storms		world-mesopotamia
Inanna	Sumerian goddess of love and war, later Ishtar		world-mesopotamia
Marduk	Chief god of Babylon		world-mesopotamia
Mud brick	Common building material		world-mesopotamia
Dynasty	Rulers from one family		world-mesopotamia
Empire	Many lands ruled by one government		world-mesopotamia
Tribute	Payment from conquered people to their rulers		world-mesopotamia
Trade	Mesopotamians traded grain and cloth for metal and stone from far away		world-mesopotamia
Silver shekel	Weight of silver used as money		world-mesopotamia
Contract	Written agreement; many were recorded on tablets		world-mesopotamia
Law code	A written set of laws		world-mesopotamia
Eye for an eye	Hammurabi's principle of matching punishments to harm, with different rules by class		world-mesopotamia
Social classes	Kings and priests, then wealthy people, then commoners, then slaves		world-mesopotamia
Enheduanna	Priestess of Ur and the first author known by name		world-mesopotamia
Cylinder seal	Carved stone roller that pressed a design in clay to mark ownership		world-mesopotamia
Royal Standard of Ur	Decorated box found in a Sumerian royal tomb		world-mesopotamia
Lyre	Stringed instrument found in Sumerian tombs		world-mesopotamia
Hittites	People of Anatolia who fought Babylon and Egypt		world-mesopotamia
Chaldeans	Also called Neo-Babylonians; rebuilt Babylon after Assyria fell		world-mesopotamia
Sumerian King List	Ancient list of rulers, mixing history and legend		world-mesopotamia
Tell	A mound formed by ruins of ancient settlements built on each other		world-mesopotamia
Modern Iraq	Most of ancient Mesopotamia lies in present-day Iraq		world-mesopotamia
Medicine	Babylonian doctors wrote lists of illnesses and cures on tablets		world-mesopotamia
Astronomy	Babylonians kept careful records of stars and planets		world-mesopotamia
Plimpton 322	Clay tablet showing advanced Babylonian math		world-mesopotamia
Mathematics	Babylonians solved problems with fractions, squares and early algebra		world-mesopotamia
Library	Assyrian kings gathered tablets to preserve knowledge		world-mesopotamia
Victory stele	Carved stone slab recording a ruler's win		world-mesopotamia
Standard of weights	Merchants used set weights to trade fairly		world-mesopotamia
Renaissance	French for 'rebirth'; era of new interest in art and learning in Europe, about 1300-1600		world-renaissance-reformation
Where it began	Italy, in rich trading city-states like Florence		world-renaissance-reformation
Florence	Italian city where the Renaissance flowered		world-renaissance-reformation
Medici family	Rich Florence bankers who paid for many artists		world-renaissance-reformation
Lorenzo de' Medici	Florentine ruler called the Magnificent, patron of artists		world-renaissance-reformation
Patron	Person who gives money to support an artist		world-renaissance-reformation
Humanism	Focus on human abilities and the study of classical texts		world-renaissance-reformation
Petrarch	Italian scholar called the father of humanism		world-renaissance-reformation
Classical learning	Study of ancient Greece and Rome		world-renaissance-reformation
Leonardo da Vinci	Painter, inventor and scientist who painted the Mona Lisa		world-renaissance-reformation
Mona Lisa	Famous portrait by Leonardo, now in the Louvre		world-renaissance-reformation
The Last Supper	Leonardo's wall painting in Milan		world-renaissance-reformation
Michelangelo	Artist who sculpted David and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling		world-renaissance-reformation
David (statue)	Michelangelo's marble sculpture finished in 1504		world-renaissance-reformation
Sistine Chapel	Chapel in the Vatican with Michelangelo's ceiling paintings		world-renaissance-reformation
Raphael	Painter known for harmony, including The School of Athens		world-renaissance-reformation
Botticelli	Painter of The Birth of Venus		world-renaissance-reformation
Donatello	Sculptor who revived lifelike statues		world-renaissance-reformation
Brunelleschi	Architect who built the dome of Florence Cathedral		world-renaissance-reformation
Perspective	Technique that makes flat paintings look three-dimensional		world-renaissance-reformation
Realism	Showing people and nature as they look		world-renaissance-reformation
Fresco	Painting on wet plaster		world-renaissance-reformation
Sfumato	Soft blending of tones used by Leonardo		world-renaissance-reformation
Artemisia Gentileschi	Early Baroque painter, one of the first women to gain fame in Europe		world-renaissance-reformation
Sofonisba Anguissola	Italian portrait painter who became a court painter in Spain		world-renaissance-reformation
Northern Renaissance	Movement in northern Europe including Flanders and Germany		world-renaissance-reformation
Jan van Eyck	Flemish painter who used oil paints in detailed scenes		world-renaissance-reformation
Albrecht Durer	German artist famous for woodcuts and engravings		world-renaissance-reformation
Pieter Bruegel	Flemish painter of village life		world-renaissance-reformation
Johannes Gutenberg	Introduced movable-type printing in Europe around 1450		world-renaissance-reformation
Printing press	Machine that made books cheaper and spread ideas fast		world-renaissance-reformation
Gutenberg Bible	First major book printed with movable type in Europe		world-renaissance-reformation
Literacy	More people learned to read once books were cheaper		world-renaissance-reformation
William Shakespeare	English playwright, 1564-1616		world-renaissance-reformation
Hamlet	A Shakespeare tragedy about a Danish prince		world-renaissance-reformation
Globe Theatre	London playhouse where many Shakespeare plays were staged		world-renaissance-reformation
Miguel de Cervantes	Spanish author of Don Quixote		world-renaissance-reformation
Machiavelli	Italian writer of The Prince, about power		world-renaissance-reformation
Thomas More	English writer of Utopia		world-renaissance-reformation
Erasmus	Dutch scholar who urged church reform and good education		world-renaissance-reformation
Copernicus	Proposed in 1543 that Earth moves around the Sun		world-renaissance-reformation
Galileo	Used a telescope to observe moons of Jupiter and supported the Sun-centered view		world-renaissance-reformation
Johannes Kepler	Described planets' elliptical orbits		world-renaissance-reformation
Vesalius	Anatomist who wrote an accurate book on the human body in 1543		world-renaissance-reformation
Scientific Revolution	Era when new ways of studying nature using observation and experiments grew		world-renaissance-reformation
Reformation	16th-century movement to reform the Catholic Church, leading to Protestant churches		world-renaissance-reformation
Martin Luther	German monk who began the Reformation in 1517		world-renaissance-reformation
95 Theses	Luther's list of complaints about church practices, 1517		world-renaissance-reformation
Indulgence	Church-granted forgiveness of penalties for sin, which Luther criticized		world-renaissance-reformation
Protestant	Christians who left the Catholic Church in the Reformation		world-renaissance-reformation
Lutheranism	Church that followed Luther's teachings		world-renaissance-reformation
John Calvin	French reformer who worked in Geneva		world-renaissance-reformation
Henry VIII	English king who broke with Rome and formed the Church of England		world-renaissance-reformation
Church of England	Created in the 1530s with the king as its head		world-renaissance-reformation
Elizabeth I	English queen from 1558 to 1603; her era saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada		world-renaissance-reformation
Spanish Armada (1588)	Failed Spanish invasion fleet defeated by England		world-renaissance-reformation
Counter-Reformation	Catholic Church's reforms in response to the Protestant movement		world-renaissance-reformation
Council of Trent	Church meeting (1545-1563) that set out Catholic reforms		world-renaissance-reformation
Jesuits	Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, known for education		world-renaissance-reformation
Peace of Augsburg (1555)	Let German princes choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their lands		world-renaissance-reformation
Thirty Years' War	1618-1648 conflict in Europe, partly over religion		world-renaissance-reformation
Peace of Westphalia (1648)	Ended the Thirty Years' War		world-renaissance-reformation
Vernacular	Everyday language of a region; Luther translated the Bible into German		world-renaissance-reformation
Secular	Not tied to religion		world-renaissance-reformation
Banking	Renaissance banks in Italy helped trade and travel		world-renaissance-reformation
Merchant class	Business people who gained wealth and influence		world-renaissance-reformation
City-state	City and nearby land with its own rule, as in Italy		world-renaissance-reformation
Venice	Wealthy trading city built on islands		world-renaissance-reformation
Chaucer vs Dante	Dante wrote in Italian; Chaucer in English, helping vernacular writing		world-renaissance-reformation
Medici Bank	Led the way in Renaissance banking		world-renaissance-reformation
Cathedral of Florence	Topped by Brunelleschi's dome		world-renaissance-reformation
Vitruvian Man	Leonardo's drawing of the ideal proportions of a man		world-renaissance-reformation
Anatomy	Study of the body; artists studied it to paint lifelike figures		world-renaissance-reformation
Elizabethan Age	Period of Queen Elizabeth I when English arts flourished		world-renaissance-reformation
Causes of WWI	Militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism (MAIN)		world-wars-global-overview
Militarism	Building up armies and weapons		world-wars-global-overview
Alliance system	Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) versus Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)		world-wars-global-overview
Assassination at Sarajevo	June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed, setting off the war		world-wars-global-overview
July Crisis	Weeks of diplomacy and ultimatums that led to war in 1914		world-wars-global-overview
Schlieffen Plan	German plan to defeat France quickly before turning to Russia		world-wars-global-overview
Western Front	Line of trenches across France and Belgium		world-wars-global-overview
Eastern Front	Fighting between Germany/Austria and Russia		world-wars-global-overview
Battle of the Marne (1914)	Allied victory that stopped the German advance on Paris		world-wars-global-overview
Battle of Verdun (1916)	Long, costly battle between France and Germany		world-wars-global-overview
Battle of the Somme (1916)	British offensive with enormous casualties		world-wars-global-overview
Gallipoli (1915)	Failed Allied attack on the Ottoman Empire's coast		world-wars-global-overview
Machine gun	Weapon that made attacks deadly for soldiers crossing open ground		world-wars-global-overview
Poison gas	Chemical weapon first widely used in WWI; later banned		world-wars-global-overview
Tank	Armored vehicle first used by Britain in 1916		world-wars-global-overview
Airplane in WWI	Used first for scouting, then for fighting		world-wars-global-overview
U-boat	German submarine		world-wars-global-overview
Russian Revolution (1917)	Russia's tsar fell, and the Bolsheviks under Lenin took power		world-wars-global-overview
Vladimir Lenin	Bolshevik leader who founded the Soviet state		world-wars-global-overview
Nicholas II	Last tsar of Russia		world-wars-global-overview
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)	Russia left the war and gave up land		world-wars-global-overview
Armistice Day	November 11, 1918, when fighting stopped on the Western Front		world-wars-global-overview
Treaty of Versailles (1919)	Peace treaty that blamed Germany and made it pay reparations		world-wars-global-overview
Reparations	Payments for war damages		world-wars-global-overview
War guilt clause	Treaty article that made Germany accept blame for the war		world-wars-global-overview
League of Nations	Organization to keep peace, set up in 1920		world-wars-global-overview
Collapse of empires	The Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, German and Russian empires ended after WWI		world-wars-global-overview
Great Depression	Worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s that helped extremists rise		world-wars-global-overview
Fascism	Government by a dictator with strong nationalism and no free opposition		world-wars-global-overview
Benito Mussolini	Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922		world-wars-global-overview
Nazi Party	German party led by Adolf Hitler		world-wars-global-overview
Hitler's rise (1933)	Hitler became chancellor of Germany in January 1933		world-wars-global-overview
Appeasement	Giving in to demands to avoid war, as at Munich in 1938		world-wars-global-overview
Munich Agreement (1938)	Britain and France let Germany take part of Czechoslovakia		world-wars-global-overview
Invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939)	Start of World War II in Europe		world-wars-global-overview
Blitzkrieg	German 'lightning war' using tanks, planes and fast movement		world-wars-global-overview
Fall of France (1940)	Germany took France in six weeks		world-wars-global-overview
Dunkirk (1940)	Evacuation of over 300,000 Allied troops from France		world-wars-global-overview
Battle of Britain (1940)	Royal Air Force defeated German air attacks		world-wars-global-overview
The Blitz	German bombing of British cities in 1940-41		world-wars-global-overview
Operation Barbarossa (1941)	Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union		world-wars-global-overview
Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43)	Soviet victory that turned the tide on the Eastern Front		world-wars-global-overview
El Alamein (1942)	British victory in Egypt against German-Italian forces		world-wars-global-overview
Pearl Harbor	Japan's attack on the US on December 7, 1941		world-wars-global-overview
Japanese expansion	Japan invaded China in the 1930s and spread across Asia in 1941-42		world-wars-global-overview
Nanjing (Nanking) 1937	Japan captured the Chinese capital after a hard battle; many civilians suffered		world-wars-global-overview
Battle of Midway (1942)	US Navy victory that weakened Japan's carriers		world-wars-global-overview
Holocaust	Nazi murder of six million Jews and millions of others		world-wars-global-overview
Resistance movements	Secret groups that opposed Nazi occupation		world-wars-global-overview
Kindertransport	Rescue program that took thousands of Jewish children from Germany to Britain		world-wars-global-overview
Righteous Among the Nations	Honor for non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews		world-wars-global-overview
Raoul Wallenberg	Swedish diplomat who saved thousands of Hungarian Jews		world-wars-global-overview
Oskar Schindler	German businessman who saved over a thousand Jewish workers		world-wars-global-overview
D-Day (June 6, 1944)	Allied invasion of Normandy		world-wars-global-overview
Liberation of Paris (Aug. 1944)	Allied forces freed the French capital		world-wars-global-overview
Yalta Conference	Allied leaders planned the post-war world		world-wars-global-overview
Potsdam Conference (1945)	Allied leaders met in Germany after Germany's surrender		world-wars-global-overview
V-E Day	May 8, 1945, victory in Europe		world-wars-global-overview
Hiroshima and Nagasaki	Atomic bombs dropped in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender		world-wars-global-overview
V-J Day	Japan's surrender announced August 15, 1945; signed September 2		world-wars-global-overview
Total deaths	WWII killed an estimated 70 to 85 million people		world-wars-global-overview
Nuremberg Trials	International court trials of Nazi leaders for war crimes		world-wars-global-overview
United Nations	Founded in 1945 to maintain peace		world-wars-global-overview
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)	UN statement of basic rights for all people		world-wars-global-overview
Decolonization	After WWII, many colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence		world-wars-global-overview
Cold War begins	The US and USSR became rivals after the war		world-wars-global-overview
Marshall Plan	US aid to rebuild Western Europe		world-wars-global-overview
Allied Powers	Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the US and China		world-wars-global-overview
Axis Powers	Germany, Italy and Japan		world-wars-global-overview
Division of Germany	After WWII, Germany was divided into East and West		world-wars-global-overview
Occupation of Japan	US-led occupation, 1945-1952, helped Japan write a new constitution		world-wars-global-overview
Chinese Civil War	Fighting between Nationalists and Communists, resumed after WWII; Communists won in 1949		world-wars-global-overview
Indian Army in WWII	Over 2.5 million Indian volunteers served		world-wars-global-overview
Navajo Code Talkers	Used their language to send secret Pacific messages		world-wars-global-overview
Anne Frank's diary	Diary of a Jewish girl hiding in Amsterdam from 1942 to 1944		world-wars-global-overview
Arch	A curved structure that spans an opening		art-architecture-terms
Column	A tall round support, like a pillar		art-architecture-terms
Dome	A rounded roof like half a ball		art-architecture-terms
Vault	An arched ceiling or roof		art-architecture-terms
Buttress	A support built against a wall to strengthen it		art-architecture-terms
Flying buttress	A stone arch outside a Gothic church that braces the wall		art-architecture-terms
Facade	The front face of a building		art-architecture-terms
Foundation	The base that supports a building		art-architecture-terms
Beam	A horizontal support		art-architecture-terms
Lintel	A horizontal beam over a door or window		art-architecture-terms
Cornice	A decorative strip along the top of a wall		art-architecture-terms
Pediment	A triangle-shaped part above a doorway or columns		art-architecture-terms
Spire	A tall pointed top of a tower		art-architecture-terms
Steeple	A tall tower on a church with a spire		art-architecture-terms
Minaret	A tall slender tower of a mosque		art-architecture-terms
Pagoda	A tiered tower of East Asia		art-architecture-terms
Gargoyle	A carved stone creature that drains rain from a roof		art-architecture-terms
Atrium	A large open space inside a building, often with a glass roof		art-architecture-terms
Skyscraper	A very tall building		art-architecture-terms
Blueprint	A drawing plan of a building		art-architecture-terms
Doric column	The simplest Greek column style, plain at the top		art-architecture-terms
Ionic column	Greek column with scroll shapes at the top		art-architecture-terms
Corinthian column	Greek column with leaves at the top		art-architecture-terms
Parthenon	Greek temple on the Acropolis in Athens, finished in 432 BCE		art-architecture-terms
Colosseum	Roman amphitheater in Rome opened in 80 CE		art-architecture-terms
Pantheon	Roman temple in Rome with a huge concrete dome		art-architecture-terms
Aqueduct	A bridge-like structure that carries water		art-architecture-terms
Pyramids of Giza	Egyptian royal tombs built about 4,500 years ago		art-architecture-terms
Great Wall of China	A long defensive wall built across northern China over many centuries		art-architecture-terms
Taj Mahal	White marble tomb in Agra, India, completed in 1653		art-architecture-terms
Hagia Sophia	Great domed building in Istanbul built in 537		art-architecture-terms
Notre-Dame de Paris	Gothic cathedral in Paris started in 1163		art-architecture-terms
St. Peter's Basilica	Church in Vatican City with a dome designed with help from Michelangelo		art-architecture-terms
Eiffel Tower	Iron tower in Paris built for the 1889 World's Fair by Gustave Eiffel's company		art-architecture-terms
Big Ben	Nickname of the great bell in the clock tower at Westminster, London		art-architecture-terms
Sagrada Familia	Unfinished church in Barcelona designed by Antoni Gaudi		art-architecture-terms
Sydney Opera House	Sail-roofed arts center in Australia, opened in 1973		art-architecture-terms
Burj Khalifa	Skyscraper in Dubai, completed in 2010		art-architecture-terms
Empire State Building	New York skyscraper completed in 1931		art-architecture-terms
Chrysler Building	New York Art Deco skyscraper from 1930		art-architecture-terms
Golden Gate Bridge	Suspension bridge in San Francisco opened in 1937		art-architecture-terms
Brooklyn Bridge	Suspension bridge in New York opened in 1883		art-architecture-terms
Frank Lloyd Wright	American architect who designed Fallingwater		art-architecture-terms
Fallingwater	House built over a waterfall in Pennsylvania by Frank Lloyd Wright		art-architecture-terms
Zaha Hadid	Iraqi-British architect who designed curving modern buildings		art-architecture-terms
I. M. Pei	Architect of the glass pyramid at the Louvre		art-architecture-terms
Antoni Gaudi	Spanish architect of curvy, colorful designs		art-architecture-terms
Frank Gehry	Architect of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao		art-architecture-terms
Christopher Wren	English architect who rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral after the 1666 fire		art-architecture-terms
Gothic architecture	Style with pointed arches, tall windows and flying buttresses		art-architecture-terms
Romanesque architecture	Style with round arches and thick walls		art-architecture-terms
Baroque architecture	Style with grand curves, drama and decoration		art-architecture-terms
Neoclassical architecture	Style that copies ancient Greek and Roman buildings, like the US Capitol		art-architecture-terms
Art Deco architecture	Geometric, glamorous style of the 1920s and 1930s		art-architecture-terms
Modernism	Style with simple shapes and little decoration, 'less is more'		art-architecture-terms
Brutalism	Style using raw concrete in blocky forms		art-architecture-terms
Sustainable architecture	Design that saves energy and protects the environment		art-architecture-terms
Green roof	A roof covered with plants		art-architecture-terms
Mud brick (adobe)	A building material of sun-dried clay and straw		art-architecture-terms
Igloo	A dome-shaped snow house built by Inuit people		art-architecture-terms
Yurt	A round tent house used by nomads in Central Asia		art-architecture-terms
Stilt house	House raised on poles above water or ground		art-architecture-terms
Castle	A fortified building of medieval Europe		art-architecture-terms
Moat	A ditch filled with water around a castle		art-architecture-terms
Drawbridge	A bridge that can be raised to block a castle entrance		art-architecture-terms
Primary colors (paint)	Red, yellow and blue		art-color-theory
Secondary colors	Orange, green and violet		art-color-theory
Tertiary colors	Colors made by mixing a primary and a nearby secondary, like red-orange		art-color-theory
Red + yellow	Orange		art-color-theory
Yellow + blue	Green		art-color-theory
Blue + red	Violet (purple)		art-color-theory
Red + blue + yellow in equal parts	A muddy brown or gray		art-color-theory
Complementary colors	Colors opposite each other on the color wheel		art-color-theory
Complement of red	Green		art-color-theory
Complement of blue	Orange		art-color-theory
Complement of yellow	Violet		art-color-theory
Complement of orange	Blue		art-color-theory
Complement of green	Red		art-color-theory
Complement of violet	Yellow		art-color-theory
Analogous colors	Colors next to each other on the color wheel		art-color-theory
Warm colors	Reds, oranges and yellows		art-color-theory
Cool colors	Blues, greens and violets		art-color-theory
Neutral colors	Black, white, gray and brown		art-color-theory
Monochromatic	Using one hue with different tints and shades		art-color-theory
Triadic color scheme	Three colors evenly spaced on the color wheel		art-color-theory
Split complementary	A color plus the two colors on each side of its complement		art-color-theory
Tetradic scheme	Two pairs of complementary colors		art-color-theory
Hue	The name of a color		art-color-theory
Value	How light or dark a color is		art-color-theory
Saturation	How pure or intense a color is		art-color-theory
Tint	A hue plus white		art-color-theory
Shade	A hue plus black		art-color-theory
Tone	A hue plus gray		art-color-theory
Pink	A tint of red		art-color-theory
Navy	A shade of blue		art-color-theory
Color wheel	A circle showing the relationships between colors		art-color-theory
Isaac Newton and color	He used a prism in the 1660s to show white light holds all colors		art-color-theory
Rainbow order	Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet (ROY G. BIV)		art-color-theory
Primary colors (light)	Red, green and blue		art-color-theory
Secondary colors (light)	Cyan, magenta and yellow		art-color-theory
RGB	Red, green, blue; color model for screens		art-color-theory
CMYK	Cyan, magenta, yellow, key (black); color model for printing		art-color-theory
Additive color	Mixing light: adding colors makes white		art-color-theory
Subtractive color	Mixing pigments: adding colors makes darker colors		art-color-theory
All colors of light mixed	White		art-color-theory
All pigments mixed	A dark muddy color		art-color-theory
Which colors seem to come forward?	Warm, bright colors		art-color-theory
Which colors seem to recede?	Cool, dull colors		art-color-theory
Red often shows	Energy, danger, passion		art-color-theory
Blue often shows	Calm, peace, sadness		art-color-theory
Yellow often shows	Happiness, warning		art-color-theory
Green often shows	Nature, growth		art-color-theory
Purple often shows	Royalty, mystery		art-color-theory
Chroma	Another word for the purity of a color		art-color-theory
Pigment	Colored powder that gives paint its color		art-color-theory
Dye	A color that soaks into material		art-color-theory
Opaque	Does not let light through		art-color-theory
Transparent	Lets light through so you can see through it		art-color-theory
Translucent	Lets some light through		art-color-theory
Primary colors cannot be...	Made by mixing other colors		art-color-theory
Simultaneous contrast	How a color looks different next to another color		art-color-theory
Colorblindness	Difficulty telling certain colors apart, such as red and green		art-color-theory
Highlight	The lightest area of a painting		art-color-theory
To make a color darker	Add black or its complement		art-color-theory
To make a color lighter	Add white (or water in watercolor)		art-color-theory
Sienna and umber	Earth-tone brown pigments from clay		art-color-theory
Ultramarine	A deep blue pigment once made from lapis lazuli		art-color-theory
Vermilion	A bright red-orange pigment		art-color-theory
Hatching	Drawing closely spaced parallel lines to show shade		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Cross-hatching	Layers of hatching lines crossing each other for darker shade		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Stippling	Making shade or texture with tiny dots		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Blending	Smoothing colors or values together so they merge		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Shading	Adding darkness to show form and light		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Contour drawing	Drawing the outline and edges of an object		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Gesture drawing	Quick loose drawing capturing movement		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Blind contour drawing	Drawing an outline while looking only at the subject, not the paper		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Sketch	A quick, rough drawing		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Thumbnail sketch	A small quick drawing to plan a composition		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Charcoal	Soft black drawing material made from burnt wood		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Graphite	The gray material in pencils		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Pastel	Chalk-like sticks of pigment		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Conte crayon	A hard drawing stick in black, brown or red		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Pen and ink	Drawing with a pen dipped in or filled with ink		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Watercolor	Paint made of pigment and water on paper, see-through and light		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Gouache	Opaque water-based paint		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Acrylic paint	Fast-drying plastic-based paint that cleans up with water		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Oil paint	Slow-drying paint made with oil, used since the Renaissance		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Tempera	Paint made with egg yolk or similar binder		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Fresco	Painting on wet plaster		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Encaustic	Painting with colored melted wax		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Impasto	Paint applied thickly so the brushstrokes show		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Glaze	A thin see-through layer of paint over another		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Wash	A thin, watery layer of paint		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Wet-on-wet	Painting wet paint onto a wet surface so colors blend		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Wet-on-dry	Painting wet paint onto dry paper for sharper edges		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Dry brush	Using a brush with little paint to make scratchy texture		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Scumbling	Dragging dry paint lightly over another layer		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Palette	A surface for mixing paint, or an artist's chosen set of colors		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Easel	A stand that holds a canvas upright		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Canvas	Cloth stretched on a frame for painting		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Primer (gesso)	A coating that prepares a surface for painting		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Palette knife	A blade-like tool for mixing or applying paint		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Round brush	A brush with a pointed tip for lines and details		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Flat brush	A brush for broad strokes and sharp edges		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Collage	Artwork made by gluing pieces of paper and other materials together		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Assemblage	Art made from found objects put together in 3D		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Mosaic	A picture made of small pieces of tile, glass or stone		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Mixed media	Art that uses more than one material		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Printmaking	Making art by transferring ink from a surface to paper		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Woodcut	A print made from carved wood		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Linocut	A print made from carved linoleum		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Etching	A print made from lines cut into metal with acid		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Lithography	Printing from a flat stone or plate using grease and water		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Silkscreen	Pushing ink through a stencil mesh onto a surface		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Monoprint	A single print that cannot be repeated exactly		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Batik	Fabric dyeing method that uses wax to resist the dye		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Tie-dye	Dyeing cloth that has been tied to make patterns		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Pottery	Objects made of clay and baked hard		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Kiln	An oven for firing clay		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Slip	Liquid clay used to join pieces		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Score and slip	Scratching clay surfaces and adding slip to join them		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Coil pot	Pottery built from rolled ropes of clay		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Pinch pot	A pot formed by pinching clay with the fingers		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Slab construction	Making pottery from flat pieces of clay		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Wheel throwing	Shaping clay on a spinning potter's wheel		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Bisque	Clay fired once without glaze		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Glaze (clay)	A glassy coating melted onto pottery in a kiln		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Armature	A frame that supports a sculpture		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Relief sculpture	Sculpture that sticks out from a flat background		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Sculpture in the round	Sculpture that can be viewed from all sides		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Carving	Taking away material to make a sculpture		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Modeling	Building up material like clay to make a sculpture		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Casting	Pouring melted metal or plaster into a mold		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Origami	The Japanese art of paper folding		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Calligraphy	Beautiful handwriting		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Illustration	A picture that explains or decorates text		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Vanishing point	The spot on the horizon where parallel lines seem to meet		art-drawing-painting-techniques
One-point perspective	Perspective with one vanishing point on the horizon		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Two-point perspective	Perspective with two vanishing points		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Horizon line	The line where earth and sky seem to meet		art-drawing-painting-techniques
Line	A mark made by a moving point, long and thin		art-elements-and-principles
Shape	A flat, enclosed area with height and width		art-elements-and-principles
Form	A shape with three dimensions: height, width and depth		art-elements-and-principles
Color	What we see when light bounces off an object		art-elements-and-principles
Value	How light or dark a color is		art-elements-and-principles
Texture	How a surface feels or looks like it feels		art-elements-and-principles
Space	The area around, between and inside things in art		art-elements-and-principles
Positive space	The area taken up by the main subject		art-elements-and-principles
Negative space	The empty area around the subject		art-elements-and-principles
Geometric shape	A regular shape like a circle, square or triangle		art-elements-and-principles
Organic shape	A free-flowing, irregular shape like a leaf or cloud		art-elements-and-principles
Horizontal line	A line that goes side to side, feels calm		art-elements-and-principles
Vertical line	A line that goes up and down, feels tall and strong		art-elements-and-principles
Diagonal line	A slanted line, feels active and moving		art-elements-and-principles
Curved line	A line that bends, feels soft and flowing		art-elements-and-principles
Zigzag line	A line made of sharp angles, feels energetic		art-elements-and-principles
Contour line	A line that outlines the edge of a shape		art-elements-and-principles
Implied line	A line suggested by the way objects are arranged, not drawn		art-elements-and-principles
Hue	The name of a color		art-elements-and-principles
Tint	A color mixed with white		art-elements-and-principles
Shade	A color mixed with black		art-elements-and-principles
Tone	A color mixed with gray		art-elements-and-principles
Intensity (saturation)	How bright or dull a color is		art-elements-and-principles
Actual texture	Texture you can truly feel		art-elements-and-principles
Visual texture	Texture that is only drawn to look real		art-elements-and-principles
Perspective	A way to show depth on a flat surface		art-elements-and-principles
Foreground	The part of a picture closest to the viewer		art-elements-and-principles
Middle ground	The middle part of a picture		art-elements-and-principles
Background	The part of a picture farthest from the viewer		art-elements-and-principles
Overlapping	Placing one object in front of another to show depth		art-elements-and-principles
Principles of design	Ways artists organize the elements		art-elements-and-principles
Balance	How the visual weight is spread in an artwork		art-elements-and-principles
Symmetrical balance	Both sides are mirror images		art-elements-and-principles
Asymmetrical balance	Sides differ but still feel balanced		art-elements-and-principles
Radial balance	Parts spread out from a center point		art-elements-and-principles
Contrast	Differences such as light and dark that make things stand out		art-elements-and-principles
Emphasis	Making one part of the work the focus		art-elements-and-principles
Focal point	The place the eye goes first		art-elements-and-principles
Movement	How the eye is led through an artwork		art-elements-and-principles
Rhythm	Repeated elements that create a beat		art-elements-and-principles
Pattern	A repeated design of lines, shapes or colors		art-elements-and-principles
Repetition	Using an element again and again		art-elements-and-principles
Variety	Using different elements to make interest		art-elements-and-principles
Unity	When all parts of an artwork feel like they belong together		art-elements-and-principles
Harmony	Using similar elements to create calm unity		art-elements-and-principles
Proportion	How the sizes of parts relate to each other		art-elements-and-principles
Scale	The size of an object compared to others or to the viewer		art-elements-and-principles
Composition	How the parts of an artwork are arranged		art-elements-and-principles
Gradation	A gradual change in color, size or value		art-elements-and-principles
Rule of thirds	Placing key parts along lines dividing the picture into thirds		art-elements-and-principles
Medium	The material an artist uses, like watercolor or clay		art-elements-and-principles
Subject	What an artwork is about		art-elements-and-principles
Abstract art	Art that does not show things as they look in real life		art-elements-and-principles
Realism	Art that shows subjects as they really look		art-elements-and-principles
Representational art	Art showing recognizable things		art-elements-and-principles
Still life	A picture of objects that do not move		art-elements-and-principles
Landscape	A picture of outdoor scenery		art-elements-and-principles
Portrait	A picture of a person		art-elements-and-principles
Self-portrait	A picture an artist makes of themselves		art-elements-and-principles
Seascape	A picture of the sea		art-elements-and-principles
Cityscape	A picture of a city		art-elements-and-principles
Mural	A large painting made on a wall		art-elements-and-principles
Leonardo da Vinci	Italian Renaissance painter, inventor; Mona Lisa and The Last Supper (1452 to 1519)		art-famous-artists
Michelangelo	Italian sculptor and painter; David and the Sistine Chapel ceiling (1475 to 1564)		art-famous-artists
Raphael	Italian Renaissance painter of The School of Athens		art-famous-artists
Sandro Botticelli	Italian painter of The Birth of Venus		art-famous-artists
Albrecht Durer	German printmaker and painter of the Renaissance		art-famous-artists
Caravaggio	Italian Baroque painter known for dramatic light and dark		art-famous-artists
Rembrandt van Rijn	Dutch Golden Age painter famed for portraits and The Night Watch		art-famous-artists
Johannes Vermeer	Dutch painter of quiet indoor scenes, such as Girl with a Pearl Earring		art-famous-artists
Diego Velazquez	Spanish court painter of Las Meninas		art-famous-artists
Francisco Goya	Spanish painter and printmaker		art-famous-artists
J.M.W. Turner	British painter of light, sea and skies		art-famous-artists
John Constable	British painter of country landscapes like The Hay Wain		art-famous-artists
Claude Monet	French Impressionist who painted water lilies and haystacks		art-famous-artists
Pierre-Auguste Renoir	French Impressionist of joyful scenes of people		art-famous-artists
Edgar Degas	French Impressionist known for dancers		art-famous-artists
Mary Cassatt	American Impressionist known for mothers and children		art-famous-artists
Berthe Morisot	French Impressionist painter		art-famous-artists
Camille Pissarro	French Impressionist landscape painter		art-famous-artists
Vincent van Gogh	Dutch Post-Impressionist painter of The Starry Night and sunflowers (1853 to 1890)		art-famous-artists
Paul Cezanne	French painter who paved the way for Cubism		art-famous-artists
Georges Seurat	French painter who developed pointillism		art-famous-artists
Paul Gauguin	French painter who painted in Tahiti		art-famous-artists
Henri Matisse	French painter and cut-out artist, leader of Fauvism		art-famous-artists
Pablo Picasso	Spanish artist who co-founded Cubism, painted Guernica (1881 to 1973)		art-famous-artists
Georges Braque	French artist who co-founded Cubism		art-famous-artists
Salvador Dali	Spanish Surrealist famous for The Persistence of Memory		art-famous-artists
Rene Magritte	Belgian Surrealist who painted The Son of Man		art-famous-artists
Marc Chagall	Russian-French painter of dreamy colorful scenes		art-famous-artists
Wassily Kandinsky	Russian painter, pioneer of abstract art		art-famous-artists
Piet Mondrian	Dutch painter of grids in primary colors		art-famous-artists
Paul Klee	Swiss-German painter of playful, imaginative work		art-famous-artists
Edvard Munch	Norwegian painter of The Scream		art-famous-artists
Gustav Klimt	Austrian painter of The Kiss		art-famous-artists
Jackson Pollock	American painter who dripped paint onto big canvases		art-famous-artists
Mark Rothko	American painter of glowing blocks of color		art-famous-artists
Georgia O'Keeffe	American painter of flowers, bones and desert landscapes		art-famous-artists
Frida Kahlo	Mexican painter famous for self-portraits		art-famous-artists
Diego Rivera	Mexican muralist		art-famous-artists
Andy Warhol	American Pop artist known for soup cans and portraits		art-famous-artists
Roy Lichtenstein	American Pop artist inspired by comic book dots		art-famous-artists
Keith Haring	American artist with bold outlined figures		art-famous-artists
Jean-Michel Basquiat	American artist who began on New York streets		art-famous-artists
Grant Wood	American painter of American Gothic (1930)		art-famous-artists
Edward Hopper	American painter of quiet city scenes like Nighthawks		art-famous-artists
Norman Rockwell	American illustrator of everyday scenes for magazine covers		art-famous-artists
Winslow Homer	American painter of seascapes		art-famous-artists
Jacob Lawrence	African American painter of the Migration Series		art-famous-artists
Faith Ringgold	African American artist known for story quilts		art-famous-artists
Yayoi Kusama	Japanese artist known for polka dots and infinity rooms		art-famous-artists
Katsushika Hokusai	Japanese artist of The Great Wave off Kanagawa		art-famous-artists
Auguste Rodin	French sculptor of The Thinker		art-famous-artists
Alexander Calder	American sculptor who invented mobiles		art-famous-artists
Henry Moore	British sculptor of large, smooth, curved forms		art-famous-artists
Constantin Brancusi	Romanian sculptor of simple, polished forms		art-famous-artists
Alberto Giacometti	Swiss sculptor of tall, thin figures		art-famous-artists
Donatello	Italian Renaissance sculptor of the bronze David		art-famous-artists
Gian Lorenzo Bernini	Italian Baroque sculptor		art-famous-artists
Bridget Riley	British Op Art painter		art-famous-artists
Banksy	Anonymous British street artist		art-famous-artists
Dale Chihuly	American glass sculptor		art-famous-artists
Maya Lin	American artist and architect who designed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial		art-famous-artists
Beatrix Potter	English author and illustrator of Peter Rabbit		art-famous-artists
Leonardo's famous smile	The Mona Lisa		art-famous-artists
Mona Lisa	Leonardo da Vinci (Louvre Museum, Paris)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Last Supper	Leonardo da Vinci (Wall painting in Milan)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Sistine Chapel ceiling	Michelangelo (Vatican City)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
David (marble statue)	Michelangelo (Florence, Italy)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Pieta (Vatican)	Michelangelo		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Birth of Venus	Sandro Botticelli		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The School of Athens	Raphael		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Girl with a Pearl Earring	Johannes Vermeer		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Night Watch	Rembrandt van Rijn		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Las Meninas	Diego Velazquez		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Starry Night	Vincent van Gogh (Museum of Modern Art, New York)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Sunflowers	Vincent van Gogh		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Bedroom in Arles	Vincent van Gogh		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Impression, Sunrise	Claude Monet (Gave Impressionism its name)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Water Lilies	Claude Monet		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Luncheon of the Boating Party	Pierre-Auguste Renoir		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
A Sunday on La Grande Jatte	Georges Seurat (Made with tiny dots)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Dance Class	Edgar Degas		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Child's Bath	Mary Cassatt		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Guernica	Pablo Picasso (Anti-war mural from 1937)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon	Pablo Picasso		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Persistence of Memory	Salvador Dali (Melting clocks)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Son of Man	Rene Magritte (Man with an apple in front of his face)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Scream	Edvard Munch		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Kiss (painting)	Gustav Klimt		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Great Wave off Kanagawa	Katsushika Hokusai		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
American Gothic	Grant Wood		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Nighthawks	Edward Hopper		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Campbell's Soup Cans	Andy Warhol		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Whaam!	Roy Lichtenstein		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow	Piet Mondrian		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Broadway Boogie Woogie	Piet Mondrian		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Two Fridas	Frida Kahlo		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)	Jackson Pollock		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Thinker	Auguste Rodin		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Kiss (sculpture)	Auguste Rodin		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Venus de Milo	An ancient Greek statue of unknown sculptor, in the Louvre		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Winged Victory of Samothrace	Ancient Greek sculpture, now in the Louvre		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Discobolus (Discus Thrower)	Myron, ancient Greek		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Statue of Liberty	Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, a gift from France in 1886		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Christ the Redeemer (Rio de Janeiro)	Paul Landowski and Heitor da Silva Costa, 1931		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Great Sphinx of Giza	Ancient Egyptians, about 4,500 years old		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Terracotta Army	Thousands of clay soldiers buried with China's first emperor		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Mount Rushmore	Gutzon Borglum began carving it in 1927		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Cloud Gate (the Bean)	Anish Kapoor, Chicago		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Birdcage and Spiral mobiles	Alexander Calder		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Bird in Space	Constantin Brancusi		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Garden of Earthly Delights	Hieronymus Bosch		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog	Caspar David Friedrich		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Liberty Leading the People	Eugene Delacroix		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Raft of the Medusa	Theodore Gericault		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851)	Emanuel Leutze		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Migration Series	Jacob Lawrence		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Blue Nude	Henri Matisse (cut-out series)		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Snail	Henri Matisse		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Café Terrace at Night	Vincent van Gogh		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Red Poppies (Poppy Field)	Claude Monet		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Hay Wain	John Constable		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Fighting Temeraire	J.M.W. Turner		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Girl with a Balloon	Banksy		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Rosie the Riveter poster, We Can Do It!	J. Howard Miller, 1943		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Apollo and Daphne	Gian Lorenzo Bernini		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
The Elgin Marbles (Parthenon sculptures)	Ancient Greek, now in the British Museum		art-famous-paintings-sculptures
Renaissance	1400s to 1500s in Europe; rebirth of classical ideas, realism, perspective; Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael		art-movements
Baroque	1600s; drama, rich color, movement, strong light and dark; Caravaggio, Rembrandt		art-movements
Rococo	1700s; light, playful, decorative; Fragonard		art-movements
Neoclassicism	Late 1700s; order and clarity inspired by ancient Greece and Rome; Jacques-Louis David		art-movements
Romanticism	Early 1800s; emotion, nature and imagination; Delacroix, Turner		art-movements
Realism	Mid 1800s; everyday life shown honestly; Courbet		art-movements
Impressionism	1870s France; quick brushstrokes, light and color, outdoor scenes; Monet, Renoir		art-movements
Post-Impressionism	1880s to 1900s; personal style and emotion beyond Impressionism; Van Gogh, Cezanne, Seurat		art-movements
Pointillism	Painting with tiny dots of color; Georges Seurat		art-movements
Symbolism	Late 1800s; art of dreams, ideas and mystery		art-movements
Art Nouveau	1890s to 1910; flowing plant-like lines; Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt		art-movements
Fauvism	Early 1900s; wild, bold colors; Henri Matisse		art-movements
Expressionism	Early 1900s; strong feelings through distorted forms; Edvard Munch		art-movements
Cubism	Early 1900s; objects broken into geometric shapes seen from many sides; Picasso, Braque		art-movements
Futurism	1909 Italy; speed, machines and modern life		art-movements
Dada	1916 and after; playful anti-art in response to World War I; Marcel Duchamp		art-movements
Surrealism	1920s; dreams and the unconscious; Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte		art-movements
Constructivism	Russia, 1910s to 1920s; geometric shapes used for modern purposes		art-movements
De Stijl	Dutch movement from 1917; straight lines, primary colors; Piet Mondrian		art-movements
Bauhaus	German design school founded in 1919 mixing art, craft and technology		art-movements
Art Deco	1920s to 1930s; sleek, geometric, glamorous design		art-movements
Abstract Expressionism	1940s to 1950s New York; large energetic abstract paintings; Jackson Pollock		art-movements
Color field painting	Large areas of flat color; Mark Rothko		art-movements
Pop Art	1950s to 1960s; popular culture and ads; Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein		art-movements
Op Art	1960s; optical illusions with patterns; Bridget Riley		art-movements
Minimalism	1960s; very simple forms with little detail		art-movements
Conceptual art	The idea matters more than the finished object		art-movements
Photorealism	Paintings that look like photographs		art-movements
Street art	Art made in public spaces, including murals and graffiti; Banksy, Keith Haring		art-movements
Harlem Renaissance	1920s to 1930s; flowering of African American art, music and writing; Aaron Douglas		art-movements
Mexican Muralism	1920s to 1940s; huge public murals; Diego Rivera		art-movements
Ukiyo-e	Japanese woodblock prints of the Edo period; Hokusai		art-movements
Gothic art	1100s to 1400s Europe; cathedrals, stained glass		art-movements
Byzantine art	Eastern Roman art with gold mosaics and religious icons		art-movements
Medieval illuminated manuscripts	Hand-copied books decorated with gold and bright colors		art-movements
Mannerism	Late 1500s; stretched, elegant figures; El Greco		art-movements
Hudson River School	1800s American landscape painters, including Thomas Cole		art-movements
Arts and Crafts movement	Late 1800s; handmade craft against factory goods; William Morris		art-movements
Magic Realism	Realistic style with unusual dreamlike details		art-movements
Naive art	Untrained artists' simple, bright style; Henri Rousseau		art-movements
Folk art	Art made by ordinary people in a community tradition		art-movements
Aboriginal dot painting	Australian Indigenous art using dots to tell stories of the land		art-movements
Which movement is named after a Monet painting?	Impressionism, from Impression, Sunrise (1872)		art-movements
Which movement did Picasso and Braque start?	Cubism		art-movements
Which movement did Dali belong to?	Surrealism		art-movements
Which movement did Warhol belong to?	Pop Art		art-movements
Which movement did Pollock belong to?	Abstract Expressionism		art-movements
Which movement did Monet belong to?	Impressionism		art-movements
Which movement did Mondrian belong to?	De Stijl		art-movements
Which movement did Matisse lead?	Fauvism		art-movements
Which movement did Michelangelo belong to?	Renaissance		art-movements
Which movement did Caravaggio belong to?	Baroque		art-movements
Which movement did Duchamp belong to?	Dada		art-movements
Which movement did Seurat invent a style within?	Post-Impressionism, using pointillism		art-movements
Which movement did Van Gogh belong to?	Post-Impressionism		art-movements
Plie	A bend of the knees (French: bent) (plee-AY)		dance-terms
Tendu	A stretched foot sliding along the floor (tahn-DOO)		dance-terms
Releve	A rise onto the balls of the feet or toes (reh-leh-VAY)		dance-terms
Pirouette	A full turn on one foot (peer-oo-ET)		dance-terms
Arabesque	A pose on one leg with the other extended behind (air-uh-BESK)		dance-terms
Jete	A jump from one foot to the other (zheh-TAY)		dance-terms
Grand jete	A big leap with legs split in the air		dance-terms
Chasse	A gliding step in which one foot chases the other (sha-SAY)		dance-terms
Glissade	A gliding step to travel (glee-SAHD)		dance-terms
Sauté	A jump from two feet landing on two feet (soh-TAY)		dance-terms
Port de bras	Movement of the arms		dance-terms
Battement	A beating or kicking movement of the leg		dance-terms
Rond de jambe	A circular movement of the leg		dance-terms
Fouette	A whipping turn on one leg		dance-terms
Pas de deux	A dance for two people		dance-terms
Corps de ballet	The group of dancers who perform together		dance-terms
Prima ballerina	The leading female dancer in a ballet company		dance-terms
Barre	The rail dancers hold for warm-ups		dance-terms
En pointe	Dancing on the tips of the toes in pointe shoes		dance-terms
Tutu	A short stiff skirt worn by ballet dancers		dance-terms
First position	Heels together, toes turned out		dance-terms
Fifth position	Feet crossed tightly, one in front of the other		dance-terms
Choreography	The planned steps and movements of a dance		dance-terms
Choreographer	The person who creates a dance		dance-terms
Improvisation (dance)	Dancing without planned steps		dance-terms
Ballet	Classical dance that began in Italian and French courts		dance-terms
Tap dance	Dance with metal taps on the shoes making rhythms		dance-terms
Jazz dance	Lively dance with strong rhythm and isolations		dance-terms
Modern dance	Dance style that broke from ballet rules, pioneered by Martha Graham		dance-terms
Contemporary dance	Dance mixing ballet, modern and jazz		dance-terms
Hip-hop dance	Street dance styles like popping and breaking		dance-terms
Breakdancing (breaking)	Acrobatic hip-hop dance with floor moves and spins		dance-terms
Popping	Quickly tightening muscles to jerk the body		dance-terms
Locking	Hip-hop moves with quick stops and holds		dance-terms
Flamenco	Spanish dance with stomping, clapping and guitar		dance-terms
Salsa	Latin partner dance with Cuban roots		dance-terms
Tango	Partner dance from Argentina and Uruguay		dance-terms
Waltz	Graceful dance in three-beat time		dance-terms
Foxtrot	Smooth ballroom dance with walking steps		dance-terms
Cha-cha	Latin ballroom dance with a quick cha-cha-cha step		dance-terms
Square dance	American folk dance with a caller		dance-terms
Line dance	A dance where people stand in rows doing the same steps		dance-terms
Polka	Lively dance in 2/4 time from Bohemia		dance-terms
Hula	Hawaiian dance telling stories with hands and hips		dance-terms
Bharatanatyam	Classical dance from southern India		dance-terms
Folk dance	A traditional dance of a region or people		dance-terms
Ballroom dance	Partner dances like waltz and foxtrot		dance-terms
Swing dance	Jazz-era partner dance, including the Lindy Hop		dance-terms
Lindy Hop	Swing dance from Harlem in the 1920s and 1930s		dance-terms
Irish step dance	Dance with fast footwork and still arms		dance-terms
Cartwheel	A sideways turn of the body on hands and feet		dance-terms
Isolation	Moving only one part of the body		dance-terms
Level (dance)	How high or low the dancer is: low, middle or high		dance-terms
Tempo (dance)	The speed of the dance		dance-terms
Formation	The arrangement of dancers on stage		dance-terms
Unison (dance)	Dancers doing the same movement at the same time		dance-terms
Canon (dance)	Dancers doing the same movement at different times		dance-terms
Locomotor movement	Movement that travels across space, like walking, skipping, hopping		dance-terms
Non-locomotor movement	Movement in place, like bending, twisting, stretching		dance-terms
Skip	A step-hop pattern, moving forward		dance-terms
Gallop	A step and a leap with the same foot leading		dance-terms
Leap	A jump from one foot to the other		dance-terms
Hop	Jump on one foot landing on the same foot		dance-terms
Martha Graham	American modern dance pioneer		dance-terms
Alvin Ailey	American choreographer who founded a dance theater in 1958		dance-terms
Misty Copeland	American ballerina who became principal dancer at American Ballet Theatre in 2015		dance-terms
Rudolf Nureyev	Russian ballet star, 1938 to 1993		dance-terms
Anna Pavlova	Russian ballerina famed for The Dying Swan		dance-terms
Close-up	A shot showing a face or object up close		film-terms
Extreme close-up	A shot of a very small part, like an eye		film-terms
Medium shot	A shot of a person from the waist up		film-terms
Long shot (wide shot)	A shot showing the whole person and their surroundings		film-terms
Establishing shot	A wide shot showing where a scene takes place		film-terms
Over-the-shoulder shot	A shot from behind one person looking at another		film-terms
Point-of-view (POV) shot	A shot seen through a character's eyes		film-terms
Pan	Turning the camera left or right from a fixed spot		film-terms
Tilt	Moving the camera up or down from a fixed spot		film-terms
Zoom	Changing the lens to get closer or farther		film-terms
Dolly shot	Moving the camera on a wheeled cart		film-terms
Tracking shot	The camera follows a subject as it moves		film-terms
Crane shot	A camera on a crane moving high or low		film-terms
Aerial shot	A shot from high in the air, often by drone		film-terms
High angle	The camera looks down, making subjects seem small		film-terms
Low angle	The camera looks up, making subjects seem powerful		film-terms
Eye-level shot	The camera at the actor's eye height		film-terms
Dutch angle	A tilted camera that makes a scene feel uneasy		film-terms
Frame	One single image in a film		film-terms
Frame rate	How many pictures are shown per second; film is usually 24		film-terms
Cut	A change from one shot to another		film-terms
Fade	A shot slowly changing to or from black		film-terms
Dissolve	One shot slowly blending into another		film-terms
Montage	A series of short shots joined to show time passing or ideas		film-terms
Flashback	A scene showing an earlier time		film-terms
Foreshadowing	A hint about what will happen later		film-terms
Slow motion	Action shown slower than real life		film-terms
Time-lapse	Many pictures over a long time shown quickly		film-terms
Voice-over	A narrator's voice heard over the pictures		film-terms
Soundtrack	The sound and music of a film		film-terms
Score	The music composed for a film		film-terms
Sound effects	Added sounds like footsteps or doors		film-terms
Foley	Sound effects made live by artists, matched to the action		film-terms
Dialogue (film)	Spoken words between characters		film-terms
Script (screenplay)	The written story, dialogue and action of a film		film-terms
Storyboard	A series of drawings planning each shot		film-terms
Director	The person who leads the creative work on a film		film-terms
Producer	The person who organizes money and the production		film-terms
Screenwriter	The person who writes the script		film-terms
Cinematographer	The person in charge of camera and lighting		film-terms
Editor	The person who cuts shots together		film-terms
Gaffer	The chief electrician on a film set		film-terms
Best boy	The assistant to the gaffer or key grip		film-terms
Grip	A crew member who moves and sets up equipment		film-terms
Key grip	The head of the grip crew		film-terms
Production designer	The person who plans the look of a film's sets		film-terms
Costume designer	The person who plans actors' clothing		film-terms
Stunt performer	A person trained to do dangerous action safely		film-terms
Extra	An actor in the background with no lines		film-terms
Clapperboard	A board snapped at the start of a take to match sound and picture		film-terms
Take	One try of filming a shot		film-terms
Scene (film)	A part of the story in one place and time		film-terms
Action!	What the director says to start filming		film-terms
Cut! (director's call)	What the director says to stop filming		film-terms
Wrap	The end of filming		film-terms
Special effects	Tricks made during filming, like explosions or makeup		film-terms
Visual effects (VFX)	Images added using computers after filming		film-terms
CGI	Computer-generated imagery		film-terms
Green screen	A green background replaced by another image after filming		film-terms
Animation	Making still drawings or models appear to move		film-terms
Stop motion	Photographing objects frame by frame as they are moved a little		film-terms
Trailer	A short preview of a film		film-terms
Genre	A type of film, such as comedy or adventure		film-terms
Documentary	A film about real people and events		film-terms
Premiere	The first public showing of a film		film-terms
Oscars (Academy Awards)	Annual awards for achievements in film, first given in 1929		film-terms
Silent film	A film with no recorded dialogue, popular until the late 1920s		film-terms
The Jazz Singer	1927 film often called the first feature with synchronized talking		film-terms
The Wizard of Oz (1939)	A famous early Technicolor film		film-terms
Walt Disney	Founder of an animation studio; Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs came out in 1937		film-terms
Toy Story (1995)	The first full-length computer-animated feature film		film-terms
Bass clef: bottom line (line 1)	G		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: line 2	B		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: line 3 (middle)	D		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: line 4	F		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: top line (line 5)	A		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: first space (bottom)	A		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: second space	C		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: third space	E		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: fourth space (top)	G		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: space above the top line	B		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: space below the bottom line	F		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: first ledger line above the staff	C (middle C)		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: line below the staff (first ledger line)	E		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef lines, bottom to top	G B D F A (Good Boys Do Fine Always)		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef spaces, bottom to top	A C E G (All Cows Eat Grass)		music-bass-clef-notes
Another name for the bass clef	F clef (Its two dots surround the F line)		music-bass-clef-notes
The bass clef's two dots surround which line?	The fourth line, F		music-bass-clef-notes
Which instruments commonly read bass clef?	Cello, bassoon, trombone, tuba, and the left hand of the piano		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: where is middle C?	On the first ledger line above the staff		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef is used for which pitch range?	Lower notes		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: the note A on the staff, two places	Top line and first space		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: the note G on the staff, two places	Bottom line and top space		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: the note B on the staff	Second line		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: the note C on the staff	Second space		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: the note D on the staff	Middle line		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: the note E on the staff	Third space		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: the note F on the staff	Fourth line		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: highest staff line note	A		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: lowest staff line note	G		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: highest space note	G		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: lowest space note	A		music-bass-clef-notes
Same lines, different clef: treble line 1 is E. What is bass line 1?	G		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: note between lines 1 and 2	A		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: note between lines 2 and 3	C		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: note between lines 3 and 4	E		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: note between lines 4 and 5	G		music-bass-clef-notes
What is the grand staff?	A treble staff and bass staff joined by a brace, used for piano		music-bass-clef-notes
On the grand staff, which note sits between the two staves?	Middle C		music-bass-clef-notes
Which hand usually plays the bass clef on piano?	The left hand		music-bass-clef-notes
Which hand usually plays the treble clef on piano?	The right hand		music-bass-clef-notes
What is the brace?	The curly bracket joining the two staves of the grand staff		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: note one step above A (top line)	B, in the space above the staff		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: note one step below G (bottom line)	F, in the space below the staff		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: second ledger line below the staff	C		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: two lines below the staff are...	E (first ledger line) and C (second ledger line)		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: second ledger line above the staff	E		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: the A in the first space is how many steps from the A on the top line?	Seven steps, one octave apart		music-bass-clef-notes
Bass clef: which note is the same pitch as treble clef's first ledger line below?	Middle C, written above the bass staff		music-bass-clef-notes
Which clef sign looks like a fancy backwards C with two dots?	The bass clef		music-bass-clef-notes
Which clef is also called the G clef?	The treble clef		music-bass-clef-notes
True or false: bass clef lines and treble clef lines have the same names.	False. Bass lines are G B D F A; treble lines are E G B D F		music-bass-clef-notes
The Four Seasons	Antonio Vivaldi (Baroque violin concertos)		music-composers-and-works
Brandenburg Concertos	Johann Sebastian Bach		music-composers-and-works
Toccata and Fugue in D minor	Johann Sebastian Bach (Organ work)		music-composers-and-works
Messiah	George Frideric Handel (Includes the Hallelujah chorus)		music-composers-and-works
Water Music	George Frideric Handel		music-composers-and-works
The Surprise Symphony (No. 94)	Joseph Haydn (Has a sudden loud chord)		music-composers-and-works
The Magic Flute	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (An opera)		music-composers-and-works
Eine kleine Nachtmusik	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart		music-composers-and-works
The Marriage of Figaro	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (An opera)		music-composers-and-works
Symphony No. 5 (da-da-da-DUM)	Ludwig van Beethoven		music-composers-and-works
Ode to Joy (Symphony No. 9)	Ludwig van Beethoven		music-composers-and-works
Moonlight Sonata	Ludwig van Beethoven (Piano sonata)		music-composers-and-works
Fur Elise	Ludwig van Beethoven		music-composers-and-works
Trout Quintet	Franz Schubert		music-composers-and-works
Ave Maria (famous setting)	Franz Schubert		music-composers-and-works
Hungarian Dances	Johannes Brahms		music-composers-and-works
Brahms's Lullaby	Johannes Brahms		music-composers-and-works
Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2	Franz Liszt		music-composers-and-works
Minute Waltz	Frederic Chopin (Piano)		music-composers-and-works
Nocturnes for piano	Frederic Chopin		music-composers-and-works
The Blue Danube	Johann Strauss II (Waltz)		music-composers-and-works
Carnival of the Animals	Camille Saint-Saens		music-composers-and-works
Danse Macabre	Camille Saint-Saens		music-composers-and-works
Peer Gynt Suite	Edvard Grieg (Includes In the Hall of the Mountain King)		music-composers-and-works
Symphony from the New World	Antonin Dvorak		music-composers-and-works
The Nutcracker	Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Ballet)		music-composers-and-works
Swan Lake	Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Ballet)		music-composers-and-works
The Sleeping Beauty	Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Ballet)		music-composers-and-works
1812 Overture	Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Has cannon fire)		music-composers-and-works
Pictures at an Exhibition	Modest Mussorgsky (Later orchestrated by Ravel)		music-composers-and-works
Flight of the Bumblebee	Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov		music-composers-and-works
Scheherazade	Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov		music-composers-and-works
Boléro	Maurice Ravel		music-composers-and-works
Clair de lune	Claude Debussy (Piano)		music-composers-and-works
La mer	Claude Debussy (Orchestral sea pictures)		music-composers-and-works
Gymnopedies	Erik Satie		music-composers-and-works
The Planets	Gustav Holst		music-composers-and-works
The Rite of Spring	Igor Stravinsky (Ballet)		music-composers-and-works
The Firebird	Igor Stravinsky (Ballet)		music-composers-and-works
Peter and the Wolf	Sergei Prokofiev (Instruments tell a story)		music-composers-and-works
Romeo and Juliet ballet	Sergei Prokofiev		music-composers-and-works
Rhapsody in Blue	George Gershwin		music-composers-and-works
An American in Paris	George Gershwin		music-composers-and-works
Appalachian Spring	Aaron Copland (Ballet)		music-composers-and-works
Fanfare for the Common Man	Aaron Copland		music-composers-and-works
Stars and Stripes Forever	John Philip Sousa (March)		music-composers-and-works
Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra	Benjamin Britten		music-composers-and-works
West Side Story music	Leonard Bernstein		music-composers-and-works
Star Wars theme	John Williams		music-composers-and-works
Carmen	Georges Bizet (Opera)		music-composers-and-works
La Traviata	Giuseppe Verdi (Opera)		music-composers-and-works
Aida	Giuseppe Verdi (Opera)		music-composers-and-works
The Barber of Seville	Gioachino Rossini (Opera)		music-composers-and-works
William Tell Overture	Gioachino Rossini		music-composers-and-works
La Boheme	Giacomo Puccini (Opera)		music-composers-and-works
The Ring Cycle	Richard Wagner (Four operas)		music-composers-and-works
Ride of the Valkyries	Richard Wagner		music-composers-and-works
Also sprach Zarathustra	Richard Strauss (Used in 2001: A Space Odyssey)		music-composers-and-works
Finlandia	Jean Sibelius		music-composers-and-works
The Sorcerer's Apprentice	Paul Dukas		music-composers-and-works
Canon in D	Johann Pachelbel		music-composers-and-works
Ballet Rodeo	Aaron Copland		music-composers-and-works
Slavonic Dances	Antonin Dvorak		music-composers-and-works
Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1	Edward Elgar		music-composers-and-works
Lullaby (Wiegenlied)	Johannes Brahms		music-composers-and-works
Prelude in C major (Well-Tempered Clavier)	Johann Sebastian Bach		music-composers-and-works
Bolero was written by this French composer	Maurice Ravel		music-composers-and-works
Rodeo's Hoe-Down is by this American	Aaron Copland		music-composers-and-works
Oh Fortuna (Carmina Burana)	Carl Orff		music-composers-and-works
Piano (p)	Soft		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Pianissimo (pp)	Very soft		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Pianississimo (ppp)	As soft as possible		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Mezzo piano (mp)	Medium soft		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Mezzo forte (mf)	Medium loud		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Forte (f)	Loud		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Fortissimo (ff)	Very loud		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Fortississimo (fff)	As loud as possible		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Sforzando (sfz)	A sudden strong accent		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Crescendo	Gradually getting louder		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Decrescendo	Gradually getting softer		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Diminuendo	Gradually getting softer		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Subito	Suddenly		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Fortepiano (fp)	Loud then immediately soft		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Largo	Very slow and broad		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Lento	Slow		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Adagio	Slow and at ease		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Andante	At a walking pace		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Moderato	At a moderate speed		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Allegretto	Fairly fast, a little slower than allegro		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Allegro	Fast and lively		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Vivace	Lively and fast		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Presto	Very fast		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Prestissimo	As fast as possible		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Accelerando	Gradually getting faster		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Ritardando (rit.)	Gradually getting slower		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Rallentando	Gradually slowing down		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Ritenuto	Immediately slower		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
A tempo	Return to the original speed		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Rubato	Flexible tempo, speeding up and slowing down expressively		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Tempo primo	Return to the first tempo		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Legato	Smooth and connected		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Staccato	Short and detached		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Marcato	Marked, with emphasis		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Tenuto	Held for its full value		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Pizzicato	Plucked with the finger on a string instrument		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Arco	Played with the bow		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Cantabile	In a singing style		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Dolce	Sweetly		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Espressivo	With expression		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Maestoso	Majestically		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Grazioso	Gracefully		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Giocoso	Playfully		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Scherzando	Playfully, jokingly		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Agitato	Agitated, restless		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Con brio	With spirit		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Con fuoco	With fire		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Sostenuto	Sustained		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Poco	A little		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Molto	Very, much		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Meno	Less		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Più	More		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Poco a poco	Little by little		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Sempre	Always		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Assai	Very		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Non troppo	Not too much		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Tutti	All performers together		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Solo	One performer alone		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Da capo (D.C.)	Go back to the beginning		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Dal segno (D.S.)	Go back to the sign		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Fine	The end		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Coda	An ending section		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Tacet	Be silent		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Mezzo	Half or medium		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Alla breve	Cut time, two beats in a measure		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Metronome	A device that clicks a steady beat		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
BPM	Beats per minute		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Con sordino	With a mute		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Senza	Without		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Morendo	Dying away		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Calando	Growing softer and slower		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Animato	Animated, with life		music-dynamics-tempo-italian
Medieval period dates (music)	About 500 to 1400		music-history-eras
Renaissance period dates (music)	About 1400 to 1600		music-history-eras
Baroque period dates (music)	About 1600 to 1750		music-history-eras
Classical period dates (music)	About 1750 to 1820		music-history-eras
Romantic period dates (music)	About 1820 to 1900		music-history-eras
20th-century period (music)	About 1900 to 2000, with many new styles		music-history-eras
Gregorian chant	Unaccompanied sacred song with a single melody, from the Medieval era		music-history-eras
Monophony	One melodic line with no accompaniment		music-history-eras
Polyphony	Several independent melodies at once		music-history-eras
Homophony	A main melody with chordal accompaniment		music-history-eras
Hildegard of Bingen	Medieval composer and abbess, 1098 to 1179		music-history-eras
Guido of Arezzo	Medieval monk who helped develop staff notation and do-re-mi		music-history-eras
Madrigal	Renaissance song for several voices, often about love or nature		music-history-eras
Palestrina	Renaissance Italian master of church choral music		music-history-eras
Josquin des Prez	Renaissance composer from the Franco-Flemish region		music-history-eras
William Byrd	English Renaissance composer		music-history-eras
Printing press and music	Made printed sheet music possible in the Renaissance		music-history-eras
Characteristics of Baroque music	Ornamentation, strong bass line, terraced dynamics, counterpoint		music-history-eras
Basso continuo	A bass line with chords, played by harpsichord and cello in Baroque music		music-history-eras
Fugue	A piece where a theme enters one voice at a time and is imitated		music-history-eras
Counterpoint	The art of combining independent melodies		music-history-eras
Opera	A drama sung with orchestra, first developed around 1600		music-history-eras
Oratorio	A large choral work with soloists and orchestra, without staging		music-history-eras
Concerto	A work for a solo instrument and orchestra		music-history-eras
Johann Sebastian Bach	Baroque German master, 1685 to 1750		music-history-eras
George Frideric Handel	Baroque composer born in Germany, worked in England, 1685 to 1759		music-history-eras
Antonio Vivaldi	Baroque Venetian composer, 1678 to 1741		music-history-eras
Characteristics of Classical music	Balance, clarity, simple melodies, clear forms		music-history-eras
Sonata form	A structure with exposition, development and recapitulation		music-history-eras
Symphony	A large orchestral work usually in four movements		music-history-eras
String quartet	A piece for two violins, viola and cello		music-history-eras
Joseph Haydn	Classical composer, called the father of the symphony, 1732 to 1809		music-history-eras
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart	Classical composer, 1756 to 1791, born in Salzburg		music-history-eras
Ludwig van Beethoven	Bridge between Classical and Romantic, 1770 to 1827		music-history-eras
Characteristics of Romantic music	Strong emotion, big orchestras, program music, nationalism		music-history-eras
Program music	Instrumental music that tells a story or paints a picture		music-history-eras
Nationalism in music	Using folk songs and traditions of a composer's homeland		music-history-eras
Frederic Chopin	Romantic Polish pianist and composer, 1810 to 1849		music-history-eras
Franz Schubert	Romantic composer famous for hundreds of art songs		music-history-eras
Pyotr Tchaikovsky	Romantic Russian composer, 1840 to 1893		music-history-eras
Johannes Brahms	Romantic German composer, 1833 to 1897		music-history-eras
Impressionism in music	Music of mood and color using unusual scales, led by Debussy		music-history-eras
Claude Debussy	French composer linked with Impressionism		music-history-eras
Atonal music	Music not centered on a key		music-history-eras
Arnold Schoenberg	Composer who developed twelve-tone music		music-history-eras
Minimalism	Music built from simple patterns repeated and slowly changed		music-history-eras
Philip Glass	American minimalist composer		music-history-eras
Neoclassicism	20th-century return to Classical balance and form		music-history-eras
Igor Stravinsky	Russian-born composer of The Rite of Spring, 1882 to 1971		music-history-eras
Aaron Copland	American composer who used folk tunes, 1900 to 1990		music-history-eras
Electronic music	Music created using synthesizers and electronic sound		music-history-eras
Musique concrete	Music assembled from recorded real-world sounds		music-history-eras
John Cage	American composer known for 4'33" of silence		music-history-eras
Clara Schumann	Romantic pianist and composer, 1819 to 1896		music-history-eras
Fanny Mendelssohn	Romantic German composer and pianist, 1805 to 1847		music-history-eras
Florence Price	American composer, first Black woman to have a symphony played by a major orchestra, 1933		music-history-eras
Harpsichord vs piano	Harpsichord plucks strings; piano hammers strike them and can play soft or loud		music-history-eras
Pianoforte	The original name of the piano, meaning soft-loud		music-history-eras
Absolute music	Music with no story or picture, enjoyed for its own sake		music-history-eras
Era known for virtuoso performers like Liszt and Paganini	Romantic		music-history-eras
Era in which the orchestra grew and the piano became popular in homes	Romantic		music-history-eras
Era when the harpsichord and organ were common keyboard instruments	Baroque		music-history-eras
Violin	Strings (The smallest and highest of the bowed strings)		music-instrument-families
Viola	Strings		music-instrument-families
Cello	Strings		music-instrument-families
Double bass	Strings (The largest and lowest string instrument)		music-instrument-families
Harp	Strings (Plucked, with 47 strings on a concert harp)		music-instrument-families
Guitar	Strings (plucked)		music-instrument-families
Banjo	Strings (plucked)		music-instrument-families
Ukulele	Strings (plucked)		music-instrument-families
Mandolin	Strings (plucked)		music-instrument-families
Flute	Woodwind		music-instrument-families
Piccolo	Woodwind (A small flute that sounds higher)		music-instrument-families
Oboe	Woodwind (double reed)		music-instrument-families
English horn	Woodwind (double reed) (Neither English nor a horn)		music-instrument-families
Clarinet	Woodwind (single reed)		music-instrument-families
Bassoon	Woodwind (double reed)		music-instrument-families
Contrabassoon	Woodwind (double reed) (Lowest orchestral woodwind)		music-instrument-families
Saxophone	Woodwind (single reed) (Made of brass but played with a reed)		music-instrument-families
Recorder	Woodwind (fipple flute)		music-instrument-families
Trumpet	Brass		music-instrument-families
Trombone	Brass (Uses a slide)		music-instrument-families
French horn	Brass		music-instrument-families
Tuba	Brass (The lowest brass instrument)		music-instrument-families
Cornet	Brass		music-instrument-families
Euphonium	Brass		music-instrument-families
Bugle	Brass		music-instrument-families
Snare drum	Percussion		music-instrument-families
Bass drum	Percussion		music-instrument-families
Timpani	Percussion (Kettle drums that can be tuned)		music-instrument-families
Cymbals	Percussion		music-instrument-families
Triangle	Percussion		music-instrument-families
Tambourine	Percussion		music-instrument-families
Xylophone	Percussion (tuned wooden bars)		music-instrument-families
Marimba	Percussion (tuned wooden bars)		music-instrument-families
Glockenspiel	Percussion (tuned metal bars)		music-instrument-families
Vibraphone	Percussion (tuned metal bars with motors)		music-instrument-families
Maracas	Percussion		music-instrument-families
Castanets	Percussion		music-instrument-families
Gong	Percussion		music-instrument-families
Tubular bells	Percussion		music-instrument-families
Piano	Keyboard (struck strings) (Sometimes counted with percussion)		music-instrument-families
Organ	Keyboard (pipes or electronic)		music-instrument-families
Harpsichord	Keyboard (plucked strings)		music-instrument-families
Celesta	Keyboard (hammers hit metal plates)		music-instrument-families
Synthesizer	Electronic keyboard		music-instrument-families
Which family makes sound by bowing, plucking or strumming strings?	Strings		music-instrument-families
Which family makes sound by blowing across or into a reed or opening?	Woodwinds		music-instrument-families
Which family makes sound by buzzing lips into a mouthpiece?	Brass		music-instrument-families
Which family makes sound by striking, shaking or scraping?	Percussion		music-instrument-families
How many instrument families are in a standard orchestra?	Four: strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion		music-instrument-families
Which string instrument is played while standing and is the biggest?	Double bass		music-instrument-families
Which brass instrument has a slide?	Trombone		music-instrument-families
Which woodwind has no reed?	Flute		music-instrument-families
What makes a woodwind's sound?	Air vibrating across an edge or reed		music-instrument-families
Bagpipes	Woodwind (reed pipes with an air bag)		music-instrument-families
Harmonica	Free reed instrument		music-instrument-families
Accordion	Free reed instrument with bellows		music-instrument-families
Didgeridoo	Wind instrument from Aboriginal Australia		music-instrument-families
Sitar	Plucked string instrument from India		music-instrument-families
Steel drum	Percussion from Trinidad and Tobago		music-instrument-families
Koto	Plucked string instrument from Japan		music-instrument-families
Djembe	Hand drum from West Africa		music-instrument-families
Bongos	Pair of small hand drums		music-instrument-families
Pan flute	Wind instrument made of tubes of different lengths		music-instrument-families
Interval	The distance between two pitches		music-intervals-chords-scales
Half step	The smallest distance on a piano, one key to the very next key		music-intervals-chords-scales
Whole step	Two half steps		music-intervals-chords-scales
Unison (perfect 1st)	Two notes on the same pitch		music-intervals-chords-scales
Major 2nd	Two half steps (C up to D)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Major 3rd	Four half steps (C up to E)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Minor 3rd	Three half steps (C up to Eb)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Perfect 4th	Five half steps (C up to F)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Tritone (augmented 4th)	Six half steps (C up to F#)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Perfect 5th	Seven half steps (C up to G)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Minor 6th	Eight half steps (C up to Ab)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Major 6th	Nine half steps (C up to A)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Minor 7th	Ten half steps (C up to Bb)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Major 7th	Eleven half steps (C up to B)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Perfect octave	Twelve half steps, same note name at a higher pitch		music-intervals-chords-scales
Minor 2nd	One half step (C up to Db)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Consonance	Intervals that sound stable and pleasant		music-intervals-chords-scales
Dissonance	Intervals that sound tense and want to resolve		music-intervals-chords-scales
Major scale pattern	W W H W W W H (Whole and half steps)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Natural minor scale pattern	W H W W H W W		music-intervals-chords-scales
Harmonic minor scale	Natural minor with a raised 7th		music-intervals-chords-scales
Melodic minor scale (ascending)	Natural minor with raised 6th and 7th		music-intervals-chords-scales
Chromatic scale	All twelve half steps in an octave		music-intervals-chords-scales
Pentatonic scale	A five-note scale		music-intervals-chords-scales
Whole tone scale	A six-note scale made only of whole steps		music-intervals-chords-scales
Blues scale	A minor pentatonic scale with an added flat fifth		music-intervals-chords-scales
Scale degree 1	Tonic		music-intervals-chords-scales
Scale degree 2	Supertonic		music-intervals-chords-scales
Scale degree 3	Mediant		music-intervals-chords-scales
Scale degree 4	Subdominant		music-intervals-chords-scales
Scale degree 5	Dominant		music-intervals-chords-scales
Scale degree 6	Submediant		music-intervals-chords-scales
Scale degree 7	Leading tone		music-intervals-chords-scales
Octave	Interval where the higher note vibrates at twice the frequency		music-intervals-chords-scales
Chord	Three or more notes sounded together		music-intervals-chords-scales
Triad	A three-note chord built from stacked thirds		music-intervals-chords-scales
Root	The note a chord is named for and built on		music-intervals-chords-scales
Major triad	Root, major third, perfect fifth (C E G)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Minor triad	Root, minor third, perfect fifth (C Eb G)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Diminished triad	Root, minor third, diminished fifth (C Eb Gb)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Augmented triad	Root, major third, augmented fifth (C E G#)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Dominant seventh chord	A major triad plus a minor seventh (G B D F)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Major seventh chord	A major triad plus a major seventh (C E G B)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Minor seventh chord	A minor triad plus a minor seventh (C Eb G Bb)		music-intervals-chords-scales
Suspended 4th (sus4)	Chord with the third replaced by the fourth (C F G)		music-intervals-chords-scales
First inversion	A chord with its third in the bass		music-intervals-chords-scales
Second inversion	A chord with its fifth in the bass		music-intervals-chords-scales
Root position	A chord with its root in the bass		music-intervals-chords-scales
Arpeggio	The notes of a chord played one after another		music-intervals-chords-scales
Chord progression	A series of chords played in order		music-intervals-chords-scales
I chord	Tonic chord, built on the first scale degree		music-intervals-chords-scales
V chord	Dominant chord, built on the fifth scale degree		music-intervals-chords-scales
IV chord	Subdominant chord, built on the fourth scale degree		music-intervals-chords-scales
I-IV-V	A very common progression of chords in rock, folk and blues		music-intervals-chords-scales
Twelve-bar blues	A 12-measure chord pattern built on I, IV and V		music-intervals-chords-scales
Cadence	A chord pair that ends a musical phrase		music-intervals-chords-scales
Authentic cadence	V chord to I chord		music-intervals-chords-scales
Plagal cadence	IV chord to I chord (The Amen cadence)		music-intervals-chords-scales
C major triad notes	C E G		music-intervals-chords-scales
G major triad notes	G B D		music-intervals-chords-scales
F major triad notes	F A C		music-intervals-chords-scales
A minor triad notes	A C E		music-intervals-chords-scales
D minor triad notes	D F A		music-intervals-chords-scales
C major scale notes	C D E F G A B C		music-intervals-chords-scales
G major scale notes	G A B C D E F# G		music-intervals-chords-scales
F major scale notes	F G A Bb C D E F		music-intervals-chords-scales
Where did jazz begin?	New Orleans, Louisiana, in the early 1900s		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Improvisation	Making up music on the spot, a heart of jazz		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Swing	A jazz style with a bouncy rhythm, popular in the 1930s and 1940s		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Bebop	Fast, complex jazz of the 1940s		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Cool jazz	A calmer, smoother jazz style of the 1950s		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Louis Armstrong	Trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, a jazz pioneer		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Duke Ellington	Pianist and bandleader who wrote Take the A Train		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Ella Fitzgerald	Singer known as the First Lady of Song, famed for scat singing		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Scat singing	Singing nonsense syllables as an instrument		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Miles Davis	Trumpeter who recorded Kind of Blue in 1959		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
John Coltrane	Saxophonist who recorded A Love Supreme		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Dizzy Gillespie	Trumpeter with a bent horn who helped create bebop		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Charlie Parker	Saxophonist nicknamed Bird, a founder of bebop		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Thelonious Monk	Jazz pianist and composer known for unusual rhythm and harmony		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Count Basie	Pianist and bandleader of a famous swing orchestra		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Billie Holiday	Jazz singer nicknamed Lady Day		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Dave Brubeck	Pianist known for Take Five in 5/4 time		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Blues	A style rooted in African American communities of the Deep South, often 12 bars		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Delta blues	Early blues from the Mississippi Delta region		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
B.B. King	Blues guitarist who named his guitar Lucille		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Muddy Waters	Chicago blues pioneer		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Gospel music	Religious songs with powerful singing and a strong beat		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Ragtime	Syncopated piano style of the 1890s and early 1900s, led by Scott Joplin		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Scott Joplin	Composer of The Entertainer and Maple Leaf Rag		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Country music	Style from the American South with stories, guitar and fiddle; Nashville is a hub		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Grand Ole Opry	Famous country music radio show in Nashville		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Johnny Cash	Country singer called the Man in Black		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Dolly Parton	Country singer and songwriter who wrote I Will Always Love You		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Rock and roll	Style born in the 1950s from blues, country and gospel		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Elvis Presley	Rock and roll star from Memphis nicknamed the King		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Chuck Berry	Rock and roll guitarist famous for Johnny B. Goode and duck walk		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Little Richard	Rock and roll pianist and singer of Tutti Frutti		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Buddy Holly	Rock and roll singer-songwriter from Lubbock, Texas		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
The Beatles	British band from Liverpool: John, Paul, George and Ringo		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show	1964, watched by about 73 million Americans		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
The Rolling Stones	British rock band formed in London in 1962		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Motown	Detroit record label founded in 1959 by Berry Gordy		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Stevie Wonder	Motown singer and musician who started recording as a child		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Aretha Franklin	Soul singer called the Queen of Soul		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
James Brown	Soul performer called the Godfather of Soul and a pioneer of funk		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Folk revival	1960s movement of acoustic songs about life and justice		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Bob Dylan	Folk and rock songwriter who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Woodstock	1969 music festival in New York with about 400,000 people		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Jimi Hendrix	Electric guitar legend who played Woodstock in 1969		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Led Zeppelin	British hard rock band formed in 1968		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Pink Floyd	British band known for the album The Dark Side of the Moon		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Queen	British band led by Freddie Mercury, singers of Bohemian Rhapsody		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Disco	Dance music of the 1970s		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Punk rock	Fast, short, raw rock from the mid-1970s		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Hip-hop	Culture born in the Bronx, New York, in the 1970s: rapping, DJing, breakdancing, graffiti		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
DJ Kool Herc	Early hip-hop pioneer who hosted Bronx parties in 1973		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
MTV	Music video channel launched in 1981		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Michael Jackson	Pop star whose album Thriller was released in 1982		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Madonna	Pop singer who rose to fame in the 1980s		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Whitney Houston	Pop and R&B singer of the 1980s and 90s		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Prince	Minneapolis musician known for Purple Rain		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Grunge	1990s rock style from Seattle, including Nirvana		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Nirvana	Seattle grunge band formed in 1987		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Napster	Music file-sharing service launched in 1999		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
iTunes Store	Apple's music store opened in 2003		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Streaming	Playing music over the internet without owning the files		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Electric guitar	Guitar using pickups and an amplifier, key to rock music		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Synthesizer	Electronic instrument that makes sounds with circuits, popular from the 1970s		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Taylor Swift	Pop and country singer-songwriter from Pennsylvania who released her first album in 2006		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Reggae	Jamaican style with offbeat rhythm, made famous by Bob Marley		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Bob Marley	Jamaican reggae star		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
K-pop	Pop music from South Korea		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Latin pop	Pop with Spanish language and Latin rhythms		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
Salsa	Latin dance music with roots in Cuba and Puerto Rico		music-jazz-rock-pop-history
C major	No sharps or flats		music-key-signatures
G major	1 sharp: F#		music-key-signatures
D major	2 sharps: F#, C#		music-key-signatures
A major	3 sharps: F#, C#, G#		music-key-signatures
E major	4 sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#		music-key-signatures
B major	5 sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#		music-key-signatures
F# major	6 sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, E#		music-key-signatures
C# major	7 sharps		music-key-signatures
F major	1 flat: Bb		music-key-signatures
Bb major	2 flats: Bb, Eb		music-key-signatures
Eb major	3 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab		music-key-signatures
Ab major	4 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db		music-key-signatures
Db major	5 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb		music-key-signatures
Gb major	6 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb		music-key-signatures
Cb major	7 flats		music-key-signatures
A minor	No sharps or flats (Relative minor of C major)		music-key-signatures
E minor	1 sharp: F#		music-key-signatures
B minor	2 sharps		music-key-signatures
F# minor	3 sharps		music-key-signatures
C# minor	4 sharps		music-key-signatures
G# minor	5 sharps		music-key-signatures
D minor	1 flat: Bb		music-key-signatures
G minor	2 flats		music-key-signatures
C minor	3 flats		music-key-signatures
F minor	4 flats		music-key-signatures
Bb minor	5 flats		music-key-signatures
Order of sharps	F C G D A E B (Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle)		music-key-signatures
Order of flats	B E A D G C F (Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father)		music-key-signatures
Trick for sharp keys	The last sharp is the note just below the tonic (do) of the major key		music-key-signatures
Trick for flat keys	The second-to-last flat is the name of the major key		music-key-signatures
Why is F major the exception to the flat-key trick?	It has only one flat, so you simply have to remember it		music-key-signatures
Relative minor	The minor key sharing a key signature with a major key, three half steps below its tonic		music-key-signatures
Relative major of A minor	C major		music-key-signatures
Relative major of E minor	G major		music-key-signatures
Relative major of D minor	F major		music-key-signatures
Relative major of B minor	D major		music-key-signatures
Relative major of G minor	Bb major		music-key-signatures
Relative minor of D major	B minor		music-key-signatures
Relative minor of F major	D minor		music-key-signatures
Relative minor of Bb major	G minor		music-key-signatures
Relative minor of Eb major	C minor		music-key-signatures
Relative minor of A major	F# minor		music-key-signatures
Parallel key	A major and minor key with the same tonic, such as C major and C minor		music-key-signatures
Circle of fifths	A diagram placing keys a fifth apart, adding one sharp or flat each step		music-key-signatures
Going clockwise on the circle of fifths	Add one sharp (or remove one flat)		music-key-signatures
Going counter-clockwise on the circle of fifths	Add one flat (or remove one sharp)		music-key-signatures
Enharmonic keys	Keys that sound the same but are spelled differently, like F# major and Gb major		music-key-signatures
Which keys have no key signature?	C major and A minor		music-key-signatures
Where is the key signature written?	Right after the clef at the start of each staff		music-key-signatures
Tonic	The home note of a key		music-key-signatures
Key signature of Gb major equals which sharp key?	F# major (enharmonic)		music-key-signatures
Number of sharps in G major	One		music-key-signatures
Number of flats in Eb major	Three		music-key-signatures
Number of sharps in E major	Four		music-key-signatures
Number of flats in Ab major	Four		music-key-signatures
Which sharp is added first in sharp keys?	F#		music-key-signatures
Which flat is added first in flat keys?	Bb		music-key-signatures
Which key has C# as its last sharp?	D major		music-key-signatures
Which key has F# as its last sharp?	G major		music-key-signatures
Which key has G# as its last sharp?	A major		music-key-signatures
Which key has A# as its last sharp?	B major		music-key-signatures
Which key has D# as its last sharp?	E major		music-key-signatures
Which key has Eb as its second flat?	Bb major		music-key-signatures
Whole note	Four beats in 4/4 time (An open oval with no stem)		music-note-rest-values
Half note	Two beats (An open oval with a stem)		music-note-rest-values
Quarter note	One beat (A filled-in oval with a stem)		music-note-rest-values
Eighth note	Half a beat (A filled oval with a stem and one flag)		music-note-rest-values
Sixteenth note	A quarter of a beat (A stem with two flags)		music-note-rest-values
Thirty-second note	An eighth of a beat (A stem with three flags)		music-note-rest-values
Whole rest	Silence for a whole measure of 4/4 (four beats) (Hangs below the line)		music-note-rest-values
Half rest	Two beats of silence (Sits on top of the line like a hat)		music-note-rest-values
Quarter rest	One beat of silence (A squiggly zigzag shape)		music-note-rest-values
Eighth rest	Half a beat of silence (Looks like a slanted 7)		music-note-rest-values
Sixteenth rest	A quarter of a beat of silence		music-note-rest-values
Dotted half note	Three beats		music-note-rest-values
Dotted quarter note	One and a half beats		music-note-rest-values
Dotted eighth note	Three quarters of a beat		music-note-rest-values
Dotted whole note	Six beats		music-note-rest-values
What does a dot after a note do?	Adds half of the note's value		music-note-rest-values
What does a tie do?	Joins two notes of the same pitch into one longer sound		music-note-rest-values
What does a slur do?	Connects different notes to be played smoothly		music-note-rest-values
How many quarter notes equal a whole note?	Four		music-note-rest-values
How many half notes equal a whole note?	Two		music-note-rest-values
How many eighth notes equal a quarter note?	Two		music-note-rest-values
How many sixteenth notes equal a quarter note?	Four		music-note-rest-values
How many eighth notes equal a whole note?	Eight		music-note-rest-values
How many sixteenth notes equal a half note?	Eight		music-note-rest-values
How many quarter notes equal a half note?	Two		music-note-rest-values
How many sixteenth notes equal an eighth note?	Two		music-note-rest-values
What is a beam?	A thick line joining the flags of two or more eighth or shorter notes		music-note-rest-values
Triplet	Three notes played in the time of two of the same type		music-note-rest-values
Syncopation	Stressing the off-beats or weak beats		music-note-rest-values
Fermata	A symbol meaning hold the note or rest longer than written		music-note-rest-values
Time signature	Two numbers at the start telling beats per measure and which note gets the beat		music-note-rest-values
Top number of a time signature	How many beats are in each measure		music-note-rest-values
Bottom number of a time signature	Which note value gets one beat		music-note-rest-values
4/4 time	Four beats per measure, quarter note gets the beat (Also called common time)		music-note-rest-values
3/4 time	Three beats per measure, quarter note gets the beat (Waltz time)		music-note-rest-values
2/4 time	Two beats per measure, quarter note gets the beat (March time)		music-note-rest-values
6/8 time	Six beats per measure, eighth note gets the beat, often felt in two groups of three		music-note-rest-values
Common time symbol	A C, standing for 4/4		music-note-rest-values
Cut time symbol	A C with a vertical line, standing for 2/2		music-note-rest-values
Measure (bar)	One section of music holding a set number of beats		music-note-rest-values
Bar line	A vertical line dividing measures		music-note-rest-values
Double bar line	Two vertical lines marking a new section		music-note-rest-values
Final bar line	A thin line and a thick line marking the end of a piece		music-note-rest-values
Beat	The steady pulse of the music		music-note-rest-values
Tempo	The speed of the beat		music-note-rest-values
Rhythm	The pattern of long and short sounds		music-note-rest-values
Meter	The way beats are grouped into measures		music-note-rest-values
Anacrusis (pickup)	One or more notes before the first full measure		music-note-rest-values
Rest	A symbol for silence		music-note-rest-values
Stem direction rule	Notes below the middle line have stems up; middle line and above have stems down		music-note-rest-values
Repeat sign	Two dots by a double bar telling the player to repeat a section		music-note-rest-values
Quarter note value in 2/2 time	Half a beat		music-note-rest-values
Half note value in 2/2 time	One beat		music-note-rest-values
Whole note value in 2/2 time	Two beats		music-note-rest-values
Eighth rest value in 4/4	Half a beat		music-note-rest-values
Half rest plus quarter rest plus quarter rest in 4/4	One full measure of silence (4 beats)		music-note-rest-values
Two dotted quarter notes	Three beats total		music-note-rest-values
Solfege syllable for the 1st note of the major scale	Do		music-solfege-piano-keys
Solfege syllable for the 2nd note	Re		music-solfege-piano-keys
Solfege syllable for the 3rd note	Mi		music-solfege-piano-keys
Solfege syllable for the 4th note	Fa		music-solfege-piano-keys
Solfege syllable for the 5th note	Sol		music-solfege-piano-keys
Solfege syllable for the 6th note	La		music-solfege-piano-keys
Solfege syllable for the 7th note	Ti		music-solfege-piano-keys
Solfege syllable for the 8th note	Do (higher)		music-solfege-piano-keys
Do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do	The solfege syllables for a major scale		music-solfege-piano-keys
Which song teaches solfege?	Do-Re-Mi from The Sound of Music		music-solfege-piano-keys
Fixed Do	Do is always the note C		music-solfege-piano-keys
Movable Do	Do is the tonic of whatever key you are in		music-solfege-piano-keys
Hand signs for solfege	Hand shapes that show each syllable, developed by John Curwen		music-solfege-piano-keys
Musical alphabet	A B C D E F G, then it repeats		music-solfege-piano-keys
How many white keys in an octave?	Seven		music-solfege-piano-keys
How many black keys in an octave?	Five		music-solfege-piano-keys
How many keys in an octave total?	Twelve		music-solfege-piano-keys
How many keys on a standard piano?	88		music-solfege-piano-keys
Black keys come in groups of...	Twos and threes		music-solfege-piano-keys
C is the white key just left of...	The group of two black keys		music-solfege-piano-keys
F is the white key just left of...	The group of three black keys		music-solfege-piano-keys
Where is middle C?	Near the center of the keyboard, left of the two black keys		music-solfege-piano-keys
Which white keys have no black key between them?	B and C, and E and F		music-solfege-piano-keys
Why are there half steps between E and F and B and C?	Those white keys are next to each other with no black key between		music-solfege-piano-keys
Sharp on the piano	The key to the right		music-solfege-piano-keys
Flat on the piano	The key to the left		music-solfege-piano-keys
C sharp equals which flat?	D flat		music-solfege-piano-keys
Enharmonic notes	Two names for one pitch, like F# and Gb		music-solfege-piano-keys
Pitch	How high or low a note sounds		music-solfege-piano-keys
High pitch	Fast vibrations		music-solfege-piano-keys
Low pitch	Slow vibrations		music-solfege-piano-keys
Frequency	How many vibrations happen per second, measured in hertz		music-solfege-piano-keys
Hertz (Hz)	One vibration per second		music-solfege-piano-keys
A above middle C	440 Hz, the standard tuning note		music-solfege-piano-keys
Tuning fork	A metal fork that makes a steady pitch when struck		music-solfege-piano-keys
Octave	Same note name, 12 half steps away, twice the frequency		music-solfege-piano-keys
Soprano range	About middle C up two octaves		music-solfege-piano-keys
Pitch of a short string vs a long string	Shorter string sounds higher		music-solfege-piano-keys
Pitch of a thin string vs a thick string	Thinner string sounds higher		music-solfege-piano-keys
Volume	How loud a sound is		music-solfege-piano-keys
Timbre	What makes a flute sound different from a trumpet on the same note		music-solfege-piano-keys
Sustain pedal	The right piano pedal that lets notes keep ringing		music-solfege-piano-keys
Soft pedal (una corda)	The left piano pedal that makes the sound softer		music-solfege-piano-keys
Hammers	Parts of a piano that strike the strings		music-solfege-piano-keys
Grand piano	A piano with horizontal strings and a lid		music-solfege-piano-keys
Upright piano	A piano with strings that stand vertically		music-solfege-piano-keys
Keyboard	The row of keys on a piano or synthesizer		music-solfege-piano-keys
Chromatic	Moving by half steps		music-solfege-piano-keys
Diatonic	Using the notes of one major or minor scale		music-solfege-piano-keys
Treble	The higher range		music-solfege-piano-keys
Bass (range)	The lowest range		music-solfege-piano-keys
Perfect pitch (absolute pitch)	The rare ability to name a note without a reference		music-solfege-piano-keys
Relative pitch	Knowing notes by comparing them with other notes		music-solfege-piano-keys
Fingering on piano	Thumb is finger 1, pinky is finger 5		music-solfege-piano-keys
Middle C finger on right hand	Thumb (finger 1) in C position		music-solfege-piano-keys
Octave sign 8va	Play an octave higher		music-solfege-piano-keys
Black key group of three	F#/Gb, G#/Ab, A#/Bb		music-solfege-piano-keys
Black key group of two	C#/Db, D#/Eb		music-solfege-piano-keys
Treble clef	Marks the G line; used for higher notes		music-symbols
Bass clef	Marks the F line; used for lower notes		music-symbols
Alto clef	A C clef used by the viola		music-symbols
Staff	Five lines and four spaces where notes are written		music-symbols
Sharp (#)	Raises a note by a half step		music-symbols
Flat (b)	Lowers a note by a half step		music-symbols
Natural	Cancels a sharp or flat		music-symbols
Double sharp	Raises a note by two half steps (a whole step)		music-symbols
Double flat	Lowers a note by two half steps		music-symbols
Accidental	A sharp, flat or natural added to a note outside the key signature		music-symbols
Key signature	Sharps or flats at the start telling which notes are altered		music-symbols
Time signature	Numbers showing beats per measure and the beat note		music-symbols
Bar line	Divides music into measures		music-symbols
Brace	Joins two staves played together, like piano staves		music-symbols
Repeat sign	Play the section again		music-symbols
First and second endings	Brackets showing different endings on a repeat		music-symbols
Fermata	Hold longer than written		music-symbols
Tie	Curved line joining two notes of the same pitch		music-symbols
Slur	Curved line over different notes for smooth playing		music-symbols
Staccato dot	Play short and detached		music-symbols
Accent (>)	Play the note louder or with emphasis		music-symbols
Tenuto line	Hold the note for its full value		music-symbols
Dotted note	Adds half its value		music-symbols
Rest	Silence for a set length		music-symbols
Crescendo hairpin	Open wedge shape meaning gradually louder		music-symbols
Decrescendo hairpin	Closing wedge shape meaning gradually softer		music-symbols
Coda sign	Marks a jump to the ending section		music-symbols
Segno sign	Marks a place to return to		music-symbols
D.C. al Fine	Go back to the beginning and play to Fine		music-symbols
D.S. al Coda	Go back to the sign, then jump to the coda		music-symbols
8va	Play an octave higher than written		music-symbols
8vb	Play an octave lower than written		music-symbols
Trill	Quickly alternate between a note and the one above it		music-symbols
Mordent	A quick alternation with the note above or below		music-symbols
Grace note	A tiny note played very quickly before the main note		music-symbols
Turn	A decoration that circles around a note		music-symbols
Glissando	A slide from one note to another		music-symbols
Arpeggio sign	A wavy line meaning play the chord notes one after another		music-symbols
Tremolo	Rapid repetition of a note or alternation of two notes		music-symbols
Pedal marking	Shows when to press and release the piano sustain pedal		music-symbols
Ledger line	Short extra line for notes above or below the staff		music-symbols
Beam	Joins the flags of several short notes		music-symbols
Stem	The vertical line attached to a note head		music-symbols
Flag	The curved tail on an eighth or shorter note		music-symbols
Note head	The oval part of a note		music-symbols
Triplet bracket (3)	Three notes in the time of two		music-symbols
Pickup note	A note before the first full measure		music-symbols
Final double bar	Marks the end of a piece		music-symbols
Chord symbol	Letters above the staff naming the chord, like C or Am		music-symbols
Fingering numbers	Numbers showing which finger to use		music-symbols
Tempo marking	Words or numbers at the start telling how fast to play		music-symbols
Dynamic marking	Letters like p or f telling how loud		music-symbols
Breath mark	Shows where a singer or wind player takes a breath		music-symbols
Caesura (//)	A short silent break in the music		music-symbols
Measure number	A number at the start of a line marking the bar		music-symbols
Harmonic (small circle)	Play a string harmonic or a light overtone		music-symbols
Down bow	Pull the bow down on a string instrument		music-symbols
Up bow	Push the bow up on a string instrument		music-symbols
Mute marking	Use a mute on the instrument		music-symbols
Simile	Keep playing in the same manner		music-symbols
Melody	The tune; a series of notes that makes a musical idea		music-theory-vocabulary
Harmony	Notes sounded together that support the melody		music-theory-vocabulary
Rhythm	Pattern of long and short sounds in time		music-theory-vocabulary
Beat	The steady pulse in music		music-theory-vocabulary
Tempo	The speed of the music		music-theory-vocabulary
Pitch	How high or low a sound is		music-theory-vocabulary
Dynamics	How loud or soft the music is		music-theory-vocabulary
Timbre	The special tone color of a voice or instrument		music-theory-vocabulary
Texture	How many layers of sound are heard at once		music-theory-vocabulary
Form	The structure or plan of a piece		music-theory-vocabulary
Phrase	A musical sentence		music-theory-vocabulary
Motif	A short musical idea that repeats and develops		music-theory-vocabulary
Theme	The main melody of a piece		music-theory-vocabulary
Variation	A changed version of a theme		music-theory-vocabulary
Verse	A part of a song with the same melody but new words		music-theory-vocabulary
Chorus	The repeated part of a song with the same words		music-theory-vocabulary
Bridge	A contrasting section in a song, usually after the second chorus		music-theory-vocabulary
Refrain	A repeated line or section		music-theory-vocabulary
Introduction	The opening section of a piece		music-theory-vocabulary
Coda	A closing section		music-theory-vocabulary
Interlude	A short piece played between sections		music-theory-vocabulary
Ostinato	A short pattern repeated again and again		music-theory-vocabulary
Drone	A long, steady note held under a melody		music-theory-vocabulary
Round	A song in which groups enter one after another with the same melody		music-theory-vocabulary
Canon	Strict imitation of a melody entering at different times		music-theory-vocabulary
Call and response	One voice asks and another answers		music-theory-vocabulary
Unison	Everyone playing or singing the same notes		music-theory-vocabulary
Solo	One performer alone		music-theory-vocabulary
Duet	Two performers		music-theory-vocabulary
Trio	Three performers		music-theory-vocabulary
Quartet	Four performers		music-theory-vocabulary
Quintet	Five performers		music-theory-vocabulary
Ensemble	A group of musicians		music-theory-vocabulary
A cappella	Singing without instruments		music-theory-vocabulary
Orchestra	A large group of string, wind and percussion players		music-theory-vocabulary
Conductor	The person who leads an orchestra or choir		music-theory-vocabulary
Choir	A group of singers		music-theory-vocabulary
Soprano	Highest female voice		music-theory-vocabulary
Alto	Lower female voice		music-theory-vocabulary
Tenor	Higher male voice		music-theory-vocabulary
Bass	Lowest male voice		music-theory-vocabulary
Baritone	Male voice between tenor and bass		music-theory-vocabulary
Mezzo-soprano	Female voice between soprano and alto		music-theory-vocabulary
Binary form	A B form, two contrasting sections		music-theory-vocabulary
Ternary form	A B A form		music-theory-vocabulary
Rondo	A form where the main theme returns between contrasting sections, like A B A C A		music-theory-vocabulary
Theme and variations	A form that changes a theme again and again		music-theory-vocabulary
Movement	A major section of a longer work like a symphony		music-theory-vocabulary
Overture	Orchestral piece that opens an opera, ballet or play		music-theory-vocabulary
Lullaby	A soothing song for sleep		music-theory-vocabulary
March	Music with a strong, steady beat for walking		music-theory-vocabulary
Waltz	A dance in 3/4 time		music-theory-vocabulary
Minuet	A graceful dance in 3/4 time		music-theory-vocabulary
Sonata	A work for one or two instruments		music-theory-vocabulary
Etude	A study piece to practice a skill		music-theory-vocabulary
Prelude	An introductory piece		music-theory-vocabulary
Nocturne	A dreamy piece suggesting night		music-theory-vocabulary
Lieder	German art songs		music-theory-vocabulary
Aria	A solo song in an opera		music-theory-vocabulary
Libretto	The text of an opera		music-theory-vocabulary
Interval	The distance between two pitches		music-theory-vocabulary
Octave	Eight notes apart, the same name higher or lower		music-theory-vocabulary
Tonic	The home note of a key		music-theory-vocabulary
Resolution	Moving from tense notes to rest notes		music-theory-vocabulary
Transpose	Move music into a different key		music-theory-vocabulary
Improvise	Make up music while performing		music-theory-vocabulary
Embouchure	How a player shapes lips and face on a wind instrument		music-theory-vocabulary
Vibrato	A slight, quick wavering of pitch to make a note richer		music-theory-vocabulary
Treble clef: bottom line (line 1)	E		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: line 2	G		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: line 3 (middle)	B		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: line 4	D		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: top line (line 5)	F		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: first space (bottom)	F		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: second space	A		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: third space	C		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: fourth space (top)	E		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: space above the top line	G		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: space below the bottom line	D		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: line above the staff (first ledger line)	A		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: second ledger line above	C		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: middle C	On the first ledger line below the staff		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: first ledger line below	C (middle C)		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: second ledger line below	A		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef lines, bottom to top	E G B D F (Every Good Boy Does Fine)		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef spaces, bottom to top	F A C E (It spells FACE)		music-treble-clef-notes
Another name for the treble clef	G clef (Its curl circles the G line)		music-treble-clef-notes
The treble clef curls around which line?	The second line, G		music-treble-clef-notes
Which instruments commonly read treble clef?	Violin, flute, trumpet, and the right hand of the piano		music-treble-clef-notes
How many lines does a staff have?	Five		music-treble-clef-notes
How many spaces does a staff have?	Four		music-treble-clef-notes
Which way do notes go as pitch gets higher?	Up the staff		music-treble-clef-notes
Are lines numbered from the bottom or the top?	From the bottom		music-treble-clef-notes
What is a ledger line?	A short extra line used for notes above or below the staff		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: note on line 2	G		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: the note E on the staff, two places	Bottom line and top space		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: the note F on the staff, two places	First space and top line		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: the note G on the staff, two places	Second line and space above the top line		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: the note D on the staff, two places	Fourth line and space below the bottom line		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: the note A on the staff	Second space		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: the note B on the staff	Middle line		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: the note C on the staff	Third space		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: note directly above line 3 (B)	C, in the third space		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: note directly below line 1 (E)	D, in the space below the staff		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: the highest staff line note	F		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: lowest staff line note	E		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: note on line 4	D		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: note between lines 2 and 3	A		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: note between lines 3 and 4	C		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: note between lines 4 and 5	E		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: note between lines 1 and 2	F		music-treble-clef-notes
Note one step up from G	A		music-treble-clef-notes
Note one step down from C	B		music-treble-clef-notes
How many note names are used before they repeat?	Seven: A B C D E F G		music-treble-clef-notes
What is the distance between a line note and the next space note?	A second (one step)		music-treble-clef-notes
Which ledger-line C is the same as middle C on piano?	The one just below the treble staff		music-treble-clef-notes
The treble clef is used for which pitch range?	Higher notes		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: octave above middle C is where?	Third space C		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: note on the fifth line	F		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: highest space note	E		music-treble-clef-notes
Treble clef: lowest space note	F		music-treble-clef-notes
What is the note name after G going up?	A again, one octave higher		music-treble-clef-notes
Sitar	India; plucked string instrument with a long neck		music-world-instruments
Tabla	India; pair of hand drums		music-world-instruments
Tanpura	India; stringed instrument that plays a steady drone		music-world-instruments
Sarod	India; plucked fretless string instrument		music-world-instruments
Erhu	China; two-stringed bowed instrument		music-world-instruments
Pipa	China; plucked lute with four strings		music-world-instruments
Guzheng	China; long plucked zither		music-world-instruments
Gong	Southeast Asia and China; hanging metal disc struck with a mallet		music-world-instruments
Gamelan	Indonesia; ensemble of tuned gongs and metal instruments		music-world-instruments
Koto	Japan; long zither with 13 strings		music-world-instruments
Shamisen	Japan; three-stringed plucked instrument		music-world-instruments
Shakuhachi	Japan; bamboo flute		music-world-instruments
Taiko	Japan; big drums		music-world-instruments
Gayageum	Korea; plucked zither		music-world-instruments
Didgeridoo	Australia; long wooden wind instrument of Aboriginal peoples		music-world-instruments
Djembe	West Africa; goblet-shaped hand drum		music-world-instruments
Kora	West Africa; 21-stringed instrument with a gourd body		music-world-instruments
Balafon	West Africa; wooden xylophone with gourd resonators		music-world-instruments
Mbira (thumb piano)	Southern Africa; metal tines plucked with thumbs		music-world-instruments
Talking drum	West Africa; hourglass-shaped drum that can imitate speech		music-world-instruments
Shekere	West Africa; gourd with beads around it		music-world-instruments
Oud	Middle East; pear-shaped plucked lute		music-world-instruments
Darbuka	Middle East; goblet drum		music-world-instruments
Ney	Middle East; end-blown reed flute		music-world-instruments
Qanun	Middle East; plucked zither with many strings		music-world-instruments
Bagpipes	Scotland; wind instrument with a bag and drones		music-world-instruments
Uilleann pipes	Ireland; bagpipes played with bellows		music-world-instruments
Bodhran	Ireland; frame drum played with a stick		music-world-instruments
Tin whistle	Ireland; simple six-hole flute		music-world-instruments
Fiddle	Violin used in folk music		music-world-instruments
Accordion	Europe; instrument with bellows and keys or buttons		music-world-instruments
Balalaika	Russia; triangular three-stringed lute		music-world-instruments
Hurdy-gurdy	Europe; string instrument played by turning a crank		music-world-instruments
Alphorn	Switzerland; very long wooden horn		music-world-instruments
Zither	Alps and Europe; flat stringed instrument		music-world-instruments
Bouzouki	Greece; long-necked plucked lute		music-world-instruments
Mandolin	Italy; small plucked instrument with paired strings		music-world-instruments
Castanets	Spain; wooden clappers		music-world-instruments
Flamenco guitar	Spain; guitar used in flamenco music		music-world-instruments
Maracas	Latin America and Caribbean; shaken rattles		music-world-instruments
Guiro	Caribbean and Latin America; notched gourd scraped with a stick		music-world-instruments
Conga	Cuba; tall narrow drum		music-world-instruments
Bongos	Cuba; pair of small hand drums		music-world-instruments
Steelpan (steel drum)	Trinidad and Tobago; tuned drum made from an oil barrel		music-world-instruments
Cuatro	Puerto Rico and Venezuela; small four-stringed guitar		music-world-instruments
Charango	Andes; small guitar-like instrument, traditionally with an armadillo-shell body		music-world-instruments
Pan flute (zampona)	Andes; tubes tied together and blown across the tops		music-world-instruments
Quena	Andes; notched end-blown flute		music-world-instruments
Marimba	Central America and Africa; wooden xylophone with resonators		music-world-instruments
Ukulele	Hawaii; small four-stringed guitar		music-world-instruments
Banjo	United States; round-bodied string instrument with African roots		music-world-instruments
Dobro	United States; guitar with a metal resonator		music-world-instruments
Native American flute	North America; wooden flute with a soft, airy sound		music-world-instruments
Powwow drum	North America; large drum played by a group		music-world-instruments
Harp	Played in many places; plucked strings in a triangular frame		music-world-instruments
Lyre	Ancient Greece; small harp-like instrument		music-world-instruments
Hang drum	Switzerland, invented in 2000; steel instrument played with hands		music-world-instruments
Theremin	Russia, invented in the 1920s; electronic instrument played without touching		music-world-instruments
Cajon	Peru; box-shaped drum you sit on		music-world-instruments
Berimbau	Brazil; bow-shaped single-string instrument		music-world-instruments
Bandoneon	Argentina and Germany; button accordion used in tango		music-world-instruments
Duduk	Armenia; double-reed wooden flute		music-world-instruments
Kalimba	Africa; modern name for a thumb piano		music-world-instruments
Aperture	The opening in a lens that lets light in		photography-terms
f-stop	A number describing the size of the aperture; smaller number means bigger opening		photography-terms
Shutter speed	How long the camera's shutter stays open		photography-terms
ISO	How sensitive the camera sensor is to light		photography-terms
Exposure	The amount of light that reaches the sensor		photography-terms
Exposure triangle	The balance of aperture, shutter speed and ISO		photography-terms
Overexposed	Too much light, picture too bright		photography-terms
Underexposed	Too little light, picture too dark		photography-terms
Depth of field	How much of the picture is in sharp focus from near to far		photography-terms
Shallow depth of field	Only a small part is sharp, background blurry; made with wide aperture		photography-terms
Deep depth of field	Most of the picture is sharp; made with small aperture		photography-terms
Bokeh	The soft blur of out-of-focus lights in the background		photography-terms
Focus	Making the subject look sharp		photography-terms
Autofocus	The camera chooses focus automatically		photography-terms
Focal length	Distance from lens to sensor in millimeters, deciding how zoomed in the view is		photography-terms
Wide-angle lens	Lens that captures a wide scene		photography-terms
Telephoto lens	Lens that brings faraway subjects closer		photography-terms
Zoom lens	A lens with a changeable focal length		photography-terms
Macro lens	Lens for extreme close-ups of small things		photography-terms
Fisheye lens	An ultra-wide lens that bends the picture into a bubble look		photography-terms
Fast shutter speed	Freezes motion		photography-terms
Slow shutter speed	Blurs motion and lets in more light		photography-terms
Motion blur	Streaks caused by movement during exposure		photography-terms
Panning	Moving the camera with a moving subject to blur the background		photography-terms
Long exposure	A slow shutter for light trails or smooth water		photography-terms
White balance	Adjusting colors so white looks white under different lights		photography-terms
Flash	A burst of light to brighten a scene		photography-terms
Natural light	Light from the sun		photography-terms
Golden hour	Time just after sunrise or before sunset with warm, soft light		photography-terms
Blue hour	Time just before sunrise or after sunset with deep blue light		photography-terms
Backlight	Light coming from behind the subject		photography-terms
Silhouette	A dark shape of a subject against a bright background		photography-terms
Tripod	A three-legged stand that keeps a camera steady		photography-terms
Viewfinder	The window you look through to frame the picture		photography-terms
Sensor	The part of a digital camera that records light		photography-terms
Megapixel	One million pixels, a measure of picture detail		photography-terms
Pixel	One tiny dot of a digital image		photography-terms
Resolution	The amount of detail in an image		photography-terms
RAW	An unprocessed image file with lots of data		photography-terms
JPEG	A common compressed image file format		photography-terms
DSLR	A digital camera with a mirror and viewfinder (single-lens reflex)		photography-terms
Mirrorless camera	A digital camera without a mirror box		photography-terms
Composition	How things are arranged in the frame		photography-terms
Rule of thirds	Placing the subject along lines splitting the frame in thirds		photography-terms
Leading lines	Lines in a scene that lead the eye to the subject		photography-terms
Framing	Using objects in the scene to make a frame around the subject		photography-terms
Symmetry	Matching halves in a photo		photography-terms
Close-up	A picture taken near the subject		photography-terms
Wide shot	A picture showing the whole scene		photography-terms
Portrait orientation	Taller than wide		photography-terms
Landscape orientation	Wider than tall		photography-terms
Aspect ratio	The width compared to the height of a picture		photography-terms
Crop	Cut away the edges of a picture		photography-terms
Contrast (photo)	The difference between light and dark areas		photography-terms
Saturation (photo)	How strong the colors are		photography-terms
Candid photo	A natural photo of someone who is not posing		photography-terms
Selfie	A photo you take of yourself		photography-terms
Photojournalism	Telling news stories with photographs		photography-terms
Daguerreotype	An early photograph on a metal plate from 1839		photography-terms
Camera obscura	A dark room or box with a tiny hole that projects an image		photography-terms
Ansel Adams	American photographer famous for black and white landscapes of Yosemite		photography-terms
Dorothea Lange	American photographer who took Migrant Mother in 1936		photography-terms
Instant camera	A camera that prints the photo right away		photography-terms
Black and white photography	Photos with no color, only shades of gray		photography-terms
Upstage	The part of the stage farthest from the audience		theater-terms
Downstage	The part of the stage nearest the audience		theater-terms
Stage left	The actor's left as they face the audience		theater-terms
Stage right	The actor's right as they face the audience		theater-terms
Center stage	The middle of the stage		theater-terms
Wings	The off-stage areas to the sides of the stage		theater-terms
Backstage	The area behind and around the stage the audience cannot see		theater-terms
Proscenium	The arch framing the stage opening		theater-terms
Apron	The part of the stage in front of the curtain		theater-terms
Curtain	The cloth that opens and closes to hide the stage		theater-terms
Backdrop	A large painted cloth at the back of the stage		theater-terms
Set	The scenery and furniture of a play		theater-terms
Props	Objects actors handle on stage		theater-terms
Costume	Clothing worn by actors		theater-terms
Script	The written words of a play		theater-terms
Cue	A signal for an action to start		theater-terms
Line	The words an actor speaks		theater-terms
Dialogue	A conversation between characters		theater-terms
Monologue	A long speech by one character		theater-terms
Soliloquy	A speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud alone		theater-terms
Aside	A comment spoken to the audience that other characters do not hear		theater-terms
Blocking	Where and how actors move on stage		theater-terms
Rehearsal	Practice before a performance		theater-terms
Dress rehearsal	The final practice with costumes, lights and sound		theater-terms
Cast	The actors in a show		theater-terms
Understudy	An actor who learns a role to replace the main actor if needed		theater-terms
Ensemble	A group of actors who perform together, often in small roles		theater-terms
Lead	A main role		theater-terms
Director	The person who guides the whole production		theater-terms
Stage manager	The person who runs the show during performances		theater-terms
Producer	The person who raises money and organizes a production		theater-terms
Playwright	The person who writes a play		theater-terms
Designer	Someone who plans set, lights, costumes or sound		theater-terms
Stagehand	A crew member who moves scenery and props		theater-terms
Audition	A tryout for a role		theater-terms
Callback	A second audition		theater-terms
Casting	Choosing actors for parts		theater-terms
Spotlight	A strong beam that lights one actor or area		theater-terms
Gel	A colored sheet placed over a light		theater-terms
Blackout	All stage lights turned off at once		theater-terms
Intermission	A break in the middle of a show		theater-terms
Act	A main section of a play		theater-terms
Scene	A smaller section of an act in one place and time		theater-terms
Prologue	An introduction at the start		theater-terms
Epilogue	A short ending speech or scene		theater-terms
Plot	The story's events		theater-terms
Conflict	The problem or struggle in a story		theater-terms
Climax	The most exciting moment		theater-terms
Protagonist	The main character		theater-terms
Antagonist	The character who opposes the main character		theater-terms
Comedy	A play that is funny and ends happily		theater-terms
Tragedy	A serious play that ends sadly		theater-terms
Musical	A play told with songs and dance		theater-terms
Improv	Acting made up on the spot		theater-terms
Pantomime (mime)	Acting without words, using movement		theater-terms
Puppetry	Telling stories using puppets		theater-terms
Projection	Speaking loudly and clearly so everyone can hear		theater-terms
Enunciation	Speaking each word clearly		theater-terms
Stage fright	Nervousness before performing		theater-terms
Break a leg	A way to wish an actor good luck		theater-terms
Tableau	A frozen picture made by actors		theater-terms
Fourth wall	The imaginary wall between actors and audience		theater-terms
Breaking the fourth wall	When a character talks directly to the audience		theater-terms
Greek theater	Ancient plays performed in open-air stages in Greece		theater-terms
Globe Theatre	London theater where Shakespeare's plays were performed		theater-terms
William Shakespeare	English playwright who lived from 1564 to 1616		theater-terms
Broadway	Famous theater district in New York City		theater-terms
Ham it up	Overact for comic effect		theater-terms
Green room	A waiting room for performers		theater-terms
Pit	The area where the orchestra plays in front of the stage		theater-terms
Fly system	Ropes and pulleys that lift scenery above the stage		theater-terms
Bike helmet rule	Wear a helmet every ride		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
How should a helmet fit?	Level on your head, snug, strap buckled with two fingers under the chin		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Eyes, Ears, Mouth helmet check	Eyes see the front edge, straps make a V around ears, mouth open and helmet hugs the head		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Left turn hand signal	Left arm straight out to the left		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Right turn hand signal (common)	Right arm straight out to the right		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Stopping hand signal	Left arm bent down, palm back		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Which side of the road do you ride on?	The same direction as traffic, on the right		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Where to ride	In the bike lane or as far right as safe, or on a path		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Stop at stop signs on a bike	Yes, bikes follow the same rules as cars		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
ABC Quick Check for a bike	Air, Brakes, Chain/Crank, Quick release		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Check the tires	Make sure they are firmly pumped		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Check the brakes	Squeeze and make sure the bike stops		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Reflectors	Help drivers see you at night		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Bike light	White light in front, red light in back at night		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Bright clothing	Wear it to be seen		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Riding at night	Avoid it, or use lights and reflective gear		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Wear closed-toe shoes	To protect your feet and keep them on the pedals		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Headphones while biking	Don't use them; you need to hear traffic		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Texting while biking	Never do it		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Riding with a friend	Ride single file on roads		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Parked cars	Watch for doors opening		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Driveways	Slow down; cars may back out		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Look before you cross a street	Look left, right, left again		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Safest place to cross	At a crosswalk or corner with a signal		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Pedestrian signal: walking person	Go if safe		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Pedestrian signal: raised hand	Don't start crossing		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Pedestrian countdown	Shows seconds left to finish crossing		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Walk on sidewalks	If none, walk facing traffic on the far left edge		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Stop, look and listen	The routine before crossing		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Hold hands in parking lots	Small children stay with an adult		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Crossing guard	A person who helps kids cross safely near schools		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
School bus rule	Wait until the bus stops and the driver says go		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Stay 10 feet from the bus	Be out of the danger zone until the bus stops		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Walking to the bus stop	Stay out of the road		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Crosswalk	Painted stripes where people cross		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Zebra crossing	A crosswalk marked with wide white stripes		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Red light	Stop		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Yellow light	Slow down and prepare to stop		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Green light	Go if the way is clear		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Stop sign shape	Octagon (8 sides), red with white letters		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Yield sign shape	Downward-pointing triangle, red and white		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Warning signs shape	Diamond, usually yellow		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Speed limit sign	Rectangle with black on white		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
School zone sign	Pentagon-shaped, fluorescent yellow-green		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Railroad crossing sign	Round yellow warning or X-shaped crossbuck		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
