{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/anthropology-intro-terms",
 "id": "anthropology-intro-terms",
 "title": "Anthropology: Intro Terms",
 "category": "social-studies",
 "subject": "Anthropology",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Key terms from introductory anthropology: culture, fieldwork, human origins and kinship.",
 "tags": [
  "anthropology",
  "culture",
  "archaeology",
  "human evolution"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Definition",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Anthropology",
   "The study of humans, past and present, including biology and culture"
  ],
  [
   "Four fields",
   "Cultural, biological (physical), archaeological and linguistic anthropology"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural anthropology",
   "Study of human societies and cultures"
  ],
  [
   "Biological anthropology",
   "Study of human biology, evolution and primates"
  ],
  [
   "Archaeology",
   "Study of the human past through material remains"
  ],
  [
   "Linguistic anthropology",
   "Study of language in its social and cultural context"
  ],
  [
   "Culture",
   "Learned, shared beliefs, values and behaviors of a group"
  ],
  [
   "Society",
   "A group of people who share territory and culture"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnography",
   "A detailed written study of a culture, based on fieldwork"
  ],
  [
   "Fieldwork",
   "Research done by living among and observing people"
  ],
  [
   "Participant observation",
   "Learning about a group by taking part in its daily life"
  ],
  [
   "Informant",
   "A person who teaches a researcher about their culture"
  ],
  [
   "Emic perspective",
   "Understanding a culture from the insider's point of view"
  ],
  [
   "Etic perspective",
   "Describing a culture from an outsider's, more objective viewpoint"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnocentrism",
   "Judging other cultures by the standards of your own"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural relativism",
   "Understanding a culture on its own terms without judging it by outside standards"
  ],
  [
   "Enculturation",
   "The process of learning your culture"
  ],
  [
   "Acculturation",
   "Change when cultures come into contact"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural diffusion",
   "Spread of cultural traits from one society to another"
  ],
  [
   "Material culture",
   "Physical objects made by a culture"
  ],
  [
   "Nonmaterial culture",
   "Ideas, beliefs and values"
  ],
  [
   "Norm",
   "A shared expectation about behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Value",
   "A shared belief about what is good or important"
  ],
  [
   "Ritual",
   "A repeated, symbolic action"
  ],
  [
   "Rite of passage",
   "Ritual marking a change in status, like adulthood"
  ],
  [
   "Symbol",
   "Something that stands for something else"
  ],
  [
   "Kinship",
   "Relationships based on blood, marriage or adoption"
  ],
  [
   "Nuclear family",
   "Parents and their children"
  ],
  [
   "Extended family",
   "Family that includes other relatives"
  ],
  [
   "Descent",
   "How people trace family ties"
  ],
  [
   "Patrilineal descent",
   "Tracing descent through the father's line"
  ],
  [
   "Matrilineal descent",
   "Tracing descent through the mother's line"
  ],
  [
   "Marriage",
   "A socially recognized union, with different forms across cultures"
  ],
  [
   "Exogamy",
   "Marrying outside one's group"
  ],
  [
   "Endogamy",
   "Marrying within one's group"
  ],
  [
   "Band",
   "Small, mobile group of hunter-gatherers"
  ],
  [
   "Tribe",
   "Group of related bands or clans with shared culture"
  ],
  [
   "Chiefdom",
   "Society led by a chief with inherited rank"
  ],
  [
   "State",
   "Society with centralized government and social classes"
  ],
  [
   "Hunter-gatherers",
   "People who live by hunting animals and gathering plants"
  ],
  [
   "Pastoralism",
   "Livelihood based on herding animals"
  ],
  [
   "Horticulture",
   "Small-scale farming with simple tools"
  ],
  [
   "Agriculture",
   "Large-scale farming"
  ],
  [
   "Neolithic Revolution",
   "Shift to farming about 10,000 years ago"
  ],
  [
   "Reciprocity",
   "Exchange of goods and favors based on mutual obligation"
  ],
  [
   "Potlatch",
   "Feast with gift-giving practiced on the Northwest Coast"
  ],
  [
   "Kula ring",
   "Exchange system among islands near Papua New Guinea studied by Malinowski"
  ],
  [
   "Bronislaw Malinowski",
   "Anthropologist who pioneered fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands"
  ],
  [
   "Franz Boas",
   "Father of American anthropology; stressed cultural relativism"
  ],
  [
   "Margaret Mead",
   "Anthropologist who studied adolescence in Samoa"
  ],
  [
   "Ruth Benedict",
   "Anthropologist who wrote Patterns of Culture"
  ],
  [
   "Claude Levi-Strauss",
   "French anthropologist who studied myth and kinship"
  ],
  [
   "Clifford Geertz",
   "Anthropologist who described culture as webs of meaning"
  ],
  [
   "Hominin",
   "Humans and their extinct close relatives"
  ],
  [
   "Australopithecus",
   "Early bipedal hominins that lived in Africa millions of years ago"
  ],
  [
   "Lucy",
   "A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton found in Ethiopia in 1974"
  ],
  [
   "Homo habilis",
   "Early Homo species associated with stone tools"
  ],
  [
   "Homo erectus",
   "Early human relative that used fire and spread out of Africa"
  ],
  [
   "Neanderthals",
   "Close human relatives who lived in Europe and Asia until about 40,000 years ago"
  ],
  [
   "Homo sapiens",
   "Modern humans, who first appeared in Africa about 300,000 years ago"
  ],
  [
   "Bipedalism",
   "Walking on two legs"
  ],
  [
   "Primate",
   "Group of mammals including monkeys, apes and humans"
  ],
  [
   "Out of Africa",
   "Evidence that modern humans originated in Africa and spread worldwide"
  ],
  [
   "Paleolithic",
   "Old Stone Age"
  ],
  [
   "Artifact",
   "An object made or used by people in the past"
  ],
  [
   "Excavation",
   "Careful digging at an archaeological site"
  ],
  [
   "Stratigraphy",
   "Layers of earth that help date finds"
  ],
  [
   "Radiocarbon dating",
   "Method that measures carbon-14 to date organic remains"
  ],
  [
   "Linguistic relativity",
   "Idea that language influences thought (Sapir-Whorf)"
  ],
  [
   "Globalization",
   "Growing connections among cultures worldwide"
  ]
 ]
}