{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/american-inventors-and-innovators",
 "id": "american-inventors-and-innovators",
 "title": "American Inventors and Innovators",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "US History",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8"
 ],
 "description": "People who invented, built or improved things that changed American life.",
 "tags": [
  "inventors",
  "innovation",
  "biography"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Person",
 "backLabel": "Known for",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Benjamin Franklin",
   "Lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, and a public library"
  ],
  [
   "Eli Whitney",
   "Cotton gin (1793) and ideas about interchangeable parts"
  ],
  [
   "Robert Fulton",
   "Made steamboats practical, starting with the Clermont in 1807"
  ],
  [
   "Samuel Morse",
   "Telegraph and Morse code, 1830s-1840s"
  ],
  [
   "Cyrus McCormick",
   "Mechanical reaper for harvesting grain"
  ],
  [
   "John Deere",
   "Steel plow for breaking prairie soil"
  ],
  [
   "Elias Howe",
   "Sewing machine with a lockstitch, 1846"
  ],
  [
   "Isaac Singer",
   "Improved and sold sewing machines widely"
  ],
  [
   "Elisha Otis",
   "Safety elevator, shown in 1854"
  ],
  [
   "Charles Goodyear",
   "Vulcanized rubber"
  ],
  [
   "Samuel Colt",
   "Revolver and mass production methods"
  ],
  [
   "Alexander Graham Bell",
   "Telephone, patented in 1876"
  ],
  [
   "Thomas Edison",
   "Phonograph, practical light bulb and research laboratories"
  ],
  [
   "Nikola Tesla",
   "Worked on alternating current electric systems"
  ],
  [
   "George Westinghouse",
   "Air brake for trains and AC power systems"
  ],
  [
   "Lewis Latimer",
   "Improved the carbon filament for light bulbs"
  ],
  [
   "Granville Woods",
   "Black inventor with many patents for railway and electrical devices"
  ],
  [
   "Elijah McCoy",
   "Invented lubricating devices for steam engines"
  ],
  [
   "Madam C. J. Walker",
   "Built a hair care business and became a self-made millionaire"
  ],
  [
   "George Washington Carver",
   "Scientist who promoted peanuts and crop rotation"
  ],
  [
   "Booker T. Washington",
   "Founded Tuskegee Institute"
  ],
  [
   "Wright brothers",
   "Made the first powered airplane flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk"
  ],
  [
   "Henry Ford",
   "Model T and the moving assembly line"
  ],
  [
   "George Eastman",
   "Simple Kodak cameras and roll film"
  ],
  [
   "Garrett Morgan",
   "Improved traffic signal and a safety hood"
  ],
  [
   "Charles Drew",
   "Developed blood banking methods"
  ],
  [
   "Percy Julian",
   "Chemist who made medicines from plants"
  ],
  [
   "Hedy Lamarr",
   "Actress who co-invented a frequency-hopping idea used later in wireless tech"
  ],
  [
   "Grace Hopper",
   "Helped create early programming languages"
  ],
  [
   "Steve Jobs",
   "Co-founder of Apple; helped popularize personal computers"
  ],
  [
   "Bill Gates",
   "Co-founder of Microsoft"
  ],
  [
   "Jonas Salk",
   "Developed a polio vaccine, 1955"
  ],
  [
   "Albert Sabin",
   "Developed an oral polio vaccine"
  ],
  [
   "Robert Goddard",
   "Launched the first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926"
  ],
  [
   "Philo Farnsworth",
   "Demonstrated all-electronic television in 1927"
  ],
  [
   "Lee de Forest",
   "Invented the audion vacuum tube, important for radio"
  ],
  [
   "Mary Anderson",
   "Invented the windshield wiper in 1903"
  ],
  [
   "Josephine Cochrane",
   "Invented the dishwasher in 1886"
  ],
  [
   "Margaret Knight",
   "Invented the flat-bottomed paper bag machine"
  ],
  [
   "Stephanie Kwolek",
   "Invented Kevlar, a super strong fiber"
  ],
  [
   "Ruth Handler",
   "Created the Barbie doll"
  ],
  [
   "Earle Dickson",
   "Invented the Band-Aid for his wife in 1920"
  ],
  [
   "Walter Hunt",
   "Invented the safety pin in 1849"
  ],
  [
   "Ole Evinrude",
   "Invented the outboard motor"
  ],
  [
   "Willis Carrier",
   "Invented modern air conditioning"
  ],
  [
   "Clarence Birdseye",
   "Developed quick-freezing for foods"
  ],
  [
   "Gideon Sundback",
   "Improved the zipper"
  ],
  [
   "James Naismith",
   "Invented basketball in 1891"
  ],
  [
   "Frederick McKinley Jones",
   "Invented refrigeration units for trucks"
  ],
  [
   "Katherine Johnson",
   "Calculated flight paths for NASA"
  ],
  [
   "Mark Dean",
   "Co-developed key IBM PC technologies"
  ],
  [
   "Jerry Lawson",
   "Helped develop the first cartridge-based video game console"
  ],
  [
   "Ralph Baer",
   "Called the father of video games for the Magnavox Odyssey"
  ],
  [
   "Wilbur Wright",
   "Older Wright brother who piloted first flights"
  ],
  [
   "Orville Wright",
   "Younger Wright brother, who piloted the first flight"
  ],
  [
   "Patent",
   "Government record giving an inventor exclusive rights to an invention"
  ],
  [
   "Patent Office",
   "Government office that registers patents; the first US patent law was in 1790"
  ],
  [
   "Smithsonian",
   "Museums that preserve American inventions"
  ],
  [
   "Innovation",
   "A new idea, method or device"
  ],
  [
   "Prototype",
   "An early test version of an invention"
  ],
  [
   "Franklin's kite experiment",
   "1752 test linking lightning to electricity"
  ],
  [
   "Telegraph line to California",
   "Completed in 1861"
  ],
  [
   "First transcontinental telephone call",
   "Made in 1915"
  ],
  [
   "Apollo program",
   "NASA program that landed astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972"
  ]
 ]
}