One-way sign	A black arrow on a white or black rectangle		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Do not enter sign	A white bar on a red circle		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Bike lane sign	Shows a bicycle symbol		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Pedestrian crossing sign	Shows a person walking; yellow-green diamond		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Railroad crossing safety	Stop, look and listen; never race a train		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Never play near train tracks	They are dangerous and illegal to walk on		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Scooter and skateboard safety	Wear a helmet, knee pads and wrist guards		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Rollerblading safety	Wear a helmet, wrist guards, knee and elbow pads		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Walk bike across a busy street	Get off and walk beside it		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Walking bike at crosswalks	Safer than riding across		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Seat height	You should be able to touch the ground with the balls of your feet		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Right bike size	You can stand over the frame with your feet flat on the ground		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Locking your bike	Use a lock on the frame and wheel		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Carrying things on a bike	Use a basket or backpack, not handlebars		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Wet weather riding	Brake earlier because brakes work less well		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Gravel	Slow down to avoid sliding		bike-and-pedestrian-safety
Leave No Trace	Principles for caring for the outdoors: take out what you bring in		camping-and-survival-basics
Rule of 3 in survival	About 3 minutes without air, 3 hours without shelter in harsh weather, 3 days without water, 3 weeks without food		camping-and-survival-basics
If you get lost	S.T.O.P.: Stop, Think, Observe, Plan		camping-and-survival-basics
What to do when lost	Stay where you are, make yourself visible and wait for help		camping-and-survival-basics
Whistle signal for help	Three blasts		camping-and-survival-basics
Universal distress signal	Three of anything: three whistles, three fires, three flashes		camping-and-survival-basics
Signal mirror	A mirror that flashes sunlight to get attention		camping-and-survival-basics
Bright clothing	Helps rescuers spot you		camping-and-survival-basics
Tell someone your plan	Always say where you're going and when you'll return		camping-and-survival-basics
Buddy system	Never hike alone		camping-and-survival-basics
Ten Essentials	Navigation, sun protection, insulation, light, first aid, fire, repair tools, food, water, shelter		camping-and-survival-basics
Compass	A tool with a needle that points to magnetic north		camping-and-survival-basics
Map	A drawing of the land showing trails and features		camping-and-survival-basics
Topographic map	A map using contour lines to show hills and valleys		camping-and-survival-basics
Contour lines close together mean	A steep slope		camping-and-survival-basics
Blaze	A painted mark on a tree showing a trail		camping-and-survival-basics
Trail marker (cairn)	A pile of stones that marks the path		camping-and-survival-basics
Stay on the trail	Protects you and the plants around it		camping-and-survival-basics
Tent	A fabric shelter for sleeping outdoors		camping-and-survival-basics
Rainfly	A waterproof cover over a tent		camping-and-survival-basics
Tent stakes	Pegs that hold a tent to the ground		camping-and-survival-basics
Footprint (groundsheet)	A tarp under the tent to protect the floor		camping-and-survival-basics
Sleeping bag	An insulated bag for sleeping outdoors		camping-and-survival-basics
Sleeping pad	A cushion that insulates you from the cold ground		camping-and-survival-basics
Backpack	A bag worn on the back to carry gear		camping-and-survival-basics
Headlamp	A flashlight worn on the head		camping-and-survival-basics
Pocketknife	A tool to use only with adult permission and care		camping-and-survival-basics
Campsite choice	Flat, dry ground, away from dead trees and flood zones		camping-and-survival-basics
Widowmaker	A dead branch that could fall		camping-and-survival-basics
Campfire safety	Use a fire ring, keep water nearby and never leave it		camping-and-survival-basics
Put the fire out	Drown, stir and feel it with the back of your hand until it's cold		camping-and-survival-basics
Fire triangle	Fire needs heat, fuel and oxygen		camping-and-survival-basics
Tinder	Small dry material that catches fire easily, like dry grass		camping-and-survival-basics
Kindling	Small sticks that burn after tinder		camping-and-survival-basics
Fuel wood	Larger logs that keep a fire burning		camping-and-survival-basics
Fire safety distance	Keep tents and gear far from the fire		camping-and-survival-basics
Camp stove	A small portable stove for cooking		camping-and-survival-basics
Water purification	Boil, filter or treat water before drinking		camping-and-survival-basics
Boil water to purify	Rolling boil for at least 1 minute		camping-and-survival-basics
Never drink from streams without treating	They can have germs, even when clear		camping-and-survival-basics
Water per person per day	About 2 to 3 liters while hiking		camping-and-survival-basics
Hypothermia	Dangerous drop in body temperature		camping-and-survival-basics
Dress in layers	Base layer, insulating layer, waterproof layer		camping-and-survival-basics
Cotton kills	Cotton stays wet and chills you in cold weather		camping-and-survival-basics
Heat exhaustion	Overheating from too much heat; rest and drink		camping-and-survival-basics
Sunburn prevention	Sunscreen, hat and long sleeves		camping-and-survival-basics
Bear safety	Store food away from your tent; never feed wildlife		camping-and-survival-basics
Bear canister	A hard container that bears cannot open		camping-and-survival-basics
Food storage	Hang or lock up food and scented items away from where you sleep		camping-and-survival-basics
Insect repellent	Spray that keeps bugs away		camping-and-survival-basics
Tick check	Look for ticks on your body after hiking		camping-and-survival-basics
Poison ivy rhyme	Leaves of three, let it be		camping-and-survival-basics
Lightning in the outdoors	Move to a low area away from tall trees and water		camping-and-survival-basics
Flash flood	Never camp in dry streambeds in storms		camping-and-survival-basics
Shelter from rain in the woods	Use a tarp or hang a rain jacket, stay dry		camping-and-survival-basics
Lean-to	A simple shelter with a slanted roof		camping-and-survival-basics
Fire starter	Tools like waterproof matches, lighter or ferro rod		camping-and-survival-basics
Ferro rod	A metal rod that throws sparks when scraped		camping-and-survival-basics
Emergency blanket	A thin reflective sheet that traps body heat		camping-and-survival-basics
Trail mix	A snack mix of nuts, seeds and dried fruit		camping-and-survival-basics
Latrine rule (leave no trace)	Dig a hole 6 to 8 inches deep, at least 200 feet from water		camping-and-survival-basics
Pack it in, pack it out	Carry your trash home with you		camping-and-survival-basics
North Star (Polaris)	Shows north in the night sky, found with the Big Dipper		camping-and-survival-basics
Sun direction	Rises in the east and sets in the west		camping-and-survival-basics
Moss on trees	Not a reliable way to find north		camping-and-survival-basics
Orienteering	A sport of navigating with map and compass		camping-and-survival-basics
S.O.S.	A distress signal		camping-and-survival-basics
Career	The work you do over many years of your life		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Job	A position where you do work for pay		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Occupation	Another word for a job or type of work		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Profession	A career that needs special training, like doctor or lawyer		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Employer	A person or business that hires workers		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Employee	A person who works for an employer		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Boss (supervisor)	A person who directs workers		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Coworker	A person you work with		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Volunteer	A person who works without pay to help others		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Intern	A learner who works temporarily to get experience		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Apprentice	A person who learns a trade by working with an expert		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Entrepreneur	A person who starts a business		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Freelancer	A person who works for themselves, project by project		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Self-employed	Working for yourself		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Full-time	Working a standard number of hours each week, usually about 40		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Part-time	Working fewer hours than full-time		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Shift	A set work period, like the night shift		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Salary	Fixed yearly pay		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Hourly wage	Pay for each hour worked		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Overtime	Extra pay for working more than the standard hours		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Benefits	Extras from a job, such as health insurance and paid time off		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Paycheck	Payment for work		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Resume	A short document listing your education, skills and experience		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Cover letter	A letter explaining why you're a good fit for a job		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Application	A form asking for information to apply for a job		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Interview	A meeting to decide if someone fits a job		careers-and-work-vocabulary
References	People who can speak about your skills and character		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Skills	Things you can do well		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Soft skills	People skills like teamwork, listening and communication		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Hard skills	Technical skills like coding or welding		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Networking	Meeting people who can help your career		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Mentor	An experienced person who guides you		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Promotion	Moving to a higher position		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Raise	An increase in pay		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Resignation	Quitting a job		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Retirement	The time of life after your working career		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Union	A group of workers who bargain together		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Teamwork	Working well with others		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Work ethic	A strong sense of responsibility and effort at work		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Punctual	Arriving on time		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Professionalism	Acting responsibly and respectfully at work		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Dress code	Rules about what to wear at work		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Teacher	Helps students learn		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Doctor	Diagnoses and treats illness		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Nurse	Cares for patients and helps doctors		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Dentist	Cares for teeth		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Veterinarian	Doctor who treats animals		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Firefighter	Puts out fires and rescues people		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Police officer	Enforces laws and keeps people safe		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Paramedic (EMT)	Gives emergency medical care		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Pilot	Flies airplanes		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Engineer	Designs and builds machines, structures or systems		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Architect	Designs buildings		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Carpenter	Builds with wood		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Electrician	Installs and repairs electrical systems		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Plumber	Installs and repairs pipes		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Mechanic	Repairs vehicles and machines		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Welder	Joins metal with heat		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Farmer	Grows crops or raises animals		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Chef	Professional cook		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Baker	Makes bread and pastries		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Librarian	Helps people find information and manages libraries		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Scientist	Studies the world through research		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Software developer	Writes computer programs		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Data analyst	Studies data to find patterns		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Accountant	Keeps track of money and taxes		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Lawyer	Gives legal advice and represents clients		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Judge	Decides legal cases in court		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Journalist	Researches and reports news		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Graphic designer	Creates visual designs		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Musician	Plays or composes music		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Actor	Performs roles in plays or films		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Athlete	Competes in sports		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Counselor	Helps people with problems and decisions		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Social worker	Helps people and families in need		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Pharmacist	Prepares and gives out medicine		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Physical therapist	Helps people recover movement after injury		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Park ranger	Protects parks and teaches visitors		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Marine biologist	Studies sea life		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Astronaut	Travels and works in space		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Interests, skills and values	Three things to think about when choosing a career		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Career cluster	A group of related jobs, like Health Science		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Trade school	A school that teaches skilled trades		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Community college	A two-year college		careers-and-work-vocabulary
Degree	Award for completing college studies		careers-and-work-vocabulary
3 teaspoons equals	1 tablespoon		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 tablespoon equals how many teaspoons?	3		cooking-measurement-conversions
2 tablespoons equals	1 fluid ounce		cooking-measurement-conversions
4 tablespoons equals	1/4 cup		cooking-measurement-conversions
5 tablespoons plus 1 teaspoon equals	1/3 cup		cooking-measurement-conversions
8 tablespoons equals	1/2 cup		cooking-measurement-conversions
16 tablespoons equals	1 cup		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 cup equals how many fluid ounces?	8		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 cup equals how many tablespoons?	16		cooking-measurement-conversions
2 cups equals	1 pint		cooking-measurement-conversions
2 pints equals	1 quart		cooking-measurement-conversions
4 cups equals	1 quart		cooking-measurement-conversions
4 quarts equals	1 gallon		cooking-measurement-conversions
16 cups equals	1 gallon		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 gallon equals how many pints?	8		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 pint equals how many fluid ounces?	16		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 quart equals how many fluid ounces?	32		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 gallon equals how many fluid ounces?	128		cooking-measurement-conversions
1/2 cup equals how many tablespoons?	8		cooking-measurement-conversions
1/3 cup equals how many tablespoons?	5 and 1/3		cooking-measurement-conversions
1/4 cup equals how many tablespoons?	4		cooking-measurement-conversions
3/4 cup equals how many tablespoons?	12		cooking-measurement-conversions
1/8 cup equals how many tablespoons?	2		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 stick of butter equals	1/2 cup, 8 tablespoons or 4 ounces		cooking-measurement-conversions
2 sticks of butter equals	1 cup		cooking-measurement-conversions
16 ounces equals	1 pound		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 pound of butter equals	4 sticks, or 2 cups		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 pound equals how many grams (about)?	454 grams		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 ounce equals how many grams (about)?	28 grams		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 kilogram equals how many pounds (about)?	2.2 pounds		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 teaspoon equals how many milliliters (about)?	5 milliliters		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 tablespoon equals how many milliliters (about)?	15 milliliters		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 cup equals how many milliliters (about)?	240 milliliters		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 liter equals how many cups (about)?	4.2 cups		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 quart equals how many liters (about)?	0.95 liters		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 fluid ounce equals how many milliliters (about)?	30 milliliters		cooking-measurement-conversions
1 gallon equals how many liters (about)?	3.8 liters		cooking-measurement-conversions
Water freezes at	32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius		cooking-measurement-conversions
Water boils at sea level at	212 degrees Fahrenheit or 100 degrees Celsius		cooking-measurement-conversions
Celsius to Fahrenheit formula	Multiply by 9/5 and add 32		cooking-measurement-conversions
Fahrenheit to Celsius formula	Subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9		cooking-measurement-conversions
350 degrees Fahrenheit equals about	175 degrees Celsius		cooking-measurement-conversions
400 degrees Fahrenheit equals about	200 degrees Celsius		cooking-measurement-conversions
425 degrees Fahrenheit equals about	220 degrees Celsius		cooking-measurement-conversions
325 degrees Fahrenheit equals about	165 degrees Celsius		cooking-measurement-conversions
300 degrees Fahrenheit equals about	150 degrees Celsius		cooking-measurement-conversions
375 degrees Fahrenheit equals about	190 degrees Celsius		cooking-measurement-conversions
Moderate oven temperature	350 degrees Fahrenheit		cooking-measurement-conversions
Hot oven temperature	400 to 450 degrees Fahrenheit		cooking-measurement-conversions
Slow oven temperature	300 to 325 degrees Fahrenheit		cooking-measurement-conversions
Double a recipe that uses 1/2 cup	1 cup		cooking-measurement-conversions
Halve a recipe that uses 1 cup	1/2 cup		cooking-measurement-conversions
Halve 1 tablespoon	1 1/2 teaspoons		cooking-measurement-conversions
Halve 1/4 cup	2 tablespoons		cooking-measurement-conversions
Triple 1/3 cup	1 cup		cooking-measurement-conversions
Dry measuring cups	Level off the top with a straight edge		cooking-measurement-conversions
Liquid measuring cup	Use a cup with a spout; read at eye level		cooking-measurement-conversions
Packed brown sugar	Press firmly into the measuring cup		cooking-measurement-conversions
Flour measuring tip	Spoon into the cup and level; don't scoop and pack		cooking-measurement-conversions
Weight of 1 cup of all-purpose flour (about)	120 to 125 grams		cooking-measurement-conversions
Weight of 1 cup of granulated sugar (about)	200 grams		cooking-measurement-conversions
Dozen	12		cooking-measurement-conversions
Baker's dozen	13		cooking-measurement-conversions
Gill	A very old unit, 4 fluid ounces in the US		cooking-measurement-conversions
Imperial pint (UK)	20 UK fluid ounces, bigger than a US pint		cooking-measurement-conversions
Pinch	About 1/16 teaspoon		cooking-measurement-conversions
Dash	About 1/8 teaspoon		cooking-measurement-conversions
Sauté	Cook quickly in a small amount of fat over fairly high heat		cooking-terms
Simmer	Cook gently in liquid just below boiling, with small bubbles		cooking-terms
Boil	Heat liquid until it bubbles rapidly		cooking-terms
Poach	Cook gently in barely simmering liquid		cooking-terms
Steam	Cook with hot vapor from boiling water		cooking-terms
Blanch	Boil briefly then cool in ice water		cooking-terms
Braise	Brown then cook slowly in a covered pot with liquid		cooking-terms
Roast	Cook in the oven with dry heat		cooking-terms
Bake	Cook food in the oven		cooking-terms
Broil	Cook with strong heat from above		cooking-terms
Grill	Cook over direct heat on an open grate		cooking-terms
Sear	Brown the surface of food quickly over high heat		cooking-terms
Fry	Cook in hot fat		cooking-terms
Deep fry	Cook while completely covered in hot oil		cooking-terms
Stir-fry	Cook small pieces quickly in a hot pan while stirring		cooking-terms
Pan-fry	Cook in a shallow layer of fat		cooking-terms
Saute pan	A wide pan with straight sides		cooking-terms
Reduce	Boil a liquid until some evaporates and it thickens		cooking-terms
Deglaze	Add liquid to a hot pan to loosen browned bits		cooking-terms
Marinate	Soak food in a flavorful liquid before cooking		cooking-terms
Baste	Spoon juices or fat over food while it cooks		cooking-terms
Caramelize	Cook sugar or onions until they turn brown and sweet		cooking-terms
Dice	Cut into small even cubes		cooking-terms
Mince	Chop into very tiny pieces		cooking-terms
Chop	Cut into pieces of no set size		cooking-terms
Slice	Cut into thin flat pieces		cooking-terms
Julienne	Cut into thin matchstick strips		cooking-terms
Chiffonade	Cut leafy herbs into thin ribbons		cooking-terms
Grate	Rub food on a grater to make small shreds		cooking-terms
Zest	The thin colored outer skin of citrus		cooking-terms
Peel	Remove the outer skin		cooking-terms
Core	Remove the center of a fruit		cooking-terms
Mash	Crush food until soft		cooking-terms
Puree	Blend food until completely smooth		cooking-terms
Whisk	Beat quickly with a wire tool to mix or add air		cooking-terms
Whip	Beat to add air and make light and fluffy		cooking-terms
Beat	Mix vigorously with a spoon or mixer		cooking-terms
Cream	Beat butter and sugar until light and fluffy		cooking-terms
Fold	Gently mix a light mixture into a heavier one without losing air		cooking-terms
Knead	Press and stretch dough with your hands		cooking-terms
Proof	Let yeast dough rise		cooking-terms
Cut in	Work cold fat into flour with a pastry cutter or knives		cooking-terms
Sift	Pass dry ingredients through a sieve to remove lumps		cooking-terms
Strain	Separate liquid from solids with a sieve		cooking-terms
Drain	Pour off liquid		cooking-terms
Season	Add salt, pepper or spices to improve flavor		cooking-terms
Garnish	A decoration added to a dish		cooking-terms
Mise en place	Having all ingredients prepped and ready before cooking (meez on plahs)		cooking-terms
Preheat	Heat the oven to the right temperature before baking		cooking-terms
Rest (meat)	Let cooked meat sit so juices spread through		cooking-terms
Al dente	Pasta cooked to be firm when bitten (Italian: to the tooth)		cooking-terms
Roux	A cooked mix of flour and fat used to thicken sauces		cooking-terms
Emulsion	A smooth mix of liquids that don't normally mix, like oil and vinegar		cooking-terms
Stock	A flavorful liquid made by simmering bones or vegetables		cooking-terms
Broth	A seasoned liquid made by simmering meat or vegetables		cooking-terms
Glaze	A shiny coating on food		cooking-terms
Dredge	Coat food lightly in flour or crumbs		cooking-terms
Batter	A thin mixture of flour and liquid		cooking-terms
Dough	A thick mixture of flour and liquid that can be shaped		cooking-terms
Leavening	Something that makes baked goods rise, like yeast or baking powder		cooking-terms
Yeast	Living organism that makes bread dough rise		cooking-terms
Baking soda vs baking powder	Soda needs an acid to work; powder already contains one		cooking-terms
Tablespoon abbreviation	Tbsp		cooking-terms
Teaspoon abbreviation	tsp		cooking-terms
Pinch	About one-sixteenth of a teaspoon, what you can hold between two fingers		cooking-terms
Dash	A very small amount, less than a teaspoon		cooking-terms
Octagon, red	Stop		driving-road-signs
Triangle pointing down, red and white	Yield		driving-road-signs
Diamond, yellow	Warning of a hazard ahead		driving-road-signs
Circle, yellow	Railroad crossing ahead		driving-road-signs
Pentagon, yellow-green	School zone or school crossing		driving-road-signs
Rectangle, white with black	Regulatory sign, such as speed limit		driving-road-signs
Rectangle, green	Guide sign: directions, distances		driving-road-signs
Rectangle, blue	Motorist services: gas, food, lodging, hospital		driving-road-signs
Rectangle, brown	Parks and recreation areas		driving-road-signs
Diamond or rectangle, orange	Construction or work zone		driving-road-signs
Rectangle, yellow-green with person	Pedestrian crossing		driving-road-signs
Pennant, yellow	No passing zone		driving-road-signs
Circle with a red slash	Prohibits the action shown		driving-road-signs
Red circle with white bar	Do not enter		driving-road-signs
Wrong way sign	You are going the wrong way; stop and turn around		driving-road-signs
Crossbuck (X sign)	Railroad crossing; yield to trains		driving-road-signs
Speed limit sign	The maximum legal speed in ideal conditions		driving-road-signs
Minimum speed sign	The slowest speed allowed		driving-road-signs
One way sign	Traffic goes only in the direction of the arrow		driving-road-signs
Keep right sign	Stay on the right side of an obstacle		driving-road-signs
Divided highway sign	Road ahead has a median dividing traffic		driving-road-signs
Merge sign	Lanes join; traffic from another lane merges into yours		driving-road-signs
Lane ends sign	Your lane will end soon; merge		driving-road-signs
Curve ahead sign	A curve in the road		driving-road-signs
Winding road sign	Several curves in a row		driving-road-signs
Sharp turn sign	A very tight curve		driving-road-signs
Reverse curve sign	Two curves in opposite directions		driving-road-signs
Slippery when wet sign	Road may be slick when wet		driving-road-signs
Stop ahead sign	A stop sign is coming		driving-road-signs
Signal ahead sign	A traffic light is coming		driving-road-signs
Yield ahead sign	A yield sign is coming		driving-road-signs
Cross road sign	An intersection is ahead		driving-road-signs
T-intersection sign	The road ends ahead with a left or right turn		driving-road-signs
Y-intersection sign	The road splits ahead		driving-road-signs
Roundabout sign	A circular intersection ahead; yield to traffic inside		driving-road-signs
Deer crossing sign	Deer may cross the road		driving-road-signs
Falling rocks sign	Rocks may fall on the road		driving-road-signs
Steep hill sign	A steep downgrade; shift to lower gear		driving-road-signs
Truck crossing sign	Trucks entering or crossing		driving-road-signs
Bump sign	Rough spot or bump in the road		driving-road-signs
Dip sign	Low place in the road where water can collect		driving-road-signs
Road narrows sign	The road becomes narrower		driving-road-signs
Two-way traffic sign	You are leaving a one-way section		driving-road-signs
No U-turn sign	U-turns are not allowed		driving-road-signs
No left turn sign	Left turns are not allowed		driving-road-signs
No right turn sign	Right turns are not allowed		driving-road-signs
No parking sign	Parking is not allowed		driving-road-signs
No passing zone sign	Do not pass other vehicles		driving-road-signs
Pass with care sign	You may pass if safe		driving-road-signs
Do not pass sign	Passing is prohibited		driving-road-signs
Handicapped parking sign	Parking only for permitted vehicles		driving-road-signs
Hospital sign (blue H)	Hospital services nearby		driving-road-signs
Rest area sign	Place to rest, with restrooms		driving-road-signs
Detour sign	Follow this route around a closed road		driving-road-signs
Road closed sign	The road is closed to traffic		driving-road-signs
Flagger ahead sign	A worker will direct traffic		driving-road-signs
Slow-moving vehicle triangle	Orange triangle on slow machines like tractors		driving-road-signs
Yield to pedestrians sign	Let people crossing go first		driving-road-signs
Railroad advance warning	Yellow round sign, a train crossing is ahead		driving-road-signs
Light rail sign	Trains and trolleys cross		driving-road-signs
Interstate shield	Blue and red shield for a US interstate highway		driving-road-signs
US route shield	White shield with black number		driving-road-signs
State route sign	Usually a shape particular to the state		driving-road-signs
Even-numbered interstates run	East-west		driving-road-signs
Odd-numbered interstates run	North-south		driving-road-signs
Solid yellow line	Do not pass		driving-road-signs
Broken yellow line	You may pass if safe		driving-road-signs
Double solid yellow	Do not pass in either direction		driving-road-signs
White lines	Separate traffic going the same direction		driving-road-signs
Yellow lines	Separate traffic going opposite directions		driving-road-signs
Solid white line	Discourages lane changes		driving-road-signs
Stop line	Where to stop at an intersection		driving-road-signs
HOV lane	Reserved for vehicles with more than one person		driving-road-signs
Green light	Go if the intersection is clear		driving-road-signs
Flashing red light	Treat as a stop sign		driving-road-signs
Flashing yellow light	Slow down and proceed with caution		driving-road-signs
Red arrow	Do not turn in that direction		driving-road-signs
Green arrow	You may go in that direction; protected turn		driving-road-signs
Right of way	Who is allowed to go first		driving-rules-of-the-road
Four-way stop: who goes first?	The vehicle that arrived first; if tied, the one on the right		driving-rules-of-the-road
Uncontrolled intersection	Yield to vehicles already in the intersection and to the one on your right		driving-rules-of-the-road
Turning left at an intersection	Yield to oncoming traffic		driving-rules-of-the-road
Roundabout rule	Yield to traffic already in the circle, and enter to the right		driving-rules-of-the-road
Emergency vehicle with siren behind you	Pull to the right edge and stop		driving-rules-of-the-road
Funeral procession	Yield, do not cut in		driving-rules-of-the-road
School bus with flashing red lights and stop arm	Stop; wait until it moves		driving-rules-of-the-road
Pedestrians in a crosswalk	Always yield		driving-rules-of-the-road
White cane or guide dog	Pedestrian is blind; yield and stop		driving-rules-of-the-road
Following distance rule	At least 3 seconds behind the car ahead		driving-rules-of-the-road
Three-second rule	Pick a fixed object; you should pass it 3 seconds after the car ahead		driving-rules-of-the-road
Following distance in bad weather	Increase to 4 or more seconds		driving-rules-of-the-road
Blind spot	An area around your car you can't see in mirrors		driving-rules-of-the-road
Checking blind spots	Turn your head and look over your shoulder		driving-rules-of-the-road
Signal before turning	Signal at least 100 feet before the turn in many states		driving-rules-of-the-road
Use the turn signal before changing lanes	Always		driving-rules-of-the-road
Seat belt law	Driver and passengers must wear seat belts		driving-rules-of-the-road
Children in cars	Use child restraints suited to height, weight and age		driving-rules-of-the-road
Texting while driving	Illegal in most states and extremely dangerous		driving-rules-of-the-road
Distracted driving	Anything that takes your eyes, hands or mind off driving		driving-rules-of-the-road
Drunk driving	Never drive impaired by alcohol or drugs		driving-rules-of-the-road
BAC limit for adults 21 and over	0.08 percent in all states except Utah (0.05)		driving-rules-of-the-road
Zero tolerance for drivers under 21	Any alcohol can lead to a loss of license		driving-rules-of-the-road
Drowsy driving	Pull over and rest when tired		driving-rules-of-the-road
Speed limit	Maximum legal speed under good conditions		driving-rules-of-the-road
Basic speed law	Never drive faster than is safe for conditions		driving-rules-of-the-road
Slow down in rain	Roads are slippery, especially in the first minutes of rain		driving-rules-of-the-road
Hydroplaning	Tires lose grip on a thin layer of water		driving-rules-of-the-road
If your car hydroplanes	Ease off the gas, steer straight, don't slam the brakes		driving-rules-of-the-road
Skidding on ice	Ease off the gas and steer gently in the direction you want to go		driving-rules-of-the-road
Fog driving	Use low beams and slow down		driving-rules-of-the-road
High beams	Use at night in open areas, dim for oncoming cars within 500 feet		driving-rules-of-the-road
Headlights on when	From sunset to sunrise and whenever you use wipers in many states		driving-rules-of-the-road
Parking uphill with a curb	Turn wheels away from the curb		driving-rules-of-the-road
Parking downhill	Turn wheels toward the curb		driving-rules-of-the-road
Parallel parking distance from the curb	No more than 12 inches in many states		driving-rules-of-the-road
Parking near a fire hydrant	Not allowed, usually within 15 feet		driving-rules-of-the-road
Parking in front of a crosswalk	Not allowed		driving-rules-of-the-road
Passing on the left	Pass only where permitted and when the road is clear		driving-rules-of-the-road
Never pass on	Hills, curves, bridges or railroad crossings		driving-rules-of-the-road
Merging	Match the speed of traffic and find a gap		driving-rules-of-the-road
Exiting a highway	Signal and move into the exit lane early		driving-rules-of-the-road
Slow-moving traffic on the highway	Stay in the right lane		driving-rules-of-the-road
Railroad crossing with no gates	Slow down, look both ways and listen		driving-rules-of-the-road
Never stop on the tracks	Keep going or wait before the crossing		driving-rules-of-the-road
Stopping distance	Reaction distance plus braking distance		driving-rules-of-the-road
Reaction time	About three-quarters of a second to react		driving-rules-of-the-road
Braking distance increases	With speed; double speed means about four times the braking distance		driving-rules-of-the-road
ABS brakes	Anti-lock brakes that prevent wheels from locking; press firmly and hold		driving-rules-of-the-road
Tailgating	Following too closely		driving-rules-of-the-road
Road rage	Angry, aggressive driving; stay calm and don't engage		driving-rules-of-the-road
If you're in a crash	Stop, check for injuries, call 911, exchange information		driving-rules-of-the-road
Hit-and-run	Leaving the scene of a crash, which is a crime		driving-rules-of-the-road
Documents to carry	License, registration, proof of insurance		driving-rules-of-the-road
Learner's permit	Lets new drivers practice with a licensed adult		driving-rules-of-the-road
Graduated driver licensing (GDL)	System that adds privileges in stages for new teen drivers		driving-rules-of-the-road
Insurance	Required by law in nearly all states		driving-rules-of-the-road
Check your car	Look at tires, lights and mirrors before driving		driving-rules-of-the-road
Adjust mirrors and seat	Before you start driving		driving-rules-of-the-road
Hands on steering wheel	9 and 3 or 8 and 4 positions		driving-rules-of-the-road
Turning wheel when backing	Look behind you and move slowly		driving-rules-of-the-road
Three-point turn	Turn around on a narrow street using three moves		driving-rules-of-the-road
U-turn	Allowed only where signs and laws permit		driving-rules-of-the-road
Right turn on red	Allowed after stopping unless a sign prohibits it		driving-rules-of-the-road
Left turn on red	Allowed in some states only from a one-way street to a one-way street		driving-rules-of-the-road
Move over law	Slow down and change lanes for stopped emergency vehicles		driving-rules-of-the-road
Yielding to buses	Often required when a bus signals to pull out		driving-rules-of-the-road
Motorcycles	Give them a full lane and check mirrors twice		driving-rules-of-the-road
Bicycles	Give at least 3 feet when passing in many states		driving-rules-of-the-road
Happy	Feeling joy and pleasure		feelings-and-emotions
Sad	Feeling unhappy or down		feelings-and-emotions
Angry	Feeling strongly upset because of something unfair or frustrating		feelings-and-emotions
Scared	Feeling afraid		feelings-and-emotions
Surprised	Feeling startled by something unexpected		feelings-and-emotions
Disgusted	Feeling that something is yucky or wrong		feelings-and-emotions
Excited	Feeling very eager and full of energy		feelings-and-emotions
Calm	Feeling peaceful and relaxed		feelings-and-emotions
Proud	Feeling good about something you or others did		feelings-and-emotions
Embarrassed	Feeling awkward or ashamed in front of others		feelings-and-emotions
Jealous	Wanting something another person has		feelings-and-emotions
Lonely	Feeling alone and wanting company		feelings-and-emotions
Nervous	Feeling worried about something that may happen		feelings-and-emotions
Anxious	Feeling worried or uneasy, often about the future		feelings-and-emotions
Frustrated	Feeling upset when something is hard or won't work		feelings-and-emotions
Disappointed	Feeling sad when something did not turn out as hoped		feelings-and-emotions
Grateful	Feeling thankful		feelings-and-emotions
Hopeful	Feeling that good things can happen		feelings-and-emotions
Confident	Feeling sure of yourself		feelings-and-emotions
Curious	Wanting to learn or find out		feelings-and-emotions
Bored	Feeling uninterested because there is nothing to do		feelings-and-emotions
Confused	Not understanding something		feelings-and-emotions
Guilty	Feeling bad because you think you did something wrong		feelings-and-emotions
Shy	Feeling nervous around people		feelings-and-emotions
Cheerful	Happy and bright		feelings-and-emotions
Furious	Extremely angry		feelings-and-emotions
Terrified	Extremely scared		feelings-and-emotions
Thrilled	Extremely excited and happy		feelings-and-emotions
Content	Quietly satisfied and happy		feelings-and-emotions
Overwhelmed	Feeling like there is too much to handle		feelings-and-emotions
Stressed	Feeling pressure or tension		feelings-and-emotions
Worried	Thinking about bad things that might happen		feelings-and-emotions
Insecure	Not feeling sure about yourself		feelings-and-emotions
Grumpy	Feeling cranky and in a bad mood		feelings-and-emotions
Irritated	Slightly angry or annoyed		feelings-and-emotions
Hurt	Feeling emotionally or physically pained		feelings-and-emotions
Compassion	Caring about another person's suffering and wanting to help		feelings-and-emotions
Empathy	Understanding and sharing another person's feelings		feelings-and-emotions
Sympathy	Feeling sorry for someone's trouble		feelings-and-emotions
Kindness	Being friendly and caring		feelings-and-emotions
Resilience	Bouncing back after something hard		feelings-and-emotions
Self-control	Managing your actions and feelings		feelings-and-emotions
Perseverance	Not giving up when it is hard		feelings-and-emotions
Patience	Waiting calmly		feelings-and-emotions
Respect	Treating others with care and fairness		feelings-and-emotions
Responsibility	Doing what you should do and owning your choices		feelings-and-emotions
Honesty	Telling the truth		feelings-and-emotions
Courage	Doing something even when you feel afraid		feelings-and-emotions
Apology	Saying you're sorry and meaning it		feelings-and-emotions
Forgiveness	Letting go of anger toward someone who hurt you		feelings-and-emotions
Emotion	A strong feeling		feelings-and-emotions
Mood	How you feel over a longer time		feelings-and-emotions
Trigger	Something that sets off a strong feeling		feelings-and-emotions
Coping skill	A way to handle hard feelings		feelings-and-emotions
Deep breathing	Slow breaths in and out to help calm down		feelings-and-emotions
Talk it out	Tell a trusted person how you feel		feelings-and-emotions
Take a break	Step away from a stressful situation to calm down		feelings-and-emotions
Count to ten	A way to pause before reacting		feelings-and-emotions
I-statement	Saying how you feel: 'I feel ___ when ___.'		feelings-and-emotions
Conflict resolution	Solving a disagreement peacefully		feelings-and-emotions
Compromise	Each side gives up something to agree		feelings-and-emotions
Body clues for anger	Hot face, tight fists, fast heartbeat		feelings-and-emotions
Body clues for nervousness	Butterflies in stomach, sweaty palms		feelings-and-emotions
Feelings are never wrong	It's okay to feel anything; what you do about it matters		feelings-and-emotions
Growth mindset	Believing you can improve with effort		feelings-and-emotions
Fixed mindset	Believing abilities cannot change		feelings-and-emotions
Bullying	Repeated unkind actions meant to hurt someone		feelings-and-emotions
Peer pressure	Feeling pushed by others your age to do something		feelings-and-emotions
Assertive	Standing up for yourself in a calm, respectful way		feelings-and-emotions
Credit	Borrowing money or buying now and paying later		finance-credit-and-loans
Debt	Money you owe		finance-credit-and-loans
Loan	Money borrowed that must be paid back, usually with interest		finance-credit-and-loans
Lender	A person or business that gives a loan		finance-credit-and-loans
Borrower	The person who receives the loan		finance-credit-and-loans
Credit card	A card that lets you borrow money to buy things and pay later		finance-credit-and-loans
Credit limit	The most you can borrow on a card		finance-credit-and-loans
Minimum payment	The smallest amount you must pay each month		finance-credit-and-loans
Statement	A monthly summary of your card or account activity		finance-credit-and-loans
Due date	The day a payment must be made by		finance-credit-and-loans
Late fee	A charge for paying after the due date		finance-credit-and-loans
APR	Annual percentage rate, the yearly cost of borrowing		finance-credit-and-loans
Grace period	Time to pay a card balance without being charged interest		finance-credit-and-loans
Balance (credit card)	The amount you currently owe		finance-credit-and-loans
Paying in full	Paying the whole statement balance so no interest is charged		finance-credit-and-loans
Credit score	A number that shows how reliably you pay back debts		finance-credit-and-loans
Credit score range (FICO)	300 to 850		finance-credit-and-loans
What helps a credit score	Paying on time and keeping balances low		finance-credit-and-loans
What hurts a credit score	Missed payments and maxing out cards		finance-credit-and-loans
Credit report	A record of your borrowing and payment history		finance-credit-and-loans
Credit bureau	A company that collects credit reports; Equifax, Experian, TransUnion		finance-credit-and-loans
Utilization	The share of your credit limit you're using		finance-credit-and-loans
Good rule for credit utilization	Stay below about 30 percent		finance-credit-and-loans
Secured credit card	A card backed by a cash deposit		finance-credit-and-loans
Cosigner	A person who promises to pay if the borrower doesn't		finance-credit-and-loans
Collateral	Property pledged to a lender if a loan isn't paid		finance-credit-and-loans
Mortgage	A loan to buy a home		finance-credit-and-loans
Down payment	Money paid upfront when buying something expensive		finance-credit-and-loans
Auto loan	A loan to buy a car		finance-credit-and-loans
Student loan	A loan to pay for school		finance-credit-and-loans
Payday loan	A very high-cost, short-term loan that is risky		finance-credit-and-loans
Interest rate	The percent charged for borrowing		finance-credit-and-loans
Fixed rate	An interest rate that stays the same		finance-credit-and-loans
Variable rate	An interest rate that can change		finance-credit-and-loans
Term (loan)	How long you have to repay		finance-credit-and-loans
Amortization	Paying off a loan in regular payments over time		finance-credit-and-loans
Default	Failing to repay a loan		finance-credit-and-loans
Bankruptcy	A legal process when someone cannot pay their debts		finance-credit-and-loans
Repossession	A lender taking property when a loan isn't repaid		finance-credit-and-loans
Debt snowball	Paying off the smallest debt first		finance-credit-and-loans
Debt avalanche	Paying off the highest-interest debt first		finance-credit-and-loans
Identity theft	Someone using your personal information without permission		finance-credit-and-loans
Credit freeze	A lock on your credit file to block new accounts		finance-credit-and-loans
Insurance	Paying a fee so a company covers big costs if something bad happens		finance-credit-and-loans
Premium	The regular payment for insurance		finance-credit-and-loans
Deductible	The amount you pay before insurance pays		finance-credit-and-loans
Health insurance	Coverage for medical costs		finance-credit-and-loans
Auto insurance	Coverage for car accidents and damage		finance-credit-and-loans
Renters insurance	Coverage for belongings in a rented home		finance-credit-and-loans
Life insurance	A payment to family after someone dies		finance-credit-and-loans
Warranty	A promise that a company will repair or replace a faulty product		finance-credit-and-loans
Social Security number	A nine-digit US number used for work and taxes; keep it private		finance-credit-and-loans
W-2	A form from an employer showing yearly pay and taxes withheld		finance-credit-and-loans
W-4	A form telling an employer how much tax to withhold		finance-credit-and-loans
Tax return	A form reporting your income and taxes to the government		finance-credit-and-loans
Tax refund	Money returned when you paid too much in taxes		finance-credit-and-loans
401(k)	A US employer retirement savings plan		finance-credit-and-loans
IRA	Individual retirement account		finance-credit-and-loans
Roth IRA	A retirement account with taxed deposits and tax-free growth		finance-credit-and-loans
Employer match	Money an employer adds to your retirement savings		finance-credit-and-loans
FDIC	US agency that insures bank deposits, up to $250,000 per depositor per bank		finance-credit-and-loans
Rule of 72	Divide 72 by the interest rate to estimate years to double money		finance-credit-and-loans
Compound growth example	$100 at 7% roughly doubles in about 10 years		finance-credit-and-loans
Overdraft	Spending more than your account holds		finance-credit-and-loans
Overdraft fee	A charge for overdrawing an account		finance-credit-and-loans
Income	Money you earn or receive		finance-money-basics
Expense	Money you spend		finance-money-basics
Budget	A plan for how to spend and save money		finance-money-basics
Needs	Things you must have, like food, shelter and clothing		finance-money-basics
Wants	Things you would like but can live without		finance-money-basics
Saving	Setting money aside for later		finance-money-basics
Spending	Using money to buy things		finance-money-basics
Earning	Getting money for work		finance-money-basics
Allowance	Money children receive regularly from a family		finance-money-basics
Wage	Money paid for work, often by the hour		finance-money-basics
Salary	A fixed yearly payment for a job		finance-money-basics
Tip	Extra money given to thank someone for service		finance-money-basics
Gross pay	Pay before taxes are taken out		finance-money-basics
Net pay (take-home pay)	Pay after taxes and deductions		finance-money-basics
Tax	Money people pay to the government for public services		finance-money-basics
Income tax	Tax on money you earn		finance-money-basics
Sales tax	Tax added to things you buy		finance-money-basics
Deduction	An amount subtracted from pay		finance-money-basics
Bank	A business that holds and lends money		finance-money-basics
Credit union	A not-for-profit financial cooperative owned by members		finance-money-basics
Savings account	An account that holds money and pays interest		finance-money-basics
Checking account	An account for everyday spending with checks or a debit card		finance-money-basics
Deposit	Money put into an account		finance-money-basics
Withdrawal	Money taken out of an account		finance-money-basics
Balance	The amount of money in an account		finance-money-basics
Debit card	A card that takes money directly from your bank account		finance-money-basics
ATM	Machine to withdraw cash or make deposits		finance-money-basics
PIN	Personal identification number, a secret code for a card		finance-money-basics
Cash	Coins and paper money		finance-money-basics
Check	A written order for the bank to pay money		finance-money-basics
Interest	Money paid for using money, earned on savings or paid on loans		finance-money-basics
Compound interest	Interest earned on both the money and past interest		finance-money-basics
Simple interest	Interest calculated only on the original amount		finance-money-basics
Principal	The original amount of money borrowed or invested		finance-money-basics
Goal setting	Deciding what you want to save for		finance-money-basics
Short-term goal	A goal you can reach soon		finance-money-basics
Long-term goal	A goal that takes many years		finance-money-basics
Emergency fund	Money saved for unexpected costs		finance-money-basics
Pay yourself first	Saving some money before spending the rest		finance-money-basics
Save, spend, share	Three jobs for money: keep some, use some, give some		finance-money-basics
Donation	Money or goods given to help others		finance-money-basics
Charity	An organization that helps people in need		finance-money-basics
Opportunity cost	What you give up when you choose one thing over another		finance-money-basics
Trade-off	Giving up one thing to get another		finance-money-basics
Price	The amount of money a good or service costs		finance-money-basics
Value	What something is worth to you		finance-money-basics
Unit price	The price per single unit, like per ounce		finance-money-basics
Comparison shopping	Checking prices at several places before buying		finance-money-basics
Coupon	A voucher for a discount		finance-money-basics
Sale	A time when items are priced lower		finance-money-basics
Impulse buying	Buying without planning		finance-money-basics
Advertising	Messages that try to persuade you to buy		finance-money-basics
Profit	Money left after costs are subtracted from earnings		finance-money-basics
Entrepreneur	A person who starts a business		finance-money-basics
Supply	How much of something is available		finance-money-basics
Demand	How much people want something		finance-money-basics
Inflation	A general rise in prices over time		finance-money-basics
Investing	Putting money into something hoping it grows		finance-money-basics
Stock	A small share of ownership in a company		finance-money-basics
Bond	A loan to a company or government that pays interest		finance-money-basics
Mutual fund	A mix of many investments pooled together		finance-money-basics
Diversification	Spreading money across different investments to lower risk		finance-money-basics
Retirement	The time of life after stopping regular work		finance-money-basics
Net worth	What you own minus what you owe		finance-money-basics
Asset	Something valuable that you own		finance-money-basics
Liability	Something you owe		finance-money-basics
50/30/20 rule	About 50% needs, 30% wants, 20% savings		finance-money-basics
Push-up	Lower and raise your body with your arms; works chest, shoulders and arms		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Sit-up	Lie on your back and lift your upper body toward your knees; works abs		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Crunch	A small curl of the upper body that works the abs		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Plank	Hold a straight body position on forearms and toes; works the core		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Squat	Bend your knees and lower hips as if sitting; works legs and glutes		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Lunge	Step forward and bend both knees; works legs		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Jumping jack	Jump while spreading legs and raising arms overhead; full-body cardio		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Burpee	Squat, kick back to a plank, jump up; full-body		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Mountain climber	From a plank, run knees toward chest; cardio and core		fitness-exercises-and-terms
High knees	Run in place lifting knees high		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Butt kicks	Jog in place kicking heels toward your seat		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Wall sit	Hold a sitting position against a wall		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Pull-up	Pull your chin over a bar; works back and arms		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Chin-up	A pull-up with palms facing you		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Dip	Lower and raise your body between parallel bars; works triceps		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Calf raise	Rise onto the toes; works calves		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Glute bridge	Lie on your back and lift hips; works glutes		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Bicycle crunch	Opposite elbow to knee while pedaling the legs		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Leg raise	Lift straight legs while lying; works lower abs		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Superman	Lie on your stomach and lift arms and legs; works back		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Bear crawl	Walk on hands and feet with knees off the ground		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Crab walk	Walk on hands and feet with belly up		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Skipping rope (jump rope)	Cardio exercise jumping over a rope		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Stretching	Gently lengthening muscles to improve flexibility		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Static stretch	Holding a stretch still		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Dynamic stretch	Stretching while moving		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Warm-up	Easy exercise to prepare the body		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Cool-down	Easy exercise to bring heart rate down		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Cardiovascular endurance	How long the heart and lungs can work		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Muscular strength	How much force a muscle can make		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Muscular endurance	How long a muscle can keep working		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Flexibility	How far a joint can move		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Body composition	The mix of fat, muscle and bone in the body		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Balance	Ability to stay steady		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Agility	Ability to change direction quickly		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Coordination	Moving different body parts smoothly together		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Speed	How fast you can move		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Power	Strength combined with speed		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Reaction time	How quickly you respond to a signal		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Aerobic exercise	Exercise that uses oxygen over a long time, like jogging		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Anaerobic exercise	Short bursts of intense exercise, like sprinting		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Resting heart rate	Heartbeats per minute at rest		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Target heart rate	The heart rate to aim for during exercise		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Pulse	The beat felt in an artery as the heart pumps		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Reps	Short for repetitions; how many times you do an exercise		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Set	A group of repetitions		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Interval training	Alternating hard effort and rest		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Circuit training	Moving between exercise stations		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Core	The muscles of the abdomen, back and hips		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Biceps	Muscle on the front of the upper arm		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Triceps	Muscle on the back of the upper arm		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Quadriceps	Muscles on the front of the thigh		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Hamstrings	Muscles on the back of the thigh		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Glutes	Muscles of the buttocks		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Abdominals	Stomach muscles		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Pectorals	Chest muscles		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Deltoids	Shoulder muscles		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Gastrocnemius	The main calf muscle		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Recommended daily activity for kids	At least 60 minutes		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Recommended weekly activity for adults	At least 150 minutes of moderate exercise		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Hydrate	Drink water before, during and after exercise		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Sleep and recovery	Muscles grow and repair during rest		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Rest day	A day off to let the body recover		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Proper form	Using correct technique to avoid injury		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Warm up before playing	Reduces the chance of injury		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Yoga	Poses, stretching and breathing		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Pilates	Exercise focusing on core strength and control		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Cross-training	Doing different kinds of exercise		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Fitness test: the mile run	Measures cardiovascular endurance		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Sit-and-reach test	Measures flexibility		fitness-exercises-and-terms
Seed	A plant's package holding a baby plant and food		gardening-basics
Germination	When a seed begins to sprout		gardening-basics
Seedling	A very young plant		gardening-basics
Sprout	A new shoot from a seed		gardening-basics
Roots	Plant parts that take in water and nutrients and hold the plant in place		gardening-basics
Stem	Plant part that holds up leaves and carries water and food		gardening-basics
Leaves	Plant parts that make food using sunlight		gardening-basics
Flower	Plant part that makes seeds		gardening-basics
Fruit	The part of a plant that holds seeds		gardening-basics
Photosynthesis	How plants use sunlight, water and air to make food		gardening-basics
Soil	Earth where plants grow, made of rock bits, air, water and living things		gardening-basics
Compost	Rotted plant and food waste that enriches soil		gardening-basics
Mulch	A layer of material on the soil that keeps moisture in and weeds down		gardening-basics
Fertilizer	Plant food added to soil		gardening-basics
Weed	A plant growing where it is not wanted		gardening-basics
Pollination	Moving pollen so flowers can make seeds		gardening-basics
Pollinator	An animal like a bee or butterfly that moves pollen		gardening-basics
Annual	A plant that lives one year		gardening-basics
Perennial	A plant that lives for many years		gardening-basics
Biennial	A plant that lives two years		gardening-basics
Bulb	An underground storage part that grows a new plant, like a tulip or onion		gardening-basics
Tuber	A thick underground stem, like a potato		gardening-basics
Transplant	Move a plant to a new place		gardening-basics
Thin	Remove extra seedlings to give others space		gardening-basics
Prune	Cut off parts of a plant to help it grow		gardening-basics
Deadhead	Remove old flowers to encourage more		gardening-basics
Harvest	Pick or gather crops when ripe		gardening-basics
Raised bed	A garden box filled with soil above the ground		gardening-basics
Container garden	Plants grown in pots		gardening-basics
Greenhouse	A glass or plastic building that traps warmth for plants		gardening-basics
Hardiness zone	A map region showing which plants survive the winter there		gardening-basics
Frost date	The average last or first freezing day of the season		gardening-basics
Full sun	6 or more hours of direct sunlight		gardening-basics
Partial shade	About 3 to 6 hours of sun		gardening-basics
Watering tip	Water the soil at the roots, early in the morning		gardening-basics
Drainage	How well water flows out of soil		gardening-basics
Loam	A balanced soil of sand, silt and clay good for gardens		gardening-basics
Clay soil	Heavy soil that holds water		gardening-basics
Sandy soil	Light soil that drains fast		gardening-basics
pH	A measure of how acidic or basic soil is		gardening-basics
Rake	A tool for leveling soil and collecting leaves		gardening-basics
Hoe	A tool for loosening soil and cutting weeds		gardening-basics
Trowel	A small hand shovel		gardening-basics
Spade	A tool for digging		gardening-basics
Garden fork	A tool for loosening and turning soil		gardening-basics
Pruning shears	Clippers for cutting stems		gardening-basics
Watering can	A can with a spout for watering plants		gardening-basics
Wheelbarrow	A one-wheeled cart for carrying heavy loads		gardening-basics
Garden gloves	Protect hands from dirt and thorns		gardening-basics
Three Sisters planting	Corn, beans and squash grown together, a Native American method		gardening-basics
Companion planting	Growing plants together that help each other		gardening-basics
Crop rotation	Planting different crops in a spot each year to keep soil healthy		gardening-basics
Cover crop	A plant grown to protect and feed the soil		gardening-basics
Pest	An insect or animal that harms plants		gardening-basics
Beneficial insects	Bugs like ladybugs that help the garden		gardening-basics
Organic gardening	Growing plants without synthetic chemicals		gardening-basics
Earthworm	Soil animal that loosens and enriches the earth		gardening-basics
Vegetable that grows underground	Carrot, potato, radish, beet, onion		gardening-basics
Easy plants for beginners	Radishes, lettuce, beans, sunflowers, marigolds		gardening-basics
Sunflower	A tall plant with seeds; the head turns to follow the sun when young		gardening-basics
Herb	A plant used for flavor or medicine, like basil or mint		gardening-basics
Mint	A fast-spreading herb; grow it in a pot		gardening-basics
Tomato	Fruit grown in a garden and used like a vegetable		gardening-basics
Pumpkin	A vine fruit that takes about 90 to 120 days to ripen		gardening-basics
Plant a seed twice as deep as its width	A common planting rule		gardening-basics
Perennial example	Lavender, roses, asparagus, peonies		gardening-basics
Annual example	Marigolds, tomatoes, zinnias, lettuce		gardening-basics
Apple	Fruit		health-food-groups
Banana	Fruit		health-food-groups
Orange	Fruit		health-food-groups
Strawberries	Fruit		health-food-groups
Grapes	Fruit		health-food-groups
Raisins	Fruit (dried)		health-food-groups
Watermelon	Fruit		health-food-groups
Blueberries	Fruit		health-food-groups
Carrot	Vegetable		health-food-groups
Broccoli	Vegetable		health-food-groups
Spinach	Vegetable		health-food-groups
Corn on the cob	Vegetable (starchy)		health-food-groups
Potato	Vegetable (starchy)		health-food-groups
Tomato	Botanically a fruit, counted as a vegetable in nutrition		health-food-groups
Lettuce	Vegetable		health-food-groups
Peas	Vegetable		health-food-groups
Bell pepper	Vegetable		health-food-groups
Bread	Grains		health-food-groups
Rice	Grains		health-food-groups
Oatmeal	Grains		health-food-groups
Pasta	Grains		health-food-groups
Tortilla	Grains		health-food-groups
Cereal	Grains		health-food-groups
Popcorn	Grains (whole grain)		health-food-groups
Chicken	Protein		health-food-groups
Beef	Protein		health-food-groups
Fish	Protein		health-food-groups
Eggs	Protein		health-food-groups
Beans	Protein (also vegetable group)		health-food-groups
Peanut butter	Protein		health-food-groups
Tofu	Protein		health-food-groups
Almonds	Protein (nuts)		health-food-groups
Lentils	Protein (also vegetable group)		health-food-groups
Milk	Dairy		health-food-groups
Cheese	Dairy		health-food-groups
Yogurt	Dairy		health-food-groups
Fortified soy milk	Dairy group alternative		health-food-groups
Butter	Fats and oils; not in the dairy group		health-food-groups
Olive oil	Oils		health-food-groups
Candy	Extra: eat only sometimes		health-food-groups
Soda	Extra: eat only sometimes		health-food-groups
Chips	Extra: eat only sometimes		health-food-groups
What does MyPlate show?	A plate divided into fruits, vegetables, grains, protein and dairy		health-food-groups
How much of your plate should be fruits and vegetables?	About half		health-food-groups
Why eat grains?	They give energy and fiber		health-food-groups
Why eat fruits?	They give vitamins, fiber and natural sugar		health-food-groups
Why eat vegetables?	They give vitamins, minerals and fiber		health-food-groups
Why eat protein foods?	They help build and repair the body		health-food-groups
Why eat dairy?	It gives calcium for strong bones and teeth		health-food-groups
Go, Grow, Glow foods	Go: energy foods; Grow: body-building foods; Glow: protective foods		health-food-groups
What did the Food Guide Pyramid get replaced with?	MyPlate, in 2011		health-food-groups
Whole grain bread vs white bread	Whole grain has more fiber and nutrients		health-food-groups
Frozen vegetables	Count as vegetables and keep their nutrients		health-food-groups
100 percent fruit juice	Counts as fruit but has less fiber than whole fruit		health-food-groups
Which group do nuts belong to?	Protein		health-food-groups
Which group does ice cream belong to?	Dairy-based but a treat with added sugar		health-food-groups
Which group is rice in?	Grains		health-food-groups
Which group is cottage cheese in?	Dairy		health-food-groups
Which group is salmon in?	Protein		health-food-groups
Which group is cucumber in?	Vegetable		health-food-groups
Which group is a pear in?	Fruit		health-food-groups
Nutrient	A substance in food that the body needs to work and grow		health-nutrition-basics
Carbohydrates	Nutrients that give the body quick energy		health-nutrition-basics
Protein	A nutrient that builds and repairs muscles and other body parts		health-nutrition-basics
Fat	A nutrient that stores energy and helps absorb some vitamins		health-nutrition-basics
Vitamins	Nutrients that help the body work properly, needed in tiny amounts		health-nutrition-basics
Minerals	Elements like calcium and iron that the body needs		health-nutrition-basics
Water	The nutrient that makes up most of the body and helps every process		health-nutrition-basics
Fiber	Plant part that helps digestion and keeps you feeling full		health-nutrition-basics
Calorie	A unit of energy in food		health-nutrition-basics
Calories per gram of carbohydrate	4		health-nutrition-basics
Calories per gram of protein	4		health-nutrition-basics
Calories per gram of fat	9		health-nutrition-basics
Simple carbohydrates	Sugars that digest quickly		health-nutrition-basics
Complex carbohydrates	Starches and fibers that digest more slowly, like whole grains		health-nutrition-basics
Amino acids	Building blocks of protein		health-nutrition-basics
Complete protein	Protein that has all nine essential amino acids		health-nutrition-basics
Saturated fat	Fat usually solid at room temperature, best eaten in small amounts		health-nutrition-basics
Unsaturated fat	Healthier fat, usually liquid at room temperature, like olive oil		health-nutrition-basics
Trans fat	An unhealthy fat made by processing oils		health-nutrition-basics
Cholesterol	A waxy substance in the blood; too much can harm the heart		health-nutrition-basics
Added sugar	Sugar put into foods when they are made		health-nutrition-basics
Sodium	A part of salt; too much can raise blood pressure		health-nutrition-basics
Hydration	Having enough water in the body		health-nutrition-basics
Dehydration	Not having enough water in the body		health-nutrition-basics
Digestion	Breaking down food so the body can use it		health-nutrition-basics
Metabolism	All the chemical processes that turn food into energy		health-nutrition-basics
Appetite	The desire to eat		health-nutrition-basics
Hunger	The body's signal that it needs food		health-nutrition-basics
Portion size	The amount of food you choose to eat at one time		health-nutrition-basics
Serving size	The amount listed on a food label as one serving		health-nutrition-basics
Nutrition Facts label	A food label listing calories and nutrients per serving		health-nutrition-basics
Ingredients list	A label list of what a food contains, from most to least		health-nutrition-basics
Whole grain	A grain that keeps its bran, germ and endosperm		health-nutrition-basics
Processed food	Food changed from its natural form before you buy it		health-nutrition-basics
Whole food	Food that is close to its natural state		health-nutrition-basics
Organic food	Food grown without most synthetic chemicals		health-nutrition-basics
Balanced diet	Eating a variety of foods in the right amounts		health-nutrition-basics
Breakfast	The first meal of the day that gives energy to start		health-nutrition-basics
Snack	A small amount of food eaten between meals		health-nutrition-basics
Healthy snack	Fruit, vegetables, nuts or yogurt for example		health-nutrition-basics
Allergy (food)	The body's harmful reaction to a certain food		health-nutrition-basics
Common food allergens	Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, wheat, soy, sesame		health-nutrition-basics
Lactose intolerance	Trouble digesting the sugar in milk		health-nutrition-basics
Gluten	A protein found in wheat, barley and rye		health-nutrition-basics
Vegetarian	Someone who does not eat meat		health-nutrition-basics
Vegan	Someone who eats no animal products at all		health-nutrition-basics
Antioxidants	Substances in fruits and vegetables that protect cells		health-nutrition-basics
Probiotics	Helpful living bacteria in foods like yogurt		health-nutrition-basics
Calcium	A mineral for strong bones and teeth		health-nutrition-basics
Iron	A mineral that helps blood carry oxygen		health-nutrition-basics
Potassium	A mineral that helps muscles and nerves work; found in bananas		health-nutrition-basics
Which nutrient is the body's main source of energy?	Carbohydrates		health-nutrition-basics
Which nutrient builds muscle?	Protein		health-nutrition-basics
How much of the body is water?	About 60 percent for adults		health-nutrition-basics
Foods high in protein	Meat, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, tofu		health-nutrition-basics
Foods high in fiber	Whole grains, beans, fruits and vegetables		health-nutrition-basics
Foods high in calcium	Milk, cheese, yogurt, leafy greens		health-nutrition-basics
Foods high in iron	Red meat, beans, spinach, fortified cereals		health-nutrition-basics
Why drink water instead of soda?	Water has no added sugar and hydrates you		health-nutrition-basics
Empty calories	Calories with few nutrients, like candy and soda		health-nutrition-basics
Meal planning	Choosing healthy meals ahead of time		health-nutrition-basics
Food label tip	Check serving size first, then calories and sugar		health-nutrition-basics
Eating colorful fruits and vegetables	Gives a wide variety of vitamins and minerals		health-nutrition-basics
Vitamin A	Healthy eyes, skin and immune system; carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin B1 (thiamin)	Helps turn food into energy; whole grains, pork, beans		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)	Energy and healthy skin; milk, eggs, greens		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin B3 (niacin)	Energy and nerves; meat, peanuts, fortified grains		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin B6	Brain function and making proteins; chicken, bananas, potatoes		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin B9 (folate)	Making new cells; leafy greens, beans, oranges		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin B12	Nerves and red blood cells; meat, fish, eggs, dairy		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin C	Healing wounds and fighting infection; citrus, strawberries, peppers		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin D	Helps absorb calcium for bones; sunlight, fortified milk, fish		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin E	Protects cells; nuts, seeds, vegetable oils		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin K	Helps blood clot; leafy greens such as kale		health-vitamins-minerals
Scurvy	Disease from too little vitamin C		health-vitamins-minerals
Rickets	Bone disease in children from too little vitamin D		health-vitamins-minerals
Fat-soluble vitamins	A, D, E and K, stored in body fat		health-vitamins-minerals
Water-soluble vitamins	B vitamins and C, not stored for long		health-vitamins-minerals
Calcium	Strong bones and teeth; milk, cheese, broccoli		health-vitamins-minerals
Phosphorus	Bones and energy; dairy, meat, nuts		health-vitamins-minerals
Magnesium	Muscles and nerves; nuts, seeds, whole grains		health-vitamins-minerals
Potassium	Muscles, nerves and heartbeat; bananas, potatoes, beans		health-vitamins-minerals
Sodium	Fluid balance and nerves; salt		health-vitamins-minerals
Chloride	Fluid balance; table salt		health-vitamins-minerals
Iron	Carries oxygen in blood; red meat, beans, spinach		health-vitamins-minerals
Zinc	Healing and immune system; meat, seeds, beans		health-vitamins-minerals
Iodine	Helps the thyroid gland; iodized salt, fish		health-vitamins-minerals
Selenium	Protects cells; Brazil nuts, fish		health-vitamins-minerals
Fluoride	Strengthens tooth enamel; fluoridated water, toothpaste		health-vitamins-minerals
Copper	Helps make red blood cells; nuts, shellfish		health-vitamins-minerals
Anemia	Too little iron or red blood cells, causing tiredness		health-vitamins-minerals
Osteoporosis	Weak, brittle bones, often from low calcium over many years		health-vitamins-minerals
Goiter	Swollen thyroid from not enough iodine		health-vitamins-minerals
Which vitamin do we make in skin with sunlight?	Vitamin D		health-vitamins-minerals
Which vitamin helps with night vision?	Vitamin A		health-vitamins-minerals
Which vitamin is in oranges and lemons?	Vitamin C		health-vitamins-minerals
Which vitamin is only found naturally in animal foods?	Vitamin B12		health-vitamins-minerals
Which mineral builds bones?	Calcium		health-vitamins-minerals
Which mineral is in hemoglobin?	Iron		health-vitamins-minerals
Which mineral helps fight cavities?	Fluoride		health-vitamins-minerals
Which mineral do bananas contain a lot of?	Potassium		health-vitamins-minerals
Who cured scurvy on ships with citrus in the 1700s?	James Lind, a Scottish naval doctor, tested it in 1747		health-vitamins-minerals
Multivitamin	A pill with many vitamins, not a replacement for healthy food		health-vitamins-minerals
Supplement	A product taken to add nutrients, best discussed with a doctor		health-vitamins-minerals
Daily value (%DV)	How much of a nutrient one serving gives compared with daily needs		health-vitamins-minerals
Fortified food	Food with added vitamins or minerals, like many cereals		health-vitamins-minerals
Enriched grain	Grain with some nutrients added back after processing		health-vitamins-minerals
Trace mineral	A mineral needed in tiny amounts		health-vitamins-minerals
Macrominerals	Minerals needed in larger amounts, like calcium and sodium		health-vitamins-minerals
Electrolytes	Minerals such as sodium and potassium that carry electrical signals		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin C and iron	Vitamin C helps the body absorb iron from plant foods		health-vitamins-minerals
Vitamin D and calcium	Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium		health-vitamins-minerals
Beta-carotene	Orange pigment in plants the body turns into vitamin A		health-vitamins-minerals
Why eat leafy greens?	They supply vitamins A, C, K, folate and minerals		health-vitamins-minerals
Why not take huge doses of vitamins?	Too much of some vitamins can be harmful		health-vitamins-minerals
Wash hands before cooking for how long?	At least 20 seconds with soap and water		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Wash hands after touching raw meat	Yes, always, to stop germs spreading		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Cross-contamination	Germs spreading from one food or surface to another		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Separate cutting boards	Use different boards for raw meat and for vegetables or bread		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Danger zone for food	Between 40 and 140 degrees Fahrenheit, where bacteria grow fast		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Refrigerator temperature	40 degrees Fahrenheit or colder		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Freezer temperature	0 degrees Fahrenheit		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
How long can perishable food sit out?	No more than 2 hours (1 hour if hotter than 90 degrees)		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Safe internal temperature for chicken and turkey	165 degrees Fahrenheit		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Safe internal temperature for ground beef	160 degrees Fahrenheit		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Safe internal temperature for pork, steaks and fish	145 degrees Fahrenheit		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Safe temperature for leftovers	Reheat to 165 degrees Fahrenheit		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Food thermometer	A tool to check that food is cooked enough		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Thaw frozen meat safely	In the refrigerator, cold water, or microwave; not on the counter		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Wash raw chicken?	No, it spreads germs; cook it to temperature instead		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Wash fruits and vegetables	Rinse under running water before eating		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Raw eggs	Can carry germs; don't eat raw dough with eggs		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Raw flour	Can carry germs; don't eat raw cookie dough		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Expiration date	The date after which food may not be safe or best		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
First in, first out	Use older food before newer food		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Leftovers	Refrigerate within 2 hours and eat within 3 to 4 days		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Food poisoning	Illness from eating food with harmful germs		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Bacteria	Tiny living things, some of which make food unsafe		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Salmonella	A bacteria often found in raw poultry and eggs		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
E. coli	A bacteria that can be in undercooked beef and raw vegetables		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Allergen warning	Tell people about nuts, milk, eggs and other allergens in your cooking		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Oven mitts	Use them to hold hot pans and dishes		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Pot handles	Turn them inward so they don't get bumped		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Hot pan lids	Open away from your face to avoid steam burns		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Sharp knife safety	A sharp knife is safer than a dull one because it slips less		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Knife cutting technique: claw grip	Curl fingertips under and keep knuckles forward		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Carrying a knife	Point down, blade against your leg		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Passing a knife	Handle first		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Never catch a falling knife	Step back and let it fall		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Wet floors	Wipe spills right away		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Unplug appliances	Before cleaning them		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Water and electricity	Keep cords and outlets away from water		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Microwave safety	Use only microwave-safe containers; no metal		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Steam from microwaved food	Can burn; open lids away from you		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Grease fire	Smother it with a lid; never use water		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Fire extinguisher in kitchen	Keep one handy and know how to use it		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Baking sheet vs hot water	Never put hot glass into cold water; it can shatter		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Ask an adult for help when	Using the stove, oven, sharp knives or hot oil, unless you have permission		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Clean as you go	Wash tools and wipe surfaces while cooking		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Sanitize	Reduce germs on a surface to a safe level		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Dishwasher vs hand washing	Both work if hot water and soap are used		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Apron	Clothing that protects your clothes while cooking		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Tie back long hair	So it doesn't fall in food or near flames		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Taste-testing	Use a clean spoon each time, don't double dip		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Cooking with kids	Always with an adult nearby		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Seafood storage	Keep on ice or very cold		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Rice left out	Can grow bacteria; cool and refrigerate quickly		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Mold on bread	Throw the whole loaf out		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Canned food with a bulging can	Do not eat		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Smell test	Not a reliable way to know food is safe		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
When in doubt	Throw it out		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Hot oil splatters	Dry food well before putting it in hot oil		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Slip-proof footwear	Wear closed-toe shoes in the kitchen		kitchen-safety-and-hygiene
Overhand knot	The simplest knot; a stopper at the end of a rope		knots-and-rope-terms
Figure-eight knot	A stopper knot that is easy to untie; used in climbing		knots-and-rope-terms
Square knot (reef knot)	Joins two ropes of equal thickness; right over left, then left over right		knots-and-rope-terms
Granny knot	A weaker, wrong version of a square knot that can slip		knots-and-rope-terms
Bowline	Makes a fixed loop that will not slip; the king of knots		knots-and-rope-terms
Clove hitch	Quickly ties a rope around a post or pole		knots-and-rope-terms
Two half hitches	Secures a rope to a ring, post or tree		knots-and-rope-terms
Taut-line hitch	An adjustable loop for tent guy lines		knots-and-rope-terms
Sheet bend	Joins two ropes of different thickness		knots-and-rope-terms
Sheepshank	Shortens a rope without cutting it		knots-and-rope-terms
Slip knot	A knot that tightens when you pull the working end		knots-and-rope-terms
Fisherman's knot	Joins two ropes or fishing lines		knots-and-rope-terms
Trucker's hitch	Pulls a rope tight to secure a load		knots-and-rope-terms
Prusik knot	A friction knot for climbing ropes		knots-and-rope-terms
Square lashing	Ties poles together at right angles		knots-and-rope-terms
Diagonal lashing	Ties poles that cross at an angle		knots-and-rope-terms
Shear lashing	Ties two poles side by side to form a bipod		knots-and-rope-terms
Cow hitch	A simple hitch for attaching a rope to an object		knots-and-rope-terms
Munter hitch	A friction hitch used to belay climbers		knots-and-rope-terms
Alpine butterfly	Makes a loop in the middle of a rope		knots-and-rope-terms
Rolling hitch	Holds on a pole to pull along it		knots-and-rope-terms
Becket bend	Another name for the sheet bend		knots-and-rope-terms
Whipping	Wrapping thread around a rope end to stop it fraying		knots-and-rope-terms
Working end	The end of the rope you tie the knot with		knots-and-rope-terms
Standing part	The long unused part of the rope		knots-and-rope-terms
Bight	A U-shaped curve in a rope		knots-and-rope-terms
Loop	A circle made by crossing rope		knots-and-rope-terms
Turn	One wrap of rope around an object		knots-and-rope-terms
Round turn	A complete wrap around an object		knots-and-rope-terms
Hitch	A knot tied around an object		knots-and-rope-terms
Bend	A knot that joins two ropes		knots-and-rope-terms
Splice	Joining ropes by weaving strands together		knots-and-rope-terms
Coil	To arrange rope in loops for storage		knots-and-rope-terms
Fraying	Rope ends coming undone		knots-and-rope-terms
Natural fiber rope	Rope from cotton, hemp or manila		knots-and-rope-terms
Synthetic rope	Rope made of nylon, polyester or polypropylene		knots-and-rope-terms
Paracord	Strong lightweight nylon cord used in camping and survival		knots-and-rope-terms
Static rope	Rope that barely stretches		knots-and-rope-terms
Dynamic rope	Climbing rope that stretches to absorb a fall		knots-and-rope-terms
Knot strength	Every knot makes the rope weaker where it bends		knots-and-rope-terms
Dress the knot	Neaten and tighten it properly		knots-and-rope-terms
Test the knot	Pull on it to check it holds		knots-and-rope-terms
Knot for tying shoes	A bow, a reef knot with loops		knots-and-rope-terms
Why learn knots?	For camping, boating, climbing, fishing and everyday tasks		knots-and-rope-terms
Rock climbing knot to the harness	Figure-eight follow-through		knots-and-rope-terms
Knot to tie a boat to a dock	Cleat hitch		knots-and-rope-terms
Cleat hitch	Ties a boat line to a cleat		knots-and-rope-terms
Anchor bend	Ties a rope to an anchor		knots-and-rope-terms
Rope safety	Never use frayed ropes to hold weight		knots-and-rope-terms
Scouting knot motto	Practice until you can tie it without looking		knots-and-rope-terms
Knot for a tent corner	Taut-line hitch or bowline		knots-and-rope-terms
Knot to tie a hammock	Two half hitches or a bowline		knots-and-rope-terms
Knot to hang a tarp	Clove hitch or trucker's hitch		knots-and-rope-terms
Knot used by sailors to make a loop	Bowline		knots-and-rope-terms
Rope length unit at sea	Fathom, equal to six feet		knots-and-rope-terms
Cord vs rope	Cord is thinner than rope		knots-and-rope-terms
Twine	Thin string of twisted fibers		knots-and-rope-terms
Lanyard	A cord worn around the neck or wrist		knots-and-rope-terms
Braid	Weaving three or more strands together		knots-and-rope-terms
Knot to secure a canoe on a car roof	Trucker's hitch with two half hitches		knots-and-rope-terms
Overhand on a bight	Makes a quick loop at the end		knots-and-rope-terms
Constrictor knot	A tight binding knot that is hard to remove		knots-and-rope-terms
Lark's head	Another name for the cow hitch		knots-and-rope-terms
Emergency phone number in the US	911		life-first-aid
First thing in any emergency	Make sure the area is safe, then get an adult or call 911		life-first-aid
Small cut	Wash with clean water and soap, then cover with a bandage		life-first-aid
Bleeding that will not stop	Press firmly on it with a clean cloth and get help		life-first-aid
Scrape	Rinse with clean water, gently clean, cover with a bandage		life-first-aid
Nosebleed	Sit up, lean forward, pinch the soft part of the nose for 10 minutes		life-first-aid
Minor burn	Cool under cool running water for 10 minutes		life-first-aid
Serious burn	Call 911; do not put butter or ice on it		life-first-aid
Sprain	Rest, ice, compression, elevation (R.I.C.E.)		life-first-aid
What does R.I.C.E. stand for?	Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation		life-first-aid
Bump on the head	Tell an adult; get medical help if there is vomiting, sleepiness or confusion		life-first-aid
Possible broken bone	Keep it still and get medical help		life-first-aid
Bee sting	Remove the stinger by scraping, wash, apply a cold pack		life-first-aid
Allergic reaction with trouble breathing	Call 911 and use epinephrine if prescribed		life-first-aid
Tick bite	Remove it with tweezers pulling straight out and tell an adult		life-first-aid
Animal bite	Wash with soap and water and see a doctor		life-first-aid
Choking in an adult or child (cannot cough or speak)	Give abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) after calling for help		life-first-aid
Heimlich maneuver	Abdominal thrusts that push air out to clear a blocked airway		life-first-aid
Someone is not breathing	Call 911 and begin CPR if trained		life-first-aid
CPR	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: chest compressions and breaths to keep blood moving		life-first-aid
AED	Automated external defibrillator, a device that shocks the heart back to rhythm		life-first-aid
Fainting	Lay the person flat and raise their legs		life-first-aid
Heat exhaustion	Move to a cool place, give water, cool the skin		life-first-aid
Heat stroke	A medical emergency: call 911 and cool the person		life-first-aid
Frostbite	Gently warm the area; do not rub it; get medical help		life-first-aid
Hypothermia	Move indoors, remove wet clothes, wrap in blankets, warm slowly		life-first-aid
Poison	Call Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222 in the US		life-first-aid
Swallowed something dangerous	Call Poison Control or 911 right away		life-first-aid
Chemical in the eye	Rinse the eye with water for at least 15 minutes		life-first-aid
Object in the eye	Do not rub; blink or rinse with clean water		life-first-aid
Seizure	Move hard objects away, cushion the head, do not hold the person down, call 911		life-first-aid
Stroke warning signs	Face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty: time to call 911 (FAST)		life-first-aid
What does FAST stand for in stroke?	Face, Arms, Speech, Time		life-first-aid
Heart attack signs	Chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, sweating; call 911		life-first-aid
Asthma attack	Sit up, use the rescue inhaler, call for help if not better		life-first-aid
Diabetic emergency	Call for help; if awake, give a sugary drink		life-first-aid
Drowning	Call 911; reach or throw, do not go in unless trained		life-first-aid
Splinter	Wash, then remove with clean tweezers		life-first-aid
Blister	Keep it clean and covered; do not pop it		life-first-aid
Sunburn	Cool the skin, drink water, use aloe or moisturizer		life-first-aid
Poison ivy	Wash the skin and clothes right away; do not scratch		life-first-aid
Stop, drop and roll	What to do if clothes catch fire		life-first-aid
Bandage	A cover for a wound		life-first-aid
First aid kit	A box of supplies like bandages, gauze, tape and antiseptic		life-first-aid
Gauze	Soft material that covers or presses on a wound		life-first-aid
Antiseptic	A liquid that kills germs on skin		life-first-aid
Tourniquet	A tight band used only for life-threatening bleeding on a limb		life-first-aid
Sling	A cloth that supports an injured arm		life-first-aid
Splint	A rigid support that keeps a broken bone still		life-first-aid
Shock (medical)	A dangerous drop in blood flow; lay the person down and call 911		life-first-aid
Recovery position	Lying on one side so the airway stays open		life-first-aid
Good Samaritan	A person who helps someone in need		life-first-aid
Medical alert bracelet	A bracelet telling responders about a person's health condition		life-first-aid
Never give this to a child with a viral illness	Aspirin		life-first-aid
When should you tell a grown-up about an injury?	Right away, every time it's more than a tiny scrape		life-first-aid
Wash hands before first aid	To keep germs out of the wound		life-first-aid
Pressure points to stop bleeding	Use direct pressure on the wound first		life-first-aid
Dial 911 for	Fire, serious injury, someone not breathing, or a crime in progress		life-first-aid
Receiving a gift	Say thank you, even if it is not what you wanted		manners-and-etiquette
Asking for something	Say please		manners-and-etiquette
Someone helps you	Say thank you		manners-and-etiquette
You bump into someone	Say excuse me or I'm sorry		manners-and-etiquette
You want to pass someone	Say excuse me		manners-and-etiquette
Someone says thank you	Say you're welcome		manners-and-etiquette
Meeting someone new	Say hello, smile, look at them and say your name		manners-and-etiquette
Introducing yourself	Offer a handshake if comfortable and say 'Nice to meet you'		manners-and-etiquette
Handshake	Firm but gentle, with eye contact		manners-and-etiquette
Eye contact	Looking at the person you're talking to		manners-and-etiquette
Interrupting	Wait for a pause, or say 'Excuse me'		manners-and-etiquette
Listening	Look at the speaker and wait until they finish		manners-and-etiquette
Phone call greeting	Say hello and who you are		manners-and-etiquette
Answering the phone	Use a friendly voice and ask who is calling		manners-and-etiquette
Texting manners	Be polite, don't text during conversations		manners-and-etiquette
Phone at the table	Keep it away at meals		manners-and-etiquette
Written thank-you note	Thank the person, mention the gift and say what you like about it		manners-and-etiquette
Table: napkin	Place it on your lap		manners-and-etiquette
Table: elbows	Keep them off the table while eating		manners-and-etiquette
Table: chewing	Chew with your mouth closed		manners-and-etiquette
Table: talking while eating	Don't talk with food in your mouth		manners-and-etiquette
Table: reaching	Ask 'Please pass the...' rather than reaching across		manners-and-etiquette
Table: wait to eat	Begin when everyone is served or when the host starts		manners-and-etiquette
Table: utensils	Use a fork, knife and spoon properly		manners-and-etiquette
Table: when finished	Place your utensils on your plate and say thank you		manners-and-etiquette
Table: May I be excused?	Ask before leaving the table		manners-and-etiquette
Table: food you don't like	Say 'No, thank you' politely		manners-and-etiquette
Table: compliment the cook	Say 'This is delicious'		manners-and-etiquette
Table: help clear	Offer to help clean up		manners-and-etiquette
Table: sneezing	Cover with a tissue or elbow		manners-and-etiquette
Cough or sneeze	Cover your nose and mouth with your elbow or a tissue		manners-and-etiquette
Holding the door	Hold it for the person behind you		manners-and-etiquette
Elevator	Let people exit before you enter		manners-and-etiquette
Giving up a seat	Offer it to an elderly person or someone who needs it		manners-and-etiquette
Waiting in line	Wait your turn and don't cut		manners-and-etiquette
Sharing	Take turns and share toys and space		manners-and-etiquette
Winning	Be modest and say 'good game'		manners-and-etiquette
Losing	Congratulate the winner		manners-and-etiquette
Good sportsmanship	Playing fair, following rules, respecting others		manners-and-etiquette
Disagreeing	Use calm words and listen to the other side		manners-and-etiquette
Compliment	Say something kind about someone		manners-and-etiquette
Receiving a compliment	Say thank you		manners-and-etiquette
Hurt someone's feelings	Apologize sincerely		manners-and-etiquette
Apology steps	Say sorry, say what you did wrong, make it better		manners-and-etiquette
Visiting someone's home	Greet the host, follow house rules, say thank you when leaving		manners-and-etiquette
Host	The person who invites guests		manners-and-etiquette
Guest	A person who is invited		manners-and-etiquette
RSVP	A request to reply to an invitation		manners-and-etiquette
Arriving on time	Shows respect for others' time		manners-and-etiquette
Being late	Apologize and explain briefly		manners-and-etiquette
Respecting privacy	Knock before entering a closed door		manners-and-etiquette
Knocking	Knock and wait for an answer		manners-and-etiquette
Library voice	Speak softly in quiet places		manners-and-etiquette
Movie theater	Silence your phone and keep quiet		manners-and-etiquette
Public transport	Give seats to those who need them and keep your voice down		manners-and-etiquette
Respecting elders	Speak politely and listen		manners-and-etiquette
Gossip	Don't talk badly about others behind their backs		manners-and-etiquette
Include others	Invite someone who is alone to join		manners-and-etiquette
Teasing	Don't tease in ways that hurt		manners-and-etiquette
School manners	Raise your hand, listen and be respectful to the teacher		manners-and-etiquette
Raising your hand	How to ask to speak in class		manners-and-etiquette
Borrowing	Ask first, return on time in good condition		manners-and-etiquette
Littering	Never; put trash in the bin		manners-and-etiquette
Online manners (netiquette)	Be kind and don't use ALL CAPS to shout		manners-and-etiquette
Reply all	Use carefully; only reply to everyone if needed		manners-and-etiquette
Please and thank you in other languages	Por favor and gracias in Spanish; s'il vous plait and merci in French		manners-and-etiquette
Honor the 'golden rule'	Treat others as you want to be treated		manners-and-etiquette
Mindfulness	Paying attention to the present moment on purpose, without judging		mindfulness-skills
Belly breathing	Breathe in so your belly rises, then out so it falls		mindfulness-skills
Box breathing	Breathe in for 4, hold for 4, out for 4, hold for 4		mindfulness-skills
Smell the flower, blow the candle	Breathe in through the nose, out slowly through the mouth		mindfulness-skills
5-4-3-2-1 grounding	Name 5 things you see, 4 touch, 3 hear, 2 smell, 1 taste		mindfulness-skills
Body scan	Notice each part of your body from toes to head		mindfulness-skills
Mindful eating	Eating slowly and noticing taste, smell and texture		mindfulness-skills
Mindful walking	Walking slowly and noticing each step		mindfulness-skills
Mindful listening	Listening to sounds or a person without interrupting		mindfulness-skills
Loving-kindness	Sending kind wishes to yourself and others		mindfulness-skills
Gratitude practice	Naming things you are thankful for		mindfulness-skills
Gratitude journal	Writing a few thankful things each day		mindfulness-skills
Meditation	Training attention by focusing on something like the breath		mindfulness-skills
Focus anchor	Something to return your attention to, such as breathing		mindfulness-skills
Wandering mind	When thoughts drift; gently bring attention back		mindfulness-skills
Pause button	Stop for a moment before reacting		mindfulness-skills
STOP skill	Stop, Take a breath, Observe, Proceed		mindfulness-skills
Calm-down corner	A quiet place to rest and settle feelings		mindfulness-skills
Calm jar	A jar of glitter and water that settles as you breathe		mindfulness-skills
Progressive muscle relaxation	Tighten then relax each muscle group		mindfulness-skills
Squeeze and release	Make fists tight then let go to release tension		mindfulness-skills
Stretching	Gently moving muscles to release tension		mindfulness-skills
Yoga	Poses, stretching and breathing for strength and calm		mindfulness-skills
Child's pose	A yoga pose kneeling and folding forward		mindfulness-skills
Tree pose	A yoga pose standing on one leg for balance		mindfulness-skills
Mountain pose	A yoga pose standing tall and still		mindfulness-skills
Cat-cow	A yoga movement arching and rounding the back		mindfulness-skills
Visualization	Imagining a calm, peaceful place		mindfulness-skills
Safe place imagery	Picture a place where you feel safe and happy		mindfulness-skills
Positive self-talk	Saying kind and encouraging things to yourself		mindfulness-skills
Affirmation	A short positive statement, such as 'I can try'		mindfulness-skills
Self-compassion	Treating yourself with the kindness you'd give a friend		mindfulness-skills
Sleep hygiene	Habits for good sleep, like a regular bedtime		mindfulness-skills
Hours of sleep for school-age kids	9 to 12 hours		mindfulness-skills
Hours of sleep for teens	8 to 10 hours		mindfulness-skills
Screen-free time before bed	Helps your brain wind down		mindfulness-skills
Nature walk	Spending time outside to feel calmer		mindfulness-skills
Journaling	Writing down thoughts and feelings		mindfulness-skills
Drawing feelings	Using art to show feelings		mindfulness-skills
Listening to calm music	Helps the body relax		mindfulness-skills
Hug a stuffed animal	A comfort that can calm		mindfulness-skills
Name it to tame it	Naming a feeling can make it feel smaller		mindfulness-skills
Weather report	Describing your feelings like weather, such as stormy or sunny		mindfulness-skills
Mood meter	A chart for rating your feelings by energy and pleasantness		mindfulness-skills
Feelings are like waves	They rise, peak and pass		mindfulness-skills
Observe without judging	Notice thoughts as if clouds passing		mindfulness-skills
Beginner's mind	Seeing things as new, with curiosity		mindfulness-skills
Single-tasking	Doing one thing at a time with full attention		mindfulness-skills
Digital detox	A break from phones and screens		mindfulness-skills
Take 3 breaths	A quick reset any time		mindfulness-skills
Stress	The body's response to a challenge or pressure		mindfulness-skills
Fight, flight or freeze	The body's automatic reactions to danger		mindfulness-skills
Heart rate and calm	Slow breathing helps slow your heartbeat		mindfulness-skills
Anxiety toolkit	A list of strategies you can use when feeling worried		mindfulness-skills
Ask for help	A strong skill; talk to a trusted adult when feelings are too big		mindfulness-skills
Counselor	A trained person at school who helps with feelings and problems		mindfulness-skills
Therapist	A trained professional who helps people with mental health		mindfulness-skills
Mental health	Your emotional, psychological and social well-being		mindfulness-skills
Physical activity and mood	Exercise can boost mood and reduce stress		mindfulness-skills
Balanced day	Mix of learning, play, rest, food and friends		mindfulness-skills
If your clothes catch fire	Stop, drop and roll		safety-fire-water-home
What to do in a smoky room	Get low and crawl under the smoke to the exit		safety-fire-water-home
Before opening a closed door in a fire	Feel it with the back of your hand; if hot, use another way out		safety-fire-water-home
Where should your family meet after leaving a burning home?	At a safe meeting place outside, planned ahead		safety-fire-water-home
How often should you test smoke alarms?	Once a month		safety-fire-water-home
How often should smoke alarm batteries be replaced?	At least once a year, or as the alarm needs		safety-fire-water-home
Should you go back inside a burning building for a toy or pet?	No. Tell firefighters		safety-fire-water-home
Who handles matches and lighters?	Only adults		safety-fire-water-home
Fire escape plan	Two ways out of every room and a place to meet outside		safety-fire-water-home
Fire drill	Practice leaving the building safely		safety-fire-water-home
Number to call for fire	911		safety-fire-water-home
Never hide from firefighters	They are there to help; come out when they arrive		safety-fire-water-home
Fire extinguisher PASS method	Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep		safety-fire-water-home
Stove safety	Keep pot handles turned in and stay in the kitchen while cooking		safety-fire-water-home
Kid-free zone around the stove	3 feet		safety-fire-water-home
Kitchen grease fire	Cover with a lid and turn off heat; never use water		safety-fire-water-home
Electrical outlet safety	Never put fingers or objects in outlets		safety-fire-water-home
Power cords	Never use damaged cords or overload outlets		safety-fire-water-home
Candles	Keep away from things that burn and never leave them burning		safety-fire-water-home
Carbon monoxide	An invisible, odorless gas from fuel burning; use a CO alarm		safety-fire-water-home
Medicine safety	Only take medicine given by a trusted adult		safety-fire-water-home
Cleaning products	Keep them locked up; never mix them		safety-fire-water-home
Poison control number (US)	1-800-222-1222		safety-fire-water-home
Swimming rule one	Never swim alone		safety-fire-water-home
Swim near a lifeguard	Choose places where a lifeguard is watching		safety-fire-water-home
Life jacket	Wear one in boats and when you are not a strong swimmer		safety-fire-water-home
Reach or throw, don't go	Help a person in water by reaching or throwing something, not jumping in		safety-fire-water-home
Walk, don't run, at a pool	Wet floors are slippery		safety-fire-water-home
Diving rule	Never dive into shallow or unknown water; feet first the first time		safety-fire-water-home
Pool fence	A barrier that keeps small children away from the water		safety-fire-water-home
Rip current	A strong narrow current pulling away from shore; swim parallel to the beach		safety-fire-water-home
If caught in a rip current	Don't fight it; swim sideways along the shore, then back in		safety-fire-water-home
Floating on your back	A way to rest in water until help comes		safety-fire-water-home
Thin ice	Stay off frozen ponds unless adults say it is safe		safety-fire-water-home
Lightning safety	When thunder roars, go indoors		safety-fire-water-home
Wait after thunder	30 minutes after the last thunder before going back outside		safety-fire-water-home
Tornado safety	Go to the lowest floor, in a room without windows		safety-fire-water-home
Earthquake safety	Drop, cover and hold on		safety-fire-water-home
Flood safety	Never walk or drive through floodwater (Turn around, don't drown)		safety-fire-water-home
Hurricane safety	Follow evacuation orders and stay indoors away from windows		safety-fire-water-home
Heat safety	Drink water, rest in the shade, never stay in a parked car		safety-fire-water-home
Cold safety	Dress in layers and cover hands, head and face		safety-fire-water-home
Sun safety	Wear sunscreen, hat and sunglasses		safety-fire-water-home
Sunscreen strength	SPF 30 or higher, reapplied about every two hours		safety-fire-water-home
Helmet	Wear one when riding a bike, scooter or skateboard		safety-fire-water-home
Seat belt	Wear it every ride		safety-fire-water-home
Car seat or booster	Use until the adult seat belt fits properly		safety-fire-water-home
Back seat rule	Children under 13 ride in the back seat		safety-fire-water-home
Never leave children or pets in a parked car	Cars heat up quickly and can be deadly		safety-fire-water-home
Playground safety	Take turns, don't push, use equipment the right way		safety-fire-water-home
Stairs	Walk, don't run, and keep them free of toys		safety-fire-water-home
Dog safety	Ask the owner before petting, and never tease an animal		safety-fire-water-home
Wild animals	Watch from a distance and never feed them		safety-fire-water-home
Gun safety	If you find a gun: Stop, don't touch, leave, tell an adult		safety-fire-water-home
Home alone rule	Know your address and phone number and how to call 911		safety-fire-water-home
Know your address	So you can tell 911 where you are		safety-fire-water-home
Door safety	Don't open the door to strangers		safety-fire-water-home
Knife safety	Cut away from your body with adult help		safety-fire-water-home
Scissors	Carry with the point down		safety-fire-water-home
Stranger's pet or candy	Never accept it without your adult's okay		safety-fire-water-home
Emergency contact list	A list of phone numbers for trusted adults		safety-fire-water-home
Safe space	A place you know you can go to feel safe		safety-fire-water-home
Trusted adult	A grown-up you can talk to when something worries you, like a parent, teacher or relative		safety-people-and-internet
Stranger	Someone you and your family do not know		safety-people-and-internet
If a stranger offers a ride	Say no, move away and tell a trusted adult		safety-people-and-internet
If you get separated from your family in a store	Stay put and ask a worker or a parent with kids for help		safety-people-and-internet
Safe adults to ask for help in public	Police officers, store workers, librarians, parents with children		safety-people-and-internet
Buddy system	Staying with a friend rather than going alone		safety-people-and-internet
Check first	Always ask your grown-up before going anywhere with anyone		safety-people-and-internet
Safe secret vs unsafe secret	Surprises are okay; secrets that make you feel scared or uncomfortable must be told		safety-people-and-internet
Body safety rule	Your body belongs to you, and you can say no to touch that feels wrong		safety-people-and-internet
No, Go, Yell, Tell	Say no, get away, shout, and tell a trusted adult		safety-people-and-internet
If something feels wrong	Trust your feelings and tell a trusted adult		safety-people-and-internet
Never share your full name online	It helps strangers find you		safety-people-and-internet
Personal information	Name, address, phone, school, birthday, passwords and photos		safety-people-and-internet
Password	A secret word or phrase that protects an account		safety-people-and-internet
Strong password	Long, mixed words, numbers and symbols that are hard to guess		safety-people-and-internet
Share your password with	Only a trusted parent or guardian		safety-people-and-internet
Privacy settings	Controls for who can see what you share		safety-people-and-internet
Screen name (username)	A made-up online name that does not reveal your identity		safety-people-and-internet
Digital footprint	The trail of information you leave online, which can last a long time		safety-people-and-internet
Think before you post	Once online, things can be copied and hard to remove		safety-people-and-internet
Cyberbullying	Bullying with phones, games or the internet		safety-people-and-internet
If you are cyberbullied	Do not reply, save proof, block and tell a trusted adult		safety-people-and-internet
Upstander	Someone who helps when they see bullying		safety-people-and-internet
Bystander	Someone who sees bullying and does nothing		safety-people-and-internet
Block	Stop a person from contacting you		safety-people-and-internet
Report	Tell the website or app about bad behavior		safety-people-and-internet
Online stranger	Someone you only know from the internet		safety-people-and-internet
Meeting an online friend in person	Never, unless a parent agrees and goes with you		safety-people-and-internet
Grooming	When a bad person builds trust with a child to hurt them; tell an adult if someone online asks for secrets		safety-people-and-internet
Sending photos	Never send photos of yourself to people you don't know		safety-people-and-internet
Phishing	A trick message pretending to be a trusted source to steal information		safety-people-and-internet
Scam	A trick to get your money or information		safety-people-and-internet
Spam	Unwanted messages, often ads		safety-people-and-internet
Malware	Harmful software		safety-people-and-internet
Virus	Harmful software that spreads from computer to computer		safety-people-and-internet
Antivirus	Software that helps find and stop malware		safety-people-and-internet
Pop-up ad	A window that suddenly appears; don't click unknown ones		safety-people-and-internet
Free prize message	Probably a scam; ignore and tell an adult		safety-people-and-internet
Download rule	Ask a grown-up before downloading apps or files		safety-people-and-internet
Safe website clue	A lock symbol and https in the address		safety-people-and-internet
Copyright	The law that protects creators' work from being copied without permission		safety-people-and-internet
Plagiarism	Using someone's words or ideas as your own		safety-people-and-internet
Fake news (misinformation)	False information that spreads		safety-people-and-internet
Check a source	Ask who made it, why, and whether other trusted sources agree		safety-people-and-internet
Screen time	Time spent using screens; balance it with sleep, play and family		safety-people-and-internet
Take a break from screens	Every so often to rest your eyes and move your body		safety-people-and-internet
Online games chat	Be kind, do not share info and report bad behavior		safety-people-and-internet
Webcam safety	Cover or turn off when not in use and only video chat with people you know		safety-people-and-internet
Location sharing	Turn it off unless a parent says it is okay		safety-people-and-internet
Public Wi-Fi	Avoid logging in to important accounts on it		safety-people-and-internet
Log out	Sign out of accounts on shared computers		safety-people-and-internet
Two-factor authentication	A second step like a code that proves it's you		safety-people-and-internet
COPPA	US law protecting the online privacy of kids under 13		safety-people-and-internet
Age limits on apps	Rules that many apps set, often 13 and over		safety-people-and-internet
Kind words online	Treat others the way you would in person		safety-people-and-internet
Netiquette	Polite manners online		safety-people-and-internet
Troll	Someone who posts to upset people		safety-people-and-internet
Don't feed the trolls	Do not reply to those who try to upset you		safety-people-and-internet
Tell a grown-up if	A message makes you feel scared, sad or uncomfortable		safety-people-and-internet
Never keep a scary message secret	Show a trusted adult		safety-people-and-internet
Parental controls	Tools that let parents limit what kids can do online		safety-people-and-internet
Digital citizen	Someone who uses technology safely, kindly and responsibly		safety-people-and-internet
Needle	A thin pointed tool with an eye for thread		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Thread	Thin twisted fiber used for sewing		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Thimble	A small cap that protects the finger when pushing a needle		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Pin	A tiny pointed wire for holding fabric pieces together		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Pincushion	A small cushion for holding pins		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Seam ripper	A tool for undoing stitches		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Fabric scissors	Sharp scissors only for cutting cloth		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Pinking shears	Scissors with zigzag blades that stop fabric from fraying		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Tape measure	A flexible ruler for measuring		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Sewing machine	A machine that stitches fabric quickly		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Bobbin	A small spool that holds the bottom thread on a sewing machine		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Seam	The line where two pieces of fabric are sewn together		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Seam allowance	The extra fabric between the stitching and the cut edge		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Hem	A folded and sewn edge of fabric		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Selvage	The finished edge of a fabric roll		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Grain (fabric)	The direction of threads in woven fabric		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Bias	The diagonal direction of fabric that stretches the most		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Pattern	A paper guide for cutting pieces for a project		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Notions	Small sewing supplies like buttons, zippers and thread		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Running stitch	A basic straight stitch going in and out		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Backstitch	A strong stitch where each stitch returns to the start of the last		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Whipstitch	A stitch that wraps over the edge to join two edges		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Blanket stitch	A looped stitch used to finish edges		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Slip stitch	A hidden stitch used to close seams		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Basting	Long temporary stitches that hold fabric in place		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Cross-stitch	Embroidery with X-shaped stitches		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Embroidery	Decorating fabric with thread stitches		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Applique	Sewing pieces of fabric onto another fabric to make a design		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Quilting	Sewing layers of fabric together to make a quilt		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Patchwork	Sewing small pieces of fabric together into a larger design		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Darning	Mending holes in fabric with stitches		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Knot the thread	Tie a knot at the end before sewing		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Cotton	A natural plant fiber used for fabric		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Wool	Fiber from sheep		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Silk	Fiber made by silkworms		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Linen	Fabric made from the flax plant		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Polyester	A man-made fabric from plastic		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Denim	Strong cotton fabric used for jeans		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Felt	Fabric made by pressing fibers together, not woven		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Fleece	Soft, warm fabric		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Knit fabric	Fabric made of interlocking loops, stretchy		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Woven fabric	Fabric made by crossing threads at right angles		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Yarn	Spun fiber used for knitting and crochet		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Knitting	Making fabric by looping yarn with two needles		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Crochet	Making fabric by looping yarn with one hook		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Cast on	Make the first stitches on a knitting needle		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Bind off	Finish the last row of knitting so it doesn't unravel		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Knit stitch	Basic knitting stitch		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Purl stitch	Basic knitting stitch that is the reverse of the knit stitch		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Skein	A loosely coiled bundle of yarn		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Loom	A frame for weaving		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Weaving	Crossing threads over and under to make cloth		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Warp	The lengthwise threads on a loom		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Weft	The crosswise threads woven through the warp		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Macrame	Craft of tying knots in cord to make patterns		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Origami	Japanese paper folding		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Decoupage	Gluing paper cutouts onto objects and sealing with varnish		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Papier-mache	Strips of paper and paste shaped into objects		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Mod Podge	A glue and sealer used in decoupage		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Hot glue gun	A tool that melts glue sticks; the tip is very hot		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Stencil	A cut-out pattern used to paint shapes		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Beading	Stringing beads to make jewelry		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Friendship bracelet	A woven or knotted bracelet shared with friends		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Tie-dye	Dyeing folded fabric for bold patterns		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Pom-pom	A fluffy ball made of yarn		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Upcycle	Turn old items into something new and useful		sewing-and-crafts-terms
Players on defense	9 on the field		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Innings in a standard baseball game	9		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Outs per half-inning	3		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Strikes for a strikeout	3		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Balls for a walk	4		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Pitcher	The player who throws the ball to the batter		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Catcher	The player who crouches behind home plate and catches pitches		sports-baseball-rules-terms
First baseman	Defender who covers first base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Second baseman	Defender between first and second base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Shortstop	Defender between second and third base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Third baseman	Defender who covers third base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Left fielder	Outfielder on the left side		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Center fielder	Outfielder in the middle		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Right fielder	Outfielder on the right side		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Designated hitter	A player who bats in place of the pitcher		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Home plate	The base where batters stand and runners score		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Bases	Four spots a runner must touch in order: first, second, third, home		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Diamond	The infield shape formed by the bases		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Base paths	The lines between bases		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Distance between bases (MLB)	90 feet		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Pitching distance (MLB)	60 feet 6 inches		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Pitcher's mound	The raised area where the pitcher stands		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Strike zone	The area over home plate between knees and chest where a pitch counts as a strike		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Strike	A pitch in the strike zone, a swing and miss, or a foul with fewer than two strikes		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Ball	A pitch outside the strike zone that the batter doesn't swing at		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Foul ball	A batted ball landing outside the foul lines		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Fair ball	A batted ball in play inside the foul lines		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Single	A hit that gets the batter to first base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Double	A hit that gets the batter to second base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Triple	A hit that gets the batter to third base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Home run	A hit that lets the batter circle all the bases and score		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Grand slam	A home run with the bases loaded, scoring 4 runs		sports-baseball-rules-terms
RBI	Run batted in		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Run	A point scored when a runner touches home plate		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Bunt	Tapping the ball softly without a full swing		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Sacrifice fly	A fly ball caught for an out that lets a runner score		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Stolen base	A runner advances while the pitcher throws		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Force out	A runner must move to the next base and is tagged out there		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Tag out	A fielder touches the runner with the ball		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Fly out	A batted ball caught in the air		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Ground out	A grounder fielded and thrown to first for an out		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Double play	Two outs on one play		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Triple play	Three outs on one play		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Strikeout	Three strikes by a batter		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Walk (base on balls)	Four balls and the batter takes first base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Hit by pitch	A batter hit by a pitch goes to first base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Error	A fielding mistake that lets a runner reach base or advance		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Infield fly rule	An easily caught fly ball with runners on makes the batter out		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Balk	An illegal move by the pitcher with runners on base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Pitch types	Fastball, curveball, slider, changeup		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Fastball	A pitch thrown with top speed		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Curveball	A pitch that curves as it nears the plate		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Changeup	A slower pitch that looks like a fastball		sports-baseball-rules-terms
No-hitter	A game in which one team gets no hits		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Perfect game	No batter of the other team reaches base		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Batting average	Hits divided by at-bats		sports-baseball-rules-terms
ERA	Earned run average, a pitcher's average runs allowed per nine innings		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Bullpen	Where relief pitchers warm up		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Dugout	The bench area for players		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Batter's box	The area where batters stand beside home plate		sports-baseball-rules-terms
On-deck circle	Where the next batter waits		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Seventh-inning stretch	A tradition where fans stand and sing Take Me Out to the Ball Game		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Umpire	The official who calls balls, strikes and outs		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Softball pitching style	Underhand (windmill)		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Little League	Youth baseball program founded in 1939		sports-baseball-rules-terms
MLB	Major League Baseball		sports-baseball-rules-terms
World Series	The championship series of MLB		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Jackie Robinson	Broke baseball's color barrier in 1947		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Babe Ruth	Famous slugger who hit 714 career home runs		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Hank Aaron	Hit 755 career home runs		sports-baseball-rules-terms
Players per team on court	5		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Point guard	The ball handler who runs the offense		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Shooting guard	A guard who scores, especially from outside		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Small forward	A versatile player who scores and defends		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Power forward	A strong player who plays near the basket		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Center	The tallest player, who plays near the basket		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Field goal	A shot made during play		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Free throw	An uncontested shot from the foul line, worth 1 point		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Two-pointer	A basket made inside the three-point line		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Three-pointer	A basket made from behind the three-point line		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Layup	A shot made close to the basket off the backboard or rim		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Dunk	Putting the ball directly through the hoop from above		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Jump shot	A shot taken while jumping		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Hook shot	A shot made with a sweeping arm motion over the head		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Bank shot	A shot that bounces off the backboard into the basket		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Alley-oop	A pass thrown near the rim for a teammate to catch and score		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Rebound	Getting the ball after a missed shot		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Offensive rebound	A rebound taken by the team that shot		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Defensive rebound	A rebound taken by the defending team		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Assist	A pass that leads straight to a score		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Steal	Taking the ball from an opponent		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Block	Stopping a shot by hitting the ball		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Turnover	Losing the ball to the other team without a shot		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Double-dribble	Dribbling with two hands or stopping and starting again		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Traveling	Taking too many steps without dribbling		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Carrying (palming)	Turning the hand under the ball while dribbling		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Three-second violation	An offensive player stays in the lane for over three seconds		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Five-second violation	Holding the ball closely guarded without moving it for five seconds		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Shot clock violation	The team fails to shoot within the shot clock time		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Backcourt violation	Taking the ball back over the midcourt line after crossing it		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Out of bounds	Outside the court lines		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Foul	An illegal contact with an opponent		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Personal foul	A foul for illegal contact		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Technical foul	A foul for bad conduct, not for contact		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Flagrant foul	A hard, unnecessary foul		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Charging	An offensive player runs into a set defender		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Blocking foul	A defender moves into a player's path illegally		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Fouling out	Being removed after too many fouls (6 in the NBA, 5 in many other leagues)		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Bonus (one-and-one)	Free throws awarded after a team has too many fouls		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Jump ball	A toss between two players to start or decide possession		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Tip-off	The jump ball that begins the game		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Timeout	A short stop to rest or plan		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Overtime	Extra time when the score is tied		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Quarter length (NBA)	12 minutes		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Half length (college men)	20 minutes		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Shot clock (NBA)	24 seconds		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Rim height	10 feet above the floor		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Free throw line distance	15 feet from the backboard		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Backboard	The board behind the hoop		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Key (lane)	The painted area under the basket		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Paint	The painted lane area		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Perimeter	Area away from the basket, outside the key		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Post	The area near the basket		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Fast break	A quick attack before the defense sets		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Pick and roll	A screen set for the ball handler, then a roll to the basket		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Screen (pick)	A player blocks a defender to free a teammate		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Man-to-man defense	Each defender guards a specific opponent		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Zone defense	Defenders guard areas of the court		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Full-court press	Defense that pressures the ball over the whole court		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Dribble	Bouncing the ball while moving		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Crossover	A quick change of dribbling hand to fool a defender		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Pivot	Turning on one foot while keeping the other planted		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Double-double	Double-digit totals in two stats, like points and rebounds		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Triple-double	Double-digit totals in three stats		sports-basketball-rules-terms
James Naismith	Invented basketball in 1891 in Massachusetts		sports-basketball-rules-terms
NBA	National Basketball Association, founded 1946		sports-basketball-rules-terms
WNBA	Women's National Basketball Association, began in 1997		sports-basketball-rules-terms
March Madness	The NCAA college basketball tournament		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Michael Jordan	Hall of Famer who won six NBA titles with the Chicago Bulls		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Sue Bird	Hall of Fame point guard who won four Olympic gold medals		sports-basketball-rules-terms
Players on the field per team	11		sports-football-rules-terms
Touchdown	Carrying or catching the ball in the end zone; worth 6 points		sports-football-rules-terms
Extra point (PAT)	A kick after a touchdown worth 1 point		sports-football-rules-terms
Two-point conversion	A run or pass after a touchdown worth 2 points		sports-football-rules-terms
Field goal	A kick through the uprights worth 3 points		sports-football-rules-terms
Safety	Tackling an offensive player with the ball in his own end zone; worth 2 points		sports-football-rules-terms
Down	One of four tries to move the ball 10 yards		sports-football-rules-terms
First down	A new set of four downs after gaining 10 yards		sports-football-rules-terms
Line of scrimmage	The imaginary line where the ball is placed before a play		sports-football-rules-terms
Snap	The center passes the ball back to start a play		sports-football-rules-terms
Quarterback	The player who throws or hands off the ball		sports-football-rules-terms
Running back	The player who runs with the ball		sports-football-rules-terms
Wide receiver	A player who runs routes to catch passes		sports-football-rules-terms
Tight end	A player who blocks and catches passes		sports-football-rules-terms
Offensive line	Five linemen who block for the offense		sports-football-rules-terms
Center	Offensive lineman who snaps the ball		sports-football-rules-terms
Guard	Offensive lineman next to the center		sports-football-rules-terms
Tackle (offense)	Offensive lineman at the end of the line		sports-football-rules-terms
Defensive line	Players who rush the passer and stop runs		sports-football-rules-terms
Linebacker	Defender behind the line who tackles and covers		sports-football-rules-terms
Cornerback	Defender who covers wide receivers		sports-football-rules-terms
Safety (position)	Deep defender who prevents long plays		sports-football-rules-terms
Kicker	The player who kicks field goals and extra points		sports-football-rules-terms
Punter	The player who kicks the ball away on fourth down		sports-football-rules-terms
Punt	A kick given up on fourth down to give the other team the ball far away		sports-football-rules-terms
Kickoff	The kick that starts each half and follows scores		sports-football-rules-terms
Touchback	The ball is downed in the end zone on a kick; the offense then starts at a set spot that the rules decide		sports-football-rules-terms
Fumble	Losing control of the ball while running		sports-football-rules-terms
Interception	A defender catches a pass thrown by the offense		sports-football-rules-terms
Sack	Tackling the quarterback behind the line of scrimmage		sports-football-rules-terms
Incomplete pass	A forward pass that hits the ground or goes out of bounds		sports-football-rules-terms
Completion	A caught forward pass		sports-football-rules-terms
Handoff	The quarterback gives the ball to a running back		sports-football-rules-terms
Huddle	Players gather to hear the play call		sports-football-rules-terms
Audible	A play change called at the line by the quarterback		sports-football-rules-terms
Blitz	Extra defenders rush the quarterback		sports-football-rules-terms
Penalty	A rule violation costing yards		sports-football-rules-terms
Offsides	A player crossing the line of scrimmage before the snap		sports-football-rules-terms
False start	An offensive player moves before the snap		sports-football-rules-terms
Holding	Illegally grabbing a player		sports-football-rules-terms
Pass interference	Illegally contacting a receiver trying to catch a pass		sports-football-rules-terms
Delay of game	Failing to snap the ball in time		sports-football-rules-terms
Roughing the passer	Hitting the quarterback late or too hard		sports-football-rules-terms
Flag	A yellow cloth thrown by referees to mark a penalty		sports-football-rules-terms
Field length	100 yards plus two 10-yard end zones		sports-football-rules-terms
End zone	The scoring area at each end of the field		sports-football-rules-terms
Goalposts	The yellow uprights where field goals are kicked		sports-football-rules-terms
Hash marks	Short lines marking where the ball is spotted		sports-football-rules-terms
Quarter length (NFL)	15 minutes		sports-football-rules-terms
Number of quarters	4		sports-football-rules-terms
Halftime	Break between the second and third quarters		sports-football-rules-terms
Overtime	Extra time when the score is tied		sports-football-rules-terms
Timeout	A stop in the clock		sports-football-rules-terms
Two-minute warning	A stop at 2 minutes left in each half (NFL)		sports-football-rules-terms
Super Bowl	NFL championship game, first played in 1967		sports-football-rules-terms
NFL	National Football League, formed 1920		sports-football-rules-terms
Heisman Trophy	Award for the best college football player		sports-football-rules-terms
Touchdown celebration	A celebration after scoring; keep it sporting		sports-football-rules-terms
Flag football	A non-contact version where players pull flags instead of tackling		sports-football-rules-terms
Tackle football	Players bring down runners with their bodies		sports-football-rules-terms
Spiral	A pass that spins tightly in flight		sports-football-rules-terms
Pocket	The protected area where the quarterback stands to pass		sports-football-rules-terms
Play-action	A fake handoff before a pass		sports-football-rules-terms
Screen pass	A short pass behind the line with blockers in front		sports-football-rules-terms
Hail Mary	A very long desperate pass in the last seconds		sports-football-rules-terms
Gridiron	Another word for a football field		sports-football-rules-terms
Players per team on the field	11, including the goalkeeper		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Match length (professional)	Two halves of 45 minutes		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Goalkeeper	The player who guards the goal and may use hands inside the penalty area		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Defender	A player who stops the other team from scoring		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Midfielder	A player who links defense and attack		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Forward (striker)	A player whose main job is scoring		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Winger	A wide forward or midfielder who attacks along the sides		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Sweeper	A defender who plays behind the other defenders		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Captain	The team leader who wears an armband		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Goal	When the whole ball crosses the goal line between the posts and under the bar		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Hat trick	Three goals by one player in a game		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Assist	A pass that leads directly to a goal		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Own goal	A goal scored into your own net by mistake		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Penalty area (18-yard box)	Area in front of goal where the goalkeeper can use hands and where fouls bring penalties		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Goal area (6-yard box)	The small box directly in front of the goal		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Penalty kick	A free shot from 12 yards (11 meters) at the goalkeeper after a foul in the box		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Free kick	A kick awarded after a foul		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Direct free kick	A free kick that can score straight into the goal		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Indirect free kick	A free kick that must touch another player before scoring		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Corner kick	A kick from the corner when the defense puts the ball over its own goal line		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Goal kick	A kick from the goal area when the attackers put the ball over the goal line		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Throw-in	A two-handed overhead throw to restart after the ball goes out on a sideline		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Kickoff	The kick that starts the game or restarts after a goal		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Offside	An attacker is closer to the goal line than the ball and the second-last defender when a teammate passes to them		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Foul	An unfair act such as tripping or pushing		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Yellow card	A warning to a player		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Red card	Ejection from the game		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Handball	Touching the ball with the hand or arm on purpose, a foul		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Referee	The official who controls the match		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Assistant referee (linesman)	Official who signals offside and out-of-bounds		sports-soccer-rules-terms
VAR	Video assistant referee, a video review system		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Stoppage time (injury time)	Extra time added at the end of a half		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Extra time	Two extra 15-minute periods if tied in a knockout match		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Penalty shootout	A tiebreaker where players take turns shooting penalties		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Dribble	Move the ball with your feet while running		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Pass	Kick the ball to a teammate		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Through ball	A pass between defenders for a runner		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Cross	A long pass from the side into the penalty area		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Header	Hitting the ball with the head		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Volley	Kicking the ball before it bounces		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Tackle	Taking the ball from an opponent		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Slide tackle	A tackle made by sliding on the ground		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Clearance	A kick that sends the ball away from your goal		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Save	The goalkeeper stops a shot		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Clean sheet	A game in which a team doesn't concede a goal		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Nutmeg	Pass or kick the ball through an opponent's legs		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Bicycle kick	An overhead kick performed in mid-air		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Wall	Defenders lined up to block a free kick		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Formation	How players are arranged, like 4-4-2		sports-soccer-rules-terms
4-4-2	Four defenders, four midfielders, two forwards		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Marking	Staying close to an opponent to stop them		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Offside trap	Defenders step up together to catch attackers offside		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Pitch	The field of play		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Touchline	The sideline		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Goal line	The line at each end of the field		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Center circle	The circle at the middle where kickoff happens		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Halftime	The break between halves, usually 15 minutes		sports-soccer-rules-terms
World Cup	International men's soccer tournament held every four years		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Women's World Cup	International women's tournament first held in 1991		sports-soccer-rules-terms
FIFA	The governing body of world soccer		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Pelé	Brazilian star who won three World Cups		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Lionel Messi	Argentine star who won the 2022 World Cup		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Mia Hamm	American star who won two World Cups and two Olympic gold medals		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Substitutions	Replacing players during the game		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Fair play	Playing honestly and respecting opponents		sports-soccer-rules-terms
Freestyle (front crawl)	Alternating overhand arm strokes with a flutter kick		sports-swimming-terms
Backstroke	Swimming on your back with alternating arm strokes		sports-swimming-terms
Breaststroke	Arms pull in a circle and legs make a frog kick		sports-swimming-terms
Butterfly	Both arms swing together over the water with a dolphin kick		sports-swimming-terms
Individual medley (IM)	One swimmer swims all four strokes in order: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle		sports-swimming-terms
Medley relay order	Backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle		sports-swimming-terms
Sidestroke	Swimming on your side with a scissor kick		sports-swimming-terms
Dog paddle	A simple beginner stroke with arms paddling under the chin		sports-swimming-terms
Flutter kick	Small fast up-and-down kicks with straight legs		sports-swimming-terms
Frog kick	Legs bend and snap together like a frog		sports-swimming-terms
Dolphin kick	Both legs move together in a wave		sports-swimming-terms
Scissor kick	Legs open and close like scissors		sports-swimming-terms
Treading water	Staying afloat in place		sports-swimming-terms
Floating	Resting on the surface of the water		sports-swimming-terms
Back float	Floating face up		sports-swimming-terms
Bobbing	Moving up and down in the water while breathing		sports-swimming-terms
Blowing bubbles	Breathing out underwater		sports-swimming-terms
Rhythmic breathing	Turning your head to the side to breathe in a pattern		sports-swimming-terms
Stroke count	The number of strokes to swim a lap		sports-swimming-terms
Lap	One length of the pool		sports-swimming-terms
Length	One trip from one end to the other		sports-swimming-terms
Starting block	The platform swimmers dive from		sports-swimming-terms
Dive	Entering the water headfirst from the block		sports-swimming-terms
Flip turn	A somersault at the wall to turn around		sports-swimming-terms
Open turn	A turn where you touch the wall with a hand and push off		sports-swimming-terms
Streamline	A tight body position with arms stretched above the head		sports-swimming-terms
Lane	A section of the pool for one swimmer		sports-swimming-terms
Lane line	The floating rope between lanes		sports-swimming-terms
Kickboard	A float used for kick practice		sports-swimming-terms
Pull buoy	A float held between the legs to practice arms		sports-swimming-terms
Goggles	Eye protection for swimming		sports-swimming-terms
Swim cap	A cap that keeps hair out of the face and reduces drag		sports-swimming-terms
Fins	Flippers that help swimmers kick faster		sports-swimming-terms
Life jacket	A floating vest that helps keep people afloat		sports-swimming-terms
Lifeguard	Trained person who watches for danger in the water		sports-swimming-terms
Deep end	The deeper part of the pool		sports-swimming-terms
Shallow end	The shallow part of the pool		sports-swimming-terms
Olympic pool length	50 meters		sports-swimming-terms
Short course pool	25 yards or 25 meters		sports-swimming-terms
Disqualification (DQ)	Being removed from a race for breaking a rule		sports-swimming-terms
False start	Leaving the block before the start signal		sports-swimming-terms
Touch the wall	Required to finish a race		sports-swimming-terms
Relay	A team race where each swimmer swims a leg		sports-swimming-terms
Heats	Preliminary races to decide who advances		sports-swimming-terms
Personal best (PB)	Your fastest time in an event		sports-swimming-terms
Split	A time for part of a race		sports-swimming-terms
Taper	Reduced training before a big meet		sports-swimming-terms
Warm-up	Easy swimming before racing		sports-swimming-terms
Cool-down	Easy swimming after racing		sports-swimming-terms
Swim meet	A competition between swim teams		sports-swimming-terms
Michael Phelps	American swimmer with 23 Olympic gold medals		sports-swimming-terms
Katie Ledecky	American distance swimmer with many Olympic golds and world records		sports-swimming-terms
Simone Manuel	American sprinter who won Olympic gold in 2016		sports-swimming-terms
Water safety rule	Never swim alone		sports-swimming-terms
Reach, throw, don't go	Rescue idea: reach with something or throw a float		sports-swimming-terms
Water wings	Inflatable arm bands that are not a substitute for a life jacket		sports-swimming-terms
Sinking vs floating	Body fat and air in the lungs help you float		sports-swimming-terms
Chlorine	A chemical used to keep pool water clean		sports-swimming-terms
Showering before swimming	Keeps the pool cleaner		sports-swimming-terms
Cramps	If you get one, stop and rest		sports-swimming-terms
Wait after eating	A short rest is fine; there's no strict 30-minute rule		sports-swimming-terms
Sunscreen at the pool	Apply before swimming and reapply		sports-swimming-terms
Diving rule	Check the depth before diving and never dive in shallow water		sports-swimming-terms
Tennis: love	Zero points		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis scoring in a game	Love, 15, 30, 40, game		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: deuce	Tied at 40 each; a player must win two points in a row		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: advantage	The point after deuce won by one player		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: game	Won by first to four points, ahead by two		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: set	Won by first to six games, ahead by two		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: match	Best of three or best of five sets		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: tiebreak	A special game played at 6-6 in a set		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: serve	The shot that starts each point		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: ace	A serve the opponent cannot touch		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: fault	A serve that misses the service box		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: double fault	Two faults in a row, losing the point		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: let	A serve that touches the net but lands in; replay it		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: rally	A series of shots back and forth		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: forehand	A shot hit on your dominant side		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: backhand	A shot hit on your non-dominant side		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: volley	Hitting the ball before it bounces		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: lob	A high shot over the opponent's head		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: drop shot	A soft shot that barely clears the net		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: smash	A powerful overhead shot		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: slice	A shot with backspin		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: topspin	A shot with forward spin that dips down		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: baseline	The back line of the court		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: service box	The area where a serve must land		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: net	3 feet high at the center		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: doubles	A match with two players per side		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: singles	A match with one player per side		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: break of serve	Winning a game when your opponent is serving		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: Grand Slam	Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: Wimbledon	The grass-court Grand Slam in London		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: French Open	The clay-court Grand Slam in Paris		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: clay court	A court of crushed clay, slow surface		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: hard court	A court of asphalt or concrete		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: grass court	A fast surface of natural grass		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: Serena Williams	American player with 23 Grand Slam singles titles		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: Roger Federer	Swiss player with 20 Grand Slam singles titles		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Tennis: Arthur Ashe	First Black man to win the US Open, 1968, and Wimbledon, 1975		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: par	The expected number of strokes for a hole		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: birdie	One stroke under par		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: eagle	Two strokes under par		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: albatross	Three strokes under par		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: bogey	One stroke over par		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: double bogey	Two strokes over par		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: hole in one (ace)	Getting the ball in the hole with one stroke		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: tee	A small peg that holds the ball for the first shot		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: fairway	The short-grass path from tee to green		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: rough	Longer grass beside the fairway		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: green	The smooth area around the hole		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: bunker (sand trap)	A hazard filled with sand		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: water hazard	A pond or stream on the course		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: out of bounds	Outside the playing area, with a penalty		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: stroke	One swing at the ball		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: handicap	A number showing a golfer's skill for fair competition		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: driver	The club for the longest shots from the tee		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: iron	Clubs numbered for shots of different distances		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: wedge	A club for short high shots		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: putter	The club for rolling the ball on the green		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: putt	A gentle stroke on the green		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: chip	A short shot that lands on the green and rolls		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: drive	A long first shot from the tee		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: caddie	The person who carries clubs and gives advice		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: round	18 holes		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: front nine	The first 9 holes		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: back nine	The last 9 holes		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: par 3	A short hole expected in three strokes		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: par 5	A long hole expected in five strokes		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: Masters	A major tournament held each April in Augusta, Georgia		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: Tiger Woods	American golfer with 15 major titles		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: Fore!	A shout to warn others that a ball is coming		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: divot	A piece of turf cut by a club; replace it		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: lie	Where the ball rests		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Golf: mulligan	An informal do-over shot		sports-tennis-golf-terms
Active recall	Testing yourself from memory instead of rereading		study-skills-and-learning
Spaced repetition	Reviewing material at increasing gaps of time		study-skills-and-learning
Flashcards	Cards with a question on one side and answer on the other		study-skills-and-learning
Practice test	A sample test to practice under test conditions		study-skills-and-learning
Retrieval practice	Pulling information out of your memory		study-skills-and-learning
Interleaving	Mixing different topics or problem types when practicing		study-skills-and-learning
Chunking	Grouping information into small meaningful pieces		study-skills-and-learning
Mnemonic	A memory trick, like a rhyme or acronym		study-skills-and-learning
Acronym	A word formed from first letters, like ROY G. BIV		study-skills-and-learning
Acrostic	A sentence where first letters stand for items to remember		study-skills-and-learning
Method of loci (memory palace)	Remembering things by placing them in imagined locations		study-skills-and-learning
Visualization	Making a mental picture		study-skills-and-learning
Elaboration	Adding detail or explaining why to connect ideas		study-skills-and-learning
Feynman technique	Explaining a topic in simple words to find gaps in understanding		study-skills-and-learning
Teach someone else	One of the best ways to learn		study-skills-and-learning
Summarize	Say the main ideas in your own words		study-skills-and-learning
Paraphrase	Restate in your own words		study-skills-and-learning
Main idea	What a passage is mostly about		study-skills-and-learning
Supporting details	Facts that back up the main idea		study-skills-and-learning
Skim	Read quickly for the general idea		study-skills-and-learning
Scan	Look quickly for a specific fact		study-skills-and-learning
SQ3R	Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review		study-skills-and-learning
Annotating	Writing notes in the margins while reading		study-skills-and-learning
Highlighting tip	Highlight only key points or you'll mark too much		study-skills-and-learning
Cornell notes	A note layout with a main notes column, cue column and summary		study-skills-and-learning
Outline	A list of main ideas and subpoints		study-skills-and-learning
Mind map	A diagram of connected ideas around a central topic		study-skills-and-learning
Concept map	A diagram of ideas linked with labeled arrows		study-skills-and-learning
Graphic organizer	A chart that organizes information visually		study-skills-and-learning
Venn diagram	Overlapping circles comparing two things		study-skills-and-learning
Study guide	A summary of what to learn for a test		study-skills-and-learning
Review	Look over material again		study-skills-and-learning
Cramming	Studying everything at the last minute, which works poorly		study-skills-and-learning
Study schedule	A plan of when to study each subject		study-skills-and-learning
Planner	A book or app to track assignments		study-skills-and-learning
Prioritize	Decide what to do first based on importance		study-skills-and-learning
Procrastination	Delaying tasks until later		study-skills-and-learning
Pomodoro technique	Work 25 minutes, rest 5 minutes, repeat		study-skills-and-learning
Time management	Using time wisely		study-skills-and-learning
Deadline	The time something is due		study-skills-and-learning
Break big tasks into steps	Makes large projects less overwhelming		study-skills-and-learning
SMART goals	Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound		study-skills-and-learning
Eisenhower matrix	Sorting tasks by urgent and important		study-skills-and-learning
Study space	A quiet, well-lit place with few distractions		study-skills-and-learning
Distraction	Anything that pulls your attention away		study-skills-and-learning
Multitasking myth	Switching between tasks reduces focus and quality		study-skills-and-learning
Sleep and learning	The brain stores memories during sleep		study-skills-and-learning
Exercise and learning	Physical activity can boost focus and memory		study-skills-and-learning
Growth mindset	Believing you can improve through effort		study-skills-and-learning
Metacognition	Thinking about your own thinking		study-skills-and-learning
Self-quiz	Make up questions and test yourself		study-skills-and-learning
Rereading	Less effective than testing yourself		study-skills-and-learning
Study group	Students studying together to discuss ideas		study-skills-and-learning
Ask for help	Talk to a teacher or tutor when stuck		study-skills-and-learning
Office hours	Time when a teacher or professor meets with students		study-skills-and-learning
Homework	Work assigned to do outside class		study-skills-and-learning
Rubric	A scoring guide for an assignment		study-skills-and-learning
Thesis statement	The main claim of an essay		study-skills-and-learning
Draft	A first version of writing		study-skills-and-learning
Revise	Improve writing content and organization		study-skills-and-learning
Edit	Fix spelling, grammar and punctuation		study-skills-and-learning
Proofread	Check for mistakes before finishing		study-skills-and-learning
Citation	Credit to the source of information		study-skills-and-learning
Bibliography	A list of sources used		study-skills-and-learning
Primary source	An original document or evidence from a time period		study-skills-and-learning
Secondary source	A source that discusses or interprets primary sources		study-skills-and-learning
Test anxiety	Nervousness before or during a test		study-skills-and-learning
Test strategy: skip and return	Skip hard questions and come back to them		study-skills-and-learning
Process of elimination	Cross out wrong answers to improve your odds		study-skills-and-learning
Read directions carefully	Prevents avoidable mistakes		study-skills-and-learning
Check your work	Review answers if you have time		study-skills-and-learning
Artificial intelligence (AI)	Computer systems that do tasks that usually need human intelligence		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Machine learning (ML)	Computers learning patterns from data instead of following only fixed rules		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Deep learning	Machine learning with many-layered neural networks		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Neural network	A system of connected nodes inspired loosely by brain cells		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Neuron (node)	A unit in a network that takes inputs and gives an output		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Layer	A group of nodes in a neural network		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Weights	Numbers in a network that are adjusted during learning		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Parameters	The values a model learns, such as weights		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Training	Teaching a model using data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Training data	Examples the model learns from		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Test data	New examples used to check how well a model works		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Validation data	Data used to tune a model during development		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Label	The correct answer attached to an example		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Feature	A measurable property used as input		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Model	The result of training; it makes predictions		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Prediction (inference)	The model's output on new data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Supervised learning	Learning from labeled examples		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Unsupervised learning	Finding patterns in unlabeled data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Reinforcement learning	Learning by trial and error with rewards		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Classification	Sorting into categories, like cat or dog		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Regression	Predicting a number, like a house price		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Clustering	Grouping similar items together		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Overfitting	A model that memorizes training data and does poorly on new data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Underfitting	A model too simple to capture patterns		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Bias (in AI)	Unfair results caused by skewed data or design		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Fairness	Making AI treat people equitably		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Algorithm	Step-by-step instructions		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Gradient descent	A method for adjusting weights to reduce errors		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Loss function	A measure of how wrong the model is		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Epoch	One full pass through the training data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Learning rate	How big the steps are when updating weights		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Accuracy	The share of predictions that are correct		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Confusion matrix	A table of correct and wrong predictions by class		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Computer vision	AI that understands images and video		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Natural language processing (NLP)	AI that works with human language		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Speech recognition	Turning speech into text		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Text-to-speech	Turning text into spoken sound		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Chatbot	A program that converses with people		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Large language model (LLM)	A very large model trained on lots of text to predict and generate language		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Token	A piece of text, such as a word or part of a word, that language models process		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Prompt	The input or instruction given to an AI model		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Prompt engineering	Writing prompts to get better answers		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Context window	How much text a model can consider at once		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Transformer	A neural network design behind most modern language models		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Attention	A mechanism that lets a model focus on relevant parts of its input		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Generative AI	AI that creates new text, images, audio or code		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Image generation	Creating pictures from text descriptions		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Diffusion model	A model that creates images by gradually removing noise		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Hallucination	When an AI states something false as if it were true		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Fine-tuning	Further training a model on specialized data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Pre-training	Initial training on a large general dataset		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Embedding	A list of numbers representing the meaning of text or images		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)	Letting a model look up documents before answering		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
AI agent	An AI system that can take actions toward a goal		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Turing test	Alan Turing's idea of judging a machine by whether it can seem human in conversation		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Alan Turing	British mathematician who asked 'Can machines think?' in 1950		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Dartmouth workshop	The 1956 meeting where the term artificial intelligence was coined		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Deep Blue	IBM computer that beat chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
AlphaGo	DeepMind program that beat Go champion Lee Sedol in 2016		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
ImageNet	A huge image dataset that sparked deep learning progress		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Narrow AI	AI built for specific tasks		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
General AI (AGI)	Hypothetical AI that can do any intellectual task a human can		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Robotics	Building machines that sense and act		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Self-driving car	A vehicle that drives using sensors and AI		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Recommendation system	AI that suggests videos, songs or products		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Deepfake	A fake image or video made by AI		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
AI ethics	Thinking about fairness, safety, privacy and responsibility in AI		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Privacy and AI	AI systems should protect people's personal information		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Human in the loop	A person reviews or guides the AI's decisions		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Explainability	Understanding why an AI made a decision		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Check AI answers	AI can be wrong, so verify important facts		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Algorithm	A finite list of steps that solves a problem		tech-algorithms
Big-O notation	Describes how running time or memory grows as input grows		tech-algorithms
O(1)	Constant time; stays the same as input grows		tech-algorithms
O(log n)	Logarithmic time; grows slowly, like binary search		tech-algorithms
O(n)	Linear time; grows in proportion to input size		tech-algorithms
O(n log n)	Typical of efficient sorting like merge sort		tech-algorithms
O(n squared)	Quadratic time; typical of simple nested loops		tech-algorithms
O(2 to the n)	Exponential time; becomes huge very quickly		tech-algorithms
Time complexity	How running time grows with input size		tech-algorithms
Space complexity	How memory use grows with input size		tech-algorithms
Linear search	Check each item in order until found; O(n)		tech-algorithms
Binary search	Repeatedly halve a sorted list to find an item; O(log n)		tech-algorithms
Binary search requirement	The data must be sorted		tech-algorithms
Bubble sort	Repeatedly swaps adjacent items that are out of order; O(n squared)		tech-algorithms
Selection sort	Repeatedly picks the smallest item and places it first; O(n squared)		tech-algorithms
Insertion sort	Builds a sorted list one item at a time; good for small or nearly sorted lists		tech-algorithms
Merge sort	Splits the list, sorts the halves, then merges; O(n log n)		tech-algorithms
Quick sort	Picks a pivot and partitions around it; average O(n log n)		tech-algorithms
Heap sort	Sorts using a heap; O(n log n)		tech-algorithms
Pivot	The element used to partition in quick sort		tech-algorithms
Stable sort	A sort that keeps equal items in their original order		tech-algorithms
Divide and conquer	Split a problem, solve the parts, combine the answers		tech-algorithms
Recursion	A function calling itself on smaller input		tech-algorithms
Base case	The stopping point of a recursion		tech-algorithms
Dynamic programming	Solve overlapping subproblems once and store the results		tech-algorithms
Memoization	Caching results of function calls		tech-algorithms
Greedy algorithm	Pick the best choice at each step		tech-algorithms
Brute force	Try every possibility		tech-algorithms
Backtracking	Try choices and undo them when they fail		tech-algorithms
Breadth-first search (BFS)	Explore a graph level by level using a queue		tech-algorithms
Depth-first search (DFS)	Explore a graph as deep as possible using a stack or recursion		tech-algorithms
Dijkstra's algorithm	Finds shortest paths in a weighted graph with non-negative weights		tech-algorithms
A* search	A pathfinding algorithm that uses a guess of distance to the goal		tech-algorithms
Minimum spanning tree	A tree connecting all nodes with smallest total weight		tech-algorithms
Kruskal's and Prim's	Algorithms for finding minimum spanning trees		tech-algorithms
Topological sort	Ordering tasks so each comes after its prerequisites		tech-algorithms
Hashing	Turning data into a fixed-size number for fast lookup		tech-algorithms
Collision	When two keys hash to the same spot		tech-algorithms
Euclid's algorithm	Finds the greatest common divisor using repeated remainders		tech-algorithms
Sieve of Eratosthenes	Finds all primes up to a number by crossing out multiples		tech-algorithms
Fibonacci sequence	Each number is the sum of the two before: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5...		tech-algorithms
Factorial	n! is the product of all whole numbers from 1 to n		tech-algorithms
Tower of Hanoi	A puzzle that is a classic recursion example		tech-algorithms
Traveling salesman problem	Find the shortest route visiting every city once; very hard		tech-algorithms
NP-complete	A class of hard problems with no known fast solution		tech-algorithms
P vs NP	A famous open question about whether hard-to-solve problems are also easy to check		tech-algorithms
Heuristic	A practical shortcut that finds a good answer, not always the best		tech-algorithms
Pseudocode	Plain-language description of an algorithm		tech-algorithms
Invariant	A condition that stays true during an algorithm		tech-algorithms
Best case	The fastest an algorithm can run		tech-algorithms
Worst case	The slowest an algorithm can run		tech-algorithms
Average case	Typical running time over many inputs		tech-algorithms
In-place algorithm	Uses very little extra memory		tech-algorithms
Two pointers	A technique using two positions that move through data		tech-algorithms
Sliding window	A technique moving a fixed range along data		tech-algorithms
PageRank	Google's algorithm that ranks pages by links to them		tech-algorithms
Compression algorithm	Makes data smaller, like ZIP or JPEG		tech-algorithms
Lossless compression	Compression that can be exactly reversed		tech-algorithms
Lossy compression	Compression that discards some data, like JPEG		tech-algorithms
Random number generator	An algorithm that makes numbers that look random		tech-algorithms
Machine learning algorithm	An algorithm that learns patterns from data		tech-algorithms
Al-Khwarizmi	Persian mathematician whose name gave us the word algorithm		tech-algorithms
Algorithm origin	Named after a 9th-century scholar al-Khwarizmi		tech-algorithms
Binary uses which digits?	0 and 1 (base 2)		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal uses which digits?	0 to 9 (base 10)		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hexadecimal uses which digits?	0 to 9 and A to F (base 16)		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Octal uses which digits?	0 to 7 (base 8)		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Bit	A single binary digit		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Byte	8 bits		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Nibble	4 bits, one hex digit		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Place values in an 8-bit byte	128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 0 in decimal	0		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 1 in decimal	1		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 10 in decimal	2		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 11 in decimal	3		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 100 in decimal	4		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 101 in decimal	5		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 110 in decimal	6		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 111 in decimal	7		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 1000 in decimal	8		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 1001 in decimal	9		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 1010 in decimal	10		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 1111 in decimal	15		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 10000 in decimal	16		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 11111111 in decimal	255		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 10101010 in decimal	170		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 1100100 in decimal	100		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 100000 in decimal	32		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 12 in binary	1100		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 20 in binary	10100		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 25 in binary	11001		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 50 in binary	110010		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 64 in binary	1000000		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 100 in binary	1100100		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 128 in binary	10000000		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 255 in binary	11111111		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 10 in hex	A		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 11 in hex	B		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 12 in hex	C		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 13 in hex	D		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 14 in hex	E		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 15 in hex	F		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 16 in hex	10		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 31 in hex	1F		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 32 in hex	20		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 100 in hex	64		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 255 in hex	FF		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Decimal 256 in hex	100		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex FF in decimal	255		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex 10 in decimal	16		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex 1A in decimal	26		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex 20 in decimal	32		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex 7F in decimal	127		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex 80 in decimal	128		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 1111 in hex	F		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 1010 in hex	A		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary 11110000 in hex	F0		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex FF in binary	11111111		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex 0F in binary	00001111		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Powers of 2: 2^8	256		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Powers of 2: 2^10	1,024		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Powers of 2: 2^16	65,536		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Powers of 2: 2^32	4,294,967,296		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Number of values in 1 byte	256 (0 to 255)		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Number of values with n bits	2 to the power n		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Number of values in 4 bits	16		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Largest unsigned 8-bit number	255		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Kilobyte (KB)	About 1,000 bytes (1,024 in older binary usage)		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Megabyte (MB)	About 1 million bytes		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Gigabyte (GB)	About 1 billion bytes		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Terabyte (TB)	About 1 trillion bytes		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Kibibyte, mebibyte (KiB, MiB)	Units based on exactly 1,024		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex color #FF0000	Red		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex color #00FF00	Green		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex color #0000FF	Blue		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex color #FFFFFF	White		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Hex color #000000	Black		tech-binary-hex-numbers
ASCII	A code that gives each character a number, e.g. A is 65		tech-binary-hex-numbers
ASCII 'A' in decimal	65		tech-binary-hex-numbers
ASCII 'a' in decimal	97		tech-binary-hex-numbers
ASCII '0' in decimal	48		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Unicode	A standard that gives a number to characters from all languages and emoji		tech-binary-hex-numbers
UTF-8	A common way to store Unicode characters in bytes		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Two's complement	The method computers use to store negative numbers in binary		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary addition: 1 + 1	10 (that is, 0 carry 1)		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Binary addition: 101 + 11	1000		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Logic gate AND	Outputs 1 only if both inputs are 1		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Logic gate OR	Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Logic gate NOT	Flips the input		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Logic gate XOR	Outputs 1 if inputs differ		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Why computers use binary	Electronic switches have two states, on and off		tech-binary-hex-numbers
Scratch	A free block-based coding language made at MIT, launched in 2007		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Block coding	Snapping blocks together instead of typing code		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Sprite	A character or object in a Scratch project		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Stage	The background area where sprites act		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Costume	A picture a sprite can wear to change its look		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Script	A stack of blocks that runs in order		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Event block	A block that starts code, like 'when green flag clicked'		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Motion block	A block that moves a sprite		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Looks block	A block that changes how a sprite appears or speaks		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Sound block	A block that plays sound		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Control block	A block for loops and decisions		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Sensing block	A block that checks for touching, keys or mouse		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Operator block	A block for math and comparing		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Variable	A named box that holds a number or text		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Loop	Repeating blocks		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Forever loop	Repeats without stopping		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Repeat 10 loop	Repeats 10 times		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
If block	Does something only when a condition is true		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
If-else block	Does one thing if true and another if false		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Broadcast	Sends a message to other scripts or sprites		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Clone	A copy of a sprite made while the project runs		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Coordinates	The x and y numbers that tell where a sprite is		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
x position	How far left or right a sprite is		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
y position	How far up or down a sprite is		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Direction	The angle a sprite is facing		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Remix	Making a copy of someone's project to change		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Debugging	Finding and fixing mistakes in code		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Bug	A mistake in code		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Sequence	Steps in the right order		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Algorithm	Step-by-step instructions		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Unplugged coding	Learning coding ideas without a computer		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Pseudocode	Code ideas written in plain words		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Event	Something that happens, like a click		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Input	What you give to a program		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Output	What a program shows or does		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Function	A named group of blocks you can reuse		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Custom block	Your own block made from other blocks		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Hour of Code	A worldwide event that introduces coding in one hour		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Code.org	A nonprofit that offers free coding lessons		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Robot	A machine that can sense and act		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Sensor	A part that detects things like light, touch or distance		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Motor	A part that makes things move		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Actuator	A part that makes a robot do something		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Microcontroller	A tiny computer that controls a device		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
micro:bit	A small programmable board with lights, buttons and sensors		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Arduino	A microcontroller board used in projects		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Raspberry Pi	A small low-cost computer		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
LED	A small light that glows when electricity flows through it		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Servo	A motor that turns to a set angle		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Ultrasonic sensor	Measures distance using sound		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Line-following robot	A robot that follows a line using sensors		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Obstacle avoidance	A robot turns to avoid hitting things		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Autonomous	Working by itself without being controlled		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Remote control	Controlling a device from a distance		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Circuit	A closed path electricity flows through		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Battery	Stores energy to power a circuit		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Switch	A part that opens or closes a circuit		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Conductor	A material that lets electricity flow, like copper		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Insulator	A material that stops electricity, like rubber		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Prototype	A first working model		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Design process	Ask, imagine, plan, create, test, improve		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Engineer	A person who designs and builds solutions		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Computational thinking	Solving problems with steps, patterns and breaking things down		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Decompose	Break a big problem into smaller parts		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Pattern	Something that repeats		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Abstraction	Ignoring details to focus on what matters		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Maze challenge	A common puzzle for practicing sequences and loops		tech-block-coding-and-robotics
Algorithm	A step-by-step set of instructions to solve a problem		tech-coding-vocabulary
Program	A set of instructions a computer follows		tech-coding-vocabulary
Code	Instructions written in a programming language		tech-coding-vocabulary
Programming language	A language for telling computers what to do		tech-coding-vocabulary
Programmer (developer)	A person who writes code		tech-coding-vocabulary
Source code	Human-readable code a programmer writes		tech-coding-vocabulary
Compiler	Translates a whole program into machine code before running		tech-coding-vocabulary
Interpreter	Reads and runs code line by line		tech-coding-vocabulary
Syntax	The grammar rules of a language		tech-coding-vocabulary
Syntax error	A mistake in following those rules		tech-coding-vocabulary
Bug	An error in a program		tech-coding-vocabulary
Debugging	Finding and fixing bugs		tech-coding-vocabulary
Logic error	Code that runs but gives the wrong result		tech-coding-vocabulary
Runtime error	An error that occurs while the program runs		tech-coding-vocabulary
Variable	A named container that stores a value		tech-coding-vocabulary
Constant	A value that does not change		tech-coding-vocabulary
Data type	The kind of value, like number or text		tech-coding-vocabulary
Integer	A whole number		tech-coding-vocabulary
Float	A number with a decimal point		tech-coding-vocabulary
String	Text in quotation marks		tech-coding-vocabulary
Boolean	A value that is true or false		tech-coding-vocabulary
Array (list)	An ordered collection of items		tech-coding-vocabulary
Dictionary (object, map)	A collection of key-value pairs		tech-coding-vocabulary
Operator	A symbol that does something with values, like + or ==		tech-coding-vocabulary
Expression	Code that produces a value		tech-coding-vocabulary
Statement	A single instruction		tech-coding-vocabulary
Assignment	Storing a value in a variable		tech-coding-vocabulary
Comparison	Checking how values relate, such as equal or greater than		tech-coding-vocabulary
Conditional	Code that runs only if a condition is true		tech-coding-vocabulary
If statement	Runs code when a condition is true		tech-coding-vocabulary
Else	Runs code when the if condition is false		tech-coding-vocabulary
Loop	Code that repeats		tech-coding-vocabulary
For loop	Repeats a set number of times or through a collection		tech-coding-vocabulary
While loop	Repeats while a condition is true		tech-coding-vocabulary
Infinite loop	A loop that never ends		tech-coding-vocabulary
Iteration	One pass through a loop		tech-coding-vocabulary
Function	A reusable block of code with a name		tech-coding-vocabulary
Parameter	A variable named in a function definition		tech-coding-vocabulary
Argument	The actual value passed into a function		tech-coding-vocabulary
Return value	The result a function gives back		tech-coding-vocabulary
Call a function	Run it		tech-coding-vocabulary
Scope	Where in the code a variable can be used		tech-coding-vocabulary
Global variable	A variable accessible everywhere		tech-coding-vocabulary
Local variable	A variable accessible only inside its function		tech-coding-vocabulary
Recursion	A function that calls itself		tech-coding-vocabulary
Base case	The stopping condition of a recursive function		tech-coding-vocabulary
Object	A bundle of data and functions		tech-coding-vocabulary
Class	A blueprint for creating objects		tech-coding-vocabulary
Method	A function that belongs to an object		tech-coding-vocabulary
Property (attribute)	A value that belongs to an object		tech-coding-vocabulary
Inheritance	A class gets features from another class		tech-coding-vocabulary
Encapsulation	Keeping data and methods together and hiding details		tech-coding-vocabulary
Polymorphism	Different objects responding to the same call in their own way		tech-coding-vocabulary
Library	Reusable code written by others		tech-coding-vocabulary
Framework	A structure of code that guides how you build apps		tech-coding-vocabulary
API	Application programming interface: rules for programs to talk to each other		tech-coding-vocabulary
Module	A file of code that can be imported		tech-coding-vocabulary
Package	A bundle of modules		tech-coding-vocabulary
Comment	A note in code ignored by the computer		tech-coding-vocabulary
Indentation	Spaces at the start of a line showing structure		tech-coding-vocabulary
Input	Data given to a program		tech-coding-vocabulary
Output	Data a program produces		tech-coding-vocabulary
Event	An action like a click that a program responds to		tech-coding-vocabulary
Pseudocode	Plain-language outline of code		tech-coding-vocabulary
Flowchart	A diagram showing the steps of an algorithm		tech-coding-vocabulary
Sequence	Steps run in order		tech-coding-vocabulary
Selection	Choosing which code runs based on a condition		tech-coding-vocabulary
Decomposition	Breaking a big problem into smaller parts		tech-coding-vocabulary
Abstraction	Hiding details to focus on what matters		tech-coding-vocabulary
Pattern recognition	Spotting similarities to solve problems		tech-coding-vocabulary
Computational thinking	Problem solving with decomposition, patterns, abstraction and algorithms		tech-coding-vocabulary
IDE	Integrated development environment, a code editor with tools		tech-coding-vocabulary
Version control	A system that tracks changes to code		tech-coding-vocabulary
Open source	Software whose code anyone can view and use		tech-coding-vocabulary
Ada Lovelace	Wrote what many call the first computer program, in 1843		tech-coding-vocabulary
CPU (processor)	The brain of the computer that runs instructions		tech-computer-parts
Core (CPU)	One processing unit inside a CPU		tech-computer-parts
Clock speed	How fast a CPU runs, measured in gigahertz (GHz)		tech-computer-parts
RAM	Fast temporary memory for programs in use; cleared when power is off		tech-computer-parts
ROM	Memory that keeps its contents without power		tech-computer-parts
Hard drive (HDD)	Storage that uses spinning magnetic disks		tech-computer-parts
SSD	Storage with no moving parts that uses flash memory; faster than a hard drive		tech-computer-parts
Motherboard	The main circuit board that connects all parts		tech-computer-parts
GPU (graphics card)	Processor that draws images and video and speeds up graphics		tech-computer-parts
Power supply (PSU)	Converts wall power into power the computer can use		tech-computer-parts
Case (tower)	The box that holds the computer parts		tech-computer-parts
Cooling fan	Moves air to keep parts from overheating		tech-computer-parts
Heat sink	Metal part that draws heat away from the CPU		tech-computer-parts
BIOS / UEFI	Basic software that starts up the computer's hardware		tech-computer-parts
Chipset	Chips on the motherboard that manage data between parts		tech-computer-parts
Expansion slot (PCIe)	A slot for adding cards like graphics cards		tech-computer-parts
Sound card	Handles audio input and output		tech-computer-parts
Network card (NIC)	Connects the computer to a network		tech-computer-parts
Optical drive	Reads CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs		tech-computer-parts
Monitor	A screen that shows what the computer displays		tech-computer-parts
Keyboard	Input device with keys for typing		tech-computer-parts
Mouse	A pointing device you move and click		tech-computer-parts
Touchpad	A touch-sensitive pad on a laptop that moves the pointer		tech-computer-parts
Touchscreen	A screen that senses touch		tech-computer-parts
Scanner	Copies paper pages into digital images		tech-computer-parts
Printer	Puts digital documents onto paper		tech-computer-parts
3D printer	Builds objects layer by layer from plastic or other materials		tech-computer-parts
Speakers	Output devices that play sound		tech-computer-parts
Microphone	Input device that captures sound		tech-computer-parts
Webcam	A small camera for video calls		tech-computer-parts
Headphones	Speakers worn on the ears		tech-computer-parts
Joystick	Input device for controlling games		tech-computer-parts
Game controller	Handheld input device for games		tech-computer-parts
Stylus	A pen-like tool for touchscreens		tech-computer-parts
Barcode scanner	Reads codes printed as stripes		tech-computer-parts
Input device	Hardware that sends information into the computer		tech-computer-parts
Output device	Hardware that presents information from the computer		tech-computer-parts
Storage device	Hardware that keeps data for later		tech-computer-parts
USB port	A common connector for plugging in devices		tech-computer-parts
USB flash drive (thumb drive)	A small portable storage stick		tech-computer-parts
HDMI	A cable that carries video and audio to a screen		tech-computer-parts
Ethernet port	A port for a wired network cable		tech-computer-parts
Wi-Fi	Wireless networking		tech-computer-parts
Bluetooth	Short-range wireless connection for devices like headphones		tech-computer-parts
SD card	A small memory card used in cameras		tech-computer-parts
External hard drive	A storage device outside the computer connected by a cable		tech-computer-parts
Battery	Stores power for laptops and phones		tech-computer-parts
Charger	Supplies power to a battery		tech-computer-parts
Laptop	A portable computer with a built-in screen and keyboard		tech-computer-parts
Desktop	A computer meant to stay at a desk		tech-computer-parts
Tablet	A flat touchscreen computer		tech-computer-parts
Smartphone	A phone that works like a small computer		tech-computer-parts
Server	A computer that provides services to other computers		tech-computer-parts
Supercomputer	An extremely fast computer for huge calculations		tech-computer-parts
Microcontroller	A small computer chip in a device, like in a toaster or Arduino		tech-computer-parts
Raspberry Pi	A tiny low-cost computer board		tech-computer-parts
Arduino	An open-source microcontroller board for projects		tech-computer-parts
Circuit board	A board with printed paths connecting electronic parts		tech-computer-parts
Transistor	A tiny switch inside chips		tech-computer-parts
Microchip (integrated circuit)	A tiny piece of silicon holding millions or billions of transistors		tech-computer-parts
Silicon	The material most computer chips are made from		tech-computer-parts
Bit	The smallest unit of data, a 0 or 1		tech-computer-parts
Byte	8 bits		tech-computer-parts
Peripheral	Any device connected to a computer		tech-computer-parts
Port	A socket for connecting devices		tech-computer-parts
Driver	Software that lets the computer talk to a device		tech-computer-parts
Firmware	Software built into hardware		tech-computer-parts
Ada Lovelace	Wrote notes in 1843 with what is often called the first computer program, for Babbage's Analytical Engine		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Charles Babbage	Designed the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical computer idea, in the 1830s		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Alan Turing	British mathematician who defined the Turing machine and helped break the Enigma code		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Turing machine	An abstract model of computation described by Turing in 1936		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Grace Hopper	American Navy officer who helped create the first compiler and the COBOL language		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
John von Neumann	Described the stored-program computer architecture		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Claude Shannon	Founded information theory in 1948 and popularized the word bit		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Katherine Johnson	NASA mathematician whose calculations helped astronauts reach orbit and the Moon		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Margaret Hamilton	Led software development for Apollo's guidance computers		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Dorothy Vaughan	NASA mathematician who became a leader in programming (FORTRAN) at Langley		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Tim Berners-Lee	Invented the World Wide Web in 1989		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn	Designed the TCP/IP protocols of the internet		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Dennis Ritchie	Created the C language and co-created Unix		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Ken Thompson	Co-creator of Unix		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Linus Torvalds	Created the Linux kernel (1991) and Git (2005)		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Guido van Rossum	Created Python		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Brendan Eich	Created JavaScript in 1995		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
James Gosling	Led the creation of Java		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Bjarne Stroustrup	Created C++		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Yukihiro Matsumoto	Created Ruby		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Bill Gates	Co-founded Microsoft in 1975		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Paul Allen	Co-founded Microsoft		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Steve Jobs	Co-founded Apple in 1976		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Steve Wozniak	Designed the Apple I and II computers		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Larry Page and Sergey Brin	Founded Google in 1998		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Mark Zuckerberg	Co-founded Facebook in 2004		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Jeff Bezos	Founded Amazon in 1994		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Douglas Engelbart	Invented the computer mouse; demonstrated it in 1968		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Doug Engelbart's 1968 demo	Called the Mother of All Demos; showed the mouse, video calls and hypertext		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Ivan Sutherland	Created Sketchpad (1963), an early graphics program		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Alan Kay	Pioneer of object-oriented programming and the personal computer		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Donald Knuth	Wrote The Art of Computer Programming		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Edsger Dijkstra	Created a famous shortest-path algorithm		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Barbara Liskov	Computer scientist who won the Turing Award for work on data abstraction		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Radia Perlman	Invented the spanning-tree protocol for networks		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Fei-Fei Li	Computer scientist who helped create ImageNet		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Geoffrey Hinton	Pioneer of neural networks and deep learning		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Yann LeCun	Pioneer of convolutional neural networks		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Yoshua Bengio	Pioneer of deep learning		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Turing Award	The top prize in computer science, named for Alan Turing		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
ENIAC	One of the first general-purpose electronic computers, completed in 1945		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Colossus	British code-breaking computer used in World War II		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Transistor	Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Integrated circuit	Chip with many components, invented in the late 1950s		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Microprocessor	A whole CPU on one chip; Intel 4004 came out in 1971		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
ARPANET	Early network that sent its first message in 1969		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
First email	Sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Personal computer	Home computers became popular in the late 1970s and 1980s		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Apple II	A popular early personal computer from 1977		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
IBM PC	Introduced in 1981		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Macintosh	Apple computer launched in 1984 with a graphical interface		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Windows 95	Microsoft system that made the Start menu famous		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
World Wide Web goes public	1991		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Mosaic browser	Early graphical web browser from 1993		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Google founded	1998		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Wikipedia launched	2001		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
YouTube founded	2005		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
iPhone introduced	2007		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Smartphone age	Phones became pocket computers after 2007		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Cloud computing	Rented online computing, which grew in the late 2000s		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Bitcoin created	2009 by a person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
ChatGPT released	November 2022		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Moore's law	The observation that chip transistor counts double about every two years		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Gordon Moore	Co-founder of Intel who described Moore's law in 1965		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Hedy Lamarr	Actress and inventor who co-developed frequency hopping, an idea used in modern wireless		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Mary Allen Wilkes	Programmer of the LINC, an early personal computer, in the 1960s		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Jean Bartik	One of the six original ENIAC programmers		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Annie Easley	NASA computer scientist who worked on rocket software		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Mark Dean	IBM engineer who helped design the original IBM PC and holds key patents in PC technology		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
Gladys West	Mathematician whose work contributed to GPS		tech-computer-scientists-and-history
color	Sets the text color		tech-css-properties
background-color	Sets the background color		tech-css-properties
background-image	Sets a background picture		tech-css-properties
font-family	Chooses the typeface		tech-css-properties
font-size	Sets the text size		tech-css-properties
font-weight	Sets how bold text is		tech-css-properties
font-style	Sets italic or normal		tech-css-properties
text-align	Aligns text left, center, right or justify		tech-css-properties
text-decoration	Adds underline, overline or line-through		tech-css-properties
text-transform	Changes case: uppercase, lowercase, capitalize		tech-css-properties
line-height	Sets space between lines of text		tech-css-properties
letter-spacing	Sets space between letters		tech-css-properties
width	Sets the width of an element		tech-css-properties
height	Sets the height of an element		tech-css-properties
max-width	Sets the largest width allowed		tech-css-properties
min-height	Sets the smallest height allowed		tech-css-properties
margin	Space outside an element's border		tech-css-properties
padding	Space inside an element between content and border		tech-css-properties
border	Draws a line around an element		tech-css-properties
border-radius	Rounds the corners of an element		tech-css-properties
box-shadow	Adds a shadow around an element		tech-css-properties
text-shadow	Adds a shadow to text		tech-css-properties
opacity	Sets transparency from 0 to 1		tech-css-properties
display	Sets how an element is shown: block, inline, flex, grid, none		tech-css-properties
display: none	Hides an element and its space		tech-css-properties
visibility: hidden	Hides an element but keeps its space		tech-css-properties
position	Sets how an element is positioned: static, relative, absolute, fixed, sticky		tech-css-properties
position: relative	Positions an element compared to its normal spot		tech-css-properties
position: absolute	Positions an element relative to its nearest positioned parent		tech-css-properties
position: fixed	Keeps an element in place when scrolling		tech-css-properties
position: sticky	Sticks an element once you scroll to it		tech-css-properties
top, right, bottom, left	Offsets for positioned elements		tech-css-properties
z-index	Sets stacking order of overlapping elements		tech-css-properties
float	Pushes an element to the left or right so text wraps around it		tech-css-properties
overflow	Controls what happens when content is too big		tech-css-properties
box-sizing: border-box	Includes padding and border in an element's width		tech-css-properties
Flexbox (display: flex)	A layout system for rows or columns		tech-css-properties
flex-direction	Sets row or column in flexbox		tech-css-properties
justify-content	Aligns flex items along the main axis		tech-css-properties
align-items	Aligns flex items along the cross axis		tech-css-properties
flex-wrap	Lets flex items wrap to the next line		tech-css-properties
gap	Space between flex or grid items		tech-css-properties
flex-grow	How much an item grows to fill space		tech-css-properties
Grid (display: grid)	A two-dimensional layout system		tech-css-properties
grid-template-columns	Defines the columns of a grid		tech-css-properties
grid-template-rows	Defines the rows of a grid		tech-css-properties
grid-column	Places an item across columns		tech-css-properties
Selector	The part of CSS that picks which elements to style		tech-css-properties
Element selector	Targets tags, like p { }		tech-css-properties
Class selector	Targets by class, like .box { }		tech-css-properties
ID selector	Targets by ID, like #main { }		tech-css-properties
Descendant selector	Targets elements inside others, like nav a { }		tech-css-properties
Child selector	Targets direct children only, like ul > li { }		tech-css-properties
Universal selector	* targets all elements		tech-css-properties
Pseudo-class	A state selector like :hover or :focus		tech-css-properties
Pseudo-element	Selects part of an element like ::before or ::first-line		tech-css-properties
Specificity	The rule deciding which style wins when rules conflict		tech-css-properties
Cascade	Styles are combined in order and importance		tech-css-properties
Inheritance	Some properties pass down from parent to child		tech-css-properties
!important	Makes a rule override others, to be used rarely		tech-css-properties
Media query	A rule that applies styles for certain screen sizes		tech-css-properties
Responsive design	Pages that adapt to different screen sizes		tech-css-properties
Pixels (px)	A fixed unit of size		tech-css-properties
em unit	A size relative to the parent's font size		tech-css-properties
rem unit	A size relative to the root font size		tech-css-properties
Percent (%)	A size relative to the parent		tech-css-properties
vh and vw	1% of the viewport height or width		tech-css-properties
Hex color	A color written as #RRGGBB, like #FF0000		tech-css-properties
rgb()	A color written with red, green and blue values		tech-css-properties
hsl()	A color written with hue, saturation and lightness		tech-css-properties
transition	Animates changes between styles		tech-css-properties
transform	Moves, rotates, scales or skews an element		tech-css-properties
animation	Applies keyframe animation		tech-css-properties
@keyframes	Defines the steps of an animation		tech-css-properties
CSS stands for	Cascading Style Sheets		tech-css-properties
CSS variable	A reusable value set with --name and used with var(--name)		tech-css-properties
cursor	Changes the mouse pointer style		tech-css-properties
list-style	Changes bullets or numbers in lists		tech-css-properties
Cybersecurity	Protecting computers, networks and data from attack		tech-cybersecurity-basics
CIA triad	Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Confidentiality	Only authorized people can see the data		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Integrity	Data is accurate and has not been tampered with		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Availability	Systems and data are usable when needed		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Threat	Something that could cause harm		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Vulnerability	A weakness that can be exploited		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Exploit	A way to take advantage of a vulnerability		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Risk	The chance a threat uses a vulnerability and causes harm		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Malware	Harmful software		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Virus	Malware that attaches to files and spreads		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Worm	Malware that spreads by itself over networks		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Trojan horse	Malware disguised as something useful		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Ransomware	Malware that locks files and demands payment		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Spyware	Software that secretly watches what you do		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Adware	Software that shows unwanted ads		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Keylogger	Malware that records keystrokes		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Botnet	A network of infected computers controlled by an attacker		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Phishing	Fake messages that trick you into giving information		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Spear phishing	Phishing aimed at a specific person		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Smishing	Phishing by text message		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Social engineering	Tricking people rather than breaking technology		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Pretexting	Inventing a story to gain trust		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Brute force attack	Trying many passwords until one works		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Dictionary attack	Trying common words as passwords		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Credential stuffing	Reusing leaked passwords on other sites		tech-cybersecurity-basics
DDoS attack	Flooding a site with traffic to knock it offline		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Man-in-the-middle attack	An attacker secretly intercepts communication		tech-cybersecurity-basics
SQL injection	Sneaking harmful database commands into input		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Cross-site scripting (XSS)	Injecting harmful scripts into web pages		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Zero-day	A vulnerability unknown to the maker, with no fix yet		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Patch	An update that fixes a vulnerability		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Software updates	Install them promptly to close security holes		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Strong password	Long and unique, not reused		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Passphrase	A long password made of several words		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Password manager	A tool that stores unique passwords safely		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Multi-factor authentication	Requiring two or more proofs of identity		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Authentication	Proving who you are		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Authorization	What you're allowed to do after logging in		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Biometrics	Using fingerprints or faces to identify you		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Encryption	Scrambling data so only holders of a key can read it		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Decryption	Unscrambling encrypted data		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Symmetric encryption	Uses the same key to lock and unlock		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Asymmetric encryption	Uses a public key to lock and a private key to unlock		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Public key	A key you can share		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Private key	A key you keep secret		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Hash	A fixed-length fingerprint of data, hard to reverse		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Salt	Random data added to a password before hashing		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Digital signature	Proof that a message came from a certain sender		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Certificate	A digital ID that proves a website is who it claims to be		tech-cybersecurity-basics
HTTPS	Secure web connections that use encryption		tech-cybersecurity-basics
VPN	Creates an encrypted tunnel for your traffic		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Firewall	Blocks unwanted network traffic		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Antivirus	Software that detects malware		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Intrusion detection system	Monitors a network for suspicious activity		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Sandbox	A safe isolated space to run untrusted code		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Backup	A copy of data kept separately		tech-cybersecurity-basics
3-2-1 backup rule	3 copies, 2 types of media, 1 offsite		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Least privilege	Giving users only the access they need		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Defense in depth	Using many layers of protection		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Penetration testing	Authorized hacking to find weaknesses		tech-cybersecurity-basics
White hat hacker	An ethical hacker who helps improve security		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Black hat hacker	A criminal hacker		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Gray hat hacker	A hacker between ethical and criminal		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Bug bounty	A reward for responsibly reporting security flaws		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Data breach	When private data is exposed		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Identity theft	Using someone's personal information without permission		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Public Wi-Fi risk	Others may snoop; avoid sensitive logins		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Suspicious email clues	Urgent threats, odd sender, bad links, requests for passwords		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Hover before clicking	Check where a link really goes		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Never share	Passwords or verification codes with anyone		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Incident response	The plan for handling a security event		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Cipher	A method of encrypting text		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Caesar cipher	Shifts each letter by a fixed number		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Enigma	A cipher machine used by Germany in World War II		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Kerckhoffs's principle	A system should be secure even if everything but the key is public		tech-cybersecurity-basics
Data structure	A way of organizing data so it can be used efficiently		tech-data-structures
Array	A fixed-size list of items stored in order, accessed by index		tech-data-structures
Index	The position number of an item in an array, starting at 0 in most languages		tech-data-structures
Dynamic array	An array that grows automatically, like a Python list		tech-data-structures
Linked list	Items (nodes) linked by pointers, each pointing to the next		tech-data-structures
Node	A piece of a linked structure holding data and links		tech-data-structures
Singly linked list	Each node points only to the next		tech-data-structures
Doubly linked list	Each node points to both the next and the previous		tech-data-structures
Pointer (reference)	A value that tells where another value is stored		tech-data-structures
Stack	A last-in, first-out (LIFO) structure		tech-data-structures
Push	Add an item to a stack		tech-data-structures
Pop	Remove the top item from a stack		tech-data-structures
Peek	Look at the top item without removing it		tech-data-structures
Queue	A first-in, first-out (FIFO) structure		tech-data-structures
Enqueue	Add an item to the back of a queue		tech-data-structures
Dequeue	Remove the item at the front of a queue		tech-data-structures
Deque	A double-ended queue; add or remove at either end		tech-data-structures
Priority queue	A queue where higher priority items leave first		tech-data-structures
Hash table (hash map)	Stores key-value pairs for fast lookup using a hash function		tech-data-structures
Hash function	Converts a key into a number to find its slot		tech-data-structures
Set	A collection of unique items		tech-data-structures
Dictionary (map)	A collection of key-value pairs		tech-data-structures
Tuple	An ordered, unchangeable group of values		tech-data-structures
Tree	A hierarchy of nodes with a root and branches		tech-data-structures
Root	The top node of a tree		tech-data-structures
Leaf	A node with no children		tech-data-structures
Parent and child	A node and the nodes directly below it		tech-data-structures
Depth	How many steps a node is from the root		tech-data-structures
Height of a tree	The longest path from the root to a leaf		tech-data-structures
Binary tree	A tree in which each node has at most two children		tech-data-structures
Binary search tree (BST)	A binary tree where left values are smaller and right values are larger		tech-data-structures
Balanced tree	A tree whose branches are roughly equal in height		tech-data-structures
AVL tree	A self-balancing binary search tree		tech-data-structures
Heap	A tree-based structure where the parent is always larger (or smaller) than its children		tech-data-structures
Min-heap	The smallest element is at the top		tech-data-structures
Max-heap	The largest element is at the top		tech-data-structures
Trie	A tree for storing words by their letters		tech-data-structures
Graph	Nodes (vertices) connected by edges		tech-data-structures
Vertex	A node in a graph		tech-data-structures
Edge	A connection between two vertices		tech-data-structures
Directed graph	Edges have a direction		tech-data-structures
Undirected graph	Edges go both ways		tech-data-structures
Weighted graph	Edges have values like distance or cost		tech-data-structures
Adjacency list	Graph stored as a list of neighbors for each vertex		tech-data-structures
Adjacency matrix	Graph stored as a grid showing which vertices connect		tech-data-structures
Cycle	A path that returns to its starting vertex		tech-data-structures
Tree vs graph	A tree is a graph with no cycles that is connected		tech-data-structures
Record (struct)	A bundle of named fields		tech-data-structures
String	A sequence of characters		tech-data-structures
Matrix	A grid of values in rows and columns		tech-data-structures
2D array	An array of arrays, like a grid		tech-data-structures
Stack use	Undo buttons, function calls, browser back		tech-data-structures
Queue use	Print jobs, task scheduling		tech-data-structures
Hash table use	Fast lookups, caches, counting		tech-data-structures
Tree use	File systems, search, hierarchies		tech-data-structures
Graph use	Maps, social networks, the internet		tech-data-structures
Access time of an array by index	O(1)		tech-data-structures
Search time in an unsorted array	O(n)		tech-data-structures
Insertion at the front of a linked list	O(1)		tech-data-structures
Search time in a balanced BST	O(log n)		tech-data-structures
Average lookup in a hash table	O(1)		tech-data-structures
Call stack	The stack that tracks which function is running		tech-data-structures
Stack overflow	When the call stack runs out of space, often from endless recursion		tech-data-structures
Abstract data type (ADT)	A description of what a structure does, not how		tech-data-structures
Circular buffer	A fixed-size queue that wraps around		tech-data-structures
Bloom filter	A compact structure that tells if an item might be in a set		tech-data-structures
Union-find	A structure that tracks groups of connected items		tech-data-structures
Immutable	Cannot be changed after creation		tech-data-structures
Mutable	Can be changed after creation		tech-data-structures
.txt	Plain text file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.doc / .docx	Microsoft Word document		tech-file-types-and-formats
.pdf	Portable Document Format, looks the same on any device		tech-file-types-and-formats
.rtf	Rich Text Format, text with simple formatting		tech-file-types-and-formats
.odt	OpenDocument text file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.xls / .xlsx	Microsoft Excel spreadsheet		tech-file-types-and-formats
.csv	Comma-separated values, a simple data table in text		tech-file-types-and-formats
.ppt / .pptx	Microsoft PowerPoint presentation		tech-file-types-and-formats
.key	Apple Keynote presentation		tech-file-types-and-formats
.pages	Apple Pages document		tech-file-types-and-formats
.jpg / .jpeg	Compressed photo image		tech-file-types-and-formats
.png	Image with lossless compression and transparency		tech-file-types-and-formats
.gif	Image format that supports simple animation		tech-file-types-and-formats
.bmp	Uncompressed bitmap image		tech-file-types-and-formats
.svg	Scalable vector graphics, sharp at any size		tech-file-types-and-formats
.webp	Modern web image format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.heic	Apple's efficient photo format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.tiff	High-quality image format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.psd	Adobe Photoshop file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.ai	Adobe Illustrator file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.mp3	Compressed audio		tech-file-types-and-formats
.wav	Uncompressed audio		tech-file-types-and-formats
.aac	Compressed audio format used by Apple		tech-file-types-and-formats
.flac	Lossless compressed audio		tech-file-types-and-formats
.ogg	Open audio format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.midi / .mid	File with music notes instead of sound		tech-file-types-and-formats
.mp4	Common video format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.mov	Apple QuickTime video		tech-file-types-and-formats
.avi	Older Microsoft video format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.mkv	Flexible video container format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.webm	Open video format for the web		tech-file-types-and-formats
.zip	Compressed archive of files		tech-file-types-and-formats
.rar	Compressed archive format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.7z	7-Zip compressed archive		tech-file-types-and-formats
.tar.gz	Compressed archive common on Linux		tech-file-types-and-formats
.exe	Windows program		tech-file-types-and-formats
.msi	Windows installer		tech-file-types-and-formats
.dmg	Mac disk image used for installing apps		tech-file-types-and-formats
.app	Mac application		tech-file-types-and-formats
.apk	Android app package		tech-file-types-and-formats
.ipa	iOS app package		tech-file-types-and-formats
.iso	Disk image of a disc		tech-file-types-and-formats
.html / .htm	Web page		tech-file-types-and-formats
.css	Stylesheet for web pages		tech-file-types-and-formats
.js	JavaScript code		tech-file-types-and-formats
.json	JavaScript Object Notation, a common data format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.xml	Extensible Markup Language, structured data		tech-file-types-and-formats
.py	Python code		tech-file-types-and-formats
.java	Java source code		tech-file-types-and-formats
.class	Compiled Java code		tech-file-types-and-formats
.c / .cpp	C and C++ source code		tech-file-types-and-formats
.cs	C# source code		tech-file-types-and-formats
.php	PHP script		tech-file-types-and-formats
.rb	Ruby script		tech-file-types-and-formats
.sql	SQL database commands		tech-file-types-and-formats
.db / .sqlite	Database file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.md	Markdown text file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.yml / .yaml	Human-readable configuration data		tech-file-types-and-formats
.sh	Shell script		tech-file-types-and-formats
.bat	Windows batch file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.ini / .cfg	Configuration file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.log	Log file recording events		tech-file-types-and-formats
.tmp	Temporary file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.bak	Backup file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.dll	Windows dynamic link library		tech-file-types-and-formats
.sys	System file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.ttf / .otf	Font files		tech-file-types-and-formats
.epub	E-book format		tech-file-types-and-formats
.ics	Calendar event file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.vcf	Contact card file		tech-file-types-and-formats
.torrent	File used by peer-to-peer sharing software		tech-file-types-and-formats
File extension	The letters after the dot that suggest the file type		tech-file-types-and-formats
Filename	The name before the extension		tech-file-types-and-formats
Folder (directory)	A container for files		tech-file-types-and-formats
Path	The location of a file, such as C:\Users\Sam\file.txt		tech-file-types-and-formats
Operating system	Software that manages a computer, like Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS		tech-file-types-and-formats
Git	A version control system that tracks changes to files		tech-git-commands
Repository (repo)	A project folder tracked by Git		tech-git-commands
Create a new repository	git init		tech-git-commands
Copy a repository	git clone <url>		tech-git-commands
See what has changed	git status		tech-git-commands
Stage a file	git add file.txt		tech-git-commands
Stage everything	git add .		tech-git-commands
Commit staged changes	git commit -m 'message'		tech-git-commands
Commit	A saved snapshot of the project		tech-git-commands
Commit message	A short note describing the change		tech-git-commands
Staging area (index)	Where changes wait before committing		tech-git-commands
Working directory	Your project files as they currently are		tech-git-commands
View history	git log		tech-git-commands
View history briefly	git log --oneline		tech-git-commands
See changes not yet staged	git diff		tech-git-commands
See staged changes	git diff --staged		tech-git-commands
Branch	A separate line of work		tech-git-commands
List branches	git branch		tech-git-commands
Create a branch	git branch name		tech-git-commands
Switch branch	git switch name		tech-git-commands
Create and switch to a branch	git switch -c name		tech-git-commands
Old switch command	git checkout name		tech-git-commands
Merge a branch	git merge name		tech-git-commands
Merge conflict	When Git can't combine changes automatically		tech-git-commands
Resolve a conflict	Edit the file, remove markers, then add and commit		tech-git-commands
Delete a branch	git branch -d name		tech-git-commands
main branch	The default primary branch		tech-git-commands
Remote	A copy of the repository on a server		tech-git-commands
Origin	The usual name of the main remote		tech-git-commands
Add a remote	git remote add origin <url>		tech-git-commands
Show remotes	git remote -v		tech-git-commands
Send commits to a remote	git push		tech-git-commands
First push of a branch	git push -u origin name		tech-git-commands
Get new commits from remote	git fetch		tech-git-commands
Fetch and merge from remote	git pull		tech-git-commands
Undo staging of a file	git restore --staged file		tech-git-commands
Discard local changes to a file	git restore file		tech-git-commands
Undo the last commit but keep changes	git reset --soft HEAD~1		tech-git-commands
Make a new commit that undoes a commit	git revert <hash>		tech-git-commands
Fix the last commit message	git commit --amend		tech-git-commands
Temporarily save changes	git stash		tech-git-commands
Bring back stashed changes	git stash pop		tech-git-commands
Tag a commit	git tag v1.0		tech-git-commands
HEAD	A pointer to the current commit		tech-git-commands
Hash	The unique ID of a commit		tech-git-commands
Rebase	Move commits onto a new base for a straight history		tech-git-commands
Cherry-pick	Copy one commit onto another branch		tech-git-commands
Fork	Your own copy of someone else's repository		tech-git-commands
Pull request (PR)	A request to merge your branch into another		tech-git-commands
Code review	Teammates read and comment on changes		tech-git-commands
GitHub	A website hosting Git repositories		tech-git-commands
GitLab	Another site for hosting Git repositories		tech-git-commands
Issue	A task or bug report on GitHub		tech-git-commands
Clone vs fork	Clone copies to your computer; fork copies to your account		tech-git-commands
README	A file describing a project		tech-git-commands
License	A file saying how others may use the code		tech-git-commands
Gitignore	A file listing what Git should not track		tech-git-commands
Linus Torvalds	Created Git in 2005		tech-git-commands
Diff	The difference between two versions of files		tech-git-commands
Blame	git blame shows who last changed each line		tech-git-commands
Bisect	git bisect finds the commit that introduced a bug		tech-git-commands
Detached HEAD	Being on a commit that is not at the tip of a branch		tech-git-commands
Force push	git push --force overwrites remote history; use with great care		tech-git-commands
Never commit	Passwords, tokens or secret keys		tech-git-commands
Commit often	Small commits are easier to understand		tech-git-commands
Feature branch	A branch made for one new feature		tech-git-commands
Continuous integration (CI)	Tests run automatically when code is pushed		tech-git-commands
<html>	The root element that wraps the whole page		tech-html-tags
<!DOCTYPE html>	Declares the page uses modern HTML5		tech-html-tags
<head>	Holds information about the page, not shown on screen		tech-html-tags
<title>	The page title shown in the browser tab		tech-html-tags
<meta>	Metadata about the page, like character set		tech-html-tags
<link>	Links to outside files such as stylesheets		tech-html-tags
<style>	Holds CSS written inside the page		tech-html-tags
<script>	Holds or loads JavaScript		tech-html-tags
<body>	The visible content of the page		tech-html-tags
<h1>	The main heading, the largest		tech-html-tags
<h2> to <h6>	Smaller headings		tech-html-tags
<p>	A paragraph of text		tech-html-tags
<br>	A line break		tech-html-tags
<hr>	A horizontal line dividing content		tech-html-tags
<a href='url'>	A link to another page		tech-html-tags
<img src='pic.jpg' alt='description'>	Shows an image; alt describes it		tech-html-tags
<strong>	Important text, usually bold		tech-html-tags
<em>	Emphasized text, usually italic		tech-html-tags
<b>	Bold text without extra importance		tech-html-tags
<i>	Italic text		tech-html-tags
<u>	Underlined text		tech-html-tags
<mark>	Highlighted text		tech-html-tags
<code>	A short piece of computer code		tech-html-tags
<pre>	Preformatted text that keeps spaces and line breaks		tech-html-tags
<blockquote>	A long quotation		tech-html-tags
<ul>	An unordered (bulleted) list		tech-html-tags
<ol>	An ordered (numbered) list		tech-html-tags
<li>	One item in a list		tech-html-tags
<dl>, <dt>, <dd>	A description list, its term, and its description		tech-html-tags
<table>	A table		tech-html-tags
<tr>	A table row		tech-html-tags
<td>	A table cell		tech-html-tags
<th>	A table header cell		tech-html-tags
<thead>, <tbody>, <tfoot>	Parts of a table		tech-html-tags
<div>	A generic block container		tech-html-tags
<span>	A generic inline container		tech-html-tags
<header>	Introductory content or navigation area		tech-html-tags
<nav>	A group of navigation links		tech-html-tags
<main>	The main content of the page		tech-html-tags
<section>	A themed group of content		tech-html-tags
<article>	Independent content like a blog post		tech-html-tags
<aside>	Side content related to the main content		tech-html-tags
<footer>	Footer content, such as copyright		tech-html-tags
<figure> and <figcaption>	An image or diagram with a caption		tech-html-tags
<form>	A form to collect information		tech-html-tags
<input>	A field where users type or choose		tech-html-tags
<label>	A text label for a form control		tech-html-tags
<textarea>	A large multi-line text box		tech-html-tags
<select> and <option>	A dropdown menu and its choices		tech-html-tags
<button>	A clickable button		tech-html-tags
<fieldset> and <legend>	Groups form controls with a title		tech-html-tags
<audio>	Plays sound		tech-html-tags
<video>	Plays video		tech-html-tags
<source>	Specifies a media file for audio or video		tech-html-tags
<canvas>	A drawing area for graphics scripts		tech-html-tags
<svg>	Vector graphics drawn in code		tech-html-tags
<iframe>	Embeds another page inside the page		tech-html-tags
<details> and <summary>	A show/hide widget with a visible summary		tech-html-tags
<abbr>	An abbreviation		tech-html-tags
<time>	A date or time		tech-html-tags
<sup> and <sub>	Superscript and subscript text		tech-html-tags
Attribute	Extra information in a tag, like href or src		tech-html-tags
id attribute	A unique name for one element		tech-html-tags
class attribute	A name shared by many elements for styling		tech-html-tags
alt attribute	Text describing an image, for screen readers		tech-html-tags
href attribute	The link destination		tech-html-tags
src attribute	The source file of an image or script		tech-html-tags
target='_blank'	Opens a link in a new tab		tech-html-tags
type attribute (input)	Chooses the control type: text, checkbox, number and so on		tech-html-tags
placeholder attribute	Hint text shown in an empty input		tech-html-tags
required attribute	The form field must be filled in		tech-html-tags
Comment in HTML	<!-- comment -->		tech-html-tags
Self-closing (void) tags	Tags with no closing tag, like <br>, <img>, <input>		tech-html-tags
Nesting	Putting tags inside other tags		tech-html-tags
HTML stands for	HyperText Markup Language		tech-html-tags
Internet	A worldwide network of connected computers		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
World Wide Web	Pages and sites you view in a browser, which run on the internet		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Web browser	Software for viewing websites, like Chrome, Safari or Firefox		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Website	A collection of linked web pages		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Web page	A single document on a website		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
URL	A web address		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Domain name	The name of a site, like example.com		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Top-level domain	The ending of a domain name, like .com, .org or .edu		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Link (hyperlink)	Text or a picture you click to go to another page		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Homepage	The main page of a website		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Search engine	A website that finds pages for your search words		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Keyword	A word used to search		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Bookmark	A saved shortcut to a web page		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Tab	One page open inside a browser window		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Cookie	A small file a website saves in your browser		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Cache	Stored copies of pages to load faster		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Browsing history	A list of pages you visited		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Incognito (private) mode	Browsing that doesn't save history on your device		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Download	Copy a file from the internet to your device		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Upload	Send a file from your device to the internet		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Stream	Watch or listen online without saving the whole file		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Email	Electronic mail		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Attachment	A file sent along with an email		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Spam	Unwanted junk email or messages		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Social media	Websites and apps for sharing and connecting		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Blog	A website with regularly posted entries		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Wiki	A site anyone can edit, like Wikipedia		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Podcast	An audio show you can download or stream		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Cloud storage	Keeping files on internet servers		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Wi-Fi	Wireless internet connection		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Router	A device that sends data between your devices and the internet		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Modem	A device that connects your home to your internet provider		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
ISP	Internet service provider, the company giving you internet		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Bandwidth	How much data can be sent in a given time		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Broadband	High-speed internet		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Ping	The time a signal takes to travel to a server and back		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Password	A secret code to protect an account		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Strong password	Long, unique and hard to guess		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Password manager	An app that stores your passwords safely		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Two-factor authentication (2FA)	Using two proofs of identity, like a password and a code		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Phishing	Fake messages that try to trick you into giving information		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Scam	A trick to steal money or information		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Malware	Harmful software		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Virus	Malware that spreads by copying itself		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Antivirus	Software that finds and removes malware		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Firewall	A shield that blocks unwanted connections		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
VPN	A virtual private network that encrypts your connection		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Encryption	Scrambling data so only the right person can read it		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
HTTPS	Secure web connection; look for the lock icon		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
HTTP	The protocol for sending web pages, without encryption		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Privacy settings	Controls for who sees your information		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Personal information	Details like name, address and school; keep private		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Digital footprint	The record of what you do online		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Cyberbullying	Bullying that happens online		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Block	Stop a person from contacting you		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Report	Tell the site about harmful content		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Misinformation	False information		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Fact-check	Look up whether something is true		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Source	Where information comes from		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Credible source	A trustworthy source		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Copyright	The law that protects creators' work		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Creative Commons	Licenses that let creators share work with permission		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Citing a source	Giving credit for information you use		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Netiquette	Polite online behavior		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Digital citizenship	Using technology safely and respectfully		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Screen time	Time spent on screens		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Sharing rule	If you wouldn't say it to a person's face, don't post it		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Tim Berners-Lee	Invented the World Wide Web in 1989		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
First website	Went online in 1991 at CERN		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
ARPANET	Early network (1969) that grew into the internet		tech-internet-basics-and-safety
Print to the console	console.log('Hi')		tech-javascript-basics
Declare a changeable variable	let x = 5;		tech-javascript-basics
Declare a constant	const PI = 3.14;		tech-javascript-basics
Old way to declare a variable	var x = 5;		tech-javascript-basics
Single-line comment	// comment		tech-javascript-basics
Strict equality	a === b		tech-javascript-basics
Strict inequality	a !== b		tech-javascript-basics
Logical and	a && b		tech-javascript-basics
Logical or	a || b		tech-javascript-basics
Logical not	!a		tech-javascript-basics
Remainder	7 % 2		tech-javascript-basics
Exponent	2 ** 3		tech-javascript-basics
Increment	i++		tech-javascript-basics
If statement	if (x > 3) { }		tech-javascript-basics
Else if	else if (x === 3) { }		tech-javascript-basics
Ternary operator	cond ? a : b		tech-javascript-basics
Switch statement	switch (x) { case 1: break; }		tech-javascript-basics
For loop	for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) { }		tech-javascript-basics
For...of loop	for (const item of arr) { }		tech-javascript-basics
For...in loop	for (const key in obj) { }		tech-javascript-basics
While loop	while (x < 10) { }		tech-javascript-basics
Function declaration	function add(a, b) { return a + b; }		tech-javascript-basics
Arrow function	const add = (a, b) => a + b;		tech-javascript-basics
Anonymous function	function () { }		tech-javascript-basics
Make an array	const arr = [1, 2, 3];		tech-javascript-basics
Add to end of array	arr.push(4)		tech-javascript-basics
Remove last item	arr.pop()		tech-javascript-basics
Add to start	arr.unshift(0)		tech-javascript-basics
Remove first item	arr.shift()		tech-javascript-basics
Array length	arr.length		tech-javascript-basics
Loop over each item	arr.forEach(x => ...)		tech-javascript-basics
Transform every item	arr.map(x => x * 2)		tech-javascript-basics
Keep items that pass a test	arr.filter(x => x > 2)		tech-javascript-basics
Combine into one value	arr.reduce((sum, x) => sum + x, 0)		tech-javascript-basics
Find first match	arr.find(x => x > 2)		tech-javascript-basics
Does the array include a value?	arr.includes(3)		tech-javascript-basics
Sort an array (numbers)	arr.sort((a, b) => a - b)		tech-javascript-basics
Join array into a string	arr.join(', ')		tech-javascript-basics
Make an object	const o = { name: 'Sam', age: 9 };		tech-javascript-basics
Read an object property	o.name or o['name']		tech-javascript-basics
Get keys of an object	Object.keys(o)		tech-javascript-basics
Template literal	`Hello ${name}`		tech-javascript-basics
String length	s.length		tech-javascript-basics
String uppercase	s.toUpperCase()		tech-javascript-basics
Split a string	s.split(' ')		tech-javascript-basics
Convert to number	Number('5') or parseInt('5')		tech-javascript-basics
Check not a number	isNaN(x)		tech-javascript-basics
Random number 0 to 1	Math.random()		tech-javascript-basics
Round down	Math.floor(3.7)		tech-javascript-basics
Round	Math.round(3.5)		tech-javascript-basics
Absolute value	Math.abs(-3)		tech-javascript-basics
Larger of values	Math.max(1, 5)		tech-javascript-basics
Undefined	A variable that has not been given a value		tech-javascript-basics
Null	An intentional empty value		tech-javascript-basics
typeof operator	typeof x		tech-javascript-basics
Select an element by ID	document.getElementById('id')		tech-javascript-basics
Select with a CSS selector	document.querySelector('.cls')		tech-javascript-basics
Change text of an element	el.textContent = 'Hi'		tech-javascript-basics
Change style	el.style.color = 'red'		tech-javascript-basics
Add a class	el.classList.add('on')		tech-javascript-basics
Listen for a click	el.addEventListener('click', fn)		tech-javascript-basics
Wait before running code	setTimeout(fn, 1000)		tech-javascript-basics
Repeat code over time	setInterval(fn, 1000)		tech-javascript-basics
Fetch data from a URL	fetch(url)		tech-javascript-basics
Parse JSON text	JSON.parse(text)		tech-javascript-basics
Convert to JSON text	JSON.stringify(obj)		tech-javascript-basics
Promise	An object for a value that will be available later		tech-javascript-basics
async / await	Syntax for writing asynchronous code that reads in order		tech-javascript-basics
Try/catch	try { } catch (e) { }		tech-javascript-basics
Class definition	class Dog { constructor(name) { this.name = name; } }		tech-javascript-basics
this keyword	Refers to the current object		tech-javascript-basics
Import a module	import x from './x.js';		tech-javascript-basics
Export a function	export function f() { }		tech-javascript-basics
Spread operator	[...arr]		tech-javascript-basics
Destructuring	const { a, b } = obj;		tech-javascript-basics
JavaScript's creator	Brendan Eich, in 1995		tech-javascript-basics
Is JavaScript the same as Java?	No, they are different languages		tech-javascript-basics
Copy	Ctrl+C (Windows) or Cmd+C (Mac)		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Cut	Ctrl+X or Cmd+X		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Paste	Ctrl+V or Cmd+V		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Undo	Ctrl+Z or Cmd+Z		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Redo	Ctrl+Y or Cmd+Shift+Z		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Select all	Ctrl+A or Cmd+A		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Save	Ctrl+S or Cmd+S		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Save as	Ctrl+Shift+S or Cmd+Shift+S		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Open	Ctrl+O or Cmd+O		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
New document or window	Ctrl+N or Cmd+N		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Print	Ctrl+P or Cmd+P		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Find	Ctrl+F or Cmd+F		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Find and replace	Ctrl+H (Windows) or Cmd+Option+F (Mac, in some apps)		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Bold	Ctrl+B or Cmd+B		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Italic	Ctrl+I or Cmd+I		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Underline	Ctrl+U or Cmd+U		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Close the window or tab	Ctrl+W or Cmd+W		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Quit the app (Mac)	Cmd+Q		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Close the window (Windows)	Alt+F4		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Reopen closed browser tab	Ctrl+Shift+T or Cmd+Shift+T		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
New browser tab	Ctrl+T or Cmd+T		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Switch to next browser tab	Ctrl+Tab		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Switch to a specific tab	Ctrl+1 to 8 (or Cmd+1 to 8)		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Refresh a web page	Ctrl+R or F5 (Windows); Cmd+R (Mac)		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Go back in the browser	Alt+Left Arrow or Cmd+Left Arrow		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Go forward in the browser	Alt+Right Arrow or Cmd+Right Arrow		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Focus the address bar	Ctrl+L or Cmd+L		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Bookmark the page	Ctrl+D or Cmd+D		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Zoom in	Ctrl+Plus or Cmd+Plus		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Zoom out	Ctrl+Minus or Cmd+Minus		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Reset zoom	Ctrl+0 or Cmd+0		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Switch between open apps (Windows)	Alt+Tab		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Switch between open apps (Mac)	Cmd+Tab		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Show the desktop (Windows)	Windows key+D		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Open Task Manager (Windows)	Ctrl+Shift+Esc		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Force Quit (Mac)	Cmd+Option+Esc		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Lock the screen (Windows)	Windows key+L		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Lock the screen (Mac)	Control+Cmd+Q		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Screenshot (Windows)	Windows key+Shift+S		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Screenshot of whole screen (Mac)	Cmd+Shift+3		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Screenshot of a selection (Mac)	Cmd+Shift+4		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Open Spotlight search (Mac)	Cmd+Space		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Open the Start menu / search (Windows)	Windows key		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Open File Explorer (Windows)	Windows key+E		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Emoji picker (Windows)	Windows key+Period		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Emoji picker (Mac)	Control+Cmd+Space		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Select a word	Double-click it		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Select a whole paragraph	Triple-click it		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Select the word to the left	Ctrl+Shift+Left Arrow (Windows) or Option+Shift+Left Arrow (Mac)		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Move to the start of a line	Home (Windows) or Cmd+Left (Mac)		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Move to the end of a line	End (Windows) or Cmd+Right (Mac)		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Move to the start of a document	Ctrl+Home or Cmd+Up		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Move to the end of a document	Ctrl+End or Cmd+Down		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Delete the previous word	Ctrl+Backspace or Option+Delete		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Rename a file	F2 (Windows) or Return (Mac)		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Delete a file (to trash)	Delete key or Cmd+Delete		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Permanently delete a file (Windows)	Shift+Delete		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Open the Run box (Windows)	Windows key+R		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Copy a file path	Right-click and choose Copy as path, in Windows		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Insert a line break within a paragraph	Shift+Enter		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Caps Lock	A key that makes all letters capital		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Shift key	Hold to type capitals and symbols		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Tab key	Moves to the next field or indents		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Esc key	Cancels or exits		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Function keys (F1 to F12)	Special keys for actions, such as F1 for help		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Print Screen key	Captures the screen on Windows		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Home row	The row of keys ASDF JKL; where fingers rest when typing		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
F and J keys	Have bumps to help you find the home row		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
QWERTY	The most common keyboard layout, named for the top row of letters		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
Right-click equivalent on Mac trackpad	Two-finger tap or Control+click		tech-keyboard-shortcuts
ls	List files and folders		tech-linux-commands
ls -l	List with details like size and permissions		tech-linux-commands
ls -a	List all files including hidden ones		tech-linux-commands
cd folder	Change into a folder		tech-linux-commands
cd ..	Go up one folder		tech-linux-commands
cd ~ or cd	Go to your home folder		tech-linux-commands
pwd	Print the current working directory		tech-linux-commands
mkdir name	Make a new folder		tech-linux-commands
rmdir name	Remove an empty folder		tech-linux-commands
touch file	Create an empty file or update its timestamp		tech-linux-commands
cp a b	Copy a file		tech-linux-commands
cp -r a b	Copy a folder and its contents		tech-linux-commands
mv a b	Move or rename a file		tech-linux-commands
rm file	Delete a file (no undo)		tech-linux-commands
rm -r folder	Delete a folder and contents (dangerous)		tech-linux-commands
cat file	Show a file's contents		tech-linux-commands
less file	View a file one page at a time		tech-linux-commands
head file	Show the first lines of a file		tech-linux-commands
tail file	Show the last lines of a file		tech-linux-commands
tail -f file	Follow a file as new lines are added		tech-linux-commands
echo text	Print text		tech-linux-commands
grep pattern file	Search for text in a file		tech-linux-commands
grep -r pattern .	Search recursively through folders		tech-linux-commands
find . -name 'x'	Find files by name		tech-linux-commands
wc -l file	Count lines in a file		tech-linux-commands
sort file	Sort lines		tech-linux-commands
uniq	Remove repeated adjacent lines		tech-linux-commands
diff a b	Show differences between two files		tech-linux-commands
chmod	Change file permissions		tech-linux-commands
chmod +x file	Make a file executable		tech-linux-commands
chown	Change the owner of a file		tech-linux-commands
sudo	Run a command with administrator privileges		tech-linux-commands
su	Switch user		tech-linux-commands
whoami	Show the current user name		tech-linux-commands
man command	Show the manual for a command		tech-linux-commands
--help	Show brief help for a command		tech-linux-commands
history	Show previous commands		tech-linux-commands
clear	Clear the terminal screen		tech-linux-commands
Ctrl+C	Stop the running command		tech-linux-commands
Ctrl+D	End input or log out		tech-linux-commands
Ctrl+L	Clear the screen		tech-linux-commands
Up arrow	Recall the previous command		tech-linux-commands
Tab key	Auto-complete a name		tech-linux-commands
ps	Show running processes		tech-linux-commands
top or htop	Show live process and resource usage		tech-linux-commands
kill PID	Stop a process by its ID		tech-linux-commands
df -h	Show disk space		tech-linux-commands
du -sh folder	Show a folder's size		tech-linux-commands
free -h	Show memory usage		tech-linux-commands
uname -a	Show system information		tech-linux-commands
date	Show the date and time		tech-linux-commands
ping host	Test network reachability		tech-linux-commands
curl url	Transfer data from a URL		tech-linux-commands
wget url	Download a file		tech-linux-commands
ssh user@host	Log in to a remote machine securely		tech-linux-commands
scp	Copy files securely between machines		tech-linux-commands
tar -czf out.tar.gz folder	Create a compressed archive		tech-linux-commands
tar -xzf file.tar.gz	Extract an archive		tech-linux-commands
zip and unzip	Compress and extract zip files		tech-linux-commands
apt install pkg	Install a package on Debian or Ubuntu		tech-linux-commands
brew install pkg	Install a package on macOS with Homebrew		tech-linux-commands
| (pipe)	Send the output of one command into another		tech-linux-commands
> (redirect)	Write output to a file, replacing it		tech-linux-commands
>> (append)	Add output to the end of a file		tech-linux-commands
< (input redirect)	Use a file as input		tech-linux-commands
&& (and)	Run the next command only if the first succeeds		tech-linux-commands
& (background)	Run a command in the background		tech-linux-commands
* (wildcard)	Matches any characters in filenames		tech-linux-commands
~ (tilde)	Your home directory		tech-linux-commands
. (dot)	The current directory		tech-linux-commands
.. (dot dot)	The parent directory		tech-linux-commands
/ (root)	The top of the file system		tech-linux-commands
Absolute path	A path starting from /		tech-linux-commands
Relative path	A path starting from the current folder		tech-linux-commands
Environment variable	A named value available to programs, like PATH		tech-linux-commands
PATH	A list of folders where the shell looks for commands		tech-linux-commands
export VAR=value	Set an environment variable		tech-linux-commands
Shell	A program that reads your commands		tech-linux-commands
bash	A popular shell		tech-linux-commands
Kernel	The core of an operating system		tech-linux-commands
Linux creator	Linus Torvalds, first released in 1991		tech-linux-commands
Tux	The penguin mascot of Linux		tech-linux-commands
Permissions rwx	Read, write and execute		tech-linux-commands
Hidden file	A file whose name begins with a dot		tech-linux-commands
nano	A simple text editor in the terminal		tech-linux-commands
vim	A powerful text editor, famous for being hard to exit (:q)		tech-linux-commands
Network	Computers and devices connected to share data		tech-networking-terms
LAN	Local area network, such as in a home or school		tech-networking-terms
WAN	Wide area network that spans a large area		tech-networking-terms
Internet	A global network of networks		tech-networking-terms
Intranet	A private network inside an organization		tech-networking-terms
IP address	A number that identifies a device on a network		tech-networking-terms
IPv4 address	Four numbers 0 to 255, like 192.168.1.1		tech-networking-terms
IPv6 address	A longer address format with letters and numbers, made for more devices		tech-networking-terms
Public IP	An address visible on the internet		tech-networking-terms
Private IP	An address used inside a local network, like 192.168.x.x		tech-networking-terms
Localhost (127.0.0.1)	Your own computer		tech-networking-terms
MAC address	A hardware address built into a network card		tech-networking-terms
DNS	Domain Name System, translates names into IP addresses		tech-networking-terms
DHCP	Automatically gives devices IP addresses		tech-networking-terms
NAT	Lets many devices share one public IP address		tech-networking-terms
Router	Forwards data between networks		tech-networking-terms
Switch	Connects devices within a network		tech-networking-terms
Hub	A simple device that repeats data to all ports		tech-networking-terms
Modem	Connects a home to the internet provider		tech-networking-terms
Access point	Gives wireless devices a connection to a network		tech-networking-terms
Gateway	A node that connects one network to another		tech-networking-terms
Firewall	Controls which traffic is allowed in or out		tech-networking-terms
Proxy server	A server that acts as middleman for requests		tech-networking-terms
VPN	Virtual private network that sends traffic through an encrypted tunnel		tech-networking-terms
Protocol	A set of rules for communication		tech-networking-terms
TCP	Reliable, ordered delivery of data		tech-networking-terms
UDP	Fast delivery without guarantees, used in streaming and games		tech-networking-terms
IP (Internet Protocol)	Addresses and routes packets		tech-networking-terms
HTTP	Protocol for web pages		tech-networking-terms
HTTPS	HTTP with encryption		tech-networking-terms
FTP	Protocol for transferring files		tech-networking-terms
SMTP	Protocol for sending email		tech-networking-terms
IMAP and POP3	Protocols for receiving email		tech-networking-terms
SSH	Secure remote login		tech-networking-terms
TLS/SSL	Encryption protocols for secure connections		tech-networking-terms
Port	A numbered door on a device for a type of traffic		tech-networking-terms
Port 80	HTTP		tech-networking-terms
Port 443	HTTPS		tech-networking-terms
Port 22	SSH		tech-networking-terms
Port 25	SMTP email		tech-networking-terms
Port 53	DNS		tech-networking-terms
Packet	A small chunk of data sent over a network		tech-networking-terms
Header	Information at the start of a packet like source and destination		tech-networking-terms
Latency	Delay before data arrives		tech-networking-terms
Bandwidth	Maximum data rate of a connection		tech-networking-terms
Throughput	The actual data rate achieved		tech-networking-terms
Ping	Test of reachability and round-trip time		tech-networking-terms
Traceroute	Shows the path packets take		tech-networking-terms
Jitter	Variation in delay		tech-networking-terms
Packet loss	Packets that never arrive		tech-networking-terms
Wi-Fi	Wireless local networking		tech-networking-terms
Ethernet	A common wired network standard		tech-networking-terms
Fiber optic	Cables that send data as pulses of light		tech-networking-terms
Cellular (4G, 5G)	Mobile phone networks		tech-networking-terms
Bluetooth	Short-range wireless		tech-networking-terms
Subnet	A smaller part of a network		tech-networking-terms
Subnet mask	Tells which part of an address is the network		tech-networking-terms
CIDR notation	Writing a network like 192.168.0.0/24		tech-networking-terms
Client	A device that requests services		tech-networking-terms
Server	A device that provides services		tech-networking-terms
Peer-to-peer	Devices share directly without a central server		tech-networking-terms
Cloud	Computing services offered over the internet		tech-networking-terms
CDN	Content delivery network, servers around the world that make sites load faster		tech-networking-terms
URL	A web address		tech-networking-terms
Domain registrar	A company that sells domain names		tech-networking-terms
ICANN	The organization that coordinates domain names and IP addresses		tech-networking-terms
Web server	Software that serves web pages		tech-networking-terms
API	Rules for programs to talk to each other		tech-networking-terms
REST	A common style for web APIs		tech-networking-terms
Status code 200	OK		tech-networking-terms
Status code 404	Not found		tech-networking-terms
Status code 500	Server error		tech-networking-terms
Status code 301	Moved permanently		tech-networking-terms
OSI model	A seven-layer model of networking		tech-networking-terms
OSI layers	Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application		tech-networking-terms
TCP/IP model	A four-layer model that the internet uses		tech-networking-terms
Three-way handshake	SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK to start a TCP connection		tech-networking-terms
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn	Designed TCP/IP in the 1970s		tech-networking-terms
Print text to the screen	print('Hello')		tech-python-syntax
Get input from the user	input('Name? ')		tech-python-syntax
Make a variable	x = 5		tech-python-syntax
Comment a line	# this is a comment		tech-python-syntax
Integer division	7 // 2 gives 3		tech-python-syntax
Remainder (modulo)	7 % 2 gives 1		tech-python-syntax
Exponent (power)	2 ** 3 gives 8		tech-python-syntax
Not equal comparison	x != y		tech-python-syntax
Equal comparison	x == y		tech-python-syntax
Logical and	a and b		tech-python-syntax
Logical or	a or b		tech-python-syntax
Logical not	not a		tech-python-syntax
If statement	if x > 3:		tech-python-syntax
Else if	elif x == 3:		tech-python-syntax
Else	else:		tech-python-syntax
For loop over a range of 5	for i in range(5):		tech-python-syntax
Range from 1 to 10	range(1, 11)		tech-python-syntax
While loop	while x < 10:		tech-python-syntax
Stop a loop early	break		tech-python-syntax
Skip to the next loop pass	continue		tech-python-syntax
Do nothing placeholder	pass		tech-python-syntax
Define a function	def greet(name):		tech-python-syntax
Return a value	return x		tech-python-syntax
Default parameter	def f(x=10):		tech-python-syntax
Lambda (small anonymous function)	lambda x: x * 2		tech-python-syntax
Make a list	nums = [1, 2, 3]		tech-python-syntax
Add to the end of a list	nums.append(4)		tech-python-syntax
Remove last item of a list	nums.pop()		tech-python-syntax
Length of a list or string	len(nums)		tech-python-syntax
First item of a list	nums[0]		tech-python-syntax
Last item of a list	nums[-1]		tech-python-syntax
Slice the first two items	nums[:2]		tech-python-syntax
Sort a list in place	nums.sort()		tech-python-syntax
Sorted copy of a list	sorted(nums)		tech-python-syntax
Reverse a list	nums.reverse() or nums[::-1]		tech-python-syntax
Tuple (unchangeable sequence)	t = (1, 2, 3)		tech-python-syntax
Set (unique items)	s = {1, 2, 3}		tech-python-syntax
Dictionary	d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}		tech-python-syntax
Get a dictionary value	d['a']		tech-python-syntax
Loop over dictionary items	for k, v in d.items():		tech-python-syntax
Check if item is in a list	3 in nums		tech-python-syntax
Convert to integer	int('5')		tech-python-syntax
Convert to string	str(5)		tech-python-syntax
Convert to float	float('3.5')		tech-python-syntax
Convert to list	list('abc')		tech-python-syntax
Type of a value	type(x)		tech-python-syntax
Join strings in a list	', '.join(words)		tech-python-syntax
Split a string into a list	'a b c'.split()		tech-python-syntax
Uppercase a string	'hi'.upper()		tech-python-syntax
Replace text in a string	s.replace('a', 'b')		tech-python-syntax
Strip whitespace	s.strip()		tech-python-syntax
F-string	f'Hello {name}'		tech-python-syntax
Multi-line string	'''text over lines'''		tech-python-syntax
Import a module	import math		tech-python-syntax
Import one name	from math import sqrt		tech-python-syntax
Random integer	import random; random.randint(1, 6)		tech-python-syntax
Square root	math.sqrt(16)		tech-python-syntax
Absolute value	abs(-3)		tech-python-syntax
Round a number	round(3.6)		tech-python-syntax
Maximum of values	max(1, 5, 3)		tech-python-syntax
Sum of a list	sum(nums)		tech-python-syntax
List comprehension	[x * 2 for x in nums]		tech-python-syntax
Open and read a file	with open('f.txt') as f: data = f.read()		tech-python-syntax
Handle errors	try: ... except ValueError: ...		tech-python-syntax
Raise an error	raise ValueError('bad')		tech-python-syntax
Define a class	class Dog:		tech-python-syntax
Constructor method	def __init__(self, name):		tech-python-syntax
The current object inside a method	self		tech-python-syntax
None value	None		tech-python-syntax
Boolean values	True and False		tech-python-syntax
Enumerate with index	for i, x in enumerate(nums):		tech-python-syntax
Zip two lists	zip(a, b)		tech-python-syntax
Check if a value is None	x is None		tech-python-syntax
Run code only when file is the main program	if __name__ == '__main__':		tech-python-syntax
Python's creator	Guido van Rossum, who released Python in 1991		tech-python-syntax
Cell	One box in a spreadsheet where a row and column meet		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Cell reference	The cell's address, like B3		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Row	A horizontal line of cells, labeled with numbers		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Column	A vertical line of cells, labeled with letters		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Range	A group of cells, like A1:A10		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Worksheet (sheet)	A single page of cells in a workbook		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Workbook	A file holding one or more sheets		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Formula	A calculation that starts with an equals sign		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Function	A built-in formula like SUM		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=A1+B1	Adds two cells		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=A1*B1	Multiplies two cells		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=SUM(A1:A10)	Adds a range		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=AVERAGE(A1:A10)	Finds the mean of a range		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=MIN(A1:A10)	Finds the smallest value		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=MAX(A1:A10)	Finds the largest value		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=COUNT(A1:A10)	Counts cells with numbers		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=COUNTA(A1:A10)	Counts non-empty cells		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=ROUND(A1,2)	Rounds to two decimal places		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=IF(A1>10,'Yes','No')	Returns one value if true and another if false		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=AND() and =OR()	Test several conditions		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=COUNTIF(range,criteria)	Counts cells that meet a rule		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)	Adds cells that meet a rule		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=VLOOKUP()	Looks up a value in the first column of a table		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=XLOOKUP()	A modern lookup function		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=INDEX() and =MATCH()	A flexible way to look things up		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=CONCATENATE() or =A1&B1	Joins text		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=LEFT(A1,3)	Takes the first 3 characters		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=LEN(A1)	Counts characters in a cell		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=UPPER(A1)	Makes text uppercase		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=TODAY()	Shows today's date		tech-spreadsheet-functions
=NOW()	Shows the date and time		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Absolute reference	Locks a cell with dollar signs, like $A$1		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Relative reference	A reference that changes when copied		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Fill handle	The small square in the corner of a cell you drag to copy		tech-spreadsheet-functions
AutoSum	A button that adds a column or row quickly		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Sort	Arrange rows in order		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Filter	Show only rows that meet a condition		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Conditional formatting	Changing cell colors based on values		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Pivot table	A summary table made from many rows of data		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Chart	A visual graph of data		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Bar chart	Compares categories with bars		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Line chart	Shows change over time		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Pie chart	Shows parts of a whole		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Header row	The top row naming each column		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Freeze panes	Keeps the header row visible while scrolling		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Merge cells	Combine cells into one		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Data validation	Limits what can be entered in a cell		tech-spreadsheet-functions
#DIV/0!	Error from dividing by zero		tech-spreadsheet-functions
#REF!	Error from a broken cell reference		tech-spreadsheet-functions
#NAME?	Error from a misspelled function name		tech-spreadsheet-functions
#VALUE!	Error from the wrong type of value		tech-spreadsheet-functions
CSV	A simple text file for spreadsheet data		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Google Sheets	A free online spreadsheet tool		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Microsoft Excel	A popular spreadsheet program first released in 1985		tech-spreadsheet-functions
VisiCalc	The first popular spreadsheet program, from 1979		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Mean	The average, found by adding and dividing		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Median	The middle value when ordered		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Mode	The most common value		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Order of operations	Parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division, then addition and subtraction		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Percent formula	=A1/B1 formatted as a percent		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Number format	Controls how a number looks: currency, date, percent		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Template	A premade spreadsheet layout		tech-spreadsheet-functions
Named range	A name given to a group of cells		tech-spreadsheet-functions
SQL	Structured Query Language, used to work with databases		tech-sql-commands
Database	An organized collection of data		tech-sql-commands
Table	Rows and columns of data in a database		tech-sql-commands
Row (record)	One entry in a table		tech-sql-commands
Column (field)	One attribute shared by all rows		tech-sql-commands
Primary key	A column that uniquely identifies each row		tech-sql-commands
Foreign key	A column linking to the primary key of another table		tech-sql-commands
SELECT	Gets data from a table		tech-sql-commands
SELECT *	Gets every column		tech-sql-commands
FROM	Names the table to read		tech-sql-commands
WHERE	Filters rows by a condition		tech-sql-commands
AND, OR, NOT	Combine or negate conditions		tech-sql-commands
ORDER BY	Sorts the results		tech-sql-commands
ASC / DESC	Sort ascending or descending		tech-sql-commands
LIMIT	Restricts how many rows are returned		tech-sql-commands
DISTINCT	Removes duplicate values from results		tech-sql-commands
LIKE	Matches text patterns		tech-sql-commands
% wildcard	Matches any number of characters in LIKE		tech-sql-commands
_ wildcard	Matches exactly one character in LIKE		tech-sql-commands
IN	Matches any value in a list		tech-sql-commands
BETWEEN	Matches a range of values		tech-sql-commands
IS NULL	Tests for missing values		tech-sql-commands
AS (alias)	Gives a column or table a temporary name		tech-sql-commands
INSERT INTO	Adds new rows to a table		tech-sql-commands
VALUES	Gives the values for an insert		tech-sql-commands
UPDATE	Changes data in existing rows		tech-sql-commands
SET	Names the columns to change in an update		tech-sql-commands
DELETE FROM	Removes rows		tech-sql-commands
CREATE TABLE	Makes a new table		tech-sql-commands
ALTER TABLE	Changes a table's structure		tech-sql-commands
DROP TABLE	Deletes a table entirely		tech-sql-commands
CREATE INDEX	Makes a table lookup faster		tech-sql-commands
COUNT()	Counts rows		tech-sql-commands
SUM()	Adds up values		tech-sql-commands
AVG()	Finds the average		tech-sql-commands
MIN()	Finds the smallest value		tech-sql-commands
MAX()	Finds the largest value		tech-sql-commands
GROUP BY	Groups rows to use with aggregate functions		tech-sql-commands
HAVING	Filters groups after grouping		tech-sql-commands
JOIN	Combines rows from two tables		tech-sql-commands
INNER JOIN	Keeps only rows that match in both tables		tech-sql-commands
LEFT JOIN	Keeps all rows from the left table and matches from the right		tech-sql-commands
RIGHT JOIN	Keeps all rows from the right table and matches from the left		tech-sql-commands
FULL OUTER JOIN	Keeps all rows from both tables		tech-sql-commands
CROSS JOIN	Pairs every row of one table with every row of another		tech-sql-commands
UNION	Combines results of two queries, removing duplicates		tech-sql-commands
UNION ALL	Combines results and keeps duplicates		tech-sql-commands
Subquery	A query inside another query		tech-sql-commands
EXISTS	Tests whether a subquery returns rows		tech-sql-commands
CASE WHEN	Conditional logic inside a query		tech-sql-commands
NULL	A missing or unknown value		tech-sql-commands
NOT NULL	A column must always have a value		tech-sql-commands
UNIQUE	All values in a column must be different		tech-sql-commands
DEFAULT	A value used when none is given		tech-sql-commands
CHECK	A rule that values must satisfy		tech-sql-commands
Transaction	A group of operations that succeed or fail together		tech-sql-commands
COMMIT	Saves a transaction		tech-sql-commands
ROLLBACK	Undoes a transaction		tech-sql-commands
View	A saved query that acts like a table		tech-sql-commands
Index	A structure that speeds up searches		tech-sql-commands
Normalization	Organizing tables to reduce repeated data		tech-sql-commands
Schema	The structure of a database		tech-sql-commands
Relational database	A database storing data in related tables		tech-sql-commands
One-to-many relationship	One row in a table relates to many rows in another		tech-sql-commands
Many-to-many relationship	Many rows relate to many, using a join table		tech-sql-commands
ACID	Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability, properties of reliable transactions		tech-sql-commands
SQL injection	An attack that sneaks harmful SQL into input; prevent with parameterized queries		tech-sql-commands
Parameterized query	A query with placeholders for safe user input		tech-sql-commands
MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite	Popular SQL database systems		tech-sql-commands
NoSQL	Databases that don't use traditional tables, like document stores		tech-sql-commands
Query	A request for data		tech-sql-commands
CRUD	Create, Read, Update, Delete		tech-sql-commands
Front end	What the user sees and interacts with in the browser		tech-web-development-concepts
Back end	The server side that stores data and runs logic		tech-web-development-concepts
Full stack	Working on both front end and back end		tech-web-development-concepts
HTML	Structure and content of a web page		tech-web-development-concepts
CSS	Style and layout of a web page		tech-web-development-concepts
JavaScript	Programming language that makes pages interactive		tech-web-development-concepts
DOM	Document Object Model, the tree of elements in a page that scripts can change		tech-web-development-concepts
Browser dev tools	Built-in tools to inspect and debug pages		tech-web-development-concepts
Responsive design	Pages that adjust to screen size		tech-web-development-concepts
Mobile first	Designing for phones before larger screens		tech-web-development-concepts
Accessibility (a11y)	Making sites usable by people with disabilities		tech-web-development-concepts
Alt text	Text describing an image for screen readers		tech-web-development-concepts
Screen reader	Software that reads page content aloud		tech-web-development-concepts
Semantic HTML	Using tags that describe the meaning of content		tech-web-development-concepts
WCAG	Web Content Accessibility Guidelines		tech-web-development-concepts
SEO	Search engine optimization, helping pages be found in search		tech-web-development-concepts
Meta description	A short page summary shown in search results		tech-web-development-concepts
Domain name	The address people type to visit a site		tech-web-development-concepts
Hosting	A service that stores and serves your website		tech-web-development-concepts
Web server	Software that sends pages to browsers		tech-web-development-concepts
HTTP request	A browser asking a server for something		tech-web-development-concepts
HTTP response	The server's reply		tech-web-development-concepts
GET request	Asks to read data		tech-web-development-concepts
POST request	Sends data to the server		tech-web-development-concepts
Status code	A number telling how a request went		tech-web-development-concepts
Cookie	A small piece of data stored in the browser		tech-web-development-concepts
Local storage	Browser storage for data kept on the user's device		tech-web-development-concepts
Session	A visit during which a server remembers a user		tech-web-development-concepts
API	A way for programs to exchange data		tech-web-development-concepts
REST API	An API style using URLs and HTTP methods		tech-web-development-concepts
JSON	A text format for structured data		tech-web-development-concepts
AJAX / fetch	Loading data without reloading the page		tech-web-development-concepts
Framework	A toolkit for building apps, such as React or Django		tech-web-development-concepts
React	A JavaScript library for building user interfaces		tech-web-development-concepts
Vue and Angular	Other popular front-end frameworks		tech-web-development-concepts
Node.js	Runs JavaScript on servers		tech-web-development-concepts
npm	The package manager for JavaScript		tech-web-development-concepts
Package manager	A tool that installs and updates code libraries		tech-web-development-concepts
Bundler	A tool that combines many files into a few for the browser		tech-web-development-concepts
Minify	Remove spaces and comments to make files smaller		tech-web-development-concepts
Compile / transpile	Convert code into another form		tech-web-development-concepts
TypeScript	JavaScript with types		tech-web-development-concepts
CSS preprocessor	A tool like Sass that extends CSS		tech-web-development-concepts
Database	Where a site stores its data		tech-web-development-concepts
CMS	Content management system, like WordPress		tech-web-development-concepts
Static site	Pages that are fixed files, not made on request		tech-web-development-concepts
Dynamic site	Pages built on request, using data		tech-web-development-concepts
Single-page app (SPA)	A site that loads once and updates without full reloads		tech-web-development-concepts
Server-side rendering	Building pages on the server before sending them		tech-web-development-concepts
Client-side rendering	Building pages in the browser		tech-web-development-concepts
Cache	Stored copies to speed up loading		tech-web-development-concepts
CDN	Network of servers that deliver content quickly worldwide		tech-web-development-concepts
Page load speed	How fast a page appears; faster is better		tech-web-development-concepts
Lazy loading	Loading images only when needed		tech-web-development-concepts
Image optimization	Making images smaller without losing quality		tech-web-development-concepts
HTTPS	Encrypted connection for safety		tech-web-development-concepts
CORS	Rules about which sites can request data from others		tech-web-development-concepts
Authentication	Proving who a user is		tech-web-development-concepts
Authorization	Deciding what a user may do		tech-web-development-concepts
Hash passwords	Never store plain passwords		tech-web-development-concepts
Sanitize input	Clean user input to prevent attacks		tech-web-development-concepts
Deployment	Putting a site online for users		tech-web-development-concepts
Staging	A test version of a site before it goes live		tech-web-development-concepts
Production	The live version of a site		tech-web-development-concepts
Version control	Tracking code changes with Git		tech-web-development-concepts
CI/CD	Automated testing and deployment		tech-web-development-concepts
Unit test	A test of one small piece of code		tech-web-development-concepts
Linting	Automatically checking code for mistakes and style		tech-web-development-concepts
Open source	Code anyone can view and improve		tech-web-development-concepts
Wireframe	A simple sketch of a page layout		tech-web-development-concepts
UX	User experience, how it feels to use something		tech-web-development-concepts
UI	User interface, what the user sees and touches		tech-web-development-concepts
Favicon	The small icon shown in the browser tab		tech-web-development-concepts
Viewport	The visible part of a web page		tech-web-development-concepts
Accounting equation	Assets = Liabilities + Owner's equity		tp-accounting-terms
Asset	A resource owned that has future value		tp-accounting-terms
Liability	An obligation owed to others		tp-accounting-terms
Equity	Owners' claim on the assets after liabilities		tp-accounting-terms
Revenue	Income earned from selling goods or services		tp-accounting-terms
Expense	Cost of operating a business		tp-accounting-terms
Net income	Revenues minus expenses		tp-accounting-terms
Net loss	Expenses exceed revenues		tp-accounting-terms
Double-entry bookkeeping	Every transaction affects at least two accounts with equal debits and credits		tp-accounting-terms
Debit	An entry on the left side of an account		tp-accounting-terms
Credit	An entry on the right side of an account		tp-accounting-terms
Normal balance of assets	Debit		tp-accounting-terms
Normal balance of liabilities	Credit		tp-accounting-terms
Normal balance of revenue	Credit		tp-accounting-terms
Normal balance of expenses	Debit		tp-accounting-terms
Journal	Chronological record of transactions		tp-accounting-terms
General ledger	The collection of all accounts		tp-accounting-terms
Chart of accounts	List of all accounts a business uses		tp-accounting-terms
Trial balance	List of account balances proving debits equal credits		tp-accounting-terms
T-account	A simple diagram of an account with debit and credit sides		tp-accounting-terms
Adjusting entry	Update made at period end to match revenues and expenses to the right period		tp-accounting-terms
Closing entries	Zero out temporary accounts at the end of the period		tp-accounting-terms
Accrual accounting	Records revenue when earned and expenses when incurred		tp-accounting-terms
Cash basis accounting	Records transactions only when cash changes hands		tp-accounting-terms
Matching principle	Expenses are matched with the revenues they helped earn		tp-accounting-terms
Revenue recognition principle	Record revenue when it is earned		tp-accounting-terms
Going concern	Assumption that the business will continue operating		tp-accounting-terms
GAAP	Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the US		tp-accounting-terms
IFRS	International Financial Reporting Standards		tp-accounting-terms
Conservatism principle	Choose the option that is less likely to overstate assets and income		tp-accounting-terms
Materiality	Only significant information needs separate disclosure		tp-accounting-terms
Balance sheet	Shows assets, liabilities and equity at one date		tp-accounting-terms
Income statement	Shows revenues and expenses over a period		tp-accounting-terms
Statement of cash flows	Shows cash in and out from operating, investing and financing		tp-accounting-terms
Statement of retained earnings	Shows changes in retained earnings over a period		tp-accounting-terms
Retained earnings	Profits kept in the business rather than paid out		tp-accounting-terms
Current assets	Assets expected to be turned into cash within a year		tp-accounting-terms
Current liabilities	Obligations due within a year		tp-accounting-terms
Long-term assets	Assets held for more than a year		tp-accounting-terms
Accounts receivable	Money customers owe the business		tp-accounting-terms
Accounts payable	Money the business owes suppliers		tp-accounting-terms
Notes payable	Written promises to pay		tp-accounting-terms
Prepaid expense	An expense paid in advance, recorded as an asset until used		tp-accounting-terms
Unearned revenue	Cash received before service is provided; a liability		tp-accounting-terms
Accrued expense	An expense incurred but not yet paid		tp-accounting-terms
Inventory	Goods held for sale		tp-accounting-terms
FIFO	First-in, first-out cost flow method for inventory		tp-accounting-terms
LIFO	Last-in, first-out cost flow method for inventory		tp-accounting-terms
Weighted average	Inventory costing using the average cost of goods		tp-accounting-terms
Cost of goods sold	Direct cost of the products sold		tp-accounting-terms
Gross profit	Sales minus cost of goods sold		tp-accounting-terms
Operating income	Gross profit minus operating expenses		tp-accounting-terms
Depreciation	Spreading the cost of a long-term asset over its useful life		tp-accounting-terms
Straight-line depreciation	Equal depreciation each year		tp-accounting-terms
Accumulated depreciation	Total depreciation recorded to date on an asset		tp-accounting-terms
Book value	Asset cost minus accumulated depreciation		tp-accounting-terms
Salvage value	Estimated value of an asset at the end of its life		tp-accounting-terms
Amortization	Spreading the cost of an intangible asset over time		tp-accounting-terms
Goodwill	Value of a business beyond its identifiable net assets		tp-accounting-terms
Allowance for doubtful accounts	Estimate of receivables that will not be collected		tp-accounting-terms
Bad debt expense	Cost of uncollectible receivables		tp-accounting-terms
Common stock	Basic ownership shares of a corporation		tp-accounting-terms
Treasury stock	Shares a company has bought back		tp-accounting-terms
Paid-in capital	Amounts investors paid for stock		tp-accounting-terms
Current ratio	Current assets divided by current liabilities		tp-accounting-terms
Quick ratio	Liquid assets divided by current liabilities		tp-accounting-terms
Debt-to-equity ratio	Total liabilities divided by equity		tp-accounting-terms
Gross margin ratio	Gross profit divided by sales		tp-accounting-terms
Return on assets	Net income divided by average total assets		tp-accounting-terms
Return on equity	Net income divided by average equity		tp-accounting-terms
Inventory turnover	Cost of goods sold divided by average inventory		tp-accounting-terms
Working capital	Current assets minus current liabilities		tp-accounting-terms
Liquidity	Ability to meet short-term obligations		tp-accounting-terms
Solvency	Ability to meet long-term obligations		tp-accounting-terms
Bank reconciliation	Matching the cash records to the bank statement		tp-accounting-terms
Petty cash	A small fund for minor expenses		tp-accounting-terms
Internal controls	Procedures that protect assets and ensure accurate records		tp-accounting-terms
Audit	Independent examination of financial statements		tp-accounting-terms
CPA	Certified public accountant		tp-accounting-terms
Managerial accounting	Reporting for internal decisions		tp-accounting-terms
Financial accounting	Reporting to outside users		tp-accounting-terms
Cost accounting	Measuring the cost of making products		tp-accounting-terms
Budget variance	Difference between budgeted and actual amounts		tp-accounting-terms
Contribution margin	Sales minus variable costs		tp-accounting-terms
Break-even in units	Fixed costs divided by contribution margin per unit		tp-accounting-terms
Opportunity cost	Value of the next best alternative given up		tp-accounting-terms
Sunk cost	A past cost that cannot be recovered		tp-accounting-terms
Payroll	Employee compensation records and payments		tp-accounting-terms
Gross pay	Pay before deductions		tp-accounting-terms
Net pay	Pay after deductions		tp-accounting-terms
Fiscal year	A 12-month accounting period		tp-accounting-terms
Subsidiary ledger	Detailed records supporting a control account		tp-accounting-terms
Source document	Evidence of a transaction, such as a receipt		tp-accounting-terms
Invoice	A bill for goods or services		tp-accounting-terms
Purchase order	A buyer's request to a seller to supply goods		tp-accounting-terms
Frontal bone	Forehead; forms the roof of the eye sockets		tp-anat-bones
Parietal bone	Sides and top of the skull		tp-anat-bones
Temporal bone	Side of skull; contains the ear structures		tp-anat-bones
Occipital bone	Back and base of the skull; has the opening for the spinal cord		tp-anat-bones
Sphenoid	Butterfly-shaped bone at the skull base		tp-anat-bones
Ethmoid	Skull bone between the eyes, part of the nasal cavity		tp-anat-bones
Mandible	Lower jaw; the only movable skull bone		tp-anat-bones
Maxilla	Upper jaw		tp-anat-bones
Zygomatic bone	Cheekbone		tp-anat-bones
Nasal bone	Bridge of the nose		tp-anat-bones
Lacrimal bone	Small bone at the inner corner of the eye socket		tp-anat-bones
Vomer	Bone forming part of the nasal septum		tp-anat-bones
Palatine bone	Back part of the hard palate		tp-anat-bones
Hyoid	U-shaped bone in the neck, not attached to other bones		tp-anat-bones
Malleus	Hammer; ear ossicle		tp-anat-bones
Incus	Anvil; ear ossicle		tp-anat-bones
Stapes	Stirrup; smallest bone in the body		tp-anat-bones
Cervical vertebrae	Seven neck vertebrae		tp-anat-bones
Atlas	First cervical vertebra, supports the skull		tp-anat-bones
Axis	Second cervical vertebra, allows the head to turn		tp-anat-bones
Thoracic vertebrae	Twelve vertebrae that attach to ribs		tp-anat-bones
Lumbar vertebrae	Five large lower-back vertebrae		tp-anat-bones
Sacrum	Triangular bone of fused vertebrae at the base of the spine		tp-anat-bones
Coccyx	Tailbone		tp-anat-bones
Sternum	Breastbone		tp-anat-bones
Manubrium	Upper part of the sternum		tp-anat-bones
Xiphoid process	Small lower tip of the sternum		tp-anat-bones
True ribs	Ribs 1 to 7, attached directly to the sternum		tp-anat-bones
False ribs	Ribs 8 to 12, attached indirectly or not at all		tp-anat-bones
Floating ribs	Ribs 11 and 12, not attached in front		tp-anat-bones
Clavicle	Collarbone		tp-anat-bones
Scapula	Shoulder blade		tp-anat-bones
Acromion	Part of the scapula forming the point of the shoulder		tp-anat-bones
Humerus	Upper arm bone		tp-anat-bones
Radius	Forearm bone on the thumb side		tp-anat-bones
Ulna	Forearm bone on the pinky side		tp-anat-bones
Olecranon	Bony point of the elbow, part of the ulna		tp-anat-bones
Carpals	Eight wrist bones		tp-anat-bones
Scaphoid	Wrist bone on the thumb side, often fractured		tp-anat-bones
Metacarpals	Five bones of the palm		tp-anat-bones
Phalanges	Finger and toe bones		tp-anat-bones
Pelvic girdle	Hip bones that support the trunk		tp-anat-bones
Ilium	Large upper part of the hip bone		tp-anat-bones
Ischium	Lower back part of the hip bone you sit on		tp-anat-bones
Pubis	Front part of the hip bone		tp-anat-bones
Acetabulum	Hip socket		tp-anat-bones
Femur	Thigh bone; longest and strongest bone		tp-anat-bones
Patella	Kneecap		tp-anat-bones
Tibia	Shinbone		tp-anat-bones
Fibula	Slim lower-leg bone beside the tibia		tp-anat-bones
Malleolus	Bony bump at the ankle		tp-anat-bones
Tarsals	Seven ankle bones		tp-anat-bones
Calcaneus	Heel bone		tp-anat-bones
Talus	Ankle bone that meets the tibia		tp-anat-bones
Metatarsals	Five bones of the foot between ankle and toes		tp-anat-bones
Appendicular skeleton	Limbs and the girdles that attach them		tp-anat-bones
Axial skeleton	Skull, spine and rib cage		tp-anat-bones
Number of bones in an adult	206		tp-anat-bones
Number of cranial bones	8		tp-anat-bones
Number of facial bones	14		tp-anat-bones
Number of ribs	12 pairs, 24 in total		tp-anat-bones
Foramen magnum	Large hole in the occipital bone for the spinal cord		tp-anat-bones
Sella turcica	Saddle-shaped pit in the sphenoid holding the pituitary gland		tp-anat-bones
Mastoid process	Bump behind the ear on the temporal bone		tp-anat-bones
Sutures	Immovable joints between skull bones		tp-anat-bones
Fontanelle	Soft spot between a baby's skull bones		tp-anat-bones
Greater trochanter	Bony bump on the upper femur		tp-anat-bones
Femoral head	Ball at the top of the femur that fits the hip socket		tp-anat-bones
Tibial tuberosity	Bump below the kneecap where the patellar tendon attaches		tp-anat-bones
Epiphysis	End of a long bone		tp-anat-bones
Diaphysis	Shaft of a long bone		tp-anat-bones
Metaphysis	Region between shaft and end of a long bone		tp-anat-bones
Periosteum	Membrane covering bone		tp-anat-bones
Medullary cavity	Hollow center of a long bone holding marrow		tp-anat-bones
Articular cartilage	Smooth covering on joint surfaces		tp-anat-bones
Ball-and-socket joint	Joint allowing movement in all directions, like the shoulder		tp-anat-bones
Hinge joint	Joint bending in one direction, like the elbow		tp-anat-bones
Pivot joint	Joint allowing rotation, like the atlas and axis		tp-anat-bones
Gliding joint	Joint with sliding bone surfaces, like the wrist		tp-anat-bones
Saddle joint	Joint at the base of the thumb		tp-anat-bones
Condyloid joint	Joint allowing movement in two planes, like the wrist's radius and carpals		tp-anat-bones
CN I: Olfactory	Sense of smell		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN II: Optic	Vision		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN III: Oculomotor	Most eye movements, raising the eyelid, pupil constriction		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN IV: Trochlear	Moves the eye down and in (superior oblique muscle)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN V: Trigeminal	Face sensation and chewing muscles		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN VI: Abducens	Moves the eye outward		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN VII: Facial	Facial expression, taste from the front of the tongue, tears and saliva		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear	Hearing and balance		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal	Taste at the back of the tongue, swallowing, gag reflex		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN X: Vagus	Heart rate, digestion, voice box and much of the organs below the neck		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN XI: Accessory	Moves the shoulders and turns the head		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN XII: Hypoglossal	Moves the tongue		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Sensory cranial nerves	I, II and VIII are purely sensory		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Motor cranial nerves	III, IV, VI, XI and XII are mainly motor		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Mixed cranial nerves	V, VII, IX and X carry both sensory and motor signals		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Mnemonic for names	On Old Olympus's Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Mnemonic for sensory/motor	Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve smells?	Olfactory (I)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve sees?	Optic (II)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve hears?	Vestibulocochlear (VIII)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve moves the tongue?	Hypoglossal (XII)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve shrugs the shoulders?	Accessory (XI)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve is the longest wandering one?	Vagus (X)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve moves the eye outward?	Abducens (VI)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve feels the face?	Trigeminal (V)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve smiles?	Facial (VII)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerves control the pupil?	Oculomotor (III) constricts the pupil		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Trigeminal branches	Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Facial nerve palsy	Weakness of one side of the face from damage to nerve VII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Parasympathetic cranial nerves	III, VII, IX and X carry parasympathetic fibers		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cranial nerve count	Twelve pairs, arising from the brain and brainstem		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Extraocular muscle nerves	III, IV and VI		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Taste nerves	VII, IX and X		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Swallowing nerves	IX and X		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Gag reflex nerves	IX (sensory) and X (motor)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Where do the cranial nerves attach?	To the brain or brainstem, not the spinal cord		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cribriform plate	Skull part the olfactory nerve fibers pass through		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Optic chiasm	Where optic nerves cross partly on the way to the brain		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Superior orbital fissure	Opening where nerves III, IV, VI and part of V enter the eye socket		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Foramen magnum	Opening where the spinal cord exits the skull, and nerve XI enters		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Jugular foramen	Opening that nerves IX, X and XI pass through		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Corneal reflex	Blink when the cornea is touched; uses nerves V and VII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Pupillary light reflex	Pupil narrows in bright light; uses nerves II and III		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Vestibulo-ocular reflex	Eyes stay steady when the head moves; uses nerve VIII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Bell's palsy	Sudden weakness of the facial muscles on one side		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Trigeminal neuralgia	Severe sharp facial pain linked to nerve V		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Anosmia	Loss of the sense of smell		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Dysphagia	Difficulty swallowing		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Diplopia	Double vision		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Ptosis	Drooping of the upper eyelid		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Tinnitus	Ringing in the ears		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Vertigo	A sense that the world is spinning		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Nystagmus	Involuntary rhythmic eye movement		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Strabismus	Misaligned eyes		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Lacrimal gland	Makes tears; controlled by nerve VII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Parotid gland	Largest salivary gland; controlled by nerve IX		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius	Muscles supplied by nerve XI		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Muscles of mastication	Chewing muscles supplied by nerve V		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Muscles of facial expression	Supplied by nerve VII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Intrinsic tongue muscles	Supplied by nerve XII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Carotid body sensors	Sensory input via nerve IX monitoring blood oxygen		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Vestibular branch	Part of nerve VIII for balance		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cochlear branch	Part of nerve VIII for hearing		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cranial nerve exam	Clinical test checking each of the twelve nerves		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cranial nerves vs. spinal nerves	Twelve pairs from the brain versus 31 pairs from the spinal cord		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Frontalis	Forehead; raises the eyebrows		tp-anat-muscles
Orbicularis oculi	Around the eye; closes the eyelid		tp-anat-muscles
Orbicularis oris	Around the mouth; closes and purses the lips		tp-anat-muscles
Zygomaticus major	Cheek; lifts the corner of the mouth to smile		tp-anat-muscles
Masseter	Cheek; closes the jaw to chew		tp-anat-muscles
Temporalis	Side of head; closes the jaw		tp-anat-muscles
Buccinator	Cheek; presses the cheek against the teeth		tp-anat-muscles
Platysma	Neck; pulls the lower lip and jaw down		tp-anat-muscles
Sternocleidomastoid	Side of the neck; turns and flexes the head		tp-anat-muscles
Trapezius	Upper back and neck; raises and pulls back the shoulder blades		tp-anat-muscles
Latissimus dorsi	Wide back muscle; pulls the arm down and back		tp-anat-muscles
Rhomboids	Between shoulder blades; pull the scapula toward the spine		tp-anat-muscles
Erector spinae	Along the spine; extends the back		tp-anat-muscles
Deltoid	Shoulder cap; raises the arm		tp-anat-muscles
Pectoralis major	Chest; moves the arm across the body		tp-anat-muscles
Serratus anterior	Side of the ribs; moves the shoulder blade forward		tp-anat-muscles
Rotator cuff	Four small muscles that stabilize the shoulder		tp-anat-muscles
Supraspinatus	Rotator cuff muscle that starts raising the arm		tp-anat-muscles
Biceps brachii	Front of the upper arm; flexes the elbow		tp-anat-muscles
Triceps brachii	Back of the upper arm; extends the elbow		tp-anat-muscles
Brachialis	Deep upper-arm muscle that flexes the elbow		tp-anat-muscles
Brachioradialis	Forearm muscle that flexes the elbow		tp-anat-muscles
Flexor carpi	Front of forearm; bends the wrist		tp-anat-muscles
Extensor carpi	Back of forearm; straightens the wrist		tp-anat-muscles
Rectus abdominis	Front of the abdomen; flexes the trunk		tp-anat-muscles
External oblique	Side of the abdomen; twists and bends the trunk		tp-anat-muscles
Internal oblique	Beneath the external oblique; twists the trunk		tp-anat-muscles
Transversus abdominis	Deepest abdominal muscle; compresses the abdomen		tp-anat-muscles
Diaphragm	Under the lungs; main muscle of breathing		tp-anat-muscles
Intercostals	Between the ribs; help breathing		tp-anat-muscles
Gluteus maximus	Buttock; extends the hip		tp-anat-muscles
Gluteus medius	Side of hip; moves the leg out and steadies the pelvis		tp-anat-muscles
Iliopsoas	Deep hip flexor		tp-anat-muscles
Tensor fasciae latae	Upper outer thigh; flexes and abducts the hip		tp-anat-muscles
Quadriceps femoris	Front of the thigh; extends the knee		tp-anat-muscles
Rectus femoris	Quadriceps part that also flexes the hip		tp-anat-muscles
Vastus lateralis	Outer quadriceps		tp-anat-muscles
Sartorius	Longest muscle; crosses the thigh and flexes the hip and knee		tp-anat-muscles
Hamstrings	Back of the thigh; flex the knee		tp-anat-muscles
Biceps femoris	Outer hamstring		tp-anat-muscles
Adductors	Inner thigh; pull the leg toward the midline		tp-anat-muscles
Gracilis	Inner thigh muscle that adducts the leg		tp-anat-muscles
Gastrocnemius	Calf; points the foot and flexes the knee		tp-anat-muscles
Soleus	Deep calf muscle; points the foot		tp-anat-muscles
Tibialis anterior	Front of the shin; lifts the foot		tp-anat-muscles
Peroneus longus	Outer lower leg; turns the foot outward		tp-anat-muscles
Achilles tendon	Joins calf muscles to the heel bone		tp-anat-muscles
Flexor	A muscle that decreases a joint angle		tp-anat-muscles
Extensor	A muscle that increases a joint angle		tp-anat-muscles
Abductor	Moves a limb away from the midline		tp-anat-muscles
Adductor	Moves a limb toward the midline		tp-anat-muscles
Agonist	The prime mover in a movement		tp-anat-muscles
Antagonist	A muscle that opposes the prime mover		tp-anat-muscles
Synergist	A muscle that helps the prime mover		tp-anat-muscles
Origin	The attachment that stays fixed		tp-anat-muscles
Insertion	The attachment that moves		tp-anat-muscles
Isotonic contraction	Muscle changes length while producing force		tp-anat-muscles
Isometric contraction	Muscle produces force without changing length		tp-anat-muscles
Concentric contraction	Muscle shortens under tension		tp-anat-muscles
Eccentric contraction	Muscle lengthens under tension		tp-anat-muscles
Muscle tone	Slight constant tension in resting muscles		tp-anat-muscles
Fascia	Connective tissue wrapping muscles		tp-anat-muscles
Motor unit	One motor neuron and the fibers it controls		tp-anat-muscles
Neuromuscular junction	Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber		tp-anat-muscles
Acetylcholine	Neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction		tp-anat-muscles
Creatine phosphate	Quick energy store in muscle		tp-anat-muscles
Fast-twitch fibers	Muscle fibers for quick, powerful action that tire quickly		tp-anat-muscles
Slow-twitch fibers	Muscle fibers for endurance		tp-anat-muscles
Rigor mortis	Stiffening of muscles after death		tp-anat-muscles
Tetany	Sustained, involuntary muscle contraction		tp-anat-muscles
Atrophy	Wasting of muscle from disuse		tp-anat-muscles
Hypertrophy	Enlargement of muscle fibers		tp-anat-muscles
Strain	Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon		tp-anat-muscles
Sprain	Overstretching or tearing of a ligament		tp-anat-muscles
Spasm	Sudden involuntary contraction		tp-anat-muscles
Myoglobin	Oxygen-storing pigment in muscle		tp-anat-muscles
Lactic acid	Product of anaerobic energy production in muscles		tp-anat-muscles
Pectoralis minor	Beneath the pectoralis major; pulls the shoulder blade forward		tp-anat-muscles
Teres major	Back of the shoulder; rotates the arm inward		tp-anat-muscles
Psoas major	Deep muscle linking the spine to the thigh		tp-anat-muscles
Piriformis	Deep buttock muscle that rotates the hip outward		tp-anat-muscles
Popliteus	Behind the knee; unlocks the knee for bending		tp-anat-muscles
Pronator teres	Forearm; turns the palm down		tp-anat-muscles
Supinator	Forearm; turns the palm up		tp-anat-muscles
Brain	Controls thought, senses, movement and body functions		tp-anat-organs
Spinal cord	Carries messages between the brain and body		tp-anat-organs
Heart	Muscular pump that circulates blood		tp-anat-organs
Lungs	Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide		tp-anat-organs
Liver	Processes nutrients, makes bile, filters toxins		tp-anat-organs
Gallbladder	Stores and concentrates bile		tp-anat-organs
Pancreas	Makes digestive enzymes and insulin		tp-anat-organs
Stomach	Mixes food with acid and enzymes		tp-anat-organs
Small intestine	Absorbs most nutrients		tp-anat-organs
Large intestine	Absorbs water; forms stool		tp-anat-organs
Appendix	Small pouch on the large intestine, with no essential digestive role		tp-anat-organs
Esophagus	Moves food from the throat to the stomach		tp-anat-organs
Kidneys	Filter blood and make urine		tp-anat-organs
Urinary bladder	Stores urine		tp-anat-organs
Spleen	Filters old red blood cells and helps immune defense		tp-anat-organs
Thyroid	Gland controlling metabolism		tp-anat-organs
Parathyroid glands	Four small glands controlling blood calcium		tp-anat-organs
Adrenal glands	Sit atop the kidneys; make stress hormones		tp-anat-organs
Pituitary gland	Pea-sized gland releasing hormones that direct other glands		tp-anat-organs
Pineal gland	Makes melatonin, which affects sleep		tp-anat-organs
Hypothalamus	Links the nervous and endocrine systems; regulates temperature and hunger		tp-anat-organs
Thymus	Immune organ where T cells mature		tp-anat-organs
Tonsils	Lymph tissue at the throat that helps defend against germs		tp-anat-organs
Skin	Largest organ; protects, regulates temperature, senses touch		tp-anat-organs
Eyes	Detect light for vision		tp-anat-organs
Retina	Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye		tp-anat-organs
Lens	Focuses light on the retina		tp-anat-organs
Cornea	Clear front window of the eye		tp-anat-organs
Iris	Colored part of the eye controlling pupil size		tp-anat-organs
Cochlea	Spiral organ of the inner ear for hearing		tp-anat-organs
Eardrum	Membrane that vibrates with sound		tp-anat-organs
Eustachian tube	Connects the middle ear to the throat to equalize pressure		tp-anat-organs
Larynx	Voice box		tp-anat-organs
Pharynx	Throat; passage for air and food		tp-anat-organs
Trachea	Windpipe leading to the lungs		tp-anat-organs
Bronchi	Branches of the trachea into each lung		tp-anat-organs
Epiglottis	Flap that covers the windpipe when swallowing		tp-anat-organs
Diaphragm	Muscle that drives breathing		tp-anat-organs
Aorta	Largest artery, carries blood from the heart to the body		tp-anat-organs
Vena cava	Large veins returning blood to the heart		tp-anat-organs
Pulmonary artery	Carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs		tp-anat-organs
Pulmonary vein	Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart		tp-anat-organs
Left ventricle	Heart chamber that pumps blood to the body		tp-anat-organs
Right atrium	Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body		tp-anat-organs
Mitral valve	Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle		tp-anat-organs
Tricuspid valve	Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle		tp-anat-organs
Pacemaker (sinoatrial node)	Group of cells that starts each heartbeat		tp-anat-organs
Ovaries	Produce eggs and hormones		tp-anat-organs
Fallopian tubes	Carry eggs to the uterus		tp-anat-organs
Uterus	Houses a developing fetus		tp-anat-organs
Testes	Produce sperm and testosterone		tp-anat-organs
Prostate gland	Produces fluid that nourishes sperm		tp-anat-organs
Mammary glands	Produce milk		tp-anat-organs
Salivary glands	Make saliva to start digestion		tp-anat-organs
Duodenum	First section of the small intestine		tp-anat-organs
Jejunum	Middle section of the small intestine		tp-anat-organs
Ileum	Last section of the small intestine		tp-anat-organs
Cecum	Pouch where the small and large intestines join		tp-anat-organs
Rectum	Final section of the large intestine, storing stool		tp-anat-organs
Colon	Main part of the large intestine		tp-anat-organs
Ureters	Tubes from kidneys to bladder		tp-anat-organs
Urethra	Tube that carries urine out of the body		tp-anat-organs
Meninges	Three membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord		tp-anat-organs
Cerebrospinal fluid	Fluid cushioning the brain and spinal cord		tp-anat-organs
Cerebral cortex	Wrinkled outer layer of the brain for thought		tp-anat-organs
Medulla oblongata	Brainstem region controlling breathing and heart rate		tp-anat-organs
Pons	Brainstem region relaying signals and helping control breathing		tp-anat-organs
Thalamus	Relays sensory signals to the cortex		tp-anat-organs
Basal ganglia	Brain structures helping control movement		tp-anat-organs
Corpus callosum	Connects the two brain hemispheres		tp-anat-organs
Optic nerve	Carries visual signals from the eye to the brain		tp-anat-organs
Sciatic nerve	Longest nerve, from the lower back down each leg		tp-anat-organs
Vagus nerve	Long nerve controlling heart rate, digestion and more		tp-anat-organs
Bone marrow	Soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells		tp-anat-organs
Lymph nodes	Filter lymph and house immune cells		tp-anat-organs
Peritoneum	Membrane lining the abdominal cavity		tp-anat-organs
Pericardium	Sac surrounding the heart		tp-anat-organs
Pleura	Membrane around the lungs		tp-anat-organs
Mediastinum	Space between the lungs holding the heart		tp-anat-organs
Islets of Langerhans	Clusters of pancreatic cells making insulin and glucagon		tp-anat-organs
Glomerulus	Tuft of capillaries in the kidney where blood is filtered		tp-anat-organs
Alveolus	Air sac where gas exchange happens		tp-anat-organs
Villus	Finger-like projection that absorbs nutrients in the small intestine		tp-anat-organs
Hepatocyte	Main cell of the liver		tp-anat-organs
Anthropology	The study of humans, past and present		tp-anthropology
Four-field approach	Cultural, biological, archaeological and linguistic anthropology		tp-anthropology
Cultural anthropology	Study of human societies and cultures		tp-anthropology
Biological anthropology	Study of human evolution and biological variation		tp-anthropology
Archaeology	Study of past peoples through material remains		tp-anthropology
Linguistic anthropology	Study of language in its social and cultural setting		tp-anthropology
Ethnography	Detailed written study of a culture based on fieldwork		tp-anthropology
Ethnology	Comparing cultures to find patterns		tp-anthropology
Participant observation	Living with a community to learn its ways		tp-anthropology
Fieldwork	Research conducted in the community studied		tp-anthropology
Informant	A community member who provides cultural information		tp-anthropology
Emic perspective	Understanding a culture from the insider's point of view		tp-anthropology
Etic perspective	Analysis from an outside observer's viewpoint		tp-anthropology
Cultural relativism	Judging a culture by its own standards		tp-anthropology
Ethnocentrism	Judging other cultures by one's own		tp-anthropology
Franz Boas	Founder of American anthropology; stressed cultural relativism		tp-anthropology
Margaret Mead	Anthropologist of Samoa who studied childhood and adolescence		tp-anthropology
Bronislaw Malinowski	Developed participant observation in the Trobriand Islands		tp-anthropology
Enculturation	Learning one's own culture		tp-anthropology
Acculturation	Change from contact between cultures		tp-anthropology
Cultural diffusion	Spread of cultural traits between societies		tp-anthropology
Kinship	Social relationships based on descent and marriage		tp-anthropology
Descent group	Group tracing ancestry to a common ancestor		tp-anthropology
Patrilineal descent	Tracing descent through the father's line		tp-anthropology
Matrilineal descent	Tracing descent through the mother's line		tp-anthropology
Bilateral descent	Tracing descent through both parents		tp-anthropology
Clan	A descent group claiming a common ancestor		tp-anthropology
Incest taboo	Universal rule against marriage or sex between close kin		tp-anthropology
Bride service	Groom works for the bride's family		tp-anthropology
Dowry	Goods the bride's family give at marriage		tp-anthropology
Reciprocity	Exchange of goods and services among people		tp-anthropology
Potlatch	A feast among Pacific Northwest peoples redistributing wealth and affirming status		tp-anthropology
Kula ring	Trobriand exchange network of shell valuables		tp-anthropology
Foragers	People who live by hunting, gathering and fishing		tp-anthropology
Pastoralism	Livelihood based on herding animals		tp-anthropology
Horticulture	Small-scale farming using simple tools		tp-anthropology
Intensive agriculture	Large-scale farming with plows, irrigation and animals		tp-anthropology
Band	Small, mobile, egalitarian group		tp-anthropology
Tribe	Group of related kin, loosely organized, often with shared language		tp-anthropology
Chiefdom	Society with hereditary leaders ranked above others		tp-anthropology
State	Centralized political system with formal government		tp-anthropology
Rite of passage	Ritual marking change of status; Arnold van Gennep		tp-anthropology
Liminality	The in-between stage in a ritual		tp-anthropology
Totemism	Link between a group and a natural symbol		tp-anthropology
Animism	Belief that spirits inhabit natural things		tp-anthropology
Shaman	A specialist who mediates with the spirit world		tp-anthropology
Myth	A sacred narrative explaining origins or beliefs		tp-anthropology
Ritual	Formal, repeated symbolic action		tp-anthropology
Magic	Rituals aimed at controlling events		tp-anthropology
Primate	Order of mammals including monkeys, apes and humans		tp-anthropology
Hominin	Humans and their extinct bipedal relatives		tp-anthropology
Bipedalism	Walking on two legs		tp-anthropology
Australopithecus	Early bipedal hominin genus of Africa		tp-anthropology
Lucy	A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton from Ethiopia		tp-anthropology
Homo habilis	Early toolmaking Homo species		tp-anthropology
Homo erectus	Long-lived species that used fire and spread beyond Africa		tp-anthropology
Neanderthals	Extinct relatives of modern humans in Europe and western Asia		tp-anthropology
Homo sapiens	Anatomically modern humans, appeared in Africa roughly 300,000 years ago		tp-anthropology
Out of Africa model	Modern humans originated in Africa and spread worldwide		tp-anthropology
Paleolithic	The Old Stone Age		tp-anthropology
Mesolithic	The Middle Stone Age		tp-anthropology
Neolithic	The New Stone Age, when farming began		tp-anthropology
Neolithic Revolution	Shift from foraging to farming around 10,000 years ago		tp-anthropology
Domestication	Breeding plants or animals for human use		tp-anthropology
Oldowan tools	Earliest simple stone tools		tp-anthropology
Acheulean tools	Hand axes linked to Homo erectus		tp-anthropology
Stratigraphy	Studying layers of earth to determine relative age		tp-anthropology
Radiocarbon dating	Dating organic remains by carbon-14 decay, up to about 50,000 years		tp-anthropology
Artifact	A portable object made or used by humans		tp-anthropology
Feature	A non-portable sign of human activity, like a hearth		tp-anthropology
Midden	An ancient trash heap		tp-anthropology
Cultural resource management	Archaeology done to protect sites ahead of development		tp-anthropology
Site	A place with evidence of past human activity		tp-anthropology
Excavation	Systematic digging and recording of a site		tp-anthropology
Provenience	The exact location where an object was found		tp-anthropology
Material culture	Physical objects created by a society		tp-anthropology
Race as social construct	Human races are not biologically distinct groups		tp-anthropology
Natural selection	Traits that aid survival and reproduction become more common		tp-anthropology
Adaptation	A trait that helps survival in an environment		tp-anthropology
Genetic drift	Random changes in gene frequency		tp-anthropology
Gene flow	Exchange of genes between populations		tp-anthropology
Mutation	Change in DNA that is the source of new variation		tp-anthropology
Fossil	Preserved remains or traces of ancient life		tp-anthropology
Language family	Languages sharing a common ancestor		tp-anthropology
Phoneme	A basic sound unit that distinguishes meaning		tp-anthropology
Morpheme	The smallest meaningful unit of language		tp-anthropology
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis	Language influences how people think		tp-anthropology
Sociolinguistics	Study of language and society		tp-anthropology
Code-switching	Alternating between languages or dialects		tp-anthropology
Applied anthropology	Using anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems		tp-anthropology
Globalization	Growing worldwide interconnection		tp-anthropology
Medical anthropology	Study of health, illness and healing across cultures		tp-anthropology
Lascaux cave paintings	Prehistoric animal paintings in France		tp-ap-art-history
Stonehenge	Prehistoric stone circle in England		tp-ap-art-history
Great Sphinx of Giza	Monumental Egyptian statue with a lion's body and human head		tp-ap-art-history
Great Pyramid of Khufu	Egyptian Old Kingdom tomb, built around 2550 BCE		tp-ap-art-history
Palette of Narmer	Early Egyptian carved palette showing unification of the land		tp-ap-art-history
Bust of Nefertiti	Painted limestone portrait from Amarna Egypt		tp-ap-art-history
Ziggurat of Ur	Stepped temple platform in Mesopotamia		tp-ap-art-history
Code of Hammurabi stele	Babylonian stone slab carved with laws		tp-ap-art-history
Parthenon	5th-century BCE Greek temple to Athena in Athens		tp-ap-art-history
Doric order	Simplest Greek column style, with a plain capital		tp-ap-art-history
Ionic order	Greek column with scroll-shaped capitals		tp-ap-art-history
Corinthian order	Greek column with leafy capitals		tp-ap-art-history
Contrapposto	A pose with weight on one leg, creating a natural stance		tp-ap-art-history
Discobolus	Roman copy of a Greek bronze of a discus thrower		tp-ap-art-history
Venus de Milo	Hellenistic marble statue of Aphrodite		tp-ap-art-history
Pantheon	Roman temple with a great dome and oculus		tp-ap-art-history
Colosseum	Roman amphitheater for public spectacles		tp-ap-art-history
Arch of Titus	Roman triumphal arch commemorating a victory		tp-ap-art-history
Pompeii frescoes	Wall paintings preserved by volcanic ash		tp-ap-art-history
Hagia Sophia	Sixth-century Byzantine church in Constantinople with a huge dome		tp-ap-art-history
Mosaic	Image made of small pieces of colored material		tp-ap-art-history
Icon	Sacred religious image used in Orthodox worship		tp-ap-art-history
Romanesque	Medieval style with round arches and thick walls		tp-ap-art-history
Gothic architecture	Style with pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses		tp-ap-art-history
Flying buttress	External support that lets Gothic walls be tall and thin		tp-ap-art-history
Chartres Cathedral	Gothic cathedral famed for its stained glass		tp-ap-art-history
Stained glass	Colored glass pieces set in lead to make pictures		tp-ap-art-history
Illuminated manuscript	Handwritten book decorated with gold and color		tp-ap-art-history
Book of Kells	Irish illuminated gospel manuscript		tp-ap-art-history
Giotto	Early Renaissance painter who gave figures weight and space		tp-ap-art-history
Linear perspective	Technique using converging lines to show depth		tp-ap-art-history
Brunelleschi's dome	Dome of Florence Cathedral completed in the 1400s		tp-ap-art-history
Donatello's David	First freestanding nude bronze since antiquity		tp-ap-art-history
Botticelli's Birth of Venus	Early Renaissance painting of the goddess arriving on a shell		tp-ap-art-history
Leonardo da Vinci	Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper		tp-ap-art-history
Mona Lisa	Famed portrait with soft sfumato shading		tp-ap-art-history
Sfumato	Soft blending of tones without hard outlines		tp-ap-art-history
Michelangelo's David	Marble statue of the biblical hero, finished 1504		tp-ap-art-history
Sistine Chapel ceiling	Michelangelo's fresco of scenes from Genesis		tp-ap-art-history
Raphael's School of Athens	Fresco of ancient philosophers in an ideal building		tp-ap-art-history
Chiaroscuro	Strong contrast of light and dark		tp-ap-art-history
Fresco	Painting on wet plaster		tp-ap-art-history
Tempera	Paint made with pigment and egg yolk		tp-ap-art-history
Oil painting	Painting with pigments in oil, allowing rich color and detail		tp-ap-art-history
Albrecht Durer	German printmaker and painter of the Northern Renaissance		tp-ap-art-history
Jan van Eyck	Flemish painter known for precise oil detail, like the Arnolfini Portrait		tp-ap-art-history
Mannerism	Late Renaissance style with elongated forms		tp-ap-art-history
Baroque	Dramatic, ornate 17th-century style		tp-ap-art-history
Caravaggio	Baroque painter famous for dramatic light		tp-ap-art-history
Tenebrism	Extreme use of dark and light, with deep shadows		tp-ap-art-history
Bernini's David	Baroque sculpture capturing action mid-motion		tp-ap-art-history
Rembrandt	Dutch master of portraits and light		tp-ap-art-history
Vermeer	Dutch painter of quiet interior scenes, such as Girl with a Pearl Earring		tp-ap-art-history
Velazquez's Las Meninas	Spanish court painting with layered viewpoints		tp-ap-art-history
Palace of Versailles	Ornate French royal palace		tp-ap-art-history
Rococo	Light, playful 18th-century style		tp-ap-art-history
Neoclassicism	Style reviving ancient Greek and Roman forms		tp-ap-art-history
Jacques-Louis David	French Neoclassical painter of The Death of Socrates		tp-ap-art-history
Romanticism	Style emphasizing emotion, nature and imagination		tp-ap-art-history
Gericault's Raft of the Medusa	Romantic painting of shipwreck survivors		tp-ap-art-history
Goya	Spanish painter and printmaker who depicted war and society		tp-ap-art-history
Realism	Art showing ordinary life as it is		tp-ap-art-history
Courbet	French Realist painter		tp-ap-art-history
Impressionism	Style capturing fleeting light with visible brushstrokes		tp-ap-art-history
Claude Monet	Impressionist painter of Water Lilies and Impression, Sunrise		tp-ap-art-history
Renoir	Impressionist known for scenes of social life		tp-ap-art-history
Post-Impressionism	Styles building on Impressionism with personal expression		tp-ap-art-history
Vincent van Gogh	Painted The Starry Night with swirling brushwork		tp-ap-art-history
Paul Cezanne	Post-Impressionist who built forms from geometry		tp-ap-art-history
Georges Seurat	Pointillist painter of A Sunday on La Grande Jatte		tp-ap-art-history
Pointillism	Painting with tiny dots of color		tp-ap-art-history
Edvard Munch	Norwegian painter of The Scream		tp-ap-art-history
Art Nouveau	Decorative style of flowing plant-like lines		tp-ap-art-history
Fauvism	Style using bold, wild color; Matisse led it		tp-ap-art-history
Henri Matisse	French artist of The Dance and cut-outs		tp-ap-art-history
Cubism	Style showing objects from several viewpoints at once		tp-ap-art-history
Pablo Picasso	Co-founder of Cubism; painted Guernica		tp-ap-art-history
Futurism	Italian movement celebrating speed and machines		tp-ap-art-history
Dada	Anti-art movement reacting to World War I		tp-ap-art-history
Marcel Duchamp	Dada artist who exhibited a ready-made urinal titled Fountain		tp-ap-art-history
Surrealism	Movement exploring dreams and the unconscious		tp-ap-art-history
Salvador Dali	Surrealist painter of The Persistence of Memory		tp-ap-art-history
Rene Magritte	Surrealist painter of The Treachery of Images		tp-ap-art-history
Frida Kahlo	Mexican painter known for symbolic self-portraits		tp-ap-art-history
Abstract Expressionism	Postwar American style of large, gestural abstraction		tp-ap-art-history
Jackson Pollock	Drip painter		tp-ap-art-history
Mark Rothko	Painter of floating fields of color		tp-ap-art-history
Pop Art	Style using imagery from popular culture		tp-ap-art-history
Andy Warhol	Pop artist known for Campbell's Soup Cans		tp-ap-art-history
Minimalism	Art reduced to simple geometric forms		tp-ap-art-history
Installation art	Art that transforms a space		tp-ap-art-history
Performance art	Art in which the artist's actions are the work		tp-ap-art-history
Bauhaus	German school combining art, craft and design		tp-ap-art-history
Fallingwater	Frank Lloyd Wright's house built over a waterfall		tp-ap-art-history
Guggenheim Bilbao	Frank Gehry's curving titanium-clad museum		tp-ap-art-history
Ukiyo-e	Japanese woodblock prints of the 'floating world'		tp-ap-art-history
Hokusai's Great Wave	Famous Japanese woodblock print of a towering wave		tp-ap-art-history
Taj Mahal	17th-century marble tomb in India built by Shah Jahan		tp-ap-art-history
Angkor Wat	Temple complex in Cambodia		tp-ap-art-history
Great Mosque of Cordoba	Spanish mosque known for its striped arches		tp-ap-art-history
Ife heads	Naturalistic brass and terracotta heads from West Africa		tp-ap-art-history
Machu Picchu	Inca mountain city in Peru		tp-ap-art-history
Teotihuacan	Ancient Mesoamerican city with huge pyramids		tp-ap-art-history
Enzyme	A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy		tp-ap-biology
Substrate	The molecule an enzyme acts upon		tp-ap-biology
Active site	The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds		tp-ap-biology
Activation energy	Energy needed to start a reaction		tp-ap-biology
Competitive inhibitor	A molecule that blocks the active site		tp-ap-biology
Allosteric regulation	Control of an enzyme by binding at a site other than the active site		tp-ap-biology
Denaturation	Loss of a protein's shape and function		tp-ap-biology
Hydrogen bond	A weak attraction between a partly positive hydrogen and a partly negative atom		tp-ap-biology
Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance		tp-ap-biology
Adhesion	Attraction between different substances		tp-ap-biology
Polar molecule	A molecule with uneven charge distribution		tp-ap-biology
Monomer	A small unit that links with others to make a polymer		tp-ap-biology
Dehydration synthesis	Joining monomers by removing water		tp-ap-biology
Hydrolysis	Breaking a polymer by adding water		tp-ap-biology
Carbohydrate	Sugars and starches; main quick energy source		tp-ap-biology
Lipid	Fats, oils and steroids; not water-soluble		tp-ap-biology
Phospholipid	A lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; forms membranes		tp-ap-biology
Nucleic acid	DNA or RNA; stores and carries genetic information		tp-ap-biology
Peptide bond	The covalent link between amino acids		tp-ap-biology
Primary protein structure	The sequence of amino acids		tp-ap-biology
Secondary protein structure	Alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds		tp-ap-biology
Tertiary protein structure	The overall 3-D folding of one polypeptide		tp-ap-biology
Quaternary protein structure	Several polypeptides joined together		tp-ap-biology
Fluid mosaic model	The membrane is a flexible layer of lipids with embedded proteins		tp-ap-biology
Diffusion	Movement of molecules from high to low concentration		tp-ap-biology
Osmosis	Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane		tp-ap-biology
Facilitated diffusion	Passive transport through a channel or carrier protein		tp-ap-biology
Active transport	Movement against a gradient using energy		tp-ap-biology
Endocytosis	Cell takes in material by folding the membrane around it		tp-ap-biology
Exocytosis	Cell releases material by vesicles fusing with the membrane		tp-ap-biology
Hypotonic solution	Lower solute concentration than the cell; cell gains water		tp-ap-biology
Hypertonic solution	Higher solute concentration than the cell; cell loses water		tp-ap-biology
Isotonic solution	Equal solute concentration; no net water movement		tp-ap-biology
Water potential	A measure of water's tendency to move; it moves from high to low		tp-ap-biology
Nucleus	Organelle holding DNA		tp-ap-biology
Rough ER	Studded with ribosomes; makes proteins for export		tp-ap-biology
Smooth ER	Makes lipids and detoxifies		tp-ap-biology
Golgi apparatus	Modifies, sorts and packages proteins		tp-ap-biology
Lysosome	Organelle containing digestive enzymes		tp-ap-biology
Endosymbiosis	Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from engulfed prokaryotes		tp-ap-biology
ATP	The cell's main energy currency		tp-ap-biology
Glycolysis	Splitting glucose into two pyruvate in the cytoplasm		tp-ap-biology
Krebs cycle	Reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that release CO2 and carry electrons		tp-ap-biology
Oxidative phosphorylation	ATP production using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis		tp-ap-biology
Chemiosmosis	ATP made as protons flow back through ATP synthase		tp-ap-biology
Fermentation	Making ATP without oxygen by regenerating NAD+		tp-ap-biology
Light reactions	Photosynthesis stage in thylakoids that makes ATP, NADPH and O2		tp-ap-biology
Calvin cycle	Stage that uses ATP and NADPH to build sugar from CO2		tp-ap-biology
Rubisco	The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle		tp-ap-biology
Chlorophyll	The main pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis		tp-ap-biology
Photosystem	A cluster of pigments and proteins that captures light energy		tp-ap-biology
Cell cycle	The ordered life of a cell from one division to the next		tp-ap-biology
Interphase	G1, S and G2: growth and DNA copying		tp-ap-biology
Mitosis	Nuclear division producing two identical nuclei		tp-ap-biology
Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm		tp-ap-biology
Checkpoint	A control point that decides whether the cell cycle continues		tp-ap-biology
Cyclin	A protein that regulates progress through the cell cycle		tp-ap-biology
Meiosis	Two divisions that produce four haploid cells		tp-ap-biology
Crossing over	Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes in prophase I		tp-ap-biology
Independent assortment	Random orientation of chromosome pairs, creating variety		tp-ap-biology
Nondisjunction	Failure of chromosomes to separate properly		tp-ap-biology
Allele	A version of a gene		tp-ap-biology
Genotype	The set of alleles an individual has		tp-ap-biology
Phenotype	The observable trait		tp-ap-biology
Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a gene		tp-ap-biology
Heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a gene		tp-ap-biology
Law of segregation	The two alleles for a gene separate into different gametes		tp-ap-biology
Law of independent assortment	Genes for different traits are inherited independently if on separate chromosomes		tp-ap-biology
Incomplete dominance	Heterozygote shows a blend of the two phenotypes		tp-ap-biology
Codominance	Both alleles are fully expressed		tp-ap-biology
Sex-linked trait	A trait whose gene lies on a sex chromosome		tp-ap-biology
Linked genes	Genes close together on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together		tp-ap-biology
Replication	Copying DNA before cell division		tp-ap-biology
Semiconservative	Each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand		tp-ap-biology
DNA polymerase	Enzyme that adds nucleotides during replication		tp-ap-biology
Helicase	Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix		tp-ap-biology
Okazaki fragments	Short DNA pieces made on the lagging strand		tp-ap-biology
Transcription	Making RNA from a DNA template		tp-ap-biology
Translation	Making a protein from mRNA at a ribosome		tp-ap-biology
Codon	Three mRNA bases that code for one amino acid		tp-ap-biology
Anticodon	Three tRNA bases that pair with a codon		tp-ap-biology
Intron	A noncoding region removed from RNA		tp-ap-biology
Exon	A coding region kept in mature RNA		tp-ap-biology
Operon	A cluster of bacterial genes controlled together		tp-ap-biology
Lac operon	An inducible operon that lets bacteria digest lactose when it is present		tp-ap-biology
Transcription factor	A protein that helps turn genes on or off		tp-ap-biology
Point mutation	A change in a single DNA nucleotide		tp-ap-biology
Frameshift mutation	An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame		tp-ap-biology
PCR	A technique for copying a specific DNA segment many times		tp-ap-biology
Gel electrophoresis	Separating DNA fragments by size using an electric current		tp-ap-biology
Restriction enzyme	Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence		tp-ap-biology
CRISPR	A gene-editing tool derived from a bacterial defense system		tp-ap-biology
Recombinant DNA	DNA combined from different sources		tp-ap-biology
Natural selection	Individuals with helpful heritable traits leave more offspring		tp-ap-biology
Fitness	An organism's success at passing on its genes		tp-ap-biology
Genetic drift	Random change in allele frequencies, strongest in small populations		tp-ap-biology
Gene flow	Movement of alleles between populations		tp-ap-biology
Founder effect	Drift caused by a small group starting a new population		tp-ap-biology
Bottleneck effect	Drift caused by a sharp drop in population size		tp-ap-biology
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	A model of a non-evolving population: p + q = 1		tp-ap-biology
Speciation	Formation of new species		tp-ap-biology
Allopatric speciation	Species form after geographic separation		tp-ap-biology
Homologous structures	Similar structures due to shared ancestry		tp-ap-biology
Analogous structures	Similar function from separate evolution		tp-ap-biology
Phylogenetic tree	A diagram of evolutionary relationships		tp-ap-biology
Cladogram	A branching diagram based on shared derived traits		tp-ap-biology
Endothermic	Producing body heat from metabolism		tp-ap-biology
Negative feedback	A response that reduces the original change		tp-ap-biology
Positive feedback	A response that amplifies the original change		tp-ap-biology
Signal transduction	A pathway converting a signal outside the cell into a response inside		tp-ap-biology
Ligand	A molecule that binds to a receptor		tp-ap-biology
Second messenger	A small molecule that spreads a signal inside the cell, like cAMP		tp-ap-biology
Apoptosis	Programmed cell death		tp-ap-biology
Carrying capacity	The maximum population an environment can support		tp-ap-biology
Logistic growth	S-shaped growth that levels off at carrying capacity		tp-ap-biology
Exponential growth	J-shaped growth with unlimited resources		tp-ap-biology
Keystone species	A species with a large effect on its community relative to its numbers		tp-ap-biology
Trophic level	A feeding level in a food chain		tp-ap-biology
Primary productivity	Rate at which producers store energy		tp-ap-biology
Biogeochemical cycle	Movement of an element between living things and the environment		tp-ap-biology
Niche	The role and conditions an organism needs in its ecosystem		tp-ap-biology
Competitive exclusion	Two species needing the same resource cannot coexist indefinitely		tp-ap-biology
Succession	Gradual change in a community over time		tp-ap-biology
Limit	The value a function approaches as the input approaches a point		tp-ap-calculus
Continuity at a point	The limit exists, the function is defined, and they are equal		tp-ap-calculus
Removable discontinuity	A hole in a graph		tp-ap-calculus
Jump discontinuity	One-sided limits exist but differ		tp-ap-calculus
Vertical asymptote	A line the function grows without bound near		tp-ap-calculus
Horizontal asymptote	A value the function approaches at infinity		tp-ap-calculus
Intermediate Value Theorem	A continuous function takes every value between f(a) and f(b)		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative	Instantaneous rate of change; slope of the tangent line		tp-ap-calculus
Limit definition of derivative	lim as h to 0 of [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h		tp-ap-calculus
Differentiability implies continuity	A function differentiable at a point is continuous there		tp-ap-calculus
Power rule	d/dx x^n = n x^(n-1)		tp-ap-calculus
Product rule	(fg)' = f'g + fg'		tp-ap-calculus
Quotient rule	(f/g)' = (f'g - fg') / g^2		tp-ap-calculus
Chain rule	d/dx f(g(x)) = f'(g(x)) times g'(x)		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of sin x	cos x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of cos x	-sin x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of tan x	sec^2 x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of e^x	e^x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of ln x	1/x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of a^x	a^x ln a		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of arctan x	1 / (1 + x^2)		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of arcsin x	1 / sqrt(1 - x^2)		tp-ap-calculus
Implicit differentiation	Differentiate both sides with respect to x, treating y as a function of x		tp-ap-calculus
Related rates	Finding rates of change of connected quantities over time		tp-ap-calculus
Mean Value Theorem	Some point has a tangent slope equal to the average slope over the interval		tp-ap-calculus
Rolle's Theorem	If f(a) = f(b), the derivative is zero somewhere between		tp-ap-calculus
Extreme Value Theorem	A continuous function on a closed interval has a max and a min		tp-ap-calculus
Critical point	A point where f' is zero or undefined		tp-ap-calculus
First derivative test	Sign change of f' identifies local maxima and minima		tp-ap-calculus
Second derivative test	f'' positive means local min; negative means local max at a critical point		tp-ap-calculus
Concave up	f'' is positive		tp-ap-calculus
Inflection point	Where concavity changes		tp-ap-calculus
Optimization	Using derivatives to find the best value of a quantity		tp-ap-calculus
L'Hopital's Rule	For 0/0 or infinity/infinity, differentiate the top and bottom		tp-ap-calculus
Linear approximation	Using the tangent line to estimate nearby values		tp-ap-calculus
Position, velocity, acceleration	First and second derivatives of position		tp-ap-calculus
Speed	Absolute value of velocity		tp-ap-calculus
Riemann sum	Approximating area by adding areas of rectangles		tp-ap-calculus
Left Riemann sum	Uses left endpoints for rectangle heights		tp-ap-calculus
Trapezoidal rule	Approximates area with trapezoids		tp-ap-calculus
Definite integral	Net signed area between a curve and the x-axis		tp-ap-calculus
Antiderivative	A function whose derivative is the given function		tp-ap-calculus
Indefinite integral	The family of antiderivatives, plus C		tp-ap-calculus
Power rule for integrals	Integral of x^n = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C, for n not equal to -1		tp-ap-calculus
Integral of 1/x	ln |x| + C		tp-ap-calculus
Integral of e^x	e^x + C		tp-ap-calculus
Integral of cos x	sin x + C		tp-ap-calculus
Integral of sin x	-cos x + C		tp-ap-calculus
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part 1	d/dx of integral from a to x of f(t) dt equals f(x)		tp-ap-calculus
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part 2	Integral from a to b of f = F(b) - F(a)		tp-ap-calculus
u-substitution	Integration technique that reverses the chain rule		tp-ap-calculus
Integration by parts	Integral of u dv = uv - integral of v du		tp-ap-calculus
Average value of a function	(1/(b - a)) times the integral of f from a to b		tp-ap-calculus
Area between curves	Integral of top function minus bottom function		tp-ap-calculus
Disk method	Volume = pi times integral of radius squared		tp-ap-calculus
Washer method	Volume using outer radius squared minus inner radius squared		tp-ap-calculus
Differential equation	An equation involving a function and its derivatives		tp-ap-calculus
Separation of variables	Rewrite so each variable is on one side, then integrate		tp-ap-calculus
Slope field	Graph showing tangent slopes at many points		tp-ap-calculus
Exponential growth model	dy/dt = ky gives y = Ce^(kt)		tp-ap-calculus
Logistic growth	Growth that levels off at a carrying capacity		tp-ap-calculus
Improper integral	Integral with an infinite limit or an infinite discontinuity		tp-ap-calculus
Sequence	An ordered list of numbers		tp-ap-calculus
Series	A sum of the terms of a sequence		tp-ap-calculus
Geometric series	Converges to a/(1 - r) when |r| is less than 1		tp-ap-calculus
Harmonic series	Sum of 1/n; diverges		tp-ap-calculus
p-series	Sum of 1/n^p converges when p is greater than 1		tp-ap-calculus
Ratio test	Series converges if the limit of |a(n+1)/a(n)| is less than 1		tp-ap-calculus
Alternating series test	Terms alternate, decrease, and approach zero imply convergence		tp-ap-calculus
Absolute convergence	The series of absolute values converges		tp-ap-calculus
Taylor series	Infinite polynomial built from a function's derivatives at a point		tp-ap-calculus
Maclaurin series	Taylor series centered at zero		tp-ap-calculus
Maclaurin series for e^x	1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + ...		tp-ap-calculus
Radius of convergence	Distance from the center within which a power series converges		tp-ap-calculus
Lagrange error bound	Limit on the error of a Taylor polynomial approximation		tp-ap-calculus
Parametric derivative	dy/dx = (dy/dt) / (dx/dt)		tp-ap-calculus
Polar area	Area = 1/2 times integral of r squared d theta		tp-ap-calculus
Arc length	Integral of sqrt(1 + (dy/dx)^2) dx		tp-ap-calculus
Euler's method	Step-by-step numerical approximation of a differential equation		tp-ap-calculus
Mole	6.022 x 10^23 particles; the chemist's counting unit		tp-ap-chemistry
Avogadro's number	6.022 x 10^23 per mole		tp-ap-chemistry
Molar mass	Mass in grams of one mole of a substance		tp-ap-chemistry
Empirical formula	The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms		tp-ap-chemistry
Molecular formula	The actual number of each atom in a molecule		tp-ap-chemistry
Percent composition	Mass percent of each element in a compound		tp-ap-chemistry
Limiting reactant	The reactant that runs out first and caps the product		tp-ap-chemistry
Theoretical yield	The maximum product predicted by stoichiometry		tp-ap-chemistry
Percent yield	(actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100		tp-ap-chemistry
Molarity	Moles of solute per liter of solution		tp-ap-chemistry
Dilution equation	M1V1 = M2V2		tp-ap-chemistry
Isotope	Atoms of one element with different numbers of neutrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Average atomic mass	Weighted average of an element's isotopes		tp-ap-chemistry
Mass spectrometry	Measures isotope masses and abundances		tp-ap-chemistry
Photoelectron spectroscopy	Measures energies needed to remove electrons from atoms		tp-ap-chemistry
Electron configuration	Arrangement of electrons in orbitals		tp-ap-chemistry
Aufbau principle	Fill lowest-energy orbitals first		tp-ap-chemistry
Pauli exclusion principle	No two electrons in an atom share all four quantum numbers		tp-ap-chemistry
Hund's rule	Fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing		tp-ap-chemistry
Valence electrons	Outer-shell electrons involved in bonding		tp-ap-chemistry
Effective nuclear charge	Net pull felt by outer electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Atomic radius trend	Decreases across a period, increases down a group		tp-ap-chemistry
Ionization energy trend	Generally increases across a period, decreases down a group		tp-ap-chemistry
Electronegativity	An atom's pull on shared electrons in a bond		tp-ap-chemistry
Coulomb's law	Force depends on charges and decreases with distance squared		tp-ap-chemistry
Ionic bond	Attraction between oppositely charged ions		tp-ap-chemistry
Covalent bond	A shared pair of electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Metallic bond	Positive ions in a sea of delocalized electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Lattice energy	Energy released when gaseous ions form an ionic solid		tp-ap-chemistry
Bond order	Number of bonding pairs between two atoms		tp-ap-chemistry
Bond length trend	Higher bond order means shorter, stronger bonds		tp-ap-chemistry
Lewis structure	A diagram of valence electrons and bonds		tp-ap-chemistry
Formal charge	Valence electrons minus nonbonding electrons minus half the bonding electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Resonance	Multiple valid Lewis structures for one species		tp-ap-chemistry
VSEPR theory	Electron groups arrange to minimize repulsion		tp-ap-chemistry
Linear geometry	Two electron groups; 180 degrees		tp-ap-chemistry
Trigonal planar	Three electron groups; 120 degrees		tp-ap-chemistry
Tetrahedral	Four electron groups; 109.5 degrees		tp-ap-chemistry
Hybridization sp3	Four electron groups, tetrahedral		tp-ap-chemistry
Sigma bond	Head-on overlap of orbitals		tp-ap-chemistry
Pi bond	Side-by-side overlap of p orbitals		tp-ap-chemistry
Polar bond	A bond with unequal sharing		tp-ap-chemistry
London dispersion forces	Weak attractions from temporary dipoles; present in all molecules		tp-ap-chemistry
Dipole-dipole force	Attraction between polar molecules		tp-ap-chemistry
Hydrogen bonding	Strong dipole attraction involving H bonded to N, O or F		tp-ap-chemistry
Ideal gas law	PV = nRT		tp-ap-chemistry
Combined gas law	P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2		tp-ap-chemistry
Dalton's law	Total pressure is the sum of partial pressures		tp-ap-chemistry
Kinetic molecular theory	Gas particles move randomly with energy proportional to temperature		tp-ap-chemistry
Graham's law	Lighter gases effuse faster		tp-ap-chemistry
Real gas deviation	Gases act least ideally at high pressure and low temperature		tp-ap-chemistry
Solute	The substance dissolved		tp-ap-chemistry
Solvent	The substance doing the dissolving		tp-ap-chemistry
Electrolyte	A substance that forms ions in water and conducts		tp-ap-chemistry
Net ionic equation	Shows only the species that change, omitting spectators		tp-ap-chemistry
Spectator ion	An ion unchanged by a reaction		tp-ap-chemistry
Precipitate	An insoluble solid formed in solution		tp-ap-chemistry
Beer-Lambert law	Absorbance is proportional to concentration: A = abc		tp-ap-chemistry
Oxidation	Loss of electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Reduction	Gain of electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Oxidizing agent	The species that is reduced		tp-ap-chemistry
Reducing agent	The species that is oxidized		tp-ap-chemistry
Rate law	Equation relating reaction rate to concentrations		tp-ap-chemistry
Reaction order	The exponent of a reactant in the rate law		tp-ap-chemistry
Rate constant	The proportionality constant k in the rate law		tp-ap-chemistry
First-order half-life	ln 2 / k; independent of concentration		tp-ap-chemistry
Collision theory	Reactions need collisions with enough energy and proper orientation		tp-ap-chemistry
Activation energy	Minimum energy for a successful collision		tp-ap-chemistry
Catalyst	Speeds a reaction by giving a lower-energy path; not consumed		tp-ap-chemistry
Rate-determining step	The slowest step in a mechanism		tp-ap-chemistry
Reaction intermediate	A species made then used up within a mechanism		tp-ap-chemistry
Arrhenius equation	Relates rate constant to temperature and activation energy		tp-ap-chemistry
Endothermic	Absorbs heat; positive delta H		tp-ap-chemistry
Exothermic	Releases heat; negative delta H		tp-ap-chemistry
Specific heat	Energy needed to raise 1 g of a substance by 1 degree C		tp-ap-chemistry
Calorimetry	Measuring heat flow, q = mc delta T		tp-ap-chemistry
Enthalpy of formation	Heat change when 1 mol forms from elements in standard states		tp-ap-chemistry
Hess's law	Total enthalpy change is the sum of steps		tp-ap-chemistry
Bond enthalpy	Energy needed to break a bond		tp-ap-chemistry
Entropy	A measure of disorder or energy dispersal		tp-ap-chemistry
Gibbs free energy	Delta G = delta H - T delta S; negative means spontaneous		tp-ap-chemistry
Standard state	Reference conditions for thermodynamic data, 1 bar		tp-ap-chemistry
Equilibrium	Forward and reverse rates are equal		tp-ap-chemistry
Equilibrium constant K	Ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium		tp-ap-chemistry
Reaction quotient Q	Same ratio at any moment; compare with K to predict direction		tp-ap-chemistry
Le Chatelier's principle	A system at equilibrium shifts to counteract a stress		tp-ap-chemistry
Ksp	Solubility product constant for a slightly soluble salt		tp-ap-chemistry
Common ion effect	A shared ion lowers solubility		tp-ap-chemistry
Arrhenius acid	Produces H+ in water		tp-ap-chemistry
Bronsted-Lowry acid	A proton donor		tp-ap-chemistry
Lewis acid	An electron pair acceptor		tp-ap-chemistry
Conjugate acid-base pair	Two species differing by one proton		tp-ap-chemistry
pH	Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration		tp-ap-chemistry
Kw	Ion product of water, 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25 degrees C		tp-ap-chemistry
Strong acid	Dissociates completely in water		tp-ap-chemistry
Buffer	A solution that resists pH change; weak acid plus its conjugate base		tp-ap-chemistry
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation	pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])		tp-ap-chemistry
Titration equivalence point	Moles of acid equal moles of base		tp-ap-chemistry
Indicator	A dye that changes color near the endpoint		tp-ap-chemistry
Electrochemical cell	Converts chemical energy to electrical energy or the reverse		tp-ap-chemistry
Anode	Electrode where oxidation occurs		tp-ap-chemistry
Cathode	Electrode where reduction occurs		tp-ap-chemistry
Standard cell potential	E-cell = E-cathode minus E-anode		tp-ap-chemistry
Salt bridge	Allows ion flow to keep solutions neutral		tp-ap-chemistry
Electrolysis	Using electricity to drive a nonspontaneous reaction		tp-ap-chemistry
Faraday's constant	About 96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Algorithm	A finite set of steps to solve a problem		tp-ap-computer-science
Sequencing	Running statements in order		tp-ap-computer-science
Selection	Choosing which code runs based on a condition		tp-ap-computer-science
Iteration	Repeating a block of code		tp-ap-computer-science
Variable	A named place that stores a value		tp-ap-computer-science
Data type	The kind of value, such as integer, string or boolean		tp-ap-computer-science
Boolean	A value that is true or false		tp-ap-computer-science
String	A sequence of characters		tp-ap-computer-science
Integer overflow	A result too big for the number of bits available		tp-ap-computer-science
Round-off error	Small error from limited precision in storing real numbers		tp-ap-computer-science
Function	A named block of code that can be called		tp-ap-computer-science
Procedure	A named group of instructions, possibly with parameters		tp-ap-computer-science
Parameter	A variable in a function definition that receives a value		tp-ap-computer-science
Argument	The actual value passed to a function		tp-ap-computer-science
Return value	The value a function sends back		tp-ap-computer-science
Library	A collection of prewritten code		tp-ap-computer-science
API	A set of rules for how software components interact		tp-ap-computer-science
Abstraction	Hiding detail to manage complexity		tp-ap-computer-science
Modularity	Dividing a program into independent parts		tp-ap-computer-science
Class	A blueprint for creating objects		tp-ap-computer-science
Object	An instance of a class with state and behavior		tp-ap-computer-science
Instance variable	Data stored inside an object		tp-ap-computer-science
Constructor	Code that initializes a new object		tp-ap-computer-science
Method	A function belonging to a class		tp-ap-computer-science
Encapsulation	Keeping data private and exposing it through methods		tp-ap-computer-science
Inheritance	A subclass reuses and extends a superclass		tp-ap-computer-science
Polymorphism	The same method call behaves differently depending on the object		tp-ap-computer-science
Overloading	Methods with the same name but different parameters		tp-ap-computer-science
Overriding	A subclass provides its own version of a superclass method		tp-ap-computer-science
Static method	A method belonging to the class, not an object		tp-ap-computer-science
Array	A fixed-size, ordered collection of items		tp-ap-computer-science
ArrayList	A resizable list in Java		tp-ap-computer-science
List	An ordered collection of elements		tp-ap-computer-science
Index	The position of an item, usually starting at 0		tp-ap-computer-science
2D array	An array of arrays, like a grid		tp-ap-computer-science
Traversal	Visiting each element of a data structure		tp-ap-computer-science
For loop	A loop with a counter and a stopping condition		tp-ap-computer-science
While loop	A loop that repeats while a condition is true		tp-ap-computer-science
Infinite loop	A loop that never ends		tp-ap-computer-science
Nested loop	A loop inside another loop		tp-ap-computer-science
Off-by-one error	A bug from a loop going one step too far or too short		tp-ap-computer-science
Compound condition	Conditions joined with AND, OR or NOT		tp-ap-computer-science
De Morgan's laws	NOT (A and B) equals (NOT A) or (NOT B)		tp-ap-computer-science
Short-circuit evaluation	Stopping evaluation once the result is known		tp-ap-computer-science
Recursion	A method that calls itself		tp-ap-computer-science
Base case	The condition that stops recursion		tp-ap-computer-science
Linear search	Checking each element in order		tp-ap-computer-science
Binary search	Repeatedly halving a sorted list		tp-ap-computer-science
Selection sort	Repeatedly selecting the smallest remaining item		tp-ap-computer-science
Insertion sort	Placing each item into its sorted position		tp-ap-computer-science
Merge sort	Dividing in half, sorting each, and merging		tp-ap-computer-science
Algorithm efficiency	How the work grows with input size		tp-ap-computer-science
Big-O notation	Describes how running time grows as input grows		tp-ap-computer-science
Reasonable time	Polynomial time or better		tp-ap-computer-science
Unreasonable time	Exponential or worse growth		tp-ap-computer-science
Heuristic	An approach that finds a good-enough answer when exact solutions are too slow		tp-ap-computer-science
Undecidable problem	A problem no algorithm can solve for all cases		tp-ap-computer-science
Parallel computing	Running parts of a task at the same time		tp-ap-computer-science
Bit	A binary digit, 0 or 1		tp-ap-computer-science
Byte	Eight bits		tp-ap-computer-science
Binary	Base-2 number system		tp-ap-computer-science
Hexadecimal	Base-16 number system		tp-ap-computer-science
Lossless compression	Reduces size without losing any data		tp-ap-computer-science
Lossy compression	Reduces size by discarding some data		tp-ap-computer-science
Metadata	Data that describes other data		tp-ap-computer-science
Data cleaning	Fixing or removing incorrect data		tp-ap-computer-science
Big data	Datasets too large for ordinary processing		tp-ap-computer-science
Internet	A global network of networks		tp-ap-computer-science
IP address	A numeric address for a device on a network		tp-ap-computer-science
DNS	System that translates domain names to IP addresses		tp-ap-computer-science
Packet	A small unit of data sent across a network		tp-ap-computer-science
TCP/IP	Protocols that route and deliver data across the internet		tp-ap-computer-science
Router	Device that forwards packets between networks		tp-ap-computer-science
Fault tolerance	A network keeps working when parts fail		tp-ap-computer-science
Bandwidth	Maximum data a connection can carry per time		tp-ap-computer-science
Latency	Delay before data transfer begins		tp-ap-computer-science
HTTP	Protocol for the web		tp-ap-computer-science
Encryption	Scrambling data so only authorized parties can read it		tp-ap-computer-science
Symmetric encryption	One shared key encrypts and decrypts		tp-ap-computer-science
Public-key encryption	A public key encrypts; a private key decrypts		tp-ap-computer-science
Phishing	Tricking people into giving up private information		tp-ap-computer-science
Malware	Software designed to cause harm		tp-ap-computer-science
Multifactor authentication	Verifying identity with more than one kind of proof		tp-ap-computer-science
Digital divide	Unequal access to technology		tp-ap-computer-science
Crowdsourcing	Getting contributions from a large group of people online		tp-ap-computer-science
Open source	Software whose code is free to view and modify		tp-ap-computer-science
Bias in algorithms	Systematic unfairness in a program's results		tp-ap-computer-science
Creative Commons	Licenses that let creators share work with set permissions		tp-ap-computer-science
Debugging	Finding and fixing errors		tp-ap-computer-science
Syntax error	Code that breaks the language's rules		tp-ap-computer-science
Logic error	Code that runs but gives wrong results		tp-ap-computer-science
Run-time error	An error that happens while the program is running		tp-ap-computer-science
Testing	Running a program with chosen inputs to check behavior		tp-ap-computer-science
Pseudocode	Informal, language-independent description of an algorithm		tp-ap-computer-science
Flowchart	A diagram of an algorithm's steps		tp-ap-computer-science
Event-driven programming	Code that responds to user actions or messages		tp-ap-computer-science
Simulation	A program that models a real-world system		tp-ap-computer-science
Ecosystem	Living things and their nonliving surroundings interacting		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biome	A large region defined by climate and typical plants and animals		tp-ap-environmental-science
Producer	An organism that makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis		tp-ap-environmental-science
Consumer	An organism that eats other organisms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Decomposer	An organism that breaks down dead matter		tp-ap-environmental-science
Trophic level	A feeding position in a food chain		tp-ap-environmental-science
Ten percent rule	About 10 percent of energy passes to the next trophic level		tp-ap-environmental-science
Net primary productivity	Energy stored by producers after their own use		tp-ap-environmental-science
Food web	Interconnected food chains		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biodiversity	The variety of life at genetic, species and ecosystem levels		tp-ap-environmental-science
Keystone species	A species with an outsized role in its ecosystem		tp-ap-environmental-science
Indicator species	A species whose health signals environmental condition		tp-ap-environmental-science
Invasive species	A non-native species that spreads and harms the ecosystem		tp-ap-environmental-science
Ecological succession	Gradual replacement of communities over time		tp-ap-environmental-science
Primary succession	Colonization of bare rock with no soil		tp-ap-environmental-science
Secondary succession	Regrowth after disturbance where soil remains		tp-ap-environmental-science
Carbon cycle	Movement of carbon among air, living things, oceans and rocks		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nitrogen fixation	Converting nitrogen gas into usable forms by bacteria		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nitrogen cycle	Movement of nitrogen through air, soil and organisms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Phosphorus cycle	Movement of phosphorus through rock, soil and water, with no gas phase		tp-ap-environmental-science
Hydrologic cycle	Circulation of water through evaporation, condensation and precipitation		tp-ap-environmental-science
Photosynthesis	Making sugars from carbon dioxide, water and light		tp-ap-environmental-science
Cellular respiration	Releasing energy from sugar using oxygen		tp-ap-environmental-science
Carrying capacity	Largest population an environment can sustain		tp-ap-environmental-science
r-selected species	Many offspring, little care, small body, short life		tp-ap-environmental-science
K-selected species	Few offspring, much care, large body, long life		tp-ap-environmental-science
Limiting factor	A resource that restricts population growth		tp-ap-environmental-science
Population density	Individuals per unit area		tp-ap-environmental-science
Age structure diagram	Graph of the population in each age group		tp-ap-environmental-science
Total fertility rate	Average children per woman over her lifetime		tp-ap-environmental-science
Replacement level fertility	About 2.1 children per woman		tp-ap-environmental-science
Demographic transition	Shift from high to low birth and death rates		tp-ap-environmental-science
Plate tectonics	Earth's crust moves in large plates		tp-ap-environmental-science
Subduction	One plate sliding beneath another		tp-ap-environmental-science
Soil horizon	A layer of soil, such as topsoil		tp-ap-environmental-science
Soil erosion	Removal of soil by wind or water		tp-ap-environmental-science
Loam	Balanced soil of sand, silt and clay		tp-ap-environmental-science
Cation exchange capacity	Soil's ability to hold nutrients		tp-ap-environmental-science
Weather	Short-term atmospheric conditions		tp-ap-environmental-science
Climate	Long-term pattern of weather		tp-ap-environmental-science
Troposphere	Lowest atmospheric layer where weather occurs		tp-ap-environmental-science
Stratosphere	Atmospheric layer containing the ozone layer		tp-ap-environmental-science
Coriolis effect	Earth's rotation bends wind and ocean currents		tp-ap-environmental-science
El Nino	Periodic warming of the eastern Pacific altering weather worldwide		tp-ap-environmental-science
Thermohaline circulation	Global ocean circulation driven by temperature and salt differences		tp-ap-environmental-science
Rain shadow	A dry region on the leeward side of a mountain		tp-ap-environmental-science
Upwelling	Rise of cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface		tp-ap-environmental-science
Renewable resource	A resource that replenishes naturally in human time		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nonrenewable resource	A resource that is used up faster than it forms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Fossil fuels	Coal, oil and natural gas from ancient organisms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Peak oil	The point of maximum oil production before decline		tp-ap-environmental-science
Hydroelectric power	Electricity from flowing water		tp-ap-environmental-science
Solar photovoltaic	Panels that convert sunlight directly into electricity		tp-ap-environmental-science
Wind turbine	Machine converting wind energy to electricity		tp-ap-environmental-science
Geothermal energy	Heat from Earth's interior used for power or heating		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biomass	Organic matter burned or converted for energy		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nuclear fission	Splitting atoms to release energy		tp-ap-environmental-science
Energy efficiency	Doing the same work with less energy		tp-ap-environmental-science
Cogeneration	Using waste heat from electricity production		tp-ap-environmental-science
Overgrazing	Livestock eating plants faster than they regrow		tp-ap-environmental-science
Monoculture	Planting one crop over a large area		tp-ap-environmental-science
Crop rotation	Alternating crops to maintain soil		tp-ap-environmental-science
No-till farming	Planting without plowing to protect soil		tp-ap-environmental-science
Contour plowing	Plowing along slopes to reduce runoff		tp-ap-environmental-science
Integrated pest management	Combining methods to control pests with minimal chemicals		tp-ap-environmental-science
Aquaculture	Raising fish or other aquatic organisms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Clear-cutting	Removing all trees from an area		tp-ap-environmental-science
Deforestation	Large-scale removal of forest		tp-ap-environmental-science
Urban heat island	City warmer than surroundings due to pavement and buildings		tp-ap-environmental-science
Sprawl	Low-density development spreading from a city		tp-ap-environmental-science
Ecological footprint	Land and water area needed to support a person or population		tp-ap-environmental-science
Point source pollution	Pollution from a single identifiable source		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nonpoint source pollution	Pollution from many diffuse sources, like runoff		tp-ap-environmental-science
Eutrophication	Nutrient overload causing algae blooms and oxygen loss		tp-ap-environmental-science
Dissolved oxygen	Oxygen in water, essential for aquatic life		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biochemical oxygen demand	Oxygen used by microbes to break down organic waste		tp-ap-environmental-science
Bioaccumulation	Buildup of a substance within an organism over time		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biomagnification	Increasing concentration of a substance up the food chain		tp-ap-environmental-science
Smog	Haze from air pollution, often ozone-rich		tp-ap-environmental-science
Acid rain	Precipitation made acidic by sulfur and nitrogen oxides		tp-ap-environmental-science
Particulate matter	Tiny solid or liquid particles in the air		tp-ap-environmental-science
Tropospheric ozone	Ozone near the ground, a harmful pollutant		tp-ap-environmental-science
Stratospheric ozone depletion	Thinning of the ozone layer by CFCs		tp-ap-environmental-science
Montreal Protocol	Treaty phasing out ozone-depleting chemicals		tp-ap-environmental-science
Greenhouse effect	Atmospheric gases trapping heat		tp-ap-environmental-science
Greenhouse gases	Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor		tp-ap-environmental-science
Global warming potential	A gas's heat trapping relative to carbon dioxide		tp-ap-environmental-science
Ocean acidification	Falling ocean pH as seawater absorbs carbon dioxide		tp-ap-environmental-science
Albedo	Reflectivity of a surface		tp-ap-environmental-science
Carbon footprint	Greenhouse gases produced by an activity or person		tp-ap-environmental-science
Carbon sequestration	Capturing and storing carbon		tp-ap-environmental-science
Municipal solid waste	Everyday trash from homes and businesses		tp-ap-environmental-science
Sanitary landfill	Engineered site where waste is buried and covered		tp-ap-environmental-science
Leachate	Liquid that drains from waste		tp-ap-environmental-science
Hazardous waste	Waste that is toxic, reactive, corrosive or flammable		tp-ap-environmental-science
Reduce, reuse, recycle	Waste management priorities in order		tp-ap-environmental-science
Endangered species	A species in danger of going extinct		tp-ap-environmental-science
Endangered Species Act	US law protecting species at risk		tp-ap-environmental-science
CITES	Treaty regulating trade in endangered species		tp-ap-environmental-science
Clean Air Act	US law setting air quality standards		tp-ap-environmental-science
Clean Water Act	US law regulating water pollution		tp-ap-environmental-science
Tragedy of the commons	Shared resources are overused when everyone acts alone		tp-ap-environmental-science
Environmental impact statement	A report assessing a project's environmental effects		tp-ap-environmental-science
Popular sovereignty	Government's authority comes from the people		tp-ap-government
Social contract	Idea that people agree to be governed in return for protection of rights		tp-ap-government
Republicanism	Government by elected representatives		tp-ap-government
Federalism	Power divided between national and state governments		tp-ap-government
Separation of powers	Dividing government into legislative, executive and judicial branches		tp-ap-government
Checks and balances	Each branch can limit the others		tp-ap-government
Enumerated powers	Powers specifically listed for Congress in Article I		tp-ap-government
Implied powers	Powers not listed but needed to carry out those that are		tp-ap-government
Necessary and proper clause	Gives Congress power to make laws needed to carry out its duties		tp-ap-government
Supremacy clause	The Constitution and federal law outrank state law		tp-ap-government
Commerce clause	Gives Congress power to regulate trade among states		tp-ap-government
Reserved powers	Powers kept by states through the 10th Amendment		tp-ap-government
Concurrent powers	Powers shared by national and state governments		tp-ap-government
McCulloch v. Maryland	Established implied powers and federal supremacy		tp-ap-government
Block grant	Federal money given to states for broad purposes		tp-ap-government
Categorical grant	Federal money for specific purposes with conditions		tp-ap-government
Unfunded mandate	A federal requirement imposed on states without funds		tp-ap-government
Federalist No. 10	Madison essay on controlling factions in a large republic		tp-ap-government
Brutus No. 1	Anti-Federalist essay warning against a large central government		tp-ap-government
Bicameral	Having two chambers		tp-ap-government
Filibuster	Using long debate to delay a Senate vote		tp-ap-government
Cloture	Senate vote ending a filibuster, needing 60 votes		tp-ap-government
Discharge petition	Procedure to bring a bill out of committee in the House		tp-ap-government
Rules Committee	House committee setting terms of debate		tp-ap-government
Pork barrel	Spending directed to a lawmaker's home district		tp-ap-government
Logrolling	Trading votes to support each other's bills		tp-ap-government
Gerrymandering	Drawing district lines to favor a party		tp-ap-government
Reapportionment	Reassigning House seats after the census		tp-ap-government
Incumbency advantage	Edge officeholders have when running again		tp-ap-government
Delegate model	Representative follows constituents' wishes		tp-ap-government
Trustee model	Representative uses own judgment		tp-ap-government
Veto	President's rejection of a bill		tp-ap-government
Pocket veto	A bill dies if the president takes no action as Congress adjourns		tp-ap-government
Executive order	A presidential directive with the force of law within the executive branch		tp-ap-government
Executive agreement	Pact with another country that does not need Senate approval		tp-ap-government
Impeachment	House brings charges; Senate holds the trial		tp-ap-government
War Powers Act	1973 law limiting presidential use of troops without Congress		tp-ap-government
Cabinet	Advisers who lead executive departments		tp-ap-government
Bureaucracy	Agencies that carry out laws		tp-ap-government
Independent regulatory commission	An agency, like the FCC, that regulates an industry outside the cabinet		tp-ap-government
Iron triangle	Mutually supportive ties among agencies, committees and interest groups		tp-ap-government
Issue network	A looser group of experts and advocates around a policy		tp-ap-government
Discretionary authority	Freedom agencies have to decide how to apply a law		tp-ap-government
Judicial review	Courts' power to strike down unconstitutional laws		tp-ap-government
Judicial restraint	Courts should defer to elected branches		tp-ap-government
Judicial activism	Courts should actively rule to correct problems		tp-ap-government
Stare decisis	Following precedent		tp-ap-government
Original jurisdiction	Authority to hear a case first		tp-ap-government
Appellate jurisdiction	Authority to review a lower court's decision		tp-ap-government
Writ of certiorari	Order from the Supreme Court agreeing to hear a case		tp-ap-government
Amicus curiae brief	Written argument from a non-party who has an interest in the case		tp-ap-government
Marbury v. Madison	Case that established judicial review		tp-ap-government
Baker v. Carr	Established one person, one vote claims are reviewable		tp-ap-government
Engel v. Vitale	School-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause		tp-ap-government
Tinker v. Des Moines	Students keep free speech rights at school unless there is disruption		tp-ap-government
Wisconsin v. Yoder	Amish families may exempt children from school after eighth grade on religious freedom grounds		tp-ap-government
Gideon v. Wainwright	Right to an attorney for those who cannot afford one		tp-ap-government
Miranda v. Arizona	Police must inform suspects of their rights		tp-ap-government
Mapp v. Ohio	Evidence from an illegal search cannot be used in state courts		tp-ap-government
Citizens United	Limited restrictions on independent political spending by groups		tp-ap-government
Selective incorporation	Applying Bill of Rights protections to states through the 14th Amendment		tp-ap-government
Due process clause	Guarantees fair legal procedures		tp-ap-government
Equal protection clause	States must treat people equally under the law		tp-ap-government
Establishment clause	Government cannot establish a religion		tp-ap-government
Free exercise clause	Government cannot ban religious practice without strong reason		tp-ap-government
Prior restraint	Government blocking speech before it occurs; generally unconstitutional		tp-ap-government
Symbolic speech	Nonverbal expression protected by the First Amendment		tp-ap-government
Clear and present danger	Test for limiting speech that creates immediate harm		tp-ap-government
Civil liberties	Protections of individuals from government		tp-ap-government
Civil rights	Guarantees of equal treatment under law		tp-ap-government
Political culture	Shared beliefs about government in a society		tp-ap-government
Political socialization	Process of forming political views through family, school and media		tp-ap-government
Public opinion polling	Measuring views via samples		tp-ap-government
Sampling error	Gap between sample results and the true population		tp-ap-government
Linkage institutions	Elections, parties, interest groups and media connecting people to government		tp-ap-government
Political party	Organization that seeks to win elections to run government		tp-ap-government
Party platform	Statement of a party's positions		tp-ap-government
Realignment	Lasting shift in party loyalties		tp-ap-government
Primary election	Vote to choose a party's nominee		tp-ap-government
Open primary	Voters of any party may take part		tp-ap-government
Caucus	Local meeting to choose party delegates		tp-ap-government
Electoral College	538 electors choose the president; 270 needed to win		tp-ap-government
Winner-take-all	The candidate with the most votes in a state gets all its electoral votes in most states		tp-ap-government
Super PAC	Committee that can raise unlimited sums to support or oppose candidates independently		tp-ap-government
Political action committee	Group that raises money to support candidates		tp-ap-government
Soft money	Money given to parties for general purposes, restricted by 2002 law		tp-ap-government
Campaign finance	Rules about raising and spending money in elections		tp-ap-government
Pluralism	Many groups compete to influence policy		tp-ap-government
Collective action problem	People benefit from a group's work without joining it		tp-ap-government
Lobbying	Efforts to influence officials		tp-ap-government
Agenda setting	Media and officials choosing which issues get attention		tp-ap-government
Fiscal policy	Government taxing and spending to affect the economy		tp-ap-government
Monetary policy	Federal Reserve's control of money and interest rates		tp-ap-government
Entitlement program	Benefits guaranteed to all who qualify, like Social Security		tp-ap-government
Mandatory spending	Federal spending required by law, such as entitlements		tp-ap-government
Discretionary spending	Spending set each year in appropriations bills		tp-ap-government
Incorporation doctrine	Idea that the 14th Amendment carries Bill of Rights guarantees to the states		tp-ap-government
Voter turnout	Share of eligible voters who vote		tp-ap-government
Voting Rights Act of 1965	Barred discriminatory voting practices		tp-ap-government
Amendment process	Proposed by two-thirds of Congress or convention; ratified by three-fourths of states		tp-ap-government
Absolute location	Exact position, such as latitude and longitude		tp-ap-human-geography
Relative location	Position described in relation to other places		tp-ap-human-geography
Site	The physical features of a place itself		tp-ap-human-geography
Situation	A place's location relative to surrounding areas		tp-ap-human-geography
Region	An area defined by shared characteristics		tp-ap-human-geography
Formal region	Area with uniform traits, such as a country		tp-ap-human-geography
Functional region	Area organized around a central node, like a metro area		tp-ap-human-geography
Perceptual region	Region based on people's feelings, like 'the South'		tp-ap-human-geography
Spatial distribution	How things are arranged across space		tp-ap-human-geography
Density	Number of things per unit of area		tp-ap-human-geography
Distance decay	Interaction declines with distance		tp-ap-human-geography
Time-space compression	Technology making distant places seem closer		tp-ap-human-geography
Geographic information system	Computer system for mapping and analyzing spatial data		tp-ap-human-geography
Remote sensing	Gathering data about Earth from satellites or aircraft		tp-ap-human-geography
Mercator projection	Map that preserves direction but distorts size near poles		tp-ap-human-geography
Arithmetic density	Population divided by total land area		tp-ap-human-geography
Physiological density	Population divided by arable land		tp-ap-human-geography
Agricultural density	Farmers per unit of arable land		tp-ap-human-geography
Crude birth rate	Births per 1,000 people per year		tp-ap-human-geography
Total fertility rate	Average number of children a woman is expected to have		tp-ap-human-geography
Doubling time	Years for a population to double		tp-ap-human-geography
Demographic transition model	Stages of population change as countries develop		tp-ap-human-geography
Population pyramid	Graph of a population by age and sex		tp-ap-human-geography
Dependency ratio	Ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age people		tp-ap-human-geography
Infant mortality rate	Infant deaths per 1,000 live births		tp-ap-human-geography
Life expectancy	Average years a person is expected to live		tp-ap-human-geography
Epidemiological transition	Shift in leading causes of death from infectious to chronic disease		tp-ap-human-geography
Malthusian theory	Population grows faster than food supply		tp-ap-human-geography
Pro-natalist policy	Government encouraging births		tp-ap-human-geography
Anti-natalist policy	Government discouraging births		tp-ap-human-geography
Push factor	A reason for leaving a place		tp-ap-human-geography
Pull factor	A reason for moving to a place		tp-ap-human-geography
Chain migration	Migrants follow relatives or neighbors to the same destination		tp-ap-human-geography
Forced migration	Movement against one's will		tp-ap-human-geography
Refugee	Person who flees across a border due to persecution or danger		tp-ap-human-geography
Internal migration	Movement within a country		tp-ap-human-geography
Gravity model	Predicts interaction based on size and distance of places		tp-ap-human-geography
Culture	Shared beliefs, customs and material traits of a group		tp-ap-human-geography
Cultural landscape	The visible imprint of culture on land		tp-ap-human-geography
Folk culture	Traditional culture of small, homogeneous groups		tp-ap-human-geography
Popular culture	Culture widely shared across large, varied groups		tp-ap-human-geography
Cultural diffusion	Spread of cultural traits		tp-ap-human-geography
Relocation diffusion	Spread through the movement of people		tp-ap-human-geography
Expansion diffusion	Spread outward while remaining strong in the origin		tp-ap-human-geography
Hierarchical diffusion	Spread from important people or places to others		tp-ap-human-geography
Contagious diffusion	Rapid, widespread spread from person to person		tp-ap-human-geography
Acculturation	Adopting traits from another culture		tp-ap-human-geography
Assimilation	Fully taking on the dominant culture		tp-ap-human-geography
Syncretism	Blending of cultural elements		tp-ap-human-geography
Language family	Group of languages with a common ancestor		tp-ap-human-geography
Lingua franca	A common language for speakers of different languages		tp-ap-human-geography
Universalizing religion	Religion that seeks converts, like Christianity or Islam		tp-ap-human-geography
Ethnic religion	Religion tied to a specific group, like Judaism or Hinduism		tp-ap-human-geography
State	A political unit with defined territory and government		tp-ap-human-geography
Nation	A group sharing identity, culture or history		tp-ap-human-geography
Nation-state	A state whose population shares a national identity		tp-ap-human-geography
Sovereignty	A state's authority over its territory		tp-ap-human-geography
Boundary types	Natural, geometric and cultural borders		tp-ap-human-geography
Devolution	Transfer of power from central to regional governments		tp-ap-human-geography
Centripetal force	Force that unifies a state		tp-ap-human-geography
Centrifugal force	Force that divides a state		tp-ap-human-geography
Supranational organization	Group of states cooperating, like the EU		tp-ap-human-geography
Gerrymandering	Drawing districts to favor a group		tp-ap-human-geography
Geopolitics	Study of how geography shapes politics		tp-ap-human-geography
Irredentism	Claiming land beyond borders because of shared ethnic ties		tp-ap-human-geography
Agriculture	Cultivating plants and animals for food		tp-ap-human-geography
Subsistence farming	Growing food mainly for the farmer's family		tp-ap-human-geography
Commercial agriculture	Farming primarily for sale		tp-ap-human-geography
Green Revolution	Higher-yield crops and techniques spread from the 1960s		tp-ap-human-geography
Von Thunen model	Land use rings around a market center		tp-ap-human-geography
Shifting cultivation	Clearing land, farming it for a few years, then moving on		tp-ap-human-geography
Intensive agriculture	Large inputs of labor or capital per acre		tp-ap-human-geography
Agribusiness	Large-scale commercial farming integrated with processing and sales		tp-ap-human-geography
Monoculture	Growing a single crop		tp-ap-human-geography
Urbanization	Growth of the share of people living in cities		tp-ap-human-geography
Central place theory	Settlements serve surrounding areas, forming a hierarchy		tp-ap-human-geography
Primate city	A city much larger than any other in its country		tp-ap-human-geography
Rank-size rule	The nth largest city has 1/n the population of the largest		tp-ap-human-geography
Megacity	City of over 10 million people		tp-ap-human-geography
Edge city	Suburban commercial hub		tp-ap-human-geography
Gentrification	Wealthier people move into older neighborhoods, raising costs		tp-ap-human-geography
Urban sprawl	Spread of low-density development		tp-ap-human-geography
Concentric zone model	Burgess model of rings around a central business district		tp-ap-human-geography
Sector model	Hoyt model of wedge-shaped zones along transport routes		tp-ap-human-geography
Redlining	Denial of loans or services by area, often on racial lines		tp-ap-human-geography
Industrial Revolution	Shift to factory production beginning in Britain		tp-ap-human-geography
Weber's least cost theory	Industrial sites are chosen to minimize transport, labor and agglomeration costs		tp-ap-human-geography
Deindustrialization	Decline of manufacturing in a region		tp-ap-human-geography
Outsourcing	Contracting work to outside companies, often abroad		tp-ap-human-geography
Human Development Index	Composite of health, education and income		tp-ap-human-geography
Gender Inequality Index	Measures disparities between men and women		tp-ap-human-geography
Core-periphery model	Wealthy core areas dominate poorer periphery areas		tp-ap-human-geography
Rostow's stages	Model of five stages of economic development		tp-ap-human-geography
Microfinance	Small loans for people lacking access to banks		tp-ap-human-geography
Fair trade	Trade certification aimed at paying producers a fair price		tp-ap-human-geography
Sustainable development	Meeting present needs without harming future generations		tp-ap-human-geography
Scarcity	Limited resources against unlimited wants		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Opportunity cost	The value of the next best alternative given up		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Production possibilities curve	Graph of the maximum combos of two goods an economy can produce		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Comparative advantage	Producing a good at a lower opportunity cost		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Absolute advantage	Producing more of a good with the same resources		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Gross domestic product	Market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a year		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Nominal GDP	GDP measured at current prices		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Real GDP	GDP adjusted for price changes		tp-ap-macroeconomics
GDP formula	C + I + G + (X - M)		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Consumption	Household spending on goods and services		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Investment	Spending on capital goods, construction and inventories		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Net exports	Exports minus imports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Business cycle	Alternating expansions and contractions in economic activity		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Recession	A significant decline in economic activity		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Unemployment rate	Percent of the labor force that is jobless and looking for work		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Labor force	People employed plus those actively seeking work		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Frictional unemployment	Short-term joblessness while changing jobs		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Structural unemployment	Joblessness due to a mismatch of skills and available jobs		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Cyclical unemployment	Joblessness caused by downturns		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Natural rate of unemployment	Sum of frictional and structural unemployment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Inflation	A sustained rise in the general price level		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Consumer price index	Measures the cost of a typical basket of goods over time		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Deflation	A sustained fall in the general price level		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Disinflation	A slowdown in the rate of inflation		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Real interest rate	Nominal rate minus the inflation rate		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Aggregate demand	Total spending on domestic output at each price level		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Aggregate supply	Total output firms will produce at each price level		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Short-run aggregate supply	Upward-sloping because some prices and wages are sticky		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Long-run aggregate supply	Vertical at full-employment output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Wealth effect	Spending changes as the value of assets changes		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Multiplier	The factor by which an initial spending change affects GDP		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Marginal propensity to consume	Share of extra income spent		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Spending multiplier formula	1 / (1 - MPC)		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Fiscal policy	Government spending and tax changes		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Expansionary fiscal policy	More spending or lower taxes to boost output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Contractionary fiscal policy	Less spending or higher taxes to cool the economy		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Automatic stabilizer	Taxes and benefits that adjust with the economy without new laws		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Budget deficit	Spending exceeds revenue in a year		tp-ap-macroeconomics
National debt	Total accumulated borrowing		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Crowding out	Government borrowing raising interest rates and reducing private investment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Money	Anything accepted as a medium of exchange		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Functions of money	Medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value		tp-ap-macroeconomics
M1	Currency, checkable deposits and similar liquid money		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Fractional reserve banking	Banks keep a part of deposits and lend the rest		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Required reserve ratio	Fraction of deposits banks must hold in reserve		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Money multiplier	1 / required reserve ratio		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Excess reserves	Reserves beyond what is required		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Federal Reserve	The US central bank		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Federal funds rate	Rate banks charge each other for overnight loans		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Open market operations	Fed buying or selling government securities to change reserves		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Discount rate	Rate the Fed charges banks for loans		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Reserve requirement	Fed rule on how much banks must hold in reserve		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Expansionary monetary policy	Lower interest rates and a larger money supply		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Contractionary monetary policy	Higher interest rates and a smaller money supply		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Quantitative easing	Large-scale asset purchases to lower long-term rates		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Money market	Graph of money demand and money supply determining the nominal interest rate		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Loanable funds market	Where savers supply funds and borrowers demand them, setting the real rate		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Phillips curve	Shows a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Stagflation	High inflation with high unemployment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Supply shock	A sudden change in production costs that shifts aggregate supply		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Economic growth	Increase in real output over time		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Productivity	Output per unit of input		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Human capital	Skills and knowledge of workers		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Physical capital	Machines, buildings and tools		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Rule of 70	Years to double = 70 divided by the growth rate percent		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Exchange rate	The price of one currency in terms of another		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Appreciation	A currency gaining value		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Depreciation	A currency losing value		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Balance of payments	Record of a country's transactions with the world		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Current account	Trade in goods and services plus income flows		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Capital account	Flows of financial assets and investment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Tariff	A tax on imports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Quota	A limit on the quantity of imports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Trade deficit	Imports exceed exports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Foreign exchange market	Where currencies are traded		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Laffer curve	Idea that very high tax rates can reduce revenue		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Recessionary gap	Real GDP below full-employment output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Inflationary gap	Real GDP above full-employment output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Self-correction	Wages and prices adjusting over time to return to full employment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Supply-side economics	Policies aimed at boosting production, such as tax cuts		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Keynesian economics	View that government spending can stabilize demand		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Monetarism	View stressing the money supply as key to inflation		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Neutrality of money	Money supply changes affect only prices in the long run		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Velocity of money	How often a unit of money changes hands in a year		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Equation of exchange	MV = PQ		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Fisher effect	Nominal interest rate rises one-for-one with expected inflation		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Liquidity	How easily an asset becomes cash		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Transfer payment	A payment with no good or service in return		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Progressive tax	Higher earners pay a larger share of income		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Regressive tax	Lower earners pay a larger share of income		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Taylor rule	A guide linking interest rates to inflation and output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Leakage	Money leaving the circular flow: saving, taxes, imports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Law of demand	As price rises, quantity demanded falls		tp-ap-microeconomics
Law of supply	As price rises, quantity supplied rises		tp-ap-microeconomics
Equilibrium price	Price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied		tp-ap-microeconomics
Shortage	Quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied		tp-ap-microeconomics
Surplus	Quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded		tp-ap-microeconomics
Substitute goods	Goods used in place of each other; price of one up raises demand for the other		tp-ap-microeconomics
Complementary goods	Goods used together; price of one up lowers demand for the other		tp-ap-microeconomics
Normal good	Demand rises as income rises		tp-ap-microeconomics
Inferior good	Demand falls as income rises		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price elasticity of demand	How sensitive quantity demanded is to a price change		tp-ap-microeconomics
Elastic demand	Elasticity greater than 1		tp-ap-microeconomics
Inelastic demand	Elasticity less than 1		tp-ap-microeconomics
Total revenue test	If price and total revenue move opposite ways, demand is elastic		tp-ap-microeconomics
Cross-price elasticity	Response of demand for one good to another good's price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Income elasticity	Response of demand to a change in income		tp-ap-microeconomics
Consumer surplus	Difference between what buyers would pay and what they do pay		tp-ap-microeconomics
Producer surplus	Difference between price received and the minimum a seller would accept		tp-ap-microeconomics
Deadweight loss	Lost total surplus from inefficiency		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price ceiling	Legal maximum price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price floor	Legal minimum price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Tax incidence	Who actually bears a tax		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal utility	Added satisfaction from one more unit		tp-ap-microeconomics
Diminishing marginal utility	Each extra unit gives less added satisfaction		tp-ap-microeconomics
Utility-maximizing rule	MU per dollar equal across goods		tp-ap-microeconomics
Budget constraint	The combinations of goods affordable with income		tp-ap-microeconomics
Explicit cost	Out-of-pocket payment		tp-ap-microeconomics
Implicit cost	Opportunity cost of using one's own resources		tp-ap-microeconomics
Accounting profit	Revenue minus explicit costs		tp-ap-microeconomics
Economic profit	Revenue minus explicit and implicit costs		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal product	Extra output from one more unit of input		tp-ap-microeconomics
Law of diminishing returns	Adding more of a variable input eventually adds less output		tp-ap-microeconomics
Fixed cost	Cost that does not change with output		tp-ap-microeconomics
Variable cost	Cost that changes with output		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal cost	Cost of producing one more unit		tp-ap-microeconomics
Average total cost	Total cost divided by quantity		tp-ap-microeconomics
MC crosses ATC	Marginal cost meets average total cost at ATC's minimum		tp-ap-microeconomics
Economies of scale	Falling long-run average cost as output grows		tp-ap-microeconomics
Diseconomies of scale	Rising long-run average cost as output grows		tp-ap-microeconomics
Profit-maximizing rule	Produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Perfect competition	Many sellers, identical products, price takers, free entry		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price taker	A firm that cannot affect market price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Shutdown rule	Shut down if price falls below average variable cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Long-run competitive equilibrium	Price equals minimum ATC; zero economic profit		tp-ap-microeconomics
Monopoly	A single seller with barriers to entry		tp-ap-microeconomics
Barriers to entry	Obstacles that prevent new firms from joining a market		tp-ap-microeconomics
Natural monopoly	One firm can supply the market at lower cost than several		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price discrimination	Charging different customers different prices for the same good		tp-ap-microeconomics
Monopolistic competition	Many sellers with differentiated products and free entry		tp-ap-microeconomics
Oligopoly	A few large interdependent firms		tp-ap-microeconomics
Collusion	Firms cooperating to restrict competition		tp-ap-microeconomics
Cartel	A group of firms that agree to limit output and set prices		tp-ap-microeconomics
Game theory	Study of strategic decision-making		tp-ap-microeconomics
Dominant strategy	Best choice regardless of what others do		tp-ap-microeconomics
Nash equilibrium	No player can gain by changing their own strategy alone		tp-ap-microeconomics
Prisoner's dilemma	A game where individual incentives lead to a worse shared outcome		tp-ap-microeconomics
Kinked demand curve	Oligopoly model with sticky prices		tp-ap-microeconomics
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index	Measure of market concentration		tp-ap-microeconomics
Derived demand	Demand for a resource that comes from demand for the product		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal revenue product	Extra revenue from one more unit of a resource		tp-ap-microeconomics
Hiring rule	Hire until marginal revenue product equals the resource price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Monopsony	A market with a single buyer		tp-ap-microeconomics
Minimum wage	A legal price floor for labor		tp-ap-microeconomics
Wage determination	Set by labor supply and demand		tp-ap-microeconomics
Externality	A cost or benefit borne by a third party		tp-ap-microeconomics
Negative externality	Pollution-type cost imposed on others		tp-ap-microeconomics
Positive externality	Benefit to others, like vaccination		tp-ap-microeconomics
Pigouvian tax	A tax set to equal an external cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Subsidy	Government payment to encourage a good		tp-ap-microeconomics
Public good	Non-excludable and non-rival		tp-ap-microeconomics
Free-rider problem	Benefiting without paying		tp-ap-microeconomics
Common resource	Rival but non-excludable good, prone to overuse		tp-ap-microeconomics
Tragedy of the commons	Overuse of shared resources		tp-ap-microeconomics
Coase theorem	Parties can solve externalities by bargaining if costs are low and property rights are clear		tp-ap-microeconomics
Allocative efficiency	Producing what society values most, P = MC		tp-ap-microeconomics
Productive efficiency	Producing at minimum average total cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal social benefit	Total benefit to society of one more unit		tp-ap-microeconomics
Asymmetric information	One party knows more than the other		tp-ap-microeconomics
Adverse selection	Hidden characteristics lead to poor market outcomes		tp-ap-microeconomics
Moral hazard	Risky behavior because someone else bears the cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Gini coefficient	Measure of income inequality from 0 to 1		tp-ap-microeconomics
Lorenz curve	Graph of cumulative share of income by population share		tp-ap-microeconomics
Antitrust law	Rules promoting competition and limiting monopoly power		tp-ap-microeconomics
Circular flow model	Shows flows between households and firms through markets		tp-ap-microeconomics
Capital	Goods used to produce other goods		tp-ap-microeconomics
Short run	Period in which at least one input is fixed		tp-ap-microeconomics
Long run	Period in which all inputs are variable		tp-ap-microeconomics
Total surplus	Consumer surplus plus producer surplus		tp-ap-microeconomics
Elasticity of supply	Responsiveness of quantity supplied to price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Rent seeking	Spending resources to gain favorable treatment		tp-ap-microeconomics
Staff	Five lines and four spaces where notes are written		tp-ap-music-theory
Treble clef	Clef for higher notes; circles the G line		tp-ap-music-theory
Bass clef	Clef for lower notes; marks the F line		tp-ap-music-theory
Alto clef	C clef used for viola; middle C on the center line		tp-ap-music-theory
Ledger line	A short line extending the staff		tp-ap-music-theory
Grand staff	Treble and bass staves joined together		tp-ap-music-theory
Middle C	The C near the center of the piano keyboard		tp-ap-music-theory
Octave	Interval of eight scale steps with the same note name		tp-ap-music-theory
Half step	Smallest interval on a piano, adjacent keys		tp-ap-music-theory
Whole step	Two half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Sharp	Raises a note by a half step		tp-ap-music-theory
Flat	Lowers a note by a half step		tp-ap-music-theory
Natural	Cancels a sharp or flat		tp-ap-music-theory
Enharmonic	Same pitch, different name, like C sharp and D flat		tp-ap-music-theory
Accidental	A sharp, flat or natural not in the key signature		tp-ap-music-theory
Key signature	Sharps or flats at the start showing the key		tp-ap-music-theory
Circle of fifths	Diagram of keys arranged by fifths		tp-ap-music-theory
Order of sharps	F C G D A E B		tp-ap-music-theory
Order of flats	B E A D G C F		tp-ap-music-theory
Major scale pattern	Whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half		tp-ap-music-theory
Natural minor scale pattern	Whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole		tp-ap-music-theory
Relative minor	A minor key sharing a key signature with a major key; starts a minor third below		tp-ap-music-theory
Parallel key	Major and minor keys sharing the same tonic		tp-ap-music-theory
Harmonic minor	Minor scale with a raised seventh		tp-ap-music-theory
Melodic minor	Minor scale with raised sixth and seventh going up		tp-ap-music-theory
Pentatonic scale	Five-note scale		tp-ap-music-theory
Chromatic scale	All twelve pitches in half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Whole-tone scale	Six-note scale of all whole steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Tonic	First scale degree; the home note		tp-ap-music-theory
Supertonic	Second scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Mediant	Third scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Subdominant	Fourth scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Dominant	Fifth scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Submediant	Sixth scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Leading tone	Seventh scale degree, a half step below the tonic		tp-ap-music-theory
Interval	Distance between two pitches		tp-ap-music-theory
Perfect intervals	Unison, fourth, fifth and octave		tp-ap-music-theory
Major third	Interval of four half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Minor third	Interval of three half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Perfect fifth	Interval of seven half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Tritone	Interval of six half steps, an augmented fourth or diminished fifth		tp-ap-music-theory
Consonance	A stable, pleasing combination of notes		tp-ap-music-theory
Dissonance	A tense combination that seeks resolution		tp-ap-music-theory
Triad	A three-note chord built in thirds		tp-ap-music-theory
Major triad	Root, major third and perfect fifth		tp-ap-music-theory
Minor triad	Root, minor third and perfect fifth		tp-ap-music-theory
Diminished triad	Two stacked minor thirds		tp-ap-music-theory
Augmented triad	Two stacked major thirds		tp-ap-music-theory
Seventh chord	A triad plus a seventh above the root		tp-ap-music-theory
Dominant seventh	Major triad with a minor seventh		tp-ap-music-theory
Root position	Chord with its root in the bass		tp-ap-music-theory
First inversion	Chord with the third in the bass		tp-ap-music-theory
Second inversion	Chord with the fifth in the bass		tp-ap-music-theory
Roman numeral analysis	Labeling chords by scale degree, upper case for major		tp-ap-music-theory
Primary chords	I, IV and V		tp-ap-music-theory
Cadence	Chord pair that ends a phrase		tp-ap-music-theory
Authentic cadence	V to I		tp-ap-music-theory
Plagal cadence	IV to I, the 'Amen' cadence		tp-ap-music-theory
Half cadence	Phrase ends on V		tp-ap-music-theory
Deceptive cadence	V to vi, avoiding the expected ending		tp-ap-music-theory
Harmonic progression	A sequence of chords		tp-ap-music-theory
Modulation	Changing from one key to another		tp-ap-music-theory
Tempo	Speed of the music		tp-ap-music-theory
Allegro	Fast and lively		tp-ap-music-theory
Andante	Walking pace		tp-ap-music-theory
Adagio	Slow		tp-ap-music-theory
Presto	Very fast		tp-ap-music-theory
Ritardando	Gradually slowing		tp-ap-music-theory
Accelerando	Gradually speeding up		tp-ap-music-theory
Fermata	A hold on a note or rest		tp-ap-music-theory
Time signature	Numbers showing beats per measure and the note that gets a beat		tp-ap-music-theory
Simple meter	Each beat divides into two		tp-ap-music-theory
Compound meter	Each beat divides into three		tp-ap-music-theory
Syncopation	Emphasis on weak beats		tp-ap-music-theory
Anacrusis	Pickup notes before the first full measure		tp-ap-music-theory
Whole note	Four beats in 4/4		tp-ap-music-theory
Dotted note	A dot adds half the note's length		tp-ap-music-theory
Tie	A curve joining two notes of the same pitch		tp-ap-music-theory
Slur	A curve connecting different notes to be played smoothly		tp-ap-music-theory
Triplet	Three notes in the time of two		tp-ap-music-theory
Forte	Loud		tp-ap-music-theory
Piano	Soft		tp-ap-music-theory
Crescendo	Gradually getting louder		tp-ap-music-theory
Diminuendo	Gradually getting softer		tp-ap-music-theory
Staccato	Short and detached		tp-ap-music-theory
Legato	Smooth and connected		tp-ap-music-theory
Dynamics	Loudness levels in music		tp-ap-music-theory
Timbre	The tone color of a sound		tp-ap-music-theory
Texture	How layers of sound combine		tp-ap-music-theory
Monophonic	A single melodic line		tp-ap-music-theory
Homophonic	Melody with chordal accompaniment		tp-ap-music-theory
Polyphonic	Multiple independent melodic lines		tp-ap-music-theory
Counterpoint	Combining independent melodies		tp-ap-music-theory
Fugue	Polyphonic piece built on an imitated subject		tp-ap-music-theory
Canon	A melody imitated exactly by another voice later		tp-ap-music-theory
Motive	A short, recurring musical idea		tp-ap-music-theory
Phrase	A musical sentence		tp-ap-music-theory
Binary form	Two sections, AB		tp-ap-music-theory
Ternary form	Three sections, ABA		tp-ap-music-theory
Rondo	A form where the main theme returns, ABACA		tp-ap-music-theory
Sonata form	Exposition, development, recapitulation		tp-ap-music-theory
Theme and variations	A tune repeated with changes		tp-ap-music-theory
Figured bass	Baroque shorthand using numbers to show chords		tp-ap-music-theory
Transposition	Moving music to a different key		tp-ap-music-theory
Ostinato	A repeated musical pattern		tp-ap-music-theory
Scalar	A quantity with magnitude only		tp-ap-physics
Vector	A quantity with magnitude and direction		tp-ap-physics
Displacement	Change in position, a vector		tp-ap-physics
Velocity	Rate of change of position, with direction		tp-ap-physics
Acceleration	Rate of change of velocity		tp-ap-physics
Free fall	Motion under gravity alone; about 9.8 m/s^2 near Earth		tp-ap-physics
Projectile motion	Horizontal and vertical motions analyzed independently		tp-ap-physics
Newton's first law	An object keeps its motion unless a net force acts		tp-ap-physics
Newton's second law	Net force equals mass times acceleration		tp-ap-physics
Newton's third law	Forces come in equal and opposite pairs on different objects		tp-ap-physics
Inertia	Resistance to change in motion; related to mass		tp-ap-physics
Normal force	Contact force perpendicular to a surface		tp-ap-physics
Friction	Force opposing relative motion between surfaces		tp-ap-physics
Tension	Pulling force transmitted by a rope or string		tp-ap-physics
Weight	Gravitational force on an object, mg		tp-ap-physics
Free-body diagram	A sketch showing all forces on one object		tp-ap-physics
Centripetal acceleration	Acceleration toward the center of a circle, v^2/r		tp-ap-physics
Universal gravitation	F = Gm1m2/r^2		tp-ap-physics
Work	Force times displacement in the force direction		tp-ap-physics
Kinetic energy	Energy of motion, 1/2 mv^2		tp-ap-physics
Gravitational potential energy	Energy of position in a field, mgh near Earth		tp-ap-physics
Elastic potential energy	Energy stored in a spring, 1/2 kx^2		tp-ap-physics
Hooke's law	Spring force is proportional to stretch: F = -kx		tp-ap-physics
Work-energy theorem	Net work equals change in kinetic energy		tp-ap-physics
Conservation of energy	Total energy of an isolated system stays constant		tp-ap-physics
Power	Rate of doing work		tp-ap-physics
Momentum	Mass times velocity		tp-ap-physics
Impulse	Force times time; equals change in momentum		tp-ap-physics
Elastic collision	Kinetic energy is conserved		tp-ap-physics
Inelastic collision	Kinetic energy is not conserved		tp-ap-physics
Center of mass	The average position of an object's mass		tp-ap-physics
Torque	A force's turning effect, rF sin theta		tp-ap-physics
Rotational inertia	Resistance to change in rotation		tp-ap-physics
Angular momentum	Rotational inertia times angular velocity		tp-ap-physics
Equilibrium	Net force and net torque are zero		tp-ap-physics
Simple harmonic motion	Oscillation with restoring force proportional to displacement		tp-ap-physics
Period	Time for one cycle		tp-ap-physics
Frequency	Cycles per second, measured in hertz		tp-ap-physics
Amplitude	Maximum displacement from equilibrium		tp-ap-physics
Pendulum period	About 2 pi sqrt(L/g) for small swings		tp-ap-physics
Wavelength	Distance between matching points on a wave		tp-ap-physics
Wave speed	v = f times wavelength		tp-ap-physics
Transverse wave	Vibration perpendicular to travel direction		tp-ap-physics
Longitudinal wave	Vibration parallel to travel direction		tp-ap-physics
Superposition	Waves add together where they overlap		tp-ap-physics
Interference	Combining waves to reinforce or cancel		tp-ap-physics
Standing wave	A pattern with fixed nodes and antinodes		tp-ap-physics
Doppler effect	Change in observed frequency due to relative motion		tp-ap-physics
Diffraction	Spreading of waves around obstacles or through openings		tp-ap-physics
Refraction	Bending of waves when speed changes between media		tp-ap-physics
Snell's law	n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2		tp-ap-physics
Total internal reflection	Light fully reflects at a boundary beyond the critical angle		tp-ap-physics
Converging lens	A lens that brings parallel rays together		tp-ap-physics
Electric charge	A property causing electric force; positive or negative		tp-ap-physics
Coulomb's law	Electric force between charges varies as q1q2/r^2		tp-ap-physics
Electric field	Force per unit charge		tp-ap-physics
Electric potential	Potential energy per unit charge, in volts		tp-ap-physics
Capacitor	A device that stores charge and energy in an electric field		tp-ap-physics
Current	Rate of flow of charge, in amperes		tp-ap-physics
Resistance	Opposition to current, in ohms		tp-ap-physics
Ohm's law	V = IR		tp-ap-physics
Electric power	P = IV		tp-ap-physics
Series circuit	Components in one path; same current		tp-ap-physics
Parallel circuit	Components on separate branches; same voltage		tp-ap-physics
Kirchhoff's junction rule	Current in equals current out at a junction		tp-ap-physics
Kirchhoff's loop rule	Voltage changes around a closed loop sum to zero		tp-ap-physics
Magnetic field	A region where moving charges or magnets feel force		tp-ap-physics
Magnetic force on a charge	F = qvB sin theta		tp-ap-physics
Faraday's law	A changing magnetic flux induces an emf		tp-ap-physics
Lenz's law	Induced current opposes the change that caused it		tp-ap-physics
Pressure	Force per unit area		tp-ap-physics
Density	Mass per unit volume		tp-ap-physics
Buoyant force	Upward force equal to the weight of displaced fluid		tp-ap-physics
Bernoulli's principle	Faster fluid flow goes with lower pressure		tp-ap-physics
Continuity equation	A1v1 = A2v2 for incompressible flow		tp-ap-physics
Temperature	A measure of average kinetic energy of particles		tp-ap-physics
Heat	Energy transferred due to temperature difference		tp-ap-physics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics	Systems in thermal equilibrium with a third are in equilibrium with each other		tp-ap-physics
First law of thermodynamics	Change in internal energy = heat added minus work done by the system		tp-ap-physics
Second law of thermodynamics	Entropy of an isolated system never decreases		tp-ap-physics
Heat engine	Converts heat into work		tp-ap-physics
Ideal gas law	PV = nRT		tp-ap-physics
Photoelectric effect	Light ejecting electrons from a metal, showing its particle nature		tp-ap-physics
Photon	A packet of light energy, E = hf		tp-ap-physics
Work function	Minimum energy to free an electron from a metal		tp-ap-physics
de Broglie wavelength	Wavelength of a particle: h/p		tp-ap-physics
Wave-particle duality	Matter and light show both wave and particle behavior		tp-ap-physics
Energy levels	Atoms have only certain allowed energies		tp-ap-physics
Emission spectrum	Light at specific wavelengths from excited atoms		tp-ap-physics
Mass-energy equivalence	E = mc^2		tp-ap-physics
Binding energy	Energy holding a nucleus together		tp-ap-physics
Half-life	Time for half of a radioactive sample to decay		tp-ap-physics
Fission	Splitting of a heavy nucleus		tp-ap-physics
Fusion	Joining of light nuclei		tp-ap-physics
Alpha decay	Emission of a helium nucleus		tp-ap-physics
Beta decay	A neutron becomes a proton, emitting an electron and antineutrino		tp-ap-physics
Behaviorism	School of thought studying observable behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Cognitive psychology	Study of mental processes such as memory and thinking		tp-ap-psychology
Psychoanalytic perspective	Freud's view that unconscious drives shape behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Humanistic psychology	Focus on growth, free will and self-actualization		tp-ap-psychology
Biopsychology	Study of how biology influences behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Wilhelm Wundt	Founded the first psychology lab in 1879		tp-ap-psychology
Hypothesis	A testable prediction		tp-ap-psychology
Independent variable	The factor the researcher manipulates		tp-ap-psychology
Dependent variable	The outcome measured		tp-ap-psychology
Random assignment	Placing participants into groups by chance		tp-ap-psychology
Control group	Group not receiving the treatment		tp-ap-psychology
Double-blind study	Neither participants nor researchers know who gets the treatment		tp-ap-psychology
Placebo effect	Improvement due to expectation, not the treatment		tp-ap-psychology
Correlation	A relationship between two variables; does not prove cause		tp-ap-psychology
Correlation coefficient	A number from -1 to +1 showing strength and direction of relationship		tp-ap-psychology
Operational definition	A precise statement of how a variable is measured		tp-ap-psychology
Informed consent	Participants agree after learning what is involved		tp-ap-psychology
Neuron	A nerve cell		tp-ap-psychology
Dendrite	Receives signals into a neuron		tp-ap-psychology
Axon	Carries signals away from the cell body		tp-ap-psychology
Action potential	An electrical impulse along an axon		tp-ap-psychology
Synapse	The gap between neurons		tp-ap-psychology
Neurotransmitter	Chemical messenger sent across a synapse		tp-ap-psychology
Dopamine	Neurotransmitter linked to reward and movement		tp-ap-psychology
Serotonin	Neurotransmitter affecting mood, sleep and appetite		tp-ap-psychology
Acetylcholine	Neurotransmitter involved in muscles and memory		tp-ap-psychology
Endorphins	Natural pain relievers		tp-ap-psychology
Central nervous system	The brain and spinal cord		tp-ap-psychology
Peripheral nervous system	Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord		tp-ap-psychology
Sympathetic nervous system	Prepares the body for action		tp-ap-psychology
Parasympathetic nervous system	Calms the body		tp-ap-psychology
Hypothalamus	Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature and hormone release		tp-ap-psychology
Hippocampus	Forms new explicit memories		tp-ap-psychology
Amygdala	Processes fear and emotion		tp-ap-psychology
Cerebellum	Coordinates balance and movement		tp-ap-psychology
Frontal lobe	Planning, judgment and movement		tp-ap-psychology
Broca's area	Involved in producing speech		tp-ap-psychology
Wernicke's area	Involved in understanding language		tp-ap-psychology
Corpus callosum	Band of fibers connecting the brain's hemispheres		tp-ap-psychology
Neuroplasticity	The brain's ability to change through experience		tp-ap-psychology
Sensation	Detecting stimuli with sense organs		tp-ap-psychology
Perception	Interpreting sensory information		tp-ap-psychology
Absolute threshold	The smallest stimulus detected half the time		tp-ap-psychology
Just noticeable difference	The smallest change that can be detected		tp-ap-psychology
Sensory adaptation	Reduced response to unchanging stimuli		tp-ap-psychology
Gestalt principles	Rules for how we organize perceptions into wholes		tp-ap-psychology
Depth perception	Judging distance		tp-ap-psychology
Binocular cues	Depth cues that need both eyes		tp-ap-psychology
Bottom-up processing	Perception built from sensory details		tp-ap-psychology
Top-down processing	Perception guided by expectations		tp-ap-psychology
Circadian rhythm	The roughly 24-hour body clock		tp-ap-psychology
REM sleep	Sleep stage with vivid dreams and active brain		tp-ap-psychology
Consciousness	Awareness of ourselves and our surroundings		tp-ap-psychology
Classical conditioning	Learning by associating two stimuli		tp-ap-psychology
Unconditioned stimulus	Naturally triggers a response		tp-ap-psychology
Conditioned stimulus	Neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a response		tp-ap-psychology
Extinction	Fading of a learned response when the association stops		tp-ap-psychology
Operant conditioning	Learning through consequences		tp-ap-psychology
Reinforcement	Anything that increases a behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Punishment	Anything that decreases a behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Positive reinforcement	Adding something pleasant to increase behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Negative reinforcement	Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Variable-ratio schedule	Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses		tp-ap-psychology
Observational learning	Learning by watching others		tp-ap-psychology
Albert Bandura	Bobo doll studies on observational learning		tp-ap-psychology
Ivan Pavlov	Discovered classical conditioning using dogs		tp-ap-psychology
B.F. Skinner	Pioneer of operant conditioning		tp-ap-psychology
Encoding	Getting information into memory		tp-ap-psychology
Storage	Keeping information over time		tp-ap-psychology
Retrieval	Getting information out of memory		tp-ap-psychology
Working memory	Short-term memory used to process information		tp-ap-psychology
Explicit memory	Memory of facts and experiences you can state		tp-ap-psychology
Implicit memory	Memory shown through skills and habits		tp-ap-psychology
Mnemonic device	A memory aid		tp-ap-psychology
Spacing effect	Learning is better spread out than crammed		tp-ap-psychology
Retroactive interference	New learning disrupts old memories		tp-ap-psychology
Proactive interference	Old learning disrupts new memories		tp-ap-psychology
Anterograde amnesia	Inability to form new memories		tp-ap-psychology
Heuristic	A mental shortcut		tp-ap-psychology
Confirmation bias	Seeking information that supports existing beliefs		tp-ap-psychology
Functional fixedness	Seeing objects only in their usual uses		tp-ap-psychology
Algorithm	A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution		tp-ap-psychology
Intelligence quotient	Score derived from standardized intelligence tests		tp-ap-psychology
Reliability	Consistency of a test		tp-ap-psychology
Validity	Whether a test measures what it claims to		tp-ap-psychology
Standardization	Uniform procedures and norms for a test		tp-ap-psychology
Developmental psychology	Study of change across the lifespan		tp-ap-psychology
Piaget's stages	Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational		tp-ap-psychology
Object permanence	Knowing that things exist when not seen		tp-ap-psychology
Conservation	Understanding that amount stays the same despite shape change		tp-ap-psychology
Egocentrism	Difficulty seeing another person's viewpoint		tp-ap-psychology
Attachment	Emotional bond between infant and caregiver		tp-ap-psychology
Harlow's monkeys	Showed infants need comfort contact as well as food		tp-ap-psychology
Authoritative parenting	High warmth with firm limits		tp-ap-psychology
Erikson's stages	Eight psychosocial crises across life		tp-ap-psychology
Zone of proximal development	Tasks a child can do with help; Vygotsky's idea		tp-ap-psychology
Maslow's hierarchy	Needs from physiological to self-actualization		tp-ap-psychology
Intrinsic motivation	Doing something for its own enjoyment		tp-ap-psychology
Cannon-Bard theory	Emotion and body arousal occur at the same time		tp-ap-psychology
Cognitive dissonance	Discomfort when beliefs and actions conflict		tp-ap-psychology
Fundamental attribution error	Overestimating personality and underestimating situation when explaining others' behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Conformity	Adjusting behavior to fit a group		tp-ap-psychology
Bystander effect	People are less likely to help when others are present		tp-ap-psychology
Big Five traits	Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism		tp-ap-psychology
Id, ego, superego	Freud's three parts of personality		tp-ap-psychology
Defense mechanism	Unconscious strategy to reduce anxiety		tp-ap-psychology
Locus of control	Belief about whether outcomes come from inside or outside you		tp-ap-psychology
Psychological disorder	Patterns of thought or behavior that cause distress or impairment		tp-ap-psychology
Anxiety disorder	Excessive fear or worry		tp-ap-psychology
Mood disorder	Disturbance of emotion such as depression		tp-ap-psychology
Cognitive-behavioral therapy	Treatment changing unhelpful thoughts and behaviors		tp-ap-psychology
Psychotherapy	Treatment through talking with a trained professional		tp-ap-psychology
Antidepressant	Medication treating depression		tp-ap-psychology
Population	The entire group being studied		tp-ap-statistics
Sample	The part of the population actually measured		tp-ap-statistics
Parameter	A number describing a population		tp-ap-statistics
Statistic	A number describing a sample		tp-ap-statistics
Categorical variable	Places individuals into groups		tp-ap-statistics
Quantitative variable	Takes numerical values that can be measured or counted		tp-ap-statistics
Discrete variable	Takes countable values		tp-ap-statistics
Continuous variable	Takes any value in an interval		tp-ap-statistics
Bar graph	Shows counts or percentages for categories		tp-ap-statistics
Histogram	Bars showing how quantitative data are distributed		tp-ap-statistics
Dotplot	Each value shown as a dot above a number line		tp-ap-statistics
Boxplot	Display of the five-number summary		tp-ap-statistics
Five-number summary	Minimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum		tp-ap-statistics
Interquartile range	Q3 minus Q1		tp-ap-statistics
Outlier rule	Values beyond 1.5 times IQR from the quartiles		tp-ap-statistics
Mean	Sum of values divided by their number		tp-ap-statistics
Median	Middle value when ordered		tp-ap-statistics
Resistant measure	A statistic not strongly affected by outliers, like the median		tp-ap-statistics
Standard deviation	Typical distance of values from the mean		tp-ap-statistics
Variance	The square of the standard deviation		tp-ap-statistics
Skewed right	Long tail toward larger values; mean greater than median		tp-ap-statistics
Symmetric distribution	Both sides are mirror images		tp-ap-statistics
Z-score	How many standard deviations a value is from the mean		tp-ap-statistics
Normal distribution	Bell-shaped, symmetric distribution		tp-ap-statistics
Empirical rule	About 68, 95 and 99.7 percent within 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations		tp-ap-statistics
Percentile	Percent of values at or below a given value		tp-ap-statistics
Scatterplot	Graph of two quantitative variables		tp-ap-statistics
Correlation r	Measures strength and direction of a linear relationship, -1 to 1		tp-ap-statistics
Least-squares regression line	Line minimizing the sum of squared residuals		tp-ap-statistics
Residual	Actual value minus predicted value		tp-ap-statistics
Residual plot	Graph used to check if a linear model fits		tp-ap-statistics
Coefficient of determination	r squared, share of variation explained by the model		tp-ap-statistics
Slope	Predicted change in y for each one-unit increase in x		tp-ap-statistics
Extrapolation	Predicting outside the range of the data, which is risky		tp-ap-statistics
Influential point	A point that greatly changes the regression line		tp-ap-statistics
Lurking variable	An unmeasured variable influencing the relationship		tp-ap-statistics
Confounding	Effects of variables cannot be separated		tp-ap-statistics
Simple random sample	Every group of the chosen size is equally likely		tp-ap-statistics
Stratified random sample	Random samples from each subgroup		tp-ap-statistics
Cluster sample	Randomly choose groups and survey everyone in them		tp-ap-statistics
Systematic sample	Choose every kth individual		tp-ap-statistics
Convenience sample	Easy-to-reach individuals; likely biased		tp-ap-statistics
Voluntary response bias	Bias from people choosing to respond		tp-ap-statistics
Undercoverage	Some groups are left out of the sampling frame		tp-ap-statistics
Nonresponse bias	Selected individuals do not respond		tp-ap-statistics
Response bias	Answers distorted by question wording or situation		tp-ap-statistics
Observational study	Observes without assigning treatments		tp-ap-statistics
Experiment	Researchers impose treatments on subjects		tp-ap-statistics
Randomized block design	Group similar subjects into blocks, then randomize within blocks		tp-ap-statistics
Matched pairs design	Subjects paired or each used twice to compare treatments		tp-ap-statistics
Replication	Using enough subjects so results are reliable		tp-ap-statistics
Blinding	Hiding treatment information to reduce bias		tp-ap-statistics
Law of large numbers	Relative frequency approaches probability with more trials		tp-ap-statistics
Sample space	All possible outcomes		tp-ap-statistics
Complement rule	P(not A) = 1 - P(A)		tp-ap-statistics
Addition rule	P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)		tp-ap-statistics
Independent events	One does not change the probability of the other		tp-ap-statistics
Conditional probability	P(A | B) = P(A and B) / P(B)		tp-ap-statistics
Mutually exclusive	Events that cannot occur together		tp-ap-statistics
Random variable	A numerical outcome of a random process		tp-ap-statistics
Expected value	The long-run average of a random variable		tp-ap-statistics
Binomial setting	Fixed trials, two outcomes, independent, constant probability		tp-ap-statistics
Binomial mean	np		tp-ap-statistics
Binomial standard deviation	sqrt(np(1 - p))		tp-ap-statistics
Geometric distribution	Counts trials until the first success		tp-ap-statistics
Sampling distribution	Distribution of a statistic across all samples of a given size		tp-ap-statistics
Unbiased estimator	A statistic whose mean equals the parameter		tp-ap-statistics
Central limit theorem	Sample means become approximately normal as sample size grows		tp-ap-statistics
Standard error	Estimated standard deviation of a statistic		tp-ap-statistics
Margin of error	Critical value times the standard error		tp-ap-statistics
Confidence interval	A range of plausible values for a parameter		tp-ap-statistics
Confidence level	Long-run percent of intervals that capture the parameter		tp-ap-statistics
Null hypothesis	The claim of no effect or no difference		tp-ap-statistics
Alternative hypothesis	The claim tested for evidence		tp-ap-statistics
P-value	Probability of results at least as extreme as observed if the null is true		tp-ap-statistics
Significance level	Cutoff probability for rejecting the null, often 0.05		tp-ap-statistics
Type I error	Rejecting a true null hypothesis		tp-ap-statistics
Type II error	Failing to reject a false null hypothesis		tp-ap-statistics
Power	Probability of correctly rejecting a false null		tp-ap-statistics
One-sample z-test for proportion	Tests a claim about a population proportion		tp-ap-statistics
t-distribution	Used with sample standard deviation for means; heavier tails than normal		tp-ap-statistics
Degrees of freedom	Number of independent pieces of information		tp-ap-statistics
Two-sample t-test	Compares means of two independent groups		tp-ap-statistics
Paired t-test	Compares means within matched pairs		tp-ap-statistics
Chi-square goodness of fit	Tests whether counts match a claimed distribution		tp-ap-statistics
Chi-square test of independence	Tests association between two categorical variables		tp-ap-statistics
Expected count	Count predicted if the null is true		tp-ap-statistics
Inference for slope	t-test of the slope of a regression line		tp-ap-statistics
Conditions for inference	Random, independent (10 percent rule), and normal or large sample		tp-ap-statistics
10 percent condition	Sample should be under 10 percent of population for independence		tp-ap-statistics
Large counts condition	np and n(1-p) each at least 10		tp-ap-statistics
Statistical significance	Results unlikely to be due to chance alone		tp-ap-statistics
Causation conclusion	Only well-designed randomized experiments support causal claims		tp-ap-statistics
Columbian Exchange	Transfer of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the Old World after 1492		tp-ap-us-history
Encomienda system	Spanish grants of Native labor to colonists		tp-ap-us-history
Jamestown (1607)	First permanent English colony in North America		tp-ap-us-history
Headright system	Land grants to colonists who paid for passage, used in Virginia		tp-ap-us-history
House of Burgesses	Virginia's elected assembly, begun 1619		tp-ap-us-history
Mayflower Compact (1620)	Agreement by Plymouth settlers to govern by consent		tp-ap-us-history
Puritans	Reformers who settled Massachusetts Bay seeking a purified church		tp-ap-us-history
Roger Williams	Founded Rhode Island on religious tolerance		tp-ap-us-history
Mercantilism	Economic idea that colonies exist to enrich the mother country		tp-ap-us-history
Navigation Acts	English laws controlling colonial trade		tp-ap-us-history
Middle Passage	The forced sea voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas		tp-ap-us-history
Great Awakening	18th-century religious revival		tp-ap-us-history
Salutary neglect	British policy of lax enforcement of colonial rules		tp-ap-us-history
Seven Years' War	War ending 1763 that expelled France from mainland North America		tp-ap-us-history
Proclamation of 1763	British ban on colonial settlement west of the Appalachians		tp-ap-us-history
Stamp Act (1765)	Direct tax on printed items that provoked 'no taxation without representation'		tp-ap-us-history
Boston Tea Party (1773)	Protest destroying tea in Boston Harbor		tp-ap-us-history
Intolerable Acts	Punitive laws after the Tea Party		tp-ap-us-history
Common Sense	1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence		tp-ap-us-history
Declaration of Independence	1776 statement of colonial rights and separation from Britain		tp-ap-us-history
Articles of Confederation	First US government; weak central power		tp-ap-us-history
Northwest Ordinance (1787)	Set up governance of western lands and banned slavery there		tp-ap-us-history
Shays' Rebellion	1786 farmers' uprising that revealed weakness of the Articles		tp-ap-us-history
Constitutional Convention	1787 meeting that wrote the Constitution		tp-ap-us-history
Great Compromise	Two-house Congress: equal Senate, population-based House		tp-ap-us-history
Three-Fifths Compromise	Counted enslaved people as three-fifths for representation		tp-ap-us-history
Federalists	Supporters of ratifying the Constitution		tp-ap-us-history
Anti-Federalists	Opponents who feared strong central power and wanted a bill of rights		tp-ap-us-history
Federalist Papers	Essays arguing for ratification		tp-ap-us-history
Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments, ratified 1791		tp-ap-us-history
Hamilton's financial plan	Federal assumption of state debts, a national bank and tariffs		tp-ap-us-history
Jay's Treaty	1794 treaty easing tensions with Britain		tp-ap-us-history
Alien and Sedition Acts	1798 laws restricting immigrants and criticism of the government		tp-ap-us-history
Marbury v. Madison	1803 case establishing judicial review		tp-ap-us-history
Louisiana Purchase	1803 purchase of territory from France, doubling the nation's size		tp-ap-us-history
War of 1812	Conflict with Britain that boosted national identity		tp-ap-us-history
Monroe Doctrine	1823 warning against European colonization in the Americas		tp-ap-us-history
Market Revolution	Early 1800s changes in transport, manufacturing and trade		tp-ap-us-history
Erie Canal	1825 waterway linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic		tp-ap-us-history
Cotton gin	Invention that made cotton very profitable and entrenched slavery		tp-ap-us-history
Jacksonian democracy	Expansion of white male voting and the common man's politics		tp-ap-us-history
Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law leading to forced relocation of Native nations		tp-ap-us-history
Trail of Tears	Forced march of Cherokee and others to Indian Territory		tp-ap-us-history
Second Great Awakening	Religious revival that fueled reform movements		tp-ap-us-history
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)	First major women's rights convention		tp-ap-us-history
Manifest Destiny	Belief that the US was meant to expand across the continent		tp-ap-us-history
Mexican-American War	1846-48 war that gave the US the Southwest and California		tp-ap-us-history
Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as slave, Maine as free; set a line at 36 30		tp-ap-us-history
Compromise of 1850	Package including California as free state and a stronger fugitive slave law		tp-ap-us-history
Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 law letting settlers decide on slavery, reigniting conflict		tp-ap-us-history
Dred Scott decision (1857)	Ruling that Black people could not be citizens		tp-ap-us-history
Emancipation Proclamation	1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held areas		tp-ap-us-history
Gettysburg	1863 battle that turned the war toward the Union		tp-ap-us-history
Reconstruction	Post-Civil War effort to rebuild the South and define freedom		tp-ap-us-history
13th Amendment	Abolished slavery		tp-ap-us-history
14th Amendment	Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection		tp-ap-us-history
15th Amendment	Barred denying the vote because of race		tp-ap-us-history
Freedmen's Bureau	Agency aiding formerly enslaved people		tp-ap-us-history
Black Codes	Southern laws restricting freed people's rights		tp-ap-us-history
Sharecropping	Farming a landowner's land for a share of the crop		tp-ap-us-history
Compromise of 1877	Ended Reconstruction as federal troops left the South		tp-ap-us-history
Jim Crow laws	Southern laws enforcing racial segregation		tp-ap-us-history
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Upheld 'separate but equal'		tp-ap-us-history
Homestead Act (1862)	Gave settlers western land for farming		tp-ap-us-history
Transcontinental Railroad	Completed 1869, linking East and West		tp-ap-us-history
Gilded Age	Late 1800s era of rapid growth and visible inequality		tp-ap-us-history
Robber barons	Critics' name for ruthless industrial magnates		tp-ap-us-history
Sherman Antitrust Act	1890 law against monopolies		tp-ap-us-history
Populist Party	1890s farmers' party seeking reforms		tp-ap-us-history
Dawes Act (1887)	Broke up tribal lands into individual plots		tp-ap-us-history
Progressive Era	Reform period around 1900-1920		tp-ap-us-history
Muckrakers	Journalists exposing corruption and abuses		tp-ap-us-history
The Jungle	Upton Sinclair's novel that prompted food safety laws		tp-ap-us-history
Spanish-American War (1898)	Brought the US overseas territories like the Philippines and Puerto Rico		tp-ap-us-history
Open Door policy	US stance favoring equal trade access in China		tp-ap-us-history
World War I	1914-18 conflict the US joined in 1917		tp-ap-us-history
Treaty of Versailles	1919 peace treaty that the US Senate did not ratify		tp-ap-us-history
19th Amendment	1920 ratification giving women the vote		tp-ap-us-history
Great Migration	Movement of Black Americans from the South to northern cities		tp-ap-us-history
Harlem Renaissance	1920s flowering of Black art and literature		tp-ap-us-history
Scopes Trial (1925)	Trial over teaching evolution in Tennessee		tp-ap-us-history
Stock market crash of 1929	Start of the Great Depression		tp-ap-us-history
New Deal	Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery and reform programs		tp-ap-us-history
Social Security Act (1935)	Created old-age pensions and unemployment insurance		tp-ap-us-history
Dust Bowl	1930s Plains drought and erosion that drove farm migration		tp-ap-us-history
Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)	Attack that brought the US into World War II		tp-ap-us-history
Japanese American internment	Wartime confinement of people of Japanese ancestry		tp-ap-us-history
Manhattan Project	Secret program to build atomic weapons		tp-ap-us-history
GI Bill	Postwar benefits for veterans including education and housing		tp-ap-us-history
Containment	Cold War policy of stopping the spread of communism		tp-ap-us-history
Truman Doctrine	1947 pledge to aid nations resisting communism		tp-ap-us-history
Marshall Plan	US aid to rebuild Western Europe		tp-ap-us-history
NATO	1949 Western military alliance		tp-ap-us-history
Korean War	1950-53 conflict ending in stalemate		tp-ap-us-history
McCarthyism	Accusations of communism without solid proof in the 1950s		tp-ap-us-history
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)	Ruled school segregation unconstitutional		tp-ap-us-history
Montgomery Bus Boycott	1955-56 protest launching the modern civil rights movement		tp-ap-us-history
Civil Rights Act of 1964	Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment		tp-ap-us-history
Voting Rights Act of 1965	Stopped discriminatory voting practices		tp-ap-us-history
Great Society	Lyndon Johnson's domestic program including Medicare		tp-ap-us-history
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)	Standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba		tp-ap-us-history
Vietnam War	Long Cold War conflict dividing Americans		tp-ap-us-history
Watergate	1970s scandal leading to Nixon's resignation		tp-ap-us-history
Reagan Revolution	1980s push for lower taxes, less regulation and a larger military		tp-ap-us-history
End of the Cold War	Soviet Union dissolved in 1991		tp-ap-us-history
Silk Roads	Overland and sea trade routes linking Asia, Africa and Europe		tp-ap-world-history
Dar al-Islam	The Islamic world, a zone of shared religion and trade		tp-ap-world-history
Abbasid Caliphate	Islamic empire (750-1258) centered at Baghdad, known for learning		tp-ap-world-history
House of Wisdom	Baghdad center for translating and advancing knowledge		tp-ap-world-history
Mongol Empire	Largest land empire; linked Eurasia under Genghis Khan and successors		tp-ap-world-history
Pax Mongolica	Relative safety for trade across Mongol lands		tp-ap-world-history
Bubonic plague	Black Death spread along trade routes in the 1300s		tp-ap-world-history
Song dynasty	Chinese dynasty with advances in printing, gunpowder and paper money		tp-ap-world-history
Neo-Confucianism	Revival of Confucian thought blended with Buddhist and Daoist ideas		tp-ap-world-history
Ming dynasty	Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that sent Zheng He's voyages		tp-ap-world-history
Zheng He	Ming admiral who led large treasure fleets across the Indian Ocean		tp-ap-world-history
Tang dynasty	Chinese dynasty known for prosperity and Buddhism		tp-ap-world-history
Grand Canal	Waterway linking northern and southern China		tp-ap-world-history
Feudalism	System of land held in exchange for loyalty and service		tp-ap-world-history
Manorialism	Medieval economic system built on self-sufficient estates		tp-ap-world-history
Byzantine Empire	Eastern Roman Empire centered on Constantinople		tp-ap-world-history
Crusades	Religious wars between European Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land		tp-ap-world-history
Renaissance	European revival of classical learning and art from the 1300s		tp-ap-world-history
Printing press	Mid-1400s invention that spread ideas faster		tp-ap-world-history
Protestant Reformation	1500s movement challenging Catholic authority		tp-ap-world-history
Martin Luther	German monk whose Ninety-five Theses began the Reformation		tp-ap-world-history
Mali Empire	West African empire rich from gold and salt trade		tp-ap-world-history
Mansa Musa	Mali emperor famed for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324		tp-ap-world-history
Timbuktu	Trading and learning center in West Africa		tp-ap-world-history
Swahili Coast	East African trading cities linking Africa to the Indian Ocean		tp-ap-world-history
Great Zimbabwe	Southern African stone city and trading center		tp-ap-world-history
Aztec Empire	Mesoamerican empire centered at Tenochtitlan		tp-ap-world-history
Inca Empire	Andean empire known for roads and terrace farming		tp-ap-world-history
Mit'a system	Inca labor obligation to the state		tp-ap-world-history
Ottoman Empire	Islamic empire that took Constantinople in 1453		tp-ap-world-history
Safavid Empire	Persian empire that made Shia Islam its state religion		tp-ap-world-history
Mughal Empire	Muslim-ruled empire in South Asia from 1526		tp-ap-world-history
Akbar	Mughal ruler noted for religious tolerance		tp-ap-world-history
Tokugawa shogunate	Japanese military rule (1603-1868) with limited foreign contact		tp-ap-world-history
Atlantic slave trade	Forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas		tp-ap-world-history
Triangular trade	Trade linking Europe, Africa and the Americas		tp-ap-world-history
Joint-stock company	Business owned by investors who share risk, like the Dutch East India Company		tp-ap-world-history
Mercantilism	Policy of building national wealth through exports and colonies		tp-ap-world-history
Scientific Revolution	16th-17th century shift to evidence-based study of nature		tp-ap-world-history
Enlightenment	18th-century movement stressing reason and individual rights		tp-ap-world-history
Absolutism	A monarch holds total authority		tp-ap-world-history
Louis XIV	French king who embodied absolutism		tp-ap-world-history
Peter the Great	Russian tsar who Westernized his country		tp-ap-world-history
American Revolution	Colonial independence movement of 1775-1783		tp-ap-world-history
French Revolution	1789 upheaval that ended the old order in France		tp-ap-world-history
Haitian Revolution	Successful enslaved people's revolt that created Haiti in 1804		tp-ap-world-history
Simon Bolivar	Leader of independence movements in northern South America		tp-ap-world-history
Napoleon Bonaparte	French emperor who spread revolutionary ideas by conquest		tp-ap-world-history
Nationalism	Loyalty to one's nation and its self-rule		tp-ap-world-history
Industrial Revolution	Shift to machine and factory production beginning in Britain		tp-ap-world-history
Capitalism	Economic system of private ownership and markets		tp-ap-world-history
Socialism	System favoring shared or state ownership of production		tp-ap-world-history
Karl Marx	Thinker who wrote The Communist Manifesto, criticizing capitalism		tp-ap-world-history
Urbanization	Growth of cities		tp-ap-world-history
Imperialism	Building empires by conquering or dominating other lands		tp-ap-world-history
Berlin Conference (1884-85)	Meeting where European powers set rules for dividing Africa		tp-ap-world-history
Opium Wars	19th-century conflicts forcing China to open to trade		tp-ap-world-history
Taiping Rebellion	Massive 1850-64 uprising against Qing rule		tp-ap-world-history
Meiji Restoration	1868 modernization of Japan under the emperor		tp-ap-world-history
Sepoy Rebellion (1857)	Uprising against British East India Company rule in India		tp-ap-world-history
Suez Canal	1869 waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas		tp-ap-world-history
Abolition	Ending slavery; widespread across empires in the 1800s		tp-ap-world-history
Boxer Rebellion	Chinese uprising against foreign influence around 1900		tp-ap-world-history
World War I	1914-18 global conflict that ended four empires		tp-ap-world-history
Russian Revolution (1917)	Overthrow of the tsar, leading to Soviet rule		tp-ap-world-history
Great Depression	1930s worldwide economic collapse		tp-ap-world-history
Fascism	Authoritarian ultranationalist political movement		tp-ap-world-history
World War II	1939-45 global war		tp-ap-world-history
Holocaust	Nazi genocide of six million Jews and others		tp-ap-world-history
United Nations	International body founded 1945		tp-ap-world-history
Cold War	Rivalry between the US and USSR after 1945		tp-ap-world-history
Chinese Revolution (1949)	Communist victory led by Mao Zedong		tp-ap-world-history
Decolonization	Colonies gaining independence after 1945		tp-ap-world-history
Indian independence (1947)	End of British rule and partition into India and Pakistan		tp-ap-world-history
Mahatma Gandhi	Leader of nonviolent resistance in India		tp-ap-world-history
Non-Aligned Movement	Nations avoiding alliance with either Cold War bloc		tp-ap-world-history
Green Revolution	Mid-20th century agricultural advances raising crop yields		tp-ap-world-history
Apartheid	South Africa's system of legal racial segregation		tp-ap-world-history
Nelson Mandela	Anti-apartheid leader who became South Africa's president in 1994		tp-ap-world-history
Globalization	Growing worldwide connection of economies and cultures		tp-ap-world-history
Migration	Movement of people across regions, a major theme in world history		tp-ap-world-history
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Spain-Portugal agreement dividing newly found lands		tp-ap-world-history
Columbian Exchange	Trade of crops, animals and diseases across the Atlantic		tp-ap-world-history
Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca		tp-ap-world-history
Sufism	Mystical tradition in Islam that helped spread the faith		tp-ap-world-history
Bhakti movement	Devotional Hindu movement stressing personal love of god		tp-ap-world-history
Caravel	Light, maneuverable ship used by Portuguese explorers		tp-ap-world-history
Gunpowder empires	Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal states that used cannons		tp-ap-world-history
Devshirme	Ottoman practice of recruiting boys for the army and government		tp-ap-world-history
Millet system	Ottoman system giving religious communities self-government		tp-ap-world-history
Qing dynasty	Last Chinese imperial dynasty (1644-1912)		tp-ap-world-history
Sati and reform	Reformers in 19th-century India campaigned against the custom of widow burning		tp-ap-world-history
Tanzimat	Ottoman reforms of the 1800s to modernize the state		tp-ap-world-history
Zionism	Movement for a Jewish homeland, emerging in the late 1800s		tp-ap-world-history
Pan-Africanism	Movement for unity among people of African descent		tp-ap-world-history
Genocide	Deliberate destruction of a national or ethnic group		tp-ap-world-history
Non-state actors	Groups like corporations or movements that act across borders without being governments		tp-ap-world-history
European Union	Economic and political union of European countries		tp-ap-world-history
OPEC	Organization of oil-exporting countries formed 1960		tp-ap-world-history
Lift	Upward force from air moving over the wings		tp-aviation-terms
Weight	Downward force from gravity		tp-aviation-terms
Thrust	Forward force from the engine or propeller		tp-aviation-terms
Drag	Backward force from air resistance		tp-aviation-terms
Four forces of flight	Lift, weight, thrust and drag		tp-aviation-terms
Bernoulli's principle	Faster air has lower pressure, contributing to lift		tp-aviation-terms
Angle of attack	Angle between the wing and the oncoming air		tp-aviation-terms
Stall	Wing loses lift when the angle of attack is too high		tp-aviation-terms
Airfoil	Shape of a wing designed to produce lift		tp-aviation-terms
Fuselage	Main body of the airplane		tp-aviation-terms
Wing	Surface that produces lift		tp-aviation-terms
Empennage	The tail section		tp-aviation-terms
Vertical stabilizer	Fin that keeps the airplane straight		tp-aviation-terms
Horizontal stabilizer	Tail surface that keeps the nose from pitching		tp-aviation-terms
Rudder	Control surface that yaws the nose left or right		tp-aviation-terms
Elevator	Control surface that pitches the nose up or down		tp-aviation-terms
Aileron	Control surface on the wings that rolls the airplane		tp-aviation-terms
Flaps	Wing surfaces that increase lift and drag for slow flight		tp-aviation-terms
Slats	Leading-edge devices that help lift at low speeds		tp-aviation-terms
Spoiler	Surface that disrupts lift and slows the aircraft		tp-aviation-terms
Trim tab	Small surface that reduces control pressure		tp-aviation-terms
Landing gear	Wheels and supports for takeoff and landing		tp-aviation-terms
Tricycle gear	Landing gear with a nose wheel and two main wheels		tp-aviation-terms
Propeller	Rotating blades that pull the aircraft through the air		tp-aviation-terms
Turbine engine	Engine using compressed air and burning fuel to create thrust		tp-aviation-terms
Jet engine	Engine producing thrust by expelling exhaust		tp-aviation-terms
Cockpit	Area where the pilots sit		tp-aviation-terms
Yoke	Control wheel used to steer the airplane		tp-aviation-terms
Control stick	Control lever that serves the same role as a yoke		tp-aviation-terms
Rudder pedals	Foot controls for the rudder		tp-aviation-terms
Throttle	Control for engine power		tp-aviation-terms
Pitch	Nose up or nose down movement		tp-aviation-terms
Roll	Tilting the wings side to side		tp-aviation-terms
Yaw	Nose moving left or right		tp-aviation-terms
Altitude	Height above sea level or ground		tp-aviation-terms
Altimeter	Instrument showing altitude		tp-aviation-terms
Airspeed indicator	Instrument showing speed through the air		tp-aviation-terms
Attitude indicator	Instrument showing the aircraft's orientation relative to the horizon		tp-aviation-terms
Heading indicator	Instrument showing the direction the aircraft points		tp-aviation-terms
Vertical speed indicator	Shows climb or descent rate		tp-aviation-terms
Turn coordinator	Instrument showing rate of turn and coordination		tp-aviation-terms
Compass	Magnetic direction instrument		tp-aviation-terms
Six-pack	The classic six flight instruments		tp-aviation-terms
Transponder	Device that identifies the aircraft to radar		tp-aviation-terms
GPS	Satellite navigation system		tp-aviation-terms
Autopilot	System that flies the aircraft automatically		tp-aviation-terms
VFR	Visual flight rules		tp-aviation-terms
IFR	Instrument flight rules		tp-aviation-terms
Visibility	How far a pilot can see		tp-aviation-terms
Ceiling	Height of the lowest broken or overcast cloud layer		tp-aviation-terms
Turbulence	Irregular air movement causing bumps		tp-aviation-terms
Crosswind	Wind blowing across the runway		tp-aviation-terms
Headwind	Wind blowing against the direction of flight		tp-aviation-terms
Tailwind	Wind blowing from behind		tp-aviation-terms
Windsock	Cone showing wind direction and strength		tp-aviation-terms
Density altitude	Altitude adjusted for temperature and pressure; affects performance		tp-aviation-terms
Runway	Strip for takeoff and landing		tp-aviation-terms
Taxiway	Path for aircraft moving between runways and parking		tp-aviation-terms
Apron (ramp)	Parking area for aircraft		tp-aviation-terms
Hangar	Building for storing aircraft		tp-aviation-terms
Control tower	Facility directing aircraft at an airport		tp-aviation-terms
ATC	Air traffic control		tp-aviation-terms
Takeoff	Leaving the ground		tp-aviation-terms
Climb	Gaining altitude		tp-aviation-terms
Cruise	Level flight at a steady altitude		tp-aviation-terms
Descent	Losing altitude		tp-aviation-terms
Approach	Flight path toward a runway		tp-aviation-terms
Landing	Returning the aircraft to the ground		tp-aviation-terms
Go-around	Aborting a landing to try again		tp-aviation-terms
Rotate	Raise the nose at takeoff speed		tp-aviation-terms
Flare	Raising the nose just before touchdown		tp-aviation-terms
Touch-and-go	Landing and taking off again without stopping		tp-aviation-terms
Traffic pattern	Standard path flown around an airport		tp-aviation-terms
Preflight inspection	Checking the aircraft before flying		tp-aviation-terms
Checklist	List of required steps to follow		tp-aviation-terms
Flight plan	Details of a planned flight filed with authorities		tp-aviation-terms
NOTAM	Notice to air missions about hazards or changes		tp-aviation-terms
METAR	Coded weather report for an airport		tp-aviation-terms
Phonetic alphabet	Alpha, Bravo, Charlie... used to spell on the radio		tp-aviation-terms
Mayday	Radio call for a life-threatening emergency		tp-aviation-terms
Pan-pan	Radio call for urgent but not immediately life-threatening trouble		tp-aviation-terms
Roger	Message received		tp-aviation-terms
Wilco	Will comply		tp-aviation-terms
Squawk	Setting a transponder code		tp-aviation-terms
Knot	One nautical mile per hour		tp-aviation-terms
Nautical mile	About 1.15 statute miles		tp-aviation-terms
Mach	Speed relative to the speed of sound		tp-aviation-terms
Pilot certificate	License authorizing someone to fly		tp-aviation-terms
Private pilot	Certificate for flying for personal purposes		tp-aviation-terms
Commercial pilot	Certificate allowing flying for pay		tp-aviation-terms
Co-pilot (first officer)	Second pilot in command structure		tp-aviation-terms
Captain	Pilot in command of a large aircraft		tp-aviation-terms
Flight attendant	Crew member responsible for passenger safety		tp-aviation-terms
Black box	Flight recorders storing data and cockpit audio; actually bright orange		tp-aviation-terms
FAA	Federal Aviation Administration		tp-aviation-terms
Glider	Aircraft without an engine that soars on rising air		tp-aviation-terms
Helicopter	Aircraft lifted by rotating blades		tp-aviation-terms
Rotor	Spinning blade assembly on a helicopter		tp-aviation-terms
Drone (UAS)	Unmanned aircraft system		tp-aviation-terms
Entrepreneur	A person who starts and runs a business and takes the risk		tp-business-terms
Startup	A young company building a new product or service		tp-business-terms
Business plan	Written description of a business's goals and how it will reach them		tp-business-terms
Mission statement	A short statement of a company's purpose		tp-business-terms
Vision statement	A description of what a company hopes to become		tp-business-terms
SWOT analysis	Reviewing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats		tp-business-terms
Sole proprietorship	A business owned and run by one person		tp-business-terms
Partnership	A business owned by two or more people		tp-business-terms
Corporation	A legal entity separate from its owners		tp-business-terms
LLC	Limited liability company, protecting owners' personal assets		tp-business-terms
Shareholder	Owner of shares in a corporation		tp-business-terms
Stock	A share of ownership in a company		tp-business-terms
Dividend	A payment of company profit to shareholders		tp-business-terms
Board of directors	Group elected by shareholders to oversee a company		tp-business-terms
CEO	Chief executive officer, the top manager		tp-business-terms
CFO	Chief financial officer		tp-business-terms
Franchise	A license to run a business under a larger brand		tp-business-terms
Nonprofit	An organization whose surplus goes to its mission, not owners		tp-business-terms
Revenue	Money a business earns from sales		tp-business-terms
Profit	Revenue minus costs		tp-business-terms
Profit margin	Profit as a percent of revenue		tp-business-terms
Overhead	Ongoing costs not tied directly to a product		tp-business-terms
Fixed cost	A cost that stays the same regardless of output		tp-business-terms
Variable cost	A cost that changes with output		tp-business-terms
Break-even point	Sales level where revenue equals total costs		tp-business-terms
Cash flow	Money moving in and out of a business		tp-business-terms
Budget	A plan for expected income and spending		tp-business-terms
Capital	Money or assets used to run or grow a business		tp-business-terms
Venture capital	Investment in young companies with growth potential		tp-business-terms
Angel investor	A wealthy individual who invests in startups		tp-business-terms
Crowdfunding	Raising small amounts from many people		tp-business-terms
Bootstrapping	Funding a business from its own revenue or savings		tp-business-terms
Equity	Ownership value in a company		tp-business-terms
Debt	Money owed		tp-business-terms
Asset	Something of value the business owns		tp-business-terms
Liability	Something the business owes		tp-business-terms
Supply chain	The network moving goods from producers to customers		tp-business-terms
Inventory	Goods held for sale or production		tp-business-terms
Just-in-time	Receiving goods only when they are needed		tp-business-terms
Outsourcing	Hiring outside firms to do work		tp-business-terms
Vendor	A seller of goods or services to a business		tp-business-terms
Wholesale	Selling goods in bulk to retailers		tp-business-terms
Retail	Selling goods directly to consumers		tp-business-terms
E-commerce	Buying and selling online		tp-business-terms
Monopoly	One firm controls a market		tp-business-terms
Competitive advantage	What lets a company outperform rivals		tp-business-terms
Market share	A company's percent of total sales in a market		tp-business-terms
Brand	The name, look and reputation of a product or company		tp-business-terms
Value proposition	The promise of value a customer will get		tp-business-terms
Niche	A specialized segment of a market		tp-business-terms
Target market	The group of customers a business aims to serve		tp-business-terms
Merger	Two companies combining into one		tp-business-terms
Acquisition	One company buying another		tp-business-terms
Initial public offering (IPO)	First sale of stock to the public		tp-business-terms
Public company	A company whose shares trade on a stock exchange		tp-business-terms
Private company	A company whose shares are not publicly traded		tp-business-terms
Bankruptcy	Legal process for people or firms unable to pay debts		tp-business-terms
Insolvency	Inability to pay debts when due		tp-business-terms
Liquidation	Selling off assets to pay debts		tp-business-terms
Audit	Independent examination of financial records		tp-business-terms
Compliance	Following laws and regulations		tp-business-terms
Ethics	Principles of right and wrong in business conduct		tp-business-terms
Corporate social responsibility	A company's duty to act for society's benefit		tp-business-terms
Stakeholder	Anyone affected by or interested in a company		tp-business-terms
Human resources	The function managing hiring, pay and employee matters		tp-business-terms
Onboarding	Helping new employees join and learn their jobs		tp-business-terms
Performance review	Evaluation of an employee's work		tp-business-terms
Delegation	Assigning tasks to others		tp-business-terms
Organizational chart	Diagram of who reports to whom		tp-business-terms
Span of control	Number of people a manager directs		tp-business-terms
Leadership	Guiding and motivating people toward goals		tp-business-terms
Autocratic leadership	Leader makes decisions alone		tp-business-terms
Democratic leadership	Leader involves the team in decisions		tp-business-terms
Motivation	The drive to act toward a goal		tp-business-terms
Productivity	Output per unit of input		tp-business-terms
Efficiency	Producing results with little waste		tp-business-terms
Quality control	Checking that products meet standards		tp-business-terms
Lean manufacturing	Eliminating waste in production		tp-business-terms
Six Sigma	A method to reduce defects and variation		tp-business-terms
Kaizen	Continuous small improvements		tp-business-terms
Key performance indicator (KPI)	A measurable value showing progress toward a goal		tp-business-terms
Return on investment (ROI)	Gain from an investment relative to its cost		tp-business-terms
Scalability	Ability to grow without a matching rise in cost		tp-business-terms
Pivot	A major change in business strategy		tp-business-terms
Minimum viable product	The simplest version of a product that tests an idea		tp-business-terms
B2B	Business-to-business sales		tp-business-terms
B2C	Business-to-consumer sales		tp-business-terms
Contract	A legally binding agreement		tp-business-terms
Invoice	A bill sent for goods or services provided		tp-business-terms
Procurement	The process of buying goods or services for a business		tp-business-terms
Benchmarking	Comparing performance to the best in the field		tp-business-terms
Globalization	Business activity across national borders		tp-business-terms
Tariff	A tax on imported goods		tp-business-terms
Exchange rate	The price of one currency in another		tp-business-terms
Citation	A reference to the source of information or ideas you use		tp-citation-styles
Bibliography	A list of sources consulted for a work		tp-citation-styles
Annotated bibliography	A source list with a short summary and evaluation of each entry		tp-citation-styles
Works Cited	MLA's list of sources actually cited		tp-citation-styles
References	APA's list of sources cited		tp-citation-styles
In-text citation	A brief reference inside the text pointing to the full source		tp-citation-styles
Footnote	A note at the bottom of the page giving a source or comment		tp-citation-styles
Endnote	A note collected at the end of a chapter or paper		tp-citation-styles
MLA	Modern Language Association style, common in the humanities		tp-citation-styles
APA	American Psychological Association style, common in social sciences		tp-citation-styles
Chicago style	Style with notes-bibliography and author-date forms, common in history		tp-citation-styles
Turabian	A student version of Chicago style		tp-citation-styles
IEEE style	Numbered citation style used in engineering and computing		tp-citation-styles
AMA style	American Medical Association style, used in medicine		tp-citation-styles
MLA in-text format	Author's last name and page number, like (Smith 45)		tp-citation-styles
APA in-text format	Author's last name and year, like (Smith, 2020)		tp-citation-styles
Chicago notes format	A superscript number linking to a footnote		tp-citation-styles
Hanging indent	Reference entries where the first line is flush left and later lines are indented		tp-citation-styles
Alphabetical order	Reference lists are usually sorted by author's last name		tp-citation-styles
Title case	Capitalizing major words in a title		tp-citation-styles
Sentence case	Capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns in a title		tp-citation-styles
Italicize book titles	Long works such as books and journals are italicized		tp-citation-styles
Quotation marks for articles	Short works such as articles and poems go in quotation marks		tp-citation-styles
DOI	Digital object identifier, a stable link to a scholarly work		tp-citation-styles
URL	The web address of an online source		tp-citation-styles
Access date	Date you viewed an online source, used where required		tp-citation-styles
Et al.	Latin for 'and others', used for works with many authors		tp-citation-styles
Ibid.	Latin for 'in the same place', used in some note styles		tp-citation-styles
Direct quotation	Using an author's exact words, in quotation marks		tp-citation-styles
Paraphrase	Restating an idea in your own words, still with a citation		tp-citation-styles
Summary	A shorter version of the main points of a source, with a citation		tp-citation-styles
Block quotation	A long quote set apart in an indented block		tp-citation-styles
Ellipsis	Three dots showing omitted words in a quotation		tp-citation-styles
Brackets in quotations	Used to add or change words within a quote		tp-citation-styles
Plagiarism	Using someone else's words or ideas without credit		tp-citation-styles
Common knowledge	Widely known facts that usually need no citation		tp-citation-styles
Primary source	Original evidence from the time, like a letter or data		tp-citation-styles
Secondary source	Analysis or interpretation of primary sources		tp-citation-styles
Tertiary source	A summary of other sources, like an encyclopedia		tp-citation-styles
Scholarly source	Work written by experts and reviewed by peers		tp-citation-styles
Peer review	Evaluation of a work by other experts before publication		tp-citation-styles
Credibility	How trustworthy a source is		tp-citation-styles
CRAAP test	Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose: a checklist for sources		tp-citation-styles
Thesis statement	A sentence stating the main argument of a paper		tp-citation-styles
Abstract	A short summary of a paper		tp-citation-styles
Literature review	A survey of existing research on a topic		tp-citation-styles
Research question	The question a paper sets out to answer		tp-citation-styles
Annotation	A note explaining or commenting on a source		tp-citation-styles
Database	An organized collection of articles and records		tp-citation-styles
Keyword search	Searching by important words		tp-citation-styles
Boolean operators	AND, OR and NOT used to combine search terms		tp-citation-styles
Citation generator	A tool that formats citations; always check the results		tp-citation-styles
MLA 9 core elements	Author, title, container, contributors, version, number, publisher, date, location		tp-citation-styles
Container (MLA)	The larger work holding a source, like a journal or website		tp-citation-styles
APA 7 title page	Title, author, affiliation, course, instructor and date		tp-citation-styles
Running head	A shortened title at the top of pages		tp-citation-styles
Header	Text at the top of each page, often a name and page number		tp-citation-styles
Double spacing	Standard line spacing in academic papers		tp-citation-styles
Font choices	Commonly 12-point Times New Roman or similar readable fonts		tp-citation-styles
Margins	Typically one inch on all sides		tp-citation-styles
Page numbers	Placed in the header in most styles		tp-citation-styles
Appendix	Extra material placed at the end of a paper		tp-citation-styles
Parenthetical citation	A citation in parentheses		tp-citation-styles
Signal phrase	Words introducing a quotation, like 'According to Smith'		tp-citation-styles
Attribution	Giving credit to the source of a statement		tp-citation-styles
Fair use	Limited use of copyrighted material for purposes like education		tp-citation-styles
Copyright	Legal protection of an author's original work		tp-citation-styles
Public domain	Works no longer under copyright		tp-citation-styles
Creative Commons	Licenses allowing sharing under stated conditions		tp-citation-styles
Ghostwriting	Having someone else write work you present as yours		tp-citation-styles
Self-plagiarism	Reusing your own previous work without disclosure		tp-citation-styles
Patchwriting	Altering a source's words only slightly, which is still plagiarism		tp-citation-styles
Works Consulted	Sources used for background but not cited		tp-citation-styles
Secondary citation	Citing a source you read about in another source, noted as 'as cited in'		tp-citation-styles
Anonymous author	Begin the entry with the title when no author is listed		tp-citation-styles
Corporate author	An organization listed as the author		tp-citation-styles
Edition	A particular published version of a book		tp-citation-styles
Volume	One book in a multi-part work or journal year		tp-citation-styles
Issue	One numbered release of a journal		tp-citation-styles
Pagination	Page numbers of a work		tp-citation-styles
Publisher	The company that makes a work public		tp-citation-styles
Milgram obedience study	Participants often followed instructions from an authority figure even when uncomfortable		tp-college-psychology
Stanford prison experiment	Study of how assigned roles shape behavior; its methods are widely criticized		tp-college-psychology
Asch conformity	People often give wrong answers to match a group		tp-college-psychology
Bystander intervention	Helping drops when more witnesses are present		tp-college-psychology
Diffusion of responsibility	Individuals feel less personally responsible in groups		tp-college-psychology
Social loafing	People put in less effort in a group		tp-college-psychology
Groupthink	Group desire for harmony overrides critical thinking		tp-college-psychology
Social facilitation	Presence of others improves performance on easy tasks		tp-college-psychology
Foot-in-the-door	Agreeing to a small request makes a larger one more likely		tp-college-psychology
Door-in-the-face	A refused large request makes a smaller one more likely to be accepted		tp-college-psychology
Self-serving bias	Taking credit for successes and blaming outside forces for failures		tp-college-psychology
Just-world hypothesis	Belief that people get what they deserve		tp-college-psychology
Halo effect	One good trait colors judgment of the whole person		tp-college-psychology
Stereotype	A generalized belief about a group		tp-college-psychology
Prejudice	An unjustified attitude toward a group		tp-college-psychology
Discrimination	Unfair behavior toward a group		tp-college-psychology
Implicit bias	Unconscious attitudes that affect judgments		tp-college-psychology
Contact hypothesis	Positive contact between groups can reduce prejudice		tp-college-psychology
Attribution theory	How people explain causes of behavior		tp-college-psychology
Mere exposure effect	Liking something more with repeated exposure		tp-college-psychology
Reciprocity norm	Tendency to return favors		tp-college-psychology
Self-fulfilling prophecy	An expectation that causes itself to come true		tp-college-psychology
Pygmalion effect	Higher expectations lead to better performance		tp-college-psychology
Spotlight effect	Overestimating how much others notice us		tp-college-psychology
Illusion of control	Believing we influence chance events		tp-college-psychology
Sunk cost fallacy	Continuing because of past investment		tp-college-psychology
Availability heuristic	Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind		tp-college-psychology
Anchoring	Over-relying on the first piece of information		tp-college-psychology
Framing effect	Choices differ depending on how options are presented		tp-college-psychology
Dunning-Kruger effect	People with low skill may overestimate their ability		tp-college-psychology
Hindsight bias	Believing an event was predictable after it happened		tp-college-psychology
Overconfidence	Being more sure of judgments than accuracy justifies		tp-college-psychology
Representativeness heuristic	Judging by how closely something matches a typical example		tp-college-psychology
Schema	A mental framework organizing knowledge		tp-college-psychology
Assimilation	Fitting new information into existing schemas		tp-college-psychology
Accommodation	Changing schemas to fit new information		tp-college-psychology
Theory of mind	Understanding that others have different thoughts and beliefs		tp-college-psychology
Critical period	Window when experience has the greatest effect on development		tp-college-psychology
Imprinting	Rapid attachment to the first moving object seen		tp-college-psychology
Strange Situation	Ainsworth's test of infant attachment types		tp-college-psychology
Secure attachment	Infant uses a caregiver as a safe base		tp-college-psychology
Kohlberg's moral stages	Preconventional, conventional and postconventional reasoning		tp-college-psychology
Identity vs. role confusion	Erikson's adolescent task of forming a sense of self		tp-college-psychology
Emerging adulthood	Period roughly ages 18-25 of exploring identity		tp-college-psychology
Nature vs. nurture	Debate over genes versus environment		tp-college-psychology
Heritability	The share of variation in a trait in a group that is due to genetic differences		tp-college-psychology
Twin study	Compares identical and fraternal twins to separate genes and environment		tp-college-psychology
Epigenetics	Environmental effects on gene activity without changing DNA		tp-college-psychology
Temperament	Inborn emotional reactivity		tp-college-psychology
Reticular formation	Brain structure controlling alertness		tp-college-psychology
Thalamus	Sensory relay station		tp-college-psychology
Limbic system	Brain circuits for emotion and memory		tp-college-psychology
Prefrontal cortex	Area for planning, judgment and self-control		tp-college-psychology
Phineas Gage	Railroad worker whose injury showed frontal lobe roles in personality		tp-college-psychology
Split brain	Severing the corpus callosum affects communication between hemispheres		tp-college-psychology
Lateralization	Different functions in each hemisphere		tp-college-psychology
Mirror neurons	Neurons that fire both when acting and when watching others act		tp-college-psychology
Blind spot	Spot on the retina with no receptors		tp-college-psychology
Rods and cones	Retinal cells for dim light and for color		tp-college-psychology
Trichromatic theory	Color vision from three receptor types		tp-college-psychology
Opponent-process theory	Color perception through opposing pairs		tp-college-psychology
Place theory	Pitch is determined by where on the cochlea the wave peaks		tp-college-psychology
Gate-control theory	Pain signals can be blocked at the spinal cord		tp-college-psychology
Signal detection theory	How we detect faint stimuli amid noise		tp-college-psychology
Selective attention	Focusing on one stimulus		tp-college-psychology
Inattentional blindness	Failing to notice an unexpected object while focused elsewhere		tp-college-psychology
Change blindness	Failing to notice changes in a scene		tp-college-psychology
Cocktail party effect	Hearing your name in a noisy room		tp-college-psychology
Stages of sleep	Light sleep, deep sleep, and REM, cycling through the night		tp-college-psychology
Hypnosis	A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility		tp-college-psychology
Habituation	Decreased response to repeated stimulus		tp-college-psychology
Latent learning	Learning that is not shown until needed		tp-college-psychology
Learned helplessness	Giving up after repeated uncontrollable events		tp-college-psychology
Taste aversion	Avoiding a food linked with sickness; learned in one try		tp-college-psychology
Shaping	Reinforcing steps toward a target behavior		tp-college-psychology
Spontaneous recovery	Return of an extinguished response after rest		tp-college-psychology
Generalization	Responding similarly to similar stimuli		tp-college-psychology
Discrimination (learning)	Responding only to specific stimuli		tp-college-psychology
Flashbulb memory	Vivid memory of an emotional event		tp-college-psychology
Serial position effect	Remembering first and last items best		tp-college-psychology
Chunking	Grouping information into units		tp-college-psychology
Levels of processing	Deeper thinking leads to stronger memory		tp-college-psychology
Method of loci	Memory technique linking items to places		tp-college-psychology
Misinformation effect	Memory distorted by later information		tp-college-psychology
Source amnesia	Forgetting where information was learned		tp-college-psychology
Tip-of-the-tongue	Feeling that a word is known but not recalled		tp-college-psychology
Context-dependent memory	Easier recall in the setting where learning happened		tp-college-psychology
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve	Forgetting is fastest soon after learning		tp-college-psychology
Linguistic relativity	The idea that language shapes thought		tp-college-psychology
Fluid intelligence	Ability to reason and solve new problems		tp-college-psychology
Crystallized intelligence	Accumulated knowledge and skills		tp-college-psychology
Multiple intelligences	Gardner's proposal of several distinct kinds of intelligence		tp-college-psychology
Flynn effect	Rising average test scores over generations		tp-college-psychology
Yerkes-Dodson law	Performance is best at moderate arousal		tp-college-psychology
Drive-reduction theory	Behavior is motivated to reduce internal tension		tp-college-psychology
Set point theory	Body tends to maintain a particular weight		tp-college-psychology
Self-determination theory	Motivation depends on autonomy, competence and relatedness		tp-college-psychology
Display rules	Cultural norms for showing emotion		tp-college-psychology
Stress response	Alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages in Selye's model		tp-college-psychology
Eustress	Positive, motivating stress		tp-college-psychology
Coping	Efforts to manage stress		tp-college-psychology
Locus of control	Belief about whether control lies within or outside oneself		tp-college-psychology
Positive psychology	Study of strengths and well-being		tp-college-psychology
Flow	Being fully absorbed in an activity		tp-college-psychology
Octagon, red	Stop sign: come to a full stop		tp-driving-rules
Triangle pointing down, red and white	Yield: slow down and give way		tp-driving-rules
Circle with slash	Prohibition: whatever is shown is not allowed		tp-driving-rules
Yellow diamond	Warning of a hazard or change ahead		tp-driving-rules
Orange diamond or rectangle	Construction or work zone warning		tp-driving-rules
Pentagon, yellow-green	School zone or school crossing		tp-driving-rules
Round, yellow with an X	Railroad crossing ahead		tp-driving-rules
Crossbuck	Railroad crossing; yield to trains		tp-driving-rules
White rectangle	Regulatory sign, such as a speed limit		tp-driving-rules
Green sign	Guide information such as directions and distances		tp-driving-rules
Blue sign	Services such as gas, food or lodging; or hospital		tp-driving-rules
Brown sign	Recreational or cultural area		tp-driving-rules
Do Not Enter	Do not drive in this direction		tp-driving-rules
Wrong Way	You are driving against traffic		tp-driving-rules
One Way	Traffic moves only in the direction of the arrow		tp-driving-rules
Merge	Lanes join; adjust speed and take turns safely		tp-driving-rules
Slippery When Wet	Road may be slick; slow down		tp-driving-rules
Divided highway begins	Opposing traffic will be separated by a median		tp-driving-rules
Pedestrian crossing	People may cross; be ready to stop		tp-driving-rules
No passing zone	Do not pass other vehicles here		tp-driving-rules
Double solid yellow line	No passing in either direction		tp-driving-rules
Solid white line	Lane change is discouraged or prohibited		tp-driving-rules
Broken white line	Lane changes allowed when safe		tp-driving-rules
Dashed yellow line on your side	Passing allowed when it is safe		tp-driving-rules
Red light	Stop and wait behind the line		tp-driving-rules
Yellow light	Signal is about to turn red; stop if you can do so safely		tp-driving-rules
Green light	Go, after yielding to vehicles and pedestrians still in the intersection		tp-driving-rules
Flashing red light	Treat as a stop sign		tp-driving-rules
Flashing yellow light	Proceed with caution		tp-driving-rules
Green arrow	You may turn in the arrow's direction; oncoming traffic is stopped		tp-driving-rules
Red arrow	Do not turn in that direction		tp-driving-rules
Right of way	Who gets to go first; it is given, not taken		tp-driving-rules
Four-way stop	The first vehicle to arrive goes first; if tied, yield to the right		tp-driving-rules
Uncontrolled intersection	Yield to vehicles already in or approaching the intersection		tp-driving-rules
Pedestrians in a crosswalk	Always yield to them		tp-driving-rules
Emergency vehicle with siren	Pull over to the right and stop		tp-driving-rules
School bus with red lights flashing	Stop; in most places traffic must stop in both directions		tp-driving-rules
Three-second rule	Stay at least three seconds behind the car ahead		tp-driving-rules
Following distance in bad weather	Increase it to four seconds or more		tp-driving-rules
Stopping distance	Reaction distance plus braking distance		tp-driving-rules
Blind spot	An area beside the car that mirrors do not show		tp-driving-rules
Check mirrors and blind spots	Do this before changing lanes		tp-driving-rules
Use turn signals	Signal before turning or changing lanes		tp-driving-rules
Hand signal: left arm straight out	Left turn		tp-driving-rules
Hand signal: left arm bent up	Right turn		tp-driving-rules
Hand signal: left arm bent down	Stop or slow		tp-driving-rules
Seat belt	Everyone in the car should buckle up		tp-driving-rules
Child safety seat	Children use age- and size-appropriate restraints		tp-driving-rules
Speed limit	The highest legal speed, in good conditions		tp-driving-rules
Drive to conditions	Slow down in rain, fog, snow or heavy traffic		tp-driving-rules
Hydroplaning	Tires riding on water instead of the road; ease off the gas		tp-driving-rules
Skid on ice	Ease off the gas and steer gently in the direction you want to go		tp-driving-rules
Headlights	Use them from sunset to sunrise and in poor visibility		tp-driving-rules
High beams	Use on dark roads without other traffic; dim for oncoming cars		tp-driving-rules
Hazard lights	Flashers that warn others you are stopped or in trouble		tp-driving-rules
Parallel parking	Parking parallel to the curb between two cars		tp-driving-rules
Parking uphill with a curb	Turn wheels away from the curb		tp-driving-rules
Parking downhill	Turn wheels toward the curb		tp-driving-rules
Fire hydrant	Do not park in front of one		tp-driving-rules
Red curb	No stopping or parking		tp-driving-rules
Handicap parking	Only for vehicles with a valid permit		tp-driving-rules
Driving under the influence	Illegal and dangerous; never drive after drinking or using impairing drugs		tp-driving-rules
Distracted driving	Texting or other tasks while driving; keep your eyes on the road		tp-driving-rules
Drowsy driving	Driving while tired is dangerous; pull over to rest		tp-driving-rules
Aggressive driving	Tailgating or speeding to intimidate; stay calm		tp-driving-rules
Roundabout	Yield to traffic already in the circle and travel counterclockwise		tp-driving-rules
Merging onto a highway	Match highway speed using the on-ramp		tp-driving-rules
Passing	Only pass when it is legal and clear; return to your lane safely		tp-driving-rules
U-turn	Allowed only where it is safe and not prohibited		tp-driving-rules
Left turn on a green light	Yield to oncoming traffic		tp-driving-rules
Right turn on red	Allowed after a full stop where not prohibited and when clear		tp-driving-rules
Learner's permit	Allows supervised practice driving		tp-driving-rules
Graduated licensing	Phased system giving new drivers more privileges over time		tp-driving-rules
Insurance	Most states require drivers to carry liability insurance		tp-driving-rules
Registration	Official record of a vehicle, renewed regularly		tp-driving-rules
Tire pressure	Check regularly; correct pressure improves safety and fuel use		tp-driving-rules
Dashboard warning light	A signal that a system needs attention		tp-driving-rules
Brake fluid	Hydraulic fluid that transfers brake pedal force		tp-driving-rules
Anti-lock brakes	Keep wheels from locking in hard stops; press firmly and steer		tp-driving-rules
Oversteer and understeer	Car turns more or less than the driver intends		tp-driving-rules
Motorcyclists and bicyclists	Share the road and allow extra space		tp-driving-rules
Move over law	Change lanes or slow down for stopped emergency vehicles		tp-driving-rules
Point system	States track violations by adding points to a driving record		tp-driving-rules
Defensive driving	Anticipating hazards and staying prepared to react		tp-driving-rules
EMT	Emergency medical technician, a trained emergency care provider		tp-emt-basics
Scene size-up	Checking for safety and hazards before helping		tp-emt-basics
Scene safety	Making sure the area is safe for rescuers first		tp-emt-basics
Body substance isolation	Using protective gear to avoid contact with body fluids		tp-emt-basics
Primary assessment	Quick check for life threats		tp-emt-basics
Secondary assessment	More detailed head-to-toe check after life threats are handled		tp-emt-basics
ABCs	Airway, breathing, circulation		tp-emt-basics
Level of consciousness	How alert a patient is		tp-emt-basics
AVPU	Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive		tp-emt-basics
SAMPLE history	Signs/symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past history, Last meal, Events		tp-emt-basics
OPQRST	Onset, Provocation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time: a pain questioning guide		tp-emt-basics
Chief complaint	The main reason the patient needs help		tp-emt-basics
Mechanism of injury	How the injury happened		tp-emt-basics
Nature of illness	What is medically wrong		tp-emt-basics
Triage	Sorting patients by urgency		tp-emt-basics
Airway	The path air takes to the lungs		tp-emt-basics
Head-tilt, chin-lift	Method to open the airway when no spinal injury is suspected		tp-emt-basics
Jaw thrust	Method to open the airway while limiting neck movement		tp-emt-basics
Oropharyngeal airway	Curved device that keeps the tongue from blocking the airway		tp-emt-basics
Suction	Removing fluid or material from the airway		tp-emt-basics
Respiratory arrest	Breathing has stopped		tp-emt-basics
Cardiac arrest	The heart has stopped pumping effectively		tp-emt-basics
CPR	Chest compressions and rescue breaths to keep blood flowing		tp-emt-basics
Compression rate	About 100 to 120 compressions per minute for adults		tp-emt-basics
Compression depth	About 2 inches (5 cm) in adults		tp-emt-basics
AED	Device that checks heart rhythm and can deliver a shock		tp-emt-basics
Defibrillation	An electric shock that can reset a dangerous heart rhythm		tp-emt-basics
Choking	Blockage of the airway by an object		tp-emt-basics
Abdominal thrusts	Technique to clear an object from a choking adult		tp-emt-basics
Bleeding control	Direct pressure, then tourniquet if needed		tp-emt-basics
Direct pressure	Pressing on a wound to stop bleeding		tp-emt-basics
Tourniquet	Band applied above a limb wound to stop severe bleeding		tp-emt-basics
Shock	Inadequate blood flow to the body's tissues		tp-emt-basics
Signs of shock	Pale, cool, clammy skin, fast pulse, confusion		tp-emt-basics
Hemorrhage	Heavy bleeding		tp-emt-basics
Fracture	A broken bone		tp-emt-basics
Splint	Device to keep an injured limb still		tp-emt-basics
Spinal immobilization	Keeping the neck and back still after suspected spinal injury		tp-emt-basics
Cervical collar	Neck brace limiting head movement		tp-emt-basics
Backboard	Rigid board used to move patients with possible spine injury		tp-emt-basics
Burn: first degree	Affects only the outer skin layer; red and painful		tp-emt-basics
Burn: second degree	Blisters; affects deeper layers		tp-emt-basics
Burn: third degree	Destroys full skin thickness		tp-emt-basics
Heat exhaustion	Heavy sweating, weakness, nausea from overheating		tp-emt-basics
Heat stroke	Dangerous overheating; a life-threatening emergency		tp-emt-basics
Hypothermia	Dangerously low body temperature		tp-emt-basics
Frostbite	Freezing of body tissue		tp-emt-basics
Stroke signs (FAST)	Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech trouble, Time to call emergency services		tp-emt-basics
Heart attack signs	Chest pressure, shortness of breath, sweating, pain spreading to arm or jaw		tp-emt-basics
Seizure	Sudden uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain		tp-emt-basics
Diabetic emergency	Dangerously high or low blood sugar		tp-emt-basics
Anaphylaxis	Severe allergic reaction		tp-emt-basics
Epinephrine auto-injector	Device delivering epinephrine for severe allergic reactions		tp-emt-basics
Asthma	Chronic condition with airway narrowing		tp-emt-basics
Overdose	Taking too much of a substance, causing harm		tp-emt-basics
Poison control	Service giving advice on poisoning exposures		tp-emt-basics
Childbirth emergency	Delivery occurring outside a hospital		tp-emt-basics
Pediatric assessment triangle	Appearance, work of breathing, circulation to skin		tp-emt-basics
Infant CPR	Uses two fingers or encircling hands for compressions		tp-emt-basics
Head injury	Trauma to the head that may affect the brain		tp-emt-basics
Concussion	Mild brain injury caused by a blow or shake		tp-emt-basics
Pulse points	Places to feel a pulse, like carotid, radial and brachial		tp-emt-basics
Capillary refill	Time for color to return to a pressed nail bed		tp-emt-basics
Pupils: PERRL	Pupils equal, round, reactive to light		tp-emt-basics
Glasgow Coma Scale	Score of eye, verbal and motor responses		tp-emt-basics
Trauma	Physical injury		tp-emt-basics
Golden hour	The idea that quick trauma care improves outcomes		tp-emt-basics
Medical direction	Physician oversight of EMS care		tp-emt-basics
Protocol	Written guideline for treatment		tp-emt-basics
Scope of practice	Care an EMT is allowed to provide		tp-emt-basics
Implied consent	Assuming an unconscious patient would accept lifesaving help		tp-emt-basics
Good Samaritan law	Protects people who help in good faith in an emergency		tp-emt-basics
Duty to act	Legal obligation to help, depending on role and setting		tp-emt-basics
Abandonment	Leaving a patient without proper handoff		tp-emt-basics
Patient confidentiality	Keeping patient information private		tp-emt-basics
Patient report	Written record of the call		tp-emt-basics
Handoff report	Verbal summary given to hospital staff		tp-emt-basics
Ambulance	Vehicle that provides emergency transport and care		tp-emt-basics
Lights and sirens	Warning signals used when speed is critical		tp-emt-basics
Hazardous materials	Dangerous substances requiring special response		tp-emt-basics
Incident command	System for organizing large emergency responses		tp-emt-basics
Mass casualty incident	Event with many injured people		tp-emt-basics
START triage	Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment sorting method		tp-emt-basics
Extrication	Removing a person from a trapped situation		tp-emt-basics
Stabilize	Keep a patient's condition from getting worse		tp-emt-basics
Recovery position	Side-lying position to keep the airway clear		tp-emt-basics
Oxygen therapy	Giving extra oxygen		tp-emt-basics
Non-rebreather mask	Mask giving high-concentration oxygen		tp-emt-basics
Bag-valve mask	Hand-squeezed device that delivers breaths		tp-emt-basics
Pulse oximetry	Noninvasive oxygen saturation measure		tp-emt-basics
Interest	The cost of borrowing money, or the reward for lending it		tp-finance-investing
Principal	The original amount borrowed or invested		tp-finance-investing
Simple interest	Interest calculated only on the principal		tp-finance-investing
Compound interest	Interest calculated on principal plus past interest		tp-finance-investing
APR	Annual percentage rate; yearly cost of borrowing		tp-finance-investing
APY	Annual percentage yield; yearly return including compounding		tp-finance-investing
Rule of 72	Divide 72 by the interest rate to estimate years to double		tp-finance-investing
Inflation	A general rise in prices over time		tp-finance-investing
Time value of money	Money now is worth more than the same amount later		tp-finance-investing
Present value	What a future sum is worth today		tp-finance-investing
Future value	What money today will be worth later at a given rate		tp-finance-investing
Credit score	A number summarizing creditworthiness		tp-finance-investing
Credit report	Record of a person's borrowing history		tp-finance-investing
Credit limit	The maximum amount a lender lets you borrow on a card		tp-finance-investing
Credit utilization	The share of available credit being used		tp-finance-investing
Mortgage	A loan to buy real estate, secured by the property		tp-finance-investing
Down payment	The up-front part of a purchase price paid in cash		tp-finance-investing
Amortization	Paying off a loan through scheduled payments		tp-finance-investing
Collateral	An asset pledged to secure a loan		tp-finance-investing
Default	Failing to repay a loan as agreed		tp-finance-investing
Net worth	Assets minus liabilities		tp-finance-investing
Asset	Something owned with value		tp-finance-investing
Liability	A debt or obligation		tp-finance-investing
Budget	A plan for income and spending		tp-finance-investing
Emergency fund	Savings set aside for unexpected costs		tp-finance-investing
Checking account	Account for everyday spending		tp-finance-investing
Savings account	Account that earns interest on deposits		tp-finance-investing
Certificate of deposit	Bank deposit with a fixed term and rate		tp-finance-investing
FDIC insurance	US program insuring bank deposits up to a limit		tp-finance-investing
Gross income	Income before taxes and deductions		tp-finance-investing
Net income	Income after taxes and deductions		tp-finance-investing
Tax bracket	Income range taxed at a specific rate		tp-finance-investing
Marginal tax rate	The rate paid on the next dollar earned		tp-finance-investing
Deduction	An amount subtracted from taxable income		tp-finance-investing
Tax credit	An amount subtracted directly from taxes owed		tp-finance-investing
401(k)	US employer retirement plan		tp-finance-investing
IRA	Individual retirement account		tp-finance-investing
Roth account	Retirement account funded with after-tax money		tp-finance-investing
Pension	A retirement income plan from an employer		tp-finance-investing
Social Security	US government program providing retirement and other benefits		tp-finance-investing
Stock	A share of ownership in a company		tp-finance-investing
Bond	A loan to a company or government that pays interest		tp-finance-investing
Mutual fund	A pooled investment holding many securities		tp-finance-investing
Index fund	A fund designed to match a market index		tp-finance-investing
ETF	Exchange-traded fund that trades like a stock		tp-finance-investing
Portfolio	A collection of investments		tp-finance-investing
Diversification	Spreading investments to reduce risk		tp-finance-investing
Asset allocation	Dividing investments among categories like stocks and bonds		tp-finance-investing
Risk tolerance	How much loss an investor can accept		tp-finance-investing
Volatility	How much and how quickly a price moves		tp-finance-investing
Bull market	A period of rising prices		tp-finance-investing
Bear market	A period of falling prices, often 20 percent or more		tp-finance-investing
Dividend	A payment from a company to shareholders		tp-finance-investing
Dividend yield	Annual dividend divided by share price		tp-finance-investing
Capital gain	Profit from selling an asset for more than its cost		tp-finance-investing
Capital loss	A loss from selling an asset for less than its cost		tp-finance-investing
Market capitalization	Share price times number of shares		tp-finance-investing
P/E ratio	Price-to-earnings: share price divided by earnings per share		tp-finance-investing
Earnings per share	Profit divided by number of shares		tp-finance-investing
Blue chip	Shares of large, established, stable companies		tp-finance-investing
Stock exchange	A marketplace where securities are traded		tp-finance-investing
Stock market index	A measure of a group of stocks, like the S&P 500		tp-finance-investing
Brokerage	A firm that buys and sells securities for clients		tp-finance-investing
Expense ratio	Annual fund fee as a percent of assets		tp-finance-investing
Liquidity	How quickly an asset can be turned into cash		tp-finance-investing
Yield	The income return on an investment		tp-finance-investing
Maturity	The date a bond or loan is due		tp-finance-investing
Coupon	A bond's stated interest payment		tp-finance-investing
Treasury bill	A short-term US government security		tp-finance-investing
Credit rating	An evaluation of a borrower's ability to repay		tp-finance-investing
Junk bond	A higher-risk, lower-rated bond		tp-finance-investing
Hedge	An investment made to reduce risk		tp-finance-investing
Option	A contract giving the right to buy or sell at a set price		tp-finance-investing
Short selling	Selling borrowed shares hoping to buy them back cheaper		tp-finance-investing
Margin	Borrowing from a broker to invest		tp-finance-investing
Dollar-cost averaging	Investing a fixed amount at regular intervals		tp-finance-investing
Rebalancing	Adjusting a portfolio back to target allocations		tp-finance-investing
Compound annual growth rate	Smoothed yearly growth rate over a period		tp-finance-investing
Bubble	Prices far above underlying value that later fall sharply		tp-finance-investing
Recession	A significant decline in economic activity		tp-finance-investing
Interest rate	Percent charged or paid for the use of money		tp-finance-investing
Central bank	The national bank that manages money and interest rates		tp-finance-investing
Fiduciary	Someone legally required to act in a client's best interest		tp-finance-investing
Annuity	A series of regular payments		tp-finance-investing
Insurance premium	Payment made to keep an insurance policy		tp-finance-investing
Deductible	Amount you pay before insurance pays		tp-finance-investing
Overdraft	Spending more than the account holds		tp-finance-investing
Wire transfer	Electronic transfer of money between banks		tp-finance-investing
Cryptocurrency	A digital currency secured by cryptography; prices are highly volatile		tp-finance-investing
Ponzi scheme	Fraud paying early investors with money from later ones		tp-finance-investing
Identity theft	Misuse of someone's personal information to commit fraud		tp-finance-investing
Subject-verb agreement	A singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb (The box of pencils IS on the desk.)		tp-grammar-rules
Ignore the phrase between	Words in a prepositional phrase after the subject do not change the verb (One of the dogs BARKS.)		tp-grammar-rules
Compound subject with and	Two subjects joined by 'and' usually take a plural verb (Tom and Ana ARE here.)		tp-grammar-rules
Subjects joined by or/nor	The verb agrees with the subject closer to it (Neither the cats nor the dog IS hungry.)		tp-grammar-rules
Collective nouns	Treat as singular when the group acts as one unit (The team IS winning.)		tp-grammar-rules
Indefinite pronouns: singular	each, every, either, neither, everyone, someone, anybody take singular verbs (Everyone HAS a seat.)		tp-grammar-rules
Indefinite pronouns: plural	both, few, many, several take plural verbs (Few ARE ready.)		tp-grammar-rules
Inverted sentences	Find the real subject even when the verb comes first (There ARE three reasons.)		tp-grammar-rules
Pronoun-antecedent agreement	A pronoun must match its noun in number and gender (Each student brought HIS OR HER (or THEIR) book.)		tp-grammar-rules
Pronoun case: subject	Use I, he, she, we, they as subjects (She and I left.)		tp-grammar-rules
Pronoun case: object	Use me, him, her, us, them as objects (He gave it to her and me.)		tp-grammar-rules
Who vs. whom	'Who' is a subject; 'whom' is an object; test with he/him (To whom did you speak?)		tp-grammar-rules
Than/as comparisons	Finish the comparison in your head to pick the case (She is taller than I (am).)		tp-grammar-rules
Ambiguous pronoun	Make clear which noun a pronoun refers to		tp-grammar-rules
Its vs. it's	'Its' shows possession; 'it's' means 'it is' or 'it has'		tp-grammar-rules
Their, there, they're	Their = belonging to them; there = place; they're = they are		tp-grammar-rules
Your vs. you're	'Your' shows possession; 'you're' means 'you are'		tp-grammar-rules
Whose vs. who's	'Whose' shows possession; 'who's' means 'who is' or 'who has'		tp-grammar-rules
Affect vs. effect	Affect is usually a verb (to influence); effect is usually a noun (a result)		tp-grammar-rules
Then vs. than	'Then' relates to time; 'than' makes comparisons		tp-grammar-rules
Fewer vs. less	Use 'fewer' for things you can count; 'less' for amounts you cannot		tp-grammar-rules
Among vs. between	Use 'between' for two items; 'among' for three or more		tp-grammar-rules
Lie vs. lay	'Lie' (lie, lay, lain) means recline; 'lay' (lay, laid, laid) needs an object		tp-grammar-rules
Comparative	Compare two things with -er or 'more' (taller, more careful)		tp-grammar-rules
Superlative	Compare three or more with -est or 'most' (tallest, most careful)		tp-grammar-rules
Double comparison error	Do not stack -er and 'more' (Not 'more taller')		tp-grammar-rules
Parallel structure	Items in a list or pair must share the same grammatical form (running, jumping, and swimming)		tp-grammar-rules
Faulty parallelism fix	Match forms after 'not only... but also' and 'either... or'		tp-grammar-rules
Dangling modifier	An opening phrase must describe the noun that comes right after it (Walking home, the rain began (error).)		tp-grammar-rules
Misplaced modifier	Put a descriptive phrase next to the word it describes		tp-grammar-rules
Run-on sentence	Two complete sentences joined with no punctuation or connector		tp-grammar-rules
Comma splice	Two complete sentences joined with only a comma; fix with period, semicolon or conjunction		tp-grammar-rules
Sentence fragment	A group of words missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought		tp-grammar-rules
Semicolon	Joins two closely related complete sentences without a conjunction		tp-grammar-rules
Colon: after a complete sentence	A colon introduces a list, explanation or quote that follows a full independent clause		tp-grammar-rules
No colon after a verb	Do not put a colon between a verb and its object or between a preposition and its object		tp-grammar-rules
Comma with FANBOYS	Put a comma before for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so when joining two complete sentences		tp-grammar-rules
Comma after introductory phrase	Set off an opening phrase or clause with a comma		tp-grammar-rules
Commas in a series	Separate three or more items with commas (red, white, and blue)		tp-grammar-rules
Nonessential clause	Set off extra information with commas on both sides		tp-grammar-rules
Essential clause	Do not use commas around information needed to identify the noun		tp-grammar-rules
Which vs. that	'That' starts essential clauses; 'which' usually starts nonessential ones with commas		tp-grammar-rules
Appositive	A noun phrase renaming another noun; set it off with commas if nonessential		tp-grammar-rules
No comma between subject and verb	Never separate a subject from its verb with a single comma		tp-grammar-rules
Coordinate adjectives	Use a comma between adjectives that can be reordered or joined by 'and' (a long, dull speech)		tp-grammar-rules
Possessive singular noun	Add apostrophe + s (the dog's bone)		tp-grammar-rules
Possessive plural noun ending in s	Add only an apostrophe (the dogs' bones)		tp-grammar-rules
Irregular plural possessive	Add apostrophe + s (children's toys)		tp-grammar-rules
Apostrophes never make plurals	Do not write 'apple's' to mean more than one apple		tp-grammar-rules
Dashes	A pair of dashes sets off an interruption like a stronger parentheses		tp-grammar-rules
Hyphen in compound modifier	Hyphenate before a noun, not after (a well-known author; the author is well known)		tp-grammar-rules
Verb tense consistency	Keep the same tense unless the time truly changes		tp-grammar-rules
Past perfect	Use 'had' + past participle for an earlier past event (She had left before I arrived.)		tp-grammar-rules
Present perfect	Use 'has/have' + past participle for an action continuing to now (I have lived here for years.)		tp-grammar-rules
Conditional (if)	Use 'were' for unreal wishes (If I were you...)		tp-grammar-rules
Redundancy	Cut words that repeat meaning (Not 'past history' or 'return back')		tp-grammar-rules
Concision	Choose the shortest choice that keeps the full meaning		tp-grammar-rules
Idioms and prepositions	Learn fixed pairs (capable of, different from, interested in)		tp-grammar-rules
Active vs. passive voice	Active puts the doer first; passive hides or delays the doer		tp-grammar-rules
Transition words: contrast	however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand		tp-grammar-rules
Transition words: addition	furthermore, moreover, also, in addition		tp-grammar-rules
Transition words: cause and effect	therefore, consequently, as a result, thus		tp-grammar-rules
Transition words: example	for instance, for example, specifically		tp-grammar-rules
Possessive before gerund	Use a possessive before an -ing noun (I appreciate your helping.)		tp-grammar-rules
Between you and me	After a preposition use object case (Not 'between you and I')		tp-grammar-rules
Reflexive pronouns	Use -self only when the subject is also the object (She hurt herself.)		tp-grammar-rules
Plural of numbers and letters	Write 1990s and A's; avoid needless apostrophes with decades		tp-grammar-rules
Quotation marks and punctuation	In American English, commas and periods go inside closing quotation marks		tp-grammar-rules
Question marks	Use with direct questions only, not indirect ones		tp-grammar-rules
Capitalization	Capitalize proper nouns, sentence starts, and titles before names		tp-grammar-rules
Number agreement with 'number'	'The number of' is singular; 'a number of' is plural		tp-grammar-rules
Neither/nor, either/or pairs	Always use 'nor' with 'neither' and 'or' with 'either'		tp-grammar-rules
Correlative parallelism	Both X and Y, not only X but also Y, need matching forms		tp-grammar-rules
Subject complement	After linking verbs use subject case (It is I.)		tp-grammar-rules
Adjectives vs. adverbs	Adjectives describe nouns; adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs (She sings well.)		tp-grammar-rules
Good vs. well	'Good' is an adjective; 'well' is usually an adverb		tp-grammar-rules
Double negative	Do not use two negatives to express one negative idea		tp-grammar-rules
Verb forms	Use correct past participles (has gone, have written, had spoken)		tp-grammar-rules
abjure	To solemnly give up or renounce		tp-gre-vocab-1
abate	To become less intense		tp-gre-vocab-1
aberrant	Departing from the normal path or type		tp-gre-vocab-1
abeyance	A state of temporary inactivity		tp-gre-vocab-1
abscond	To leave quickly and secretly, often with something		tp-gre-vocab-1
abstemious	Eating and drinking sparingly		tp-gre-vocab-1
accretion	Gradual growth by additions		tp-gre-vocab-1
adulterate	To make impure by adding something inferior		tp-gre-vocab-1
aggrandize	To make seem greater in power or rank		tp-gre-vocab-1
alchemy	A seemingly magical process of transformation		tp-gre-vocab-1
anathema	Something detested; a person or thing strongly disliked		tp-gre-vocab-1
antithesis	The direct opposite		tp-gre-vocab-1
apostate	One who abandons a belief or cause		tp-gre-vocab-1
apotheosis	The highest point; glorification as a god		tp-gre-vocab-1
aphorism	A short, wise saying		tp-gre-vocab-1
bowdlerize	To remove material thought improper from a text		tp-gre-vocab-1
cabal	A small secret group plotting together		tp-gre-vocab-1
calumny	A false statement meant to damage a reputation		tp-gre-vocab-1
captious	Tending to find fault over trivial points		tp-gre-vocab-1
catharsis	A release of strong emotion		tp-gre-vocab-1
cavil	To raise petty objections		tp-gre-vocab-1
chimerical	Imaginary; unrealistic		tp-gre-vocab-1
churlish	Rude and ill-mannered		tp-gre-vocab-1
cloying	Sweet to the point of disgust		tp-gre-vocab-1
compendious	Containing much in brief form		tp-gre-vocab-1
concomitant	Occurring along with something else		tp-gre-vocab-1
conflate	To merge into one		tp-gre-vocab-1
contumacious	Stubbornly disobedient		tp-gre-vocab-1
craven	Cowardly		tp-gre-vocab-1
dearth	A scarcity		tp-gre-vocab-1
denouement	The final resolution of a story's plot		tp-gre-vocab-1
desiccate	To dry out completely		tp-gre-vocab-1
dilatory	Slow to act; delaying		tp-gre-vocab-1
dirge	A mournful song		tp-gre-vocab-1
disabuse	To free from a false idea		tp-gre-vocab-1
discursive	Wandering from one topic to another		tp-gre-vocab-1
disingenuous	Not candid; pretending to know less		tp-gre-vocab-1
dissemble	To hide one's true feelings		tp-gre-vocab-1
dissonance	A clash of sounds or ideas		tp-gre-vocab-1
distend	To swell out		tp-gre-vocab-1
eclectic	Drawing from many sources		tp-gre-vocab-1
efface	To erase or make inconspicuous		tp-gre-vocab-1
effrontery	Shameless boldness		tp-gre-vocab-1
elegy	A sad poem or song for the dead		tp-gre-vocab-1
emollient	Soothing; making softer		tp-gre-vocab-1
encomium	Warm, glowing praise		tp-gre-vocab-1
endemic	Native to or common in a particular place		tp-gre-vocab-1
enmity	Deep hostility		tp-gre-vocab-1
ephemeral	Short-lived		tp-gre-vocab-1
equivocate	To use vague language to avoid commitment		tp-gre-vocab-1
eschew	To deliberately avoid		tp-gre-vocab-1
evanescent	Quickly fading away		tp-gre-vocab-1
exegesis	Careful explanation of a text		tp-gre-vocab-1
expiate	To make amends for wrongdoing		tp-gre-vocab-1
extol	To praise enthusiastically		tp-gre-vocab-1
fallacious	Based on a mistaken belief or faulty reasoning		tp-gre-vocab-1
fecund	Fertile; producing much		tp-gre-vocab-1
fetter	To restrain; also, a chain on the feet		tp-gre-vocab-1
filibuster	A long speech used to delay a vote		tp-gre-vocab-1
fulminate	To protest loudly		tp-gre-vocab-1
gainsay	To deny or contradict		tp-gre-vocab-1
gambol	To skip about playfully		tp-gre-vocab-1
glib	Smooth-talking but insincere		tp-gre-vocab-1
harangue	A long, aggressive speech		tp-gre-vocab-1
hegemony	Dominance of one group over others		tp-gre-vocab-1
histrionic	Overly dramatic		tp-gre-vocab-1
hubris	Excessive pride		tp-gre-vocab-1
idiosyncrasy	A personal peculiarity		tp-gre-vocab-1
impecunious	Having little or no money		tp-gre-vocab-1
imprecation	A curse		tp-gre-vocab-1
incipient	Just beginning to appear		tp-gre-vocab-1
indolent	Lazy		tp-gre-vocab-1
ineffable	Too great to be put into words		tp-gre-vocab-1
ingenuous	Innocent and sincere		tp-gre-vocab-1
inimical	Hostile or harmful		tp-gre-vocab-1
insouciant	Casually free of worry		tp-gre-vocab-1
insipid	Dull; lacking flavor or interest		tp-gre-vocab-2
intractable	Hard to manage or control		tp-gre-vocab-2
inveterate	Long-established; habitual		tp-gre-vocab-2
irascible	Easily angered		tp-gre-vocab-2
jocular	Fond of joking		tp-gre-vocab-2
juxtapose	To place side by side for contrast		tp-gre-vocab-2
kudos	Praise for an achievement		tp-gre-vocab-2
lachrymose	Tearful		tp-gre-vocab-2
languid	Slow and relaxed; lacking energy		tp-gre-vocab-2
largesse	Generosity in giving money or gifts		tp-gre-vocab-2
latent	Present but hidden		tp-gre-vocab-2
levity	Lightness of manner; humor at a serious time		tp-gre-vocab-2
licentious	Ignoring accepted rules of conduct		tp-gre-vocab-2
limpid	Clear and transparent		tp-gre-vocab-2
lionize	To treat as a celebrity		tp-gre-vocab-2
lugubrious	Looking or sounding sad and dismal		tp-gre-vocab-2
luminous	Giving off light		tp-gre-vocab-2
machination	A secret scheme		tp-gre-vocab-2
malevolent	Wishing harm on others		tp-gre-vocab-2
malinger	To pretend illness to avoid work		tp-gre-vocab-2
mellifluous	Sweet-sounding		tp-gre-vocab-2
mercurial	Subject to sudden changes of mood		tp-gre-vocab-2
misanthrope	A person who dislikes humankind		tp-gre-vocab-2
mollify	To soothe		tp-gre-vocab-2
multifarious	Having many varied parts		tp-gre-vocab-2
myopic	Short-sighted, literally or in thinking		tp-gre-vocab-2
nadir	The lowest point		tp-gre-vocab-2
nascent	Just coming into existence		tp-gre-vocab-2
noxious	Harmful or poisonous		tp-gre-vocab-2
obdurate	Stubbornly refusing to change		tp-gre-vocab-2
obfuscate	To make unclear on purpose		tp-gre-vocab-2
obsequious	Overly eager to please		tp-gre-vocab-2
obstreperous	Noisy and difficult to control		tp-gre-vocab-2
odious	Extremely unpleasant		tp-gre-vocab-2
onerous	Burdensome		tp-gre-vocab-2
opprobrium	Public disgrace		tp-gre-vocab-2
ossify	To become rigid or set in one's ways		tp-gre-vocab-2
paean	A song or expression of praise		tp-gre-vocab-2
palliate	To ease without curing		tp-gre-vocab-2
panacea	A cure-all		tp-gre-vocab-2
paragon	A model of excellence		tp-gre-vocab-2
parsimonious	Extremely unwilling to spend		tp-gre-vocab-2
pathological	Compulsive; relating to disease		tp-gre-vocab-2
paucity	A small amount		tp-gre-vocab-2
pedantic	Overly concerned with minor rules or details		tp-gre-vocab-2
penchant	A strong liking		tp-gre-vocab-2
penury	Extreme poverty		tp-gre-vocab-2
perfidy	Betrayal of trust		tp-gre-vocab-2
perfunctory	Done with little effort or interest		tp-gre-vocab-2
pernicious	Quietly and gradually harmful		tp-gre-vocab-2
perspicacious	Having keen insight		tp-gre-vocab-2
pertinacious	Holding stubbornly to a purpose		tp-gre-vocab-2
petulant	Childishly bad-tempered		tp-gre-vocab-2
philistine	A person with no interest in culture		tp-gre-vocab-2
pith	The essential part		tp-gre-vocab-2
pithy	Short and full of meaning		tp-gre-vocab-2
platitude	A tired, overused remark		tp-gre-vocab-2
plethora	An excessive amount		tp-gre-vocab-2
precipitous	Dangerously steep or sudden		tp-gre-vocab-2
probity	Strong moral principles		tp-gre-vocab-2
prolix	Wordy		tp-gre-vocab-2
propitious	Favorable		tp-gre-vocab-2
quixotic	Idealistic in an impractical way		tp-gre-vocab-2
quotidian	Ordinary and daily		tp-gre-vocab-2
recondite	Little known; obscure		tp-gre-vocab-2
redolent	Strongly suggestive of a scent or memory		tp-gre-vocab-2
rescind	To cancel officially		tp-gre-vocab-2
sanguine	Optimistic		tp-gre-vocab-2
sardonic	Mocking in a grimly humorous way		tp-gre-vocab-2
sedulous	Showing dedication and diligence		tp-gre-vocab-2
soporific	Causing sleep		tp-gre-vocab-2
sycophant	A person who flatters the powerful to gain favor		tp-gre-vocab-2
Ab initio	From the beginning		tp-latin-legal
Actus reus	The guilty act; the physical element of a crime		tp-latin-legal
Mens rea	The guilty mind; the mental element of a crime		tp-latin-legal
Ad hoc	For this particular purpose		tp-latin-legal
Ad litem	For the lawsuit; as in guardian ad litem		tp-latin-legal
Alibi	Elsewhere; proof of being somewhere else		tp-latin-legal
Amicus curiae	Friend of the court		tp-latin-legal
Animus	Intent or mental purpose		tp-latin-legal
Bona fide	In good faith; genuine		tp-latin-legal
Caveat emptor	Let the buyer beware		tp-latin-legal
Certiorari	A writ by which a higher court agrees to review a case		tp-latin-legal
Corpus delicti	The body of the crime; proof a crime occurred		tp-latin-legal
Cui bono	For whose benefit		tp-latin-legal
De facto	In fact; in practice		tp-latin-legal
De jure	By law; officially		tp-latin-legal
De novo	Anew; starting fresh		tp-latin-legal
Dicta	Remarks in a ruling not essential to the decision		tp-latin-legal
Duces tecum	Bring with you; a subpoena for documents		tp-latin-legal
Ex parte	From one side only		tp-latin-legal
Ex post facto	After the fact; as in laws that punish past acts		tp-latin-legal
Ex rel.	On the relation of; on behalf of		tp-latin-legal
Forum non conveniens	Doctrine allowing a court to decline a case better heard elsewhere		tp-latin-legal
Habeas corpus	You have the body; a writ to challenge unlawful detention		tp-latin-legal
Ibid.	In the same place; same source as before		tp-latin-legal
In camera	In private, in the judge's chambers		tp-latin-legal
In loco parentis	In place of a parent		tp-latin-legal
In re	In the matter of		tp-latin-legal
In rem	Against a thing, not a person		tp-latin-legal
In personam	Against a person		tp-latin-legal
Inter alia	Among other things		tp-latin-legal
Ipso facto	By the fact itself		tp-latin-legal
Jus	Law or right		tp-latin-legal
Lex loci	Law of the place		tp-latin-legal
Locus standi	The right to bring a case		tp-latin-legal
Mala fide	In bad faith		tp-latin-legal
Mala in se	Wrong in themselves; inherently wrong acts		tp-latin-legal
Mala prohibita	Wrong because prohibited by law		tp-latin-legal
Nolo contendere	I do not wish to contest; a no-contest plea		tp-latin-legal
Non compos mentis	Not of sound mind		tp-latin-legal
Obiter dictum	A remark by the way; a judge's non-binding comment		tp-latin-legal
Per curiam	By the court; an opinion by the court as a whole		tp-latin-legal
Per diem	By the day		tp-latin-legal
Per se	In itself; by itself		tp-latin-legal
Persona non grata	An unwelcome person		tp-latin-legal
Prima facie	At first glance; enough evidence unless rebutted		tp-latin-legal
Pro bono publico	For the public good		tp-latin-legal
Pro forma	As a matter of form		tp-latin-legal
Pro rata	In proportion		tp-latin-legal
Pro se	For oneself; representing oneself		tp-latin-legal
Quantum meruit	As much as deserved; reasonable payment for services		tp-latin-legal
Quid pro quo	Something for something; an exchange		tp-latin-legal
Quo warranto	By what authority; a challenge to someone's right to hold office		tp-latin-legal
Res ipsa loquitur	The thing speaks for itself		tp-latin-legal
Res judicata	A matter already decided and not to be tried again		tp-latin-legal
Respondeat superior	Let the master answer; employer responsible for employee acts		tp-latin-legal
Sine die	Without a day; adjourned with no date to meet again		tp-latin-legal
Sine qua non	Without which it cannot be; an essential condition		tp-latin-legal
Stare decisis	To stand by decided things; follow precedent		tp-latin-legal
Sub judice	Under judicial consideration		tp-latin-legal
Sub poena	Under penalty		tp-latin-legal
Sua sponte	On its own accord; a court acting without a request		tp-latin-legal
Ultra vires	Beyond the powers; outside legal authority		tp-latin-legal
Vel non	Or not		tp-latin-legal
Verbatim	Word for word		tp-latin-legal
Versus (v.)	Against		tp-latin-legal
Vice versa	The other way around		tp-latin-legal
Voir dire	To speak the truth; questioning of potential jurors		tp-latin-legal
Habeas data	A right to access one's personal records		tp-latin-legal
Pendente lite	While the lawsuit is pending		tp-latin-legal
Nunc pro tunc	Now for then; applying a ruling retroactively		tp-latin-legal
Lis pendens	A pending lawsuit about property		tp-latin-legal
Pari passu	On equal footing		tp-latin-legal
Ratio decidendi	The reason for the decision		tp-latin-legal
Rex	King; the Crown as prosecutor in some systems		tp-latin-legal
Stare decisis et non quieta movere	Stand by decisions and do not disturb settled matters		tp-latin-legal
Affidavit	He has sworn; a sworn written statement		tp-latin-legal
Corpus juris	The body of law		tp-latin-legal
Casus belli	An event that justifies war		tp-latin-legal
Fiat	Let it be done; an authoritative order		tp-latin-legal
Innuendo	By hinting; an indirect suggestion		tp-latin-legal
Alias	Otherwise; another name		tp-latin-legal
Bonum	Good		tp-latin-legal
Consensus ad idem	Agreement on the same thing; meeting of the minds		tp-latin-legal
Volenti non fit injuria	No wrong is done to a willing person		tp-latin-legal
Nemo dat	No one gives what they do not have		tp-latin-legal
Pacta sunt servanda	Agreements must be kept		tp-latin-legal
Audi alteram partem	Hear the other side		tp-latin-legal
Nulla poena sine lege	No punishment without law		tp-latin-legal
Ignorantia juris non excusat	Ignorance of the law is no excuse		tp-latin-legal
Dura lex, sed lex	The law is harsh, but it is the law		tp-latin-legal
Fiat justitia	Let justice be done		tp-latin-legal
a.m. (ante meridiem)	Before midday		tp-latin-phrases-english
p.m. (post meridiem)	After midday		tp-latin-phrases-english
ad hoc	For this specific purpose		tp-latin-phrases-english
ad infinitum	Without end		tp-latin-phrases-english
ad nauseam	To the point of disgust		tp-latin-phrases-english
alma mater	Nourishing mother; one's school		tp-latin-phrases-english
alter ego	Another self		tp-latin-phrases-english
anno Domini (A.D.)	In the year of the Lord		tp-latin-phrases-english
ante bellum	Before the war		tp-latin-phrases-english
bona fide	In good faith; genuine		tp-latin-phrases-english
carpe diem	Seize the day		tp-latin-phrases-english
caveat emptor	Let the buyer beware		tp-latin-phrases-english
circa (c.)	Around; approximately		tp-latin-phrases-english
cogito, ergo sum	I think, therefore I am		tp-latin-phrases-english
compos mentis	Of sound mind		tp-latin-phrases-english
curriculum vitae (CV)	Course of life; a resume		tp-latin-phrases-english
de facto	In fact		tp-latin-phrases-english
deus ex machina	A god from the machine; a sudden contrived solution		tp-latin-phrases-english
e.g. (exempli gratia)	For example		tp-latin-phrases-english
et al. (et alii)	And others		tp-latin-phrases-english
et cetera (etc.)	And the rest		tp-latin-phrases-english
ex libris	From the books of		tp-latin-phrases-english
ex officio	By virtue of one's office		tp-latin-phrases-english
habeas corpus	You may have the body		tp-latin-phrases-english
i.e. (id est)	That is		tp-latin-phrases-english
in absentia	In absence		tp-latin-phrases-english
in memoriam	In memory of		tp-latin-phrases-english
in toto	Entirely		tp-latin-phrases-english
in vitro	In glass; in a lab dish		tp-latin-phrases-english
ipso facto	By that very fact		tp-latin-phrases-english
magnum opus	Great work; a masterpiece		tp-latin-phrases-english
mea culpa	My fault		tp-latin-phrases-english
memento mori	Remember that you must die		tp-latin-phrases-english
modus operandi (M.O.)	Method of operating		tp-latin-phrases-english
N.B. (nota bene)	Note well		tp-latin-phrases-english
non sequitur	It does not follow		tp-latin-phrases-english
per annum	By the year		tp-latin-phrases-english
per capita	For each head; per person		tp-latin-phrases-english
per se	By itself		tp-latin-phrases-english
persona non grata	An unwelcome person		tp-latin-phrases-english
post mortem	After death		tp-latin-phrases-english
post scriptum (P.S.)	Written after		tp-latin-phrases-english
prima facie	At first sight		tp-latin-phrases-english
pro bono	For the public good; done free		tp-latin-phrases-english
pro rata	In proportion		tp-latin-phrases-english
pro tempore (pro tem)	For the time being		tp-latin-phrases-english
quid pro quo	Something for something		tp-latin-phrases-english
quod erat demonstrandum (Q.E.D.)	Which was to be shown		tp-latin-phrases-english
rigor mortis	Stiffness of death		tp-latin-phrases-english
sic	Thus; so written in the original		tp-latin-phrases-english
status quo	The existing state of affairs		tp-latin-phrases-english
sub rosa	Under the rose; in secret		tp-latin-phrases-english
tabula rasa	Blank slate		tp-latin-phrases-english
tempus fugit	Time flies		tp-latin-phrases-english
terra firma	Solid ground		tp-latin-phrases-english
terra incognita	Unknown land		tp-latin-phrases-english
verbatim	Word for word		tp-latin-phrases-english
versus (vs.)	Against		tp-latin-phrases-english
vice versa	The other way around		tp-latin-phrases-english
vox populi	Voice of the people		tp-latin-phrases-english
veni, vidi, vici	I came, I saw, I conquered; attributed to Julius Caesar		tp-latin-phrases-english
e pluribus unum	Out of many, one; US motto on coins		tp-latin-phrases-english
annuit coeptis	He has favored our undertakings; on the Great Seal		tp-latin-phrases-english
novus ordo seclorum	A new order of the ages; on the Great Seal		tp-latin-phrases-english
semper fidelis	Always faithful; Marine Corps motto		tp-latin-phrases-english
semper paratus	Always ready; Coast Guard motto		tp-latin-phrases-english
veritas	Truth		tp-latin-phrases-english
lux et veritas	Light and truth; Yale's motto		tp-latin-phrases-english
cum laude	With praise; an honor distinction		tp-latin-phrases-english
magna cum laude	With great praise		tp-latin-phrases-english
summa cum laude	With highest praise		tp-latin-phrases-english
alumnus	A male graduate		tp-latin-phrases-english
alumna	A female graduate		tp-latin-phrases-english
alumni	Graduates, plural		tp-latin-phrases-english
bonus	A good thing; extra payment		tp-latin-phrases-english
agenda	Things to be done		tp-latin-phrases-english
data	Things given; plural of datum		tp-latin-phrases-english
media	Plural of medium		tp-latin-phrases-english
curriculum	A course of study		tp-latin-phrases-english
campus	Field; the grounds of a school		tp-latin-phrases-english
exit	He or she goes out		tp-latin-phrases-english
fiat lux	Let there be light		tp-latin-phrases-english
in situ	In its original place		tp-latin-phrases-english
ex nihilo	Out of nothing		tp-latin-phrases-english
inter alia	Among other things		tp-latin-phrases-english
lingua franca	A common language between groups (from Italian, 'Frankish tongue')		tp-latin-phrases-english
panem et circenses	Bread and circuses; keeping people content with food and entertainment		tp-latin-phrases-english
quo vadis	Where are you going?		tp-latin-phrases-english
requiescat in pace (R.I.P.)	May he or she rest in peace		tp-latin-phrases-english
sine qua non	Without which nothing; an essential condition		tp-latin-phrases-english
sui generis	Of its own kind; unique		tp-latin-phrases-english
summum bonum	The highest good		tp-latin-phrases-english
ultima ratio	The final argument		tp-latin-phrases-english
ut supra	As above		tp-latin-phrases-english
Pax Romana	Roman peace; a long period of stability in the Roman Empire		tp-latin-phrases-english
et tu, Brute?	And you, Brutus?; a cry of betrayal		tp-latin-phrases-english
homo sapiens	Wise human		tp-latin-phrases-english
Carthago delenda est	Carthage must be destroyed		tp-latin-phrases-english
audere est facere	To dare is to do		tp-latin-phrases-english
ars longa, vita brevis	Art is long, life is short		tp-latin-phrases-english
festina lente	Make haste slowly		tp-latin-phrases-english
amor vincit omnia	Love conquers all		tp-latin-phrases-english
Plaintiff	The person or party who starts a civil lawsuit		tp-law-terms
Defendant	The person or party being sued or accused		tp-law-terms
Prosecutor	Lawyer who brings criminal charges for the government		tp-law-terms
Defense attorney	Lawyer who represents the accused		tp-law-terms
Judge	Official who presides over a court		tp-law-terms
Jury	Group of citizens who decide the facts of a case		tp-law-terms
Grand jury	Jury that decides whether there is enough evidence to bring charges		tp-law-terms
Petit jury	Trial jury that decides a case		tp-law-terms
Verdict	A jury's or judge's decision on a case		tp-law-terms
Sentence	The punishment ordered after conviction		tp-law-terms
Civil law	Law about disputes between private parties		tp-law-terms
Criminal law	Law about offenses against society		tp-law-terms
Felony	A serious crime, usually punishable by more than a year in prison		tp-law-terms
Misdemeanor	A less serious crime		tp-law-terms
Infraction	A minor violation, like a traffic ticket		tp-law-terms
Statute	A law passed by a legislature		tp-law-terms
Common law	Law developed from court decisions		tp-law-terms
Precedent	An earlier ruling that guides later cases		tp-law-terms
Jurisdiction	A court's authority to hear a case		tp-law-terms
Venue	The location where a case is heard		tp-law-terms
Appeal	Asking a higher court to review a decision		tp-law-terms
Appellant	The party who appeals		tp-law-terms
Appellee	The party who responds to an appeal		tp-law-terms
Burden of proof	The duty to prove a claim		tp-law-terms
Beyond a reasonable doubt	The standard of proof in criminal cases		tp-law-terms
Preponderance of the evidence	The usual civil standard: more likely than not		tp-law-terms
Clear and convincing evidence	A standard higher than preponderance but lower than beyond a reasonable doubt		tp-law-terms
Evidence	Information presented to prove or disprove facts		tp-law-terms
Testimony	Statements given under oath		tp-law-terms
Hearsay	An out-of-court statement offered for its truth, generally restricted as evidence		tp-law-terms
Witness	Person who gives testimony		tp-law-terms
Subpoena	A court order to appear or produce documents		tp-law-terms
Deposition	Sworn testimony taken outside court		tp-law-terms
Affidavit	A written statement sworn to be true		tp-law-terms
Oath	A solemn promise to tell the truth		tp-law-terms
Perjury	Lying under oath		tp-law-terms
Objection	A lawyer's formal protest against a question or evidence		tp-law-terms
Sustained	Judge agrees with an objection		tp-law-terms
Overruled	Judge rejects an objection		tp-law-terms
Plea	A defendant's formal answer to charges		tp-law-terms
Plea bargain	An agreement to plead guilty for a lighter outcome		tp-law-terms
Arraignment	Hearing where charges are read and a plea entered		tp-law-terms
Indictment	Formal charge issued by a grand jury		tp-law-terms
Bail	Money or bond to secure release before trial		tp-law-terms
Probation	Supervised release instead of prison		tp-law-terms
Parole	Early supervised release from prison		tp-law-terms
Acquittal	Finding that a defendant is not guilty		tp-law-terms
Conviction	A finding or plea of guilty		tp-law-terms
Mistrial	A trial ended without a verdict due to a serious problem		tp-law-terms
Hung jury	A jury unable to reach a decision		tp-law-terms
Double jeopardy	Being tried twice for the same crime, generally prohibited		tp-law-terms
Miranda rights	Warnings police give about the right to remain silent and have a lawyer		tp-law-terms
Search warrant	Court order allowing police to search a place		tp-law-terms
Probable cause	Reasonable grounds to believe a crime has occurred		tp-law-terms
Due process	Fair legal procedures required by law		tp-law-terms
Habeas corpus	A court order to bring a detained person before a judge		tp-law-terms
Tort	A civil wrong causing harm		tp-law-terms
Negligence	Failure to take reasonable care, causing harm		tp-law-terms
Liability	Legal responsibility		tp-law-terms
Damages	Money awarded to compensate for harm		tp-law-terms
Punitive damages	Money awarded to punish wrongdoing		tp-law-terms
Injunction	A court order to do or stop doing something		tp-law-terms
Settlement	An agreement resolving a dispute without a trial		tp-law-terms
Summary judgment	A ruling without a full trial when facts are not in dispute		tp-law-terms
Class action	A lawsuit brought on behalf of a large group		tp-law-terms
Contract	A legally enforceable agreement		tp-law-terms
Offer	A proposal to make a contract		tp-law-terms
Acceptance	Agreement to the terms of an offer		tp-law-terms
Consideration	Something of value exchanged in a contract		tp-law-terms
Breach of contract	Failing to perform as promised		tp-law-terms
Statute of limitations	Deadline for bringing a lawsuit		tp-law-terms
Void	Having no legal effect		tp-law-terms
Voidable	Valid unless canceled by one party		tp-law-terms
Libel	Written false statement harming reputation		tp-law-terms
Slander	Spoken false statement harming reputation		tp-law-terms
Defamation	False statement that damages a reputation		tp-law-terms
Copyright	Legal protection for original creative works		tp-law-terms
Trademark	Protection for brand names and logos		tp-law-terms
Patent	Exclusive right to an invention for a time		tp-law-terms
Intellectual property	Creations of the mind protected by law		tp-law-terms
Will	Document stating how property goes after death		tp-law-terms
Estate	All property a person owns		tp-law-terms
Probate	Court process to validate a will and distribute an estate		tp-law-terms
Intestate	Dying without a valid will		tp-law-terms
Executor	Person named to carry out a will		tp-law-terms
Trust	Arrangement where one holds property for another's benefit		tp-law-terms
Power of attorney	Legal authority to act on another's behalf		tp-law-terms
Guardian	Person appointed to care for someone unable to care for themselves		tp-law-terms
Easement	Right to use another's land for a purpose		tp-law-terms
Deed	Document transferring property ownership		tp-law-terms
Lien	Claim on property as security for a debt		tp-law-terms
Mortgage	Loan secured by real estate		tp-law-terms
Landlord	Owner who rents property		tp-law-terms
Tenant	Person who rents property		tp-law-terms
Eminent domain	Government's power to take private property for public use with compensation		tp-law-terms
Pro bono	Legal work done for free for the public good		tp-law-terms
Pro se	Representing oneself in court		tp-law-terms
Allegory	A story whose characters and events stand for deeper ideas		tp-literary-terms
Alliteration	Repeating beginning consonant sounds		tp-literary-terms
Allusion	A brief reference to a known person, place or work		tp-literary-terms
Ambiguity	Deliberate use of more than one possible meaning		tp-literary-terms
Anachronism	Something placed in the wrong time period		tp-literary-terms
Analogy	A comparison to explain something by likeness		tp-literary-terms
Anaphora	Repeating a word or phrase at the start of successive lines or sentences		tp-literary-terms
Antagonist	The character or force opposing the protagonist		tp-literary-terms
Antithesis	Placing opposite ideas in balanced phrases		tp-literary-terms
Aphorism	A short statement of a general truth		tp-literary-terms
Apostrophe	Directly addressing an absent person or thing		tp-literary-terms
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds		tp-literary-terms
Bildungsroman	A novel about a character's growth to adulthood		tp-literary-terms
Blank verse	Unrhymed iambic pentameter		tp-literary-terms
Caesura	A pause within a line of poetry		tp-literary-terms
Characterization	How an author creates and develops a character		tp-literary-terms
Climax	The turning point of highest tension		tp-literary-terms
Colloquialism	Informal everyday expression		tp-literary-terms
Conceit	An elaborate, extended metaphor		tp-literary-terms
Connotation	The feelings a word suggests beyond its literal meaning		tp-literary-terms
Denotation	The literal dictionary meaning		tp-literary-terms
Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds within or at ends of words		tp-literary-terms
Couplet	Two rhymed lines		tp-literary-terms
Deus ex machina	A sudden unexpected event that solves a plot problem		tp-literary-terms
Diction	An author's word choice		tp-literary-terms
Didactic	Intended to teach a lesson		tp-literary-terms
Dramatic irony	The audience knows something the characters do not		tp-literary-terms
Elegy	A poem of mourning		tp-literary-terms
Ellipsis	The omission of words, or the three dots marking it		tp-literary-terms
End-stopped line	A line whose thought ends with the line		tp-literary-terms
Enjambment	A sentence continuing past the end of a line		tp-literary-terms
Epic	A long narrative poem about heroic deeds		tp-literary-terms
Epigraph	A quotation placed at the start of a work		tp-literary-terms
Epistolary novel	A novel told through letters or documents		tp-literary-terms
Euphemism	A mild word replacing a harsh one		tp-literary-terms
Exposition	Background information at a story's start		tp-literary-terms
Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed over several lines		tp-literary-terms
Falling action	Events after the climax		tp-literary-terms
Figurative language	Language meant to be understood beyond its literal sense		tp-literary-terms
First-person narrator	A narrator who tells the story as 'I'		tp-literary-terms
Flashback	A scene from an earlier time		tp-literary-terms
Foil	A character who contrasts with another to highlight traits		tp-literary-terms
Foreshadowing	Hints about what will happen later		tp-literary-terms
Frame story	A story that contains other stories		tp-literary-terms
Free verse	Poetry without regular rhyme or meter		tp-literary-terms
Genre	A category of literature		tp-literary-terms
Gothic	Fiction with gloomy settings and mystery		tp-literary-terms
Hyperbole	Deliberate exaggeration		tp-literary-terms
Iambic pentameter	Ten-syllable line of five unstressed-stressed pairs		tp-literary-terms
Imagery	Language appealing to the senses		tp-literary-terms
In medias res	Beginning a story in the middle of the action		tp-literary-terms
Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality		tp-literary-terms
Juxtaposition	Placing contrasting things side by side		tp-literary-terms
Litotes	Understatement using a negative, like 'not bad'		tp-literary-terms
Metaphor	A direct comparison without 'like' or 'as'		tp-literary-terms
Metonymy	Using a related thing to stand for something, like 'the crown' for a king		tp-literary-terms
Mood	The feeling a work creates in the reader		tp-literary-terms
Motif	A recurring element that supports a theme		tp-literary-terms
Narrative arc	The shape of a story's development		tp-literary-terms
Ode	A lyric poem praising a subject		tp-literary-terms
Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates a sound		tp-literary-terms
Oxymoron	Two contradictory words together		tp-literary-terms
Parable	A short story teaching a moral lesson		tp-literary-terms
Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but reveals truth		tp-literary-terms
Parallelism	Repeating similar grammatical structure		tp-literary-terms
Parody	An imitation meant to mock or amuse		tp-literary-terms
Pathos	An appeal to emotion		tp-literary-terms
Ethos	An appeal based on credibility		tp-literary-terms
Logos	An appeal based on logic		tp-literary-terms
Personification	Giving human traits to non-human things		tp-literary-terms
Point of view	The perspective from which a story is told		tp-literary-terms
Third-person omniscient	A narrator who knows all characters' thoughts		tp-literary-terms
Third-person limited	A narrator who knows one character's thoughts		tp-literary-terms
Protagonist	The main character		tp-literary-terms
Pun	A play on words		tp-literary-terms
Quatrain	A four-line stanza		tp-literary-terms
Refrain	A repeated line or phrase		tp-literary-terms
Rhetorical question	A question asked for effect, not an answer		tp-literary-terms
Rhyme scheme	The pattern of rhymes at line ends		tp-literary-terms
Rising action	Events building toward the climax		tp-literary-terms
Satire	Using humor and exaggeration to criticize		tp-literary-terms
Setting	The time and place of a story		tp-literary-terms
Simile	A comparison using 'like' or 'as'		tp-literary-terms
Soliloquy	A speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud alone		tp-literary-terms
Sonnet	A fourteen-line poem		tp-literary-terms
Stanza	A group of lines in a poem		tp-literary-terms
Stream of consciousness	A narrative style following a character's flowing thoughts		tp-literary-terms
Symbol	An object that stands for a larger idea		tp-literary-terms
Synecdoche	A part standing for the whole, like 'hands' for workers		tp-literary-terms
Syntax	The arrangement of words in sentences		tp-literary-terms
Theme	A central idea of a work		tp-literary-terms
Tone	The author's attitude toward the subject		tp-literary-terms
Tragedy	A drama of a hero's downfall		tp-literary-terms
Tragic flaw	A trait that leads to a hero's ruin		tp-literary-terms
Understatement	Describing something as less than it is		tp-literary-terms
Unreliable narrator	A narrator whose account cannot be fully trusted		tp-literary-terms
Utopia	An imagined perfect society		tp-literary-terms
Dystopia	An imagined society marked by suffering or oppression		tp-literary-terms
Voice	The distinctive style of a writer or narrator		tp-literary-terms
Zeugma	One word applied to two others in different senses		tp-literary-terms
Ad hominem	Attacking the person instead of the argument (You can't trust her plan; she's always late.)		tp-logical-fallacies
Straw man	Misrepresenting someone's view to make it easier to attack		tp-logical-fallacies
False dilemma	Presenting only two options when more exist (You're either with us or against us.)		tp-logical-fallacies
Slippery slope	Claiming one step will inevitably lead to extreme results without evidence		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to authority	Treating a claim as true only because an authority said it, especially outside their field		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to popularity	Arguing something is true because many people believe it		tp-logical-fallacies
Bandwagon	Urging someone to do it because everyone else is		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to tradition	Arguing something is right because it has always been done		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to novelty	Arguing something is better because it is new		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to emotion	Using feelings in place of evidence		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to pity	Using sympathy to win agreement		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to fear	Using scare tactics instead of evidence		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to nature	Claiming something is good because it is natural		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to ignorance	Claiming something is true because it has not been proven false		tp-logical-fallacies
Circular reasoning	The conclusion is assumed in the premise (He is honest because he never lies.)		tp-logical-fallacies
Begging the question	Treating the thing to be proved as already true		tp-logical-fallacies
Hasty generalization	Drawing a broad conclusion from too few examples		tp-logical-fallacies
Anecdotal evidence	Using a personal story as proof of a general claim		tp-logical-fallacies
Cherry-picking	Choosing only data that supports your claim		tp-logical-fallacies
Post hoc ergo propter hoc	Assuming A caused B because B followed A		tp-logical-fallacies
Correlation is not causation	Two things changing together does not show one causes the other		tp-logical-fallacies
Red herring	Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract		tp-logical-fallacies
Tu quoque	Dismissing a point because the speaker does the same thing		tp-logical-fallacies
Genetic fallacy	Judging an idea by its origin instead of its merits		tp-logical-fallacies
Guilt by association	Rejecting an idea because of who supports it		tp-logical-fallacies
Poisoning the well	Discrediting a source before it can speak		tp-logical-fallacies
Equivocation	Using a word in two different senses in one argument		tp-logical-fallacies
Composition fallacy	Assuming what is true of parts is true of the whole		tp-logical-fallacies
Division fallacy	Assuming what is true of the whole is true of each part		tp-logical-fallacies
Burden of proof shift	Demanding others disprove a claim instead of supporting it		tp-logical-fallacies
No true Scotsman	Redefining a group to exclude counterexamples		tp-logical-fallacies
Moving the goalposts	Changing the standard of proof after it has been met		tp-logical-fallacies
Loaded question	A question that contains an unfair assumption (Have you stopped cheating?)		tp-logical-fallacies
Middle ground fallacy	Assuming the truth must lie halfway between two positions		tp-logical-fallacies
Texas sharpshooter	Finding patterns after the fact and ignoring the rest of the data		tp-logical-fallacies
Gambler's fallacy	Believing past random events change future odds		tp-logical-fallacies
Sunk cost fallacy	Continuing because of what was already invested		tp-logical-fallacies
Special pleading	Excusing your own case from a rule without good reason		tp-logical-fallacies
False cause	Claiming a causal link without proof		tp-logical-fallacies
Non sequitur	A conclusion that does not follow from the premises		tp-logical-fallacies
Affirming the consequent	If P then Q; Q, therefore P (invalid)		tp-logical-fallacies
Denying the antecedent	If P then Q; not P, therefore not Q (invalid)		tp-logical-fallacies
Modus ponens	If P then Q; P; therefore Q (valid)		tp-logical-fallacies
Modus tollens	If P then Q; not Q; therefore not P (valid)		tp-logical-fallacies
Syllogism	A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion		tp-logical-fallacies
Deductive reasoning	Moving from general premises to a certain conclusion		tp-logical-fallacies
Inductive reasoning	Moving from specific cases to a probable general conclusion		tp-logical-fallacies
Sound argument	A valid argument with true premises		tp-logical-fallacies
Valid argument	A conclusion that follows logically from the premises		tp-logical-fallacies
Weak analogy	Comparing things that are not alike in relevant ways		tp-logical-fallacies
Ambiguity fallacy	Relying on unclear wording to mislead		tp-logical-fallacies
Fallacy of the single cause	Blaming one factor for a complex outcome		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to accomplishment	Dismissing a claim because of someone's success or lack of it		tp-logical-fallacies
Argument from incredulity	Claiming something is false because it is hard to imagine		tp-logical-fallacies
Naturalistic fallacy	Deriving what ought to be from what is		tp-logical-fallacies
Survivorship bias	Focusing on successes and overlooking the failures		tp-logical-fallacies
Confirmation bias	Favoring information that fits existing beliefs		tp-logical-fallacies
False equivalence	Treating two very different things as equal		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to the stone	Dismissing a claim as absurd without showing why		tp-logical-fallacies
Hasty conclusion from small sample	Overgeneralizing from limited cases		tp-logical-fallacies
Ad populum	Latin name for appeal to the crowd		tp-logical-fallacies
Ad verecundiam	Latin name for appeal to authority		tp-logical-fallacies
Ad ignorantiam	Latin name for appeal to ignorance		tp-logical-fallacies
Argumentum ad baculum	Appeal to force or threats		tp-logical-fallacies
Reductio ad absurdum	Showing a claim is false by following it to an absurd result		tp-logical-fallacies
Ad nauseam	Repeating a claim until people accept it		tp-logical-fallacies
Fallacy fallacy	Assuming a conclusion is false because the argument for it is flawed		tp-logical-fallacies
Is-ought problem	Facts alone do not tell us what we should do		tp-logical-fallacies
Occam's razor	Prefer the simpler explanation that fits the facts		tp-logical-fallacies
Hume's guillotine	Another name for the is-ought gap		tp-logical-fallacies
Burden of proof	The person making a claim must support it		tp-logical-fallacies
Falsifiability	A claim should be testable and possible to prove wrong		tp-logical-fallacies
Argument from silence	Concluding something from the lack of evidence against it		tp-logical-fallacies
Fallacy of composition example	Each player is good, so the team must be good		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to money	Assuming something is right because it is expensive or profitable		tp-logical-fallacies
Whataboutism	Deflecting criticism by pointing to someone else's faults		tp-logical-fallacies
Marketing	Creating, communicating and delivering value to customers		tp-marketing-terms
Marketing mix (4 Ps)	Product, price, place, promotion		tp-marketing-terms
7 Ps of services marketing	The 4 Ps plus people, process and physical evidence		tp-marketing-terms
Product	What is offered to meet a need		tp-marketing-terms
Price	What customers pay		tp-marketing-terms
Place	How and where the product reaches customers		tp-marketing-terms
Promotion	How a company communicates about its offer		tp-marketing-terms
Market segmentation	Dividing a market into groups with similar needs		tp-marketing-terms
Demographics	Age, income, gender and other population traits		tp-marketing-terms
Psychographics	Attitudes, interests and lifestyles		tp-marketing-terms
Behavioral segmentation	Grouping by how customers act or use products		tp-marketing-terms
Targeting	Choosing which segments to serve		tp-marketing-terms
Positioning	How a brand wants to be seen relative to competitors		tp-marketing-terms
STP	Segmentation, targeting, positioning		tp-marketing-terms
Target audience	The specific group a message is meant for		tp-marketing-terms
Buyer persona	A fictional profile of an ideal customer		tp-marketing-terms
Brand	The identity and reputation of a product or company		tp-marketing-terms
Brand equity	The added value a brand name gives a product		tp-marketing-terms
Brand awareness	How well customers recognize a brand		tp-marketing-terms
Brand loyalty	Customers' continued preference for a brand		tp-marketing-terms
Logo	A symbol or design representing a brand		tp-marketing-terms
Slogan	A memorable phrase tied to a brand		tp-marketing-terms
Unique selling proposition	The feature that sets a product apart		tp-marketing-terms
Value proposition	The benefit promised to customers		tp-marketing-terms
Customer journey	The path a customer takes from awareness to purchase and beyond		tp-marketing-terms
Marketing funnel	Model of awareness, interest, decision and action		tp-marketing-terms
Conversion	A desired action, like a purchase or sign-up		tp-marketing-terms
Conversion rate	The percent of visitors who take the desired action		tp-marketing-terms
Lead	A potential customer who shows interest		tp-marketing-terms
Lead generation	Attracting and capturing potential customers		tp-marketing-terms
Customer acquisition cost	Cost to win one new customer		tp-marketing-terms
Customer lifetime value	Total value a customer brings over their relationship		tp-marketing-terms
Retention	Keeping existing customers		tp-marketing-terms
Churn	The rate at which customers leave		tp-marketing-terms
CRM	Customer relationship management system		tp-marketing-terms
Market research	Gathering information about customers and markets		tp-marketing-terms
Primary research	New data collected directly		tp-marketing-terms
Secondary research	Existing data collected by others		tp-marketing-terms
Focus group	A guided discussion with a small group of consumers		tp-marketing-terms
Survey	A set of questions given to many people		tp-marketing-terms
A/B testing	Comparing two versions to see which performs better		tp-marketing-terms
Competitive analysis	Studying rival products and strategies		tp-marketing-terms
Market share	A company's percent of industry sales		tp-marketing-terms
Pricing strategy	Approach to setting prices		tp-marketing-terms
Penetration pricing	Low initial price to win market share		tp-marketing-terms
Price skimming	High initial price that is lowered over time		tp-marketing-terms
Premium pricing	High price to signal quality		tp-marketing-terms
Loss leader	A product sold at a loss to attract customers		tp-marketing-terms
Freemium	Free basic service with paid upgrades		tp-marketing-terms
Bundling	Selling several products together as a package		tp-marketing-terms
Distribution channel	Path a product takes to reach customers		tp-marketing-terms
Retailer	A business selling to final consumers		tp-marketing-terms
Wholesaler	A business selling in bulk to retailers		tp-marketing-terms
Direct-to-consumer	Selling straight to customers without middlemen		tp-marketing-terms
Omnichannel	A seamless experience across online and offline channels		tp-marketing-terms
Advertising	Paid, non-personal promotion		tp-marketing-terms
Public relations	Managing a brand's relationship with the public and media		tp-marketing-terms
Sales promotion	Short-term incentives like coupons and discounts		tp-marketing-terms
Personal selling	Direct, person-to-person selling		tp-marketing-terms
Word of mouth	People recommending a brand to others		tp-marketing-terms
Influencer marketing	Partnering with people who have social reach		tp-marketing-terms
Content marketing	Creating valuable content to attract an audience		tp-marketing-terms
Inbound marketing	Drawing customers in through useful content		tp-marketing-terms
Outbound marketing	Reaching out directly to audiences, like ads and cold calls		tp-marketing-terms
Email marketing	Promoting through email messages		tp-marketing-terms
Social media marketing	Promoting through social platforms		tp-marketing-terms
SEO	Search engine optimization to earn organic search traffic		tp-marketing-terms
SEM	Search engine marketing, including paid search ads		tp-marketing-terms
Pay-per-click	Advertising where you pay each time an ad is clicked		tp-marketing-terms
Impression	One display of an ad		tp-marketing-terms
Click-through rate	Clicks divided by impressions		tp-marketing-terms
CPM	Cost per thousand impressions		tp-marketing-terms
Reach	Number of unique people who see a message		tp-marketing-terms
Frequency	Average number of times a person sees a message		tp-marketing-terms
Engagement	Interactions with content, like likes and comments		tp-marketing-terms
Call to action	A prompt telling the audience what to do next		tp-marketing-terms
Landing page	A page designed to turn visitors into leads or customers		tp-marketing-terms
Retargeting	Showing ads to people who visited before		tp-marketing-terms
Affiliate marketing	Paying partners for sales they refer		tp-marketing-terms
Viral marketing	Content that spreads rapidly through sharing		tp-marketing-terms
Guerrilla marketing	Low-cost, creative, unconventional promotion		tp-marketing-terms
Product life cycle	Introduction, growth, maturity, decline		tp-marketing-terms
Product differentiation	Making a product stand out from rivals		tp-marketing-terms
Market penetration	Selling more of existing products in existing markets		tp-marketing-terms
Product development	Creating new products for existing markets		tp-marketing-terms
Ansoff matrix	Framework of four growth strategies		tp-marketing-terms
Net Promoter Score	A measure of customers' willingness to recommend		tp-marketing-terms
Marketing ethics	Standards of honesty and fairness in marketing		tp-marketing-terms
Greenwashing	Misleadingly claiming environmental benefits		tp-marketing-terms
Packaging	The container and design of a product		tp-marketing-terms
Point of sale	Where a transaction occurs		tp-marketing-terms
Upselling	Encouraging a more expensive version		tp-marketing-terms
Cross-selling	Suggesting related products		tp-marketing-terms
Testimonial	A customer's statement in praise of a product		tp-marketing-terms
Target market vs. mass market	Focused group versus the whole market		tp-marketing-terms
ABG	Arterial blood gas		tp-med-abbreviations
ADL	Activities of daily living		tp-med-abbreviations
AED	Automated external defibrillator		tp-med-abbreviations
AIDS	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome		tp-med-abbreviations
BMI	Body mass index		tp-med-abbreviations
BP	Blood pressure		tp-med-abbreviations
BPM	Beats per minute		tp-med-abbreviations
BUN	Blood urea nitrogen		tp-med-abbreviations
CABG	Coronary artery bypass graft		tp-med-abbreviations
CAD	Coronary artery disease		tp-med-abbreviations
CBC	Complete blood count		tp-med-abbreviations
CHF	Congestive heart failure		tp-med-abbreviations
CNS	Central nervous system		tp-med-abbreviations
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease		tp-med-abbreviations
CPR	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation		tp-med-abbreviations
CT	Computed tomography		tp-med-abbreviations
CVA	Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)		tp-med-abbreviations
DM	Diabetes mellitus		tp-med-abbreviations
DNR	Do not resuscitate		tp-med-abbreviations
DOB	Date of birth		tp-med-abbreviations
DVT	Deep vein thrombosis		tp-med-abbreviations
Dx	Diagnosis		tp-med-abbreviations
ECG, EKG	Electrocardiogram		tp-med-abbreviations
EEG	Electroencephalogram		tp-med-abbreviations
EMS	Emergency medical services		tp-med-abbreviations
ENT	Ear, nose and throat		tp-med-abbreviations
ER, ED	Emergency room; emergency department		tp-med-abbreviations
FX	Fracture		tp-med-abbreviations
GERD	Gastroesophageal reflux disease		tp-med-abbreviations
GI	Gastrointestinal		tp-med-abbreviations
GU	Genitourinary		tp-med-abbreviations
Hb, Hgb	Hemoglobin		tp-med-abbreviations
HCT	Hematocrit		tp-med-abbreviations
HIV	Human immunodeficiency virus		tp-med-abbreviations
HR	Heart rate		tp-med-abbreviations
Hx	History		tp-med-abbreviations
ICU	Intensive care unit		tp-med-abbreviations
IM	Intramuscular		tp-med-abbreviations
IV	Intravenous		tp-med-abbreviations
LOC	Level of consciousness; loss of consciousness		tp-med-abbreviations
MI	Myocardial infarction (heart attack)		tp-med-abbreviations
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging		tp-med-abbreviations
N/V	Nausea and vomiting		tp-med-abbreviations
NPO	Nothing by mouth		tp-med-abbreviations
NSAID	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug		tp-med-abbreviations
OR	Operating room		tp-med-abbreviations
OTC	Over the counter		tp-med-abbreviations
PE	Pulmonary embolism; physical exam		tp-med-abbreviations
PO	By mouth		tp-med-abbreviations
PRN	As needed		tp-med-abbreviations
PT	Physical therapy; prothrombin time		tp-med-abbreviations
PVC	Premature ventricular contraction		tp-med-abbreviations
QD	Every day (on avoid-lists as error-prone)		tp-med-abbreviations
RBC	Red blood cell		tp-med-abbreviations
RN	Registered nurse		tp-med-abbreviations
ROM	Range of motion		tp-med-abbreviations
RR	Respiratory rate		tp-med-abbreviations
Rx	Prescription; treatment		tp-med-abbreviations
SOB	Shortness of breath		tp-med-abbreviations
STAT	Immediately		tp-med-abbreviations
STI	Sexually transmitted infection		tp-med-abbreviations
SpO2	Peripheral oxygen saturation		tp-med-abbreviations
Sx	Symptoms		tp-med-abbreviations
T	Temperature		tp-med-abbreviations
TB	Tuberculosis		tp-med-abbreviations
TIA	Transient ischemic attack		tp-med-abbreviations
TPR	Temperature, pulse, respiration		tp-med-abbreviations
Tx	Treatment		tp-med-abbreviations
URI	Upper respiratory infection		tp-med-abbreviations
UTI	Urinary tract infection		tp-med-abbreviations
VS	Vital signs		tp-med-abbreviations
WBC	White blood cell		tp-med-abbreviations
WNL	Within normal limits		tp-med-abbreviations
BID	Twice a day		tp-med-abbreviations
TID	Three times a day		tp-med-abbreviations
QID	Four times a day		tp-med-abbreviations
AC	Before meals		tp-med-abbreviations
PC	After meals		tp-med-abbreviations
HS	At bedtime		tp-med-abbreviations
SL	Sublingual (under the tongue)		tp-med-abbreviations
SC, SQ	Subcutaneous		tp-med-abbreviations
IVP	Intravenous push		tp-med-abbreviations
NG	Nasogastric		tp-med-abbreviations
NKDA	No known drug allergies		tp-med-abbreviations
Pt	Patient		tp-med-abbreviations
c/o	Complains of		tp-med-abbreviations
w/u	Work-up		tp-med-abbreviations
I&O	Intake and output		tp-med-abbreviations
H&P	History and physical		tp-med-abbreviations
CC	Chief complaint		tp-med-abbreviations
HPI	History of present illness		tp-med-abbreviations
PMH	Past medical history		tp-med-abbreviations
ROS	Review of systems		tp-med-abbreviations
SOAP	Subjective, objective, assessment, plan (note format)		tp-med-abbreviations
Fx vs Hx vs Dx	Fracture, history, diagnosis		tp-med-abbreviations
HTN	Hypertension		tp-med-abbreviations
CKD	Chronic kidney disease		tp-med-abbreviations
AFib	Atrial fibrillation		tp-med-abbreviations
ARDS	Acute respiratory distress syndrome		tp-med-abbreviations
ADHD	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder		tp-med-abbreviations
PTSD	Post-traumatic stress disorder		tp-med-abbreviations
IBS	Irritable bowel syndrome		tp-med-abbreviations
Homeostasis	Keeping the body's internal conditions stable		tp-med-body-systems
Integumentary system	Skin, hair, nails and glands		tp-med-body-systems
Epidermis	Outer layer of skin		tp-med-body-systems
Dermis	Layer of skin with blood vessels, nerves and glands		tp-med-body-systems
Hypodermis	Fatty layer beneath the skin		tp-med-body-systems
Melanin	Pigment that gives skin its color and absorbs UV		tp-med-body-systems
Sebaceous gland	Gland that makes oil (sebum)		tp-med-body-systems
Sudoriferous gland	Sweat gland		tp-med-body-systems
Keratin	Tough protein in skin, hair and nails		tp-med-body-systems
Skeletal system	Bones, cartilage and joints		tp-med-body-systems
Osteocyte	Mature bone cell		tp-med-body-systems
Compact bone	Dense outer bone layer		tp-med-body-systems
Spongy bone	Porous inner bone containing marrow		tp-med-body-systems
Red bone marrow	Tissue that makes blood cells		tp-med-body-systems
Ligament	Tissue connecting bone to bone		tp-med-body-systems
Tendon	Tissue connecting muscle to bone		tp-med-body-systems
Cartilage	Flexible connective tissue cushioning joints		tp-med-body-systems
Synovial joint	Freely movable joint with fluid-filled cavity		tp-med-body-systems
Muscular system	Muscles that produce movement		tp-med-body-systems
Skeletal muscle	Voluntary striated muscle attached to bones		tp-med-body-systems
Smooth muscle	Involuntary muscle in walls of organs		tp-med-body-systems
Cardiac muscle	Involuntary striated muscle of the heart		tp-med-body-systems
Sarcomere	Basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber		tp-med-body-systems
Actin and myosin	Protein filaments that slide past each other to contract muscle		tp-med-body-systems
Nervous system	Brain, spinal cord and nerves		tp-med-body-systems
Neuron	Nerve cell		tp-med-body-systems
Synapse	Junction where neurons communicate		tp-med-body-systems
Cerebrum	Largest part of the brain; thinking and voluntary action		tp-med-body-systems
Cerebellum	Brain part that coordinates balance and movement		tp-med-body-systems
Brainstem	Controls breathing, heart rate and basic life functions		tp-med-body-systems
Autonomic nervous system	Controls involuntary actions		tp-med-body-systems
Reflex arc	Quick automatic pathway from stimulus to response		tp-med-body-systems
Myelin	Fatty coating that speeds nerve signals		tp-med-body-systems
Endocrine system	Glands that release hormones into the blood		tp-med-body-systems
Hormone	A chemical messenger		tp-med-body-systems
Pituitary gland	Master gland controlling other glands		tp-med-body-systems
Thyroid gland	Controls metabolism		tp-med-body-systems
Pancreas	Makes insulin and digestive enzymes		tp-med-body-systems
Insulin	Hormone that lowers blood glucose		tp-med-body-systems
Adrenal gland	Makes hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol		tp-med-body-systems
Cardiovascular system	Heart and blood vessels		tp-med-body-systems
Atrium	Upper heart chamber that receives blood		tp-med-body-systems
Ventricle	Lower heart chamber that pumps blood out		tp-med-body-systems
Artery	Vessel carrying blood away from the heart		tp-med-body-systems
Vein	Vessel carrying blood toward the heart		tp-med-body-systems
Capillary	Tiny vessel where exchange occurs		tp-med-body-systems
Systolic pressure	Pressure when the heart contracts		tp-med-body-systems
Diastolic pressure	Pressure when the heart relaxes		tp-med-body-systems
Erythrocyte	Red blood cell; carries oxygen		tp-med-body-systems
Leukocyte	White blood cell; fights infection		tp-med-body-systems
Thrombocyte	Platelet; helps blood clot		tp-med-body-systems
Hemoglobin	Iron-containing protein that carries oxygen		tp-med-body-systems
Plasma	Liquid part of blood		tp-med-body-systems
Lymphatic system	Vessels and organs that drain fluid and defend against disease		tp-med-body-systems
Lymph node	Small organ that filters lymph		tp-med-body-systems
Spleen	Organ that filters blood and stores platelets		tp-med-body-systems
Thymus	Organ where T cells mature		tp-med-body-systems
Immune system	Cells and tissues that defend against pathogens		tp-med-body-systems
Antibody	Protein that recognizes and binds to an antigen		tp-med-body-systems
Antigen	A substance that triggers an immune response		tp-med-body-systems
Respiratory system	Organs for gas exchange		tp-med-body-systems
Alveoli	Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gases are exchanged		tp-med-body-systems
Diaphragm	Muscle under the lungs that drives breathing		tp-med-body-systems
Trachea	Windpipe		tp-med-body-systems
Bronchi	Two main airways into the lungs		tp-med-body-systems
Larynx	Voice box		tp-med-body-systems
Digestive system	Organs that break down food and absorb nutrients		tp-med-body-systems
Esophagus	Tube from throat to stomach		tp-med-body-systems
Peristalsis	Wave-like muscle contractions moving food		tp-med-body-systems
Stomach	Organ that churns food with acid and enzymes		tp-med-body-systems
Small intestine	Main site of nutrient absorption		tp-med-body-systems
Large intestine	Absorbs water and forms stool		tp-med-body-systems
Liver	Makes bile, processes nutrients and detoxifies		tp-med-body-systems
Gallbladder	Stores bile		tp-med-body-systems
Villi	Finger-like folds that absorb nutrients in the small intestine		tp-med-body-systems
Urinary system	Organs that filter blood and remove liquid waste		tp-med-body-systems
Kidney	Filters blood and makes urine		tp-med-body-systems
Nephron	Filtering unit of the kidney		tp-med-body-systems
Ureter	Tube from kidney to bladder		tp-med-body-systems
Urinary bladder	Stores urine		tp-med-body-systems
Urethra	Tube carrying urine out of the body		tp-med-body-systems
Reproductive system	Organs for producing offspring		tp-med-body-systems
Gamete	A reproductive cell: sperm or egg		tp-med-body-systems
Ovary	Female organ that makes eggs		tp-med-body-systems
Testis	Male organ that makes sperm		tp-med-body-systems
Uterus	Organ where a fetus develops		tp-med-body-systems
Zygote	Cell formed when sperm fertilizes an egg		tp-med-body-systems
Fetus	Developing baby after about eight weeks		tp-med-body-systems
Placenta	Organ that nourishes the fetus		tp-med-body-systems
Anatomical position	Standing upright, facing forward, palms forward		tp-med-body-systems
Sagittal plane	Divides the body into left and right		tp-med-body-systems
Frontal (coronal) plane	Divides the body into front and back		tp-med-body-systems
Transverse plane	Divides the body into top and bottom		tp-med-body-systems
Proximal	Closer to the point of attachment		tp-med-body-systems
Distal	Farther from the point of attachment		tp-med-body-systems
Superior	Toward the head		tp-med-body-systems
Inferior	Toward the feet		tp-med-body-systems
Anterior	Toward the front		tp-med-body-systems
Posterior	Toward the back		tp-med-body-systems
Medial	Toward the midline		tp-med-body-systems
Lateral	Away from the midline		tp-med-body-systems
Superficial	Near the surface		tp-med-body-systems
Deep	Farther from the surface		tp-med-body-systems
a-, an-	Without; not (anemia)		tp-med-prefixes
ab-	Away from (abduct)		tp-med-prefixes
ad-	Toward (adduct)		tp-med-prefixes
ambi-	Both (ambidextrous)		tp-med-prefixes
ante-	Before; forward (antepartum)		tp-med-prefixes
anti-	Against (antibiotic)		tp-med-prefixes
auto-	Self (autoimmune)		tp-med-prefixes
bi-	Two (bilateral)		tp-med-prefixes
brady-	Slow (bradycardia)		tp-med-prefixes
circum-	Around (circumcision)		tp-med-prefixes
con-	With; together (congenital)		tp-med-prefixes
contra-	Against; opposite (contraindicated)		tp-med-prefixes
de-	Down; removal (dehydration)		tp-med-prefixes
dia-	Through; complete (diagnosis)		tp-med-prefixes
dis-	Apart; away (dislocate)		tp-med-prefixes
dys-	Painful; difficult; abnormal (dyspnea)		tp-med-prefixes
ecto-	Outside (ectopic)		tp-med-prefixes
endo-	Within (endocardium)		tp-med-prefixes
epi-	Upon; above (epidermis)		tp-med-prefixes
eu-	Good; normal (euphoria)		tp-med-prefixes
ex-, exo-	Outside; out of (exhale)		tp-med-prefixes
extra-	Outside of (extracellular)		tp-med-prefixes
hemi-	Half (hemisphere)		tp-med-prefixes
hetero-	Different (heterogeneous)		tp-med-prefixes
homo-, homeo-	Same (homeostasis)		tp-med-prefixes
hyper-	Above; excessive (hypertension)		tp-med-prefixes
hypo-	Below; deficient (hypotension)		tp-med-prefixes
infra-	Below (infraorbital)		tp-med-prefixes
inter-	Between (intercostal)		tp-med-prefixes
intra-	Within (intravenous)		tp-med-prefixes
iso-	Equal (isotonic)		tp-med-prefixes
macro-	Large (macrophage)		tp-med-prefixes
mal-	Bad; poor (malnutrition)		tp-med-prefixes
meso-	Middle (mesentery)		tp-med-prefixes
meta-	Change; beyond (metastasis)		tp-med-prefixes
micro-	Small (microscope)		tp-med-prefixes
mono-	One (mononucleosis)		tp-med-prefixes
multi-	Many (multiparous)		tp-med-prefixes
neo-	New (neonatal)		tp-med-prefixes
non-	Not (noninvasive)		tp-med-prefixes
oligo-	Few; scanty (oliguria)		tp-med-prefixes
pan-	All (pandemic)		tp-med-prefixes
para-	Beside; abnormal; near (paralysis)		tp-med-prefixes
per-	Through (percutaneous)		tp-med-prefixes
peri-	Around (pericardium)		tp-med-prefixes
poly-	Many; much (polyuria)		tp-med-prefixes
post-	After (postoperative)		tp-med-prefixes
pre-	Before (prenatal)		tp-med-prefixes
pro-	Before; in favor of (prognosis)		tp-med-prefixes
pseudo-	False (pseudocyst)		tp-med-prefixes
quadri-	Four (quadriceps)		tp-med-prefixes
re-	Again; back (regurgitate)		tp-med-prefixes
retro-	Behind; backward (retroperitoneal)		tp-med-prefixes
semi-	Half (semiconscious)		tp-med-prefixes
sub-	Under (subcutaneous)		tp-med-prefixes
super-, supra-	Above (suprapubic)		tp-med-prefixes
sym-, syn-	Together (synapse)		tp-med-prefixes
tachy-	Fast (tachycardia)		tp-med-prefixes
tetra-	Four (tetralogy)		tp-med-prefixes
tri-	Three (triceps)		tp-med-prefixes
trans-	Across (transfusion)		tp-med-prefixes
ultra-	Beyond (ultrasound)		tp-med-prefixes
uni-	One (unilateral)		tp-med-prefixes
pre-natal vs post-natal	Before birth versus after birth		tp-med-prefixes
brachy-	Short (brachydactyly)		tp-med-prefixes
mega-, megalo-	Large (megacolon)		tp-med-prefixes
olig-	Little (oligohydramnios)		tp-med-prefixes
primi-	First (primigravida)		tp-med-prefixes
multi-gravida	A woman who has been pregnant more than once		tp-med-prefixes
intro-	Into (introvert)		tp-med-prefixes
xero-	Dry (xerosis)		tp-med-prefixes
peri vs endo	Peri- is around the outside; endo- is within		tp-med-prefixes
hydro-	Water (hydrocephalus)		tp-med-prefixes
hemo-, hemato-	Blood (hematology)		tp-med-prefixes
necro-	Death (necrosis)		tp-med-prefixes
pyo-	Pus (pyoderma)		tp-med-prefixes
dextro-	Right (dextrocardia)		tp-med-prefixes
levo-	Left (levoscoliosis)		tp-med-prefixes
ortho-	Straight; correct (orthopedics)		tp-med-prefixes
tox-, toxo-	Poison (toxicology)		tp-med-prefixes
pachy-	Thick (pachyderm)		tp-med-prefixes
lepto-	Thin; slender (leptomeninges)		tp-med-prefixes
pleo-	More (pleomorphic)		tp-med-prefixes
abdomin/o	Abdomen (abdominal)		tp-med-roots
aden/o	Gland (adenoma)		tp-med-roots
adip/o	Fat (adipose)		tp-med-roots
angi/o	Vessel (angiogram)		tp-med-roots
arteri/o	Artery (arteriosclerosis)		tp-med-roots
arthr/o	Joint (arthritis)		tp-med-roots
bronch/o	Bronchus (bronchitis)		tp-med-roots
card/o, cardi/o	Heart (cardiology)		tp-med-roots
cephal/o	Head (cephalic)		tp-med-roots
cerebr/o	Cerebrum; brain (cerebral)		tp-med-roots
cheil/o	Lip (cheilitis)		tp-med-roots
chol/e	Bile (cholecyst)		tp-med-roots
chondr/o	Cartilage (chondroma)		tp-med-roots
col/o, colon/o	Colon (colonoscopy)		tp-med-roots
cost/o	Rib (intercostal)		tp-med-roots
crani/o	Skull (cranium)		tp-med-roots
cutane/o	Skin (subcutaneous)		tp-med-roots
cyst/o	Bladder; sac (cystitis)		tp-med-roots
cyt/o	Cell (cytology)		tp-med-roots
dent/i, dent/o	Tooth (dentist)		tp-med-roots
derm/o, dermat/o	Skin (dermatitis)		tp-med-roots
duoden/o	Duodenum (duodenal)		tp-med-roots
encephal/o	Brain (encephalitis)		tp-med-roots
enter/o	Small intestine (gastroenteritis)		tp-med-roots
erythr/o	Red (erythrocyte)		tp-med-roots
gastr/o	Stomach (gastritis)		tp-med-roots
gingiv/o	Gums (gingivitis)		tp-med-roots
gloss/o	Tongue (glossitis)		tp-med-roots
gluc/o, glyc/o	Sugar; glucose (hypoglycemia)		tp-med-roots
gyn/o, gynec/o	Woman; female (gynecology)		tp-med-roots
hem/o, hemat/o	Blood (hematology)		tp-med-roots
hepat/o	Liver (hepatitis)		tp-med-roots
hist/o	Tissue (histology)		tp-med-roots
hydr/o	Water (dehydration)		tp-med-roots
hyster/o	Uterus (hysterectomy)		tp-med-roots
ile/o	Ileum (ileitis)		tp-med-roots
ili/o	Ilium (iliac)		tp-med-roots
kerat/o	Cornea; hard (keratitis)		tp-med-roots
lact/o	Milk (lactation)		tp-med-roots
lapar/o	Abdominal wall (laparoscopy)		tp-med-roots
laryng/o	Larynx (laryngitis)		tp-med-roots
leuk/o	White (leukocyte)		tp-med-roots
lip/o	Fat (liposuction)		tp-med-roots
lith/o	Stone (lithotripsy)		tp-med-roots
mamm/o, mast/o	Breast (mammogram)		tp-med-roots
mening/o	Meninges (meningitis)		tp-med-roots
my/o	Muscle (myocardium)		tp-med-roots
myel/o	Bone marrow; spinal cord (myelogram)		tp-med-roots
nas/o, rhin/o	Nose (rhinitis)		tp-med-roots
nephr/o, ren/o	Kidney (nephritis)		tp-med-roots
neur/o	Nerve (neurology)		tp-med-roots
ocul/o, ophthalm/o	Eye (ophthalmologist)		tp-med-roots
onc/o	Tumor (oncology)		tp-med-roots
oste/o	Bone (osteoporosis)		tp-med-roots
ot/o	Ear (otitis)		tp-med-roots
ovari/o, oophor/o	Ovary (oophorectomy)		tp-med-roots
path/o	Disease (pathology)		tp-med-roots
ped/o	Child; foot (context) (pediatrics)		tp-med-roots
phleb/o, ven/o	Vein (phlebitis)		tp-med-roots
pneum/o, pneumon/o	Lung; air (pneumonia)		tp-med-roots
pod/o	Foot (podiatrist)		tp-med-roots
psych/o	Mind (psychology)		tp-med-roots
pulmon/o	Lung (pulmonary)		tp-med-roots
rect/o	Rectum (rectal)		tp-med-roots
rhin/o	Nose (rhinoplasty)		tp-med-roots
salping/o	Fallopian tube (salpingitis)		tp-med-roots
splen/o	Spleen (splenectomy)		tp-med-roots
spondyl/o	Vertebra (spondylitis)		tp-med-roots
stomat/o	Mouth (stomatitis)		tp-med-roots
thorac/o	Chest (thoracic)		tp-med-roots
thromb/o	Clot (thrombosis)		tp-med-roots
thyr/o	Thyroid (thyroidectomy)		tp-med-roots
trache/o	Trachea (tracheostomy)		tp-med-roots
ureter/o	Ureter (ureteral)		tp-med-roots
urethr/o	Urethra (urethritis)		tp-med-roots
ur/o, urin/o	Urine; urinary tract (urology)		tp-med-roots
uter/o	Uterus (uterine)		tp-med-roots
vas/o	Vessel; vas deferens (vasoconstriction)		tp-med-roots
vertebr/o	Vertebra; spine (vertebral)		tp-med-roots
viscer/o	Internal organs (visceral)		tp-med-roots
blephar/o	Eyelid (blepharitis)		tp-med-roots
carcin/o	Cancer (carcinoma)		tp-med-roots
cervic/o	Neck; cervix (cervical)		tp-med-roots
cutis	Skin (cutaneous)		tp-med-roots
dactyl/o	Finger or toe (polydactyly)		tp-med-roots
hepat/o vs splen/o	Liver versus spleen		tp-med-roots
lingu/o	Tongue (sublingual)		tp-med-roots
or/o	Mouth (oral)		tp-med-roots
rhabd/o	Rod-shaped; striated (rhabdomyoma)		tp-med-roots
scler/o	Hard; white of the eye (scleroderma)		tp-med-roots
tend/o, ten/o	Tendon (tendonitis)		tp-med-roots
tonsill/o	Tonsil (tonsillectomy)		tp-med-roots
gnath/o	Jaw (prognathism)		tp-med-roots
pharyng/o	Throat (pharyngitis)		tp-med-roots
pyel/o	Renal pelvis (pyelonephritis)		tp-med-roots
sperm/o, spermat/o	Sperm (spermatozoon)		tp-med-roots
orchi/o, orchid/o	Testis (orchiectomy)		tp-med-roots
mamm/o	Breast (mammary)		tp-med-roots
-algia	Pain (neuralgia)		tp-med-suffixes
-cele	Hernia; swelling (cystocele)		tp-med-suffixes
-centesis	Surgical puncture to remove fluid (amniocentesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-cide	Killing (bactericide)		tp-med-suffixes
-clasis, -clast	Break; breaking (osteoclast)		tp-med-suffixes
-cyte	Cell (erythrocyte)		tp-med-suffixes
-ectasis	Expansion; dilation (bronchiectasis)		tp-med-suffixes
-ectomy	Surgical removal (appendectomy)		tp-med-suffixes
-emia	Condition of the blood (anemia)		tp-med-suffixes
-genesis	Origin; production (pathogenesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-genic	Producing; originating in (carcinogenic)		tp-med-suffixes
-gram	A record (electrocardiogram)		tp-med-suffixes
-graph	Instrument for recording (electrocardiograph)		tp-med-suffixes
-graphy	Process of recording (radiography)		tp-med-suffixes
-iasis	Condition; formation of (lithiasis)		tp-med-suffixes
-ism	Condition; process (hypothyroidism)		tp-med-suffixes
-itis	Inflammation (arthritis)		tp-med-suffixes
-kinesis	Movement (dyskinesia)		tp-med-suffixes
-lithiasis	Presence of stones (cholelithiasis)		tp-med-suffixes
-logist	One who studies (cardiologist)		tp-med-suffixes
-logy	Study of (cardiology)		tp-med-suffixes
-lysis	Breakdown; loosening (hemolysis)		tp-med-suffixes
-malacia	Softening (osteomalacia)		tp-med-suffixes
-mania	Obsessive preoccupation (kleptomania)		tp-med-suffixes
-megaly	Enlargement (hepatomegaly)		tp-med-suffixes
-meter	Instrument for measuring (thermometer)		tp-med-suffixes
-metry	Measurement (spirometry)		tp-med-suffixes
-oid	Resembling (thyroid)		tp-med-suffixes
-ologist	Specialist in the study of (dermatologist)		tp-med-suffixes
-oma	Tumor; mass (lipoma)		tp-med-suffixes
-opia	Vision condition (myopia)		tp-med-suffixes
-opsy	View of; examination (biopsy)		tp-med-suffixes
-osis	Abnormal condition (fibrosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-ostomy	Creating a surgical opening (colostomy)		tp-med-suffixes
-otomy	Cutting into (laparotomy)		tp-med-suffixes
-pathy	Disease (neuropathy)		tp-med-suffixes
-penia	Deficiency (leukopenia)		tp-med-suffixes
-pexy	Surgical fixation (nephropexy)		tp-med-suffixes
-phagia	Eating; swallowing (dysphagia)		tp-med-suffixes
-phasia	Speech (aphasia)		tp-med-suffixes
-philia	Attraction to (hemophilia)		tp-med-suffixes
-phobia	Fear (claustrophobia)		tp-med-suffixes
-plasia	Formation; growth (hyperplasia)		tp-med-suffixes
-plasty	Surgical repair (rhinoplasty)		tp-med-suffixes
-plegia	Paralysis (paraplegia)		tp-med-suffixes
-pnea	Breathing (apnea)		tp-med-suffixes
-poiesis	Formation (hematopoiesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-ptosis	Drooping; prolapse (blepharoptosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-rrhage, -rrhagia	Excessive flow; bursting forth (hemorrhage)		tp-med-suffixes
-rrhaphy	Suture of (herniorrhaphy)		tp-med-suffixes
-rrhea	Flow; discharge (diarrhea)		tp-med-suffixes
-rrhexis	Rupture (arteriorrhexis)		tp-med-suffixes
-sclerosis	Hardening (arteriosclerosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-scope	Instrument for viewing (endoscope)		tp-med-suffixes
-scopy	Visual examination (colonoscopy)		tp-med-suffixes
-spasm	Involuntary contraction (bronchospasm)		tp-med-suffixes
-stasis	Stopping; controlling (hemostasis)		tp-med-suffixes
-stenosis	Narrowing (pyloric stenosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-therapy	Treatment (chemotherapy)		tp-med-suffixes
-tome	Instrument for cutting (microtome)		tp-med-suffixes
-tripsy	Crushing (lithotripsy)		tp-med-suffixes
-trophy	Nourishment; development (atrophy)		tp-med-suffixes
-uria	Urine condition (hematuria)		tp-med-suffixes
-ia	Condition (pneumonia)		tp-med-suffixes
-ic, -al, -ar, -ary	Pertaining to (cardiac)		tp-med-suffixes
-ous	Pertaining to (venous)		tp-med-suffixes
-ase	Enzyme (lipase)		tp-med-suffixes
-emesis	Vomiting (hematemesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-esthesia	Sensation (anesthesia)		tp-med-suffixes
-ferous	Bearing; carrying (sudoriferous)		tp-med-suffixes
-gnosis	Knowledge (prognosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-gen	Substance that produces (antigen)		tp-med-suffixes
-ule	Small (venule)		tp-med-suffixes
-trophic	Pertaining to nourishment (neurotrophic)		tp-med-suffixes
-ectopy	Displacement (cardiac ectopy)		tp-med-suffixes
-ar vs -al	Both mean 'pertaining to'; the choice depends on the root		tp-med-suffixes
-iatrics, -iatry	Medical treatment; field of medicine (pediatrics)		tp-med-suffixes
-ist	A specialist (podiatrist)		tp-med-suffixes
-ptysis	Spitting (hemoptysis)		tp-med-suffixes
-stomy vs -tomy	-stomy makes an opening; -tomy is just a cut		tp-med-suffixes
-desis	Binding; fusion (arthrodesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-lepsy	Seizure (epilepsy)		tp-med-suffixes
-pepsia	Digestion (dyspepsia)		tp-med-suffixes
-phoria	Feeling; bearing (euphoria)		tp-med-suffixes
-physis	Growing (epiphysis)		tp-med-suffixes
Bow	The front of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Stern	The back of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Port	The left side when facing the bow		tp-nautical-terms
Starboard	The right side when facing the bow		tp-nautical-terms
Fore	Toward the bow		tp-nautical-terms
Aft	Toward the stern		tp-nautical-terms
Abeam	At right angles to the boat's length		tp-nautical-terms
Amidships	In the middle of the boat		tp-nautical-terms
Hull	The body of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Keel	Central beam along the bottom of the hull		tp-nautical-terms
Deck	The floor of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Cabin	Enclosed living or sleeping space		tp-nautical-terms
Galley	A boat's kitchen		tp-nautical-terms
Head	A boat's toilet		tp-nautical-terms
Bunk (berth)	A bed on a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Helm	The steering position or the wheel		tp-nautical-terms
Tiller	A lever used to steer		tp-nautical-terms
Rudder	Underwater blade that steers the boat		tp-nautical-terms
Draft	Depth of the boat below the waterline		tp-nautical-terms
Freeboard	Height of the hull above the water		tp-nautical-terms
Beam	The widest part of the boat		tp-nautical-terms
Gunwale	Upper edge of the side of the boat		tp-nautical-terms
Transom	Flat vertical surface at the stern		tp-nautical-terms
Bilge	The lowest inside part of the hull		tp-nautical-terms
Mast	Tall vertical pole holding sails		tp-nautical-terms
Boom	Horizontal pole at the bottom of the mainsail		tp-nautical-terms
Mainsail	Main sail on the mast		tp-nautical-terms
Jib	Triangular sail at the front		tp-nautical-terms
Spinnaker	Large, balloon-like sail used downwind		tp-nautical-terms
Genoa	A large jib that overlaps the mast		tp-nautical-terms
Halyard	Rope that raises a sail		tp-nautical-terms
Sheet	Rope that controls a sail's angle		tp-nautical-terms
Rigging	The ropes and wires that support masts and control sails		tp-nautical-terms
Shroud	Wire supporting the mast from the sides		tp-nautical-terms
Stay	Wire supporting the mast fore and aft		tp-nautical-terms
Line	The nautical word for rope		tp-nautical-terms
Cleat	Fitting used to secure a line		tp-nautical-terms
Winch	Device to pull lines with a crank		tp-nautical-terms
Fender	Cushion hung between boat and dock		tp-nautical-terms
Anchor	Heavy hook that holds a boat in place		tp-nautical-terms
Rode	Line and chain connecting boat to anchor		tp-nautical-terms
Windlass	Winch that raises the anchor		tp-nautical-terms
Mooring	A permanent anchor point for boats		tp-nautical-terms
Dock	Structure where boats tie up		tp-nautical-terms
Pier	A platform extending into the water		tp-nautical-terms
Marina	Harbor with docking for boats		tp-nautical-terms
Harbor	Sheltered water where ships can anchor		tp-nautical-terms
Knot (speed)	One nautical mile per hour		tp-nautical-terms
Nautical mile	About 1.15 land miles		tp-nautical-terms
Fathom	Six feet of water depth		tp-nautical-terms
Leeward	The side away from the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Windward	The side toward the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Lee shore	Land that wind blows toward; dangerous for boats		tp-nautical-terms
Tack	To turn the bow through the wind; also a boat's course relative to the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Jibe	To turn the stern through the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Close-hauled	Sailing as close to the wind as possible		tp-nautical-terms
Beam reach	Sailing with the wind from the side		tp-nautical-terms
Broad reach	Sailing with the wind coming from behind at an angle		tp-nautical-terms
Running	Sailing with the wind directly behind		tp-nautical-terms
In irons	Stuck facing into the wind with no steering		tp-nautical-terms
Heeling	Leaning over from the force of the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Capsize	To turn over		tp-nautical-terms
Reef	To reduce sail area in strong wind		tp-nautical-terms
Luff	The front edge of a sail; also when the sail flaps		tp-nautical-terms
Leech	The back edge of a sail		tp-nautical-terms
Clew	The lower back corner of a sail		tp-nautical-terms
Head of the sail	The top corner		tp-nautical-terms
Point of sail	Boat's direction relative to the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Bearing	Direction from one point to another		tp-nautical-terms
Heading	The direction the bow is pointing		tp-nautical-terms
Course	The intended path		tp-nautical-terms
Chart	A nautical map		tp-nautical-terms
Compass	Instrument showing direction		tp-nautical-terms
Latitude	Distance north or south of the equator		tp-nautical-terms
Longitude	Distance east or west of the prime meridian		tp-nautical-terms
Dead reckoning	Estimating position from speed, time and heading		tp-nautical-terms
Sextant	Instrument for measuring the angle of the sun or stars		tp-nautical-terms
GPS	Satellite navigation		tp-nautical-terms
Buoy	Floating marker on the water		tp-nautical-terms
Red right returning	When entering a harbor from the sea, keep red markers on your right		tp-nautical-terms
Lighthouse	Tower with a light to guide ships		tp-nautical-terms
Tide	The rise and fall of the sea level		tp-nautical-terms
Ebb tide	Falling tide		tp-nautical-terms
Flood tide	Rising tide		tp-nautical-terms
Current	A steady flow of water		tp-nautical-terms
Swell	Long wave moving across open water		tp-nautical-terms
Wake	Trail of waves behind a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Squall	A sudden strong wind		tp-nautical-terms
Beaufort scale	Scale describing wind strength		tp-nautical-terms
PFD (life jacket)	Personal flotation device		tp-nautical-terms
Man overboard	A cry meaning someone has fallen into the water		tp-nautical-terms
Ahoy	A call to attract attention		tp-nautical-terms
Aye aye	I understand and will obey		tp-nautical-terms
Mayday	Radio distress call		tp-nautical-terms
Skipper	The person in charge of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Crew	People who work on a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Mate	An officer ranking below the captain		tp-nautical-terms
Bosun	Officer in charge of deck crew and equipment		tp-nautical-terms
Vessel	A boat or ship		tp-nautical-terms
Knot (rope)	A fastening made by tying rope; examples are bowline and cleat hitch		tp-nautical-terms
Bowline	A knot that makes a fixed loop		tp-nautical-terms
Clove hitch	A knot that fastens a line to a post		tp-nautical-terms
Figure eight	A stopper knot at the end of a line		tp-nautical-terms
Nursing process	Assess, diagnose, plan, implement, evaluate		tp-nursing-basics
ADPIE	Memory aid for the five steps of the nursing process		tp-nursing-basics
Assessment	Gathering information about the patient		tp-nursing-basics
Subjective data	What the patient reports (symptoms)		tp-nursing-basics
Objective data	What the nurse observes or measures (signs)		tp-nursing-basics
Nursing diagnosis	A clinical judgment about a patient's response to a health problem		tp-nursing-basics
Care plan	Written plan of goals and nursing actions		tp-nursing-basics
Evaluation	Judging whether goals were met		tp-nursing-basics
Vital signs	Temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and often oxygen saturation		tp-nursing-basics
Normal adult pulse	About 60 to 100 beats per minute		tp-nursing-basics
Normal adult respirations	About 12 to 20 breaths per minute		tp-nursing-basics
Normal adult temperature	About 98.6 F (37 C), with some natural variation		tp-nursing-basics
Normal blood pressure	About 120/80 mmHg or lower		tp-nursing-basics
Bradycardia	Slow heart rate		tp-nursing-basics
Tachycardia	Fast heart rate		tp-nursing-basics
Hypotension	Low blood pressure		tp-nursing-basics
Hypertension	High blood pressure		tp-nursing-basics
Hypoxia	Low oxygen in body tissues		tp-nursing-basics
Dyspnea	Difficulty breathing		tp-nursing-basics
Apnea	Pause in breathing		tp-nursing-basics
Pulse oximeter	Device that measures oxygen saturation		tp-nursing-basics
Hand hygiene	The most important way to prevent infection		tp-nursing-basics
Standard precautions	Basic infection control used for every patient		tp-nursing-basics
Contact precautions	Gloves and gowns to prevent spread by touch		tp-nursing-basics
Droplet precautions	Mask for germs spread by large respiratory droplets		tp-nursing-basics
Airborne precautions	Special room and respirator for germs that travel on air		tp-nursing-basics
PPE	Personal protective equipment such as gloves, gown, mask and goggles		tp-nursing-basics
Aseptic technique	Methods to prevent contamination by germs		tp-nursing-basics
Sterile field	Area kept free of all microorganisms		tp-nursing-basics
Fomite	An object that can carry infection		tp-nursing-basics
Nosocomial infection	Infection acquired in a healthcare setting		tp-nursing-basics
Six rights of medication	Right patient, drug, dose, route, time and documentation		tp-nursing-basics
Medication reconciliation	Comparing a patient's medication lists to avoid errors		tp-nursing-basics
Allergy	Overreaction of the immune system to a substance		tp-nursing-basics
Anaphylaxis	Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction		tp-nursing-basics
Informed consent	A patient agrees to treatment after understanding it		tp-nursing-basics
HIPAA	US law protecting patients' health information		tp-nursing-basics
Confidentiality	Keeping patient information private		tp-nursing-basics
Advance directive	Written wishes about future medical care		tp-nursing-basics
Patient advocate	Someone who speaks up for a patient's rights and needs		tp-nursing-basics
Scope of practice	What a licensed professional is legally allowed to do		tp-nursing-basics
Delegation	Assigning a task to someone else while keeping accountability		tp-nursing-basics
Chain of command	Order of reporting concerns		tp-nursing-basics
SBAR	Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation: a communication format		tp-nursing-basics
Therapeutic communication	Communication that helps and supports patients		tp-nursing-basics
Active listening	Fully focusing on and responding to what is said		tp-nursing-basics
Documentation	Writing accurate records of care		tp-nursing-basics
Charting by exception	Recording only findings that differ from normal		tp-nursing-basics
Maslow's hierarchy	Basic needs come before higher needs		tp-nursing-basics
Activities of daily living	Everyday self-care tasks like bathing and eating		tp-nursing-basics
Fall risk	Likelihood that a patient will fall		tp-nursing-basics
Pressure injury	Skin damage from prolonged pressure		tp-nursing-basics
Turning schedule	Repositioning to prevent pressure injuries		tp-nursing-basics
Ambulation	Walking		tp-nursing-basics
Body mechanics	Using the body safely when lifting and moving		tp-nursing-basics
Range of motion	The full movement a joint can make		tp-nursing-basics
Intake and output	Measuring fluids a patient takes in and puts out		tp-nursing-basics
Dehydration	Not enough water in the body		tp-nursing-basics
Edema	Swelling from excess fluid in tissue		tp-nursing-basics
Isotonic IV fluid	Fluid with the same concentration as blood plasma		tp-nursing-basics
Catheter	A tube inserted into the body to drain or deliver fluid		tp-nursing-basics
Enteral nutrition	Feeding through the digestive tract, such as a tube		tp-nursing-basics
Parenteral nutrition	Nutrients given directly into the bloodstream		tp-nursing-basics
NPO	Nothing by mouth		tp-nursing-basics
Aspiration	Food or fluid entering the airway		tp-nursing-basics
Wound healing	Stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling		tp-nursing-basics
Dressing	Material that covers and protects a wound		tp-nursing-basics
Pain scale	Tool for patients to rate pain, such as 0 to 10		tp-nursing-basics
Palliative care	Care focused on comfort and quality of life		tp-nursing-basics
Hospice	End-of-life care focusing on comfort		tp-nursing-basics
Triage	Sorting patients by urgency of need		tp-nursing-basics
Rapid response	Team called when a patient is getting worse quickly		tp-nursing-basics
Code blue	Hospital emergency call for cardiac or respiratory arrest		tp-nursing-basics
Restraint	A device limiting movement, used only as a last resort		tp-nursing-basics
Cultural competence	Respecting and meeting patients' cultural needs		tp-nursing-basics
Health literacy	Ability to understand health information		tp-nursing-basics
Teach-back	Asking patients to explain instructions in their own words		tp-nursing-basics
Primary prevention	Stopping disease before it starts, like vaccination		tp-nursing-basics
Secondary prevention	Early detection, like screening		tp-nursing-basics
Tertiary prevention	Reducing the effects of existing disease		tp-nursing-basics
Evidence-based practice	Using the best research along with clinical judgment		tp-nursing-basics
Chain of infection	Agent, reservoir, exit, transmission, entry, host		tp-nursing-basics
Sharps container	Rigid, puncture-proof box for needles		tp-nursing-basics
Incident report	Record of an unusual event, such as a fall or error		tp-nursing-basics
Near miss	An error caught before it reaches the patient		tp-nursing-basics
Bedsore stages	Stages 1 to 4 describing the depth of pressure injury		tp-nursing-basics
Orthostatic hypotension	Blood pressure drop when standing up		tp-nursing-basics
Alkane	Only C-C single bonds; saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2)		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Alkene	Contains a C=C double bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Alkyne	Contains a C-C triple bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Aromatic ring	Cyclic ring with delocalized pi electrons, like benzene		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Alkyl halide	R-X where X is F, Cl, Br or I		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Alcohol	R-OH; a hydroxyl on a saturated carbon		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Phenol	OH group attached directly to an aromatic ring		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Ether	R-O-R'; oxygen between two carbons		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Epoxide	A three-membered ring containing oxygen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Thiol	R-SH; sulfur analog of alcohol		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Sulfide (thioether)	R-S-R'		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Disulfide	R-S-S-R'		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Aldehyde	RCHO; carbonyl at the end of a carbon chain		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Ketone	R-CO-R'; carbonyl between two carbons		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Carboxylic acid	R-COOH		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Ester	R-COO-R'		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Amide	R-CO-NR2; carbonyl bonded to nitrogen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Acid chloride	R-COCl; very reactive acid derivative		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Acid anhydride	Two acyl groups joined through an oxygen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Nitrile	R-C triple bond N		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Amine	Nitrogen bonded to carbon with lone pair; basic		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Primary amine	RNH2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Secondary amine	R2NH		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Tertiary amine	R3N		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Quaternary ammonium	N bonded to four carbons with positive charge		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Imine	C=N double bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Nitro group	R-NO2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Azide	R-N3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Carbonyl	C=O double bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydroxyl	-OH group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Carboxyl	-COOH group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Amino	-NH2 group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Methyl	-CH3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Ethyl	-CH2CH3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Propyl	-CH2CH2CH3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Isopropyl	-CH(CH3)2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Butyl	Four-carbon chain group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
tert-Butyl	-C(CH3)3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Vinyl	-CH=CH2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Allyl	-CH2-CH=CH2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Phenyl	-C6H5		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Benzyl	-CH2-C6H5		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Acetyl	-COCH3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Cycloalkane	Alkane arranged in a ring		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Diene	Two double bonds		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Conjugated diene	Double bonds separated by one single bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Cumulene	Consecutive double bonds		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Enol	A C=C bonded to an OH		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Enolate	Anion formed by removing the alpha proton from a carbonyl		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hemiacetal	A carbon bonded to both OH and OR		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Acetal	A carbon bonded to two OR groups		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Lactone	A cyclic ester		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Lactam	A cyclic amide		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Peptide bond	Amide bond linking amino acids		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Glycosidic bond	Linkage between sugar units		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Phosphate ester	Ester formed with phosphoric acid		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Sulfonic acid	R-SO3H		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Isocyanate	R-N=C=O		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydrazine	N-N single bond derivative		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Carbamate	R-O-CO-NR2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Urea	Carbonyl bonded to two nitrogens		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Heterocycle	A ring containing at least one atom other than carbon		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Pyridine	Six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Furan	Five-membered aromatic ring with one oxygen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Pyrrole	Five-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Thiophene	Five-membered aromatic ring with one sulfur		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Priority of groups in naming	Acids > esters > amides > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -ol	Alcohol		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -al	Aldehyde		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -one	Ketone		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -oic acid	Carboxylic acid		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -oate	Ester		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -amide	Amide		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -amine	Amine		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -nitrile	Nitrile		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -ene	Alkene		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -yne	Alkyne		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Chirality center	A carbon bonded to four different groups		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Enantiomers	Non-superimposable mirror image molecules		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Diastereomers	Stereoisomers that are not mirror images		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Constitutional isomers	Same formula, different connectivity		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
R/S configuration	Labels for chirality using CIP priority rules		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
E/Z configuration	Labels for alkene geometry using CIP rules		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydrogen bond donor	N-H or O-H group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydrophilic group	A polar group that interacts with water		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydrophobic group	A nonpolar group that avoids water		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Degree of unsaturation	Rings plus pi bonds in a molecule		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Markovnikov's rule	In HX addition to alkenes, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
SN1 reaction	Two-step substitution through a carbocation; favors tertiary substrates and polar protic solvents		tp-orgchem-reactions
SN2 reaction	One-step substitution with backside attack and inversion; favors methyl and primary substrates		tp-orgchem-reactions
E1 reaction	Two-step elimination through a carbocation		tp-orgchem-reactions
E2 reaction	One-step elimination needing a strong base and anti-periplanar geometry		tp-orgchem-reactions
Zaitsev's rule	Elimination gives the more substituted alkene as the major product		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hofmann product	The less substituted alkene, favored by bulky bases		tp-orgchem-reactions
Carbocation stability	Tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl		tp-orgchem-reactions
Leaving group	A group that departs with a pair of electrons; good ones are weak bases		tp-orgchem-reactions
Nucleophile	An electron-rich species that attacks an electrophile		tp-orgchem-reactions
Electrophile	An electron-poor species that accepts electrons		tp-orgchem-reactions
Polar protic solvent	Solvent with O-H or N-H bonds, like water or ethanol		tp-orgchem-reactions
Polar aprotic solvent	Polar solvent without O-H, like acetone or DMSO		tp-orgchem-reactions
Electrophilic addition	Alkene pi bond attacks an electrophile, adding across the double bond		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydrohalogenation	Adding HX across an alkene		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydration of alkenes	Adding water to form an alcohol		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydrogenation	Adding H2 across a double or triple bond using a metal catalyst		tp-orgchem-reactions
Halogenation of alkenes	Adding X2 across a double bond to give anti addition		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydroboration-oxidation	Anti-Markovnikov syn addition of water to an alkene		tp-orgchem-reactions
Oxymercuration-demercuration	Markovnikov hydration of alkenes without rearrangements		tp-orgchem-reactions
Epoxidation	Converting an alkene to an epoxide with a peroxyacid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Ozonolysis	Cleaving a double bond with ozone to give carbonyls		tp-orgchem-reactions
Dihydroxylation	Adding two OH groups across a double bond		tp-orgchem-reactions
Free radical halogenation	Substituting H on an alkane by a halogen through radical steps		tp-orgchem-reactions
Radical chain mechanism	Initiation, propagation, termination		tp-orgchem-reactions
Electrophilic aromatic substitution	Replacing a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with an electrophile		tp-orgchem-reactions
Nitration	Adding NO2 to an aromatic ring using nitric and sulfuric acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Friedel-Crafts alkylation	Adding an alkyl group to an aromatic ring using AlCl3		tp-orgchem-reactions
Friedel-Crafts acylation	Adding an acyl group to an aromatic ring		tp-orgchem-reactions
Ortho/para director	Group that directs incoming electrophiles to positions 2 and 4		tp-orgchem-reactions
Meta director	Group that directs incoming electrophiles to position 3		tp-orgchem-reactions
Activating group	Electron-donating group that speeds up aromatic substitution		tp-orgchem-reactions
Deactivating group	Electron-withdrawing group that slows aromatic substitution		tp-orgchem-reactions
Nucleophilic acyl substitution	Nucleophile replaces a leaving group on a carbonyl carbon		tp-orgchem-reactions
Fischer esterification	Acid-catalyzed reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester		tp-orgchem-reactions
Saponification	Base hydrolysis of an ester to a carboxylate and alcohol		tp-orgchem-reactions
Amide formation	Reaction of an acid derivative with an amine		tp-orgchem-reactions
Grignard reaction	Organomagnesium reagent adds to carbonyl compounds to form alcohols		tp-orgchem-reactions
Organolithium reagent	Strongly basic carbon nucleophile like Grignards		tp-orgchem-reactions
Reduction with NaBH4	Mild reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols		tp-orgchem-reactions
Reduction with LiAlH4	Strong reduction of carbonyls, esters and acids to alcohols		tp-orgchem-reactions
PCC oxidation	Oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes		tp-orgchem-reactions
Jones oxidation	Strong oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids		tp-orgchem-reactions
Swern oxidation	Mild oxidation of alcohols using DMSO		tp-orgchem-reactions
Aldol reaction	An enolate adds to a carbonyl to form a beta-hydroxy carbonyl		tp-orgchem-reactions
Aldol condensation	Aldol addition followed by loss of water		tp-orgchem-reactions
Claisen condensation	Ester enolate attacks another ester to give a beta-keto ester		tp-orgchem-reactions
Michael addition	Nucleophile adds to the beta carbon of an alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyl		tp-orgchem-reactions
Wittig reaction	Converts aldehydes and ketones into alkenes		tp-orgchem-reactions
Diels-Alder reaction	A diene and a dienophile form a six-membered ring		tp-orgchem-reactions
Cycloaddition	Concerted reaction forming a ring		tp-orgchem-reactions
Williamson ether synthesis	Alkoxide attacks alkyl halide to form an ether		tp-orgchem-reactions
Gabriel synthesis	Preparing primary amines from alkyl halides using phthalimide		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hofmann elimination	Converts quaternary ammonium to the less substituted alkene		tp-orgchem-reactions
Diazonium salt	Intermediate from aryl amines used to introduce many groups on rings		tp-orgchem-reactions
Sandmeyer reaction	Replacing a diazonium group with a halide or cyanide using copper salts		tp-orgchem-reactions
Cannizzaro reaction	Aldehydes without alpha hydrogens react to give an alcohol and an acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation	Converts ketones into esters using a peracid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydrolysis	Breaking a bond with water		tp-orgchem-reactions
Dehydration of alcohols	Acid-catalyzed loss of water to form alkenes		tp-orgchem-reactions
Tautomerization	Interconversion of keto and enol forms		tp-orgchem-reactions
Resonance stabilization	Delocalization of electrons lowers energy		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hammond postulate	Transition states resemble the nearest-energy species		tp-orgchem-reactions
Kinetic vs. thermodynamic control	Fastest-formed versus most stable product		tp-orgchem-reactions
Inversion of configuration	Stereochemical result of an SN2 reaction		tp-orgchem-reactions
Racemization	Formation of equal amounts of both enantiomers		tp-orgchem-reactions
Syn addition	Both groups add to the same face of a double bond		tp-orgchem-reactions
Anti addition	Groups add to opposite faces		tp-orgchem-reactions
Stereospecific	Different stereoisomers give different stereoisomeric products		tp-orgchem-reactions
Regioselective	One direction of bond making is favored over another		tp-orgchem-reactions
Protecting group	A temporary group masking a reactive site		tp-orgchem-reactions
Retrosynthesis	Planning a synthesis by working backward from the target		tp-orgchem-reactions
Rearrangement (hydride shift)	Carbocation moves hydrogen to become more stable		tp-orgchem-reactions
Polymerization	Joining monomers into long chains		tp-orgchem-reactions
Addition polymer	Polymer formed by adding monomers without losing atoms		tp-orgchem-reactions
Condensation polymer	Polymer formed with loss of a small molecule such as water		tp-orgchem-reactions
Beckmann rearrangement	Oxime converts to an amide under acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Pinacol rearrangement	Diol converts to a ketone under acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Fries rearrangement	Aryl ester converts to a hydroxy aryl ketone		tp-orgchem-reactions
Clemmensen reduction	Reduces a ketone or aldehyde to an alkane using zinc and acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Wolff-Kishner reduction	Reduces a ketone or aldehyde to an alkane under basic conditions		tp-orgchem-reactions
Birch reduction	Reduces aromatic rings to dienes		tp-orgchem-reactions
Heck reaction	Palladium-catalyzed coupling of an alkene with an aryl or vinyl halide		tp-orgchem-reactions
Suzuki coupling	Palladium-catalyzed coupling of organoboron and organohalide		tp-orgchem-reactions
Click chemistry	Fast, reliable reactions that join molecules, like azide-alkyne cycloaddition		tp-orgchem-reactions
Analgesic	Relieves pain		tp-pharmacology-classes
Opioid analgesic	Strong pain reliever acting on opioid receptors; carries risk of dependence		tp-pharmacology-classes
NSAID	Reduces pain, fever and inflammation		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antipyretic	Lowers fever		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antibiotic	Kills or stops bacteria		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiviral	Treats viral infections		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antifungal	Treats fungal infections		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiparasitic	Treats parasite infections		tp-pharmacology-classes
Penicillins	Antibiotic class that blocks bacterial cell walls		tp-pharmacology-classes
Cephalosporins	Antibiotic class related to penicillins		tp-pharmacology-classes
Macrolides	Antibiotics that block bacterial protein making		tp-pharmacology-classes
Fluoroquinolones	Antibiotics that block bacterial DNA copying		tp-pharmacology-classes
Tetracyclines	Broad-spectrum antibiotics		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antihistamine	Blocks histamine to ease allergy symptoms		tp-pharmacology-classes
Decongestant	Reduces swelling in nasal passages		tp-pharmacology-classes
Expectorant	Helps loosen mucus		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antitussive	Suppresses cough		tp-pharmacology-classes
Bronchodilator	Opens airways		tp-pharmacology-classes
Corticosteroid	Reduces inflammation and immune activity		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antihypertensive	Lowers high blood pressure		tp-pharmacology-classes
ACE inhibitor	Relaxes blood vessels by blocking an enzyme; lowers blood pressure		tp-pharmacology-classes
ARB	Angiotensin receptor blocker; relaxes blood vessels		tp-pharmacology-classes
Beta blocker	Slows the heart and lowers blood pressure		tp-pharmacology-classes
Calcium channel blocker	Relaxes blood vessels and the heart		tp-pharmacology-classes
Diuretic	Increases urine output to remove fluid		tp-pharmacology-classes
Vasodilator	Widens blood vessels		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiarrhythmic	Controls abnormal heart rhythms		tp-pharmacology-classes
Anticoagulant	Slows blood clotting		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiplatelet	Stops platelets from clumping		tp-pharmacology-classes
Thrombolytic	Dissolves existing clots		tp-pharmacology-classes
Statin	Lowers cholesterol by blocking its production in the liver		tp-pharmacology-classes
Nitrate	Widens vessels to relieve chest pain		tp-pharmacology-classes
Cardiac glycoside	Strengthens the heartbeat		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antidiabetic	Lowers blood sugar		tp-pharmacology-classes
Insulin	Hormone replacement to lower blood glucose		tp-pharmacology-classes
Thyroid replacement	Supplies thyroid hormone when the thyroid is underactive		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antacid	Neutralizes stomach acid		tp-pharmacology-classes
Proton pump inhibitor	Strongly reduces stomach acid production		tp-pharmacology-classes
H2 blocker	Reduces stomach acid by blocking histamine receptors		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiemetic	Prevents nausea and vomiting		tp-pharmacology-classes
Laxative	Promotes bowel movements		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antidiarrheal	Slows diarrhea		tp-pharmacology-classes
Anticonvulsant	Prevents seizures		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antidepressant	Treats depression		tp-pharmacology-classes
SSRI	Antidepressant that raises serotonin availability		tp-pharmacology-classes
Anxiolytic	Reduces anxiety		tp-pharmacology-classes
Benzodiazepine	Sedating class used for anxiety and seizures; can cause dependence		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antipsychotic	Treats psychosis and certain mood disorders		tp-pharmacology-classes
Mood stabilizer	Evens out highs and lows in mood		tp-pharmacology-classes
Stimulant	Increases alertness and attention		tp-pharmacology-classes
Sedative-hypnotic	Promotes sleep or calm		tp-pharmacology-classes
Muscle relaxant	Eases muscle spasm		tp-pharmacology-classes
Local anesthetic	Numbs a small area		tp-pharmacology-classes
General anesthetic	Produces unconsciousness for surgery		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiparkinson agent	Replaces or mimics dopamine to ease movement symptoms		tp-pharmacology-classes
Cholinesterase inhibitor	Used to slow memory symptoms in dementia		tp-pharmacology-classes
Immunosuppressant	Reduces immune activity, as after transplant		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antineoplastic	Treats cancer		tp-pharmacology-classes
Vaccine	Trains the immune system to recognize a germ		tp-pharmacology-classes
Hormonal contraceptive	Prevents pregnancy using hormones		tp-pharmacology-classes
Bisphosphonate	Slows bone loss		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antigout agent	Lowers uric acid or relieves gout		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antimalarial	Prevents or treats malaria		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antitubercular	Treats tuberculosis		tp-pharmacology-classes
Pharmacokinetics	What the body does to a drug: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion		tp-pharmacology-classes
Pharmacodynamics	What a drug does to the body		tp-pharmacology-classes
Half-life	Time for the drug concentration in the body to fall by half		tp-pharmacology-classes
Bioavailability	Fraction of a dose that reaches the bloodstream		tp-pharmacology-classes
First-pass effect	Liver metabolism of an oral drug before it reaches circulation		tp-pharmacology-classes
Therapeutic index	Gap between a helpful dose and a harmful one		tp-pharmacology-classes
Agonist	A drug that activates a receptor		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antagonist	A drug that blocks a receptor		tp-pharmacology-classes
Side effect	An unintended effect of a drug		tp-pharmacology-classes
Adverse reaction	A harmful, unintended response to a drug		tp-pharmacology-classes
Drug interaction	One drug changes the effect of another		tp-pharmacology-classes
Contraindication	A condition making a drug unsafe to use		tp-pharmacology-classes
Generic name	The drug's official non-brand name		tp-pharmacology-classes
Brand name	A manufacturer's trade name		tp-pharmacology-classes
Prescription drug	Needs a licensed prescriber's order		tp-pharmacology-classes
Over-the-counter drug	Sold without a prescription		tp-pharmacology-classes
Tolerance	Needing more drug to get the same effect		tp-pharmacology-classes
Dependence	Body adapts so stopping causes withdrawal		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: oral	By mouth		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: topical	Applied to the skin		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: intravenous	Into a vein		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: inhaled	Breathed into the lungs		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: sublingual	Under the tongue		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: transdermal	Through a skin patch		tp-pharmacology-classes
Controlled substance schedule	Legal classification of drugs by abuse potential		tp-pharmacology-classes
Thales	Early Greek thinker who said water is the basic stuff of everything		tp-philosophers
Heraclitus	Said everything is in flux: 'you cannot step into the same river twice'		tp-philosophers
Parmenides	Argued that reality is unchanging and that change is an illusion		tp-philosophers
Pythagoras	Greek thinker linking number and harmony to the structure of the universe		tp-philosophers
Democritus	Proposed that all matter is made of tiny indivisible atoms		tp-philosophers
Zeno of Elea	Posed paradoxes arguing that motion is impossible		tp-philosophers
Socrates	Questioned others to find truth; 'the unexamined life is not worth living'		tp-philosophers
Plato	Student of Socrates; theory of Forms and the Republic		tp-philosophers
Aristotle	Student of Plato; logic, virtue ethics and the golden mean		tp-philosophers
Epicurus	Taught that a good life is tranquility and freedom from fear and pain		tp-philosophers
Zeno of Citium	Founder of Stoicism		tp-philosophers
Epictetus	Stoic who taught focusing on what is within our control		tp-philosophers
Marcus Aurelius	Roman emperor and Stoic; wrote the Meditations		tp-philosophers
Seneca	Roman Stoic who wrote letters on living well		tp-philosophers
Confucius	Chinese thinker who stressed virtue, family duty and respect		tp-philosophers
Laozi	Traditional author of the Tao Te Ching, central to Daoism		tp-philosophers
Mencius	Confucian thinker who held that human nature is good		tp-philosophers
Sun Tzu	Author of The Art of War		tp-philosophers
Siddhartha Gautama	The Buddha, founder of Buddhism, who taught the path ending suffering		tp-philosophers
Augustine of Hippo	Early Christian thinker who wrote Confessions and City of God		tp-philosophers
Boethius	Roman philosopher who wrote The Consolation of Philosophy		tp-philosophers
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)	Persian philosopher and physician whose works shaped medieval thought		tp-philosophers
Averroes (Ibn Rushd)	Andalusian philosopher who commented on Aristotle		tp-philosophers
Maimonides	Medieval Jewish philosopher who wrote the Guide for the Perplexed		tp-philosophers
Thomas Aquinas	Medieval thinker who blended Aristotle with Christian theology		tp-philosophers
Ibn Khaldun	North African scholar who studied the rise and fall of societies		tp-philosophers
Niccolo Machiavelli	Wrote The Prince on power and politics		tp-philosophers
Thomas More	Wrote Utopia, describing an imagined ideal society		tp-philosophers
Francis Bacon	Champion of the scientific method based on observation		tp-philosophers
Thomas Hobbes	Argued that strong government is needed to avoid a life that is 'nasty, brutish and short'		tp-philosophers
Rene Descartes	'I think, therefore I am'; mind-body dualism		tp-philosophers
Blaise Pascal	Mathematician and thinker who proposed Pascal's wager		tp-philosophers
Baruch Spinoza	Rationalist who saw god and nature as one		tp-philosophers
John Locke	Empiricist who argued for natural rights and government by consent		tp-philosophers
Gottfried Leibniz	Rationalist who said we live in 'the best of all possible worlds'		tp-philosophers
George Berkeley	Idealist: 'to be is to be perceived'		tp-philosophers
David Hume	Empiricist skeptic who questioned cause and effect and induction		tp-philosophers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Wrote The Social Contract and the idea of the general will		tp-philosophers
Voltaire	Enlightenment writer who defended tolerance and free speech		tp-philosophers
Montesquieu	Argued for the separation of powers		tp-philosophers
Adam Smith	Moral philosopher and economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations		tp-philosophers
Immanuel Kant	Categorical imperative; argued the mind shapes experience		tp-philosophers
Mary Wollstonecraft	Early advocate for women's education and rights		tp-philosophers
G.W.F. Hegel	Idealist who saw history as the unfolding of reason; dialectic		tp-philosophers
Arthur Schopenhauer	Pessimist who saw will as the root of suffering		tp-philosophers
Jeremy Bentham	Founder of utilitarianism		tp-philosophers
John Stuart Mill	Utilitarian who defended liberty in On Liberty		tp-philosophers
Soren Kierkegaard	Founder of existentialism; the leap of faith		tp-philosophers
Karl Marx	Analyzed capitalism and class struggle		tp-philosophers
Friedrich Nietzsche	Declared 'God is dead'; will to power and the overman		tp-philosophers
William James	American pragmatist and psychologist		tp-philosophers
Charles Sanders Peirce	Founder of pragmatism		tp-philosophers
John Dewey	Pragmatist who championed learning by doing		tp-philosophers
Henry David Thoreau	Wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience		tp-philosophers
Ralph Waldo Emerson	Transcendentalist who urged self-reliance		tp-philosophers
Edmund Husserl	Founder of phenomenology		tp-philosophers
Martin Heidegger	Wrote Being and Time on the meaning of being		tp-philosophers
Bertrand Russell	Logician and philosopher who co-wrote Principia Mathematica		tp-philosophers
Ludwig Wittgenstein	Philosopher of language: 'the limits of my language mean the limits of my world'		tp-philosophers
Karl Popper	Proposed falsifiability as the mark of science		tp-philosophers
Thomas Kuhn	Wrote about scientific revolutions and paradigm shifts		tp-philosophers
Jean-Paul Sartre	Existentialist: 'existence precedes essence'		tp-philosophers
Simone de Beauvoir	Existentialist feminist who wrote The Second Sex		tp-philosophers
Albert Camus	Writer on the absurd who wrote The Myth of Sisyphus		tp-philosophers
Hannah Arendt	Political thinker who wrote about totalitarianism and the 'banality of evil'		tp-philosophers
Maurice Merleau-Ponty	Phenomenologist who emphasized the lived body		tp-philosophers
Michel Foucault	Studied how power and knowledge shape society		tp-philosophers
John Rawls	Wrote A Theory of Justice with the veil of ignorance		tp-philosophers
Robert Nozick	Libertarian philosopher who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia		tp-philosophers
Peter Singer	Utilitarian ethicist known for work on animals and global poverty		tp-philosophers
Martha Nussbaum	Philosopher of the capabilities approach and emotions		tp-philosophers
Alan Turing	Mathematician who posed the Turing test for machine intelligence		tp-philosophers
Gottlob Frege	Founder of modern logic and philosophy of language		tp-philosophers
Kurt Godel	Logician whose incompleteness theorems limit formal systems		tp-philosophers
John Searle	Proposed the Chinese room argument		tp-philosophers
Daniel Dennett	Philosopher of mind who wrote about consciousness and evolution		tp-philosophers
Thomas Nagel	Asked 'What is it like to be a bat?'		tp-philosophers
Derek Parfit	Philosopher of personal identity and ethics		tp-philosophers
W.E.B. Du Bois	Scholar who developed the idea of double consciousness		tp-philosophers
Frantz Fanon	Thinker on colonialism and identity		tp-philosophers
Mahatma Gandhi	Developed nonviolent resistance as a philosophy and strategy		tp-philosophers
Martin Luther King Jr.	Applied nonviolent philosophy to civil rights		tp-philosophers
Rumi	Persian poet and mystic of the 13th century		tp-philosophers
Al-Farabi	Philosopher who blended Greek and Islamic thought		tp-philosophers
Al-Ghazali	Islamic theologian who critiqued the philosophers		tp-philosophers
Nagarjuna	Buddhist philosopher of emptiness		tp-philosophers
Zhuangzi	Daoist thinker known for stories about perspective and freedom		tp-philosophers
Mozi	Chinese philosopher who taught impartial care		tp-philosophers
Xunzi	Confucian who held that human nature needs shaping		tp-philosophers
Wang Yangming	Chinese Neo-Confucian who stressed the unity of knowledge and action		tp-philosophers
Hypatia	Alexandrian philosopher and mathematician		tp-philosophers
Aristotle's Lyceum	School Aristotle founded in Athens		tp-philosophers
Plato's Academy	School Plato founded in Athens		tp-philosophers
Metaphysics	The study of the basic nature of reality		tp-philosophy-concepts
Epistemology	The study of knowledge and how we know things		tp-philosophy-concepts
Ethics	The study of right and wrong, good and bad		tp-philosophy-concepts
Logic	The study of correct reasoning		tp-philosophy-concepts
Aesthetics	The study of beauty and art		tp-philosophy-concepts
Ontology	The study of what exists		tp-philosophy-concepts
Dualism	The view that mind and body are distinct kinds of things		tp-philosophy-concepts
Monism	The view that reality is made of one kind of thing		tp-philosophy-concepts
Materialism	The view that everything is physical		tp-philosophy-concepts
Idealism	The view that reality is fundamentally mental		tp-philosophy-concepts
Empiricism	Knowledge comes mainly from sense experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Rationalism	Knowledge comes mainly from reason		tp-philosophy-concepts
Skepticism	Doubt about whether we can have certain knowledge		tp-philosophy-concepts
A priori	Knowable independent of experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
A posteriori	Knowable only through experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Analytic statement	True by the meaning of its terms		tp-philosophy-concepts
Synthetic statement	True or false depending on how the world is		tp-philosophy-concepts
Epistemic justification	Good reasons for a belief		tp-philosophy-concepts
Solipsism	The view that only one's own mind is certain to exist		tp-philosophy-concepts
Cogito	'I think, therefore I am'; Descartes' starting point		tp-philosophy-concepts
Free will	The ability to choose among alternatives		tp-philosophy-concepts
Determinism	Every event is caused by prior events		tp-philosophy-concepts
Compatibilism	Free will and determinism can both be true		tp-philosophy-concepts
Libertarianism (free will)	We have free will and determinism is false		tp-philosophy-concepts
Mind-body problem	How mental states relate to physical states		tp-philosophy-concepts
Personal identity	What makes someone the same person over time		tp-philosophy-concepts
Consciousness	Subjective awareness and experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Qualia	The felt quality of experiences, like redness		tp-philosophy-concepts
Utilitarianism	The right action produces the greatest good for the greatest number		tp-philosophy-concepts
Deontology	Morality is about duties and rules, whatever the outcome		tp-philosophy-concepts
Virtue ethics	Morality is about developing good character		tp-philosophy-concepts
Categorical imperative	Kant's rule to act only as you would will everyone to act		tp-philosophy-concepts
Consequentialism	An action's rightness depends on its results		tp-philosophy-concepts
Moral relativism	Moral truths depend on culture or individual		tp-philosophy-concepts
Moral objectivism	Some moral claims are true regardless of opinion		tp-philosophy-concepts
Egoism	People should act in their own self-interest		tp-philosophy-concepts
Altruism	Acting for the benefit of others		tp-philosophy-concepts
Social contract theory	Political authority comes from an agreement among people		tp-philosophy-concepts
Natural rights	Rights people have simply by being human		tp-philosophy-concepts
Justice as fairness	Rawls' idea that just principles are those chosen behind a veil of ignorance		tp-philosophy-concepts
Veil of ignorance	Choosing rules without knowing your place in society		tp-philosophy-concepts
Existentialism	Individuals create their own meaning through free choices		tp-philosophy-concepts
Nihilism	The view that life lacks inherent meaning or value		tp-philosophy-concepts
Absurdism	Seeking meaning in a universe that offers none; Camus		tp-philosophy-concepts
Stoicism	Peace comes from accepting what we cannot control		tp-philosophy-concepts
Epicureanism	The good life is pleasure understood as calm and freedom from pain		tp-philosophy-concepts
Cynicism (ancient)	Living simply and in accordance with nature, rejecting convention		tp-philosophy-concepts
Pragmatism	The truth of an idea lies in its practical effects		tp-philosophy-concepts
Phenomenology	Study of the structures of experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Hermeneutics	Theory of interpretation		tp-philosophy-concepts
Positivism	Only knowledge from scientific observation is valid		tp-philosophy-concepts
Logical positivism	Meaningful statements must be verifiable or logically true		tp-philosophy-concepts
Falsifiability	Karl Popper's idea that scientific claims must be testable and refutable		tp-philosophy-concepts
Paradigm shift	A major change in scientific thinking; Kuhn		tp-philosophy-concepts
Occam's razor	Prefer the simplest explanation		tp-philosophy-concepts
Problem of induction	We cannot logically prove that the future will resemble the past		tp-philosophy-concepts
Problem of evil	How can evil exist if a perfect god exists?		tp-philosophy-concepts
Theodicy	An attempt to explain evil in a world made by a good god		tp-philosophy-concepts
Cosmological argument	Argument for a first cause of the universe		tp-philosophy-concepts
Teleological argument	Argument from apparent design		tp-philosophy-concepts
Ontological argument	Argument for god from the concept of a perfect being		tp-philosophy-concepts
Pascal's wager	A practical argument about whether to believe in god		tp-philosophy-concepts
Agnosticism	The view that the existence of god is unknown or unknowable		tp-philosophy-concepts
Allegory of the cave	Plato's image of people mistaking shadows for reality		tp-philosophy-concepts
Theory of forms	Plato's view that ideal abstract forms are the true reality		tp-philosophy-concepts
Golden mean	Aristotle's idea that virtue lies between extremes		tp-philosophy-concepts
Eudaimonia	Flourishing or living well		tp-philosophy-concepts
Telos	Purpose or end of a thing		tp-philosophy-concepts
Trolley problem	A thought experiment about choosing to harm one to save many		tp-philosophy-concepts
Thought experiment	Imagined scenario used to test an idea		tp-philosophy-concepts
Brain in a vat	Thought experiment questioning how we know our experiences are real		tp-philosophy-concepts
Ship of Theseus	Puzzle: is a ship the same if all its parts are replaced?		tp-philosophy-concepts
Chinese room	Searle's argument that running a program is not the same as understanding		tp-philosophy-concepts
Turing test	A test of whether a machine's conversation is indistinguishable from a human's		tp-philosophy-concepts
Experience machine	Nozick's thought experiment about whether pleasure is all that matters		tp-philosophy-concepts
Social justice	Fair distribution of advantages and burdens in society		tp-philosophy-concepts
Distributive justice	Fair allocation of resources		tp-philosophy-concepts
Liberty	Freedom from unjust restraint		tp-philosophy-concepts
Harm principle	Mill: society may limit freedom only to prevent harm to others		tp-philosophy-concepts
Paternalism	Overriding someone's choices for their own good		tp-philosophy-concepts
Tragedy of the commons	Shared resources are overused when each acts alone		tp-philosophy-concepts
Authority	The right to command and be obeyed		tp-philosophy-concepts
Civil disobedience	Openly breaking an unjust law to appeal to conscience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Anarchism	The view that the state is unnecessary or harmful		tp-philosophy-concepts
Pluralism	Acceptance of multiple values and views		tp-philosophy-concepts
Relativism	Truth or value depends on perspective		tp-philosophy-concepts
Hedonism	Pleasure is the highest good		tp-philosophy-concepts
Meritocracy	Position based on ability and achievement		tp-philosophy-concepts
Authenticity	Living true to one's own values		tp-philosophy-concepts
Bad faith	Sartre's term for denying one's freedom		tp-philosophy-concepts
The Other	A concept in philosophy about how we recognize those different from us		tp-philosophy-concepts
Intentionality	The mind's property of being about something		tp-philosophy-concepts
Emergence	Complex properties arising from simpler parts		tp-philosophy-concepts
Reductionism	Explaining a whole by its parts		tp-philosophy-concepts
Holism	The whole has properties not found in its parts		tp-philosophy-concepts
Syllogism	A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion		tp-philosophy-concepts
Soundness	A valid argument with true premises		tp-philosophy-concepts
Average velocity	v = delta x / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Acceleration	a = delta v / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Velocity with constant acceleration	v = v0 + at		tp-physics-formulas
Displacement with constant acceleration	x = x0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t^2		tp-physics-formulas
Velocity-displacement relation	v^2 = v0^2 + 2a(x - x0)		tp-physics-formulas
Free-fall acceleration	g = 9.8 m/s^2 (about)		tp-physics-formulas
Newton's second law	F = ma		tp-physics-formulas
Weight	W = mg		tp-physics-formulas
Friction force	f = mu N		tp-physics-formulas
Hooke's law	F = -kx		tp-physics-formulas
Centripetal acceleration	a = v^2 / r		tp-physics-formulas
Centripetal force	F = mv^2 / r		tp-physics-formulas
Universal gravitation	F = G m1 m2 / r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Gravitational field near a planet	g = GM / r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Orbital speed	v = sqrt(GM / r)		tp-physics-formulas
Work	W = F d cos theta		tp-physics-formulas
Kinetic energy	KE = 1/2 m v^2		tp-physics-formulas
Gravitational potential energy	PE = mgh		tp-physics-formulas
Spring potential energy	PE = 1/2 k x^2		tp-physics-formulas
Power	P = W / t		tp-physics-formulas
Momentum	p = mv		tp-physics-formulas
Impulse	J = F delta t = delta p		tp-physics-formulas
Torque	tau = r F sin theta		tp-physics-formulas
Angular velocity	omega = delta theta / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Rotational kinetic energy	KE = 1/2 I omega^2		tp-physics-formulas
Angular momentum	L = I omega		tp-physics-formulas
Period and frequency	T = 1/f		tp-physics-formulas
Wave speed	v = f lambda		tp-physics-formulas
Spring period	T = 2 pi sqrt(m / k)		tp-physics-formulas
Pendulum period	T = 2 pi sqrt(L / g)		tp-physics-formulas
Pressure	P = F / A		tp-physics-formulas
Hydrostatic pressure	P = P0 + rho g h		tp-physics-formulas
Buoyant force	F = rho_fluid V g		tp-physics-formulas
Continuity equation	A1 v1 = A2 v2		tp-physics-formulas
Bernoulli's equation	P + 1/2 rho v^2 + rho g h = constant		tp-physics-formulas
Density	rho = m / V		tp-physics-formulas
Heat transfer	Q = m c delta T		tp-physics-formulas
Heat for phase change	Q = m L		tp-physics-formulas
Ideal gas law	PV = nRT		tp-physics-formulas
Average kinetic energy of gas	KE = 3/2 k_B T		tp-physics-formulas
First law of thermodynamics	delta U = Q - W		tp-physics-formulas
Efficiency of a heat engine	e = W / Q_hot		tp-physics-formulas
Carnot efficiency	e = 1 - T_cold / T_hot		tp-physics-formulas
Coulomb's law	F = k q1 q2 / r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Electric field	E = F / q		tp-physics-formulas
Electric field of a point charge	E = k q / r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Electric potential energy	U = k q1 q2 / r		tp-physics-formulas
Electric potential	V = k q / r		tp-physics-formulas
Capacitance	C = Q / V		tp-physics-formulas
Energy stored in a capacitor	U = 1/2 C V^2		tp-physics-formulas
Current	I = delta Q / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Ohm's law	V = IR		tp-physics-formulas
Electric power	P = IV = I^2 R = V^2 / R		tp-physics-formulas
Resistors in series	R = R1 + R2 + R3		tp-physics-formulas
Resistors in parallel	1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3		tp-physics-formulas
Magnetic force on a charge	F = q v B sin theta		tp-physics-formulas
Magnetic force on a wire	F = I L B sin theta		tp-physics-formulas
Magnetic flux	Phi = B A cos theta		tp-physics-formulas
Induced emf (Faraday)	emf = -N delta Phi / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Snell's law	n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2		tp-physics-formulas
Index of refraction	n = c / v		tp-physics-formulas
Lens/mirror equation	1/f = 1/do + 1/di		tp-physics-formulas
Magnification	m = -di / do		tp-physics-formulas
Photon energy	E = h f		tp-physics-formulas
Speed of light	c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s		tp-physics-formulas
Photoelectric effect	KE max = h f - work function		tp-physics-formulas
de Broglie wavelength	lambda = h / p		tp-physics-formulas
Mass-energy equivalence	E = m c^2		tp-physics-formulas
Radioactive decay	N = N0 (1/2)^(t / half-life)		tp-physics-formulas
Time dilation	t = t0 / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)		tp-physics-formulas
Doppler effect (moving source approaching)	f' = f v / (v - v_s)		tp-physics-formulas
Sound intensity level	beta = 10 log10(I / I0) decibels		tp-physics-formulas
Diffraction grating	d sin theta = m lambda		tp-physics-formulas
Single-slit minima	a sin theta = m lambda		tp-physics-formulas
Escape velocity	v = sqrt(2GM / r)		tp-physics-formulas
Kepler's third law	T^2 is proportional to r^3		tp-physics-formulas
Projectile range (level ground)	R = v0^2 sin(2 theta) / g		tp-physics-formulas
Terminal velocity	Reached when drag force equals weight		tp-physics-formulas
Conservation of momentum	m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1' + m2 v2'		tp-physics-formulas
Elastic collision	Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved		tp-physics-formulas
Center of mass	x_cm = sum of m x / sum of m		tp-physics-formulas
Power in rotation	P = tau omega		tp-physics-formulas
Moment of inertia of a point mass	I = m r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Moment of inertia, solid disk	I = 1/2 m r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Simple harmonic motion position	x = A cos(omega t)		tp-physics-formulas
Angular frequency	omega = 2 pi f		tp-physics-formulas
Thermal expansion	delta L = alpha L0 delta T		tp-physics-formulas
Heat conduction	Q/t = k A delta T / d		tp-physics-formulas
Stefan-Boltzmann law	P = e sigma A T^4		tp-physics-formulas
Wien's law	lambda_max T = constant		tp-physics-formulas
Unit of force	Newton, N = kg m/s^2		tp-physics-formulas
Unit of energy	Joule, J = N m		tp-physics-formulas
Unit of power	Watt, W = J/s		tp-physics-formulas
Politics	The process of deciding who gets what, when and how in a society		tp-political-science
State	An organization with authority over a territory and population		tp-political-science
Sovereignty	Supreme authority within a territory		tp-political-science
Legitimacy	Widespread belief that authority is rightful		tp-political-science
Weber's three types of authority	Traditional, charismatic and legal-rational		tp-political-science
Power	The ability to get others to do what they otherwise would not		tp-political-science
Social contract	Idea that government rests on an agreement among the governed		tp-political-science
Thomas Hobbes	Wrote Leviathan; argued strong rule prevents chaos		tp-political-science
John Locke	Argued for natural rights to life, liberty and property		tp-political-science
Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Wrote about the general will and popular sovereignty		tp-political-science
Montesquieu	Advocated separation of powers		tp-political-science
Democracy	Government by the people, directly or through representatives		tp-political-science
Direct democracy	Citizens decide issues themselves		tp-political-science
Representative democracy	Citizens elect officials to decide for them		tp-political-science
Autocracy	Rule by one person with unlimited power		tp-political-science
Oligarchy	Rule by a small group		tp-political-science
Monarchy	Rule by a king or queen		tp-political-science
Constitutional monarchy	A monarch whose powers are limited by a constitution		tp-political-science
Totalitarianism	A government seeking total control of public and private life		tp-political-science
Authoritarianism	Strong central power with limited political freedom		tp-political-science
Theocracy	Government ruled by religious authorities		tp-political-science
Liberalism	Ideology stressing individual liberty and limited government		tp-political-science
Conservatism	Ideology valuing tradition and gradual change		tp-political-science
Socialism	Ideology favoring collective or public ownership		tp-political-science
Communism	Ideology of classless society with common ownership		tp-political-science
Fascism	Ultranationalist, authoritarian ideology		tp-political-science
Anarchism	Opposition to all forms of government		tp-political-science
Libertarianism	Ideology maximizing individual freedom and minimizing the state		tp-political-science
Nationalism	Devotion to one's nation and its interests		tp-political-science
Capitalism	Economic system with private ownership and markets		tp-political-science
Parliamentary system	Executive is chosen by and accountable to the legislature		tp-political-science
Presidential system	Executive is elected separately from the legislature		tp-political-science
Semi-presidential system	Shares power between a president and a prime minister		tp-political-science
Unitary state	Power concentrated in a central government		tp-political-science
Federal system	Power divided between national and regional governments		tp-political-science
Confederation	A loose league of independent states		tp-political-science
Bicameral legislature	A legislature with two chambers		tp-political-science
Proportional representation	Seats awarded in proportion to votes		tp-political-science
Plurality system	The candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority		tp-political-science
Majority system	Winner needs more than half of votes		tp-political-science
Duverger's law	Plurality systems tend toward two parties		tp-political-science
Coalition government	Several parties share power		tp-political-science
Vote of no confidence	Legislature's vote to remove a government		tp-political-science
Political party	Group that organizes to win elections		tp-political-science
Interest group	Organization seeking to influence policy		tp-political-science
Civil society	Voluntary associations outside government and business		tp-political-science
Political culture	Shared attitudes about politics		tp-political-science
Political socialization	How people acquire political beliefs		tp-political-science
Civil liberties	Freedoms protected from government interference		tp-political-science
Civil rights	Guarantees of equal treatment		tp-political-science
Rule of law	Everyone, including officials, is subject to the law		tp-political-science
Judicial independence	Courts free from political pressure		tp-political-science
Constitutionalism	Government limited by a constitution		tp-political-science
Bureaucracy	Appointed officials carrying out policy		tp-political-science
Patronage	Rewarding supporters with jobs or favors		tp-political-science
Corruption	Misuse of public office for private gain		tp-political-science
Clientelism	Exchanging benefits for political support		tp-political-science
Public policy	Government decisions and actions on public problems		tp-political-science
Public good	A good available to all, like national defense		tp-political-science
Collective action problem	Individuals benefit from a shared effort without contributing		tp-political-science
Rational choice theory	People act to maximize their own benefit		tp-political-science
Median voter theorem	Parties move toward the center to win the median voter		tp-political-science
Realism	International relations theory: states seek power in an anarchic world		tp-political-science
Liberalism in IR	Cooperation and institutions can produce peace		tp-political-science
Constructivism	Ideas and identities shape international politics		tp-political-science
Anarchic international system	No higher authority above states		tp-political-science
Balance of power	States counter strong rivals to prevent domination		tp-political-science
Hegemony	Dominance of one state over others		tp-political-science
Soft power	Influence through attraction and culture, not force		tp-political-science
Hard power	Influence through military or economic force		tp-political-science
Deterrence	Preventing attack by threatening retaliation		tp-political-science
Security dilemma	One state's defense measures make others feel less secure		tp-political-science
Collective security	States agree to respond together to aggression		tp-political-science
Alliance	Formal agreement for mutual support		tp-political-science
Treaty	Binding agreement between states		tp-political-science
Sanctions	Penalties used to pressure a country		tp-political-science
International organization	Group of states or bodies cooperating, such as the UN		tp-political-science
Nongovernmental organization	Private group working on public issues across borders		tp-political-science
Human rights	Rights belonging to all people		tp-political-science
Globalization	Increasing connection of economies, cultures and politics		tp-political-science
Diplomacy	Managing relations between states by negotiation		tp-political-science
Foreign aid	Assistance given by one country to another		tp-political-science
Revolution	Fundamental change of a political system, often rapid		tp-political-science
Coup	Sudden seizure of power by a small group		tp-political-science
Failed state	A state unable to provide basic order and services		tp-political-science
Democratization	Process of becoming more democratic		tp-political-science
Political efficacy	Belief that one's participation matters		tp-political-science
Turnout	Share of eligible citizens who vote		tp-political-science
Gerrymandering	Drawing district lines to benefit a party or group		tp-political-science
Referendum	Direct popular vote on a question		tp-political-science
Initiative	Citizens propose laws by petition		tp-political-science
Recall	Voters remove an official before the term ends		tp-political-science
Federalism and subsidiarity	Decisions made at the lowest level able to handle them		tp-political-science
Comparative politics	Comparing political systems across countries		tp-political-science
Project	A temporary effort to create a unique product, service or result		tp-project-management
Project manager	Person responsible for leading a project to its goals		tp-project-management
Stakeholder	Anyone affected by or interested in the project		tp-project-management
Sponsor	The person who funds and champions a project		tp-project-management
Scope	The work that must be done to deliver the project		tp-project-management
Scope creep	Uncontrolled growth of scope		tp-project-management
Deliverable	A tangible output the project produces		tp-project-management
Milestone	A significant point or event in a project		tp-project-management
Work breakdown structure	Hierarchical division of the work into smaller parts		tp-project-management
Task	A single piece of work		tp-project-management
Dependency	A relationship where one task relies on another		tp-project-management
Finish-to-start	A task cannot start until its predecessor finishes		tp-project-management
Critical path	The longest sequence of tasks, determining the shortest project time		tp-project-management
Float (slack)	Time a task can slip without delaying the project		tp-project-management
Gantt chart	Bar chart showing tasks over time		tp-project-management
PERT	Technique estimating time with optimistic, likely and pessimistic values		tp-project-management
Baseline	The approved plan against which progress is compared		tp-project-management
Schedule	Plan of when work will happen		tp-project-management
Budget	Approved cost plan		tp-project-management
Cost variance	Earned value minus actual cost		tp-project-management
Earned value	A measure of work completed in terms of budget		tp-project-management
Schedule performance index	Earned value divided by planned value		tp-project-management
Cost performance index	Earned value divided by actual cost		tp-project-management
Triple constraint	Scope, time and cost, balanced against quality		tp-project-management
Quality assurance	Preventing defects through good processes		tp-project-management
Quality control	Inspecting results to find defects		tp-project-management
Risk	An uncertain event that could affect objectives		tp-project-management
Risk register	A log of identified risks and responses		tp-project-management
Risk mitigation	Reducing the chance or impact of a risk		tp-project-management
Risk avoidance	Changing plans to eliminate a risk		tp-project-management
Risk transfer	Shifting a risk to a third party, like insurance		tp-project-management
Risk acceptance	Choosing to tolerate a risk		tp-project-management
Contingency plan	Backup response if a risk occurs		tp-project-management
Issue	A problem that has already happened		tp-project-management
Assumption	Something believed true for planning purposes		tp-project-management
Constraint	A limitation on the project		tp-project-management
Charter	A document formally authorizing a project		tp-project-management
Kickoff meeting	The meeting that launches a project		tp-project-management
Status report	A summary of progress		tp-project-management
Change request	A formal proposal to alter the project		tp-project-management
Change control	Process for reviewing and approving changes		tp-project-management
Requirements	Needs the project must satisfy		tp-project-management
Acceptance criteria	Conditions a deliverable must meet to be accepted		tp-project-management
Stakeholder register	List of stakeholders and their interests		tp-project-management
RACI matrix	Chart assigning Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed		tp-project-management
Communication plan	Plan for who gets what information and when		tp-project-management
Resource leveling	Adjusting the schedule to avoid overusing people		tp-project-management
Fast tracking	Doing tasks in parallel to shorten time		tp-project-management
Crashing	Adding resources to shorten the schedule		tp-project-management
Waterfall	Sequential approach where each phase finishes before the next		tp-project-management
Agile	Iterative approach delivering working increments		tp-project-management
Scrum	Agile framework using short sprints		tp-project-management
Sprint	A fixed short period of work in Scrum		tp-project-management
Product owner	Scrum role that prioritizes the work		tp-project-management
Scrum master	Scrum role that helps the team follow the process		tp-project-management
Development team	People who build the product increment		tp-project-management
Product backlog	Prioritized list of everything wanted in the product		tp-project-management
Sprint backlog	Items chosen for the current sprint		tp-project-management
User story	A short description of a need from a user's view		tp-project-management
Story points	Relative units estimating effort		tp-project-management
Daily stand-up	A brief daily team meeting		tp-project-management
Sprint review	Meeting to show completed work		tp-project-management
Retrospective	Meeting to reflect on how to improve		tp-project-management
Velocity	Amount of work a team completes per sprint		tp-project-management
Burndown chart	Graph of remaining work over time		tp-project-management
Kanban	Method visualizing work on a board with limits on work in progress		tp-project-management
Work in progress limit	A cap on tasks being worked on at once		tp-project-management
Definition of done	Shared checklist for when work is complete		tp-project-management
Minimum viable product	Simplest version that delivers value and tests assumptions		tp-project-management
Iteration	One cycle of repeated work		tp-project-management
Lean	Maximizing value and minimizing waste		tp-project-management
Timebox	A fixed time limit for an activity		tp-project-management
Prototype	An early sample used to test ideas		tp-project-management
Lessons learned	Insights recorded for future projects		tp-project-management
Project closure	Formally ending a project		tp-project-management
Handoff	Transferring deliverables to the owner		tp-project-management
Procurement	Acquiring goods or services from outside		tp-project-management
Vendor	An outside seller of goods or services		tp-project-management
Statement of work	Description of work a vendor will do		tp-project-management
Service level agreement	Contract defining expected service performance		tp-project-management
Program	A group of related projects managed together		tp-project-management
Portfolio	A collection of projects and programs aligned to strategy		tp-project-management
PMO	Project management office		tp-project-management
PMBOK	A guide of project management knowledge published by PMI		tp-project-management
Project lifecycle	Phases from start to finish		tp-project-management
Feasibility study	Analysis of whether a project is practical		tp-project-management
Cost-benefit analysis	Comparing expected costs to expected benefits		tp-project-management
Return on investment	Benefit gained relative to cost		tp-project-management
Bottleneck	A step that limits the speed of a process		tp-project-management
Escalation	Raising an issue to a higher authority		tp-project-management
Critical chain	Method focusing on resource constraints and buffers		tp-project-management
Buffer	Extra time or money reserved for uncertainty		tp-project-management
Gold plating	Adding unrequested extras beyond requirements		tp-project-management
Fishbone diagram	Cause-and-effect diagram to find root causes		tp-project-management
abandon	To leave behind or give up completely		tp-sat-vocab-1
abundant	Present in large amounts; plentiful		tp-sat-vocab-1
accurate	Correct and free from error		tp-sat-vocab-1
adapt	To change to fit new conditions		tp-sat-vocab-1
adequate	Enough for what is needed		tp-sat-vocab-1
advocate	To publicly support an idea or cause		tp-sat-vocab-1
ambiguous	Having more than one possible meaning		tp-sat-vocab-1
analyze	To study something closely by breaking it into parts		tp-sat-vocab-1
ancient	From a very long time ago		tp-sat-vocab-1
anticipate	To expect or look forward to		tp-sat-vocab-1
apparent	Easy to see or understand; obvious		tp-sat-vocab-1
assert	To state something firmly		tp-sat-vocab-1
assume	To accept as true without proof		tp-sat-vocab-1
attain	To reach or achieve		tp-sat-vocab-1
authentic	Real; not a copy or fake		tp-sat-vocab-1
barrier	Something that blocks the way		tp-sat-vocab-1
benefit	A good or helpful result		tp-sat-vocab-1
bias	An unfair leaning toward one side		tp-sat-vocab-1
brief	Short in time or length		tp-sat-vocab-1
capable	Having the ability to do something		tp-sat-vocab-1
cautious	Careful to avoid danger or mistakes		tp-sat-vocab-1
clarify	To make clearer		tp-sat-vocab-1
coherent	Logical and easy to follow		tp-sat-vocab-1
commence	To begin		tp-sat-vocab-1
compel	To force or strongly urge		tp-sat-vocab-1
complex	Made of many parts; complicated		tp-sat-vocab-1
comprehend	To understand fully		tp-sat-vocab-1
conceal	To hide from view		tp-sat-vocab-1
concise	Saying a lot in few words		tp-sat-vocab-1
conflict	A serious disagreement or struggle		tp-sat-vocab-1
consequence	A result of an action		tp-sat-vocab-1
considerable	Fairly large in amount or importance		tp-sat-vocab-1
constant	Staying the same; not changing		tp-sat-vocab-1
contrast	A clear difference between things		tp-sat-vocab-1
controversy	A public argument over an issue		tp-sat-vocab-1
convey	To communicate or carry across		tp-sat-vocab-1
crucial	Extremely important		tp-sat-vocab-1
curious	Eager to learn or know		tp-sat-vocab-1
decline	To become smaller or weaker; also, to politely refuse		tp-sat-vocab-1
deliberate	Done on purpose		tp-sat-vocab-1
demonstrate	To show clearly, often by example		tp-sat-vocab-1
denote	To be a sign of; to mean		tp-sat-vocab-1
depict	To show in a picture or in words		tp-sat-vocab-1
despise	To dislike intensely		tp-sat-vocab-1
detect	To notice or discover		tp-sat-vocab-1
diminish	To make or become smaller		tp-sat-vocab-1
discard	To throw away		tp-sat-vocab-1
distinct	Clearly different or separate		tp-sat-vocab-1
diverse	Made up of many different kinds		tp-sat-vocab-1
dominant	Most powerful or most noticeable		tp-sat-vocab-1
dubious	Doubtful; not to be trusted		tp-sat-vocab-1
eager	Very keen to do or have something		tp-sat-vocab-1
elaborate	Detailed and carefully worked out; also, to add detail		tp-sat-vocab-1
eliminate	To remove completely		tp-sat-vocab-1
emerge	To come out or come into view		tp-sat-vocab-1
emphasize	To give special importance to		tp-sat-vocab-1
endure	To last, or to bear without giving up		tp-sat-vocab-1
enhance	To improve or increase in quality		tp-sat-vocab-1
essential	Absolutely necessary		tp-sat-vocab-1
evident	Plain to see		tp-sat-vocab-1
evolve	To develop gradually		tp-sat-vocab-1
exaggerate	To make something seem bigger or better than it is		tp-sat-vocab-1
exhibit	To show publicly; also, a display		tp-sat-vocab-1
expand	To grow larger		tp-sat-vocab-1
explicit	Stated clearly and directly		tp-sat-vocab-1
fundamental	Forming the basic foundation		tp-sat-vocab-1
generate	To produce or create		tp-sat-vocab-1
genuine	Truly what it is said to be; sincere		tp-sat-vocab-1
hesitate	To pause before acting because of doubt		tp-sat-vocab-1
hostile	Unfriendly or opposed		tp-sat-vocab-1
hypothesis	A proposed explanation to be tested		tp-sat-vocab-1
ignore	To pay no attention to		tp-sat-vocab-1
illustrate	To explain with examples or pictures		tp-sat-vocab-1
impact	A strong effect		tp-sat-vocab-1
imply	To suggest without saying directly		tp-sat-vocab-1
inevitable	Certain to happen; unavoidable		tp-sat-vocab-1
infer	To reach a conclusion from evidence		tp-sat-vocab-1
initial	Happening at the beginning		tp-sat-vocab-1
innovative	Using new ideas or methods		tp-sat-vocab-1
integrate	To combine into a whole		tp-sat-vocab-1
intense	Very strong or extreme		tp-sat-vocab-1
interpret	To explain the meaning of		tp-sat-vocab-1
isolate	To set apart from others		tp-sat-vocab-1
justify	To show or prove to be reasonable		tp-sat-vocab-1
liberal	Generous; also, open to new ideas		tp-sat-vocab-1
maintain	To keep in good condition or keep going		tp-sat-vocab-1
minimal	The smallest amount possible		tp-sat-vocab-1
modify	To change slightly		tp-sat-vocab-1
negligible	So small it is not worth considering		tp-sat-vocab-1
acute	Sharp, intense or very perceptive		tp-sat-vocab-2
adversity	Hardship or misfortune		tp-sat-vocab-2
aesthetic	Having to do with beauty or taste		tp-sat-vocab-2
alleviate	To make pain or a problem less severe		tp-sat-vocab-2
altruistic	Caring about the welfare of others without seeking reward		tp-sat-vocab-2
ambivalent	Having mixed or conflicting feelings		tp-sat-vocab-2
amiable	Friendly and pleasant		tp-sat-vocab-2
analogous	Similar in a way that allows comparison		tp-sat-vocab-2
anomaly	Something that departs from what is normal		tp-sat-vocab-2
apathy	Lack of interest or concern		tp-sat-vocab-2
arbitrary	Based on random choice, not reason		tp-sat-vocab-2
arduous	Requiring great effort; difficult		tp-sat-vocab-2
articulate	Able to express ideas clearly		tp-sat-vocab-2
astute	Clever and quick to see how to gain advantage		tp-sat-vocab-2
audacious	Boldly daring, sometimes rudely so		tp-sat-vocab-2
austere	Plain and strict; without luxury		tp-sat-vocab-2
autonomy	Freedom to govern oneself		tp-sat-vocab-2
benevolent	Kind and generous		tp-sat-vocab-2
candid	Open and honest		tp-sat-vocab-2
capricious	Changing mood or behavior suddenly and unpredictably		tp-sat-vocab-2
censure	To criticize formally and severely		tp-sat-vocab-2
circumvent	To find a way around		tp-sat-vocab-2
cogent	Clear, logical and convincing		tp-sat-vocab-2
complacent	Smugly satisfied and unaware of possible trouble		tp-sat-vocab-2
compromise	An agreement reached by each side giving up something		tp-sat-vocab-2
condone	To accept or overlook behavior that is wrong		tp-sat-vocab-2
conventional	Following accepted customs		tp-sat-vocab-2
corroborate	To confirm with additional evidence		tp-sat-vocab-2
credible	Believable; able to be trusted		tp-sat-vocab-2
cynical	Distrustful of people's motives		tp-sat-vocab-2
debilitate	To weaken seriously		tp-sat-vocab-2
decorum	Polite and proper behavior		tp-sat-vocab-2
deference	Respectful yielding to another's wishes		tp-sat-vocab-2
deplete	To use up; reduce greatly		tp-sat-vocab-2
derive	To obtain from a source		tp-sat-vocab-2
detrimental	Causing harm		tp-sat-vocab-2
didactic	Intended to teach, often too much so		tp-sat-vocab-2
diligent	Hard-working and careful		tp-sat-vocab-2
discern	To recognize or make out clearly		tp-sat-vocab-2
disparity	A noticeable difference or inequality		tp-sat-vocab-2
divulge	To reveal a secret		tp-sat-vocab-2
eccentric	Unconventional and slightly strange		tp-sat-vocab-2
eloquent	Fluent and persuasive in speech or writing		tp-sat-vocab-2
empirical	Based on observation or experiment		tp-sat-vocab-2
enigma	A puzzling person or thing		tp-sat-vocab-2
ephemeral	Lasting a very short time		tp-sat-vocab-2
equivocal	Open to more than one interpretation; deliberately vague		tp-sat-vocab-2
erroneous	Wrong; mistaken		tp-sat-vocab-2
esoteric	Understood by only a small group		tp-sat-vocab-2
exemplify	To be a typical example of		tp-sat-vocab-2
exonerate	To clear of blame		tp-sat-vocab-2
facilitate	To make easier		tp-sat-vocab-2
feasible	Possible to do		tp-sat-vocab-2
fervent	Showing intense and sincere feeling		tp-sat-vocab-2
frugal	Careful about spending money		tp-sat-vocab-2
futile	Having no useful result		tp-sat-vocab-2
gregarious	Fond of company; sociable		tp-sat-vocab-2
haughty	Arrogantly proud		tp-sat-vocab-2
hinder	To get in the way of		tp-sat-vocab-2
hypocrisy	Claiming standards one does not follow		tp-sat-vocab-2
impartial	Treating all sides equally		tp-sat-vocab-2
impetus	A force that sets something in motion		tp-sat-vocab-2
implicit	Suggested but not stated outright		tp-sat-vocab-2
incessant	Continuing without pause		tp-sat-vocab-2
indifferent	Having no particular interest or sympathy		tp-sat-vocab-2
indigenous	Native to a particular place		tp-sat-vocab-2
inherent	Existing as a permanent part of something		tp-sat-vocab-2
innate	Present from birth		tp-sat-vocab-2
innocuous	Not harmful or offensive		tp-sat-vocab-2
integrity	Honesty and strong moral principles		tp-sat-vocab-2
intricate	Having many small interlocking parts		tp-sat-vocab-2
jeopardize	To put at risk		tp-sat-vocab-2
lethargic	Sluggish and lacking energy		tp-sat-vocab-2
lucid	Clearly expressed; easy to understand		tp-sat-vocab-2
magnanimous	Generous in forgiving		tp-sat-vocab-2
malleable	Easily shaped or influenced		tp-sat-vocab-2
meticulous	Showing great attention to detail		tp-sat-vocab-2
mitigate	To make less severe		tp-sat-vocab-2
mundane	Ordinary; dull		tp-sat-vocab-2
nostalgia	A wistful longing for the past		tp-sat-vocab-2
novice	A beginner		tp-sat-vocab-2
obscure	Hard to see or understand; little known		tp-sat-vocab-2
obsolete	No longer in use		tp-sat-vocab-2
ominous	Suggesting that something bad will happen		tp-sat-vocab-2
optimal	Best possible		tp-sat-vocab-2
ostentatious	Showy in a way meant to impress		tp-sat-vocab-2
paradigm	A typical model or pattern; a framework of ideas		tp-sat-vocab-3
paradox	A statement or situation that seems to contradict itself yet may be true		tp-sat-vocab-3
pragmatic	Practical rather than idealistic		tp-sat-vocab-3
precarious	Dangerously unstable		tp-sat-vocab-3
precedent	An earlier case used as a guide		tp-sat-vocab-3
prodigious	Remarkably large or impressive		tp-sat-vocab-3
proficient	Skilled; competent		tp-sat-vocab-3
proliferate	To increase rapidly in number		tp-sat-vocab-3
prudent	Wise and careful about the future		tp-sat-vocab-3
pervasive	Spreading widely through everything		tp-sat-vocab-3
placate	To calm someone's anger		tp-sat-vocab-3
plausible	Seeming reasonable or probable		tp-sat-vocab-3
polarize	To divide into sharply opposed groups		tp-sat-vocab-3
pretentious	Trying to seem more important than one is		tp-sat-vocab-3
quell	To put an end to, usually by force		tp-sat-vocab-3
rebuke	To criticize sharply		tp-sat-vocab-3
recalcitrant	Stubbornly resisting authority		tp-sat-vocab-3
reclusive	Avoiding other people		tp-sat-vocab-3
refute	To prove wrong		tp-sat-vocab-3
reiterate	To say again		tp-sat-vocab-3
relinquish	To give up or let go		tp-sat-vocab-3
reproach	To express disapproval of		tp-sat-vocab-3
repudiate	To reject as untrue or unacceptable		tp-sat-vocab-3
resilient	Able to recover quickly		tp-sat-vocab-3
reticent	Reluctant to speak		tp-sat-vocab-3
revere	To feel deep respect for		tp-sat-vocab-3
rhetoric	The art of persuasive speaking or writing		tp-sat-vocab-3
rudimentary	Basic; undeveloped		tp-sat-vocab-3
sagacious	Wise and showing good judgment		tp-sat-vocab-3
sanction	To approve; also, a penalty		tp-sat-vocab-3
scrutinize	To examine very closely		tp-sat-vocab-3
serene	Calm and peaceful		tp-sat-vocab-3
skeptical	Doubtful; questioning		tp-sat-vocab-3
solemn	Serious and formal		tp-sat-vocab-3
spurious	False; not genuine		tp-sat-vocab-3
squander	To waste		tp-sat-vocab-3
static	Not moving or changing		tp-sat-vocab-3
stoic	Enduring pain or hardship without complaint		tp-sat-vocab-3
substantiate	To support with evidence		tp-sat-vocab-3
subtle	Delicate or hard to notice		tp-sat-vocab-3
succinct	Briefly and clearly expressed		tp-sat-vocab-3
superfluous	More than is needed		tp-sat-vocab-3
supplant	To take the place of		tp-sat-vocab-3
surmise	To guess on limited evidence		tp-sat-vocab-3
tangible	Able to be touched; real		tp-sat-vocab-3
tenacious	Holding firmly; persistent		tp-sat-vocab-3
tenuous	Very thin or weak		tp-sat-vocab-3
terse	Using very few words, sometimes rudely		tp-sat-vocab-3
thwart	To prevent from succeeding		tp-sat-vocab-3
tranquil	Free from disturbance		tp-sat-vocab-3
transient	Lasting only a short time		tp-sat-vocab-3
trivial	Of little importance		tp-sat-vocab-3
ubiquitous	Seeming to be everywhere		tp-sat-vocab-3
undermine	To weaken gradually		tp-sat-vocab-3
unprecedented	Never done or known before		tp-sat-vocab-3
vacillate	To waver between choices		tp-sat-vocab-3
validate	To confirm as correct or worthy		tp-sat-vocab-3
venerate	To honor deeply		tp-sat-vocab-3
verbose	Using more words than needed		tp-sat-vocab-3
versatile	Able to do many different things		tp-sat-vocab-3
vindicate	To clear of blame; to prove right		tp-sat-vocab-3
volatile	Quickly changing, often explosively		tp-sat-vocab-3
wary	Cautious about possible danger		tp-sat-vocab-3
whimsical	Playfully odd or fanciful		tp-sat-vocab-3
zealous	Full of eager enthusiasm		tp-sat-vocab-3
abstain	To choose not to do something		tp-sat-vocab-3
acquiesce	To accept something reluctantly without protest		tp-sat-vocab-3
acrimony	Bitter, sharp feeling in words or manner		tp-sat-vocab-3
admonish	To warn or scold gently		tp-sat-vocab-3
aloof	Distant and unfriendly in manner		tp-sat-vocab-3
ameliorate	To make something better		tp-sat-vocab-3
antipathy	Strong dislike		tp-sat-vocab-3
appease	To satisfy by giving in to demands		tp-sat-vocab-3
ardent	Passionate and enthusiastic		tp-sat-vocab-3
assuage	To ease or soothe		tp-sat-vocab-3
banal	So ordinary it is boring		tp-sat-vocab-3
belligerent	Eager to fight		tp-sat-vocab-3
bolster	To support or strengthen		tp-sat-vocab-3
bombastic	High-sounding but meaningless		tp-sat-vocab-3
brevity	Shortness of expression		tp-sat-vocab-3
burgeon	To grow or flourish quickly		tp-sat-vocab-3
cacophony	A harsh mixture of loud sounds		tp-sat-vocab-3
coalesce	To come together into one		tp-sat-vocab-3
conundrum	A confusing problem		tp-sat-vocab-3
copious	Abundant		tp-sat-vocab-3
abstruse	Hard to understand; deep or obscure		tp-sat-vocab-4
accolade	An expression of praise or honor		tp-sat-vocab-4
acerbic	Sharp and biting in tone		tp-sat-vocab-4
alacrity	Cheerful eagerness and speed		tp-sat-vocab-4
amalgamate	To combine into one		tp-sat-vocab-4
anachronism	Something placed in the wrong time period		tp-sat-vocab-4
antediluvian	Extremely old-fashioned; from before the Flood		tp-sat-vocab-4
apocryphal	Of doubtful authenticity; widely told but probably untrue		tp-sat-vocab-4
approbation	Approval or praise		tp-sat-vocab-4
arcane	Known by few; mysterious		tp-sat-vocab-4
ascetic	Living with strict self-denial		tp-sat-vocab-4
assiduous	Hard-working and persistent		tp-sat-vocab-4
attenuate	To weaken or reduce in force		tp-sat-vocab-4
axiomatic	Self-evident; accepted as true without proof		tp-sat-vocab-4
bellicose	Inclined to start fights		tp-sat-vocab-4
blandishment	Flattery used to persuade		tp-sat-vocab-4
bucolic	Pleasantly rural		tp-sat-vocab-4
cajole	To persuade by flattery or coaxing		tp-sat-vocab-4
canny	Shrewd, especially in practical matters		tp-sat-vocab-4
castigate	To criticize severely		tp-sat-vocab-4
caustic	Bitingly sarcastic; able to burn		tp-sat-vocab-4
chicanery	Trickery used to get one's way		tp-sat-vocab-4
circumspect	Careful to consider all consequences		tp-sat-vocab-4
clandestine	Kept secret, often for improper reasons		tp-sat-vocab-4
colloquial	Used in informal conversation		tp-sat-vocab-4
connoisseur	An expert judge in matters of taste		tp-sat-vocab-4
contentious	Likely to cause argument		tp-sat-vocab-4
contrite	Feeling sorry for wrongdoing		tp-sat-vocab-4
convoluted	Extremely complex and twisting		tp-sat-vocab-4
credulous	Too ready to believe		tp-sat-vocab-4
culpable	Deserving blame		tp-sat-vocab-4
cursory	Hasty and not thorough		tp-sat-vocab-4
daunting	Seeming difficult in a discouraging way		tp-sat-vocab-4
decry	To publicly condemn		tp-sat-vocab-4
deleterious	Harmful		tp-sat-vocab-4
demur	To raise doubts or objections		tp-sat-vocab-4
denigrate	To belittle someone's reputation		tp-sat-vocab-4
desultory	Lacking a plan; jumping from one thing to another		tp-sat-vocab-4
diatribe	A bitter, lengthy verbal attack		tp-sat-vocab-4
dichotomy	A division into two contrasting parts		tp-sat-vocab-4
diffident	Lacking self-confidence		tp-sat-vocab-4
disseminate	To spread widely		tp-sat-vocab-4
dogmatic	Insisting that one's opinions are correct		tp-sat-vocab-4
ebullient	Overflowing with enthusiasm		tp-sat-vocab-4
efficacious	Producing the desired result		tp-sat-vocab-4
effusive	Gushing with feeling		tp-sat-vocab-4
egregious	Outstandingly bad		tp-sat-vocab-4
elucidate	To make clear		tp-sat-vocab-4
empathy	Understanding another person's feelings		tp-sat-vocab-4
enervate	To drain of energy		tp-sat-vocab-4
equanimity	Calmness under stress		tp-sat-vocab-4
erudite	Having great learning		tp-sat-vocab-4
euphemism	A mild word used in place of a harsher one		tp-sat-vocab-4
exacerbate	To make worse		tp-sat-vocab-4
exculpate	To free from blame		tp-sat-vocab-4
exigent	Urgent; demanding immediate action		tp-sat-vocab-4
extraneous	Not belonging to the subject at hand		tp-sat-vocab-4
fastidious	Very attentive to detail; hard to please		tp-sat-vocab-4
fatuous	Silly and pointless		tp-sat-vocab-4
felicitous	Well chosen; fitting		tp-sat-vocab-4
fortuitous	Happening by lucky chance		tp-sat-vocab-4
garrulous	Talking too much		tp-sat-vocab-4
grandiloquent	Using pompous language		tp-sat-vocab-4
iconoclast	Someone who attacks cherished beliefs		tp-sat-vocab-4
ignominious	Deserving shame; humiliating		tp-sat-vocab-4
impervious	Not allowing anything to pass through or affect		tp-sat-vocab-4
imperturbable	Unable to be upset		tp-sat-vocab-4
inchoate	Just begun and not fully formed		tp-sat-vocab-4
incorrigible	Impossible to reform		tp-sat-vocab-4
inexorable	Impossible to stop		tp-sat-vocab-4
insidious	Spreading harmfully in a hidden way		tp-sat-vocab-4
intransigent	Refusing to change one's position		tp-sat-vocab-4
inundate	To flood or overwhelm		tp-sat-vocab-4
inure	To accustom to something unpleasant		tp-sat-vocab-4
laconic	Using very few words		tp-sat-vocab-4
laud	To praise highly		tp-sat-vocab-4
loquacious	Very talkative		tp-sat-vocab-4
maudlin	Overly sentimental		tp-sat-vocab-4
mendacious	Dishonest; lying		tp-sat-vocab-4
nefarious	Wicked		tp-sat-vocab-4
Sociology	The scientific study of society and social behavior		tp-sociology
Sociological imagination	Seeing how personal troubles connect to larger social forces; C. Wright Mills		tp-sociology
Auguste Comte	Coined the word 'sociology'		tp-sociology
Emile Durkheim	Studied social facts and suicide; founder of modern sociology		tp-sociology
Karl Marx	Focused on class conflict and capitalism		tp-sociology
Max Weber	Studied bureaucracy, authority and the Protestant ethic		tp-sociology
W.E.B. Du Bois	Pioneer of empirical sociology; wrote The Souls of Black Folk		tp-sociology
Functionalism	Society is a system of parts that work together for stability		tp-sociology
Conflict theory	Society is shaped by struggles over resources and power		tp-sociology
Symbolic interactionism	Society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings		tp-sociology
Manifest function	Intended, recognized effect of a social structure		tp-sociology
Latent function	Unintended, often unrecognized effect		tp-sociology
Dysfunction	A harmful effect of a social pattern		tp-sociology
Social structure	Patterns of relationships that organize society		tp-sociology
Status	A position in society		tp-sociology
Ascribed status	A status one is born with		tp-sociology
Achieved status	A status earned through effort		tp-sociology
Master status	The status that most shapes a person's identity		tp-sociology
Role	Behavior expected of someone with a status		tp-sociology
Role conflict	Tension between roles of different statuses		tp-sociology
Role strain	Tension within a single role		tp-sociology
Culture	Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group		tp-sociology
Material culture	Physical objects a society creates		tp-sociology
Nonmaterial culture	Ideas, beliefs and values		tp-sociology
Norm	A rule for expected behavior		tp-sociology
Folkway	A casual norm; violation brings mild disapproval		tp-sociology
Mores	Serious norms tied to moral standards		tp-sociology
Taboo	A strongly forbidden behavior		tp-sociology
Sanction	Reward or punishment that enforces norms		tp-sociology
Value	A shared idea of what is good or desirable		tp-sociology
Subculture	A group with distinct norms inside a larger culture		tp-sociology
Counterculture	A group that rejects mainstream norms		tp-sociology
Ethnocentrism	Judging other cultures by one's own standards		tp-sociology
Cultural relativism	Understanding a culture on its own terms		tp-sociology
Culture shock	Disorientation in an unfamiliar culture		tp-sociology
Cultural lag	Society's norms trail behind technology		tp-sociology
Socialization	Learning the norms and roles of society		tp-sociology
Agents of socialization	Family, school, peers, media and religion		tp-sociology
Looking-glass self	Our self-image forms from how we think others see us; Cooley		tp-sociology
Generalized other	Society's expectations internalized; George Herbert Mead		tp-sociology
Anticipatory socialization	Preparing for a future role		tp-sociology
Resocialization	Learning new norms, as in an institution		tp-sociology
Total institution	A place that controls all aspects of residents' lives		tp-sociology
Deviance	Violating social norms		tp-sociology
Strain theory	Deviance arises when goals cannot be met legitimately; Merton		tp-sociology
Labeling theory	Deviance is a result of being labeled		tp-sociology
Differential association	Deviance is learned from close associates		tp-sociology
Anomie	Normlessness when social rules weaken		tp-sociology
Social control	Ways society encourages conformity		tp-sociology
Social stratification	Ranking people in layers by wealth, power or prestige		tp-sociology
Caste system	Rigid stratification based on birth		tp-sociology
Class system	Stratification based on wealth and occupation, with some mobility		tp-sociology
Social mobility	Movement between social classes		tp-sociology
Intergenerational mobility	Change in class position compared with one's parents		tp-sociology
Socioeconomic status	Combined measure of income, education and occupation		tp-sociology
Cultural capital	Knowledge and tastes that help one advance socially; Bourdieu		tp-sociology
Social capital	Benefits from social networks and relationships		tp-sociology
Poverty line	Income level used to define poverty		tp-sociology
Meritocracy	System where advancement is based on ability and effort		tp-sociology
Race	A social category based on perceived physical traits		tp-sociology
Ethnicity	Shared cultural heritage		tp-sociology
Minority group	A group with less power, not necessarily smaller numbers		tp-sociology
Institutional discrimination	Unequal treatment built into laws and practices		tp-sociology
Segregation	Physical separation of groups		tp-sociology
Gender	Social and cultural meanings of masculinity and femininity		tp-sociology
Sex	Biological category of male or female		tp-sociology
Patriarchy	A system in which men hold most power		tp-sociology
Gender role	Behaviors expected of a gender		tp-sociology
Glass ceiling	Invisible barrier to advancement		tp-sociology
Family	A group related by blood, marriage or adoption		tp-sociology
Nuclear family	Parents and their children		tp-sociology
Extended family	Nuclear family plus other relatives		tp-sociology
Monogamy	Marriage to one partner at a time		tp-sociology
Endogamy	Marrying within one's group		tp-sociology
Exogamy	Marrying outside one's group		tp-sociology
Institution	An established system that meets social needs		tp-sociology
Bureaucracy	A formal organization with hierarchy and rules		tp-sociology
McDonaldization	Spread of efficiency, predictability and control; Ritzer		tp-sociology
Primary group	Small, close group with personal ties		tp-sociology
Secondary group	Larger, impersonal group organized around a goal		tp-sociology
In-group	A group one belongs to and identifies with		tp-sociology
Out-group	A group one does not belong to		tp-sociology
Reference group	A group used as a standard for self-evaluation		tp-sociology
Social network	A web of social ties		tp-sociology
Gemeinschaft	Community based on close personal ties		tp-sociology
Gesellschaft	Society based on impersonal, contractual ties		tp-sociology
Demography	Study of populations		tp-sociology
Urbanization	Growth in the proportion of people living in cities		tp-sociology
Collective behavior	Spontaneous group action		tp-sociology
Social movement	Organized effort to promote or resist change		tp-sociology
Globalization	Increasing interconnection of the world's societies		tp-sociology
Dramaturgy	Viewing social life as theater; Erving Goffman		tp-sociology
Impression management	Controlling how others see us		tp-sociology
Social construction of reality	Meanings of things are created by social interaction		tp-sociology
Thomas theorem	If people define situations as real, they are real in consequence		tp-sociology
Quantitative research	Studies using numbers and statistics		tp-sociology
Qualitative research	Studies using interviews and observation		tp-sociology
Participant observation	Researcher joins a group to study it		tp-sociology
Survey	Collecting data through questions		tp-sociology
Correlation versus causation	Two things related does not mean one causes the other		tp-sociology
Sample mean	x-bar = (sum of x) / n		tp-stats-formulas
Population mean	mu = (sum of x) / N		tp-stats-formulas
Median of an odd count	The middle value when sorted		tp-stats-formulas
Median of an even count	The average of the two middle values		tp-stats-formulas
Range	Maximum minus minimum		tp-stats-formulas
Interquartile range	IQR = Q3 - Q1		tp-stats-formulas
Upper outlier fence	Q3 + 1.5 x IQR		tp-stats-formulas
Lower outlier fence	Q1 - 1.5 x IQR		tp-stats-formulas
Sample variance	s^2 = sum of (x - x-bar)^2 / (n - 1)		tp-stats-formulas
Population variance	sigma^2 = sum of (x - mu)^2 / N		tp-stats-formulas
Sample standard deviation	s = square root of sample variance		tp-stats-formulas
Z-score	z = (x - mean) / standard deviation		tp-stats-formulas
Standard error of the mean	s / sqrt(n)		tp-stats-formulas
Standard error of a proportion	sqrt(p(1 - p) / n)		tp-stats-formulas
Coefficient of variation	(standard deviation / mean) x 100 percent		tp-stats-formulas
Percentile rank	(number of values below x / total values) x 100		tp-stats-formulas
Probability of an event	Favorable outcomes / total outcomes		tp-stats-formulas
Complement rule	P(A') = 1 - P(A)		tp-stats-formulas
Addition rule	P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)		tp-stats-formulas
Multiplication rule, independent	P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)		tp-stats-formulas
Conditional probability	P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B)		tp-stats-formulas
Bayes' theorem	P(A|B) = P(B|A) x P(A) / P(B)		tp-stats-formulas
Permutations	nPr = n! / (n - r)!		tp-stats-formulas
Combinations	nCr = n! / (r!(n - r)!)		tp-stats-formulas
Factorial	n! = n x (n-1) x ... x 1		tp-stats-formulas
Expected value	E(X) = sum of x x P(x)		tp-stats-formulas
Variance of a random variable	sum of (x - mu)^2 x P(x)		tp-stats-formulas
Binomial probability	P(X = k) = nCk x p^k x (1 - p)^(n - k)		tp-stats-formulas
Binomial mean	mu = np		tp-stats-formulas
Binomial standard deviation	sigma = sqrt(np(1 - p))		tp-stats-formulas
Geometric probability	P(first success on trial k) = (1 - p)^(k - 1) x p		tp-stats-formulas
Poisson probability	P(X = k) = e^(-lambda) x lambda^k / k!		tp-stats-formulas
Normal approx. to binomial condition	np >= 10 and n(1 - p) >= 10		tp-stats-formulas
Empirical rule	68, 95, 99.7 percent within 1, 2, 3 standard deviations		tp-stats-formulas
Chebyshev's inequality	At least 1 - 1/k^2 of data lie within k standard deviations		tp-stats-formulas
Confidence interval for a mean	x-bar +/- t* x s/sqrt(n)		tp-stats-formulas
Confidence interval for a proportion	p-hat +/- z* x sqrt(p-hat(1 - p-hat)/n)		tp-stats-formulas
Margin of error (proportion)	z* x sqrt(p-hat(1 - p-hat)/n)		tp-stats-formulas
Sample size for a proportion	n = (z*/E)^2 x p(1 - p)		tp-stats-formulas
One-sample t statistic	t = (x-bar - mu0) / (s / sqrt(n))		tp-stats-formulas
One-sample z statistic for proportion	z = (p-hat - p0) / sqrt(p0(1 - p0)/n)		tp-stats-formulas
Two-sample t statistic	t = (x1-bar - x2-bar) / sqrt(s1^2/n1 + s2^2/n2)		tp-stats-formulas
Degrees of freedom, one sample	n - 1		tp-stats-formulas
Chi-square statistic	sum of (observed - expected)^2 / expected		tp-stats-formulas
Expected count in a table	(row total x column total) / grand total		tp-stats-formulas
Degrees of freedom, chi-square table	(rows - 1)(columns - 1)		tp-stats-formulas
Pearson correlation	r = (1/(n-1)) x sum of (z_x x z_y)		tp-stats-formulas
Regression line	y-hat = a + bx		tp-stats-formulas
Slope of the regression line	b = r x (s_y / s_x)		tp-stats-formulas
Intercept of the regression line	a = y-bar - b x x-bar		tp-stats-formulas
Residual	observed y - predicted y		tp-stats-formulas
Coefficient of determination	r^2		tp-stats-formulas
Sum of squares total	sum of (y - y-bar)^2		tp-stats-formulas
ANOVA F statistic	F = mean square between / mean square within		tp-stats-formulas
Effect size, Cohen's d	(mean1 - mean2) / pooled standard deviation		tp-stats-formulas
Type I error probability	Alpha, the significance level		tp-stats-formulas
Power	1 - beta		tp-stats-formulas
Odds	p / (1 - p)		tp-stats-formulas
Odds ratio	(a/b) / (c/d) for a 2 by 2 table		tp-stats-formulas
Relative risk	Risk in exposed group / risk in unexposed group		tp-stats-formulas
Percent change	(new - old) / old x 100		tp-stats-formulas
Weighted mean	sum of (w x x) / sum of w		tp-stats-formulas
Geometric mean	nth root of the product of n values		tp-stats-formulas
Harmonic mean	n / sum of (1/x)		tp-stats-formulas
Mode	The most frequent value		tp-stats-formulas
Skewness direction	Mean greater than median suggests right skew		tp-stats-formulas
Mean absolute deviation	sum of |x - mean| / n		tp-stats-formulas
Law of total probability	P(B) = sum of P(B|A_i) x P(A_i)		tp-stats-formulas
Hypergeometric probability	P(X = k) = [C(K,k) x C(N-K, n-k)] / C(N,n)		tp-stats-formulas
Central limit theorem standard deviation	sigma / sqrt(n)		tp-stats-formulas
Finite population correction	sqrt((N - n)/(N - 1))		tp-stats-formulas
Pooled proportion	(x1 + x2) / (n1 + n2)		tp-stats-formulas
Z critical value 95%	1.96		tp-stats-formulas
Z critical value 99%	2.576		tp-stats-formulas
Z critical value 90%	1.645		tp-stats-formulas
Cumulative relative frequency	Running total of relative frequencies		tp-stats-formulas
Class width	(max - min) / number of classes		tp-stats-formulas
Sturges' rule	Number of classes is about 1 + log2(n)		tp-stats-formulas
Standard score for sample mean	z = (x-bar - mu) / (sigma / sqrt(n))		tp-stats-formulas
Tukey fences	Boundaries for outliers based on the IQR		tp-stats-formulas
Lower quartile position	(n + 1) / 4		tp-stats-formulas
Rule for sample variance denominator	Use n - 1 for samples to correct bias		tp-stats-formulas
Joint probability, dependent	P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A)		tp-stats-formulas
Mutually exclusive events	P(A and B) = 0		tp-stats-formulas
Stud	Vertical framing member in a wall		tp-trades-carpentry
Joist	Horizontal framing member supporting a floor or ceiling		tp-trades-carpentry
Rafter	Sloped framing member supporting a roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Truss	Pre-built triangular frame supporting a roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Beam	Large horizontal member carrying heavy loads		tp-trades-carpentry
Header	Beam above a door or window carrying the load		tp-trades-carpentry
Sill plate	Lumber bolted to the foundation that the walls rest on		tp-trades-carpentry
Top plate	Horizontal board across the tops of wall studs		tp-trades-carpentry
Bottom plate	Horizontal board at the base of wall studs		tp-trades-carpentry
King stud	Full-height stud beside a window or door opening		tp-trades-carpentry
Jack stud	Shorter stud under a header		tp-trades-carpentry
Cripple stud	Short stud above or below an opening		tp-trades-carpentry
Subfloor	Structural layer beneath finished flooring		tp-trades-carpentry
Sheathing	Panels covering the outside of the frame		tp-trades-carpentry
Plywood	Panel of thin wood layers glued with alternating grain		tp-trades-carpentry
OSB	Oriented strand board, panels made of wood strands		tp-trades-carpentry
Drywall	Gypsum board used for interior walls		tp-trades-carpentry
Dimensional lumber	Standard-sized lumber like 2x4		tp-trades-carpentry
2x4	A board whose actual size is about 1.5 by 3.5 inches		tp-trades-carpentry
Nominal size	The name size of lumber before drying and milling		tp-trades-carpentry
Board foot	Lumber volume: 1 inch thick by 12 inches by 12 inches		tp-trades-carpentry
Grain	The pattern of wood fibers		tp-trades-carpentry
Hardwood	Wood from broadleaf trees, like oak and maple		tp-trades-carpentry
Softwood	Wood from conifers, like pine and fir		tp-trades-carpentry
Pressure-treated lumber	Wood treated against rot and insects		tp-trades-carpentry
Knot	A section of a branch visible in a board		tp-trades-carpentry
Kiln-dried	Dried in an oven to reduce moisture		tp-trades-carpentry
Warp	A bend or twist in a board		tp-trades-carpentry
Level	Tool showing whether a surface is horizontal		tp-trades-carpentry
Plumb	Perfectly vertical		tp-trades-carpentry
Square	Exactly 90 degrees; also a tool to check it		tp-trades-carpentry
Chalk line	String coated in chalk, snapped to mark a straight line		tp-trades-carpentry
Tape measure	Flexible ruler		tp-trades-carpentry
Speed square	Triangular tool for marking angles		tp-trades-carpentry
Framing square	Large L-shaped tool for checking angles and layout		tp-trades-carpentry
Hammer	Tool for driving nails		tp-trades-carpentry
Claw hammer	Hammer with a split end to pull nails		tp-trades-carpentry
Mallet	A wooden or rubber hammer		tp-trades-carpentry
Handsaw	Manual saw		tp-trades-carpentry
Circular saw	Handheld power saw with a round blade		tp-trades-carpentry
Miter saw	Saw for precise angled crosscuts		tp-trades-carpentry
Table saw	Stationary saw with a blade rising through a table		tp-trades-carpentry
Jigsaw	Power saw for curves		tp-trades-carpentry
Reciprocating saw	Power saw with a push-pull blade for demolition		tp-trades-carpentry
Router	Tool that hollows or shapes edges		tp-trades-carpentry
Chisel	Sharp-edged hand tool for carving wood		tp-trades-carpentry
Plane	Tool for shaving wood smooth		tp-trades-carpentry
Sander	Tool using abrasive to smooth wood		tp-trades-carpentry
Drill	Tool for making holes or driving screws		tp-trades-carpentry
Pilot hole	Small starter hole drilled before a screw		tp-trades-carpentry
Countersink	Hole widened to let a screw head sit flush		tp-trades-carpentry
Nail gun	Powered tool that shoots nails		tp-trades-carpentry
Clamp	Tool that holds pieces together		tp-trades-carpentry
Wood glue	Adhesive for joining wood		tp-trades-carpentry
Common nail	Heavy nail used in framing		tp-trades-carpentry
Finish nail	Thin nail with a small head for trim		tp-trades-carpentry
Brad nail	A very small, thin nail		tp-trades-carpentry
Wood screw	Threaded fastener for wood		tp-trades-carpentry
Lag bolt	Heavy screw bolt for structural connections		tp-trades-carpentry
Joist hanger	Metal bracket supporting joist ends		tp-trades-carpentry
Hurricane tie	Metal connector securing rafters to walls		tp-trades-carpentry
Butt joint	Two boards joined end to face		tp-trades-carpentry
Miter joint	Two pieces cut at angles to form a corner		tp-trades-carpentry
Dado	Groove cut across the grain		tp-trades-carpentry
Rabbet	Notch cut along an edge		tp-trades-carpentry
Dovetail joint	Interlocking wedge-shaped joint prized for strength		tp-trades-carpentry
Mortise and tenon	A peg-shaped end fitted into a hole		tp-trades-carpentry
Lap joint	Two members overlapped		tp-trades-carpentry
Trim	Decorative molding around openings and edges		tp-trades-carpentry
Baseboard	Trim along the bottom of a wall		tp-trades-carpentry
Crown molding	Trim where the wall meets the ceiling		tp-trades-carpentry
Casing	Trim around doors and windows		tp-trades-carpentry
Jamb	The vertical side of a door or window frame		tp-trades-carpentry
Threshold	Strip at the bottom of a doorway		tp-trades-carpentry
Sash	The movable frame of a window		tp-trades-carpentry
Stair stringer	Sloped board supporting stair treads		tp-trades-carpentry
Tread	The horizontal part of a stair step		tp-trades-carpentry
Riser	The vertical part of a stair step		tp-trades-carpentry
Rise and run	Vertical and horizontal measurements of a stair step or roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Pitch	Slope of a roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Eave	The lower edge of a roof that overhangs the wall		tp-trades-carpentry
Ridge	The peak of a roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Fascia	Board along the roof edge		tp-trades-carpentry
Soffit	Underside of the roof overhang		tp-trades-carpentry
Flashing	Metal that guides water away from joints		tp-trades-carpentry
Shingles	Overlapping roofing pieces		tp-trades-carpentry
Footing	Concrete base that supports a foundation		tp-trades-carpentry
Foundation	Structure that transfers a building's load to the ground		tp-trades-carpentry
Load-bearing wall	A wall that supports weight above it		tp-trades-carpentry
Blueprint	A technical drawing of a building		tp-trades-carpentry
On center (OC)	Spacing measured from the center of one member to the next		tp-trades-carpentry
Kerf	The width of material removed by a saw blade		tp-trades-carpentry
Cut list	List of pieces and sizes to be cut		tp-trades-carpentry
Voltage	Electrical pressure that pushes current; measured in volts		tp-trades-electrical
Current	Flow of electric charge; measured in amperes		tp-trades-electrical
Resistance	Opposition to current; measured in ohms		tp-trades-electrical
Power	Rate of using energy; measured in watts		tp-trades-electrical
Ohm's law	Volts = amps x ohms		tp-trades-electrical
Watt's law	Watts = volts x amps		tp-trades-electrical
Conductor	Material that carries current easily, like copper		tp-trades-electrical
Insulator	Material that resists current, like rubber		tp-trades-electrical
Circuit	A complete path for current		tp-trades-electrical
Open circuit	A broken path; no current flows		tp-trades-electrical
Short circuit	An unintended low-resistance path causing very high current		tp-trades-electrical
Series circuit	Components in one path		tp-trades-electrical
Parallel circuit	Components on separate branches		tp-trades-electrical
AC	Alternating current, which changes direction		tp-trades-electrical
DC	Direct current, which flows one way		tp-trades-electrical
Hot wire	Carries current from the source; usually black or red		tp-trades-electrical
Neutral wire	Returns current to the source; usually white		tp-trades-electrical
Ground wire	Safety path to earth; bare copper or green		tp-trades-electrical
Circuit breaker	Switch that opens automatically when current is too high		tp-trades-electrical
Fuse	A safety device with a link that melts on overcurrent		tp-trades-electrical
GFCI	Ground fault circuit interrupter, which cuts power when current leaks		tp-trades-electrical
AFCI	Arc fault circuit interrupter, which guards against arcing		tp-trades-electrical
Panel (breaker box)	Enclosure holding circuit breakers		tp-trades-electrical
Service entrance	Where utility power enters a building		tp-trades-electrical
Meter	Device measuring electricity use		tp-trades-electrical
Receptacle	Outlet where plugs connect		tp-trades-electrical
Switch	Device that opens and closes a circuit		tp-trades-electrical
Three-way switch	Allows control of a light from two places		tp-trades-electrical
Junction box	Enclosure for wire connections		tp-trades-electrical
Conduit	Protective tube for wiring		tp-trades-electrical
EMT conduit	Electrical metallic tubing, a thin-walled metal conduit		tp-trades-electrical
Romex	Common brand name for non-metallic sheathed cable		tp-trades-electrical
Wire gauge (AWG)	Size of wire; a smaller number means thicker wire		tp-trades-electrical
14 AWG wire	Commonly used on 15-amp circuits		tp-trades-electrical
12 AWG wire	Commonly used on 20-amp circuits		tp-trades-electrical
Ampacity	Maximum current a conductor can carry safely		tp-trades-electrical
Voltage drop	Loss of voltage along a wire		tp-trades-electrical
Wire nut	Cap used to join wires		tp-trades-electrical
Lug	A connector point for a wire		tp-trades-electrical
Terminal	A screw or clamp point where wire attaches		tp-trades-electrical
Strip	Remove insulation from a wire end		tp-trades-electrical
Pigtail	A short wire used to connect multiple wires to one terminal		tp-trades-electrical
Load	A device that uses electrical power		tp-trades-electrical
Line side	The side of a device connected to the power source		tp-trades-electrical
Load side	The side leading to the devices		tp-trades-electrical
Multimeter	Tool measuring voltage, current and resistance		tp-trades-electrical
Voltage tester	Tool that detects live circuits		tp-trades-electrical
Lockout/tagout	Safety procedure keeping a circuit off while working on it		tp-trades-electrical
NEC	National Electrical Code, setting US wiring standards		tp-trades-electrical
Permit	Official permission to do regulated electrical work		tp-trades-electrical
Inspection	Official check that work meets code		tp-trades-electrical
Journeyman electrician	A licensed electrician who has completed an apprenticeship		tp-trades-electrical
Master electrician	A highly experienced, licensed electrician		tp-trades-electrical
Apprentice	A trainee learning the trade on the job		tp-trades-electrical
Transformer	Device that changes voltage levels		tp-trades-electrical
Step-down transformer	Reduces voltage		tp-trades-electrical
Motor	Device converting electrical energy to motion		tp-trades-electrical
Capacitor	Component that stores charge		tp-trades-electrical
Relay	A switch operated by an electromagnet		tp-trades-electrical
Contactor	A heavy-duty relay for high-current loads		tp-trades-electrical
Phase	One of the alternating currents in a power system		tp-trades-electrical
Single-phase	Power common in homes		tp-trades-electrical
Three-phase	Power common in industry		tp-trades-electrical
120 volts	Standard household outlet voltage in the US		tp-trades-electrical
240 volts	Higher household voltage for appliances like dryers		tp-trades-electrical
Frequency	Cycles per second; 60 Hz in the US		tp-trades-electrical
Kilowatt-hour	A unit of energy used on electric bills		tp-trades-electrical
Load calculation	Figuring the total power demand of a building		tp-trades-electrical
Overcurrent	More current than a circuit is designed to carry		tp-trades-electrical
Arc flash	A dangerous explosion of energy from an electrical fault		tp-trades-electrical
Electrical shock	Current passing through the body; potentially deadly		tp-trades-electrical
PPE	Personal protective equipment, such as insulated gloves		tp-trades-electrical
Bonding	Connecting metal parts to make them electrically continuous		tp-trades-electrical
Grounding electrode	A rod or pipe that connects the system to the earth		tp-trades-electrical
Dimmer	A switch that varies light brightness		tp-trades-electrical
Smart switch	A switch controlled by an app or voice		tp-trades-electrical
Solar panel	Device turning sunlight into DC electricity		tp-trades-electrical
Inverter	Converts DC power to AC		tp-trades-electrical
Surge protector	Device limiting voltage spikes		tp-trades-electrical
Extension cord rating	Must match or exceed the load's amperage		tp-trades-electrical
Knockout	A removable circle in a box for cable entry		tp-trades-electrical
Fish tape	A tool for pulling wire through walls and conduit		tp-trades-electrical
Lineman's pliers	Heavy pliers for cutting and twisting wire		tp-trades-electrical
Supply line	Pipe bringing clean water into a fixture		tp-trades-plumbing
Drain line	Pipe carrying used water away		tp-trades-plumbing
Vent pipe	Pipe letting air into the drain system so water flows		tp-trades-plumbing
DWV	Drain-waste-vent system		tp-trades-plumbing
Main shutoff valve	Valve that turns off water to the whole building		tp-trades-plumbing
Water meter	Device measuring water used		tp-trades-plumbing
Water heater	Appliance that heats and stores hot water		tp-trades-plumbing
Tankless water heater	Heater that warms water only as it is used		tp-trades-plumbing
Pressure	Force of water in pipes, often measured in psi		tp-trades-plumbing
Water pressure regulator	Valve that reduces incoming pressure to a safe level		tp-trades-plumbing
Gate valve	Valve with a sliding gate; fully open or fully closed		tp-trades-plumbing
Ball valve	Valve that opens and closes with a quarter turn		tp-trades-plumbing
Globe valve	Valve for regulating flow		tp-trades-plumbing
Check valve	Valve that lets water flow in only one direction		tp-trades-plumbing
Shutoff valve (angle stop)	Small valve under a sink or toilet		tp-trades-plumbing
Copper pipe	Durable metal pipe used for water supply		tp-trades-plumbing
PVC	White plastic pipe used for drains and vents		tp-trades-plumbing
ABS	Black plastic pipe used for drains in some areas		tp-trades-plumbing
CPVC	Plastic pipe rated for hot water		tp-trades-plumbing
PEX	Flexible cross-linked polyethylene tubing for supply lines		tp-trades-plumbing
Galvanized steel pipe	Zinc-coated steel pipe, older and prone to corrosion		tp-trades-plumbing
Cast iron pipe	Heavy pipe used for drains		tp-trades-plumbing
Fitting	A connector that joins or redirects pipes		tp-trades-plumbing
Coupling	Fitting joining two straight pipes		tp-trades-plumbing
Elbow	Fitting that changes pipe direction		tp-trades-plumbing
Tee	T-shaped fitting that creates a branch		tp-trades-plumbing
Union	Fitting that can be disconnected without cutting pipe		tp-trades-plumbing
Reducer	Fitting joining pipes of different sizes		tp-trades-plumbing
Cap	Fitting that seals a pipe end		tp-trades-plumbing
Plug	Fitting that seals a female threaded opening		tp-trades-plumbing
Nipple	Short threaded pipe		tp-trades-plumbing
Adapter	Fitting connecting different pipe types		tp-trades-plumbing
Sweating (soldering)	Joining copper with heated solder		tp-trades-plumbing
Flux	Chemical applied to copper joints before soldering		tp-trades-plumbing
Solvent cement	Glue that welds PVC and similar plastics		tp-trades-plumbing
Primer	Cleaner applied to plastic pipe before cementing		tp-trades-plumbing
Compression fitting	Fitting sealed by tightening a nut over a ring		tp-trades-plumbing
Crimp ring	Metal ring squeezed onto PEX fittings		tp-trades-plumbing
Thread seal tape	Thin white tape that seals threaded joints		tp-trades-plumbing
Pipe dope	Paste that seals threaded joints		tp-trades-plumbing
Teflon tape	Common name for thread seal tape		tp-trades-plumbing
Pipe wrench	Wrench with serrated jaws for gripping pipe		tp-trades-plumbing
Basin wrench	Long-necked wrench for tight faucet nuts		tp-trades-plumbing
Tubing cutter	Tool for making clean cuts in pipe		tp-trades-plumbing
Plunger	Tool using pressure to clear clogs		tp-trades-plumbing
Drain snake (auger)	Flexible tool that clears blockages		tp-trades-plumbing
Trap	Curved pipe holding water to block sewer gas		tp-trades-plumbing
P-trap	Trap shaped like a P under sinks		tp-trades-plumbing
Sewer gas	Foul gas that traps and vents keep out of living spaces		tp-trades-plumbing
Cleanout	Access point for clearing drains		tp-trades-plumbing
Floor drain	Drain set in a floor		tp-trades-plumbing
Septic system	On-site wastewater treatment for homes without city sewers		tp-trades-plumbing
Sewer main	Large pipe carrying waste from many buildings		tp-trades-plumbing
Backflow	Reverse flow of water that can contaminate the supply		tp-trades-plumbing
Backflow preventer	Device that stops contaminated water flowing backward		tp-trades-plumbing
Air gap	Open space that keeps drain water from entering a supply line		tp-trades-plumbing
Fixture	A device like a sink, toilet or tub		tp-trades-plumbing
Faucet	Valve controlling water flow from a sink or tub		tp-trades-plumbing
Aerator	Screen at the faucet tip that mixes air with water		tp-trades-plumbing
Cartridge	Internal faucet part that controls flow and temperature		tp-trades-plumbing
Washer	Rubber ring that seals a valve seat		tp-trades-plumbing
O-ring	Rubber ring that seals joints		tp-trades-plumbing
Flapper	Rubber seal at the bottom of a toilet tank		tp-trades-plumbing
Fill valve	Valve that refills the toilet tank		tp-trades-plumbing
Wax ring	Seal between a toilet and the floor flange		tp-trades-plumbing
Closet flange	Pipe fitting on the floor that secures a toilet		tp-trades-plumbing
Showerhead	Fixture that sprays water in a shower		tp-trades-plumbing
Tub spout	Faucet end that fills the tub		tp-trades-plumbing
Garbage disposal	Appliance under a sink that grinds food waste		tp-trades-plumbing
Dishwasher drain	Hose carrying dishwasher water into the drain system		tp-trades-plumbing
Hose bib	Outdoor faucet for a hose		tp-trades-plumbing
Sump pump	Pump removing water from a basement pit		tp-trades-plumbing
Water softener	Equipment reducing hard water minerals		tp-trades-plumbing
Hard water	Water with high mineral content		tp-trades-plumbing
Water hammer	Banging noise when flow stops suddenly		tp-trades-plumbing
Air chamber	Small vertical pipe that cushions pressure surges		tp-trades-plumbing
Expansion tank	Tank absorbing pressure from heated water		tp-trades-plumbing
Pressure relief valve	Safety valve that releases excess pressure		tp-trades-plumbing
Anode rod	Rod in a water heater that corrodes first to protect the tank		tp-trades-plumbing
Slope (pitch) of drains	Drains need a gentle downhill slope, often 1/4 inch per foot		tp-trades-plumbing
Gravity flow	Water moving downhill without pumps		tp-trades-plumbing
Frozen pipe	Pipe blocked or damaged by ice		tp-trades-plumbing
Pipe insulation	Foam or wrap that protects pipes from heat loss or freezing		tp-trades-plumbing
Leak	Unwanted escape of water		tp-trades-plumbing
Corrosion	Gradual damage to metal		tp-trades-plumbing
Plumbing code	Rules for safe plumbing work		tp-trades-plumbing
Licensed plumber	Tradesperson legally qualified to do plumbing work		tp-trades-plumbing
Apprentice plumber	Trainee learning the trade		tp-trades-plumbing
Rough-in	Installing pipes before walls are closed		tp-trades-plumbing
Trim-out	Installing fixtures after walls are finished		tp-trades-plumbing
Hot and cold side	Convention: hot is on the left, cold on the right		tp-trades-plumbing
What is the supreme law of the land?	The Constitution		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What does the Constitution do?	Sets up the government, defines its powers and protects basic rights		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the first three words of the Constitution?	We the People		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is an amendment?	A change or addition to the Constitution		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Bill of Rights?	The first ten amendments		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many amendments does the Constitution have?	Twenty-seven		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is one right in the First Amendment?	Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly or petition		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the economic system of the United States?	A mixed market economy based on capitalism		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the rule of law?	Everyone, including leaders, must follow the law		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the three branches of government?	Legislative, executive and judicial		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who makes federal laws?	Congress		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the two parts of Congress?	The Senate and the House of Representatives		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many U.S. senators are there?	One hundred		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How long is a senator's term?	Six years		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many voting members are in the House?	Four hundred thirty-five		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How long is a House member's term?	Two years		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many senators does each state have?	Two		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who does a member of the House represent?	The people of their district		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What stops one branch from becoming too powerful?	Checks and balances and the separation of powers		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who is in charge of the executive branch?	The President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How long is a presidential term?	Four years		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many times can a person be elected president?	Twice; the 22nd Amendment limits it to two elected terms		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who signs bills to become laws?	The President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who is commander in chief of the military?	The President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What does the President's Cabinet do?	Advises the President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who becomes president if the president can no longer serve?	The Vice President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What does the judicial branch do?	Reviews laws, explains laws and decides if a law goes against the Constitution		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the highest court in the United States?	The Supreme Court		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many justices are on the Supreme Court?	Nine		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How are Supreme Court justices chosen?	Nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the capital of the United States?	Washington, D.C.		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Where is the Statue of Liberty?	New York Harbor, on Liberty Island		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many states are there?	Fifty		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many stripes are on the flag?	Thirteen, for the original colonies		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many stars are on the flag?	Fifty, one for each state		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the colors of the flag?	Red, white and blue		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the national anthem?	The Star-Spangled Banner		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Pledge of Allegiance?	A promise of loyalty to the flag and the country		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Fourth of July?	Independence Day, celebrating the Declaration of Independence		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?	Thomas Jefferson was its main author		tp-us-citizenship-topics
When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?	July 4, 1776		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What did the Declaration of Independence say?	That the colonies were free of British rule and that people have rights		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are two rights in the Declaration?	Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who was the first President?	George Washington		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who was President during the Civil War?	Abraham Lincoln		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?	Declared enslaved people in Confederate-held areas free		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which amendment ended slavery?	The 13th Amendment		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who fought in the Civil War?	The Union (North) and the Confederacy (South)		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What was the main reason for the Civil War?	Slavery, along with states' rights and economic differences		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What did Susan B. Anthony do?	Fought for women's rights and the right to vote		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What did Martin Luther King Jr. do?	Led nonviolent efforts for civil rights and equal treatment		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which amendment gave women the right to vote?	The 19th Amendment		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What was the Great Depression?	A severe economic downturn in the 1930s		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who was President during the Great Depression and World War II?	Franklin D. Roosevelt		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which countries did the U.S. fight in World War II?	Germany, Italy and Japan (the Axis powers)		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What was the Cold War?	A long rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after World War II		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who were the first people living in America?	Native Americans		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Why did the Pilgrims come to America?	To seek religious freedom		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who is the 'Father of Our Country'?	George Washington		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What was the Louisiana Purchase?	The 1803 purchase of land from France that doubled the country's size		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What happened at the Constitutional Convention?	The Constitution was written in 1787		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who wrote the Federalist Papers?	Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who was one important Founding Father?	Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison or others		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the capital of your state?	Depends on the state; every state has a capital city		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the two major political parties?	Democratic and Republican parties		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who can vote in federal elections?	Citizens age 18 and older		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is one way Americans can participate in democracy?	Vote, join a party, run for office, join a community group or contact elected officials		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which amendment lowered the voting age to 18?	The 26th Amendment		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is one responsibility of citizens?	Serving on a jury, paying taxes or obeying laws		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is one right only for citizens?	Voting in federal elections or running for federal office		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge?	The United States and the flag		tp-us-citizenship-topics
When must men register for the Selective Service?	At age 18		tp-us-citizenship-topics
When are federal taxes due?	Generally by April 15		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Electoral College?	The group of electors who choose the President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is a census?	A count of the population done every ten years		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is a jury?	A group of citizens who decide the facts in a trial		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Mayflower?	The ship that carried the Pilgrims to America in 1620		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Mississippi River?	One of the longest rivers in the country, flowing to the Gulf of Mexico		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which oceans border the U.S.?	The Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which countries border the continental U.S.?	Canada and Mexico		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is Memorial Day?	A day honoring those who died serving in the military		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is Veterans Day?	A day honoring all who have served in the military		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is Labor Day?	A holiday honoring workers, on the first Monday of September		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is Thanksgiving?	A November holiday for giving thanks		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the bald eagle?	The national bird of the United States		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Liberty Bell?	A symbol of American independence, kept in Philadelphia		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Great Seal?	The official seal of the United States		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is federalism?	Power shared between national and state governments		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What does the 10th Amendment say?	Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or the people		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who governs a state?	A governor		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is a mayor?	The leader of a city government		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is due process?	Fair treatment under the law		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is freedom of religion?	The right to practice any religion or none		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Mayflower Compact?	An agreement to make fair laws for the Plymouth colony		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is naturalization?	The process by which a non-citizen becomes a citizen		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is an immigrant?	A person who moves to a new country to live		tp-us-citizenship-topics
The Tortoise and the Hare	A slow tortoise beats a speedy, overconfident hare. Slow and steady wins the race.		fun-aesop-fables
The Boy Who Cried Wolf	A boy lies about a wolf, then nobody believes him when it is real. Liars are not trusted even when they tell the truth.		fun-aesop-fables
The Ant and the Grasshopper	The ant works all summer while the grasshopper plays, and has no food in winter. Prepare for the future.		fun-aesop-fables
The Fox and the Grapes	A fox cannot reach the grapes and says they were sour anyway. It is easy to scorn what you cannot have.		fun-aesop-fables
The Lion and the Mouse	A tiny mouse frees a lion from a net. Even small friends can help big ones.		fun-aesop-fables
The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs	A farmer who wants all the gold at once loses the goose. Greed can cost you everything.		fun-aesop-fables
The Crow and the Pitcher	A thirsty crow drops pebbles into a pitcher to raise the water. Clever thinking solves problems.		fun-aesop-fables
The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse	A country mouse prefers a simple, safe life over the town mouse's fancy but risky one. Simple and safe beats rich and scary.		fun-aesop-fables
The Fox and the Crow	A fox tricks a crow into dropping its cheese by praising its singing. Beware of flattery.		fun-aesop-fables
The Dog and His Reflection	A dog with a bone sees his reflection in a stream and drops the bone to grab another. Greed can make you lose what you have.		fun-aesop-fables
The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing	A wolf dresses as a sheep and is found out. Looks can fool, so be careful.		fun-aesop-fables
The North Wind and the Sun	The sun makes a traveler remove his coat gently, while the wind fails by force. Kindness works better than force.		fun-aesop-fables
The Lion's Share	A lion takes everything for himself after a hunt. Power can make people unfair.		fun-aesop-fables
The Milkmaid and Her Pail	A girl dreams of what she will buy with milk money and spills it. Don't count your chickens before they hatch.		fun-aesop-fables
The Bundle of Sticks	A father shows his sons that sticks bound together cannot be broken. Together we are strong.		fun-aesop-fables
The Tortoise and the Eagle	A tortoise wishes to fly and is dropped by an eagle. Be happy with who you are.		fun-aesop-fables
The Frogs Who Wanted a King	Frogs ask for a king and get a stork that eats them. Be careful what you wish for.		fun-aesop-fables
The Dog in the Manger	A dog guards the hay he cannot eat and keeps the ox from it. Don't spoil things you cannot use.		fun-aesop-fables
The Lion and the Boar	Two animals fight over a spring while vultures wait. Fighting over little things can hurt both sides.		fun-aesop-fables
The Mice in Council	Mice agree to put a bell on the cat but nobody will do it. Easy to say, hard to do.		fun-aesop-fables
The Hare and the Tortoise (retold)	Confidence without effort loses to patience and work.		fun-aesop-fables
The Shepherd Boy (shortened)	A shepherd boy's false alarms leave him unheard when real danger comes.		fun-aesop-fables
The Oak and the Reeds	A stiff oak breaks in a storm while bending reeds survive. Be flexible.		fun-aesop-fables
The Cat and the Mice	Mice hear that a cat is hiding and stay away. Beware of those pretending to be harmless.		fun-aesop-fables
The Farmer and the Snake	A man warms a frozen snake and is bitten. Not everyone you help is grateful.		fun-aesop-fables
The Two Goats	Two goats meet on a narrow bridge and neither gives way, so both fall. Pride can hurt everyone.		fun-aesop-fables
The Lark and Her Young Ones	If you want something done well, do it yourself.		fun-aesop-fables
The Wind and the Sun	A kind approach is stronger than a harsh one.		fun-aesop-fables
The Fox and the Stork	A fox serves soup on a flat plate, then the stork serves food in a tall jar. Treat others as you want to be treated.		fun-aesop-fables
The Donkey in the Lion's Skin	A donkey dresses as a lion and his bray gives him away. Pretending does not last.		fun-aesop-fables
The Wolf and the Crane	A crane helps a wolf with a bone and gets no reward. Be careful who you help, and be thankful when helped.		fun-aesop-fables
The Peacock and the Crane	A peacock mocks a crane's plain feathers, but the crane can fly. Skill beats show.		fun-aesop-fables
The Lion and the Statue	Whoever makes the story tells it his own way.		fun-aesop-fables
The Gnat and the Bull	A gnat thinks the bull noticed it. Do not think you matter more than you do.		fun-aesop-fables
The Sick Lion	A sick lion pretends nothing is wrong. People may use you if you look weak.		fun-aesop-fables
The Miser	A man buries gold and never uses it. Wealth that is not used has no value.		fun-aesop-fables
The Belly and the Members	The parts of the body quarrel with the stomach and all suffer. Everyone depends on each other.		fun-aesop-fables
The Fisherman and the Little Fish	A small fish begs to be thrown back until he is bigger. A little now is better than a lot later maybe.		fun-aesop-fables
The Ass and the Lap Dog	A donkey copies a lap dog and causes trouble. Be yourself.		fun-aesop-fables
The Horse and the Groom	Someone who wants praise should earn it first.		fun-aesop-fables
The Blind Men and the Elephant	Each feels a different part of an elephant and thinks he knows it all. A part is not the whole. (An old folktale told with Aesop's.)		fun-aesop-fables
Who was Aesop?	A storyteller of ancient Greece, thought to have lived about 2,600 years ago		fun-aesop-fables
A a	Apple (A is for apple.)		fun-alphabet-words
B b	Ball (B is for ball.)		fun-alphabet-words
C c	Cat (C is for cat.)		fun-alphabet-words
D d	Dog (D is for dog.)		fun-alphabet-words
E e	Elephant (E is for elephant.)		fun-alphabet-words
F f	Fish (F is for fish.)		fun-alphabet-words
G g	Goat (G is for goat.)		fun-alphabet-words
H h	Hat (H is for hat.)		fun-alphabet-words
I i	Igloo (I is for igloo.)		fun-alphabet-words
J j	Jam (J is for jam.)		fun-alphabet-words
K k	Kite (K is for kite.)		fun-alphabet-words
L l	Lion (L is for lion.)		fun-alphabet-words
M m	Moon (M is for moon.)		fun-alphabet-words
N n	Nest (N is for nest.)		fun-alphabet-words
O o	Octopus (O is for octopus.)		fun-alphabet-words
P p	Pig (P is for pig.)		fun-alphabet-words
Q q	Queen (Q is for queen.)		fun-alphabet-words
R r	Rabbit (R is for rabbit.)		fun-alphabet-words
S s	Sun (S is for sun.)		fun-alphabet-words
T t	Tiger (T is for tiger.)		fun-alphabet-words
U u	Umbrella (U is for umbrella.)		fun-alphabet-words
V v	Van (V is for van.)		fun-alphabet-words
W w	Whale (W is for whale.)		fun-alphabet-words
X x	Xylophone (X is for xylophone.)		fun-alphabet-words
Y y	Yo-yo (Y is for yo-yo.)		fun-alphabet-words
Z z	Zebra (Z is for zebra.)		fun-alphabet-words
How many letters are in the alphabet?	26		fun-alphabet-words
What are the vowels?	A, E, I, O, U (and sometimes Y)		fun-alphabet-words
What are the other letters called?	Consonants		fun-alphabet-words
What letter comes after A?	B		fun-alphabet-words
What letter comes after M?	N		fun-alphabet-words
What letter comes before Z?	Y		fun-alphabet-words
What is the first letter?	A		fun-alphabet-words
What is the last letter?	Z		fun-alphabet-words
What letter comes between R and T?	S		fun-alphabet-words
What letter comes between F and H?	G		fun-alphabet-words
Which letter looks like a circle?	O		fun-alphabet-words
Which letter has a tail and looks like a hook?	J		fun-alphabet-words
Which letter is the sound of a bee?	B (buzz)		fun-alphabet-words
Which letter sounds like 'you'?	U		fun-alphabet-words
Which letter sounds like 'why'?	Y		fun-alphabet-words
Which letter sounds like 'see'?	C		fun-alphabet-words
Which letter sounds like 'tea'?	T		fun-alphabet-words
Which letter sounds like 'eye'?	I		fun-alphabet-words
Which letter sounds like 'are'?	R		fun-alphabet-words
What is uppercase?	Big letters like A, B and C		fun-alphabet-words
What is lowercase?	Small letters like a, b and c		fun-alphabet-words
What is the letter after Q?	R		fun-alphabet-words
What is the letter after D?	E		fun-alphabet-words
What word starts like 'bat'?	Ball or bed (B)		fun-alphabet-words
A	Alligator: a reptile with a wide snout		fun-animal-alphabet
A (again)	Ant: can carry many times its own weight		fun-animal-alphabet
B	Bear: some sleep through winter		fun-animal-alphabet
B (again)	Butterfly: starts life as a caterpillar		fun-animal-alphabet
C	Camel: has a hump that stores fat		fun-animal-alphabet
C (again)	Cat: purrs when content		fun-animal-alphabet
D	Dolphin: a smart sea mammal		fun-animal-alphabet
D (again)	Duck: has waterproof feathers		fun-animal-alphabet
E	Elephant: the biggest land animal		fun-animal-alphabet
E (again)	Eagle: has sharp eyesight		fun-animal-alphabet
F	Frog: starts life as a tadpole		fun-animal-alphabet
F (again)	Fox: has a bushy tail		fun-animal-alphabet
G	Giraffe: the tallest animal		fun-animal-alphabet
G (again)	Gorilla: a gentle ape		fun-animal-alphabet
H	Hippo: spends most days in water		fun-animal-alphabet
H (again)	Horse: runs fast		fun-animal-alphabet
I	Iguana: a lizard that likes to bask		fun-animal-alphabet
I (again)	Impala: an antelope that leaps high		fun-animal-alphabet
J	Jellyfish: has no brain		fun-animal-alphabet
J (again)	Jaguar: a spotted cat that swims		fun-animal-alphabet
K	Kangaroo: hops and has a pouch		fun-animal-alphabet
K (again)	Koala: sleeps most of the day		fun-animal-alphabet
L	Lion: lives in a pride		fun-animal-alphabet
L (again)	Llama: a woolly animal from the Andes		fun-animal-alphabet
M	Monkey: swings in trees		fun-animal-alphabet
M (again)	Moose: the biggest deer		fun-animal-alphabet
N	Newt: a small salamander		fun-animal-alphabet
N (again)	Narwhal: a whale with a long tusk		fun-animal-alphabet
O	Octopus: has eight arms		fun-animal-alphabet
O (again)	Owl: hunts at night		fun-animal-alphabet
P	Penguin: swims but cannot fly		fun-animal-alphabet
P (again)	Panda: eats bamboo		fun-animal-alphabet
Q	Quail: a small, plump bird		fun-animal-alphabet
Q (again)	Quokka: a small smiling marsupial from Australia		fun-animal-alphabet
R	Rabbit: hops and has long ears		fun-animal-alphabet
R (again)	Raccoon: has clever paws		fun-animal-alphabet
S	Snake: has no legs		fun-animal-alphabet
S (again)	Sloth: moves slowly		fun-animal-alphabet
T	Tiger: has stripes		fun-animal-alphabet
T (again)	Turtle: has a shell		fun-animal-alphabet
U	Uakari: a monkey with a bright red face		fun-animal-alphabet
U (again)	Urial: a wild sheep of Asia		fun-animal-alphabet
V	Vulture: a bird that cleans up dead animals		fun-animal-alphabet
V (again)	Vampire bat: a bat that feeds on animal blood		fun-animal-alphabet
W	Whale: the biggest animals in the sea		fun-animal-alphabet
W (again)	Wolf: lives in a pack		fun-animal-alphabet
X	X-ray tetra: a small fish with see-through skin		fun-animal-alphabet
X (again)	Xerus: an African ground squirrel		fun-animal-alphabet
Y	Yak: a shaggy animal of the Himalayas		fun-animal-alphabet
Y (again)	Yellow-bellied marmot: a mountain rodent		fun-animal-alphabet
Z	Zebra: has black and white stripes		fun-animal-alphabet
Z (again)	Zebra finch: a small Australian songbird		fun-animal-alphabet
Lions	A pride		fun-animal-group-names
Fish	A school (Or a shoal.)		fun-animal-group-names
Wolves	A pack		fun-animal-group-names
Cows	A herd		fun-animal-group-names
Sheep	A flock		fun-animal-group-names
Birds	A flock		fun-animal-group-names
Geese (flying)	A skein (On the ground they are a gaggle.)		fun-animal-group-names
Geese (on the ground)	A gaggle		fun-animal-group-names
Crows	A murder		fun-animal-group-names
Owls	A parliament		fun-animal-group-names
Bees	A swarm		fun-animal-group-names
Ants	A colony		fun-animal-group-names
Whales	A pod		fun-animal-group-names
Dolphins	A pod		fun-animal-group-names
Elephants	A herd		fun-animal-group-names
Giraffes	A tower		fun-animal-group-names
Zebras	A dazzle		fun-animal-group-names
Hippos	A bloat		fun-animal-group-names
Rhinos	A crash		fun-animal-group-names
Apes	A shrewdness		fun-animal-group-names
Monkeys	A troop		fun-animal-group-names
Kangaroos	A mob		fun-animal-group-names
Penguins	A colony (In the water a group is a raft.)		fun-animal-group-names
Flamingos	A flamboyance		fun-animal-group-names
Peacocks	An ostentation		fun-animal-group-names
Ducks (in water)	A paddling		fun-animal-group-names
Cats	A clowder		fun-animal-group-names
Kittens	A litter		fun-animal-group-names
Puppies	A litter		fun-animal-group-names
Dogs	A pack		fun-animal-group-names
Horses	A herd		fun-animal-group-names
Bears	A sloth		fun-animal-group-names
Foxes	A skulk		fun-animal-group-names
Frogs	An army		fun-animal-group-names
Toads	A knot		fun-animal-group-names
Snakes	A nest		fun-animal-group-names
Turtles	A bale		fun-animal-group-names
Jellyfish	A smack		fun-animal-group-names
Sharks	A shiver		fun-animal-group-names
Butterflies	A flutter		fun-animal-group-names
Caterpillars	An army		fun-animal-group-names
Hawks	A kettle (When they circle together in the sky.)		fun-animal-group-names
Eagles	A convocation		fun-animal-group-names
Ravens	An unkindness		fun-animal-group-names
Larks	An exaltation		fun-animal-group-names
Starlings	A murmuration		fun-animal-group-names
Pigs	A drove		fun-animal-group-names
Goats	A tribe		fun-animal-group-names
Camels	A caravan		fun-animal-group-names
Bats	A colony		fun-animal-group-names
Squirrels	A scurry		fun-animal-group-names
Otters	A romp		fun-animal-group-names
Raccoons	A gaze		fun-animal-group-names
Rabbits	A colony		fun-animal-group-names
Hedgehogs	An array		fun-animal-group-names
Porcupines	A prickle		fun-animal-group-names
Moles	A labor		fun-animal-group-names
Deer	A herd		fun-animal-group-names
Moose	A herd		fun-animal-group-names
Buffalo	A herd		fun-animal-group-names
Seals	A pod		fun-animal-group-names
Cheetahs	A coalition		fun-animal-group-names
Leopards	A leap		fun-animal-group-names
Tigers	An ambush		fun-animal-group-names
Cranes	A sedge		fun-animal-group-names
Swans	A bevy		fun-animal-group-names
Bird	Nest		fun-animal-homes
Bee	Hive		fun-animal-homes
Ant	Anthill or colony		fun-animal-homes
Bear	Den or cave		fun-animal-homes
Fox	Den (A fox den is also called an earth.)		fun-animal-homes
Rabbit	Burrow or warren		fun-animal-homes
Beaver	Lodge (Built from sticks and mud in a pond.)		fun-animal-homes
Wolf	Den		fun-animal-homes
Squirrel	Drey (A nest of leaves and twigs high in a tree.)		fun-animal-homes
Spider	Web		fun-animal-homes
Pig	Sty or pen		fun-animal-homes
Horse	Stable		fun-animal-homes
Cow	Barn or pasture		fun-animal-homes
Chicken	Coop		fun-animal-homes
Dog	Kennel or doghouse		fun-animal-homes
Fish	Pond, river or sea		fun-animal-homes
Hen	Henhouse		fun-animal-homes
Sheep	Pen or fold		fun-animal-homes
Lion	Pride territory on the grassland		fun-animal-homes
Termite	Mound		fun-animal-homes
Wasp	Paper nest		fun-animal-homes
Mole	Tunnels underground		fun-animal-homes
Prairie dog	Burrow town		fun-animal-homes
Eagle	Eyrie (A huge nest high on a cliff or tree.)		fun-animal-homes
Otter	Holt		fun-animal-homes
Badger	Sett		fun-animal-homes
Hare	Form (A shallow dent in the grass.)		fun-animal-homes
Pigeon	Loft or cote		fun-animal-homes
Hermit crab	A borrowed shell		fun-animal-homes
Snail	Its own shell		fun-animal-homes
Tortoise	Burrow or its shell		fun-animal-homes
Penguin	Colony on the ice		fun-animal-homes
Polar bear	Snow den		fun-animal-homes
Camel	Desert		fun-animal-homes
Frog	Pond or wet place		fun-animal-homes
Seal	Rocks and coast		fun-animal-homes
Gopher	Underground tunnels		fun-animal-homes
Bat	Cave or roost		fun-animal-homes
Owl	Tree hollow		fun-animal-homes
Woodpecker	A hole it digs in a tree		fun-animal-homes
Weaver bird	A woven hanging nest		fun-animal-homes
Orangutan	Nest of branches in a tree		fun-animal-homes
Gorilla	Nest of leaves on the ground or low in trees		fun-animal-homes
Wild boar	Wallow and thicket		fun-animal-homes
Mouse	Hole or nest in walls and fields		fun-animal-homes
Raccoon	Hollow tree or den		fun-animal-homes
Skunk	Burrow		fun-animal-homes
Clownfish	Sea anemone		fun-animal-homes
Coral polyp	Coral reef		fun-animal-homes
Kangaroo	Open grassland, no den		fun-animal-homes
Biggest animal ever to live?	The blue whale		fun-animal-records
Biggest animal on land today?	The African elephant		fun-animal-records
Tallest animal?	The giraffe		fun-animal-records
Fastest land animal?	The cheetah (It can sprint over 60 miles an hour for a short burst.)		fun-animal-records
Fastest bird in a dive?	The peregrine falcon (Over 180 miles an hour while diving.)		fun-animal-records
Fastest fish?	The sailfish (One of the quickest swimmers in the sea.)		fun-animal-records
Largest bird alive?	The ostrich		fun-animal-records
Smallest bird?	The bee hummingbird (It lives in Cuba and weighs about as much as a dime or two.)		fun-animal-records
Bird with the biggest wingspan?	The wandering albatross		fun-animal-records
Largest fish?	The whale shark (It is gentle and eats tiny plankton.)		fun-animal-records
Largest reptile?	The saltwater crocodile		fun-animal-records
Largest big cat?	The tiger		fun-animal-records
Largest bear?	The polar bear		fun-animal-records
Largest rodent?	The capybara		fun-animal-records
Largest primate?	The gorilla		fun-animal-records
Largest deer?	The moose		fun-animal-records
Largest frog?	The goliath frog		fun-animal-records
Largest snake by weight?	The green anaconda		fun-animal-records
Longest snake?	The reticulated python		fun-animal-records
Largest octopus?	The giant Pacific octopus		fun-animal-records
Largest insect by weight?	Some giant weta, a cricket-like insect from New Zealand		fun-animal-records
Animal with the longest neck?	The giraffe		fun-animal-records
Mammal that sleeps the most?	Some bats and opossums sleep up to 18 or more hours a day		fun-animal-records
Slowest mammal?	The sloth		fun-animal-records
Only mammal that truly flies?	The bat		fun-animal-records
Mammal that lays eggs?	The platypus and the echidna		fun-animal-records
Fastest flying insect?	Dragonflies are among the fastest		fun-animal-records
Bird that can hover backward?	The hummingbird		fun-animal-records
Bird that cannot fly but runs fast?	The ostrich		fun-animal-records
Animal with the loudest call on land?	The howler monkey is one of the loudest		fun-animal-records
Longest migration of any bird?	The Arctic tern, it flies from pole to pole		fun-animal-records
Animal that can live the longest?	Some sea creatures, like the ocean quahog clam, live hundreds of years		fun-animal-records
Longest-living land animal?	The giant tortoise (Some live more than 150 years.)		fun-animal-records
Animal with the biggest eyes?	The giant squid and the colossal squid		fun-animal-records
Animal with the biggest ears?	The African elephant		fun-animal-records
Animal with the longest tongue for its size?	The chameleon		fun-animal-records
Animal with the most legs?	Some millipedes have hundreds		fun-animal-records
Animal with the strongest bite?	The saltwater crocodile		fun-animal-records
Best digger among animals?	The giant armadillo and the aardvark are famous diggers		fun-animal-records
Which animal has the biggest heart?	The blue whale, about as big as a small car		fun-animal-records
Animal that can run on water?	The basilisk lizard, called the Jesus lizard		fun-animal-records
Which animal is the loudest in the sea?	The sperm whale clicks and the blue whale calls are among the loudest		fun-animal-records
Animal that can change color to hide?	The chameleon and the octopus		fun-animal-records
Animal that never stops growing teeth?	Rodents like beavers and rabbits		fun-animal-records
Tallest dog breed?	The Great Dane		fun-animal-records
Smallest dog breed?	The Chihuahua		fun-animal-records
Most popular pet in many homes?	Dogs and cats		fun-animal-records
Tallest bird?	The ostrich		fun-animal-records
Which animal has the longest horns?	The water buffalo is among the longest		fun-animal-records
Animal with the longest hibernation?	Some ground squirrels and bears sleep through much of winter		fun-animal-records
Fastest swimming bird?	The gentoo penguin		fun-animal-records
Which animal has the most teeth?	Snails can have thousands of tiny teeth on their tongues		fun-animal-records
Which animal builds the biggest structure?	Coral polyps build the Great Barrier Reef		fun-animal-records
Which insect lifts the most for its size?	The ant can carry many times its own weight		fun-animal-records
Biggest cat in the Americas?	The jaguar		fun-animal-records
Largest owl?	Eurasian eagle-owl and Blakiston's fish owl are among the largest		fun-animal-records
Animal with the thickest fur?	The sea otter, about one million hairs per square inch		fun-animal-records
Which animal can jump the highest for its size?	The flea		fun-animal-records
I have a long trunk and big floppy ears. Who am I?	An elephant		fun-animal-riddles
I have a black-and-white stripy coat and I look like a horse. Who am I?	A zebra		fun-animal-riddles
I have a very long neck and I eat leaves from tall trees. Who am I?	A giraffe		fun-animal-riddles
I hop and carry my baby in a pouch. Who am I?	A kangaroo		fun-animal-riddles
I am slow and carry my house on my back. Who am I?	A snail or turtle		fun-animal-riddles
I have eight arms and live in the sea. Who am I?	An octopus		fun-animal-riddles
I roar and I am the king of the jungle. Who am I?	A lion		fun-animal-riddles
I hoot at night and turn my head all the way around. Who am I?	An owl		fun-animal-riddles
I have a bushy tail and bury nuts. Who am I?	A squirrel		fun-animal-riddles
I have long ears and a fluffy tail and hop. Who am I?	A rabbit		fun-animal-riddles
I quack and swim in the pond. Who am I?	A duck		fun-animal-riddles
I give you milk and say moo. Who am I?	A cow		fun-animal-riddles
I wake up the farm with my cock-a-doodle-doo. Who am I?	A rooster		fun-animal-riddles
I have a big black-and-white body and live on ice. I waddle. Who am I?	A penguin		fun-animal-riddles
I swing from trees and love bananas. Who am I?	A monkey		fun-animal-riddles
I wear a mask and wash my food. Who am I?	A raccoon		fun-animal-riddles
I have a shell and a long neck and live for a very long time. Who am I?	A tortoise		fun-animal-riddles
I make honey and buzz around flowers. Who am I?	A bee		fun-animal-riddles
I have spots and wings and I am red. Who am I?	A ladybug		fun-animal-riddles
I start as a caterpillar and turn into something with wings. Who am I?	A butterfly		fun-animal-riddles
I have a hump on my back and live in the desert. Who am I?	A camel		fun-animal-riddles
I am big and gray with a horn on my nose. Who am I?	A rhinoceros		fun-animal-riddles
I have a pink color and stand on one leg. Who am I?	A flamingo		fun-animal-riddles
I am the biggest animal in the sea. Who am I?	A blue whale		fun-animal-riddles
I have a big smile and clicks, and I jump from the waves. Who am I?	A dolphin		fun-animal-riddles
I have a pouch under my beak and I scoop fish. Who am I?	A pelican		fun-animal-riddles
I have eight legs and a web. Who am I?	A spider		fun-animal-riddles
I have a long tongue for catching ants. Who am I?	An anteater		fun-animal-riddles
I am small and green and hop and say ribbit. Who am I?	A frog		fun-animal-riddles
I am a cat with stripes and I am the biggest cat. Who am I?	A tiger		fun-animal-riddles
I have a stinger and live in a hive. Who am I?	A bee		fun-animal-riddles
I can change my colors and have a curly tail. Who am I?	A chameleon		fun-animal-riddles
I love honey and sleep all winter. Who am I?	A bear		fun-animal-riddles
I am a bird that cannot fly but I run very fast. Who am I?	An ostrich		fun-animal-riddles
I look like a little tank and roll into a ball. Who am I?	An armadillo		fun-animal-riddles
I have quills and roll up when scared. Who am I?	A hedgehog or porcupine		fun-animal-riddles
I howl at the moon. Who am I?	A wolf		fun-animal-riddles
I wag my tail and love to fetch. Who am I?	A dog		fun-animal-riddles
I purr and chase mice. Who am I?	A cat		fun-animal-riddles
I gobble and have a fan of feathers. Who am I?	A turkey		fun-animal-riddles
I live in a pond and build dams. Who am I?	A beaver		fun-animal-riddles
I am a tropical bird with a huge, colorful bill. Who am I?	A toucan		fun-animal-riddles
I glow at night in summer. Who am I?	A firefly		fun-animal-riddles
I hang upside down in caves and sleep all day. Who am I?	A bat		fun-animal-riddles
I swim in a tank, say nothing, and have fins. Who am I?	A fish		fun-animal-riddles
I wear a woolly coat and say baa. Who am I?	A sheep		fun-animal-riddles
I oink and love mud. Who am I?	A pig		fun-animal-riddles
I have a pointed horn and live in fairy tales. Who am I?	A unicorn		fun-animal-riddles
I breathe fire and fly in stories. Who am I?	A dragon		fun-animal-riddles
I am in the sea, with five arms and no head. Who am I?	A starfish		fun-animal-riddles
Dog	Woof! Woof!		fun-animal-sounds
Cat	Meow!		fun-animal-sounds
Cow	Moo!		fun-animal-sounds
Pig	Oink!		fun-animal-sounds
Sheep	Baa!		fun-animal-sounds
Horse	Neigh!		fun-animal-sounds
Duck	Quack!		fun-animal-sounds
Rooster	Cock-a-doodle-doo!		fun-animal-sounds
Hen	Cluck cluck!		fun-animal-sounds
Lion	Roar!		fun-animal-sounds
Tiger	Roar!		fun-animal-sounds
Frog	Ribbit!		fun-animal-sounds
Owl	Hoo hoo!		fun-animal-sounds
Bee	Buzz!		fun-animal-sounds
Snake	Hiss!		fun-animal-sounds
Mouse	Squeak!		fun-animal-sounds
Donkey	Hee-haw!		fun-animal-sounds
Goat	Maa!		fun-animal-sounds
Turkey	Gobble gobble!		fun-animal-sounds
Wolf	Howl!		fun-animal-sounds
Elephant	Trumpet!		fun-animal-sounds
Bird	Tweet tweet!		fun-animal-sounds
Crow	Caw caw!		fun-animal-sounds
Dove	Coo coo!		fun-animal-sounds
Bear	Growl!		fun-animal-sounds
Monkey	Ooh ooh ah ah!		fun-animal-sounds
Cricket	Chirp chirp!		fun-animal-sounds
Seal	Arf arf!		fun-animal-sounds
Dolphin	Click and whistle!		fun-animal-sounds
Bat	Squeak, too high for most people to hear		fun-animal-sounds
Mosquito	Buzzzz		fun-animal-sounds
Fly	Buzz		fun-animal-sounds
Cuckoo bird	Cuck-oo!		fun-animal-sounds
Peacock	A loud call that sounds like 'may-awe'		fun-animal-sounds
Goose	Honk!		fun-animal-sounds
Seagull	Squawk!		fun-animal-sounds
Parrot	Squawk, and it can copy words		fun-animal-sounds
Camel	Grunt and groan		fun-animal-sounds
Hyena	A laughing cackle		fun-animal-sounds
Kookaburra	A laughing 'koo-hoo-hoo-ha-ha-ha'		fun-animal-sounds
Whale	Long, low songs		fun-animal-sounds
Pigeon	Coo		fun-animal-sounds
Chick	Peep peep!		fun-animal-sounds
Rabbit	Mostly quiet; it thumps its foot		fun-animal-sounds
Lamb	Baa!		fun-animal-sounds
Cat purring	Purr		fun-animal-sounds
Rattlesnake	Rattle		fun-animal-sounds
Giraffe	Mostly quiet; it hums at night		fun-animal-sounds
Zebra	A bark or a whinny		fun-animal-sounds
Cicada	A loud buzzing whirr		fun-animal-sounds
Jesse Owens	Won four gold medals in track and field at the 1936 Olympics		fun-athletes-historical
Jackie Robinson	Broke baseball's color barrier in 1947 with the Brooklyn Dodgers		fun-athletes-historical
Babe Ruth	Baseball slugger and pitcher, a New York Yankees star of the 1920s		fun-athletes-historical
Lou Gehrig	Yankees first baseman known as the Iron Horse		fun-athletes-historical
Roberto Clemente	Pirates outfielder, 3,000 hits, and a great humanitarian		fun-athletes-historical
Hank Aaron	Baseball home run king for decades, with 755 career homers		fun-athletes-historical
Willie Mays	Baseball star known for amazing catches		fun-athletes-historical
Muhammad Ali	Heavyweight boxing champion who called himself the Greatest		fun-athletes-historical
Wilma Rudolph	Won three gold medals in running at the 1960 Olympics		fun-athletes-historical
Jim Thorpe	Olympic gold medalist in 1912 and football and baseball star		fun-athletes-historical
Althea Gibson	First Black player to win a Grand Slam tennis title (1956)		fun-athletes-historical
Arthur Ashe	Tennis star who won Wimbledon in 1975		fun-athletes-historical
Bill Russell	Boston Celtics center who won 11 NBA titles		fun-athletes-historical
Wilt Chamberlain	Basketball center who once scored 100 points in an NBA game		fun-athletes-historical
Kobe Bryant	Los Angeles Lakers star with five NBA titles		fun-athletes-historical
Pele	Brazilian soccer star who won three World Cups		fun-athletes-historical
Diego Maradona	Argentine soccer star of the 1980s		fun-athletes-historical
Johan Cruyff	Dutch soccer star and thinker of 'total football'		fun-athletes-historical
Walter Payton	Chicago Bears running back nicknamed Sweetness		fun-athletes-historical
Jim Brown	Football running back and star of the 1950s-60s		fun-athletes-historical
Vince Lombardi	Green Bay Packers coach; the Super Bowl trophy bears his name		fun-athletes-historical
Gordie Howe	Hockey star known as Mr. Hockey		fun-athletes-historical
Joe DiMaggio	Yankees outfielder with a 56-game hitting streak in 1941		fun-athletes-historical
Ty Cobb	Early baseball star with a high batting average		fun-athletes-historical
Cy Young	Pitcher with 511 wins; the best pitcher award is named for him		fun-athletes-historical
Satchel Paige	Pitcher in the Negro leagues and later the majors		fun-athletes-historical
Josh Gibson	Negro leagues catcher called the Black Babe Ruth		fun-athletes-historical
Honus Wagner	Early baseball shortstop; his card is one of the most famous		fun-athletes-historical
Joe Louis	Heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949		fun-athletes-historical
Jack Johnson	First Black heavyweight boxing champion (1908)		fun-athletes-historical
Bobby Jones	Golfer who won the Grand Slam in 1930		fun-athletes-historical
Seabiscuit	A racehorse who became a Depression-era hero		fun-athletes-historical
Secretariat	Racehorse who won the 1973 Triple Crown		fun-athletes-historical
Man o' War	Famous racehorse of the 1920s		fun-athletes-historical
Bill Walsh	NFL coach known for the West Coast offense		fun-athletes-historical
Babe Didrikson Zaharias	Won Olympic golds in track in 1932 and became a champion golfer		fun-athletes-historical
Sonja Henie	Norwegian figure skater with three Olympic golds		fun-athletes-historical
Paavo Nurmi	Finnish distance runner, a star of the 1920s		fun-athletes-historical
Emil Zatopek	Czech runner who won three golds in 1952		fun-athletes-historical
Abebe Bikila	Ethiopian runner who won the 1960 Olympic marathon barefoot		fun-athletes-historical
Johnny Weissmuller	Olympic swimmer who later played Tarzan		fun-athletes-historical
Duke Kahanamoku	Hawaiian swimmer and the father of modern surfing		fun-athletes-historical
Gertrude Ederle	First woman to swim the English Channel (1926)		fun-athletes-historical
Pat Summitt	Tennessee women's basketball coach with many wins		fun-athletes-historical
Lou Brock	Baseball base-stealing star		fun-athletes-historical
Mickey Mantle	Yankees slugger of the 1950s and 60s		fun-athletes-historical
Ted Williams	Red Sox hitter, the last to hit .400 in a season (1941)		fun-athletes-historical
Roger Bannister	First person to run a mile in under four minutes (1954)		fun-athletes-historical
Dog	Puppy		fun-baby-animal-names
Cat	Kitten		fun-baby-animal-names
Cow	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Horse	Foal (A young girl horse is a filly, a young boy horse is a colt.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Sheep	Lamb		fun-baby-animal-names
Goat	Kid		fun-baby-animal-names
Pig	Piglet		fun-baby-animal-names
Chicken	Chick		fun-baby-animal-names
Duck	Duckling		fun-baby-animal-names
Goose	Gosling		fun-baby-animal-names
Swan	Cygnet		fun-baby-animal-names
Frog	Tadpole (Tadpoles have tails and live in water.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Butterfly	Caterpillar (The caterpillar is a larva that turns into a butterfly.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Deer	Fawn		fun-baby-animal-names
Bear	Cub		fun-baby-animal-names
Lion	Cub		fun-baby-animal-names
Tiger	Cub		fun-baby-animal-names
Wolf	Pup		fun-baby-animal-names
Fox	Kit (Also called a pup or cub.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Rabbit	Kit (Also called a bunny.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Kangaroo	Joey		fun-baby-animal-names
Koala	Joey		fun-baby-animal-names
Elephant	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Giraffe	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Whale	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Dolphin	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Seal	Pup		fun-baby-animal-names
Owl	Owlet		fun-baby-animal-names
Eagle	Eaglet		fun-baby-animal-names
Eel	Elver		fun-baby-animal-names
Fish	Fry (Very young fish are called fry.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Salmon	Alevin (Then they become fry and later smolt.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Frog (young)	Tadpole		fun-baby-animal-names
Hen's egg hatches into a	Chick		fun-baby-animal-names
Pigeon	Squab		fun-baby-animal-names
Turkey	Poult		fun-baby-animal-names
Peacock or peahen	Peachick		fun-baby-animal-names
Penguin	Chick		fun-baby-animal-names
Hippopotamus	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Rhinoceros	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Zebra	Foal		fun-baby-animal-names
Donkey	Foal		fun-baby-animal-names
Camel	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Monkey	Infant (Some are called babies or infants.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Gorilla	Infant		fun-baby-animal-names
Squirrel	Kit (Also called a kitten or pup.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Beaver	Kit		fun-baby-animal-names
Otter	Pup		fun-baby-animal-names
Bat	Pup		fun-baby-animal-names
Mouse	Pup (Also called a pinkie when newborn.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Hedgehog	Hoglet		fun-baby-animal-names
Alligator	Hatchling		fun-baby-animal-names
Turtle	Hatchling		fun-baby-animal-names
Snake	Hatchling (Some baby snakes are called snakelets.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Skunk	Kit		fun-baby-animal-names
Porcupine	Porcupette		fun-baby-animal-names
Crow	Chick (Young crows are also called fledglings.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Flamingo	Chick		fun-baby-animal-names
Ostrich	Chick		fun-baby-animal-names
Kiwi	Chick		fun-baby-animal-names
Hawk	Eyas (A young hawk or falcon taken for training is called an eyas.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Spider	Spiderling		fun-baby-animal-names
Beetle	Grub (The young stage of many beetles.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Fly	Maggot		fun-baby-animal-names
Bee	Larva		fun-baby-animal-names
Ant	Larva		fun-baby-animal-names
Octopus	Paralarva (Newly hatched ones float in the sea.)		fun-baby-animal-names
Shark	Pup		fun-baby-animal-names
Starfish	Larva		fun-baby-animal-names
Llama	Cria		fun-baby-animal-names
Alpaca	Cria		fun-baby-animal-names
Antelope	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Moose	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Walrus	Calf		fun-baby-animal-names
Platypus	Puggle		fun-baby-animal-names
Opossum	Joey		fun-baby-animal-names
Wombat	Joey		fun-baby-animal-names
Black-capped Chickadee	Chick-a-dee-dee-dee, or a whistled fee-bee		fun-bird-songs
American Robin	Cheerily, cheer-up, cheerio, a rolling song		fun-bird-songs
Northern Cardinal	Cheer, cheer, cheer, or birdie, birdie, birdie		fun-bird-songs
Blue Jay	A loud 'jay! jay!' and sometimes a bell-like sound		fun-bird-songs
American Crow	Caw, caw		fun-bird-songs
Mourning Dove	A soft 'coo-AH, coo, coo, coo'		fun-bird-songs
Great Horned Owl	Hoo, hoo-hoo, hoo, hoo		fun-bird-songs
Barred Owl	Who cooks for you? Who cooks for you all?		fun-bird-songs
Eastern Screech-Owl	A trembling, whinny-like trill		fun-bird-songs
Barn Owl	A harsh screech, not a hoot		fun-bird-songs
Whip-poor-will	Whip-poor-will, repeated		fun-bird-songs
Eastern Phoebe	Fee-bee		fun-bird-songs
Eastern Towhee	Drink your tea		fun-bird-songs
White-throated Sparrow	Old Sam Peabody, Peabody, Peabody		fun-bird-songs
Song Sparrow	Maids, maids, maids, put on your tea-kettle-ettle		fun-bird-songs
American Goldfinch	Per-chick-o-ree in flight, a bouncy twittering		fun-bird-songs
Carolina Wren	Teakettle, teakettle, teakettle		fun-bird-songs
Ovenbird	Teacher, teacher, teacher, getting louder		fun-bird-songs
Common Yellowthroat	Witchety, witchety, witchety		fun-bird-songs
Yellow Warbler	Sweet, sweet, I'm so sweet		fun-bird-songs
Red-winged Blackbird	Conk-la-ree		fun-bird-songs
Western Meadowlark	A flute-like gurgling song		fun-bird-songs
Killdeer	Kill-dee, kill-dee		fun-bird-songs
Common Loon	A wavering wail and a yodel		fun-bird-songs
Mallard	A raspy quack from the female		fun-bird-songs
Canada Goose	Honk, honk		fun-bird-songs
Sandhill Crane	A rolling, rattling bugle		fun-bird-songs
Wild Turkey	Gobble gobble from males		fun-bird-songs
Ruffed Grouse	A drumming sound made with wings		fun-bird-songs
Northern Bobwhite	Bob-white!		fun-bird-songs
Common Nighthawk	A buzzy 'peent' at dusk		fun-bird-songs
Brown Thrasher	Sings each phrase twice		fun-bird-songs
Northern Mockingbird	Copies many sounds, repeating each three times		fun-bird-songs
Gray Catbird	A mew like a cat plus a mixed song		fun-bird-songs
Wood Thrush	Ee-oh-lay, a flute-like song		fun-bird-songs
Hermit Thrush	A clear, airy, flute-like song		fun-bird-songs
Chipping Sparrow	A long dry trill, chip-chip-chip		fun-bird-songs
House Wren	A bubbling jumble of notes		fun-bird-songs
Rose-breasted Grosbeak	Like a robin that took singing lessons		fun-bird-songs
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher	A thin, mewing zeee		fun-bird-songs
Pileated Woodpecker	A loud wild laugh, kuk-kuk-kuk, and big drumming on wood		fun-bird-songs
Downy Woodpecker	A whinny and a soft pik		fun-bird-songs
Hummingbird	A tiny squeak and a humming wing buzz		fun-bird-songs
Kookaburra	A loud laughing cackle		fun-bird-songs
Cuckoo (the clock bird)	Cuck-oo, cuck-oo		fun-bird-songs
Bald Eagle	A weak high chirp, not the scream in the movies		fun-bird-songs
Red-tailed Hawk	A harsh, rasping scream, kee-eeeee-arr		fun-bird-songs
Common Raven	A deep croak		fun-bird-songs
Rooster	Cock-a-doodle-doo		fun-bird-songs
Peacock	A loud, cat-like cry		fun-bird-songs
Snow Goose	A high honking chorus		fun-bird-songs
Blue-winged Teal	Peeping and whistles		fun-bird-songs
What makes a bird a bird?	Feathers, a beak, two wings and eggs with hard shells		fun-birds-world
Ostrich	The largest bird; it cannot fly but runs fast		fun-birds-world
Emu	A big Australian bird that cannot fly		fun-birds-world
Kiwi	A small flightless bird of New Zealand		fun-birds-world
Penguin	A flightless swimmer of the Southern Hemisphere		fun-birds-world
Albatross	Has the widest wingspan; glides over the ocean for hours		fun-birds-world
Bald eagle	A sea eagle of North America		fun-birds-world
Golden eagle	A powerful brown eagle of mountains in the Northern Hemisphere		fun-birds-world
Condor	A giant vulture of the Andes		fun-birds-world
Peregrine falcon	The fastest diving bird		fun-birds-world
Hummingbird	The only birds that can fly backward		fun-birds-world
Owl	Silent night hunter with forward-facing eyes		fun-birds-world
Parrot	A colorful bird that can copy sounds		fun-birds-world
Macaw	A large, brightly colored parrot		fun-birds-world
Cockatoo	A parrot with a crest		fun-birds-world
Budgie (parakeet)	A small parrot kept as a pet		fun-birds-world
Toucan	A tropical bird with a huge colorful bill		fun-birds-world
Flamingo	A pink bird that stands on one leg		fun-birds-world
Peacock	The male fans out a huge, showy tail		fun-birds-world
Swan	A graceful water bird		fun-birds-world
Goose	A big water bird that flies in a V		fun-birds-world
Duck	A swimming bird with waterproof feathers		fun-birds-world
Pelican	Has a large throat pouch for scooping fish		fun-birds-world
Stork	A long-legged bird with a big bill		fun-birds-world
Heron	A tall wading bird that hunts fish		fun-birds-world
Crane	A tall bird known for its dancing		fun-birds-world
Puffin	A seabird with a colorful beak		fun-birds-world
Seagull	A seabird found near coasts and cities		fun-birds-world
Cormorant	A diving seabird that dries its wings in the sun		fun-birds-world
Kingfisher	Dives to catch fish		fun-birds-world
Woodpecker	Pecks wood to find insects		fun-birds-world
Crow	A very smart black bird		fun-birds-world
Raven	A big black bird that can solve puzzles		fun-birds-world
Magpie	A black and white bird in the crow family		fun-birds-world
Robin	A songbird known for its red-orange chest		fun-birds-world
Nightingale	A bird famous for its beautiful song		fun-birds-world
Skylark	Sings while flying high		fun-birds-world
Swallow	A fast flyer that catches insects		fun-birds-world
Swift	A bird that can stay in the air for months		fun-birds-world
Cuckoo	Lays eggs in other birds' nests		fun-birds-world
Kookaburra	An Australian bird with a laughing call		fun-birds-world
Lyrebird	An Australian bird that copies sounds		fun-birds-world
Bird of paradise	A bird with amazing feathers and dances of New Guinea		fun-birds-world
Hoatzin	A South American bird with claws on its young wings		fun-birds-world
Secretary bird	A tall African bird that stomps on snakes		fun-birds-world
Shoebill	A huge-billed bird from African swamps		fun-birds-world
Cassowary	A big flightless bird with a bony casque on its head		fun-birds-world
Rhea	A flightless South American bird like an ostrich		fun-birds-world
Dodo	A flightless bird of Mauritius that went extinct in the 1600s		fun-birds-world
Turkey	A large bird of North America, bred for food		fun-birds-world
Chicken	The most common domestic bird		fun-birds-world
Pigeon	A city bird that can find its way home		fun-birds-world
Dove	A symbol of peace		fun-birds-world
Snowy owl	A white Arctic owl		fun-birds-world
Great horned owl	An owl with feather tufts shaped like horns		fun-birds-world
Harpy eagle	A rainforest eagle with big talons		fun-birds-world
Vulture	A scavenger that eats dead animals		fun-birds-world
Roadrunner	A fast ground bird of the Southwest		fun-birds-world
Tern	A graceful seabird; the Arctic tern migrates the farthest		fun-birds-world
Sandpiper	A small shorebird		fun-birds-world
Ibis	A wading bird with a curved bill		fun-birds-world
Quetzal	A sacred bird of Central America with long tail feathers		fun-birds-world
Weaver bird	A bird that weaves intricate nests		fun-birds-world
Bowerbird	A bird that decorates a stage to impress a mate		fun-birds-world
Hornbill	A bird with a large curved bill and a casque		fun-birds-world
Sparrow	A small brown songbird		fun-birds-world
Finch	A small seed-eating songbird; Darwin studied Galapagos finches		fun-birds-world
Checkers (Draughts)	Jump over opponent's pieces to capture; reach the far row to be crowned king		fun-board-games
Chess	Checkmate the other king		fun-board-games
Monopoly	Buy and trade properties and collect rent; the last player with money wins		fun-board-games
Scrabble	Make words on a board with letter tiles to score points		fun-board-games
Clue	Work out who did it, with what, and where		fun-board-games
Risk	Move armies to conquer the map		fun-board-games
Candy Land	Follow colored spaces to reach the Candy Castle		fun-board-games
Chutes and Ladders	Climb ladders and slide down chutes to reach 100		fun-board-games
Connect Four	Drop discs to line up four of your color in a row		fun-board-games
Battleship	Guess where the other player's ships are hiding on a grid		fun-board-games
Sorry!	Move your pawns around the board and send others back to start		fun-board-games
Parcheesi	Race four pawns around the board and home		fun-board-games
Ludo	A race game where you roll a die to bring tokens home		fun-board-games
Backgammon	Race checkers around the board using dice		fun-board-games
Mancala	Move stones around pits to capture more than your opponent		fun-board-games
Go	Surround more territory than your opponent with stones; it began in China over 2,500 years ago		fun-board-games
Dominoes	Match the dots on tiles end to end		fun-board-games
Yahtzee	Roll five dice to score combinations		fun-board-games
Boggle	Find words in a grid of letter cubes before time runs out		fun-board-games
Jenga	Pull blocks from a tower without making it fall		fun-board-games
Operation	Remove silly body parts without touching the sides		fun-board-games
Twister	Put your hands and feet on colored circles		fun-board-games
Pictionary	Draw clues so teammates can guess the word		fun-board-games
Charades	Act out words with no talking		fun-board-games
Trivial Pursuit	Answer questions of many kinds to collect wedges		fun-board-games
Catan	Trade resources and build roads and settlements		fun-board-games
Ticket to Ride	Collect train cards and claim railway routes		fun-board-games
Carcassonne	Place tiles to build roads, cities and fields		fun-board-games
Guess Who?	Ask yes or no questions to find the other player's character		fun-board-games
Hungry Hungry Hippos	Marbles race to be gobbled up by your hippo		fun-board-games
Mouse Trap	Build a silly contraption to catch the mouse		fun-board-games
Othello (Reversi)	Flip your opponent's discs by trapping them between yours		fun-board-games
Tic-tac-toe	Get three of your marks in a row		fun-board-games
Hangman	Guess letters to reveal a word before the drawing is done		fun-board-games
Dots and Boxes	Draw lines to complete boxes		fun-board-games
Sudoku	Fill a grid so each row, column and box has 1 to 9		fun-board-games
Rubik's Cube	Twist the faces until each side is one color		fun-board-games
Tangram	Arrange seven shapes to make a picture		fun-board-games
Jigsaw puzzle	Fit pieces together to make a picture		fun-board-games
Stratego	Capture the opponent's flag using hidden ranked pieces		fun-board-games
Pente	Get five stones in a row		fun-board-games
Nine Men's Morris	Make 'mills' of three in a row to capture		fun-board-games
Senet	An ancient Egyptian race game		fun-board-games
Royal Game of Ur	An ancient game from Mesopotamia, about 4,500 years old		fun-board-games
Pachisi	The ancient Indian game that Parcheesi and Ludo came from		fun-board-games
Snakes and Ladders	The Indian game that inspired Chutes and Ladders		fun-board-games
Die	One of a pair of dice; has six sides with 1 to 6 dots		fun-board-games
Opposite sides of a standard die add to	7		fun-board-games
Pawn	A small game piece that moves on the board		fun-board-games
Turn	Your chance to play		fun-board-games
Fair play	Following the rules and being kind whether you win or lose		fun-board-games
Alice	Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll		fun-book-characters
The Mad Hatter	Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll		fun-book-characters
The Cheshire Cat	Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll		fun-book-characters
Dorothy Gale	The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum		fun-book-characters
The Scarecrow	The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum		fun-book-characters
Tom Sawyer	The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain		fun-book-characters
Huckleberry Finn	Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain		fun-book-characters
Peter Pan	Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie		fun-book-characters
Captain Hook	Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie		fun-book-characters
Mowgli	The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling		fun-book-characters
Baloo	The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling		fun-book-characters
Heidi	Heidi by Johanna Spyri		fun-book-characters
Anne Shirley	Anne of Green Gables by L. M. Montgomery		fun-book-characters
Pollyanna	Pollyanna by Eleanor H. Porter		fun-book-characters
Jo March	Little Women by Louisa May Alcott		fun-book-characters
Mary Lennox	The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett		fun-book-characters
Sara Crewe	A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett		fun-book-characters
Black Beauty	Black Beauty by Anna Sewell		fun-book-characters
Pinocchio	The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi		fun-book-characters
Robinson Crusoe	Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe		fun-book-characters
Gulliver	Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift		fun-book-characters
Long John Silver	Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson		fun-book-characters
Jim Hawkins	Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson		fun-book-characters
Sherlock Holmes	Detective stories by Arthur Conan Doyle		fun-book-characters
Dr. Watson	Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle		fun-book-characters
Oliver Twist	Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens		fun-book-characters
Ebenezer Scrooge	A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens		fun-book-characters
Tiny Tim	A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens		fun-book-characters
David Copperfield	David Copperfield by Charles Dickens		fun-book-characters
Pip	Great Expectations by Charles Dickens		fun-book-characters
Elizabeth Bennet	Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen		fun-book-characters
Jane Eyre	Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte		fun-book-characters
Don Quixote	Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes		fun-book-characters
Captain Nemo	Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne		fun-book-characters
Phileas Fogg	Around the World in 80 Days by Jules Verne		fun-book-characters
Captain Ahab	Moby-Dick by Herman Melville		fun-book-characters
Ishmael	Moby-Dick by Herman Melville		fun-book-characters
Rip Van Winkle	A short story by Washington Irving		fun-book-characters
Ichabod Crane	The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving		fun-book-characters
Toad of Toad Hall	The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame		fun-book-characters
Ratty and Mole	The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame		fun-book-characters
Peter Rabbit	The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter		fun-book-characters
Winnie-the-Pooh	Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne		fun-book-characters
Christopher Robin	Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne		fun-book-characters
Eeyore	Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne		fun-book-characters
Rapunzel	A tale collected by the Brothers Grimm		fun-book-characters
Hansel and Gretel	A tale collected by the Brothers Grimm		fun-book-characters
The Ugly Duckling	A tale by Hans Christian Andersen		fun-book-characters
The Little Mermaid	A tale by Hans Christian Andersen		fun-book-characters
Cinderella	A tale retold by Charles Perrault		fun-book-characters
Puss in Boots	A tale retold by Charles Perrault		fun-book-characters
Aladdin	A tale from The Thousand and One Nights		fun-book-characters
Scheherazade	The storyteller of The Thousand and One Nights		fun-book-characters
Frankenstein's creature	Frankenstein by Mary Shelley		fun-book-characters
Dr. Jekyll	Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson		fun-book-characters
Hercule Poirot	Detective stories by Agatha Christie		fun-book-characters
Tarzan	Tarzan of the Apes by Edgar Rice Burroughs		fun-book-characters
Raggedy Ann	A doll created by Johnny Gruelle		fun-book-characters
The Velveteen Rabbit	The Velveteen Rabbit by Margery Williams		fun-book-characters
Paul Bunyan	American tall tale hero		fun-book-characters
Johnny Appleseed	American folk hero who planted apple trees		fun-book-characters
How many cards are in a standard deck?	52, not counting jokers		fun-card-games-poker
What are the four suits?	Hearts, diamonds, clubs and spades		fun-card-games-poker
Which suits are red?	Hearts and diamonds		fun-card-games-poker
Which suits are black?	Clubs and spades		fun-card-games-poker
How many cards are in each suit?	13		fun-card-games-poker
What are the face cards?	Jack, queen and king		fun-card-games-poker
What is an ace?	The card marked A; high or low depending on the game		fun-card-games-poker
How many face cards are in a deck?	12		fun-card-games-poker
What is a royal flush?	Ace, king, queen, jack and ten all of the same suit; the top poker hand		fun-card-games-poker
What is a straight flush?	Five cards in a row, all of the same suit		fun-card-games-poker
What is four of a kind?	Four cards of the same rank		fun-card-games-poker
What is a full house?	Three of a kind plus a pair		fun-card-games-poker
What is a flush?	Five cards of the same suit, not in order		fun-card-games-poker
What is a straight?	Five cards in order, any suits		fun-card-games-poker
What is three of a kind?	Three cards of the same rank		fun-card-games-poker
What is two pair?	Two different pairs		fun-card-games-poker
What is one pair?	Two cards of the same rank		fun-card-games-poker
What is a high card?	No pairs or sets; the highest card plays		fun-card-games-poker
Order of poker hands, strongest to weakest?	Royal flush, straight flush, four of a kind, full house, flush, straight, three of a kind, two pair, pair, high card		fun-card-games-poker
What does 'ante' mean?	A small bet placed before cards are dealt		fun-card-games-poker
What does 'fold' mean?	To quit the hand		fun-card-games-poker
What does 'call' mean?	To match another player's bet		fun-card-games-poker
What does 'raise' mean?	To bet more than the last bet		fun-card-games-poker
What is Go Fish?	A game where you ask for matching cards to make sets of four		fun-card-games-poker
What is War?	A game where players flip cards and the higher one wins both		fun-card-games-poker
What is Old Maid?	A game where players try not to be left with the odd queen		fun-card-games-poker
What is Crazy Eights?	A game where you match suit or rank and eights are wild		fun-card-games-poker
What is Rummy?	A game about making sets and runs		fun-card-games-poker
What is Gin Rummy?	A two-player rummy game where you try to match all your cards		fun-card-games-poker
What is Blackjack?	A game where you try to reach 21 without going over		fun-card-games-poker
In blackjack, what is a face card worth?	10		fun-card-games-poker
In blackjack, what is an ace worth?	1 or 11		fun-card-games-poker
What is Solitaire?	A card game played alone		fun-card-games-poker
What is Klondike?	The most common kind of solitaire		fun-card-games-poker
What is Spades?	A trick-taking game where spades are always trump		fun-card-games-poker
What is Hearts?	A trick-taking game where you try to avoid hearts		fun-card-games-poker
What is Bridge?	A partnership trick-taking game with bidding		fun-card-games-poker
What is Uno?	A game with colored number and action cards; first to empty their hand wins		fun-card-games-poker
What is Snap?	A speed game where you shout when two matching cards appear		fun-card-games-poker
What is Spit or Speed?	A fast two-player game where you play cards onto center piles		fun-card-games-poker
What is Memory or Concentration?	A game of flipping cards to find matching pairs		fun-card-games-poker
What is a trick?	One round in which each player plays a card		fun-card-games-poker
What is trump?	A suit that beats other suits in some games		fun-card-games-poker
What is shuffling?	Mixing up the cards		fun-card-games-poker
What does it mean to 'deal'?	To hand out the cards		fun-card-games-poker
What is the 'stock' pile?	The pile of leftover cards you draw from		fun-card-games-poker
What is the 'discard' pile?	The pile where used cards are placed		fun-card-games-poker
What is a run or sequence?	Cards of the same suit in order		fun-card-games-poker
What is a 'set' in rummy?	Three or four cards of the same rank		fun-card-games-poker
What is cribbage?	A game scored with pegs on a board		fun-card-games-poker
What is a 'wild card'?	A card that can stand for any other card		fun-card-games-poker
What are jokers?	Extra cards often used as wild cards		fun-card-games-poker
What is a pip?	A symbol on a card showing its suit and number		fun-card-games-poker
How many cards in a Texas Hold'em hand?	Each player has two private cards plus five shared cards		fun-card-games-poker
How many cards are in a pinochle deck?	48		fun-card-games-poker
What are the red-suit queens?	Queen of hearts and queen of diamonds		fun-card-games-poker
Which king has no mustache?	The king of hearts, in many decks		fun-card-games-poker
Siamese	Slim, cream-colored cat with dark face, ears, paws and tail, and a loud voice		fun-cat-breeds
Persian	Long fluffy fur and a flat face		fun-cat-breeds
Maine Coon	One of the largest house cats, with a bushy tail and tufted ears		fun-cat-breeds
Bengal	Spotted coat like a small leopard		fun-cat-breeds
Ragdoll	Large, calm and goes limp when held		fun-cat-breeds
Sphynx	A cat with almost no fur		fun-cat-breeds
Scottish Fold	Ears that fold forward		fun-cat-breeds
British Shorthair	Round face and thick plush gray-blue coat		fun-cat-breeds
Abyssinian	Sleek, active cat with a ticked coat		fun-cat-breeds
Russian Blue	Silvery-blue coat and green eyes		fun-cat-breeds
Manx	A cat with no tail or a very short one		fun-cat-breeds
Norwegian Forest Cat	Long thick coat for cold winters		fun-cat-breeds
Birman	Long hair, blue eyes and white paws		fun-cat-breeds
Burmese	Sleek and friendly cat from Southeast Asia		fun-cat-breeds
Turkish Angora	Silky white long-haired cat		fun-cat-breeds
Calico	A coat color pattern of white, orange and black; not a breed		fun-cat-breeds
Tabby	A coat pattern of stripes, dots or swirls; not a breed		fun-cat-breeds
Tuxedo	A black and white coat pattern; not a breed		fun-cat-breeds
A cat's whiskers	Help it sense space and objects around it		fun-cat-breeds
A cat's purr	Usually means it is happy, but cats may also purr to calm themselves		fun-cat-breeds
Cat sleep	Cats sleep about 12 to 16 hours a day		fun-cat-breeds
Cat paws	Claws can pull back in so they stay sharp		fun-cat-breeds
Cat eyes	Cats see well in dim light		fun-cat-breeds
Cat jump	A cat can leap about five or six times its body length		fun-cat-breeds
Cat land	Cats can twist in the air to land on their feet		fun-cat-breeds
Cat tail	A tail held straight up often means a friendly cat		fun-cat-breeds
Cat meow	Cats mostly meow to talk to people, not other cats		fun-cat-breeds
Cat kneading	Pressing paws in and out, a cozy habit from kittenhood		fun-cat-breeds
Cat grooming	Cats lick their fur to stay clean		fun-cat-breeds
Cat's rough tongue	Tiny hooks on it work like a comb		fun-cat-breeds
Cat teeth	Adult cats have 30 teeth		fun-cat-breeds
Kitten count	A mother cat can have a litter of about three to five kittens		fun-cat-breeds
Kitten eyes	Kittens are born with their eyes closed and open them after about a week		fun-cat-breeds
Cat nap	A short, light sleep		fun-cat-breeds
Hairball	Fur a cat swallowed while grooming and then coughs up		fun-cat-breeds
Catnip	A plant that makes many cats playful		fun-cat-breeds
Big cat family	Lions, tigers, leopards and jaguars are all relatives of house cats		fun-cat-breeds
House cat history	Cats have lived with people for thousands of years		fun-cat-breeds
Ancient Egypt cats	Egyptians honored cats and a cat goddess named Bastet		fun-cat-breeds
Cats and milk	Many adult cats cannot digest cow's milk well; fresh water is best		fun-cat-breeds
Cat ears	Cats can turn each ear to hear sounds from different directions		fun-cat-breeds
Cat's nose	Each cat's nose print is unique, like a fingerprint		fun-cat-breeds
Cat whisker length	About as wide as the cat's body		fun-cat-breeds
Cats sweat	Only a little, through their paws		fun-cat-breeds
Cat age in human years	A one-year-old cat is about like a teenager		fun-cat-breeds
Stray vs feral	Strays were once pets; feral cats grew up wild		fun-cat-breeds
Cat doors	A cat flap lets pets come and go		fun-cat-breeds
Tortoiseshell	A coat of black and orange patches; not a breed		fun-cat-breeds
Lynx	A wild cat with ear tufts and a short tail		fun-cat-breeds
Cheetah	Wild cat that cannot fully pull in its claws		fun-cat-breeds
Italian Game	1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4		fun-chess-openings-notation
Ruy Lopez (Spanish Game)	1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5		fun-chess-openings-notation
Scotch Game	1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4		fun-chess-openings-notation
Sicilian Defense	1. e4 c5		fun-chess-openings-notation
French Defense	1. e4 e6		fun-chess-openings-notation
Caro-Kann Defense	1. e4 c6		fun-chess-openings-notation
Pirc Defense	1. e4 d6 2. d4 Nf6		fun-chess-openings-notation
Scandinavian Defense	1. e4 d5		fun-chess-openings-notation
Queen's Gambit	1. d4 d5 2. c4		fun-chess-openings-notation
Queen's Gambit Declined	1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6		fun-chess-openings-notation
Slav Defense	1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6		fun-chess-openings-notation
King's Indian Defense	1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 and Black plays Bg7		fun-chess-openings-notation
Nimzo-Indian Defense	1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 Bb4		fun-chess-openings-notation
English Opening	1. c4		fun-chess-openings-notation
Reti Opening	1. Nf3 followed by c4		fun-chess-openings-notation
King's Gambit	1. e4 e5 2. f4		fun-chess-openings-notation
Vienna Game	1. e4 e5 2. Nc3		fun-chess-openings-notation
London System	A setup with d4, Nf3, Bf4, e3 and c3		fun-chess-openings-notation
Dutch Defense	1. d4 f5		fun-chess-openings-notation
Petrov's Defense	1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6		fun-chess-openings-notation
Alekhine's Defense	1. e4 Nf6		fun-chess-openings-notation
Evans Gambit	1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4		fun-chess-openings-notation
Fried Liver Attack	A sharp Italian line with Nxf7 after Ng5 and Nxd5		fun-chess-openings-notation
Two Knights Defense	1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6		fun-chess-openings-notation
K	King		fun-chess-openings-notation
Q	Queen		fun-chess-openings-notation
R	Rook		fun-chess-openings-notation
B	Bishop		fun-chess-openings-notation
N	Knight		fun-chess-openings-notation
No letter	A pawn move, like e4		fun-chess-openings-notation
x	A capture, like Nxe5		fun-chess-openings-notation
+	Check		fun-chess-openings-notation
#	Checkmate		fun-chess-openings-notation
O-O	Castling kingside (short castling)		fun-chess-openings-notation
O-O-O	Castling queenside (long castling)		fun-chess-openings-notation
=Q	Promotes a pawn to a queen, like e8=Q		fun-chess-openings-notation
!	A good move		fun-chess-openings-notation
?	A mistake		fun-chess-openings-notation
??	A blunder		fun-chess-openings-notation
!!	A brilliant move		fun-chess-openings-notation
1-0	White won the game		fun-chess-openings-notation
0-1	Black won the game		fun-chess-openings-notation
1/2-1/2	The game was a draw		fun-chess-openings-notation
e4	The square on file e, rank 4		fun-chess-openings-notation
a1	The bottom-left corner square from White's side, a dark square		fun-chess-openings-notation
h8	The top-right corner from White's side, a dark square		fun-chess-openings-notation
Algebraic notation	The standard way to record chess moves using squares and piece letters		fun-chess-openings-notation
FEN	A line of text that describes a chess position		fun-chess-openings-notation
PGN	A file format for saving chess games		fun-chess-openings-notation
Elo rating	A number that estimates a player's strength		fun-chess-openings-notation
Grandmaster	The highest title a chess player can earn		fun-chess-openings-notation
Mikhail Botvinnik	World champion from the Soviet Union and teacher of future champions		fun-chess-openings-notation
Bobby Fischer	American world champion in 1972		fun-chess-openings-notation
Deep Blue	IBM computer that beat the world champion Kasparov in a match in 1997		fun-chess-openings-notation
Capablanca	Cuban world champion, famous for clear, simple play		fun-chess-openings-notation
Paul Morphy	American chess star of the 1850s		fun-chess-openings-notation
Wilhelm Steinitz	The first official world champion, 1886		fun-chess-openings-notation
Alekhine	Russian-born world champion who gave his name to an opening		fun-chess-openings-notation
How does the king move?	One square in any direction		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How does the queen move?	Any number of squares in any straight line: sideways, forward, backward or diagonal		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How does the rook move?	Any number of squares forward, backward or sideways		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How does the bishop move?	Any number of squares diagonally, staying on its color		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How does the knight move?	In an L shape: two squares one way and one square the other. It can jump over pieces		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How does a pawn move?	Forward one square; on its first move it may go two		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How does a pawn capture?	One square diagonally forward		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How many squares are on a chessboard?	64, in an 8 by 8 grid		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How many pieces does each player start with?	16		fun-chess-pieces-rules
Who moves first in chess?	White		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is the goal of chess?	To checkmate the other player's king		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is check?	When a king is under attack		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is checkmate?	A king in check with no escape; the game ends		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is stalemate?	A player has no legal move but is not in check; the game is a draw		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is castling?	Moving the king two squares toward a rook, with the rook jumping to the other side		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is promotion?	A pawn reaching the far end becomes a queen, rook, bishop or knight		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is en passant?	A special pawn capture of a pawn that has just moved two squares		fun-chess-pieces-rules
Which piece can jump?	The knight		fun-chess-pieces-rules
Which pieces start on the back row?	Rooks, knights, bishops, queen and king		fun-chess-pieces-rules
Where does the queen start?	On her own color: white queen on a light square, black queen on a dark square		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a draw?	A tie game		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What are some ways a game can be drawn?	Stalemate, agreement, repeating positions, or not enough pieces		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a fork?	One piece attacks two or more pieces at once		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a pin?	A piece cannot move without exposing a more valuable piece behind it		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a skewer?	A valuable piece is attacked and when it moves, a piece behind it is captured		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is the touch-move rule?	If you touch a piece you must move it if you can		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How many points is a pawn worth?	1		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How many points is a knight worth?	3		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How many points is a bishop worth?	3		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How many points is a rook worth?	5		fun-chess-pieces-rules
How many points is the queen worth?	9		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What are the files?	The columns of the chessboard, labeled a to h		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What are the ranks?	The rows of the board, numbered 1 to 8		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is the center?	The four middle squares: d4, e4, d5, e5		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What does 'J'adoube' mean?	French for 'I adjust'; said when fixing a piece without moving it		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a gambit?	An opening where a player gives up a pawn for an advantage		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is the endgame?	The late stage when few pieces are left		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is the middlegame?	The part after the opening when most fighting happens		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is the opening?	The first moves, used to develop pieces		fun-chess-pieces-rules
Why develop pieces early?	To get knights and bishops into the game and prepare to castle		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a blunder?	A bad mistake		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a sacrifice?	Giving up material to gain something better		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What does 'resign' mean?	To end the game by giving up		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a tempo?	A move or a unit of time in the game		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a passed pawn?	A pawn with no enemy pawns blocking its path		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a doubled pawn?	Two pawns of the same color on the same file		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is the fool's mate?	The shortest checkmate, in two moves		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is scholar's mate?	A quick four-move checkmate that beginners should watch for		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a discovered attack?	Moving one piece reveals an attack from another		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is zugzwang?	When every move a player can make makes things worse		fun-chess-pieces-rules
What is a rank mate or back-rank mate?	A checkmate on the back row when the king is trapped by its own pawns		fun-chess-pieces-rules
One sun in the sky	1 (one)		fun-counting-animals
Two ears on a rabbit	2 (two)		fun-counting-animals
Three little pigs	3 (three)		fun-counting-animals
Four legs on a dog	4 (four)		fun-counting-animals
Five toes on a foot	5 (five)		fun-counting-animals
Six legs on a bee	6 (six)		fun-counting-animals
Seven dwarfs	7 (seven)		fun-counting-animals
Eight legs on a spider	8 (eight)		fun-counting-animals
Eight arms on an octopus	8 (eight)		fun-counting-animals
Nine lives of a cat	9 (nine)		fun-counting-animals
Ten fingers on two hands	10 (ten)		fun-counting-animals
Eleven players on a soccer team	11 (eleven)		fun-counting-animals
Twelve eggs in a dozen	12 (twelve)		fun-counting-animals
Thirteen	13 (thirteen)		fun-counting-animals
Fourteen	14 (fourteen)		fun-counting-animals
Fifteen	15 (fifteen)		fun-counting-animals
Sixteen	16 (sixteen)		fun-counting-animals
Seventeen	17 (seventeen)		fun-counting-animals
Eighteen	18 (eighteen)		fun-counting-animals
Nineteen	19 (nineteen)		fun-counting-animals
Twenty	20 (twenty)		fun-counting-animals
How many wings does a bird have?	2		fun-counting-animals
How many legs does a chicken have?	2		fun-counting-animals
How many legs does a cow have?	4		fun-counting-animals
How many legs does an insect have?	6		fun-counting-animals
How many eyes does a person have?	2		fun-counting-animals
How many ears does an elephant have?	2		fun-counting-animals
How many tails does a cat have?	1		fun-counting-animals
How many horns does a unicorn have?	1		fun-counting-animals
How many horns does a triceratops have?	3		fun-counting-animals
How many arms does a starfish usually have?	5		fun-counting-animals
How many hearts does an octopus have?	3		fun-counting-animals
How many legs does a horse have?	4		fun-counting-animals
How many legs does a snake have?	0		fun-counting-animals
How many days in a week?	7		fun-counting-animals
How many colors in a rainbow?	7		fun-counting-animals
How many ducks in a row if there are 3 and 2 more come?	5		fun-counting-animals
2 cats + 1 cat =	3 cats		fun-counting-animals
3 dogs + 2 dogs =	5 dogs		fun-counting-animals
5 fish - 1 fish =	4 fish		fun-counting-animals
Count by twos	2, 4, 6, 8, 10		fun-counting-animals
Count by fives	5, 10, 15, 20		fun-counting-animals
Count by tens	10, 20, 30, 40, 50		fun-counting-animals
Count backward from 5	5, 4, 3, 2, 1, blast off!		fun-counting-animals
Count backward from 10	10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1		fun-counting-animals
What number comes after 9?	10		fun-counting-animals
What number comes after 19?	20		fun-counting-animals
What number comes before 5?	4		fun-counting-animals
What number is between 6 and 8?	7		fun-counting-animals
What is a pair?	Two of something, like two shoes		fun-counting-animals
What is a dozen?	Twelve		fun-counting-animals
Sauroposeidon	One of the tallest dinosaurs, with a very long neck		fun-dinosaurs-more
Amargasaurus	A sauropod with two rows of tall spines on its neck		fun-dinosaurs-more
Dreadnoughtus	A giant sauropod found in Argentina		fun-dinosaurs-more
Patagotitan	One of the biggest dinosaurs known, from Patagonia		fun-dinosaurs-more
Saltasaurus	A sauropod with bony armor on its back		fun-dinosaurs-more
Stegoceras	A small dome-headed dinosaur		fun-dinosaurs-more
Corythosaurus	A duck-billed dinosaur with a rounded crest		fun-dinosaurs-more
Lambeosaurus	A duck-billed dinosaur with a hatchet-shaped crest		fun-dinosaurs-more
Hadrosaurus	The first dinosaur skeleton found in North America		fun-dinosaurs-more
Tenontosaurus	A plant-eater that was prey for Deinonychus		fun-dinosaurs-more
Psittacosaurus	A small dinosaur with a parrot-like beak		fun-dinosaurs-more
Triceratops horn count	Three horns: two long over the eyes and one short on the nose		fun-dinosaurs-more
Pentaceratops	A horned dinosaur with a huge frill		fun-dinosaurs-more
Torosaurus	A relative of Triceratops with a very long frill		fun-dinosaurs-more
Centrosaurus	A horned dinosaur that lived in herds		fun-dinosaurs-more
Nodosaurus	An armored dinosaur with no tail club		fun-dinosaurs-more
Euoplocephalus	An armored dinosaur with a tail club		fun-dinosaurs-more
Minmi	A small armored dinosaur from Australia		fun-dinosaurs-more
Scutellosaurus	A tiny early armored dinosaur		fun-dinosaurs-more
Troodon	A smart-looking dinosaur with large eyes		fun-dinosaurs-more
Oviraptor name	Egg thief, a name later found to be unfair		fun-dinosaurs-more
Microraptor	A tiny feathered dinosaur with four wings		fun-dinosaurs-more
Sinosauropteryx	One of the first feathered dinosaurs found in China		fun-dinosaurs-more
Yutyrannus	A big feathered tyrannosaur		fun-dinosaurs-more
Albertosaurus	A tyrannosaur from Canada		fun-dinosaurs-more
Gorgosaurus	A tyrannosaur with a slimmer build		fun-dinosaurs-more
Tarbosaurus	An Asian relative of T. rex		fun-dinosaurs-more
Acrocanthosaurus	A big meat-eater with a ridge on its back		fun-dinosaurs-more
Megalosaurus	The first dinosaur ever given a scientific name (1824)		fun-dinosaurs-more
Iguanodon discovery	One of the first dinosaurs scientists identified		fun-dinosaurs-more
Eoraptor	A small early dinosaur from Argentina		fun-dinosaurs-more
Liliensternus	An early meat-eater with a crest		fun-dinosaurs-more
Cryolophosaurus	A dinosaur from Antarctica with a head crest		fun-dinosaurs-more
Leaellynasaura	A small dinosaur found in Australia that lived in dim polar light		fun-dinosaurs-more
Dracorex	A dome-headed dinosaur with spikes; the name means dragon king		fun-dinosaurs-more
Pteranodon wingspan	About 20 feet or more across		fun-dinosaurs-more
Wooly mammoth	An Ice Age elephant relative with long tusks and shaggy fur		fun-dinosaurs-more
Mastodon	An elephant relative of North America with a lower, longer body		fun-dinosaurs-more
Smilodon	The sabertooth cat with long upper fangs		fun-dinosaurs-more
Woolly rhinoceros	An Ice Age rhino with thick hair		fun-dinosaurs-more
Giant ground sloth	A huge sloth of the Ice Age		fun-dinosaurs-more
Glyptodon	A giant armored mammal like a huge armadillo		fun-dinosaurs-more
Megalodon timeline	Lived millions of years after the dinosaurs ended		fun-dinosaurs-more
Dire wolf	A big Ice Age wolf		fun-dinosaurs-more
Terror bird	A large flightless bird that hunted in South America		fun-dinosaurs-more
Irish elk	A giant deer with very wide antlers		fun-dinosaurs-more
La Brea Tar Pits	Tar pits in Los Angeles where many Ice Age animals were found		fun-dinosaurs-more
Ice Age	A time when ice sheets covered much of the Earth		fun-dinosaurs-more
Extinct	No longer alive anywhere		fun-dinosaurs-more
Endangered	At risk of becoming extinct		fun-dinosaurs-more
Fossil record	The history of life shown by fossils		fun-dinosaurs-more
Amber	Hardened tree resin that can trap insects for millions of years		fun-dinosaurs-more
Footprint fossil	A track left in mud that turned to stone		fun-dinosaurs-more
Bone bed	A place with many fossil bones together		fun-dinosaurs-more
Excavation	Carefully digging up fossils		fun-dinosaurs-more
Mounted skeleton	A fossil skeleton put together for a museum		fun-dinosaurs-more
Cast	A copy of a fossil bone		fun-dinosaurs-more
Where was Sue found?	South Dakota, in 1990		fun-dinosaurs-more
Where is the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History?	Washington, D.C.		fun-dinosaurs-more
Fossil formation	Minerals slowly replace the bone or shell until it becomes stone		fun-dinosaurs-more
What is a trace fossil?	A sign of life like a footprint, rather than a body		fun-dinosaurs-more
What do we call plant-eating dinosaurs?	Herbivores		fun-dinosaurs-more
What do we call meat-eating dinosaurs?	Carnivores		fun-dinosaurs-more
How do we know the colors of some dinosaurs?	Scientists study tiny structures in fossil feathers		fun-dinosaurs-more
Did all dinosaurs roar?	No one knows; some may have made low booms like birds and crocodiles		fun-dinosaurs-more
Are birds dinosaurs?	Yes, birds are living dinosaurs		fun-dinosaurs-more
Largest known meat-eating dinosaur, often said	Spinosaurus		fun-dinosaurs-more
What dinosaurs were the biggest overall?	Giant long-necked sauropods		fun-dinosaurs-more
Tyrannosaurus rex	A giant meat-eater with a huge head and tiny arms (Say: tie-RAN-oh-SORE-us)		fun-dinosaurs
Triceratops	A plant-eater with three horns and a bony frill (Say: try-SER-uh-tops)		fun-dinosaurs
Stegosaurus	A plant-eater with plates on its back and spikes on its tail		fun-dinosaurs
Velociraptor	A small, fast, feathered hunter about the size of a turkey		fun-dinosaurs
Brachiosaurus	A tall plant-eater with a long neck and front legs longer than back legs		fun-dinosaurs
Diplodocus	A very long dinosaur with a whip-like tail		fun-dinosaurs
Ankylosaurus	A plant-eater with armor and a clubbed tail		fun-dinosaurs
Spinosaurus	A huge meat-eater with a sail on its back that hunted fish		fun-dinosaurs
Allosaurus	A big meat-eater that lived before T. rex		fun-dinosaurs
Parasaurolophus	A duck-billed dinosaur with a long hollow crest		fun-dinosaurs
Pachycephalosaurus	A dinosaur with a thick, domed skull		fun-dinosaurs
Iguanodon	A plant-eater with thumb spikes		fun-dinosaurs
Compsognathus	A tiny meat-eater about the size of a chicken		fun-dinosaurs
Apatosaurus	A giant long-necked plant-eater once called Brontosaurus		fun-dinosaurs
Argentinosaurus	One of the largest dinosaurs ever found, from Argentina		fun-dinosaurs
Giganotosaurus	A giant meat-eater from South America		fun-dinosaurs
Archaeopteryx	A feathered animal that links dinosaurs and birds		fun-dinosaurs
Carnotaurus	A meat-eater with horns above its eyes		fun-dinosaurs
Dilophosaurus	A meat-eater with two crests on its head		fun-dinosaurs
Gallimimus	A fast, ostrich-like dinosaur		fun-dinosaurs
Maiasaura	A duck-billed dinosaur called 'good mother lizard' that cared for its young		fun-dinosaurs
Protoceratops	A small horned relative of Triceratops		fun-dinosaurs
Styracosaurus	A dinosaur with a frill of long spikes		fun-dinosaurs
Therizinosaurus	A dinosaur with enormous claws		fun-dinosaurs
Utahraptor	A big raptor with a large sickle claw		fun-dinosaurs
Oviraptor	A feathered dinosaur with a toothless beak		fun-dinosaurs
Herrerasaurus	One of the earliest known dinosaurs		fun-dinosaurs
Plateosaurus	An early long-necked plant-eater		fun-dinosaurs
Coelophysis	A slim, fast early meat-eater		fun-dinosaurs
Edmontosaurus	A large duck-billed plant-eater		fun-dinosaurs
Camarasaurus	A big long-necked plant-eater with a boxy head		fun-dinosaurs
Baryonyx	A fish-eating dinosaur with a long snout and big claws		fun-dinosaurs
Deinonychus	A clawed hunter that helped show dinosaurs were like birds		fun-dinosaurs
Mamenchisaurus	A dinosaur with one of the longest necks		fun-dinosaurs
Kentrosaurus	A spiky cousin of Stegosaurus		fun-dinosaurs
Ceratosaurus	A meat-eater with a horn on its nose		fun-dinosaurs
What is a fossil?	The remains or print of a plant or animal preserved in rock		fun-dinosaurs
What is a paleontologist?	A scientist who studies fossils and ancient life		fun-dinosaurs
Herbivore	An animal that eats only plants		fun-dinosaurs
Carnivore	An animal that eats meat		fun-dinosaurs
Omnivore	An animal that eats both plants and meat		fun-dinosaurs
Mesozoic Era	The time of the dinosaurs		fun-dinosaurs
Triassic Period	The first of the three dinosaur periods		fun-dinosaurs
Jurassic Period	The middle dinosaur period, with giants like Diplodocus		fun-dinosaurs
Cretaceous Period	The last dinosaur period, home of T. rex and Triceratops		fun-dinosaurs
Did dinosaurs live with people?	No, dinosaurs died out about 66 million years ago		fun-dinosaurs
What are dinosaurs' living relatives?	Birds		fun-dinosaurs
What probably ended the age of the dinosaurs?	A huge asteroid hit the Earth and changed the climate		fun-dinosaurs
Dinosaur eggs	Dinosaurs laid eggs, like birds and reptiles		fun-dinosaurs
Coprolite	Fossilized dinosaur dung that tells us what they ate		fun-dinosaurs
Dinosaur footprints	Fossil tracks show how dinosaurs walked		fun-dinosaurs
What does 'dinosaur' mean?	Terrible lizard		fun-dinosaurs
Pterosaurs	Flying reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs but were not dinosaurs		fun-dinosaurs
Pteranodon	A flying reptile with a long head crest		fun-dinosaurs
Plesiosaurs	Sea reptiles with long necks; not dinosaurs		fun-dinosaurs
Mosasaurus	A giant sea reptile that lived near the end of the dinosaur age		fun-dinosaurs
Ichthyosaurus	A dolphin-shaped sea reptile		fun-dinosaurs
Mammoth	A woolly elephant relative from the Ice Age, long after the dinosaurs		fun-dinosaurs
Sabertooth cat	An Ice Age cat with long fangs, not a dinosaur		fun-dinosaurs
Dimetrodon	A sail-backed animal that lived before dinosaurs		fun-dinosaurs
Quetzalcoatlus	One of the biggest flying animals ever, a pterosaur		fun-dinosaurs
Sauropod	A giant long-necked plant-eating dinosaur		fun-dinosaurs
Theropod	A two-legged dinosaur group that includes T. rex and birds		fun-dinosaurs
Ornithopod	A group of plant-eaters like Iguanodon and duck-bills		fun-dinosaurs
Ceratopsian	A horned and frilled dinosaur group such as Triceratops		fun-dinosaurs
Where was the first T. rex 'Sue' found?	South Dakota, in the United States		fun-dinosaurs
Labrador Retriever	Friendly and loves to fetch and swim; often a helper dog		fun-dog-breeds
Golden Retriever	Gentle and golden-coated; great family dog		fun-dog-breeds
German Shepherd	Smart, loyal; works as a police and service dog		fun-dog-breeds
Beagle	A small hound with a super nose and a loud bay		fun-dog-breeds
Poodle	Curly coat and very smart; comes in toy, miniature and standard sizes		fun-dog-breeds
Bulldog	Wrinkly face, stocky body, calm nature		fun-dog-breeds
Dachshund	Long body and short legs; nicknamed the wiener dog		fun-dog-breeds
Chihuahua	The smallest dog breed		fun-dog-breeds
Great Dane	One of the tallest dog breeds, gentle giants		fun-dog-breeds
Siberian Husky	Thick coat, blue eyes, pulls sleds		fun-dog-breeds
Border Collie	Very smart herding dog that loves jobs		fun-dog-breeds
Dalmatian	White coat with black spots; famous firehouse dog		fun-dog-breeds
Pug	Small, wrinkled face, curled tail		fun-dog-breeds
Boxer	Playful, energetic, strong		fun-dog-breeds
Corgi	Short legs and big ears; herds cattle		fun-dog-breeds
Saint Bernard	Huge Swiss rescue dog		fun-dog-breeds
Greyhound	The fastest dog breed, built to run		fun-dog-breeds
Shih Tzu	Small and fluffy with a long silky coat		fun-dog-breeds
Yorkshire Terrier	Tiny but brave, with long silky hair		fun-dog-breeds
Rottweiler	Strong and loyal guard dog		fun-dog-breeds
Australian Shepherd	Energetic herding dog with a merle coat		fun-dog-breeds
Cocker Spaniel	Long floppy ears and a happy nature		fun-dog-breeds
Pomeranian	Tiny, fluffy, foxlike face		fun-dog-breeds
Basset Hound	Low body, droopy ears, great sniffer		fun-dog-breeds
Bernese Mountain Dog	Big, fluffy, black, white and brown		fun-dog-breeds
Newfoundland	Giant, webbed feet, strong swimmer		fun-dog-breeds
Samoyed	White fluffy coat with a smiling face		fun-dog-breeds
Akita	Large, loyal dog from Japan		fun-dog-breeds
Shiba Inu	Small fox-like dog from Japan		fun-dog-breeds
Maltese	Small white dog with silky hair		fun-dog-breeds
Bloodhound	Famous for its amazing sense of smell		fun-dog-breeds
Whippet	Slim and fast, like a small greyhound		fun-dog-breeds
Irish Setter	Gleaming red coat		fun-dog-breeds
Afghan Hound	Long silky hair and a regal look		fun-dog-breeds
Chow Chow	Fluffy lion-like mane and a blue-black tongue		fun-dog-breeds
Jack Russell Terrier	Small, bouncy and full of energy		fun-dog-breeds
Papillon	Small dog with butterfly-shaped ears		fun-dog-breeds
Lhasa Apso	Small long-haired dog from Tibet		fun-dog-breeds
Doberman Pinscher	Sleek, quick, smart guard dog		fun-dog-breeds
Alaskan Malamute	Large sled-pulling dog		fun-dog-breeds
Old English Sheepdog	Shaggy gray and white herding dog		fun-dog-breeds
Scottish Terrier	Small with a beard and perky ears; nicknamed the Scottie		fun-dog-breeds
Basenji	Known as the barkless dog; it yodels		fun-dog-breeds
Vizsla	Golden-red hunting dog from Hungary		fun-dog-breeds
Weimaraner	Silvery-gray coat and light eyes		fun-dog-breeds
Pembroke Welsh Corgi	The Queen of England's favorite kind of dog		fun-dog-breeds
Mastiff	Huge, calm and powerful		fun-dog-breeds
Bichon Frise	Small, white, fluffy powder puff		fun-dog-breeds
Collie	Long-haired herding dog, made famous by Lassie		fun-dog-breeds
Siberian Husky voice	Huskies often 'talk' and howl instead of barking		fun-dog-breeds
Ra	Sun god, shown with a falcon head and a sun disk		fun-egyptian-myths
Osiris	God of the afterlife and rebirth		fun-egyptian-myths
Isis	Goddess of magic, motherhood and healing		fun-egyptian-myths
Horus	Falcon-headed sky god; the Eye of Horus is a symbol of protection		fun-egyptian-myths
Set	God of storms, deserts and chaos		fun-egyptian-myths
Anubis	Jackal-headed god of mummification and guide of the dead		fun-egyptian-myths
Thoth	Ibis-headed god of writing, wisdom and the moon		fun-egyptian-myths
Bastet	Cat goddess of home and protection		fun-egyptian-myths
Hathor	Goddess of music, joy and love, shown with cow horns		fun-egyptian-myths
Sekhmet	Lioness goddess of power		fun-egyptian-myths
Ptah	God of craftspeople and builders		fun-egyptian-myths
Nut	Goddess of the sky		fun-egyptian-myths
Geb	God of the Earth		fun-egyptian-myths
Nephthys	Goddess who guards the dead, sister of Isis		fun-egyptian-myths
Sobek	Crocodile god of the Nile		fun-egyptian-myths
Khnum	Ram-headed god who shapes people on a potter's wheel		fun-egyptian-myths
Maat	Goddess of truth and balance, shown with a feather		fun-egyptian-myths
Taweret	Hippo goddess who protected mothers and babies		fun-egyptian-myths
Bes	A funny dwarf god who guarded homes and children		fun-egyptian-myths
Pharaoh	The king or queen of ancient Egypt		fun-egyptian-myths
Pyramid	A huge stone tomb for a pharaoh		fun-egyptian-myths
Great Pyramid of Giza	Built for Pharaoh Khufu about 4,500 years ago		fun-egyptian-myths
Sphinx	A statue with a lion's body and a human head, near the Pyramids		fun-egyptian-myths
Mummy	A body preserved so it would last		fun-egyptian-myths
Sarcophagus	A stone coffin		fun-egyptian-myths
Hieroglyphs	Egyptian picture writing		fun-egyptian-myths
Papyrus	Paper made from a river plant		fun-egyptian-myths
Rosetta Stone	A stone that helped scholars read hieroglyphs		fun-egyptian-myths
Nile River	The long river that gave Egypt water and rich soil		fun-egyptian-myths
Scarab	A beetle symbol of rebirth and the rising sun		fun-egyptian-myths
Ankh	A cross with a loop that means life		fun-egyptian-myths
Eye of Horus	A symbol of protection and health		fun-egyptian-myths
Cartouche	An oval with a royal name written in hieroglyphs		fun-egyptian-myths
Tutankhamun	The 'boy king' whose tomb was found nearly full of treasures in 1922		fun-egyptian-myths
Cleopatra VII	The last active ruler of ancient Egypt		fun-egyptian-myths
Ramses II	A famous pharaoh who built great temples		fun-egyptian-myths
Hatshepsut	A woman who ruled as pharaoh		fun-egyptian-myths
Valley of the Kings	Where many pharaohs were buried		fun-egyptian-myths
Canopic jars	Jars that held preserved organs		fun-egyptian-myths
Book of the Dead	A collection of spells to guide a person in the afterlife		fun-egyptian-myths
😀	Grinning face: happy		fun-emoji-meanings
😂	Face with tears of joy: laughing		fun-emoji-meanings
🙂	Slight smile: friendly		fun-emoji-meanings
😊	Smiling face with happy eyes: warm and pleased		fun-emoji-meanings
😍	Heart eyes: loves something		fun-emoji-meanings
😎	Sunglasses face: cool		fun-emoji-meanings
😢	Crying face: sad		fun-emoji-meanings
😡	Angry face: mad		fun-emoji-meanings
😴	Sleeping face: sleepy		fun-emoji-meanings
🤔	Thinking face: wondering		fun-emoji-meanings
😮	Open mouth: surprised		fun-emoji-meanings
🥳	Party face: celebrating		fun-emoji-meanings
😱	Screaming face: shocked		fun-emoji-meanings
🤗	Hugging face: a hug		fun-emoji-meanings
👍	Thumbs up: good or yes		fun-emoji-meanings
👎	Thumbs down: bad or no		fun-emoji-meanings
👋	Waving hand: hello or goodbye		fun-emoji-meanings
👏	Clapping hands: applause		fun-emoji-meanings
🙏	Folded hands: please, thank you, or hope		fun-emoji-meanings
💪	Flexed arm: strong		fun-emoji-meanings
❤️	Red heart: love		fun-emoji-meanings
💔	Broken heart: sadness		fun-emoji-meanings
⭐	Star: great or favorite		fun-emoji-meanings
🌟	Glowing star: shining		fun-emoji-meanings
🔥	Fire: hot or awesome		fun-emoji-meanings
💯	One hundred: perfect score		fun-emoji-meanings
✅	Check mark: done or correct		fun-emoji-meanings
❌	Cross mark: wrong or no		fun-emoji-meanings
⚠️	Warning: be careful		fun-emoji-meanings
🚫	Prohibited: not allowed		fun-emoji-meanings
🎉	Party popper: celebration		fun-emoji-meanings
🎂	Birthday cake: birthday		fun-emoji-meanings
🎁	Gift: present		fun-emoji-meanings
🌈	Rainbow: colors after rain		fun-emoji-meanings
☀️	Sun: sunny weather		fun-emoji-meanings
🌧️	Rain cloud: rainy weather		fun-emoji-meanings
⛄	Snowman: snow or winter		fun-emoji-meanings
🐶	Dog face: dog		fun-emoji-meanings
🐱	Cat face: cat		fun-emoji-meanings
🐢	Turtle: slow		fun-emoji-meanings
🐝	Honeybee: bee		fun-emoji-meanings
🦋	Butterfly: butterfly		fun-emoji-meanings
🌸	Cherry blossom: spring flower		fun-emoji-meanings
🍎	Red apple: apple or school		fun-emoji-meanings
🍕	Pizza: pizza		fun-emoji-meanings
🍦	Ice cream: ice cream		fun-emoji-meanings
⚽	Soccer ball: soccer		fun-emoji-meanings
🏀	Basketball: basketball		fun-emoji-meanings
🎵	Musical note: music		fun-emoji-meanings
📚	Books: reading or school		fun-emoji-meanings
✏️	Pencil: writing		fun-emoji-meanings
💡	Light bulb: an idea		fun-emoji-meanings
🔒	Lock: locked or private		fun-emoji-meanings
⏰	Alarm clock: time		fun-emoji-meanings
🚗	Car: car		fun-emoji-meanings
✈️	Airplane: flying or travel		fun-emoji-meanings
🚀	Rocket: fast or space		fun-emoji-meanings
🏠	House: home		fun-emoji-meanings
📱	Mobile phone: phone		fun-emoji-meanings
💻	Laptop: computer		fun-emoji-meanings
🙈	See-no-evil monkey: embarrassed or shy		fun-emoji-meanings
🤝	Handshake: agreement		fun-emoji-meanings
Cinderella	A kind girl loses a glass slipper at the prince's ball and is found by it		fun-fairy-tales
Snow White	A princess lives with seven dwarfs and is saved from a wicked queen		fun-fairy-tales
Sleeping Beauty	A princess falls into a long sleep until she is woken		fun-fairy-tales
Little Red Riding Hood	A girl visits her grandmother and meets a wolf		fun-fairy-tales
Goldilocks and the Three Bears	A girl tries the porridge, chairs and beds of three bears		fun-fairy-tales
The Three Little Pigs	Three pigs build houses of straw, sticks and bricks, and the wolf huffs and puffs		fun-fairy-tales
Hansel and Gretel	Two children follow a trail of crumbs and outsmart a witch in a candy house		fun-fairy-tales
Jack and the Beanstalk	A boy climbs a giant beanstalk to a giant's castle		fun-fairy-tales
Rapunzel	A girl with very long hair lives in a tall tower		fun-fairy-tales
The Ugly Duckling	A duckling teased by others grows into a beautiful swan		fun-fairy-tales
The Little Mermaid	A mermaid wants to live on land		fun-fairy-tales
Beauty and the Beast	A kind girl learns to see the goodness in a beast		fun-fairy-tales
Rumpelstiltskin	A little man spins straw into gold and wants a name guessed		fun-fairy-tales
The Frog Prince	A princess kisses or befriends a frog who becomes a prince		fun-fairy-tales
Puss in Boots	A clever cat helps his owner win a fortune		fun-fairy-tales
The Gingerbread Man	A cookie runs away shouting, 'Catch me if you can!'		fun-fairy-tales
The Princess and the Pea	A true princess is found because she feels a pea under many mattresses		fun-fairy-tales
Thumbelina	A tiny girl born in a flower has adventures		fun-fairy-tales
The Elves and the Shoemaker	Tiny helpers make shoes at night for a poor shoemaker		fun-fairy-tales
Pinocchio	A wooden puppet who wants to become a real boy		fun-fairy-tales
The Emperor's New Clothes	A vain emperor is tricked into wearing nothing, and a child tells the truth		fun-fairy-tales
The Little Match Girl	A poor girl strikes matches to see warm visions		fun-fairy-tales
The Brave Little Tailor	A tailor boasts 'seven at one blow' about flies and becomes a hero		fun-fairy-tales
The Pied Piper of Hamelin	A piper plays music to lead rats and later children out of a town		fun-fairy-tales
Aladdin	A boy finds a magic lamp with a genie		fun-fairy-tales
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves	A man says 'Open sesame' to enter a cave of treasure		fun-fairy-tales
Sinbad the Sailor	A sailor has seven voyages with strange creatures		fun-fairy-tales
Peter Pan	A boy who never grows up lives in Neverland		fun-fairy-tales
Alice in Wonderland	A girl follows a white rabbit down a hole		fun-fairy-tales
The Wizard of Oz	Dorothy and her friends follow the yellow brick road		fun-fairy-tales
The Velveteen Rabbit	A toy rabbit becomes real through love		fun-fairy-tales
Stone Soup	Travelers make soup from a stone and get a village to share		fun-fairy-tales
The Little Red Hen	A hen bakes bread alone because no one will help		fun-fairy-tales
Chicken Little	A chick thinks the sky is falling after an acorn lands on it		fun-fairy-tales
Henny Penny	A hen tells everyone the sky is falling		fun-fairy-tales
The Three Billy Goats Gruff	Three goats trick a troll under a bridge		fun-fairy-tales
The Billy Goats and the Troll	The littlest goat goes first, the biggest goat last		fun-fairy-tales
The Enormous Turnip	Many hands pull up a huge turnip		fun-fairy-tales
Tom Thumb	A boy no bigger than a thumb has adventures		fun-fairy-tales
Dick Whittington and His Cat	A poor boy becomes Lord Mayor of London with the help of his cat		fun-fairy-tales
The Snow Queen	A girl rescues her friend from a cold queen		fun-fairy-tales
The Twelve Dancing Princesses	Princesses secretly wear out their shoes each night		fun-fairy-tales
Bremen Town Musicians	Four old animals set out to become musicians		fun-fairy-tales
The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids	Seven young goats are saved from a wolf		fun-fairy-tales
Mother Goose	An imaginary storyteller of rhymes and tales		fun-fairy-tales
Brothers Grimm	Two German brothers who collected folk tales in the 1800s		fun-fairy-tales
Hans Christian Andersen	A Danish writer of fairy tales like The Little Mermaid		fun-fairy-tales
Charles Perrault	A French writer who published tales like Cinderella in 1697		fun-fairy-tales
Once upon a time	A classic way to begin a fairy tale		fun-fairy-tales
Happily ever after	A classic way to end a fairy tale		fun-fairy-tales
Christopher Columbus	Sailed from Spain across the Atlantic in 1492 and reached the Caribbean		fun-famous-explorers
Ferdinand Magellan	Led the first voyage around the world (1519-1522); he died on the way		fun-famous-explorers
Marco Polo	Venetian merchant who traveled to China in the 1200s		fun-famous-explorers
Leif Erikson	Viking who reached North America about 1000 CE		fun-famous-explorers
Vasco da Gama	Sailed from Portugal around Africa to India (1498)		fun-famous-explorers
Zheng He	Chinese admiral who led huge treasure fleets in the early 1400s		fun-famous-explorers
Ibn Battuta	Moroccan traveler who journeyed across much of the known world in the 1300s		fun-famous-explorers
James Cook	British captain who mapped the Pacific in the 1700s		fun-famous-explorers
Lewis and Clark	Led an expedition across the western United States (1804-1806)		fun-famous-explorers
Sacagawea	Shoshone woman who guided and helped the Lewis and Clark expedition		fun-famous-explorers
Roald Amundsen	Led the first team to reach the South Pole (1911)		fun-famous-explorers
Robert Falcon Scott	British explorer who reached the South Pole in 1912, just after Amundsen		fun-famous-explorers
Ernest Shackleton	Led a famous Antarctic expedition where his whole crew survived		fun-famous-explorers
Edmund Hillary	With Tenzing Norgay, first to climb Mount Everest (1953)		fun-famous-explorers
Tenzing Norgay	Sherpa who summited Everest with Hillary		fun-famous-explorers
Neil Armstrong	First person on the Moon (1969)		fun-famous-explorers
Yuri Gagarin	First person in space (1961)		fun-famous-explorers
Amelia Earhart	First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic (1932)		fun-famous-explorers
Charles Lindbergh	First solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic (1927)		fun-famous-explorers
Henry Hudson	Explored the river and bay in North America named for him		fun-famous-explorers
Jacques Cartier	French explorer of the St. Lawrence River (1530s)		fun-famous-explorers
Samuel de Champlain	Explored and founded Quebec (1608)		fun-famous-explorers
Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who invaded the Aztec Empire (1519)		fun-famous-explorers
Francisco Pizarro	Spanish conquistador who invaded the Inca Empire		fun-famous-explorers
Juan Ponce de Leon	Spanish explorer who reached Florida (1513)		fun-famous-explorers
Hernando de Soto	Spanish explorer in the American Southeast		fun-famous-explorers
Francisco Coronado	Spanish explorer in the American Southwest		fun-famous-explorers
Amerigo Vespucci	Italian explorer whose first name was used for America		fun-famous-explorers
Bartolomeu Dias	First European sailor to round the southern tip of Africa (1488)		fun-famous-explorers
Prince Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince who backed ocean exploration		fun-famous-explorers
John Cabot	Italian explorer who reached North America in 1497 for England		fun-famous-explorers
Sir Francis Drake	English sea captain who sailed around the world (1577-1580)		fun-famous-explorers
Abel Tasman	Dutch explorer who found Tasmania and New Zealand (1642)		fun-famous-explorers
David Livingstone	Scottish explorer of Africa in the 1800s		fun-famous-explorers
Mungo Park	Scottish explorer of the Niger River		fun-famous-explorers
Matthew Henson	African American explorer who reached the North Pole area with Peary (1909)		fun-famous-explorers
Robert Peary	American explorer who led the 1909 Arctic expedition		fun-famous-explorers
Jacques Cousteau	French ocean explorer and filmmaker		fun-famous-explorers
Daniel Boone	American frontiersman who helped open Kentucky		fun-famous-explorers
Zebulon Pike	American explorer in the Rocky Mountains; Pikes Peak is named for him		fun-famous-explorers
John Wesley Powell	Led a river trip through the Grand Canyon in 1869		fun-famous-explorers
Alexander von Humboldt	German scientist-explorer in South America		fun-famous-explorers
Sally Ride	First American woman in space (1983)		fun-famous-explorers
Alan Shepard	First American in space (1961)		fun-famous-explorers
John Glenn	First American to orbit the Earth (1962)		fun-famous-explorers
Samuel Hearne	English explorer of northern Canada		fun-famous-explorers
Pytheas	Greek explorer who sailed to the far north about 325 BCE		fun-famous-explorers
Erik the Red	Viking who founded settlements in Greenland		fun-famous-explorers
Hanno the Navigator	Carthaginian sailor who explored Africa's west coast		fun-famous-explorers
Jedediah Smith	American trapper who explored routes across the West		fun-famous-explorers
Fridtjof Nansen	Norwegian polar explorer		fun-famous-explorers
Thor Heyerdahl	Sailed a raft, the Kon-Tiki, across the Pacific in 1947		fun-famous-explorers
Gertrude Bell	British traveler and writer in the Middle East		fun-famous-explorers
Mary Kingsley	British traveler who explored West Africa in the 1890s		fun-famous-explorers
Nellie Bly	Journalist who raced around the world in 72 days (1889-1890)		fun-famous-explorers
Annie Londonderry	Cyclist who traveled around the world in 1894-1895		fun-famous-explorers
Eiffel Tower	Paris, France		fun-famous-landmarks
Statue of Liberty	New York Harbor, USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Big Ben (clock tower)	London, England		fun-famous-landmarks
Great Wall	China		fun-famous-landmarks
Pyramids of Giza	Egypt		fun-famous-landmarks
Colosseum	Rome, Italy		fun-famous-landmarks
Leaning Tower of Pisa	Pisa, Italy		fun-famous-landmarks
Taj Mahal	Agra, India		fun-famous-landmarks
Machu Picchu	Peru		fun-famous-landmarks
Christ the Redeemer	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		fun-famous-landmarks
Sydney Opera House	Sydney, Australia		fun-famous-landmarks
Golden Gate Bridge	San Francisco, USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Mount Rushmore	South Dakota, USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Stonehenge	England		fun-famous-landmarks
Parthenon	Athens, Greece		fun-famous-landmarks
Acropolis	Athens, Greece		fun-famous-landmarks
Angkor Wat	Cambodia		fun-famous-landmarks
Petra	Jordan		fun-famous-landmarks
Chichen Itza	Mexico		fun-famous-landmarks
Mount Everest	Nepal and Tibet (China), the highest mountain on Earth		fun-famous-landmarks
Mount Fuji	Japan		fun-famous-landmarks
Niagara Falls	On the border of Canada and the USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Grand Canyon	Arizona, USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Great Barrier Reef	Off the coast of Australia		fun-famous-landmarks
Victoria Falls	Zambia and Zimbabwe		fun-famous-landmarks
Mount Kilimanjaro	Tanzania, the highest mountain in Africa		fun-famous-landmarks
Uluru (Ayers Rock)	Australia		fun-famous-landmarks
Burj Khalifa	Dubai, UAE, a very tall skyscraper		fun-famous-landmarks
CN Tower	Toronto, Canada		fun-famous-landmarks
Space Needle	Seattle, USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Gateway Arch	St. Louis, USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Empire State Building	New York City, USA		fun-famous-landmarks
White House	Washington, D.C., USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Lincoln Memorial	Washington, D.C., USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Washington Monument	Washington, D.C., USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Alamo	San Antonio, Texas, USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Brandenburg Gate	Berlin, Germany		fun-famous-landmarks
Neuschwanstein Castle	Bavaria, Germany		fun-famous-landmarks
Notre-Dame Cathedral	Paris, France		fun-famous-landmarks
Louvre Museum	Paris, France, home of the Mona Lisa		fun-famous-landmarks
Versailles	France, a grand royal palace		fun-famous-landmarks
Buckingham Palace	London, England		fun-famous-landmarks
Tower Bridge	London, England		fun-famous-landmarks
Sagrada Familia	Barcelona, Spain		fun-famous-landmarks
Alhambra	Granada, Spain		fun-famous-landmarks
Kremlin and Red Square	Moscow, Russia		fun-famous-landmarks
Saint Basil's Cathedral	Moscow, Russia		fun-famous-landmarks
Hagia Sophia	Istanbul, Turkey		fun-famous-landmarks
Blue Mosque	Istanbul, Turkey		fun-famous-landmarks
Forbidden City	Beijing, China		fun-famous-landmarks
Terracotta Army	Xi'an, China		fun-famous-landmarks
Potala Palace	Lhasa, Tibet		fun-famous-landmarks
Great Buddha of Kamakura	Japan		fun-famous-landmarks
Himeji Castle	Japan		fun-famous-landmarks
Petronas Towers	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia		fun-famous-landmarks
Marina Bay Sands	Singapore		fun-famous-landmarks
Table Mountain	Cape Town, South Africa		fun-famous-landmarks
Cairo Citadel	Cairo, Egypt		fun-famous-landmarks
Abu Simbel	Egypt, temples of Ramses II		fun-famous-landmarks
Easter Island statues (moai)	Chile		fun-famous-landmarks
Galapagos Islands	Ecuador		fun-famous-landmarks
Iguazu Falls	On the border of Argentina and Brazil		fun-famous-landmarks
Amazon River	South America		fun-famous-landmarks
Sahara Desert	North Africa, the largest hot desert		fun-famous-landmarks
Mount Vesuvius	Near Naples, Italy		fun-famous-landmarks
Trevi Fountain	Rome, Italy		fun-famous-landmarks
St. Peter's Basilica	Vatican City		fun-famous-landmarks
Piazza San Marco	Venice, Italy		fun-famous-landmarks
Matterhorn	On the border of Switzerland and Italy		fun-famous-landmarks
Atomium	Brussels, Belgium		fun-famous-landmarks
Little Mermaid statue	Copenhagen, Denmark		fun-famous-landmarks
Mount McKinley (Denali)	Alaska, USA, the tallest mountain in North America		fun-famous-landmarks
Old Faithful	Yellowstone National Park, USA		fun-famous-landmarks
Isaac Newton	Laws of motion and gravity (1600s)		fun-famous-scientists
Albert Einstein	Theory of relativity (1900s)		fun-famous-scientists
Galileo Galilei	Used a telescope to study the Moon and Jupiter's moons (1600s)		fun-famous-scientists
Marie Curie	Studied radioactivity; won two Nobel Prizes		fun-famous-scientists
Charles Darwin	Theory of evolution by natural selection (1859)		fun-famous-scientists
Louis Pasteur	Germ theory, pasteurization and vaccines		fun-famous-scientists
Nikola Tesla	Alternating current electricity and many inventions		fun-famous-scientists
Thomas Edison	Light bulb, phonograph, and many patents		fun-famous-scientists
Alexander Graham Bell	Telephone		fun-famous-scientists
Leonardo da Vinci	Painter and inventor who sketched flying machines (1400s-1500s)		fun-famous-scientists
Copernicus	Said the planets orbit the Sun (1500s)		fun-famous-scientists
Johannes Kepler	Laws of planetary motion (1600s)		fun-famous-scientists
Archimedes	Ancient Greek who found the principle of buoyancy		fun-famous-scientists
Aristotle	Greek thinker who studied many sciences		fun-famous-scientists
Ptolemy	Ancient astronomer who mapped the stars		fun-famous-scientists
Gregor Mendel	Founder of genetics using pea plants		fun-famous-scientists
Rosalind Franklin	Her X-ray work helped reveal DNA's structure		fun-famous-scientists
Ada Lovelace	Wrote the first computer program idea		fun-famous-scientists
Alan Turing	Founder of modern computing ideas (1900s)		fun-famous-scientists
Michael Faraday	Electricity and magnetism experiments		fun-famous-scientists
James Clerk Maxwell	Equations of light and electricity		fun-famous-scientists
Dmitri Mendeleev	Created the periodic table (1869)		fun-famous-scientists
Antoine Lavoisier	Father of modern chemistry		fun-famous-scientists
Robert Hooke	Looked at cork and named 'cells'		fun-famous-scientists
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	Saw tiny microbes with early microscopes		fun-famous-scientists
Edward Jenner	Developed the smallpox vaccine		fun-famous-scientists
Florence Nightingale	Founder of modern nursing		fun-famous-scientists
Joseph Lister	Used clean methods in surgery		fun-famous-scientists
Alexander Fleming	Discovered penicillin		fun-famous-scientists
Jonas Salk	Created a polio vaccine		fun-famous-scientists
Wilhelm Roentgen	Discovered X-rays (1895)		fun-famous-scientists
Ernest Rutherford	Showed that atoms have a nucleus		fun-famous-scientists
Niels Bohr	Model of the atom		fun-famous-scientists
Max Planck	Started quantum theory		fun-famous-scientists
Stephen Hawking	Studied black holes (1942-2018)		fun-famous-scientists
Carl Linnaeus	Created the system for naming living things		fun-famous-scientists
Alfred Wegener	Proposed continental drift		fun-famous-scientists
Edwin Hubble	Showed other galaxies exist and the universe expands		fun-famous-scientists
Henrietta Leavitt	Found a way to measure distances to stars		fun-famous-scientists
Annie Jump Cannon	Sorted stars into classes		fun-famous-scientists
Mary Anning	Fossil hunter who found early marine reptile skeletons		fun-famous-scientists
George Washington Carver	Taught farmers about crop rotation and peanut uses		fun-famous-scientists
Rachel Carson	Wrote Silent Spring about nature and pesticides		fun-famous-scientists
Hypatia	Ancient mathematician and teacher in Alexandria		fun-famous-scientists
Pythagoras	Greek thinker linked to the triangle rule		fun-famous-scientists
Euclid	Wrote the Elements, a famous geometry book		fun-famous-scientists
Blaise Pascal	Mathematician who studied pressure and probability		fun-famous-scientists
Evangelista Torricelli	Invented the barometer		fun-famous-scientists
Robert Boyle	Studied gases and pressure		fun-famous-scientists
Benjamin Franklin	Studied lightning and invented the lightning rod		fun-famous-scientists
Lise Meitner	Helped explain nuclear fission		fun-famous-scientists
Katherine Johnson	NASA mathematician who calculated spaceflight paths		fun-famous-scientists
Wright brothers	Built and flew the first successful airplane		fun-famous-scientists
Samuel Morse	Telegraph and Morse code		fun-famous-scientists
Guglielmo Marconi	Wireless radio		fun-famous-scientists
Henry Ford	Assembly line cars		fun-famous-scientists
James Watt	Improved the steam engine		fun-famous-scientists
Johannes Gutenberg	Printing press in Europe		fun-famous-scientists
Cow	Milk and beef; eats grass and hay		fun-farm-animals
Chicken	Eggs and meat; eats seeds and grain		fun-farm-animals
Sheep	Wool and meat; eats grass		fun-farm-animals
Pig	Pork; eats many kinds of food and loves mud		fun-farm-animals
Goat	Milk, cheese and meat; climbs well		fun-farm-animals
Horse	Rides and farm work; eats grass and hay		fun-farm-animals
Duck	Eggs and feathers; swims in ponds		fun-farm-animals
Turkey	Meat; males gobble		fun-farm-animals
Donkey	Carries loads; brays		fun-farm-animals
Rooster	Crows at dawn		fun-farm-animals
Hen	A female chicken that lays eggs		fun-farm-animals
Lamb	A baby sheep		fun-farm-animals
Calf	A baby cow		fun-farm-animals
Piglet	A baby pig		fun-farm-animals
Foal	A baby horse		fun-farm-animals
Bull	An adult male cow		fun-farm-animals
Ewe	A female sheep		fun-farm-animals
Ram	A male sheep		fun-farm-animals
Sow	A female pig		fun-farm-animals
Boar	A male pig		fun-farm-animals
Mare	A female horse		fun-farm-animals
Stallion	A male horse		fun-farm-animals
Barn	A building for animals, hay and equipment		fun-farm-animals
Silo	A tall tower that stores grain or feed		fun-farm-animals
Tractor	A strong farm machine for pulling tools		fun-farm-animals
Hay	Dried grass used to feed animals		fun-farm-animals
Pasture	Grassy land where animals graze		fun-farm-animals
Coop	A house for chickens		fun-farm-animals
Pen	A small fence for animals		fun-farm-animals
Trough	A long container for animal food or water		fun-farm-animals
Scarecrow	A dummy that scares birds from crops		fun-farm-animals
Farmer	A person who grows food and raises animals		fun-farm-animals
Crop	A plant grown for food		fun-farm-animals
Harvest	Gathering crops when they are ripe		fun-farm-animals
Dairy	Foods made from milk		fun-farm-animals
What is butter made from?	Cream from milk		fun-farm-animals
What is cheese made from?	Milk		fun-farm-animals
What is wool?	Hair from sheep that is spun into yarn		fun-farm-animals
What do you call shearing?	Cutting the wool off a sheep		fun-farm-animals
Where do eggs come from?	Hens		fun-farm-animals
How do cows chew?	They chew cud, bringing food back up to chew again		fun-farm-animals
How many stomach parts does a cow have?	Four		fun-farm-animals
What does a sheepdog do?	Helps herd sheep		fun-farm-animals
What does a barn cat do?	Keeps mice away		fun-farm-animals
What is a farm cooperative?	A group of farmers who share work and sell together		fun-farm-animals
County fair	A community event with animals, rides and prizes		fun-farm-animals
4-H	A youth group that teaches farming, science and community skills		fun-farm-animals
Organic farming	Farming without most synthetic pesticides		fun-farm-animals
Compost	Rotted plant scraps that feed the soil		fun-farm-animals
Fertilizer	Material that helps plants grow		fun-farm-animals
Plow	A tool that turns over soil		fun-farm-animals
Mama	The person who loves you and takes care of you (Say: MAH-mah)		fun-first-words-toddler
Dada	Dad or papa (Say: DAH-dah)		fun-first-words-toddler
Baby	A very young child		fun-first-words-toddler
Dog	A pet that barks		fun-first-words-toddler
Cat	A pet that meows		fun-first-words-toddler
Ball	A round toy that bounces		fun-first-words-toddler
Cup	You drink from it		fun-first-words-toddler
Milk	A white drink		fun-first-words-toddler
Water	Clear drink		fun-first-words-toddler
Apple	A crunchy fruit		fun-first-words-toddler
Banana	A yellow fruit		fun-first-words-toddler
Cookie	A sweet treat		fun-first-words-toddler
Bread	Baked food for sandwiches		fun-first-words-toddler
Eat	To put food in your mouth		fun-first-words-toddler
Drink	To sip water or milk		fun-first-words-toddler
Sleep	What you do in bed at night		fun-first-words-toddler
Bed	Where you sleep		fun-first-words-toddler
Book	Something to read		fun-first-words-toddler
Shoe	You wear it on your foot		fun-first-words-toddler
Sock	You wear it under your shoe		fun-first-words-toddler
Hat	You wear it on your head		fun-first-words-toddler
Hand	At the end of your arm		fun-first-words-toddler
Foot	At the end of your leg		fun-first-words-toddler
Nose	Smell with it		fun-first-words-toddler
Eyes	See with them		fun-first-words-toddler
Mouth	Eat and talk with it		fun-first-words-toddler
Ears	Hear with them		fun-first-words-toddler
Hair	Grows on your head		fun-first-words-toddler
Hello	A greeting		fun-first-words-toddler
Bye-bye	What you say when you leave		fun-first-words-toddler
Please	A polite word when you ask		fun-first-words-toddler
Thank you	A polite word when you get something		fun-first-words-toddler
Yes	A way to agree		fun-first-words-toddler
No	A way to say not		fun-first-words-toddler
More	A little extra		fun-first-words-toddler
All done	Finished		fun-first-words-toddler
Up	Toward the sky		fun-first-words-toddler
Down	Toward the floor		fun-first-words-toddler
Hot	Not safe to touch		fun-first-words-toddler
Cold	Like ice		fun-first-words-toddler
Car	Vroom vroom		fun-first-words-toddler
Bus	Wheels on the bus go round and round		fun-first-words-toddler
Truck	A big vehicle		fun-first-words-toddler
Train	Choo choo		fun-first-words-toddler
Bird	Tweet tweet		fun-first-words-toddler
Cow	Moo		fun-first-words-toddler
Duck	Quack		fun-first-words-toddler
Fish	Swims in water		fun-first-words-toddler
Sun	Warm and bright in the sky		fun-first-words-toddler
Moon	Shines at night		fun-first-words-toddler
Star	Twinkles in the sky		fun-first-words-toddler
Tree	Tall with leaves		fun-first-words-toddler
Flower	Pretty and smells nice		fun-first-words-toddler
Door	You open it to go through		fun-first-words-toddler
Chair	You sit on it		fun-first-words-toddler
Bath	Splash in the tub		fun-first-words-toddler
Teddy	A soft toy bear		fun-first-words-toddler
Hug	Wrap your arms around someone		fun-first-words-toddler
Kiss	A sweet touch with your lips		fun-first-words-toddler
Play	Have fun		fun-first-words-toddler
Love	A warm feeling for people you care about		fun-first-words-toddler
Friend	Someone you like to play with		fun-first-words-toddler
Which country's flag is not a rectangle or square?	Nepal, made of two stacked triangles		fun-flags-fun
Which country has a square flag?	Switzerland (and Vatican City)		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a dragon on it?	Bhutan		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a red maple leaf?	Canada		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a cedar tree on it?	Lebanon		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has an eagle and a snake on a cactus?	Mexico		fun-flags-fun
Which flags have a Union Jack in the corner and stars?	Australia and New Zealand		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a red circle on white?	Japan		fun-flags-fun
Which flag is called the Stars and Stripes?	The United States		fun-flags-fun
How many stripes are on the US flag?	13, for the original colonies		fun-flags-fun
How many stars are on the US flag?	50, one for each state		fun-flags-fun
What is the Union Jack?	The flag of the United Kingdom		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a red cross on white?	England (St. George's Cross)		fun-flags-fun
Which flag is vertical blue, white and red?	France (the tricolore)		fun-flags-fun
Which flag is vertical green, white and red?	Italy		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a crescent moon and a star on red?	Turkey		fun-flags-fun
What does a white flag usually mean?	Peace or a request to talk		fun-flags-fun
What does a checkered flag mean in racing?	The race is over		fun-flags-fun
What is a pirate flag called?	The Jolly Roger		fun-flags-fun
What is a pennant?	A triangular flag		fun-flags-fun
What is the study of flags called?	Vexillology		fun-flags-fun
What is a person who studies flags called?	A vexillologist		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a lion holding a sword?	Sri Lanka		fun-flags-fun
Which flag is the St. Andrew's Cross?	Scotland's blue flag with a white X		fun-flags-fun
What is on the Olympic flag?	Five linked rings on a white background		fun-flags-fun
What is on the United Nations flag?	A white world map surrounded by olive branches, on blue		fun-flags-fun
Which flags have a Nordic cross?	Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland		fun-flags-fun
Which Nordic flag is blue with a yellow cross?	Sweden		fun-flags-fun
Which flag is red with a white cross and is square?	Switzerland		fun-flags-fun
Which flag is red with a white Nordic cross?	Denmark		fun-flags-fun
Which flag is green with a yellow diamond and a blue circle?	Brazil		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a blue Star of David between two blue stripes?	Israel		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has horizontal black, red and gold stripes?	Germany		fun-flags-fun
What words are on Brazil's flag?	Ordem e Progresso, which means Order and Progress		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has two bars, red over white?	Indonesia		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has two bars, white over red?	Poland		fun-flags-fun
Which flag is horizontal red, white and blue?	The Netherlands		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a green field and a red circle?	Bangladesh		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a black star on stripes of red, gold and green?	Ghana		fun-flags-fun
Which flag has a red-white-red pattern with a maple leaf in the middle?	Canada		fun-flags-fun
Which flag is often called the oldest continuously used national flag?	Denmark's Dannebrog		fun-flags-fun
What do the stars on the Australian flag form?	The Southern Cross constellation, and a large star for the Commonwealth		fun-flags-fun
What do the colors of the Irish flag stand for?	Green for the Irish, orange for the followers of William of Orange, white for peace		fun-flags-fun
Pizza	Italy; flatbread with tomato, cheese and toppings		fun-food-around-the-world
Pasta	Italy; noodles in many shapes		fun-food-around-the-world
Sushi	Japan; rice with fish, egg or vegetables		fun-food-around-the-world
Ramen	Japan; noodle soup		fun-food-around-the-world
Tacos	Mexico; a tortilla folded around fillings		fun-food-around-the-world
Tamales	Mexico; corn dough wrapped in a husk and steamed		fun-food-around-the-world
Guacamole	Mexico; mashed avocado dip		fun-food-around-the-world
Burrito	Mexico; a large tortilla rolled around fillings		fun-food-around-the-world
Croissant	France; flaky crescent-shaped pastry		fun-food-around-the-world
Baguette	France; long thin loaf of bread		fun-food-around-the-world
Crepe	France; very thin pancake		fun-food-around-the-world
Paella	Spain; rice with vegetables, seafood or chicken		fun-food-around-the-world
Gazpacho	Spain; cold tomato soup		fun-food-around-the-world
Fish and chips	England; fried fish with fries		fun-food-around-the-world
Hamburger	United States; a patty in a bun		fun-food-around-the-world
Hot dog	United States; a sausage in a bun		fun-food-around-the-world
Apple pie	United States and England; a fruit pie		fun-food-around-the-world
Poutine	Canada; fries with gravy and cheese curds		fun-food-around-the-world
Maple syrup	Canada and the northeastern US; made from maple tree sap		fun-food-around-the-world
Curry	India; spiced sauce dishes		fun-food-around-the-world
Naan	India; soft oven-baked flatbread		fun-food-around-the-world
Samosa	India; fried pastry with spiced filling		fun-food-around-the-world
Dumplings	China and many places; dough wrapped around filling		fun-food-around-the-world
Fried rice	China; rice stir-fried with vegetables		fun-food-around-the-world
Peking duck	China; roast duck served with thin pancakes		fun-food-around-the-world
Pad thai	Thailand; stir-fried rice noodles		fun-food-around-the-world
Pho	Vietnam; noodle soup with herbs		fun-food-around-the-world
Kimchi	Korea; spicy fermented cabbage		fun-food-around-the-world
Bibimbap	Korea; rice bowl with vegetables and egg		fun-food-around-the-world
Falafel	Middle East; fried chickpea balls		fun-food-around-the-world
Hummus	Middle East; chickpea dip		fun-food-around-the-world
Pita	Middle East; round pocket bread		fun-food-around-the-world
Shawarma	Middle East; meat shaved off a rotating spit		fun-food-around-the-world
Couscous	North Africa; tiny steamed grains of semolina		fun-food-around-the-world
Injera	Ethiopia; spongy flatbread		fun-food-around-the-world
Jollof rice	West Africa; rice cooked in tomato sauce		fun-food-around-the-world
Goulash	Hungary; a hearty stew of meat and paprika		fun-food-around-the-world
Pierogi	Poland; filled dumplings		fun-food-around-the-world
Borscht	Eastern Europe; beet soup		fun-food-around-the-world
Bratwurst	Germany; grilled sausage		fun-food-around-the-world
Pretzel	Germany; twisted baked bread		fun-food-around-the-world
Schnitzel	Austria and Germany; breaded fried cutlet		fun-food-around-the-world
Fondue	Switzerland; melted cheese for dipping		fun-food-around-the-world
Waffles	Belgium; grid-patterned batter cakes		fun-food-around-the-world
Baklava	Turkey and Greece; layered pastry with nuts and honey		fun-food-around-the-world
Moussaka	Greece; layered eggplant and meat dish		fun-food-around-the-world
Feta	Greece; crumbly salty cheese		fun-food-around-the-world
Empanada	Spain and Latin America; stuffed pastry		fun-food-around-the-world
Arepa	Venezuela and Colombia; cornmeal cake		fun-food-around-the-world
Ceviche	Peru; raw fish cured in citrus juice		fun-food-around-the-world
Feijoada	Brazil; black bean stew		fun-food-around-the-world
Pavlova	Australia and New Zealand; meringue dessert with fruit		fun-food-around-the-world
Meat pie	Australia and New Zealand; a pie with savory filling		fun-food-around-the-world
Mochi	Japan; chewy rice cake		fun-food-around-the-world
Churros	Spain and Mexico; fried dough sticks		fun-food-around-the-world
Gelato	Italy; creamy ice cream		fun-food-around-the-world
Tiramisu	Italy; coffee-flavored layered dessert		fun-food-around-the-world
Risotto	Italy; creamy rice dish		fun-food-around-the-world
Lasagna	Italy; layers of pasta, sauce and cheese		fun-food-around-the-world
Sauerkraut	Germany; fermented cabbage		fun-food-around-the-world
Haggis	Scotland; traditional savory pudding		fun-food-around-the-world
Scones	England and Scotland; small baked cakes served with jam		fun-food-around-the-world
Cornbread	United States; bread made from cornmeal		fun-food-around-the-world
Bagel	Jewish bakers in Poland and New York; ring-shaped boiled bread		fun-food-around-the-world
Tortilla	Mexico; thin flatbread of corn or wheat		fun-food-around-the-world
Quesadilla	Mexico; a tortilla filled with cheese		fun-food-around-the-world
Apple	Grows on trees; comes in red, green and yellow		fun-fruits-vegetables
Banana	Yellow when ripe; grows in bunches called hands		fun-fruits-vegetables
Orange	A citrus fruit full of vitamin C		fun-fruits-vegetables
Strawberry	A red berry with seeds on the outside		fun-fruits-vegetables
Blueberry	A small round blue berry		fun-fruits-vegetables
Grapes	Grow in bunches on vines; raisins are dried grapes		fun-fruits-vegetables
Watermelon	Big green fruit with red juicy inside		fun-fruits-vegetables
Pineapple	Spiky fruit with a leafy crown		fun-fruits-vegetables
Mango	Sweet tropical fruit with one big pit		fun-fruits-vegetables
Kiwi	Fuzzy brown outside, green inside with tiny black seeds		fun-fruits-vegetables
Peach	Fuzzy fruit with a big pit		fun-fruits-vegetables
Pear	Shaped like a bell, with a sweet juicy center		fun-fruits-vegetables
Cherry	Small red fruit with a pit		fun-fruits-vegetables
Lemon	Sour yellow citrus		fun-fruits-vegetables
Lime	Small green sour citrus		fun-fruits-vegetables
Coconut	A big hard-shelled fruit with water and white flesh		fun-fruits-vegetables
Avocado	Creamy green fruit with a large seed		fun-fruits-vegetables
Pomegranate	A fruit full of juicy red seeds		fun-fruits-vegetables
Papaya	Orange tropical fruit with black seeds		fun-fruits-vegetables
Raspberry	A red berry made of tiny round parts		fun-fruits-vegetables
Carrot	Orange root vegetable; grows underground		fun-fruits-vegetables
Potato	A tuber that grows underground		fun-fruits-vegetables
Sweet potato	Orange root with sweet flavor		fun-fruits-vegetables
Broccoli	Green vegetable that looks like little trees		fun-fruits-vegetables
Cauliflower	A white cousin of broccoli		fun-fruits-vegetables
Spinach	Leafy green vegetable		fun-fruits-vegetables
Lettuce	Leafy vegetable used in salads		fun-fruits-vegetables
Cabbage	Round head of tightly packed leaves		fun-fruits-vegetables
Corn	Yellow kernels on a cob		fun-fruits-vegetables
Peas	Round green seeds in a pod		fun-fruits-vegetables
Green beans	Long green pods		fun-fruits-vegetables
Tomato	Botanically a fruit; usually used as a vegetable		fun-fruits-vegetables
Cucumber	Long green and crunchy; pickles are made from it		fun-fruits-vegetables
Onion	A bulb that can make you cry when cut		fun-fruits-vegetables
Garlic	A bulb with cloves and a strong smell		fun-fruits-vegetables
Celery	Crunchy green stalks		fun-fruits-vegetables
Radish	A small, spicy root		fun-fruits-vegetables
Beet	A dark red root		fun-fruits-vegetables
Pumpkin	Big orange squash		fun-fruits-vegetables
Zucchini	Long green squash		fun-fruits-vegetables
Eggplant	Shiny purple vegetable		fun-fruits-vegetables
Bell pepper	Crunchy and available in red, green, yellow and orange		fun-fruits-vegetables
Asparagus	Green spears that grow from the ground		fun-fruits-vegetables
Mushroom	Not a plant but a fungus, eaten as a vegetable		fun-fruits-vegetables
Brussels sprouts	Tiny cabbage-like buds on a stalk		fun-fruits-vegetables
Kale	Dark curly leafy green		fun-fruits-vegetables
Turnip	A round white and purple root		fun-fruits-vegetables
Parsnip	A pale root like a carrot		fun-fruits-vegetables
Artichoke	A thistle flower bud that is eaten		fun-fruits-vegetables
Okra	Green pods used in Southern cooking		fun-fruits-vegetables
Rainbow eating	Eating many colors gives your body many different nutrients		fun-fruits-vegetables
Vitamin C	Found in oranges, peppers, kiwi and strawberries		fun-fruits-vegetables
Fiber	Found in fruits, vegetables and whole grains; helps digestion		fun-fruits-vegetables
Seed	Part of a plant that can grow into a new plant		fun-fruits-vegetables
Root vegetable	Grows underground, such as carrots and beets		fun-fruits-vegetables
Leafy green	A vegetable whose leaves we eat, such as spinach		fun-fruits-vegetables
Citrus	A family that includes oranges, lemons and limes		fun-fruits-vegetables
Berries	Small juicy fruits such as blueberries and raspberries		fun-fruits-vegetables
Orchard	A place where fruit trees grow		fun-fruits-vegetables
Farmers market	A place where farmers sell fresh food directly		fun-fruits-vegetables
Which has more bones, a baby or an adult?	A baby, about 300; many join together to make 206		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the only food that never spoils?	Honey (properly stored)		fun-general-fun-facts
Which planet has days longer than years?	Venus		fun-general-fun-facts
How many hearts does an octopus have?	Three		fun-general-fun-facts
Which animal's fingerprints look like a human's?	The koala		fun-general-fun-facts
How long is a day on Earth?	About 24 hours		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the hardest natural substance?	Diamond		fun-general-fun-facts
Which is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature?	Mercury		fun-general-fun-facts
What color is a polar bear's skin?	Black		fun-general-fun-facts
How many legs does a butterfly have?	Six		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the fastest land animal?	The cheetah		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the tallest land animal?	The giraffe		fun-general-fun-facts
How many eyes does a bee have?	Five: two big compound eyes and three small ones		fun-general-fun-facts
What is a group of flamingos called?	A flamboyance		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the smallest planet in our solar system?	Mercury		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the largest ocean?	The Pacific		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the longest river in Europe?	The Volga		fun-general-fun-facts
How much of Earth is covered by water?	About 71 percent		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the Earth's hottest layer?	The inner core		fun-general-fun-facts
What do you call baby kangaroos?	Joeys		fun-general-fun-facts
What fruit floats in water because it is mostly air?	Apples (about 25 percent air)		fun-general-fun-facts
How many hours do giraffes sleep?	Only a few hours, often in short naps		fun-general-fun-facts
Which animal sleeps standing up?	Horses can sleep standing		fun-general-fun-facts
What animal has the biggest eyes of any land animal?	The ostrich		fun-general-fun-facts
Which bird lays the biggest egg?	The ostrich		fun-general-fun-facts
Which bird lays the smallest egg?	The hummingbird		fun-general-fun-facts
What is a rainbow's shape?	A full circle, but we usually see an arc from the ground		fun-general-fun-facts
How fast does sound travel in air?	About 767 miles per hour (343 m/s) at room temperature		fun-general-fun-facts
How fast does light travel?	About 186,000 miles per second		fun-general-fun-facts
What are the Great Lakes?	Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario		fun-general-fun-facts
Which US state has the most lakes?	Alaska has the most lakes by number; Minnesota is the Land of 10,000 Lakes		fun-general-fun-facts
What was the first toy advertised on TV?	Mr. Potato Head (1952)		fun-general-fun-facts
Where did popcorn come from?	Corn people have popped for thousands of years in the Americas		fun-general-fun-facts
Where were fortune cookies popularized?	In the United States, not China		fun-general-fun-facts
What came first, the fork or the spoon?	The spoon, thousands of years before forks became common		fun-general-fun-facts
How many dots are on a pair of dice?	42		fun-general-fun-facts
How many keys does a standard piano have?	88		fun-general-fun-facts
How many strings does a standard guitar have?	Six		fun-general-fun-facts
How many players are on a soccer team on the field?	Eleven		fun-general-fun-facts
How many points is a touchdown?	Six		fun-general-fun-facts
How many innings are in a baseball game?	Nine		fun-general-fun-facts
How many rings are on the Olympic flag?	Five		fun-general-fun-facts
How many continents are there?	Seven		fun-general-fun-facts
How many oceans are there?	Five: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic		fun-general-fun-facts
How many days in a leap year?	366		fun-general-fun-facts
How many sides does a stop sign have?	Eight		fun-general-fun-facts
How many colors are on a Rubik's Cube?	Six		fun-general-fun-facts
How many strings on a violin?	Four		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the world's most popular sport by fans?	Soccer (football)		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the smallest bone in the body?	The stapes in the ear		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the longest bone in the body?	The femur		fun-general-fun-facts
How long is a marathon?	26.2 miles		fun-general-fun-facts
What animal is on the Welsh flag?	A red dragon		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the national bird of the United States?	The bald eagle		fun-general-fun-facts
What tree do pandas eat?	Bamboo (it's a grass)		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the biggest cat in the Americas?	The jaguar		fun-general-fun-facts
Which Great Lake is entirely inside the US?	Lake Michigan		fun-general-fun-facts
What do you call the study of insects?	Entomology		fun-general-fun-facts
What do you call the study of birds?	Ornithology		fun-general-fun-facts
What do you call the study of weather?	Meteorology		fun-general-fun-facts
What do you call the study of stars and planets?	Astronomy		fun-general-fun-facts
What do you call the study of fossils?	Paleontology		fun-general-fun-facts
What do you call the study of animals?	Zoology		fun-general-fun-facts
What do you call the study of plants?	Botany		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?	A ring of volcanoes and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean		fun-general-fun-facts
What is the largest hot desert's name?	The Sahara		fun-general-fun-facts
Zeus	King of the gods and ruler of the sky and thunder		fun-greek-gods
Hera	Queen of the gods, goddess of marriage		fun-greek-gods
Poseidon	God of the sea, earthquakes and horses; carries a trident		fun-greek-gods
Hades	God of the underworld, the place of the dead		fun-greek-gods
Athena	Goddess of wisdom and crafts; she sprang from Zeus's head		fun-greek-gods
Apollo	God of music, the sun, poetry and healing		fun-greek-gods
Artemis	Goddess of the hunt and the moon, twin of Apollo		fun-greek-gods
Ares	God of war		fun-greek-gods
Aphrodite	Goddess of love and beauty		fun-greek-gods
Hephaestus	God of fire and the forge; the gods' blacksmith		fun-greek-gods
Hermes	Messenger of the gods with winged sandals		fun-greek-gods
Demeter	Goddess of the harvest and farming		fun-greek-gods
Dionysus	God of wine and festivals		fun-greek-gods
Hestia	Goddess of the hearth and home		fun-greek-gods
Persephone	Queen of the underworld, daughter of Demeter; her story explains the seasons		fun-greek-gods
Eros	God of love, shown with a bow and arrows		fun-greek-gods
Pan	Half-goat god of shepherds and the wild		fun-greek-gods
Nike	Goddess of victory		fun-greek-gods
Helios	Titan who drove the sun across the sky		fun-greek-gods
Selene	Goddess of the moon		fun-greek-gods
Eos	Goddess of the dawn		fun-greek-gods
Iris	Goddess of the rainbow and a messenger		fun-greek-gods
Morpheus	God of dreams		fun-greek-gods
Hypnos	God of sleep		fun-greek-gods
Nemesis	Goddess of fairness who punishes pride		fun-greek-gods
Tyche	Goddess of luck and fortune		fun-greek-gods
Asclepius	God of medicine and healing		fun-greek-gods
Gaia	Mother Earth		fun-greek-gods
Uranus	The sky, father of the Titans		fun-greek-gods
Cronus	Titan, father of Zeus		fun-greek-gods
Rhea	Titan, mother of Zeus		fun-greek-gods
Atlas	Titan who held up the sky		fun-greek-gods
Prometheus	Titan who gave fire to people		fun-greek-gods
Mount Olympus	Home of the twelve main gods		fun-greek-gods
Titans	The older generation of gods before Zeus		fun-greek-gods
Olympians	The twelve main gods who lived on Olympus		fun-greek-gods
Nymphs	Nature spirits of trees, rivers and mountains		fun-greek-gods
Muses	Nine goddesses of arts and learning		fun-greek-gods
The Fates	Three goddesses who spin the thread of life		fun-greek-gods
Satyr	A woodland being, part man and part goat		fun-greek-gods
Centaur	Half man and half horse		fun-greek-gods
Hercules (Heracles)	Hero of great strength who completed twelve labors		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Perseus	Hero who defeated Medusa using a mirror-like shield		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Theseus	Hero who found his way out of the Labyrinth		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Odysseus	Clever hero whose long trip home from Troy is told in the Odyssey		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Achilles	The greatest Greek warrior at Troy; his weak spot was his heel		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Jason	Hero who sailed on the Argo to find the Golden Fleece		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Atalanta	A famous runner and hunter		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Orpheus	A musician whose songs charmed animals and trees		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Bellerophon	Hero who rode the winged horse Pegasus		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Pegasus	A winged horse		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Medusa	A monster with snakes for hair		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Minotaur	A bull-headed creature in the Labyrinth		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Cyclops	A one-eyed giant		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Polyphemus	The Cyclops that trapped Odysseus		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Hydra	A many-headed water serpent that regrew heads		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Cerberus	The three-headed dog guarding the underworld		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Chimera	A fire-breathing mix of lion, goat and snake		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Sphinx	A creature with a riddle that people had to answer		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Sirens	Sea creatures whose singing lured sailors		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Scylla and Charybdis	A sea monster and a whirlpool on either side of a narrow strait		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Harpies	Winged creatures that snatched food		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Gorgon	A monster like Medusa		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Phoenix	A bird that bursts into flame and is reborn from its ashes		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Griffin	A creature with an eagle's head and wings and a lion's body		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Trojan Horse	A giant wooden horse used to sneak soldiers into the city of Troy		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Helen of Troy	A woman whose story started the Trojan War		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Paris	The prince of Troy who took Helen		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Hector	The bravest defender of Troy		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Penelope	Odysseus's wife who waited twenty years		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Circe	A sorceress who turned men into pigs		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Calypso	A nymph who kept Odysseus on her island		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Daedalus	The inventor who built the Labyrinth and wings of wax and feathers		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Icarus	Daedalus's son who flew too near the sun		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Midas	A king whose touch turned things to gold		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Pandora	The first woman in a tale about a jar of troubles and hope		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Narcissus	A youth who fell in love with his own reflection		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Echo	A nymph who could only repeat the last words she heard		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Arachne	A weaver who became a spider		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Sisyphus	A king who had to roll a boulder uphill again and again		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
The Golden Fleece	A magical golden sheepskin sought by Jason		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Argonauts	The crew of heroes who sailed with Jason		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
The Twelve Labors	The twelve tasks given to Hercules		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Labyrinth	A maze built to hold the Minotaur		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
The Iliad	Homer's epic poem about the Trojan War		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
The Odyssey	Homer's epic poem about Odysseus's journey home		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Achilles' heel	A single weak spot, now meaning any hidden weakness		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Pandora's box	Something that causes many problems when opened		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Midas touch	A talent for making money		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Herculean	Needing great strength		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
Odyssey (word)	Any long, adventurous journey		fun-greek-heroes-monsters
New Year's Day	January 1; many countries celebrate the new calendar year		fun-holidays-around-world
Lunar New Year	A spring festival in many East Asian cultures, with family meals, red decorations and the zodiac animal year		fun-holidays-around-world
Diwali	The Hindu, Sikh and Jain festival of lights, in autumn		fun-holidays-around-world
Holi	The Hindu spring festival of colors in India		fun-holidays-around-world
Hanukkah	A Jewish eight-day festival of lights		fun-holidays-around-world
Passover	A Jewish spring holiday remembering the exodus from Egypt		fun-holidays-around-world
Rosh Hashanah	The Jewish New Year		fun-holidays-around-world
Yom Kippur	The Jewish Day of Atonement		fun-holidays-around-world
Christmas	December 25; Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus		fun-holidays-around-world
Easter	A Christian spring holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus		fun-holidays-around-world
Ramadan	The Muslim holy month of fasting from dawn to sunset		fun-holidays-around-world
Eid al-Fitr	The Muslim festival that ends Ramadan		fun-holidays-around-world
Eid al-Adha	The Muslim festival of sacrifice, linked to the pilgrimage to Mecca		fun-holidays-around-world
Kwanzaa	A week-long celebration of African American culture, December 26 to January 1		fun-holidays-around-world
Day of the Dead (Dia de los Muertos)	A Mexican celebration to remember loved ones, with marigolds and altars		fun-holidays-around-world
Thanksgiving (US)	Fourth Thursday of November; a day to give thanks and share a meal		fun-holidays-around-world
Canadian Thanksgiving	Second Monday of October		fun-holidays-around-world
Independence Day (US)	July 4; marks the Declaration of Independence in 1776		fun-holidays-around-world
Bastille Day	July 14; France's national day		fun-holidays-around-world
Canada Day	July 1		fun-holidays-around-world
Halloween	October 31; costumes, jack-o'-lanterns and trick-or-treating		fun-holidays-around-world
Bonfire Night	November 5 in the UK, with fireworks		fun-holidays-around-world
Valentine's Day	February 14; a day for sharing cards and kind words		fun-holidays-around-world
St. Patrick's Day	March 17; Irish culture and green clothes		fun-holidays-around-world
April Fools' Day	April 1; a day for harmless pranks		fun-holidays-around-world
Mother's Day	A day to honor mothers, held in different months in different countries		fun-holidays-around-world
Father's Day	A day to honor fathers		fun-holidays-around-world
Earth Day	April 22; a day to care for the planet		fun-holidays-around-world
Cinco de Mayo	May 5; remembers a Mexican victory in 1862 and celebrates Mexican culture		fun-holidays-around-world
Mexican Independence Day	September 16		fun-holidays-around-world
Oktoberfest	A beer and folk festival in Munich, Germany, held in late September and October		fun-holidays-around-world
Carnival	A pre-Lent festival with parades, famous in Rio de Janeiro		fun-holidays-around-world
Mardi Gras	The day before Lent begins; New Orleans has parades and beads		fun-holidays-around-world
Songkran	Thai New Year with water splashing		fun-holidays-around-world
Obon	A Japanese summer festival to honor ancestors		fun-holidays-around-world
Tanabata	A Japanese star festival on July 7		fun-holidays-around-world
Cherry Blossom Festival	Spring celebration of flowering cherry trees in Japan		fun-holidays-around-world
Mid-Autumn Festival	East Asian harvest festival with mooncakes and moon watching		fun-holidays-around-world
Dragon Boat Festival	Chinese festival with boat races and rice dumplings		fun-holidays-around-world
Chuseok	Korean harvest festival		fun-holidays-around-world
Vesak	Buddhist celebration of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and passing		fun-holidays-around-world
Nowruz	Persian New Year at the spring equinox		fun-holidays-around-world
Lantern Festival	End of Lunar New Year celebrations with lanterns		fun-holidays-around-world
Hogmanay	Scottish New Year's Eve party		fun-holidays-around-world
St. Lucia Day	December 13 in Sweden, with candles and white gowns		fun-holidays-around-world
Three Kings Day	January 6; celebrated in Spain and Latin America		fun-holidays-around-world
Guy Fawkes Night	Another name for Bonfire Night in the UK		fun-holidays-around-world
Juneteenth	June 19; marks the end of slavery in the US in 1865		fun-holidays-around-world
Martin Luther King Jr. Day	Third Monday in January in the US		fun-holidays-around-world
Veterans Day	November 11 in the US; honors those who served in the military		fun-holidays-around-world
Remembrance Day	November 11 in Commonwealth countries		fun-holidays-around-world
Groundhog Day	February 2; a groundhog 'predicts' spring in the US and Canada		fun-holidays-around-world
Labor Day	First Monday in September in the US; honors workers		fun-holidays-around-world
Pi Day	March 14, a math fan holiday for the number 3.14		fun-holidays-around-world
Boxing Day	December 26 in the UK and Commonwealth countries		fun-holidays-around-world
Bonfire of San Juan	Midsummer bonfires in Spain on June 23		fun-holidays-around-world
Midsummer	A Scandinavian celebration of the longest days with flowers and dancing		fun-holidays-around-world
Pancake Day	The day before Lent; people eat pancakes in the UK		fun-holidays-around-world
Pongal	Indian harvest festival in January, especially in Tamil Nadu		fun-holidays-around-world
Onam	A harvest festival in Kerala, India		fun-holidays-around-world
How many bones does an adult have?	206		fun-human-body-facts
Which is the biggest bone in the body?	The femur (thigh bone)		fun-human-body-facts
Which is the smallest bone?	The stapes, in the ear		fun-human-body-facts
How many teeth do most adults have?	32, including wisdom teeth		fun-human-body-facts
How many baby teeth do children have?	20		fun-human-body-facts
What organ pumps blood?	The heart		fun-human-body-facts
What are the lungs for?	Breathing in oxygen and out carbon dioxide		fun-human-body-facts
What is the biggest organ?	The skin		fun-human-body-facts
Which organ is used for thinking?	The brain		fun-human-body-facts
How many chambers does the heart have?	Four		fun-human-body-facts
What color is blood inside the body?	Red		fun-human-body-facts
What do red blood cells carry?	Oxygen		fun-human-body-facts
What do white blood cells do?	Fight germs		fun-human-body-facts
What is the job of the stomach?	To break down food with acid and churning		fun-human-body-facts
What does the liver do?	Cleans the blood and helps digest fat		fun-human-body-facts
What do kidneys do?	Filter waste from blood to make urine		fun-human-body-facts
What organ protects your brain?	The skull		fun-human-body-facts
What protects your heart and lungs?	The rib cage		fun-human-body-facts
What are muscles for?	Moving the body		fun-human-body-facts
Which muscle never gets a rest?	The heart muscle		fun-human-body-facts
How many senses do we usually count?	Five: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch		fun-human-body-facts
What part of the eye lets in light?	The pupil		fun-human-body-facts
What part of the eye is colored?	The iris		fun-human-body-facts
What do ears help us do?	Hear and keep balance		fun-human-body-facts
What are taste buds?	Tiny sensors on the tongue that detect tastes		fun-human-body-facts
What are the basic tastes?	Sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami		fun-human-body-facts
What are fingerprints?	Unique patterns on fingertips		fun-human-body-facts
What does the skeleton do?	Gives shape, protects organs, and helps movement		fun-human-body-facts
How many ribs do most people have?	24, in 12 pairs		fun-human-body-facts
What is the spine?	A column of bones (vertebrae) that protects the spinal cord		fun-human-body-facts
What are joints?	Places where two bones meet		fun-human-body-facts
What is the windpipe called?	The trachea		fun-human-body-facts
What tube carries food to your stomach?	The esophagus		fun-human-body-facts
How long is the small intestine?	About 20 feet (6 meters) in adults		fun-human-body-facts
What happens when you sneeze?	Your body pushes out dust or germs from your nose		fun-human-body-facts
Why do we get hiccups?	The diaphragm twitches suddenly		fun-human-body-facts
Why do we sweat?	To cool the body down		fun-human-body-facts
How much of your body is water?	About 60 percent in adults		fun-human-body-facts
How often does your heart beat?	About 60 to 100 times a minute for adults at rest		fun-human-body-facts
How many hours of sleep do kids need?	About 9 to 12 hours, depending on age		fun-human-body-facts
What does sleep do?	Lets your body and brain rest and grow		fun-human-body-facts
What are vitamins for?	Helping the body work and grow		fun-human-body-facts
What is calcium good for?	Strong bones and teeth		fun-human-body-facts
What is the nervous system?	The brain, spinal cord and nerves that send messages		fun-human-body-facts
What is DNA?	The instruction code inside cells		fun-human-body-facts
What is a cell?	The smallest building block of living things		fun-human-body-facts
How many muscles help you smile?	It takes several muscles in your face		fun-human-body-facts
What is the funny bone?	A spot on your elbow where a nerve runs near the surface		fun-human-body-facts
What is goosebumps?	Tiny muscles at the base of hairs tighten		fun-human-body-facts
What does the cerebellum control?	Balance and coordination		fun-human-body-facts
What are tonsils?	Tissue at the back of the throat that helps fight germs		fun-human-body-facts
What is an appendix?	A small pouch attached to the large intestine		fun-human-body-facts
What do eyelashes do?	Help keep dust out of your eyes		fun-human-body-facts
What do nails protect?	The tips of your fingers and toes		fun-human-body-facts
What is the pulse?	The beat of your heart felt in your wrist or neck		fun-human-body-facts
What is the diaphragm?	A muscle under the lungs that helps you breathe		fun-human-body-facts
What is the largest muscle?	The gluteus maximus in the bottom		fun-human-body-facts
What helps wash hands clean?	Soap and water for at least 20 seconds		fun-human-body-facts
Ladybug	A beetle with spots that eats aphids		fun-insects-and-bugs
Honeybee	Makes honey and pollinates flowers		fun-insects-and-bugs
Bumblebee	A big fuzzy bee		fun-insects-and-bugs
Butterfly	Has colorful wings and drinks nectar		fun-insects-and-bugs
Moth	A winged insect that often flies at night		fun-insects-and-bugs
Dragonfly	A fast flyer with two pairs of wings		fun-insects-and-bugs
Grasshopper	Jumps with strong back legs		fun-insects-and-bugs
Cricket	Chirps by rubbing its wings together		fun-insects-and-bugs
Praying mantis	A hunter that holds its front legs like it is praying		fun-insects-and-bugs
Firefly	A beetle that glows to find friends		fun-insects-and-bugs
Ant	Lives in colonies and works as a team		fun-insects-and-bugs
Termite	Chews wood and builds mounds		fun-insects-and-bugs
Mosquito	Female bites to drink blood		fun-insects-and-bugs
Housefly	Tastes with its feet		fun-insects-and-bugs
Beetle	Has hard wing covers; the biggest group of insects		fun-insects-and-bugs
Stag beetle	A beetle with large jaws like antlers		fun-insects-and-bugs
Dung beetle	Rolls balls of dung		fun-insects-and-bugs
Cicada	Spends years underground, then sings loudly		fun-insects-and-bugs
Walking stick	An insect that looks like a twig		fun-insects-and-bugs
Aphid	A tiny insect that sucks plant juices		fun-insects-and-bugs
Flea	A tiny jumper		fun-insects-and-bugs
Earwig	An insect with pincers on its tail		fun-insects-and-bugs
Cockroach	A tough insect that has been around since before dinosaurs		fun-insects-and-bugs
Wasp	A stinging insect that builds paper nests		fun-insects-and-bugs
Hornet	A large kind of wasp		fun-insects-and-bugs
Caterpillar	The larva of a butterfly or moth		fun-insects-and-bugs
Chrysalis	The case a butterfly caterpillar forms to change inside		fun-insects-and-bugs
Cocoon	The silk case many moth caterpillars spin		fun-insects-and-bugs
Metamorphosis	A big body change, like caterpillar to butterfly		fun-insects-and-bugs
Monarch butterfly	Migrates thousands of miles to Mexico		fun-insects-and-bugs
Luna moth	A big pale green moth		fun-insects-and-bugs
Silkworm	A caterpillar whose cocoon gives us silk		fun-insects-and-bugs
Spider	Not an insect: it has eight legs		fun-insects-and-bugs
Black widow	A spider with a red hourglass mark; wild ones are best left alone		fun-insects-and-bugs
Tarantula	A large hairy spider		fun-insects-and-bugs
Orb weaver	A spider that spins round webs		fun-insects-and-bugs
Jumping spider	A tiny spider with good eyes that leaps on prey		fun-insects-and-bugs
Scorpion	A relative of spiders with a stinging tail		fun-insects-and-bugs
Tick	A tiny spider relative that feeds on blood		fun-insects-and-bugs
Centipede	Has one pair of legs per body segment		fun-insects-and-bugs
Millipede	Has two pairs of legs per segment		fun-insects-and-bugs
Pill bug	Also called a roly-poly; it curls into a ball		fun-insects-and-bugs
Snail	Not an insect; it is a mollusk		fun-insects-and-bugs
Earthworm	Not an insect; it helps soil		fun-insects-and-bugs
How many legs does an insect have?	Six		fun-insects-and-bugs
How many body parts does an insect have?	Three: head, thorax and abdomen		fun-insects-and-bugs
How many legs does a spider have?	Eight		fun-insects-and-bugs
Antennae	Feelers used to smell and touch		fun-insects-and-bugs
Exoskeleton	A hard outside skeleton		fun-insects-and-bugs
Pollinator	An animal that moves pollen from flower to flower		fun-insects-and-bugs
Larva	The young, wormlike stage of many insects		fun-insects-and-bugs
Pupa	The resting stage when a larva changes		fun-insects-and-bugs
Nymph	A young insect that looks like a small adult		fun-insects-and-bugs
Compound eye	An eye made of many tiny lenses		fun-insects-and-bugs
Hive	A beehive where honeybees live		fun-insects-and-bugs
Queen bee	The bee that lays all the eggs		fun-insects-and-bugs
Worker bee	A bee that gathers food and cares for the hive		fun-insects-and-bugs
Waggle dance	A honeybee dance that tells where flowers are		fun-insects-and-bugs
Entomologist	A scientist who studies insects		fun-insects-and-bugs
Camouflage	Colors that help an animal hide		fun-insects-and-bugs
Swarm	A large group of flying insects		fun-insects-and-bugs
Locust	A kind of grasshopper that can swarm		fun-insects-and-bugs
Leafcutter ant	Cuts leaves to grow fungus for food		fun-insects-and-bugs
Water strider	An insect that walks on water		fun-insects-and-bugs
Mayfly	An insect that lives only a short time as an adult		fun-insects-and-bugs
Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell, patented 1876		fun-inventions-who
Light bulb (practical)	Thomas Edison, 1879, building on others' work		fun-inventions-who
Airplane (first powered flight)	Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1903		fun-inventions-who
Printing press with movable type (Europe)	Johannes Gutenberg, about 1440		fun-inventions-who
Phonograph	Thomas Edison, 1877		fun-inventions-who
Steam engine (improved)	James Watt, 1760s-1770s		fun-inventions-who
Radio (wireless)	Guglielmo Marconi, 1890s		fun-inventions-who
Television (electronic)	Philo Farnsworth, 1927		fun-inventions-who
Cotton gin	Eli Whitney, 1793		fun-inventions-who
Sewing machine (practical)	Elias Howe, 1846		fun-inventions-who
Dynamite	Alfred Nobel, 1867		fun-inventions-who
Vaccination (smallpox)	Edward Jenner, 1796		fun-inventions-who
Pasteurization	Louis Pasteur, 1860s		fun-inventions-who
Penicillin discovery	Alexander Fleming, 1928		fun-inventions-who
World Wide Web	Tim Berners-Lee, 1989		fun-inventions-who
Telescope (first)	Hans Lippershey applied in 1608; Galileo improved it in 1609		fun-inventions-who
Microscope (early)	Zacharias Janssen and others, about 1590s		fun-inventions-who
Compass	Invented in ancient China, over 1,000 years ago		fun-inventions-who
Paper	Invented in China, traditionally credited to Cai Lun about 105 CE		fun-inventions-who
Gunpowder	Invented in China around 800 CE		fun-inventions-who
Wheel	Used by ancient peoples in Mesopotamia about 5,500 years ago		fun-inventions-who
Zipper (modern)	Gideon Sundback, 1913		fun-inventions-who
Safety pin	Walter Hunt, 1849		fun-inventions-who
Bicycle (pedal)	Pierre Michaux and others, 1860s		fun-inventions-who
Automobile (gas-powered)	Karl Benz, 1885-1886		fun-inventions-who
Model T mass production	Henry Ford, 1908 onward		fun-inventions-who
Elevator safety brake	Elisha Otis, 1850s		fun-inventions-who
Refrigerator (early)	Several inventors; Jacob Perkins built an early one in 1834		fun-inventions-who
Camera (photograph)	Louis Daguerre's daguerreotype, 1839		fun-inventions-who
Movie camera (kinetoscope)	Thomas Edison and W.K.L. Dickson, 1890s		fun-inventions-who
Morse code and telegraph	Samuel Morse, 1830s-1840s		fun-inventions-who
Braille	Louis Braille, 1824		fun-inventions-who
Stethoscope	Rene Laennec, 1816		fun-inventions-who
Thermometer (Fahrenheit)	Daniel Fahrenheit, 1714		fun-inventions-who
Barometer	Evangelista Torricelli, 1643		fun-inventions-who
Parachute (sketch)	Leonardo da Vinci drew one in about 1485		fun-inventions-who
Hot air balloon	The Montgolfier brothers, 1783		fun-inventions-who
Steamboat (successful)	Robert Fulton, 1807		fun-inventions-who
Locomotive (early)	Richard Trevithick, 1804; George Stephenson's Rocket, 1829		fun-inventions-who
Battery	Alessandro Volta, 1800		fun-inventions-who
Electric generator principle	Michael Faraday, 1831		fun-inventions-who
Alternating current systems	Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, 1880s-1890s		fun-inventions-who
Transistor	Bell Labs: Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, 1947		fun-inventions-who
Computer (Analytical Engine design)	Charles Babbage, 1830s		fun-inventions-who
First programmer	Ada Lovelace, wrote notes with the first algorithm in 1843		fun-inventions-who
Helicopter (practical)	Igor Sikorsky, 1939		fun-inventions-who
Rocket (liquid fuel)	Robert Goddard, 1926		fun-inventions-who
Post-it notes	Spencer Silver and Art Fry at 3M, 1970s		fun-inventions-who
Velcro	George de Mestral, 1941		fun-inventions-who
Ballpoint pen	Laszlo Biro, 1938		fun-inventions-who
Pencil with eraser	Hymen Lipman patented one in 1858		fun-inventions-who
Crayons (modern)	Binney and Smith, 1903		fun-inventions-who
Basketball	James Naismith, 1891		fun-inventions-who
Frisbee	Walter Morrison, 1948 (Pluto Platter, then Frisbee)		fun-inventions-who
Potato chips	Said to be created by George Crum, 1853		fun-inventions-who
Chocolate chip cookie	Ruth Wakefield, 1938		fun-inventions-who
Popsicle	Frank Epperson, 1905 as a boy; patented 1923		fun-inventions-who
Earmuffs	Chester Greenwood, 1873 at age 15		fun-inventions-who
Trampoline	George Nissen, 1930s		fun-inventions-who
Snowboard (Snurfer)	Sherman Poppen, 1965		fun-inventions-who
Skateboard	California surfers of the 1940s-50s		fun-inventions-who
Traffic light (electric)	James Hoge and others, 1914		fun-inventions-who
What do you call a bear with no teeth?	A gummy bear		fun-jokes-animals
Why do fish live in salt water?	Because pepper makes them sneeze		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a sleeping bull?	A bulldozer		fun-jokes-animals
Why did the chicken cross the road?	To get to the other side		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a fish with no eyes?	A fsh		fun-jokes-animals
What do cows read in the morning?	The moos-paper		fun-jokes-animals
Why are cats good at video games?	They have nine lives		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a pig that does karate?	A pork chop		fun-jokes-animals
What is a cat's favorite color?	Purr-ple		fun-jokes-animals
Why was the cat sitting on the computer?	To keep an eye on the mouse		fun-jokes-animals
What do you get when you cross a snowman with a dog?	Frostbite		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a dinosaur that never gives up?	Try, try, try-ceratops		fun-jokes-animals
Why can't a leopard hide?	Because it is always spotted		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a sheep with no legs?	A cloud		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a dog magician?	A labracadabrador		fun-jokes-animals
Why do bees have sticky hair?	Because they use honeycombs		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a duck that gets all A's?	A wise quacker		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call two birds in love?	Tweethearts		fun-jokes-animals
Why did the owl invite his friends over?	He didn't want to be owl by himself		fun-jokes-animals
How do you count cows?	With a cowculator		fun-jokes-animals
What is a frog's favorite drink?	Croak-a-cola		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a sleeping dinosaur?	A dino-snore		fun-jokes-animals
Why do elephants never forget?	Because nobody ever tells them anything		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a happy cowboy's horse?	A hay-ppy horse		fun-jokes-animals
Why was the snake so good at math?	He was an adder		fun-jokes-animals
What's black and white and bouncy?	A penguin on a pogo stick		fun-jokes-animals
Why don't oysters share?	Because they are shellfish		fun-jokes-animals
What is a rabbit's favorite dance?	Hip-hop		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a bee that can't make up its mind?	A maybe		fun-jokes-animals
What's a horse's favorite game?	Stable tennis		fun-jokes-animals
Where do sheep go to get haircuts?	The baa-baa shop		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a bird that's afraid to fly?	A chicken		fun-jokes-animals
What sits on the bottom of the sea and shakes?	A nervous wreck		fun-jokes-animals
What kind of dog loves bubble baths?	A shampoodle		fun-jokes-animals
What do lions say before they eat?	Let us prey		fun-jokes-animals
Why did the dog sit in the shade?	He didn't want to be a hot dog		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a lazy kangaroo?	A pouch potato		fun-jokes-animals
Why are frogs so happy?	They eat whatever bugs them		fun-jokes-animals
Where do fish keep their money?	In the river bank		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a cow with two legs?	Lean beef		fun-jokes-animals
What did the spider do on the computer?	Made a website		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a boomerang that doesn't come back?	A stick		fun-jokes-animals
What do you get from a pampered cow?	Spoiled milk		fun-jokes-animals
How does a penguin build its house?	Igloos it together		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a pony with a cough?	A little hoarse		fun-jokes-animals
Why do ducks have feathers?	To cover their butt quacks		fun-jokes-animals
Why did the turtle cross the road?	To get to the shell station		fun-jokes-animals
What kind of key opens a banana?	A monkey		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a fly without wings?	A walk		fun-jokes-animals
Why was the baby ant confused?	All his uncles were ants		fun-jokes-animals
What is a cheetah's least favorite game?	Hide and seek, they're always spotted		fun-jokes-animals
What did the buffalo say when his son left?	Bison		fun-jokes-animals
How do you make a bee feel better?	Give it a buzz		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a fish wearing a bowtie?	Sofishticated		fun-jokes-animals
Why did the squirrel go to the party?	To get a few nuts to eat		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call an elephant that doesn't matter?	An irrelephant		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call cows with a sense of humor?	Laughing stock		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a cat that loves to bowl?	An alley cat		fun-jokes-animals
What do you call a bear in the rain?	A drizzly bear		fun-jokes-animals
Why did the bird get in trouble in class?	It was acting tweet		fun-jokes-animals
Why did the student eat his homework?	The teacher said it was a piece of cake		fun-jokes-everyday
Why was the math book sad?	It had too many problems		fun-jokes-everyday
What did zero say to eight?	Nice belt		fun-jokes-everyday
Why is six afraid of seven?	Because seven eight nine		fun-jokes-everyday
What kind of tree fits in your hand?	A palm tree		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call cheese that is not yours?	Nacho cheese		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the cookie go to the doctor?	It felt crummy		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a fake noodle?	An impasta		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the tomato turn red?	It saw the salad dressing		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a sleeping pizza?	A pizzzzzzza		fun-jokes-everyday
What did the plate say to the other plate?	Dinner is on me		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the banana go to the doctor?	It wasn't peeling well		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call an apple that plays the trumpet?	A tooty fruity		fun-jokes-everyday
What is a ghost's favorite fruit?	Boo-berries		fun-jokes-everyday
Why can't you trust stairs?	They are always up to something		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a boat full of sleeping people?	A snooze cruise		fun-jokes-everyday
How do you make a lemon drop?	Let it fall		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the scarecrow win an award?	He was outstanding in his field		fun-jokes-everyday
What did one wall say to the other?	I'll meet you at the corner		fun-jokes-everyday
Why was the broom late?	It over-swept		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a snowman in July?	A puddle		fun-jokes-everyday
What kind of music do mummies listen to?	Wrap music		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the clock get sent to school?	It tocked too much		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a train carrying bubble gum?	A chew-chew train		fun-jokes-everyday
What has ears but cannot hear?	A cornfield		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the golfer bring two pairs of pants?	In case he got a hole in one		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the bicycle fall over?	It was two-tired		fun-jokes-everyday
What did the ocean say to the shore?	Nothing, it just waved		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a pencil with no point?	Pointless		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the music teacher need a ladder?	To reach the high notes		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a dancing bean?	A jumping bean		fun-jokes-everyday
What did the sock say to the shoe?	I'll be right behind you		fun-jokes-everyday
What is a vampire's favorite fruit?	A blood orange		fun-jokes-everyday
Why do bakers work so hard?	They knead the dough		fun-jokes-everyday
What time is it when an elephant sits on your fence?	Time to get a new fence		fun-jokes-everyday
What did the left eye say to the right eye?	Between us, something smells		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the girl bring a ladder to school?	She wanted to go to high school		fun-jokes-everyday
Why are teddy bears never hungry?	They are always stuffed		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a robot that takes the long way?	R2-Detour		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a computer that sings?	A Dell		fun-jokes-everyday
What is a computer's favorite snack?	Microchips		fun-jokes-everyday
Why was the computer cold?	It left its Windows open		fun-jokes-everyday
What did the pirate say on his 80th birthday?	Aye matey		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the astronaut break up with her girlfriend?	She needed space		fun-jokes-everyday
What do planets like to read?	Comet books		fun-jokes-everyday
How does the moon cut its hair?	Eclipse it		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a three-legged donkey?	A wonkey		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the pillow go to the doctor?	It was feeling run down		fun-jokes-everyday
What kind of shoes do ninjas wear?	Sneakers		fun-jokes-everyday
What is a sleepy rabbit's favorite game?	Bed-ball		fun-jokes-everyday
Why was the equal sign so humble?	It knew it wasn't less than or greater than anyone		fun-jokes-everyday
What did the big flower say to the little flower?	Hi, bud		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the spoon run away with the fork?	They wanted to elope		fun-jokes-everyday
Where do pencils go on vacation?	Pencil-vania		fun-jokes-everyday
What did the janitor say when he jumped out of the closet?	Supplies		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call a nosy pepper?	Jalapeno business		fun-jokes-everyday
What do you call an alligator in a vest?	An investigator		fun-jokes-everyday
What is the best day to go to the beach?	Sunday		fun-jokes-everyday
Why did the picture go to jail?	It was framed		fun-jokes-everyday
Lettuce	Lettuce in, it's cold out here!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Boo	Don't cry, it's only a joke!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Orange	Orange you glad to see me?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Interrupting cow	Interrupting cow wh- MOO!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Atch	Bless you!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Dishes	Dishes the police, open up!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Who	Who who? Is there an owl in here?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Howard	Howard you like to let me in?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Ice cream	Ice cream if you don't let me in!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Olive	Olive you!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Alpaca	Alpaca the suitcase, you load the car		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Harry	Harry up and open the door!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Tank	You're welcome!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Cash	No thanks, I prefer peanuts!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Doughnut	Doughnut ask, it's a secret!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Needle	Needle little help getting in here		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Wooden shoe	Wooden shoe like to hear another joke?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Mikey	Mikey doesn't fit in the keyhole!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Ben	Ben knocking for ten minutes!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Justin	Justin time for dinner!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Annie	Annie thing you can do, I can do better!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Yoda	Yoda one who knows how to open the door!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Isabel	Isabel broken? I had to knock!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Kenya	Kenya open the door?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Luke	Luke through the peephole and find out!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Hawaii	I'm fine, Hawaii you?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Nobel	Nobel, so I knocked!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Aida	Aida whole pizza, now I'm full!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Bacon	Bacon a cake for your birthday!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Beets	Beets me, I forgot my name!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Consumption	Consumption be done about this door?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Dozen	Dozen anybody want to let me in?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Figs	Figs the doorbell, it's broken!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Guitar	Guitar you open the door!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Ida	Ida know, let me in and I'll tell you!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Jewel	Jewel know who it is when you open the door!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Kanga	No, kangaroo!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Lass	That's what cowboys say!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Mustache	I mustache you a question!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Noah	Noah good place to eat?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Offer	Offer got my keys!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Pasta	Pasta the salt, please!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Quacker	Quacker another joke!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Radio	Radio not, here I come!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Sherlock	Sherlock your door, so I can't get in!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Thermos	Thermos be a better way to get in!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Uriah	Uriah in the neighborhood and thought I'd stop by!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Vera	Vera nice to see you!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Walrus	Walrus be a good time to chat!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Xavier	Xavier breath, I'm coming in!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Yellow	Yellow! Is anybody home?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Zany	Zany body home?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Cargo	No, car go beep beep!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Rhino	Rhino every knock-knock joke there is!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Snow	Snow use, I forgot my name!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Stopwatch	Stopwatch you're doing and let me in!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Hoo	Is there an echo in here?		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Ears	Ears another knock-knock joke for you!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Tarzan	Tarzan stripes forever!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Beehive	Beehive yourself!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Pizza	Pizza trouble if you don't open up!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
Waiter	Waiter minute while I find my key!		fun-knock-knock-jokes
A farmer has 17 sheep. All but 9 run away. How many are left?	9		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Some months have 31 days. How many have 28?	All twelve		fun-logic-brain-teasers
If you have only one match and enter a dark room with a candle, a lamp and a fireplace, what do you light first?	The match		fun-logic-brain-teasers
How many times can you subtract 5 from 25?	Once, because after that it is 20, not 25		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Which weighs more, a pound of feathers or a pound of bricks?	They weigh the same		fun-logic-brain-teasers
A rooster lays an egg on top of a barn roof. Which way does it roll?	Roosters don't lay eggs		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What is half of two plus two?	Three (half of two is 1, plus 2)		fun-logic-brain-teasers
How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the ark?	None, it was Noah		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Divide 30 by half and add 10. What is the answer?	70		fun-logic-brain-teasers
There are 3 apples and you take away 2. How many do you have?	2		fun-logic-brain-teasers
A bat and ball cost $1.10 total. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much is the ball?	5 cents		fun-logic-brain-teasers
If 5 machines make 5 widgets in 5 minutes, how long for 100 machines to make 100 widgets?	5 minutes		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What number comes next? 2, 4, 8, 16, ...	32		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What number comes next? 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...	13 (the Fibonacci numbers)		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What number comes next? 1, 4, 9, 16, ...	25 (square numbers)		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What number comes next? 3, 6, 9, 12, ...	15		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What letter comes next? O, T, T, F, F, S, S, ...	E (One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight)		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What letter comes next? J, F, M, A, M, J, ...	J (months of the year: July)		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Mary's father has five daughters: Nana, Nene, Nini, Nono, and who?	Mary		fun-logic-brain-teasers
A man is looking at a photo. 'Brothers and sisters, I have none, but that man's father is my father's son.' Who is in the photo?	His son		fun-logic-brain-teasers
You are in a race and pass the person in second place. What place are you in?	Second		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Two coins add up to 30 cents and one of them is not a nickel. What are they?	A quarter and a nickel (one of them, the quarter, is not a nickel)		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What can be broken without being touched?	A promise		fun-logic-brain-teasers
If a red house is made of red bricks and a blue house of blue bricks, what is a greenhouse made of?	Glass		fun-logic-brain-teasers
A clock strikes 6 in 5 seconds. How long to strike 12?	11 seconds (count the gaps)		fun-logic-brain-teasers
There are 3 boxes labeled apples, oranges, and both, all labeled wrong. You pick one fruit from one box. Which box?	The box labeled 'both'		fun-logic-brain-teasers
A snail climbs 3 feet up a 10-foot wall each day and slips back 2 feet each night. When does it reach the top?	On day 8		fun-logic-brain-teasers
If it takes 3 people 3 hours to dig 3 holes, how long for 1 person to dig 1 hole?	3 hours		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Tom's mother has 4 children: April, May, June and who?	Tom		fun-logic-brain-teasers
How many two-cent stamps are in a dozen?	Twelve		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What is 100 divided by 2, then plus 1, then divided by 3?	17		fun-logic-brain-teasers
The more you take, the more you leave behind. What are they?	Footsteps		fun-logic-brain-teasers
How can you make the number 7 even without adding or subtracting?	Take away the S: seven becomes even		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Which is bigger, 0.5 or 0.45?	0.5		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What is the next shape? circle, square, triangle, circle, square, ...	Triangle		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Five people shake hands once each with every other person. How many handshakes?	10		fun-logic-brain-teasers
A father is 4 times as old as his son. In 20 years he will be twice as old. How old is the son now?	10 years old		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Which is heavier, a ton of coal or a ton of cotton?	Same		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Which number is missing? 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, __, 17	13 (prime numbers)		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What are the next two letters? A, C, E, G, I, __, __	K and M		fun-logic-brain-teasers
How can two girls be born to the same mother on the same day at the same time and not be twins?	They are part of triplets (or more)		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Two fathers and two sons go fishing and each catch one fish, but only three fish are caught. How?	There are three people: a grandfather, father and son		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What goes up when rain comes down?	An umbrella		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What word is spelled wrong in every dictionary?	Wrong		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What is the smallest three-digit number using different digits?	102		fun-logic-brain-teasers
If you have 3 quarters, 4 dimes and 5 nickels, how many coins do you have?	12		fun-logic-brain-teasers
Which is bigger, 1/2 or 1/3?	1/2		fun-logic-brain-teasers
What makes an animal a mammal?	It has hair or fur, feeds babies milk, and is warm-blooded		fun-mammals-world
African elephant	The biggest land animal; uses its trunk like a hand		fun-mammals-world
Giraffe	The tallest animal; its tongue is dark and about 18 inches long		fun-mammals-world
Hippopotamus	Spends the day in water and comes out at night to graze		fun-mammals-world
Rhinoceros	Has one or two horns made of keratin, like fingernails		fun-mammals-world
Lion	Lives in groups called prides; the male has a mane		fun-mammals-world
Cheetah	The fastest land animal		fun-mammals-world
Leopard	A spotted cat that carries prey into trees		fun-mammals-world
Tiger	The largest cat; each has its own stripe pattern		fun-mammals-world
Zebra	Black and white stripes; no two are the same		fun-mammals-world
Gorilla	A gentle forest ape that lives in family groups		fun-mammals-world
Chimpanzee	Shares most of its genes with humans		fun-mammals-world
Orangutan	The name means person of the forest in Malay		fun-mammals-world
Wolf	Lives and hunts in packs		fun-mammals-world
Red fox	A small wild dog with a bushy tail		fun-mammals-world
Grizzly bear	A large brown bear of North America		fun-mammals-world
Panda	Eats bamboo most of the day		fun-mammals-world
Koala	Eats eucalyptus leaves and sleeps up to 20 hours a day		fun-mammals-world
Kangaroo	Hops and carries babies in a pouch		fun-mammals-world
Platypus	A mammal that lays eggs, with a bill like a duck		fun-mammals-world
Bat	The only mammal that can truly fly		fun-mammals-world
Dolphin	A smart sea mammal that breathes air		fun-mammals-world
Blue whale	The largest animal ever		fun-mammals-world
Sea otter	Floats on its back and holds hands while sleeping		fun-mammals-world
Beaver	Builds dams with sticks and mud		fun-mammals-world
Porcupine	Has sharp quills for defense		fun-mammals-world
Hedgehog	Rolls into a spiny ball		fun-mammals-world
Squirrel	Buries nuts and sometimes forgets where		fun-mammals-world
Rabbit	Hops and has long ears and strong back legs		fun-mammals-world
Mole	Digs tunnels with big front paws		fun-mammals-world
Armadillo	Has a bony shell; some can curl into a ball		fun-mammals-world
Anteater	Uses a long sticky tongue to eat ants		fun-mammals-world
Sloth	Moves slowly and hangs upside down		fun-mammals-world
Camel	Stores fat in its hump		fun-mammals-world
Llama	A woolly South American animal that carries loads		fun-mammals-world
Moose	The largest deer; has big flat antlers		fun-mammals-world
Reindeer	Both males and females grow antlers		fun-mammals-world
Bison	A large shaggy animal of North American plains		fun-mammals-world
Mountain goat	Climbs steep cliffs with sure feet		fun-mammals-world
Meerkat	Takes turns standing guard		fun-mammals-world
Lemur	A primate of Madagascar with a ringed tail		fun-mammals-world
Walrus	Has two long tusks and whiskers		fun-mammals-world
Seal	Swims fast and rests on ice or rocks		fun-mammals-world
Polar bear	The largest land carnivore		fun-mammals-world
Hyena	A scavenger and hunter with a laughing call		fun-mammals-world
Warthog	A wild pig of Africa with tusks		fun-mammals-world
Okapi	Looks like a zebra-horse and is related to the giraffe		fun-mammals-world
Capybara	The largest rodent		fun-mammals-world
Red panda	A small tree-climbing animal that eats bamboo		fun-mammals-world
Tasmanian devil	A meat-eating marsupial of Tasmania		fun-mammals-world
Wombat	A digger that makes cube-shaped poop		fun-mammals-world
Narwhal	A whale with a long spiral tusk		fun-mammals-world
Manatee	A gentle sea cow		fun-mammals-world
Aardvark	A night digger that eats ants and termites		fun-mammals-world
Pangolin	A scaly mammal that curls into a ball		fun-mammals-world
Tapir	A forest animal with a flexible snout		fun-mammals-world
Raccoon	Has clever front paws and a masked face		fun-mammals-world
Skunk	Sprays a smelly liquid when scared		fun-mammals-world
Chipmunk	Stores seeds in cheek pouches		fun-mammals-world
Opossum	North America's only marsupial		fun-mammals-world
Bobcat	A wild cat with a short tail		fun-mammals-world
Mountain lion	A large American wild cat also called a cougar		fun-mammals-world
Coyote	A clever wild dog of North America		fun-mammals-world
Elk	A large deer with big antlers		fun-mammals-world
Fennec fox	A tiny desert fox with huge ears		fun-mammals-world
Ocelot	A beautiful spotted wild cat of the Americas		fun-mammals-world
What is a googol?	The number 1 followed by 100 zeros		fun-math-fun-facts
What is pi?	About 3.14159, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter		fun-math-fun-facts
When is Pi Day?	March 14 (3/14)		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the only even prime number?	2		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a prime number?	A number greater than 1 with only two factors: 1 and itself		fun-math-fun-facts
What are the first five prime numbers?	2, 3, 5, 7, 11		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a perfect number?	A number equal to the sum of its smaller factors, like 6 (1+2+3)		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the next perfect number after 6?	28		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a square number?	The result of a number times itself, like 25		fun-math-fun-facts
What are the first five square numbers?	1, 4, 9, 16, 25		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a cube number?	A number times itself twice, like 27		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the Fibonacci sequence?	1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13... each number is the sum of the previous two		fun-math-fun-facts
Where do Fibonacci numbers show up in nature?	In spirals of sunflowers, pinecones and shells		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the golden ratio?	About 1.618, a special ratio found in art and nature		fun-math-fun-facts
Who is the father of geometry?	Euclid		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the Pythagorean theorem?	In a right triangle, a squared plus b squared equals c squared		fun-math-fun-facts
How many degrees in a circle?	360		fun-math-fun-facts
How many degrees in a triangle's angles?	180		fun-math-fun-facts
How many degrees in a right angle?	90		fun-math-fun-facts
How many sides does a hexagon have?	Six		fun-math-fun-facts
How many sides does an octagon have?	Eight		fun-math-fun-facts
What shape is a honeycomb cell?	A hexagon		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a polygon?	A closed shape with straight sides		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a number with no end after the decimal and no pattern?	An irrational number, like pi		fun-math-fun-facts
What is zero?	The number that means none, invented in India		fun-math-fun-facts
Who invented our digits 0 to 9?	They came from India and spread through the Arab world (Hindu-Arabic numerals)		fun-math-fun-facts
What number system do computers use?	Binary, using 0 and 1		fun-math-fun-facts
What is 1,000,000 called?	A million		fun-math-fun-facts
What is 1,000,000,000 called?	A billion		fun-math-fun-facts
What is 1,000,000,000,000 called?	A trillion		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a dozen?	Twelve		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a gross?	144, or twelve dozen		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a score?	Twenty		fun-math-fun-facts
How many seconds in a minute?	60		fun-math-fun-facts
How many minutes in an hour?	60		fun-math-fun-facts
How many hours in a day?	24		fun-math-fun-facts
How many days in a year?	365 (366 in a leap year)		fun-math-fun-facts
How many weeks in a year?	52		fun-math-fun-facts
What are Roman numerals for 1, 5, 10, 50, 100?	I, V, X, L, C		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the Roman numeral for 500?	D		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the Roman numeral for 1,000?	M		fun-math-fun-facts
What is 12 x 12?	144		fun-math-fun-facts
What is 9 x 9?	81		fun-math-fun-facts
What is 7 x 8?	56		fun-math-fun-facts
What happens when you add the digits of a multiple of 9?	The digits add up to a multiple of 9		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the 9s trick on fingers?	Fold down the finger for the number; fingers left of it are tens and right are ones		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a tessellation?	A pattern of shapes that fit together with no gaps		fun-math-fun-facts
What shape tiles a floor without gaps?	Squares, triangles and hexagons		fun-math-fun-facts
What is symmetry?	When one half of a shape mirrors the other		fun-math-fun-facts
How many lines of symmetry does a square have?	Four		fun-math-fun-facts
How many lines of symmetry does a circle have?	Endless		fun-math-fun-facts
What is an average?	The sum of numbers divided by how many there are		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a mean, median and mode?	Average, middle value, and most common value		fun-math-fun-facts
What does 'infinity' mean?	Without end		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the symbol for infinity?	A sideways eight		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the Möbius strip?	A one-sided loop made by twisting a paper strip and joining its ends		fun-math-fun-facts
Who was Ada Lovelace?	An early thinker about computer programs in the 1840s		fun-math-fun-facts
Who was Carl Friedrich Gauss?	A German mathematician; as a boy he quickly added 1 to 100		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the sum of 1 to 100?	5,050		fun-math-fun-facts
What is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5?	15		fun-math-fun-facts
Why is a circle special?	Every point on it is the same distance from the center		fun-math-fun-facts
How many cents in a dollar?	100		fun-math-fun-facts
What is a percent?	Out of 100		fun-math-fun-facts
What is 50 percent of 80?	40		fun-math-fun-facts
What number is half of 100?	50		fun-math-fun-facts
What is the biggest 3-digit number?	999		fun-math-fun-facts
Is a mushroom a plant?	No, it is a fungus		fun-mushroom-safety
What is the kingdom of mushrooms, molds and yeasts?	Fungi		fun-mushroom-safety
Can fungi make their own food from sunlight?	No, they absorb food from what they grow on		fun-mushroom-safety
What is the mushroom you see above ground?	The fruiting body, like an apple on a tree		fun-mushroom-safety
What is mycelium?	The web of thin threads that is the main body of a fungus		fun-mushroom-safety
What are spores?	Tiny cells that fungi release to make new fungi		fun-mushroom-safety
What is the cap?	The top part of a mushroom		fun-mushroom-safety
What are gills?	Thin plates under the cap that hold spores		fun-mushroom-safety
What is the stipe?	The stem of a mushroom		fun-mushroom-safety
Where do many mushrooms grow?	On damp ground, rotting logs and leaves		fun-mushroom-safety
What is a decomposer?	A living thing that breaks down dead plants and animals		fun-mushroom-safety
Why are fungi helpful to forests?	They break down dead wood and return nutrients to the soil		fun-mushroom-safety
Should you ever eat a wild mushroom you find?	No, unless an expert has identified it		fun-mushroom-safety
Can you tell if a mushroom is safe by how it looks?	No, some poisonous ones look like edible ones		fun-mushroom-safety
What should you do if you see a wild mushroom?	Look and take a photo, but don't touch it with a bare hand or taste it		fun-mushroom-safety
What should you do after touching wild mushrooms?	Wash your hands		fun-mushroom-safety
Which grown-up can check mushrooms?	A trained expert, such as a mycologist		fun-mushroom-safety
What is a mycologist?	A scientist who studies fungi		fun-mushroom-safety
Is there a rule to tell poisonous from safe?	No simple rule works; never rely on tricks		fun-mushroom-safety
What if a pet or small child eats a wild mushroom?	Call a grown-up and poison control right away		fun-mushroom-safety
What is the poison control number in the US?	1-800-222-1222		fun-mushroom-safety
Are all mushrooms in the grocery store safe?	Store-bought ones sold for food are grown to be safe		fun-mushroom-safety
Button mushroom	The common white mushroom sold in stores		fun-mushroom-safety
Portobello	A large brown mushroom grown for food		fun-mushroom-safety
Shiitake	A mushroom grown for food in Asia and elsewhere		fun-mushroom-safety
Oyster mushroom	A soft, shell-shaped mushroom grown for food		fun-mushroom-safety
Truffle	A rare fungus that grows underground and is very costly		fun-mushroom-safety
Puffball	A round fungus that puffs out clouds of spores		fun-mushroom-safety
Fly agaric	A red cap with white spots in many fairy tales; it is poisonous		fun-mushroom-safety
Death cap	A deadly mushroom; never touch or taste wild mushrooms		fun-mushroom-safety
Shelf fungus	A fungus that grows out of trees like a shelf		fun-mushroom-safety
Fairy ring	A circle of mushrooms in a lawn		fun-mushroom-safety
Yeast	A tiny fungus that makes bread rise		fun-mushroom-safety
Mold	A fuzzy fungus that grows on old food		fun-mushroom-safety
Should you eat moldy food?	No, throw it away		fun-mushroom-safety
Penicillin	A medicine first found from a mold		fun-mushroom-safety
Athlete's foot	A skin problem caused by a fungus		fun-mushroom-safety
Lichen	A partnership between a fungus and algae		fun-mushroom-safety
Largest living thing by area?	A honey fungus in Oregon's Blue Mountains, mostly underground		fun-mushroom-safety
Bioluminescent mushrooms	Some mushrooms glow in the dark		fun-mushroom-safety
Do mushrooms need light to grow?	No, many grow in the dark		fun-mushroom-safety
Do mushrooms have seeds?	No, they have spores		fun-mushroom-safety
Are mushrooms animals?	No, they are in a kingdom of their own		fun-mushroom-safety
Which is closer to animals, a mushroom or a plant?	Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants		fun-mushroom-safety
Why do mushrooms pop up after rain?	They like moisture		fun-mushroom-safety
Why do some mushrooms have bright colors?	Colors can be a warning, but never trust color to decide if it is safe		fun-mushroom-safety
Are mushrooms healthy to eat?	Cooked store-bought mushrooms have vitamins and minerals		fun-mushroom-safety
Is it okay to pick mushrooms in a park?	Better to leave them for the forest and animals		fun-mushroom-safety
Who eats mushrooms in nature?	Squirrels, deer, snails and insects eat some kinds		fun-mushroom-safety
What is a field guide?	A book that helps identify plants, animals or fungi		fun-mushroom-safety
Dragon (European)	A huge winged reptile that breathes fire and guards treasure		fun-mythical-creatures
Dragon (Chinese)	A long, wise, lucky water dragon without wings		fun-mythical-creatures
Unicorn	A white horse with one spiral horn		fun-mythical-creatures
Phoenix	A bird that bursts into flame and is reborn from the ashes		fun-mythical-creatures
Griffin	Half eagle, half lion		fun-mythical-creatures
Pegasus	A winged horse from Greek myths		fun-mythical-creatures
Centaur	Half human, half horse		fun-mythical-creatures
Mermaid	A sea person with a fish tail		fun-mythical-creatures
Merman	A male sea person with a fish tail		fun-mythical-creatures
Siren	In Greek stories, sea beings whose songs lured sailors		fun-mythical-creatures
Sphinx	A lion with a human head, known for riddles		fun-mythical-creatures
Minotaur	Half man, half bull, in the Labyrinth		fun-mythical-creatures
Cyclops	A giant with one eye		fun-mythical-creatures
Hydra	A many-headed serpent		fun-mythical-creatures
Medusa	A woman with snakes for hair		fun-mythical-creatures
Cerberus	A three-headed dog guarding the underworld		fun-mythical-creatures
Chimera	A mix of lion, goat and snake		fun-mythical-creatures
Kraken	A giant sea monster from Norse tales		fun-mythical-creatures
Troll	A big, grumpy creature of Scandinavian stories, often under bridges		fun-mythical-creatures
Elf	A magical, long-lived being of northern European folklore		fun-mythical-creatures
Dwarf	A short, strong miner and smith in legends		fun-mythical-creatures
Giant	A huge person in many folk tales		fun-mythical-creatures
Ogre	A giant that eats people in tales		fun-mythical-creatures
Goblin	A small, tricky creature in folk tales		fun-mythical-creatures
Fairy	A tiny magical being with wings		fun-mythical-creatures
Pixie	A playful fairy of English folk tales		fun-mythical-creatures
Leprechaun	An Irish fairy shoemaker who hides a pot of gold		fun-mythical-creatures
Banshee	An Irish spirit whose wail warns of trouble		fun-mythical-creatures
Selkie	A seal who can take human form in Scottish and Irish tales		fun-mythical-creatures
Kelpie	A Scottish water horse spirit		fun-mythical-creatures
Loch Ness Monster	A legendary creature said to live in a Scottish lake		fun-mythical-creatures
Bigfoot (Sasquatch)	A giant hairy creature said to live in North American forests		fun-mythical-creatures
Yeti	A snowy mountain creature of the Himalayas		fun-mythical-creatures
Thunderbird	A giant bird that makes thunder in many Native American stories		fun-mythical-creatures
Jackalope	A tall tale rabbit with antlers		fun-mythical-creatures
Kitsune	A Japanese fox spirit with many tails		fun-mythical-creatures
Tengu	A Japanese bird-like spirit with a long nose		fun-mythical-creatures
Kappa	A Japanese water imp who loves cucumbers		fun-mythical-creatures
Oni	Japanese ogres		fun-mythical-creatures
Tanuki	A Japanese raccoon dog spirit that can change its shape		fun-mythical-creatures
Qilin	A Chinese creature that looks like a mix of deer and dragon		fun-mythical-creatures
Fenghuang	The Chinese phoenix		fun-mythical-creatures
Garuda	A bird king in Hindu and Buddhist stories		fun-mythical-creatures
Naga	A serpent being in Hindu and Buddhist stories		fun-mythical-creatures
Ganesha	The elephant-headed Hindu god		fun-mythical-creatures
Hanuman	A monkey hero in the Ramayana		fun-mythical-creatures
Djinn (genie)	A being of smokeless fire in Middle Eastern stories		fun-mythical-creatures
Roc	A giant bird in Arabian tales		fun-mythical-creatures
Anansi	A spider trickster in West African and Caribbean stories		fun-mythical-creatures
Baba Yaga	A witch in Slavic tales who lives in a hut on chicken legs		fun-mythical-creatures
Firebird	A glowing magical bird in Russian tales		fun-mythical-creatures
Golem	A clay figure brought to life in Jewish folklore		fun-mythical-creatures
Werewolf	A person who turns into a wolf in tales		fun-mythical-creatures
Vampire	A legendary being who drinks blood, from old folktales		fun-mythical-creatures
Ghost	The spirit of someone who died, in stories		fun-mythical-creatures
Mummy	A wrapped body in Egyptian stories that comes to life in movies		fun-mythical-creatures
Basilisk	A legendary serpent king whose gaze was deadly		fun-mythical-creatures
Cockatrice	A creature with a rooster head and serpent body		fun-mythical-creatures
Hippogriff	A creature with a horse body and eagle head, from old romances		fun-mythical-creatures
Manticore	A Persian creature with a lion body, human face and scorpion tail		fun-mythical-creatures
Wyvern	A two-legged dragon in European heraldry		fun-mythical-creatures
Jabberwock	A creature in a nonsense poem by Lewis Carroll		fun-mythical-creatures
Snark	A made-up creature in a poem by Lewis Carroll		fun-mythical-creatures
Yellowstone (WY, MT, ID)	The first national park (1872); Old Faithful geyser and bison		fun-national-parks-us
Yosemite (CA)	Granite cliffs, waterfalls and giant sequoias		fun-national-parks-us
Grand Canyon (AZ)	A huge canyon cut by the Colorado River		fun-national-parks-us
Zion (UT)	Red rock canyons and narrow slot canyons		fun-national-parks-us
Bryce Canyon (UT)	Tall rock spires called hoodoos		fun-national-parks-us
Arches (UT)	More than 2,000 natural sandstone arches		fun-national-parks-us
Canyonlands (UT)	Deep canyons and mesas carved by rivers		fun-national-parks-us
Great Smoky Mountains (TN, NC)	Misty mountains and lots of different plants and animals		fun-national-parks-us
Acadia (ME)	Rocky coast and first sunrise views in the US in some seasons		fun-national-parks-us
Glacier (MT)	Mountains, glaciers and clear lakes		fun-national-parks-us
Rocky Mountain (CO)	High peaks and elk		fun-national-parks-us
Grand Teton (WY)	Jagged mountains rising from a valley		fun-national-parks-us
Olympic (WA)	Rainforest, mountains and Pacific beaches		fun-national-parks-us
Mount Rainier (WA)	A giant volcano with glaciers		fun-national-parks-us
Redwood (CA)	The tallest trees on Earth		fun-national-parks-us
Sequoia (CA)	Giant sequoias, the largest trees by volume		fun-national-parks-us
Joshua Tree (CA)	Desert with twisted Joshua trees		fun-national-parks-us
Death Valley (CA, NV)	The hottest, driest place in North America		fun-national-parks-us
Everglades (FL)	A huge wetland with alligators and wading birds		fun-national-parks-us
Biscayne (FL)	Mostly underwater, with coral reefs		fun-national-parks-us
Dry Tortugas (FL)	Islands with an old fort, far out in the Gulf		fun-national-parks-us
Mammoth Cave (KY)	The longest known cave system in the world		fun-national-parks-us
Carlsbad Caverns (NM)	Huge limestone caves and a bat flight at dusk		fun-national-parks-us
Big Bend (TX)	Desert, mountains and the Rio Grande		fun-national-parks-us
Badlands (SD)	Striped, eroded hills and fossils		fun-national-parks-us
Wind Cave (SD)	A cave with rare boxwork formations		fun-national-parks-us
Theodore Roosevelt (ND)	Rugged badlands and wild horses		fun-national-parks-us
Voyageurs (MN)	Lakes and canoeing		fun-national-parks-us
Isle Royale (MI)	A wilderness island in Lake Superior		fun-national-parks-us
Cuyahoga Valley (OH)	A park with waterfalls and a scenic train		fun-national-parks-us
Shenandoah (VA)	Skyline Drive and fall colors		fun-national-parks-us
Hot Springs (AR)	Natural hot springs and old bathhouses		fun-national-parks-us
Congaree (SC)	A forest in a floodplain		fun-national-parks-us
Denali (AK)	Home of North America's tallest mountain		fun-national-parks-us
Glacier Bay (AK)	Tidewater glaciers and whales		fun-national-parks-us
Kenai Fjords (AK)	Fjords, glaciers and sea life		fun-national-parks-us
Katmai (AK)	Brown bears catching salmon		fun-national-parks-us
Haleakala (HI)	A huge volcano crater on Maui		fun-national-parks-us
Hawaii Volcanoes (HI)	Active volcanoes		fun-national-parks-us
Petrified Forest (AZ)	Trees turned to stone		fun-national-parks-us
Saguaro (AZ)	Giant cactus forest		fun-national-parks-us
Mesa Verde (CO)	Ancient cliff homes built by Ancestral Puebloans		fun-national-parks-us
Great Sand Dunes (CO)	The tallest sand dunes in North America		fun-national-parks-us
Crater Lake (OR)	The deepest lake in the US, in an old volcano		fun-national-parks-us
Lassen Volcanic (CA)	Hot springs and volcanic mud pots		fun-national-parks-us
Pinnacles (CA)	Rock spires and rare California condors		fun-national-parks-us
Channel Islands (CA)	Island wildlife off the coast		fun-national-parks-us
North Cascades (WA)	Rugged peaks and glaciers		fun-national-parks-us
Great Basin (NV)	Ancient bristlecone pines and dark skies		fun-national-parks-us
Capitol Reef (UT)	A long wrinkle in the Earth called a monocline		fun-national-parks-us
Black Canyon of the Gunnison (CO)	A very steep, narrow canyon		fun-national-parks-us
Guadalupe Mountains (TX)	Highest point in Texas		fun-national-parks-us
White Sands (NM)	Glowing white gypsum dunes		fun-national-parks-us
Gateway Arch (MO)	A national park with the famous Arch in St. Louis		fun-national-parks-us
Indiana Dunes (IN)	Sand dunes on Lake Michigan		fun-national-parks-us
Virgin Islands (USVI)	Beaches and coral reefs		fun-national-parks-us
National Park Service	The agency that cares for national parks; founded in 1916		fun-national-parks-us
Ranger	A person who protects and teaches about parks		fun-national-parks-us
Junior Ranger	A kids' program where you earn a badge		fun-national-parks-us
Leave No Trace	Take only photos, leave only footprints		fun-national-parks-us
Odin	Chief of the gods, wise, with one eye and two ravens		fun-norse-myths
Thor	God of thunder who carries the hammer Mjolnir		fun-norse-myths
Loki	A clever trickster god who makes mischief		fun-norse-myths
Freya	Goddess of love and beauty, and also of magic		fun-norse-myths
Frigg	Odin's wife, goddess of the home		fun-norse-myths
Baldur	Gentle god of light and joy		fun-norse-myths
Tyr	Brave god of law and war; Tuesday is named for him		fun-norse-myths
Heimdall	Guardian of the rainbow bridge, with sharp ears and eyes		fun-norse-myths
Freyr	God of sunshine, rain and crops		fun-norse-myths
Sif	Thor's wife, famous for her golden hair		fun-norse-myths
Idun	Goddess who keeps the apples of youth		fun-norse-myths
Bragi	God of poetry and song		fun-norse-myths
Hel	Ruler of the world of the dead that shares her name		fun-norse-myths
Mjolnir	Thor's magic hammer		fun-norse-myths
Gungnir	Odin's magic spear		fun-norse-myths
Sleipnir	Odin's eight-legged horse		fun-norse-myths
Huginn and Muninn	Odin's two ravens, Thought and Memory		fun-norse-myths
Asgard	Home of the gods		fun-norse-myths
Midgard	The world of people		fun-norse-myths
Jotunheim	Land of the giants		fun-norse-myths
Bifrost	The rainbow bridge between Asgard and Midgard		fun-norse-myths
Yggdrasil	The giant world tree that connects nine worlds		fun-norse-myths
Valhalla	Odin's great hall for brave warriors		fun-norse-myths
Valkyries	Warrior maidens who serve Odin		fun-norse-myths
Fenrir	A giant wolf, son of Loki		fun-norse-myths
Jormungandr	The huge sea serpent that circles the world		fun-norse-myths
Ragnarok	The great final battle and the end of the old world		fun-norse-myths
Aesir	The main family of Norse gods		fun-norse-myths
Vanir	A second family of gods tied to nature and farming		fun-norse-myths
Giants	Powerful beings who often clash with the gods		fun-norse-myths
Dwarves	Skilled craftspeople who made magic items		fun-norse-myths
Elves	Bright beings of the world Alfheim		fun-norse-myths
Norns	Three women who shape fate		fun-norse-myths
Odin's missing eye	He gave an eye for a drink from the well of wisdom		fun-norse-myths
Wednesday	Named for Woden, another name for Odin		fun-norse-myths
Thursday	Named for Thor		fun-norse-myths
Friday	Named for Frigg or Freya		fun-norse-myths
Runes	Letters of the old Norse alphabet		fun-norse-myths
Longship	The Vikings' fast sailing ship		fun-norse-myths
Skald	A Viking poet		fun-norse-myths
American Robin	Orange-red breast, gray-brown back; hops on lawns hunting worms		fun-north-american-birds
Northern Cardinal	Male is bright red with a crest; female is tan with red touches		fun-north-american-birds
Blue Jay	Blue, white and black with a crest and loud call		fun-north-american-birds
American Goldfinch	Male is bright yellow with a black cap in summer		fun-north-american-birds
House Sparrow	Small brown bird common near people		fun-north-american-birds
Black-capped Chickadee	Small, black cap and bib, says 'chick-a-dee-dee'		fun-north-american-birds
Tufted Titmouse	Gray with a crest and big black eyes		fun-north-american-birds
White-breasted Nuthatch	Climbs down tree trunks head first		fun-north-american-birds
Downy Woodpecker	Small black and white woodpecker		fun-north-american-birds
Red-bellied Woodpecker	Zebra-striped back and a red cap		fun-north-american-birds
Pileated Woodpecker	Crow-sized with a bright red crest		fun-north-american-birds
Mourning Dove	Soft gray-brown bird with a gentle cooing call		fun-north-american-birds
Rock Pigeon	City bird in gray with iridescent neck		fun-north-american-birds
Canada Goose	Black neck, white chin strap, honks in V formation		fun-north-american-birds
Mallard	Male has a shiny green head; female is brown		fun-north-american-birds
Bald Eagle	Large with a white head and tail, the US national bird		fun-north-american-birds
Red-tailed Hawk	Big hawk with a rusty tail, often seen on poles		fun-north-american-birds
Great Horned Owl	Large owl with ear tufts that hoots at night		fun-north-american-birds
Barn Owl	Pale heart-shaped face, hunts at night		fun-north-american-birds
Ruby-throated Hummingbird	Tiny, the male has a red throat; the only hummingbird in most of the eastern US		fun-north-american-birds
Turkey Vulture	Big dark bird with a red head, soars in the sky		fun-north-american-birds
American Crow	All black, says 'caw'		fun-north-american-birds
Common Raven	Bigger than a crow, deep croak		fun-north-american-birds
Northern Mockingbird	Gray bird that copies other birds' songs		fun-north-american-birds
Gray Catbird	Slate gray bird with a call like a cat's mew		fun-north-american-birds
Brown Thrasher	Reddish-brown with a streaked chest, sings long songs		fun-north-american-birds
Eastern Bluebird	Blue back and orange chest		fun-north-american-birds
Baltimore Oriole	Bright orange and black bird that weaves hanging nests		fun-north-american-birds
Red-winged Blackbird	Black with red and yellow shoulder patches		fun-north-american-birds
Common Grackle	Glossy black bird with a long tail		fun-north-american-birds
European Starling	Speckled, shiny and chatty; it came from Europe		fun-north-american-birds
Cedar Waxwing	Silky brown with a crest and a yellow tail tip		fun-north-american-birds
Barn Swallow	Blue back, orange chest, forked tail		fun-north-american-birds
Purple Martin	A large swallow that nests in birdhouses		fun-north-american-birds
Killdeer	Plover with two black chest bands; fakes a hurt wing to lure foes from its nest		fun-north-american-birds
Great Blue Heron	Tall gray-blue wader with a long neck		fun-north-american-birds
Sandhill Crane	Tall gray bird with a red forehead patch		fun-north-american-birds
Herring Gull	The classic seagull, white and gray		fun-north-american-birds
Brown Pelican	Dives into the sea for fish		fun-north-american-birds
Osprey	A fish hawk that dives feet first		fun-north-american-birds
American Kestrel	Our smallest falcon; hovers over fields		fun-north-american-birds
Peregrine Falcon	The fastest diving bird		fun-north-american-birds
Wild Turkey	Big ground bird; males fan their tails		fun-north-american-birds
Common Loon	Black and white bird with an eerie call; Minnesota's state bird		fun-north-american-birds
Scarlet Tanager	Male is bright red with black wings		fun-north-american-birds
Indigo Bunting	A small bird that looks deep blue		fun-north-american-birds
Dark-eyed Junco	Gray bird with a white belly; called the snowbird		fun-north-american-birds
White-throated Sparrow	Song sounds like 'Oh sweet Canada, Canada'		fun-north-american-birds
Song Sparrow	Streaky brown with a central chest spot		fun-north-american-birds
House Finch	Male has a red head and chest		fun-north-american-birds
Eastern Towhee	Black head, rusty sides, says 'drink your tea'		fun-north-american-birds
Carolina Wren	Loud small reddish-brown bird with a white stripe over the eye		fun-north-american-birds
Ruby-crowned Kinglet	A tiny, active bird that flicks its wings		fun-north-american-birds
Belted Kingfisher	Blue-gray fisher with a shaggy crest		fun-north-american-birds
Wood Duck	Colorful duck that nests in tree holes		fun-north-american-birds
Roadrunner	A long-legged bird of the Southwest that runs fast		fun-north-american-birds
Western Meadowlark	Yellow chest with a black V; sweet flute-like song		fun-north-american-birds
Steller's Jay	Dark blue jay with a black crest of the West		fun-north-american-birds
Twinkle, twinkle, little star	How I wonder what you are		fun-nursery-rhymes
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall	Humpty Dumpty had a great fall		fun-nursery-rhymes
Jack and Jill went up the hill	To fetch a pail of water		fun-nursery-rhymes
Mary had a little lamb	Its fleece was white as snow		fun-nursery-rhymes
Hickory, dickory, dock	The mouse ran up the clock		fun-nursery-rhymes
Baa, baa, black sheep	Have you any wool?		fun-nursery-rhymes
Little Miss Muffet	Sat on a tuffet eating her curds and whey		fun-nursery-rhymes
Itsy Bitsy Spider	Climbed up the water spout		fun-nursery-rhymes
Row, row, row your boat	Gently down the stream		fun-nursery-rhymes
Old MacDonald had a farm	E-I-E-I-O		fun-nursery-rhymes
Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man	Bake me a cake as fast as you can		fun-nursery-rhymes
London Bridge is falling down	Falling down, falling down		fun-nursery-rhymes
Jack be nimble, Jack be quick	Jack jump over the candlestick		fun-nursery-rhymes
Little Bo Peep has lost her sheep	And doesn't know where to find them		fun-nursery-rhymes
Little Jack Horner	Sat in a corner eating his Christmas pie		fun-nursery-rhymes
Hey diddle diddle	The cat and the fiddle, the cow jumped over the moon		fun-nursery-rhymes
Wee Willie Winkie	Runs through the town		fun-nursery-rhymes
Georgie Porgie, pudding and pie	Kissed the girls and made them cry		fun-nursery-rhymes
Rock-a-bye baby, on the treetop	When the wind blows the cradle will rock		fun-nursery-rhymes
Peter Piper picked	A peck of pickled peppers		fun-nursery-rhymes
Pease porridge hot	Pease porridge cold		fun-nursery-rhymes
Simple Simon met a pieman	Going to the fair		fun-nursery-rhymes
Three blind mice	See how they run		fun-nursery-rhymes
Old King Cole	Was a merry old soul		fun-nursery-rhymes
The Grand Old Duke of York	Had ten thousand men		fun-nursery-rhymes
Ring around the rosie	A pocket full of posies		fun-nursery-rhymes
The wheels on the bus	Go round and round		fun-nursery-rhymes
Five little monkeys	Jumping on the bed		fun-nursery-rhymes
Ten in the bed	And the little one said, 'Roll over!'		fun-nursery-rhymes
Rain, rain, go away	Come again another day		fun-nursery-rhymes
This little piggy went to market	This little piggy stayed home		fun-nursery-rhymes
Polly put the kettle on	We'll all have tea		fun-nursery-rhymes
Sing a song of sixpence	A pocket full of rye		fun-nursery-rhymes
Mary, Mary, quite contrary	How does your garden grow?		fun-nursery-rhymes
Little Boy Blue	Come blow your horn		fun-nursery-rhymes
Yankee Doodle	Went to town riding on a pony		fun-nursery-rhymes
I'm a little teapot	Short and stout		fun-nursery-rhymes
If you're happy and you know it	Clap your hands		fun-nursery-rhymes
The Muffin Man	Do you know the muffin man?		fun-nursery-rhymes
Pop goes the weasel	Round and round the mulberry bush		fun-nursery-rhymes
Doctor Foster went to Gloucester	In a shower of rain		fun-nursery-rhymes
There was an old woman who lived in a shoe	She had so many children she didn't know what to do		fun-nursery-rhymes
Jack Sprat could eat no fat	His wife could eat no lean		fun-nursery-rhymes
Little Tommy Tucker	Sings for his supper		fun-nursery-rhymes
Cock-a-doodle-doo	My dame has lost her shoe		fun-nursery-rhymes
Mary Mary	Quite contrary		fun-nursery-rhymes
One, two, buckle my shoe	Three, four, shut the door		fun-nursery-rhymes
Hot cross buns	One a penny, two a penny		fun-nursery-rhymes
Old Mother Hubbard	Went to the cupboard		fun-nursery-rhymes
Twinkle Twinkle author	The words come from a poem by Jane Taylor, 1806		fun-nursery-rhymes
Who is Mother Goose?	A made-up storyteller linked with rhymes		fun-nursery-rhymes
Where did the ancient Olympics start?	Olympia, Greece, in 776 BCE		fun-olympics
When did the modern Olympics begin?	1896 in Athens, Greece		fun-olympics
How often are the Summer Olympics held?	Every four years		fun-olympics
What are the Olympic rings?	Five linked rings in blue, yellow, black, green and red on a white background		fun-olympics
What do the five rings stand for?	The five inhabited continents joined together		fun-olympics
What is the Olympic motto?	Faster, Higher, Stronger, now with 'Together'		fun-olympics
What is the Olympic flame?	A torch lit in Olympia and carried to the host city		fun-olympics
What do gold, silver and bronze medals stand for?	First, second and third place		fun-olympics
Who founded the modern Olympics?	Pierre de Coubertin of France		fun-olympics
Where were the 1900 Olympics held?	Paris, France		fun-olympics
Where were the 1904 Olympics?	St. Louis, USA		fun-olympics
Where were the 1908 Olympics?	London, England		fun-olympics
Where were the 1912 Olympics?	Stockholm, Sweden		fun-olympics
Where were the 1924 Summer Olympics?	Paris, France		fun-olympics
Where were the 1928 Summer Olympics?	Amsterdam, Netherlands		fun-olympics
Where were the 1932 Summer Olympics?	Los Angeles, USA		fun-olympics
Where were the 1936 Summer Olympics?	Berlin, Germany		fun-olympics
Where were the 1948 Summer Olympics?	London, England		fun-olympics
Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics?	Helsinki, Finland		fun-olympics
Where were the 1956 Summer Olympics?	Melbourne, Australia		fun-olympics
Where were the 1960 Summer Olympics?	Rome, Italy		fun-olympics
Where were the 1964 Summer Olympics?	Tokyo, Japan		fun-olympics
Where were the 1968 Summer Olympics?	Mexico City, Mexico		fun-olympics
Where were the 1972 Summer Olympics?	Munich, West Germany		fun-olympics
Where were the 1976 Summer Olympics?	Montreal, Canada		fun-olympics
Where were the 1980 Summer Olympics?	Moscow, Soviet Union		fun-olympics
Where were the 1984 Summer Olympics?	Los Angeles, USA		fun-olympics
Where were the 1988 Summer Olympics?	Seoul, South Korea		fun-olympics
Where were the 1992 Summer Olympics?	Barcelona, Spain		fun-olympics
Where were the 1996 Summer Olympics?	Atlanta, USA		fun-olympics
Where were the 2000 Summer Olympics?	Sydney, Australia		fun-olympics
Where were the 2004 Summer Olympics?	Athens, Greece		fun-olympics
Where were the 2008 Summer Olympics?	Beijing, China		fun-olympics
Where were the 2012 Summer Olympics?	London, England		fun-olympics
Where were the 2016 Summer Olympics?	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		fun-olympics
Where were the 2020 Summer Olympics (held in 2021)?	Tokyo, Japan		fun-olympics
Where were the 2024 Summer Olympics?	Paris, France		fun-olympics
Where are the 2028 Summer Olympics?	Los Angeles, USA		fun-olympics
Where were the 1980 Winter Olympics?	Lake Placid, USA		fun-olympics
Where were the 1988 Winter Olympics?	Calgary, Canada		fun-olympics
Where were the 1994 Winter Olympics?	Lillehammer, Norway		fun-olympics
Where were the 1998 Winter Olympics?	Nagano, Japan		fun-olympics
Where were the 2002 Winter Olympics?	Salt Lake City, USA		fun-olympics
Where were the 2006 Winter Olympics?	Turin, Italy		fun-olympics
Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics?	Vancouver, Canada		fun-olympics
Where were the 2014 Winter Olympics?	Sochi, Russia		fun-olympics
Where were the 2018 Winter Olympics?	PyeongChang, South Korea		fun-olympics
Where were the 2022 Winter Olympics?	Beijing, China		fun-olympics
Where were the 2026 Winter Olympics?	Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy		fun-olympics
Name three track and field events.	Sprint, long jump, shot put (and many more)		fun-olympics
Name some Summer Olympic sports.	Swimming, gymnastics, athletics, soccer, basketball, cycling		fun-olympics
Name some Winter Olympic sports.	Skiing, skating, snowboarding, ice hockey, curling		fun-olympics
What is the marathon distance?	About 26.2 miles (42.195 km)		fun-olympics
Why is it called a marathon?	Named after a famous run from Marathon to Athens in Greek legend		fun-olympics
What is the decathlon?	A ten-event track and field contest		fun-olympics
What is the heptathlon?	A seven-event contest for women		fun-olympics
What is curling?	Sliding stones on ice toward a target and sweeping the ice		fun-olympics
What is the biathlon?	Cross-country skiing and rifle shooting; a winter sport		fun-olympics
Who was Jesse Owens?	American runner who won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics		fun-olympics
Who was Jim Thorpe?	A Native American athlete who won gold in 1912		fun-olympics
What are the Paralympic Games?	Games for athletes with disabilities		fun-olympics
What are the Youth Olympic Games?	Games for teen athletes		fun-olympics
What is the Olympic oath?	A promise by athletes to compete fairly		fun-olympics
What is the Parade of Nations?	Teams from each country march in at the opening		fun-olympics
Optical illusion	A picture that tricks your eyes or brain		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Muller-Lyer illusion	Two lines look different lengths because of the arrow ends, but they are the same		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Ponzo illusion	Two same-size lines look different when placed between converging lines		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Ebbinghaus illusion	A circle looks bigger or smaller depending on the circles around it		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Rubin vase	An image that looks like a vase or two faces		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Duck-rabbit	A drawing that can look like a duck or a rabbit		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Necker cube	A line cube that seems to flip which face is in front		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Penrose triangle	An impossible triangle that cannot exist in real life		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Penrose stairs	An endless staircase that always goes up, impossible in real life		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Cafe wall illusion	Straight lines look tilted because of shifted black and white tiles		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Hermann grid	Gray dots seem to appear where white lines cross		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Checker shadow illusion	Two squares look different but are the same shade		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Afterimage	Staring at a color and looking away shows the opposite color		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Stroop effect	It is hard to say the color of ink when the word names another color		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Troxler fading	Staring makes things in your side vision fade		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Motion illusion	A still picture seems to move		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Moon illusion	The Moon looks bigger near the horizon than high in the sky		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Mirage	A trick of light that makes water seem to appear on hot ground		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Camouflage	Blending in so you are hard to see		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Forced perspective	Using distance to make something look bigger or smaller in a photo		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Impossible object	A drawing that looks real but cannot be built as drawn		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Hidden image	A picture hidden in another picture		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Stereogram (Magic Eye)	A flat picture that shows 3D shapes when you relax your eyes		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Blind spot	The small spot in your vision where the optic nerve leaves the eye		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Persistence of vision	Why a quick series of pictures looks like movement		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Flipbook	Pages of drawings that make movement when flipped fast		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Zoetrope	A spinning drum that makes pictures appear to move		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Illusion of size	Same-size objects look different because of surroundings		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Sleight of hand	Using fast, clever hand moves to fool the eye		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Misdirection	Drawing attention away from the secret move		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Prestidigitation	A fancy word for magic done with the hands		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Illusionist	A magician who performs large tricks		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Magician's assistant	A helper on stage in a trick		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Wand	A thin stick magicians wave		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Top hat	A tall hat from which rabbits seem to appear		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Abracadabra	A magic word said before a trick		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Presto	A word magicians say when the trick is done		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Patter	The words a magician says during a trick		fun-optical-illusions-magic
The reveal	The moment when the trick is shown		fun-optical-illusions-magic
The prestige	The final surprising part of a trick		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Force	When a magician makes you choose the card they want		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Palming	Hiding a small object in the palm		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Shuffle	Mixing a deck of cards		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Card trick	A trick done with playing cards		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Coin trick	A trick where a coin seems to vanish or move		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Rope trick	A trick with a rope that seems to cut and join		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Mind reading act	A show that seems to guess your thoughts		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Houdini	Harry Houdini, a famous escape artist of the early 1900s		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Escapology	The art of escaping from ropes, chains or boxes		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Pull a rabbit out of a hat	A classic magic trick image		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Cut and restored rope	A trick where the rope is cut and magically fixed		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Linking rings	A trick with metal rings that join and separate		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Vanishing	Making something seem to disappear		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Levitation	Making something seem to float		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Fooled you!	Good magicians never reveal their secrets		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Close-up magic	Tricks done right in front of people at a table		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Stage magic	Large tricks done for a big audience		fun-optical-illusions-magic
Street magic	Magic performed for people out in public		fun-optical-illusions-magic
What do all pets need every day?	Fresh water, food, shelter and love		fun-pet-care
How often should a dog be walked?	At least once or twice a day		fun-pet-care
Who takes dogs to the vet?	The pet's owner, with a grown-up's help		fun-pet-care
What is a vet?	A doctor for animals		fun-pet-care
What are vaccines?	Shots that protect pets from diseases		fun-pet-care
What is a microchip?	A tiny chip under the skin that helps find a lost pet		fun-pet-care
What is a collar tag for?	Shows the pet's name and your phone number		fun-pet-care
Should dogs eat chocolate?	No, chocolate is bad for dogs		fun-pet-care
Should cats eat onions?	No, onions can make cats and dogs sick		fun-pet-care
What do cats use a litter box for?	Going to the bathroom		fun-pet-care
How often should you change a cat's water?	Every day		fun-pet-care
What do hamsters like to do on a wheel?	Run		fun-pet-care
When are hamsters most active?	At night		fun-pet-care
What do rabbits eat the most?	Hay		fun-pet-care
What do guinea pigs need in their food?	Vitamin C		fun-pet-care
Can guinea pigs live alone?	They are happier with a companion		fun-pet-care
What do pet fish need?	Clean water, food and the right tank temperature		fun-pet-care
How much should you feed a fish?	A small pinch only; too much makes the water dirty		fun-pet-care
What do pet birds need?	A roomy cage, toys, seed or pellets and fresh water		fun-pet-care
What does a bearded dragon eat?	Insects and vegetables		fun-pet-care
What do turtles need in a tank?	Water, a dry basking spot and a heat lamp		fun-pet-care
What is a pet's habitat?	The home you set up for it		fun-pet-care
What should you do before petting a dog you don't know?	Ask the owner first		fun-pet-care
Where do you let a dog sniff you?	Let it sniff the back of your hand first		fun-pet-care
What does a wagging tail mean?	Usually happy, but not always		fun-pet-care
What does a cat's purr mean?	Usually content, sometimes it is calming itself		fun-pet-care
What does a cat's slow blink mean?	A relaxed, friendly sign		fun-pet-care
Why do dogs pant?	To cool down		fun-pet-care
Why must pets not be left in a hot car?	It heats up fast and can be deadly		fun-pet-care
Why brush a pet's fur?	Keeps the coat clean and healthy		fun-pet-care
Why trim a pet's nails?	So they don't get too long or hurt		fun-pet-care
Why do dogs need training?	So they behave and stay safe		fun-pet-care
What is a treat for?	A small reward for good behavior		fun-pet-care
What is a leash for?	Keeps your dog safe on walks		fun-pet-care
What is a crate?	A safe den-like space for a dog or cat		fun-pet-care
What is adoption?	Taking in a pet from a shelter		fun-pet-care
What is an animal shelter?	A place that cares for homeless animals		fun-pet-care
What does spaying or neutering do?	Prevents a pet from having babies		fun-pet-care
What does it mean for a pet to be house-trained?	It knows where to go to the bathroom		fun-pet-care
How long do dogs usually live?	About 10 to 15 years, depending on the breed		fun-pet-care
How long do indoor cats live?	Often 12 to 18 years or more		fun-pet-care
How long do hamsters live?	About two to three years		fun-pet-care
How long do parakeets live?	About 5 to 10 years		fun-pet-care
What should you do after touching a pet?	Wash your hands		fun-pet-care
What should you do if a pet is sick?	Tell a grown-up so a vet can help		fun-pet-care
What do puppies chew on?	Toys made for chewing		fun-pet-care
Why do dogs need exercise?	To stay healthy and happy		fun-pet-care
Why do cats scratch?	To stretch and keep claws healthy		fun-pet-care
What is a scratching post for?	Gives a cat a place to scratch		fun-pet-care
What do ferrets love?	Playing and tunnels		fun-pet-care
What is pet insurance?	Pays part of vet bills		fun-pet-care
What does responsible pet ownership mean?	Giving a pet care for its whole life		fun-pet-care
Polar bear	Arctic hunter with black skin under white-looking fur		fun-polar-desert-animals
Penguin	Flightless bird of the southern oceans; the emperor is the tallest		fun-polar-desert-animals
Arctic fox	Turns white in winter to match the snow		fun-polar-desert-animals
Arctic hare	Has thick white fur and long hind legs		fun-polar-desert-animals
Snowy owl	White owl that hunts in the Arctic		fun-polar-desert-animals
Walrus	Uses tusks to haul itself onto ice		fun-polar-desert-animals
Seal	Has blubber to keep warm in icy water		fun-polar-desert-animals
Narwhal	A whale with a long spiral tusk		fun-polar-desert-animals
Beluga whale	A white whale of Arctic waters		fun-polar-desert-animals
Reindeer (caribou)	A deer that travels long distances across the tundra		fun-polar-desert-animals
Musk ox	A shaggy, thick-coated animal of the Arctic		fun-polar-desert-animals
Lemming	A small rodent of the Arctic tundra		fun-polar-desert-animals
Orca	A black and white whale that hunts in cold seas		fun-polar-desert-animals
Arctic tern	Flies from the Arctic to the Antarctic each year		fun-polar-desert-animals
Krill	Tiny shrimp that feed many Antarctic animals		fun-polar-desert-animals
Leopard seal	A big spotted seal of Antarctica		fun-polar-desert-animals
Emperor penguin	The largest penguin; dads keep the egg warm on their feet		fun-polar-desert-animals
Adelie penguin	A smaller penguin with a white ring around its eye		fun-polar-desert-animals
Blubber	A thick layer of fat that keeps animals warm		fun-polar-desert-animals
Tundra	A cold, treeless land where soil under the surface stays frozen		fun-polar-desert-animals
Permafrost	Ground that stays frozen all year		fun-polar-desert-animals
Camel	Stores fat in its hump and can go a long time without water		fun-polar-desert-animals
Fennec fox	A small desert fox with big ears that let heat escape		fun-polar-desert-animals
Meerkat	A small desert mammal that stands guard on its hind legs		fun-polar-desert-animals
Kangaroo rat	A desert rodent that gets water from seeds		fun-polar-desert-animals
Roadrunner	A fast ground bird of the American desert		fun-polar-desert-animals
Gila monster	A venomous lizard of the American Southwest; it is shy		fun-polar-desert-animals
Horned lizard	A spiky desert lizard that can squirt blood from its eyes to scare enemies		fun-polar-desert-animals
Sidewinder	A snake that moves sideways over loose sand		fun-polar-desert-animals
Rattlesnake	A snake that warns with a rattle		fun-polar-desert-animals
Scorpion	Hunts at night in deserts		fun-polar-desert-animals
Tarantula hawk	A big wasp that hunts tarantulas		fun-polar-desert-animals
Coyote	A wild dog that lives in many habitats, deserts included		fun-polar-desert-animals
Javelina (collared peccary)	A wild pig-like animal of the Southwest		fun-polar-desert-animals
Desert tortoise	Digs burrows to escape the heat		fun-polar-desert-animals
Addax	A pale antelope of the Sahara		fun-polar-desert-animals
Oryx	A desert antelope with long straight horns		fun-polar-desert-animals
Dromedary	A camel with one hump		fun-polar-desert-animals
Bactrian camel	A camel with two humps		fun-polar-desert-animals
Jerboa	A tiny hopping desert rodent with long hind legs		fun-polar-desert-animals
Saguaro cactus	A huge cactus of the Sonoran Desert; birds nest in it		fun-polar-desert-animals
Cactus	A plant that stores water in its stem		fun-polar-desert-animals
Oasis	A place in a desert with water and plants		fun-polar-desert-animals
Dune	A hill of sand built by wind		fun-polar-desert-animals
Mirage	A trick of light that makes water appear on hot ground		fun-polar-desert-animals
Nocturnal	Active at night; many desert animals are		fun-polar-desert-animals
Hibernate	To sleep through winter		fun-polar-desert-animals
Camouflage	Colors that help animals hide in their surroundings		fun-polar-desert-animals
Adaptation	A body part or behavior that helps an animal survive where it lives		fun-polar-desert-animals
Sahara	The largest hot desert, in North Africa		fun-polar-desert-animals
Antarctica	A frozen continent at the South Pole		fun-polar-desert-animals
Arctic	The cold region around the North Pole		fun-polar-desert-animals
Jaguar	A strong spotted cat of the Americas that likes water		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Toucan	A bird with a huge colorful bill		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Macaw	A big, bright parrot with a long tail		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Sloth	A slow tree-dweller that sleeps a lot		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Howler monkey	Has one of the loudest calls of any land animal		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Spider monkey	Uses its tail like a fifth hand		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Capuchin monkey	A smart monkey that uses tools		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Orangutan	A red-haired ape of Borneo and Sumatra		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Gorilla	The largest ape; lives in African forests		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Chimpanzee	A smart ape that uses tools		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Bonobo	An ape related to chimpanzees, found in Congo		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Tapir	Has a short flexible trunk-like snout		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Capybara	The world's largest rodent		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Okapi	A forest animal with zebra-like legs, related to giraffes		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Poison dart frog	A tiny, bright frog; its colors warn that it is poisonous		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Red-eyed tree frog	Has bright red eyes and green skin		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Green anaconda	A very heavy snake that lives in water		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Boa constrictor	A big snake that squeezes prey		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Emerald tree boa	A green snake that hangs in trees		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Chameleon	Changes color and has eyes that move on their own		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Leafcutter ant	Carries pieces of leaf like little umbrellas		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Morpho butterfly	A butterfly with shiny blue wings		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Hercules beetle	One of the biggest beetles		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Tarantula	A big hairy spider		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Piranha	A fish with sharp teeth in South American rivers		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Electric eel	Makes electricity in rivers		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Pink river dolphin	A freshwater dolphin of the Amazon		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Harpy eagle	A huge forest eagle with big talons		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Quetzal	A bird with long green tail feathers in Central America		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Hummingbird	Tiny bird that hovers to sip nectar		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Bengal tiger	A large striped cat of Asia's forests		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Asian elephant	Has smaller ears than African elephants		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Sun bear	Smallest bear, with a long tongue for honey		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Binturong	Smells like buttered popcorn and has a gripping tail		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Flying fox	A large fruit bat		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Pangolin	An animal covered in scales that rolls into a ball		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Tarsier	A small primate with giant eyes		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Lemur	Primates of Madagascar		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Aye-aye	A lemur with a long thin finger for finding insects		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Cassowary	A big flightless bird with a helmet-like crest		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Bird of paradise	A bird with showy feathers that dances		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Komodo dragon	The largest lizard, found on a few Indonesian islands		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Rainforest layers	Forest floor, understory, canopy and emergent layer		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Canopy	The thick layer of treetops		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Emergent layer	The tallest trees poking above the canopy		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Understory	A shady layer beneath the canopy		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Epiphyte	A plant that grows on another plant, like many orchids		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Why are rainforests important?	They are home to many species and help clean the air		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Amazon rainforest	The largest tropical rainforest, in South America		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Congo rainforest	A big rainforest in Africa		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Daintree rainforest	An ancient rainforest in Australia		fun-rainforest-jungle-animals
Reptile	A cold-blooded animal with scaly skin, like a snake or lizard		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Amphibian	An animal that starts life in water and often lives on land as an adult		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Cold-blooded	Body heat comes from the surroundings		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Frog	Smooth skin and long legs; starts as a tadpole		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Toad	Bumpy, drier skin and shorter legs than a frog		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Salamander	A lizard-like amphibian with a tail		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Newt	A small salamander that often lives in water		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Axolotl	A salamander that keeps its feathery gills as an adult		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Caecilian	A legless amphibian that looks like a worm		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Tadpole	The baby of a frog, with gills and a tail		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Metamorphosis (frog)	The change from tadpole to frog		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Bullfrog	A big North American frog with a deep call		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Tree frog	A small climbing frog with sticky toe pads		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Poison dart frog	Bright, tiny frog; its colors warn of poison		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Snake	A legless reptile that flicks its tongue to smell		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Python	A big snake that squeezes its prey		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Cobra	A snake that spreads a hood		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Rattlesnake	A snake with a rattle on its tail; best left alone		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Garter snake	A common, harmless snake with stripes		fun-reptiles-amphibians
King cobra	The longest venomous snake		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Lizard	A scaly reptile, usually with four legs		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Gecko	A lizard that climbs walls with sticky toes		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Iguana	A big plant-eating lizard		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Chameleon	Changes color and has independently moving eyes		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Komodo dragon	The biggest lizard		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Bearded dragon	A friendly pet lizard from Australia		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Skink	A lizard with smooth shiny scales		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Anole	A small lizard that can change from green to brown		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Turtle	A reptile with a shell; lives mostly in water		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Tortoise	A land turtle with sturdy legs		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Snapping turtle	A turtle with a strong bite		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Sea turtle	Swims thousands of miles; females return to beaches to lay eggs		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Painted turtle	A colorful pond turtle		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Galapagos tortoise	The largest living tortoise		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Alligator	A reptile with a wide, U-shaped snout		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Crocodile	A reptile with a longer V-shaped snout		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Caiman	A smaller relative of the alligator		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Gharial	A crocodilian with a very long, narrow snout		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Tuatara	A rare reptile of New Zealand that looks like a lizard		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Shedding	Snakes and lizards shed their old skin as they grow		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Hibernation	Winter sleep		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Brumation	Reptile winter slowdown		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Egg	Most reptiles lay leathery eggs on land		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Amphibian eggs	Laid in water, soft and jelly-covered		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Camouflage	Hiding by blending in		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Venom	Poison injected by a bite or sting		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Forked tongue	Helps snakes smell and sense the air		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Basking	Lying in the sun to warm up		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Terrarium	A glass home for small reptiles or amphibians		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Herpetologist	A scientist who studies reptiles and amphibians		fun-reptiles-amphibians
Tail dropping	Some lizards can drop their tail to escape and regrow it		fun-reptiles-amphibians
What has hands but cannot clap?	A clock		fun-riddles-easy
What has a face but no eyes?	A clock		fun-riddles-easy
What goes up but never comes down?	Your age		fun-riddles-easy
What has four legs but cannot walk?	A table		fun-riddles-easy
What gets wetter as it dries?	A towel		fun-riddles-easy
What has a neck but no head?	A bottle		fun-riddles-easy
What has teeth but cannot bite?	A comb		fun-riddles-easy
What has an eye but cannot see?	A needle		fun-riddles-easy
What can you catch but not throw?	A cold		fun-riddles-easy
What has a ring but no finger?	A telephone		fun-riddles-easy
What has legs but cannot walk?	A chair		fun-riddles-easy
What is full of holes but still holds water?	A sponge		fun-riddles-easy
What has one eye and cannot see?	A needle		fun-riddles-easy
What goes up and down but never moves?	A staircase		fun-riddles-easy
What can run but never walks?	Water		fun-riddles-easy
What has a thumb and four fingers but is not alive?	A glove		fun-riddles-easy
What building has the most stories?	A library		fun-riddles-easy
What kind of room has no doors or windows?	A mushroom		fun-riddles-easy
What do you break by saying its name?	Silence		fun-riddles-easy
What comes once in a minute, twice in a moment, and never in a thousand years?	The letter M		fun-riddles-easy
What starts with T, ends with T, and has T in it?	A teapot		fun-riddles-easy
What has keys but no locks?	A piano		fun-riddles-easy
What has a bark but no bite?	A tree		fun-riddles-easy
What has a bottom at the top?	Your legs		fun-riddles-easy
What begins with an E and only has one letter in it?	An envelope		fun-riddles-easy
What can fill a room but takes no space?	Light		fun-riddles-easy
What is always in front of you but cannot be seen?	The future		fun-riddles-easy
What has a head and a tail but no body?	A coin		fun-riddles-easy
What can travel around the world while staying in a corner?	A stamp		fun-riddles-easy
What gets bigger the more you take from it?	A hole		fun-riddles-easy
What has many keys but cannot open a door?	A keyboard		fun-riddles-easy
What is black and white and read all over?	A newspaper		fun-riddles-easy
I am tall when I am young and short when I am old. What am I?	A candle		fun-riddles-easy
What is yours but others use it more than you?	Your name		fun-riddles-easy
What has words but never speaks?	A book		fun-riddles-easy
What goes through towns and over hills but never moves?	A road		fun-riddles-easy
What do you throw out to use and take in when you are done?	An anchor		fun-riddles-easy
What kind of band never plays music?	A rubber band		fun-riddles-easy
What has a spine but no bones?	A book		fun-riddles-easy
What tastes better than it smells?	A tongue		fun-riddles-easy
What invention lets you look right through a wall?	A window		fun-riddles-easy
What flies without wings?	Time		fun-riddles-easy
What cries without eyes?	A cloud, when it rains		fun-riddles-easy
What is easy to get into but hard to get out of?	Trouble		fun-riddles-easy
What has a heart that does not beat?	An artichoke		fun-riddles-easy
What has four wheels and flies?	A garbage truck		fun-riddles-easy
Which month has 28 days?	All of them		fun-riddles-easy
What is cut but never eaten like a cake?	A deck of cards		fun-riddles-easy
What goes around the house but never moves?	A fence		fun-riddles-easy
What has a mouth but never eats?	A river		fun-riddles-easy
What can you hold without touching it?	A conversation		fun-riddles-easy
What has 13 hearts but no other organs?	A deck of cards		fun-riddles-easy
What is lighter than a feather but even the strongest person cannot hold it for long?	Their breath		fun-riddles-easy
What goes in the water black and comes out red?	A lobster		fun-riddles-easy
What has a lap but cannot sit?	A racetrack		fun-riddles-easy
What starts with P and ends with E and has thousands of letters?	A post office		fun-riddles-easy
What can you keep after giving it to someone?	Your word		fun-riddles-easy
What is never asked a question but always answers?	A doorbell		fun-riddles-easy
What has one horn and gives milk?	A milk truck		fun-riddles-easy
What is round, has numbers, and goes tick-tock?	A clock		fun-riddles-easy
What do you call a bear with no teeth?	A gummy bear		fun-riddles-easy
What is white when dirty?	A blackboard		fun-riddles-easy
I speak without a mouth and hear without ears. I have no body but come alive with wind. What am I?	An echo		fun-riddles-harder
The more of me there is, the less you see. What am I?	Darkness		fun-riddles-harder
I can be cracked, made, told and played. What am I?	A joke		fun-riddles-harder
I have cities but no houses, mountains but no trees, and water but no fish. What am I?	A map		fun-riddles-harder
What has to be broken before you can use it?	An egg		fun-riddles-harder
I am not alive, but I grow. I do not have lungs, but I need air. What am I?	Fire		fun-riddles-harder
What belongs to you but is used more by others?	Your name		fun-riddles-harder
What can you hear but not touch or see?	A sound		fun-riddles-harder
What word becomes shorter when you add two letters?	Short		fun-riddles-harder
Forward I am heavy, backward I am not. What am I?	The word 'ton'		fun-riddles-harder
What has a head, a tail, is brown, and has no legs?	A penny		fun-riddles-harder
I have branches but no fruit, trunk or leaves. What am I?	A bank		fun-riddles-harder
What building has the most stories but no one lives in it?	A library		fun-riddles-harder
What is so fragile that saying its name breaks it?	Silence		fun-riddles-harder
I get wet while drying. What am I?	A towel		fun-riddles-harder
What can run but cannot walk, has a mouth but cannot talk?	A river		fun-riddles-harder
What kind of coat is always wet when you put it on?	A coat of paint		fun-riddles-harder
I'm light as a feather yet the strongest person can't hold me for more than a few minutes. What am I?	Breath		fun-riddles-harder
What has 88 keys but cannot open a single door?	A piano		fun-riddles-harder
What has a golden head and a golden tail but no body?	A gold coin		fun-riddles-harder
What do you fill with empty hands?	Gloves		fun-riddles-harder
What word contains 26 letters but has only three syllables?	Alphabet		fun-riddles-harder
What starts with a P, ends with an X, and has a million letters?	A postbox		fun-riddles-harder
What has roots that nobody sees, is taller than trees, up, up it goes, and yet never grows?	A mountain		fun-riddles-harder
What is seen in the middle of March and April that cannot be seen at the beginning or end of either month?	The letter R		fun-riddles-harder
What English word has three consecutive double letters?	Bookkeeper		fun-riddles-harder
What can you add to a bucket of water to make it lighter?	A hole		fun-riddles-harder
What gets sharper the more you use it?	Your brain		fun-riddles-harder
What has no beginning, end or middle?	A circle		fun-riddles-harder
What kind of cup can't hold water?	A cupcake		fun-riddles-harder
Where does today come before yesterday?	In the dictionary		fun-riddles-harder
What is the beginning of eternity, the end of time and space, the beginning of every end, and the end of every place?	The letter E		fun-riddles-harder
Which letter of the alphabet has the most water?	The C (sea)		fun-riddles-harder
What is always coming but never arrives?	Tomorrow		fun-riddles-harder
What goes up but never comes down, and is measured in years?	Your age		fun-riddles-harder
I shave every day but my beard stays the same. Who am I?	A barber		fun-riddles-harder
What can you break, even if you never pick it up or touch it?	A promise		fun-riddles-harder
What type of ship has two mates but no captain?	A relationship		fun-riddles-harder
What begins with 'e', ends with 'e', and contains one letter?	An envelope		fun-riddles-harder
Which word in the dictionary is spelled incorrectly?	Incorrectly		fun-riddles-harder
What do you call a word that reads the same backward?	A palindrome		fun-riddles-harder
What has a thumb and four fingers but isn't alive?	A glove		fun-riddles-harder
What loses its head every morning and gets it back every night?	A pillow		fun-riddles-harder
What goes through a door but never goes in or out?	A keyhole		fun-riddles-harder
What has a face and two hands but no arms or legs?	A clock		fun-riddles-harder
Jupiter	Greek: Zeus. King of the gods, sky and thunder; also the largest planet		fun-roman-gods
Juno	Greek: Hera. Queen of the gods, goddess of marriage		fun-roman-gods
Neptune	Greek: Poseidon. God of the sea; also a planet		fun-roman-gods
Pluto	Greek: Hades. God of the underworld; also a dwarf planet		fun-roman-gods
Minerva	Greek: Athena. Goddess of wisdom		fun-roman-gods
Mars	Greek: Ares. God of war; also the red planet		fun-roman-gods
Venus	Greek: Aphrodite. Goddess of love; also the bright planet		fun-roman-gods
Mercury	Greek: Hermes. Messenger of the gods; also the fastest planet		fun-roman-gods
Apollo	Same name in Rome. God of music, healing and the sun		fun-roman-gods
Diana	Greek: Artemis. Goddess of the hunt and moon		fun-roman-gods
Vulcan	Greek: Hephaestus. God of fire and forges		fun-roman-gods
Ceres	Greek: Demeter. Goddess of grain; the word 'cereal' comes from her		fun-roman-gods
Bacchus	Greek: Dionysus. God of wine and festivals		fun-roman-gods
Vesta	Greek: Hestia. Goddess of the hearth		fun-roman-gods
Cupid	Greek: Eros. God of love with a bow and arrows		fun-roman-gods
Proserpina	Greek: Persephone. Queen of the underworld		fun-roman-gods
Saturn	Greek: Cronus. God of farming; also a planet with rings		fun-roman-gods
Janus	Roman god of doors and beginnings, with two faces; January is named for him		fun-roman-gods
Aurora	Roman goddess of dawn		fun-roman-gods
Fortuna	Goddess of luck; her name gives us 'fortune'		fun-roman-gods
Victoria	Goddess of victory		fun-roman-gods
Flora	Goddess of flowers		fun-roman-gods
Luna	Goddess of the moon		fun-roman-gods
Sol	God of the sun		fun-roman-gods
Somnus	God of sleep		fun-roman-gods
Terra	The Earth goddess		fun-roman-gods
Romulus	Legendary founder of Rome, raised with his twin by a wolf		fun-roman-gods
Remus	Twin brother of Romulus		fun-roman-gods
Aeneas	Trojan hero whose descendants founded Rome in legend		fun-roman-gods
Lares	Household spirits that guarded the home		fun-roman-gods
Pantheon	A temple to all the gods in Rome		fun-roman-gods
Which month is named for Mars?	March		fun-roman-gods
Which month is named for Juno?	June		fun-roman-gods
Which month is named for Janus?	January		fun-roman-gods
Which month honors Julius Caesar?	July		fun-roman-gods
Which month honors Augustus Caesar?	August		fun-roman-gods
Which day is named for Saturn?	Saturday		fun-roman-gods
Which day is named for the sun?	Sunday		fun-roman-gods
Which day is named for the moon?	Monday		fun-roman-gods
Colosseum	Roman arena; it still stands in Rome today		fun-roman-gods
Great white shark	A big hunter that lives in many coastal oceans		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Whale shark	The largest fish; it eats tiny plankton		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Hammerhead shark	A shark with a wide, flat head		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Tiger shark	A shark with dark stripes that fade with age		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Nurse shark	A calm, bottom-dwelling shark		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Basking shark	A giant shark that filters plankton		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Bull shark	A shark that can swim in fresh water		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Megalodon	An extinct giant shark, long gone		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Shark skeleton	Made of cartilage, the same bendy stuff as your ear		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Shark teeth	They are replaced throughout life		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Blue whale	The biggest animal ever to live		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Humpback whale	Known for its songs and big leaps		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Orca	A black and white whale also called a killer whale, really a big dolphin		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Narwhal	A whale with a long tusk, nicknamed the unicorn of the sea		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Beluga	A white whale that makes many sounds		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Sperm whale	A deep diver with a huge head		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Bottlenose dolphin	A smart, playful dolphin		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Manatee	A gentle sea cow that eats plants		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Sea otter	Floats on its back and uses rocks to crack shells		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Walrus	A big seal relative with tusks		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Seal	A sleek swimmer with flippers		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Sea lion	A seal relative with ear flaps that can walk on its flippers		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Octopus	Has eight arms and three hearts		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Squid	Has ten arms and a streamlined body		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Cuttlefish	Changes color to hide or talk		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Giant squid	A deep-sea giant with huge eyes		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Jellyfish	A soft sea animal with stinging tentacles and no brain		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Starfish	A sea star with arms and no fish parts at all		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Sea urchin	A spiny round animal on the sea floor		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Sea cucumber	A soft, tube-like animal on the sea bottom		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Seahorse	A fish where the dad carries the babies		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Clownfish	Lives safely in sea anemones		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Pufferfish	Puffs up like a ball when scared		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Angelfish	A colorful, flat reef fish		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Manta ray	A huge flat swimmer that looks like it flaps wings		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Stingray	A flat fish with a stinging tail spine		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Electric eel	Lives in rivers and can make a strong electric shock		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Moray eel	A snake-like fish that hides in reef holes		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Swordfish	A fast fish with a long pointed bill		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Barracuda	A long, fast fish with sharp teeth		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Tuna	A fast, strong ocean fish		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Flying fish	A fish that glides above the waves		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Anglerfish	A deep-sea fish with a glowing lure		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Coral	Tiny animals that build reefs		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Sea turtle	Reptile that lays eggs on beaches		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Leatherback turtle	The largest sea turtle		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Hermit crab	A crab that lives in borrowed shells		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Lobster	A crustacean with big claws		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Horseshoe crab	An old kind of animal with blue blood		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Mantis shrimp	A colorful shrimp with a super-fast punch		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Sea anemone	A flower-like animal with stinging tentacles		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Nautilus	A sea animal with a coiled shell		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Penguin	A bird that swims instead of flies		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Pelican	A seabird with a big pouch		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Coral reef	A busy underwater city for fish		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Kelp forest	Underwater forest of giant seaweed		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Plankton	Tiny drifting plants and animals in the ocean		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Krill	Tiny shrimp-like animals eaten by many whales		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Mariana Trench	The deepest part of the ocean		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Bioluminescence	Light made by living things such as some jellyfish and fish		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Sea	A large body of salt water		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Tide	The rise and fall of the sea each day		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
Tsunami	A giant wave caused by an underwater earthquake		fun-sharks-and-sea-creatures
What is the closest star to Earth?	The Sun		fun-space-facts
Which planet is closest to the Sun?	Mercury		fun-space-facts
Which planet is the hottest?	Venus		fun-space-facts
Which planet is called the Red Planet?	Mars		fun-space-facts
Which planet is the largest?	Jupiter		fun-space-facts
Which planet has the most famous rings?	Saturn		fun-space-facts
Which planet spins on its side?	Uranus		fun-space-facts
Which planet is the farthest from the Sun?	Neptune		fun-space-facts
How many planets are in our solar system?	Eight		fun-space-facts
What is the order of the planets?	Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune		fun-space-facts
What is the Moon?	Earth's natural satellite		fun-space-facts
How long does the Moon take to go around Earth?	About 27 days		fun-space-facts
Who was the first person on the Moon?	Neil Armstrong, in 1969		fun-space-facts
What is the Milky Way?	Our home galaxy		fun-space-facts
What is a galaxy?	A huge group of stars, gas and dust		fun-space-facts
What is a light-year?	The distance light travels in one year		fun-space-facts
What is a comet?	An icy body that grows a glowing tail near the Sun		fun-space-facts
What is an asteroid?	A rocky object that orbits the Sun		fun-space-facts
What is a meteor?	A streak of light when space rock burns in the air		fun-space-facts
What is a meteorite?	A space rock that lands on Earth		fun-space-facts
What is the Great Red Spot?	A giant storm on Jupiter		fun-space-facts
What is a black hole?	A place where gravity is so strong that light cannot escape		fun-space-facts
What is a supernova?	The huge explosion of a dying star		fun-space-facts
What is a constellation?	A pattern of stars, like the Big Dipper		fun-space-facts
What is the North Star?	Polaris, which stays nearly in the same place in the northern sky		fun-space-facts
What is an eclipse of the Sun?	When the Moon blocks the Sun's light from Earth		fun-space-facts
What is a lunar eclipse?	When Earth's shadow falls on the Moon		fun-space-facts
What causes day and night?	Earth spinning on its axis		fun-space-facts
What causes seasons?	Earth's tilt as it goes around the Sun		fun-space-facts
How long is a year on Earth?	About 365 days		fun-space-facts
What was the first animal to orbit Earth?	A dog named Laika, in 1957		fun-space-facts
What was the first artificial satellite?	Sputnik 1, launched in 1957		fun-space-facts
What is the ISS?	The International Space Station, where astronauts live and work		fun-space-facts
Who was the first person in space?	Yuri Gagarin, in 1961		fun-space-facts
What is NASA?	The United States space agency		fun-space-facts
What is the Hubble Space Telescope?	A telescope that orbits Earth and takes sharp pictures of space		fun-space-facts
What is the James Webb Space Telescope?	An infrared space telescope launched in 2021		fun-space-facts
What are Mars rovers?	Robot vehicles that explore Mars		fun-space-facts
Which planet has a day longer than its year?	Venus		fun-space-facts
Which planet has the most moons known?	Saturn has the most confirmed moons		fun-space-facts
What are Jupiter's four big moons called?	Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto		fun-space-facts
Which is the largest moon in the solar system?	Ganymede, a moon of Jupiter		fun-space-facts
What is Pluto now called?	A dwarf planet		fun-space-facts
What is the asteroid belt?	A ring of rocky objects between Mars and Jupiter		fun-space-facts
What makes the Sun shine?	Nuclear fusion in its core		fun-space-facts
What color are the hottest stars?	Blue-white		fun-space-facts
What is the Sun made of?	Mostly hydrogen and helium gas		fun-space-facts
How long does sunlight take to reach Earth?	About 8 minutes		fun-space-facts
What is the Big Bang?	The idea that the universe began about 13.8 billion years ago from a hot, dense start		fun-space-facts
What is gravity?	The pull between objects with mass		fun-space-facts
Why do astronauts float?	They are in free fall around the Earth		fun-space-facts
What is the Apollo program?	NASA's program that landed people on the Moon (1969-1972)		fun-space-facts
What is the Space Shuttle?	A reusable NASA spacecraft that flew from 1981 to 2011		fun-space-facts
What is a rocket's fuel for?	To push it up fast enough to escape Earth's gravity		fun-space-facts
What is Halley's Comet?	A famous comet seen from Earth about every 76 years		fun-space-facts
What is the Big Dipper?	Seven bright stars shaped like a ladle		fun-space-facts
What are Orion's belt stars?	Three bright stars in a row in the constellation Orion		fun-space-facts
What is the Aurora?	Colored lights in the sky near the poles, caused by particles from the Sun		fun-space-facts
What is the solar system?	The Sun and everything that orbits it		fun-space-facts
What is a satellite?	An object that orbits a larger one		fun-space-facts
What is an astronaut?	A person trained to travel in space		fun-space-facts
Cinnamon	Bark from a tree; sweet and warm		fun-spices-herbs
Black pepper	Dried berry of a vine; the most traded spice		fun-spices-herbs
Ginger	A spicy root used fresh or dried		fun-spices-herbs
Turmeric	Bright yellow-orange root; colors curry		fun-spices-herbs
Cumin	Earthy seeds common in Mexican and Indian food		fun-spices-herbs
Paprika	Ground dried red peppers		fun-spices-herbs
Chili powder	A mix with ground chilies and other spices		fun-spices-herbs
Cayenne	A hot red pepper powder		fun-spices-herbs
Nutmeg	Seed of a tree grated into sweet dishes		fun-spices-herbs
Cloves	Dried flower buds with a strong smell		fun-spices-herbs
Allspice	A berry that tastes like cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves together		fun-spices-herbs
Cardamom	Seed pods with a sweet, citrusy flavor		fun-spices-herbs
Vanilla	Flavor from the pod of an orchid		fun-spices-herbs
Saffron	Thread-like stigmas of a crocus flower; the world's costliest spice		fun-spices-herbs
Coriander	Seeds of the cilantro plant		fun-spices-herbs
Cilantro	Leafy herb used in salsa and curry		fun-spices-herbs
Mustard seed	Tiny seeds ground into mustard		fun-spices-herbs
Sesame seed	Small seeds used on buns and in tahini		fun-spices-herbs
Poppy seed	Tiny blue-black seeds used in baking		fun-spices-herbs
Fennel seed	Licorice-flavored seeds		fun-spices-herbs
Star anise	Star-shaped pod with a licorice flavor		fun-spices-herbs
Basil	Sweet green herb used in pesto and pizza		fun-spices-herbs
Oregano	Herb popular in Italian and Greek food		fun-spices-herbs
Thyme	Small-leaved herb with a gentle flavor		fun-spices-herbs
Rosemary	Needle-like leaves with a piney smell		fun-spices-herbs
Sage	Soft gray-green herb		fun-spices-herbs
Parsley	Bright green herb; curly or flat leaf		fun-spices-herbs
Mint	Cool, fresh-tasting leaves		fun-spices-herbs
Dill	Feathery herb used on pickles and fish		fun-spices-herbs
Chives	Thin green stalks with a mild onion flavor		fun-spices-herbs
Bay leaf	Dried leaf added to soups and removed before eating		fun-spices-herbs
Tarragon	Herb with a mild licorice flavor		fun-spices-herbs
Lemongrass	Tall grass with a lemon scent, used in Thai food		fun-spices-herbs
Wasabi	Sharp green paste served with sushi		fun-spices-herbs
Garlic powder	Dried, ground garlic		fun-spices-herbs
Onion powder	Dried, ground onion		fun-spices-herbs
Curry powder	A blend of spices such as turmeric, cumin and coriander		fun-spices-herbs
Garam masala	An Indian spice blend		fun-spices-herbs
Italian seasoning	A blend of dried herbs such as oregano and basil		fun-spices-herbs
Herbes de Provence	A French herb blend		fun-spices-herbs
Salt	A mineral, not a spice, used to flavor food		fun-spices-herbs
Spice route	Old trade paths that carried spices between Asia and Europe		fun-spices-herbs
What are spices?	Seeds, bark, roots or buds used to flavor food		fun-spices-herbs
What are herbs?	Usually the green leaves of plants used to flavor food		fun-spices-herbs
Spice Islands	The Maluku Islands in Indonesia, once the only source of cloves and nutmeg		fun-spices-herbs
Pumpkin pie spice	A mix of cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg and cloves		fun-spices-herbs
Peppercorn colors	Black, white, green and pink peppercorns come from different stages or plants		fun-spices-herbs
Capsaicin	The chemical that makes chili peppers hot		fun-spices-herbs
Scoville scale	A scale for measuring how hot peppers are		fun-spices-herbs
Jalapeno	A medium-hot green pepper		fun-spices-herbs
Habanero	A very hot orange pepper		fun-spices-herbs
Red	Apple, strawberry, fire truck, stop sign		fun-toddler-colors
Blue	Sky, ocean, blueberry, jeans		fun-toddler-colors
Yellow	Sun, banana, lemon, duckling		fun-toddler-colors
Green	Grass, frog, leaf, broccoli		fun-toddler-colors
Orange	Orange, carrot, pumpkin, goldfish		fun-toddler-colors
Purple	Grapes, eggplant, violet		fun-toddler-colors
Pink	Flamingo, bubble gum, piglet		fun-toddler-colors
Brown	Bear, chocolate, tree trunk, mud		fun-toddler-colors
Black	Night sky, crow, tire, coal		fun-toddler-colors
White	Snow, cloud, milk, polar bear		fun-toddler-colors
Gray	Elephant, rain cloud, mouse		fun-toddler-colors
Gold	Treasure, a crown, a trophy		fun-toddler-colors
Silver	A spoon, a coin, a robot		fun-toddler-colors
Red + yellow makes	Orange		fun-toddler-colors
Blue + yellow makes	Green		fun-toddler-colors
Red + blue makes	Purple		fun-toddler-colors
Red + white makes	Pink		fun-toddler-colors
Black + white makes	Gray		fun-toddler-colors
Primary colors	Red, yellow and blue		fun-toddler-colors
Secondary colors	Orange, green and purple		fun-toddler-colors
Rainbow colors	Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is the sky on a sunny day?	Blue		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a banana?	Yellow when ripe		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a fire engine?	Red		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is grass?	Green		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a pumpkin?	Orange		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a grape?	Purple or green		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a tomato?	Red		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a ladybug?	Red with black spots		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a bluebird?	Blue		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a lemon?	Yellow		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a school bus?	Yellow		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a firefly's glow?	Yellow-green		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a zebra?	Black and white stripes		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a tiger?	Orange with black stripes		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a rose?	Red, pink, white or yellow		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is chocolate?	Brown		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is the Moon?	Gray-white		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a stop light for go?	Green		fun-toddler-colors
Which color is a stop light for stop?	Red		fun-toddler-colors
Up	Down		fun-toddler-opposites
Hot	Cold		fun-toddler-opposites
Big	Small		fun-toddler-opposites
Fast	Slow		fun-toddler-opposites
Happy	Sad		fun-toddler-opposites
Day	Night		fun-toddler-opposites
In	Out		fun-toddler-opposites
On	Off		fun-toddler-opposites
Open	Closed		fun-toddler-opposites
Wet	Dry		fun-toddler-opposites
Full	Empty		fun-toddler-opposites
Old	New		fun-toddler-opposites
Young	Old		fun-toddler-opposites
Tall	Short		fun-toddler-opposites
Long	Short		fun-toddler-opposites
Hard	Soft		fun-toddler-opposites
Heavy	Light		fun-toddler-opposites
Loud	Quiet		fun-toddler-opposites
Clean	Dirty		fun-toddler-opposites
Good	Bad		fun-toddler-opposites
Right	Left		fun-toddler-opposites
Front	Back		fun-toddler-opposites
Top	Bottom		fun-toddler-opposites
Over	Under		fun-toddler-opposites
Near	Far		fun-toddler-opposites
Early	Late		fun-toddler-opposites
First	Last		fun-toddler-opposites
Push	Pull		fun-toddler-opposites
Stop	Go		fun-toddler-opposites
Come	Go		fun-toddler-opposites
Give	Take		fun-toddler-opposites
Laugh	Cry		fun-toddler-opposites
Awake	Asleep		fun-toddler-opposites
Wide	Narrow		fun-toddler-opposites
Thick	Thin		fun-toddler-opposites
Rough	Smooth		fun-toddler-opposites
Sharp	Dull		fun-toddler-opposites
Same	Different		fun-toddler-opposites
Inside	Outside		fun-toddler-opposites
Above	Below		fun-toddler-opposites
Before	After		fun-toddler-opposites
Begin	End		fun-toddler-opposites
Win	Lose		fun-toddler-opposites
Love	Hate		fun-toddler-opposites
Yes	No		fun-toddler-opposites
True	False		fun-toddler-opposites
Rich	Poor		fun-toddler-opposites
Strong	Weak		fun-toddler-opposites
Brave	Scared		fun-toddler-opposites
Sweet	Sour		fun-toddler-opposites
Black	White		fun-toddler-opposites
Sun	Moon		fun-toddler-opposites
Boy	Girl		fun-toddler-opposites
Mother	Father		fun-toddler-opposites
Summer	Winter		fun-toddler-opposites
Add	Subtract		fun-toddler-opposites
Buy	Sell		fun-toddler-opposites
Find	Lose		fun-toddler-opposites
Work	Play		fun-toddler-opposites
Ask	Answer		fun-toddler-opposites
Circle	A ball, a wheel, a pizza, a cookie		fun-toddler-shapes
Square	A window, a napkin, a block, a cracker		fun-toddler-shapes
Triangle	A slice of pizza, a roof, a yield sign		fun-toddler-shapes
Rectangle	A door, a book, a phone, a TV		fun-toddler-shapes
Oval	An egg, a mirror, a football		fun-toddler-shapes
Star	A star in the sky, a sheriff's badge		fun-toddler-shapes
Heart	A valentine card		fun-toddler-shapes
Diamond	A kite, a baseball field		fun-toddler-shapes
Crescent	The moon on some nights		fun-toddler-shapes
Pentagon	A shape with five sides, like a home plate in baseball		fun-toddler-shapes
Hexagon	A shape with six sides, like a honeycomb cell		fun-toddler-shapes
Octagon	A shape with eight sides, like a stop sign		fun-toddler-shapes
Cube	A dice or a block		fun-toddler-shapes
Sphere	A ball or an orange		fun-toddler-shapes
Cone	An ice cream cone or a party hat		fun-toddler-shapes
Cylinder	A can of soup		fun-toddler-shapes
How many sides does a triangle have?	Three		fun-toddler-shapes
How many sides does a square have?	Four, all the same length		fun-toddler-shapes
How many sides does a rectangle have?	Four, with two long and two short		fun-toddler-shapes
How many sides does a circle have?	None, it is round		fun-toddler-shapes
How many corners does a triangle have?	Three		fun-toddler-shapes
How many corners does a square have?	Four		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape rolls?	A circle or a ball		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a stop sign?	An octagon		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a pizza box?	A square		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a door?	A rectangle		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a cookie?	A circle		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a slice of watermelon?	A half circle		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a kite?	A diamond		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is an egg?	An oval		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a clock face?	A circle		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a wheel?	A circle		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a roof?	A triangle		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a book?	A rectangle		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a window?	A square or a rectangle		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a party hat?	A cone		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a box?	A cube or rectangle prism		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a snowman's body?	Spheres		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape is a rainbow?	An arch		fun-toddler-shapes
Which shape shines in the night sky?	A star		fun-toddler-shapes
S sounds	She sells seashells by the seashore		fun-tongue-twisters
P sounds	Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers		fun-tongue-twisters
W sounds	How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?		fun-tongue-twisters
B sounds	Betty Botter bought some butter		fun-tongue-twisters
F sounds	Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear; Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair		fun-tongue-twisters
R sounds	Red lorry, yellow lorry		fun-tongue-twisters
Sh and S	Sixty-six sick chicks		fun-tongue-twisters
L and R	Really leery, rarely rural		fun-tongue-twisters
T sounds	Two tiny tigers took two taxis to town		fun-tongue-twisters
K sounds	Kim can catch crabs		fun-tongue-twisters
C sounds	Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?		fun-tongue-twisters
G sounds	Gobbling gorillas grow great gobs of grapes		fun-tongue-twisters
Th sounds	Three thin thieves thought a thousand thoughts		fun-tongue-twisters
M sounds	Mommy made me eat my M&M's		fun-tongue-twisters
N sounds	Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely		fun-tongue-twisters
D sounds	Dan the duck dug deep		fun-tongue-twisters
Ch sounds	Chester Cheetah chews cheese		fun-tongue-twisters
V sounds	Vincent vowed vengeance very vehemently		fun-tongue-twisters
Z sounds	Zebras zig and zebras zag		fun-tongue-twisters
H sounds	Henry Hippo hurried home hungry		fun-tongue-twisters
J sounds	Jolly Jack jumps and jiggles		fun-tongue-twisters
Y sounds	Yellow yo-yos yo yo yearly		fun-tongue-twisters
B and P	Big black bugs bleed blue black blood		fun-tongue-twisters
Fish	Fresh fried fish, fish fresh fried, fried fish fresh, fish fried fresh		fun-tongue-twisters
Toy boat	Toy boat, toy boat, toy boat		fun-tongue-twisters
Unique New York	Unique New York, unique New York, you know you need unique New York		fun-tongue-twisters
Rubber baby buggy	Rubber baby buggy bumpers		fun-tongue-twisters
Black bat	A black bug bit a big black bear		fun-tongue-twisters
Flea and fly	A flea and a fly flew up in a flue		fun-tongue-twisters
Cheese	I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream		fun-tongue-twisters
Pickle	A proper copper coffee pot		fun-tongue-twisters
Slippery	Six slippery snails slid slowly seaward		fun-tongue-twisters
Brisk	The sixth sick sheikh's sixth sheep's sick		fun-tongue-twisters
Silly	Silly Sally swiftly shooed seven silly sheep		fun-tongue-twisters
Bug	Bug's black blood		fun-tongue-twisters
Tutor	A tutor who tooted the flute tried to tutor two tooters to toot		fun-tongue-twisters
Crisp	Crisp crusts crackle		fun-tongue-twisters
Wristwatch	Which wristwatch is a Swiss wristwatch?		fun-tongue-twisters
Lemon	Lemon liniment		fun-tongue-twisters
Ladle	Lucky ladles lift lovely lumps		fun-tongue-twisters
Mixed biscuits	Mixed biscuit mixer		fun-tongue-twisters
Nick	Nick knocks on nine neat knobs		fun-tongue-twisters
Truly	Truly rural		fun-tongue-twisters
Weather	Whether the weather be fine or whether the weather be not		fun-tongue-twisters
Brave	Brave Brad brought bright blue bread		fun-tongue-twisters
Great grape	Great gray goats grow green grass		fun-tongue-twisters
Zippers	Zany zebras zip zippers		fun-tongue-twisters
Oak	Lobed leaves and acorns		fun-trees-and-leaves
Maple	Leaves with pointed lobes, winged seeds, and sweet sap		fun-trees-and-leaves
Pine	Needles in bundles, cones		fun-trees-and-leaves
Spruce	Short stiff single needles, hanging cones		fun-trees-and-leaves
Fir	Flat soft needles; popular Christmas trees		fun-trees-and-leaves
Birch	White papery bark that peels		fun-trees-and-leaves
Aspen	Round leaves that shimmer and tremble in the wind		fun-trees-and-leaves
Elm	Lopsided toothed leaves, vase shape		fun-trees-and-leaves
Willow	Long narrow leaves and drooping branches near water		fun-trees-and-leaves
Cottonwood	Triangular leaves and fluffy seeds		fun-trees-and-leaves
Sycamore	Peeling patchy bark and large leaves		fun-trees-and-leaves
Beech	Smooth gray bark and oval toothed leaves		fun-trees-and-leaves
Hickory	Compound leaves and hard nuts		fun-trees-and-leaves
Walnut	Long compound leaves and round nuts in green husks		fun-trees-and-leaves
Cedar	Scale-like leaves and fragrant wood		fun-trees-and-leaves
Redwood	The tallest trees, on the California coast		fun-trees-and-leaves
Sequoia	The giant sequoia is the biggest tree by volume		fun-trees-and-leaves
Cypress	Some grow knobby 'knees' in swamps		fun-trees-and-leaves
Palm	Big fronds and no real branches		fun-trees-and-leaves
Apple tree	Pink-white blossoms in spring and apples in fall		fun-trees-and-leaves
Cherry tree	Pink blossoms and small red fruit		fun-trees-and-leaves
Orange tree	Evergreen with shiny leaves and white fragrant flowers		fun-trees-and-leaves
Ginkgo	Fan-shaped leaves; an ancient kind of tree		fun-trees-and-leaves
Sweetgum	Star-shaped leaves and spiky balls		fun-trees-and-leaves
Tulip tree	Leaves with a notched end and tulip-like flowers		fun-trees-and-leaves
Dogwood	Showy white or pink flower bracts in spring		fun-trees-and-leaves
Magnolia	Big creamy flowers and glossy leaves		fun-trees-and-leaves
Mulberry	Berries that look like blackberries		fun-trees-and-leaves
Hawthorn	Thorny small tree with red berries		fun-trees-and-leaves
Black locust	Rows of small leaves and thorns		fun-trees-and-leaves
Evergreen	A tree that stays green all year		fun-trees-and-leaves
Deciduous	A tree that drops its leaves in the fall		fun-trees-and-leaves
Conifer	A tree that bears cones		fun-trees-and-leaves
Broadleaf	A tree with wide, flat leaves		fun-trees-and-leaves
Photosynthesis	How leaves make food from sunlight, water and air		fun-trees-and-leaves
Chlorophyll	The green stuff in leaves that catches sunlight		fun-trees-and-leaves
Why leaves change color in fall	Chlorophyll fades, showing yellows and oranges that were hidden		fun-trees-and-leaves
Tree rings	Each ring is about one year of growth		fun-trees-and-leaves
Bark	Protective outer covering of a tree		fun-trees-and-leaves
Roots	Hold the tree and drink water from soil		fun-trees-and-leaves
Trunk	The main stem that holds up the tree		fun-trees-and-leaves
Canopy	The top layer of leaves in a forest		fun-trees-and-leaves
Sap	Liquid that carries food and water inside a tree		fun-trees-and-leaves
Maple syrup	Made by boiling maple sap		fun-trees-and-leaves
Acorn	The nut of an oak tree		fun-trees-and-leaves
Pinecone	Where pine seeds grow		fun-trees-and-leaves
Samara	A winged seed, like a maple 'helicopter'		fun-trees-and-leaves
Simple leaf	A leaf with one blade		fun-trees-and-leaves
Compound leaf	A leaf split into many small leaflets		fun-trees-and-leaves
Needle leaf	A thin, needle-shaped leaf		fun-trees-and-leaves
Arborist	A person who cares for trees		fun-trees-and-leaves
Forester	A person who manages forests		fun-trees-and-leaves
Arbor Day	A holiday for planting trees		fun-trees-and-leaves
Oldest living trees	Bristlecone pines live thousands of years		fun-trees-and-leaves
Banyan	A tree whose branches grow roots down to the ground		fun-trees-and-leaves
Baobab	African tree with a very thick trunk, nicknamed the upside-down tree		fun-trees-and-leaves
Mangrove	Tree with roots standing in salty water		fun-trees-and-leaves
Rubber tree	A tree whose sap is used to make rubber		fun-trees-and-leaves
Cork oak	Oak whose bark is used for corks		fun-trees-and-leaves
Eucalyptus	Tree whose leaves koalas eat		fun-trees-and-leaves
Coconut palm	Palm that grows coconuts		fun-trees-and-leaves
Poison ivy	A vine, not a tree: 'leaves of three, let it be'		fun-trees-and-leaves
What are clouds made of?	Tiny drops of water or ice crystals		fun-weather-fun
What are fluffy white clouds called?	Cumulus		fun-weather-fun
What are thin, wispy clouds high in the sky called?	Cirrus		fun-weather-fun
What are flat gray sheets of cloud called?	Stratus		fun-weather-fun
What are tall dark storm clouds called?	Cumulonimbus		fun-weather-fun
What is fog?	A cloud near the ground		fun-weather-fun
What causes rain?	Water drops in clouds get heavy and fall		fun-weather-fun
What is snow?	Frozen crystals that fall from clouds		fun-weather-fun
What is hail?	Balls of ice that fall during storms		fun-weather-fun
What is sleet?	Frozen raindrops		fun-weather-fun
What causes thunder?	The sound of air heating up fast around lightning		fun-weather-fun
What is lightning?	A giant spark of electricity in the sky		fun-weather-fun
Which comes first, lightning or thunder?	You see lightning first because light travels faster than sound		fun-weather-fun
What should you do in a thunderstorm?	Go indoors		fun-weather-fun
What makes a rainbow?	Sunlight bending through raindrops		fun-weather-fun
How many colors are in a rainbow?	Seven: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet		fun-weather-fun
What is a tornado?	A spinning funnel of wind that touches the ground		fun-weather-fun
What is a hurricane?	A huge ocean storm with strong winds and rain		fun-weather-fun
What is the center of a hurricane called?	The eye		fun-weather-fun
What is a blizzard?	A snowstorm with strong winds		fun-weather-fun
What is a drought?	A long time with little rain		fun-weather-fun
What is a flood?	Water covering land that is usually dry		fun-weather-fun
What is wind?	Moving air		fun-weather-fun
What do we use to measure temperature?	A thermometer		fun-weather-fun
What do we use to measure wind speed?	An anemometer		fun-weather-fun
What do we use to measure rain?	A rain gauge		fun-weather-fun
What does a barometer measure?	Air pressure		fun-weather-fun
What does a weather vane show?	Which way the wind blows		fun-weather-fun
What is humidity?	How much water is in the air		fun-weather-fun
What is the water cycle?	Water evaporates, makes clouds, falls as rain, and flows back		fun-weather-fun
What is evaporation?	When liquid water turns into a gas		fun-weather-fun
What is condensation?	When water vapor turns into drops		fun-weather-fun
What is precipitation?	Rain, snow, sleet or hail falling from the sky		fun-weather-fun
What is a meteorologist?	A scientist who studies and forecasts weather		fun-weather-fun
What is a forecast?	A prediction of the weather		fun-weather-fun
What is climate?	The usual weather of a place over many years		fun-weather-fun
What are the four seasons?	Spring, summer, fall (autumn) and winter		fun-weather-fun
What is the equinox?	A day with about equal day and night, in spring and fall		fun-weather-fun
What is the solstice?	The longest or shortest day of the year		fun-weather-fun
What is a frost?	A thin layer of ice crystals on cold surfaces		fun-weather-fun
What is dew?	Tiny water drops that form on grass overnight		fun-weather-fun
What is a monsoon?	A seasonal wind that brings heavy rains		fun-weather-fun
What are the northern lights called?	Aurora borealis		fun-weather-fun
What is a heat wave?	A long period of very hot weather		fun-weather-fun
What is a sunbeam?	A ray of sunshine		fun-weather-fun
What is a sundog?	A bright spot beside the Sun caused by ice crystals		fun-weather-fun
What is a halo around the Moon?	A ring caused by light passing through ice crystals		fun-weather-fun
What is a rain shadow?	A dry area behind mountains		fun-weather-fun
Which US state gets the most tornadoes?	Texas		fun-weather-fun
Where is the rainiest place in the continental US?	The Pacific Northwest coast, including parts of Washington		fun-weather-fun
Why is the sky blue?	Air scatters blue light from the Sun more than other colors		fun-weather-fun
Why are sunsets red?	Light travels through more air and the blue is scattered away		fun-weather-fun
You wear it on your feet. It has laces. It keeps your feet safe.	A shoe		fun-what-is-it
It is round, it has numbers and hands, and it tells time.	A clock		fun-what-is-it
It is white and cold and falls in winter.	Snow		fun-what-is-it
It has four legs, a back, and you sit on it.	A chair		fun-what-is-it
It is yellow, curved, and monkeys like it.	A banana		fun-what-is-it
It lives in water, has fins and scales.	A fish		fun-what-is-it
It is big and gray, has a trunk and big ears.	An elephant		fun-what-is-it
It flies in the sky, has wings, but is not a bird. People ride in it.	An airplane		fun-what-is-it
It is a sweet frozen treat in a cone.	Ice cream		fun-what-is-it
It rolls on the road and has four wheels.	A car		fun-what-is-it
It has pages and words and stories.	A book		fun-what-is-it
It shines at night and changes shape.	The Moon		fun-what-is-it
It is red, round, and grows on trees. You can bake it in a pie.	An apple		fun-what-is-it
It has a long neck and spots and eats leaves from tall trees.	A giraffe		fun-what-is-it
It is hot, bright and in the sky in the daytime.	The Sun		fun-what-is-it
It falls from clouds and makes puddles.	Rain		fun-what-is-it
It has eight legs and spins a web.	A spider		fun-what-is-it
You use it to write. It has an eraser on the end.	A pencil		fun-what-is-it
It keeps rain off your head. You hold it over you.	An umbrella		fun-what-is-it
You sleep in it at night. It has pillows.	A bed		fun-what-is-it
It buzzes, makes honey and stings.	A bee		fun-what-is-it
It has a shell and walks slowly.	A turtle or snail		fun-what-is-it
It's green, hops and says ribbit.	A frog		fun-what-is-it
It has colors and arches in the sky after rain.	A rainbow		fun-what-is-it
It is a place with lots of books you borrow.	A library		fun-what-is-it
It is a place where you learn with a teacher.	A school		fun-what-is-it
It is a big yellow vehicle that takes kids to school.	A school bus		fun-what-is-it
It has a bark but is a pet. It wags its tail.	A dog		fun-what-is-it
It purrs, has whiskers and likes to nap.	A cat		fun-what-is-it
It is a big cat with a mane and a roar.	A lion		fun-what-is-it
It has black and white stripes like a horse.	A zebra		fun-what-is-it
It has a pouch and hops.	A kangaroo		fun-what-is-it
It's black and white and lives in cold places. It waddles and cannot fly.	A penguin		fun-what-is-it
You blow it up and it floats. It pops!	A balloon		fun-what-is-it
It is a tall plant with leaves and a trunk of wood.	A tree		fun-what-is-it
It grows in a garden, has petals, and smells nice.	A flower		fun-what-is-it
You brush your teeth with it.	A toothbrush		fun-what-is-it
You use it to cut paper. It has two blades.	Scissors		fun-what-is-it
You use it to eat soup.	A spoon		fun-what-is-it
You use it to see far-away stars.	A telescope		fun-what-is-it
You use it to look at tiny things.	A microscope		fun-what-is-it
You use it to find north.	A compass		fun-what-is-it
It is a red vehicle that puts out fires.	A fire truck		fun-what-is-it
It has a big wheel and flies in the wind with a string.	A kite		fun-what-is-it
It is a vehicle with two wheels and pedals.	A bicycle		fun-what-is-it
It runs on tracks and goes choo choo.	A train		fun-what-is-it
It floats on water and carries people.	A boat		fun-what-is-it
It goes up to space with fire at its tail.	A rocket		fun-what-is-it
It is a room where food is cooked.	A kitchen		fun-what-is-it
You wash in it with soap and water.	A bathtub or sink		fun-what-is-it
It is a piece of clothing for your head.	A hat		fun-what-is-it
Dandelion	Yellow flower that turns into a white puffball of seeds		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Daisy	White petals around a yellow center		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Sunflower	Tall flower with a big seed head that follows the sun when young		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Rose	Fragrant flower with thorns on its stem		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Tulip	Spring bulb flower from the Netherlands and Turkey		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Daffodil	Yellow trumpet-shaped spring flower		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Violet	Small purple spring flower		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Buttercup	Shiny yellow cup-shaped flower		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Clover	Plant with three small leaves; four-leaf ones are lucky		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Black-eyed Susan	Yellow petals with a dark brown center		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Coneflower	Pink petals around a spiky cone		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Lupine	Tall spikes of blue-purple flowers		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Bluebonnet	The state flower of Texas		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
California poppy	Orange flower; California's state flower		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Goldenrod	Late-summer tall plant with yellow plumes		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Aster	Late-season daisy-like flowers		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Cornflower	Bright blue flowers		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Marigold	Orange or yellow flowers with a strong smell		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Zinnia	Colorful flower that butterflies like		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Pansy	Small flower with a face-like pattern		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Petunia	Trumpet-shaped garden flower		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Lily	Large flowers with six petals		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Lavender	Purple fragrant flower and herb		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Iris	A flower named for the Greek goddess of the rainbow		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Orchid	A huge family of flowers; vanilla comes from one		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Lilac	Fragrant purple spring flower clusters		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Peony	Big, fluffy spring flower		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Hydrangea	Big round heads of flowers; some change color with soil		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Crocus	One of the first flowers of spring		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Snowdrop	A small white flower that blooms in late winter		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Foxglove	Tall spikes of bell-shaped flowers; do not eat, it is poisonous		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Morning glory	Vine with flowers that open in the morning		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Honeysuckle	Vine with sweet-smelling flowers		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Queen Anne's lace	White lacy flower cluster on a wild carrot		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Milkweed	The only plant monarch caterpillars eat		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Bleeding heart	Pink heart-shaped flowers		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Poppy	Papery red flowers, a memorial flower in some countries		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Forget-me-not	Tiny sky-blue flowers		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Cherry blossom	Pink spring flowers celebrated in Japan		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Lotus	Water flower that rises from mud		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Water lily	Floating flowers on a pond		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Cattail	Marsh plant with a brown fuzzy spike		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Petal	Colorful part of a flower		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Stamen	The part of a flower that makes pollen		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Pistil	The part of a flower that grows seeds		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Sepal	Small green leaf-like parts under the petals		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Pollen	Powder that helps flowers make seeds		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Nectar	Sweet liquid that bees and butterflies drink		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Bulb	An underground storage part that grows into some flowers		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Annual	A plant that lives one year		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Perennial	A plant that comes back year after year		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Weed	A plant growing where people do not want it		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Wildflower tip	Look and take photos; do not pick or eat unknown plants		fun-wildflowers-and-garden
Great Pyramid of Giza	The only ancient wonder still standing; built about 4,500 years ago		fun-wonders-of-world
Hanging Gardens of Babylon	Terraced gardens said to be in ancient Babylon; no one is sure they existed		fun-wonders-of-world
Statue of Zeus at Olympia	A huge statue of the king of the Greek gods		fun-wonders-of-world
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus	A grand temple to the Greek goddess of the hunt, in what is now Turkey		fun-wonders-of-world
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus	A large tomb built for a king named Mausolus; gave us the word mausoleum		fun-wonders-of-world
Colossus of Rhodes	A giant bronze statue of the sun god Helios on a Greek island		fun-wonders-of-world
Lighthouse of Alexandria	A very tall lighthouse in Egypt		fun-wonders-of-world
How many ancient wonders are there?	Seven		fun-wonders-of-world
Great Wall of China	A defensive wall stretching thousands of miles		fun-wonders-of-world
Petra	A city carved into rose-colored rock in Jordan		fun-wonders-of-world
Christ the Redeemer	A giant statue above Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		fun-wonders-of-world
Machu Picchu	An Inca city high in the Andes of Peru		fun-wonders-of-world
Chichen Itza	A Maya city with a great step pyramid in Mexico		fun-wonders-of-world
Colosseum	A huge Roman arena in Rome		fun-wonders-of-world
Taj Mahal	A white marble tomb in Agra, India, built in the 1600s		fun-wonders-of-world
How many new wonders were chosen in 2007?	Seven		fun-wonders-of-world
Grand Canyon	A natural wonder carved by the Colorado River		fun-wonders-of-world
Great Barrier Reef	The largest living reef system, off Australia		fun-wonders-of-world
Victoria Falls	A mile-wide waterfall on the Zambezi River		fun-wonders-of-world
Mount Everest	The highest mountain above sea level		fun-wonders-of-world
Northern Lights	Glowing colored lights in the sky near the poles		fun-wonders-of-world
Amazon Rainforest	The world's largest tropical forest		fun-wonders-of-world
Paricutin volcano	A volcano that rose from a Mexican cornfield in 1943		fun-wonders-of-world
Harbor of Rio de Janeiro	A scenic bay in Brazil		fun-wonders-of-world
Angel Falls	The world's tallest waterfall, in Venezuela		fun-wonders-of-world
Niagara Falls	Huge waterfalls between Canada and the USA		fun-wonders-of-world
Uluru	A giant red sandstone rock in Australia, sacred to the Anangu		fun-wonders-of-world
Stonehenge	A ring of huge standing stones in England		fun-wonders-of-world
Easter Island moai	Giant stone heads on Rapa Nui		fun-wonders-of-world
Angkor Wat	The largest religious building in the world, in Cambodia		fun-wonders-of-world
Hagia Sophia	A famous building in Istanbul, once a church, then a mosque		fun-wonders-of-world
Eiffel Tower	An iron tower in Paris built for the 1889 World's Fair		fun-wonders-of-world
Pyramids of Teotihuacan	Giant pyramids near Mexico City		fun-wonders-of-world
Alhambra	A palace and fortress in Granada, Spain		fun-wonders-of-world
Forbidden City	The palace city of Chinese emperors in Beijing		fun-wonders-of-world
Acropolis	A hilltop with the Parthenon in Athens		fun-wonders-of-world
Great Zimbabwe	Ruins of a stone city in Africa		fun-wonders-of-world
Borobudur	A huge Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia		fun-wonders-of-world
Pompeii	A Roman town preserved by volcanic ash from Vesuvius in 79 CE		fun-wonders-of-world
Terracotta Army	Thousands of clay soldiers buried with China's first emperor		fun-wonders-of-world
Lascaux caves	Famous cave paintings in France		fun-wonders-of-world
Cappadocia	Fairy chimney rock formations in Turkey		fun-wonders-of-world
Cliffs of Moher	High sea cliffs in Ireland		fun-wonders-of-world
Giant's Causeway	Thousands of basalt columns on the coast of Northern Ireland		fun-wonders-of-world
Halong Bay	Limestone islands rising from the sea in Vietnam		fun-wonders-of-world
Mount Fuji	Japan's tallest mountain, a snowcapped volcano		fun-wonders-of-world
Lake Baikal	The deepest lake in the world		fun-wonders-of-world
Dead Sea	A salty lake where people float easily		fun-wonders-of-world
Serengeti	Plains in Tanzania with huge animal migrations		fun-wonders-of-world
Great Rift Valley	A long crack in the Earth's surface in Africa		fun-wonders-of-world
Galapagos Islands	Home of unique wildlife that inspired Darwin		fun-wonders-of-world
Sahara Desert	The largest hot desert		fun-wonders-of-world
Antarctica	The southernmost continent		fun-wonders-of-world
Yellowstone	First national park, with geysers		fun-wonders-of-world
Palindrome	A word or phrase that reads the same backward and forward		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Mom	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Dad	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Wow	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Racecar	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Level	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Radar	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Kayak	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Madam	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Noon	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Civic	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Refer	A palindrome		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
A man, a plan, a canal: Panama	A famous palindrome sentence		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Was it a car or a cat I saw?	A palindrome sentence		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Homophone	Words that sound the same but are spelled differently		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
to, too, two	Homophones: to the park, too hot, two cats		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
there, their, they're	Homophones: over there, their dog, they're happy		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
see, sea	Homophones: see with eyes, the sea is salty		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
write, right	Homophones: write a note, turn right		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
night, knight	Homophones: dark night, a knight in armor		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
knew, new	Homophones: I knew it, a new toy		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
flower, flour	Homophones: a pretty flower, flour for baking		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
bear, bare	Homophones: a big bear, bare feet		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
hear, here	Homophones: hear with ears, come here		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
son, sun	Homophones: a boy, a star		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
pair, pear, pare	Homophones: two shoes, a fruit, to peel		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
red, read	Homophones: a color, past tense of read		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
mail, male	Homophones: letters, boy		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
tail, tale	Homophones: a dog's tail, a story		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
blue, blew	Homophones: a color, wind blew		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
plane, plain	Homophones: a flying plane, a plain shirt		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
steak, stake	Homophones: a meat dinner, a pointy stick		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
wait, weight	Homophones: wait for a bus, how heavy		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
way, weigh	Homophones: a path, to measure weight		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
so, sew, sow	Homophones: so happy, sew a button, sow seeds		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
ate, eight	Homophones: ate lunch, the number 8		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
by, buy, bye	Homophones: by the door, buy a toy, say bye		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
dear, deer	Homophones: dear friend, a woodland animal		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
whole, hole	Homophones: the whole pie, a hole in the ground		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Homograph	Words spelled the same but with different meanings, like bat		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Bat	An animal that flies, or a stick used in baseball		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Bark	A dog's sound, or the covering of a tree		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Bank	Where money is kept, or the side of a river		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Lead	To guide, or a soft gray metal (said led)		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Wind	Moving air, or to turn something around		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Tear	A drop from the eye, or to rip		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Present	A gift, or here and now		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Close	To shut, or very near		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Contronym	A word that means its own opposite, like 'cleave'		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Anagram	A word made by rearranging the letters of another, like listen and silent		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Listen	An anagram of silent		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Evil	An anagram of live (or vile)		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Stressed	Spelled backward it is desserts		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Onomatopoeia	A word that sounds like what it means, like buzz or splash		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Buzz	An onomatopoeia for a bee's sound		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Splash	An onomatopoeia for water		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Pop	An onomatopoeia for a balloon		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Alliteration	Words close together that start with the same sound		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Pun	A joke that plays on word meanings or sounds		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Idiom	A saying whose meaning is not literal, like 'raining cats and dogs'		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Simile	A comparison using like or as		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Metaphor	A comparison that says one thing is another		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Longest English word in the dictionary (often cited)	Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Longest word with no repeated letter, often cited	Uncopyrightable		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Shortest complete sentence	I am.		fun-word-play-homophones-palindromes
Tallest mountain above sea level	Mount Everest, about 29,000 feet (8,849 m)		fun-world-records
Longest river (often cited)	The Nile or the Amazon, depending on how it is measured		fun-world-records
Largest ocean	The Pacific Ocean		fun-world-records
Deepest ocean trench	The Mariana Trench in the Pacific		fun-world-records
Largest desert on Earth	Antarctica, a polar desert		fun-world-records
Largest hot desert	The Sahara		fun-world-records
Largest continent	Asia		fun-world-records
Smallest continent	Australia		fun-world-records
Largest country by area	Russia		fun-world-records
Smallest country by area	Vatican City		fun-world-records
Largest island	Greenland (not counting continents)		fun-world-records
Largest lake by surface area	The Caspian Sea		fun-world-records
Largest freshwater lake by area	Lake Superior		fun-world-records
Deepest lake	Lake Baikal in Russia		fun-world-records
Highest waterfall	Angel Falls in Venezuela		fun-world-records
Largest rainforest	The Amazon rainforest		fun-world-records
Largest coral reef system	The Great Barrier Reef in Australia		fun-world-records
Longest mountain range	The Andes in South America (on land)		fun-world-records
Tallest mountain from base to peak	Mauna Kea in Hawaii		fun-world-records
Largest volcano in the solar system	Olympus Mons on Mars		fun-world-records
Biggest canyon in the US	The Grand Canyon		fun-world-records
Biggest planet	Jupiter		fun-world-records
Hottest planet	Venus		fun-world-records
Coldest place on Earth	Antarctica		fun-world-records
Driest place on Earth	Parts of the Atacama Desert in Chile		fun-world-records
Highest capital city	La Paz, Bolivia		fun-world-records
Longest wall	The Great Wall of China		fun-world-records
Largest country in Africa by area	Algeria		fun-world-records
Largest country in South America	Brazil		fun-world-records
Largest country in North America by area	Canada		fun-world-records
Tallest tree species	Coast redwood		fun-world-records
Biggest tree by volume	Giant sequoia named General Sherman		fun-world-records
Oldest living tree species (individual groves)	Great Basin bristlecone pine		fun-world-records
Biggest single flower	Rafflesia arnoldii of Southeast Asia		fun-world-records
Biggest cat	The tiger		fun-world-records
Biggest animal	The blue whale		fun-world-records
Fastest land animal	The cheetah		fun-world-records
Tallest living animal	The giraffe		fun-world-records
Largest bird	The ostrich		fun-world-records
Longest-lived land animal	The Galapagos tortoise		fun-world-records
Tallest building (2010 onward)	Burj Khalifa in Dubai, over 2,700 feet (828 m)		fun-world-records
First person to reach the summit of Mount Everest	Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953		fun-world-records
First to the South Pole	Roald Amundsen's team in 1911		fun-world-records
First person in space	Yuri Gagarin in 1961		fun-world-records
First person on the Moon	Neil Armstrong in 1969		fun-world-records
First powered flight	The Wright brothers in 1903		fun-world-records
First solo nonstop Atlantic flight	Charles Lindbergh in 1927		fun-world-records
First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic	Amelia Earhart in 1932		fun-world-records
First country to put a satellite in orbit	The Soviet Union, Sputnik 1 in 1957		fun-world-records
First US astronaut in orbit	John Glenn in 1962		fun-world-records
Hottest temperature measured on Earth (official)	134 degrees Fahrenheit (56.7 C) at Death Valley in 1913		fun-world-records
Coldest temperature measured on Earth	About minus 128.6 F (minus 89.2 C) in Antarctica in 1983		fun-world-records
Most spoken first language	Mandarin Chinese		fun-world-records
Oldest city still lived in (often cited)	Damascus, Syria, or Jericho, depending on definition		fun-world-records
Most visited museum (in most years)	The Louvre in Paris		fun-world-records