{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-genetics-terms",
 "id": "bio-genetics-terms",
 "title": "Genetics Vocabulary",
 "category": "science",
 "subject": "Biology",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Key terms for heredity, DNA and inheritance.",
 "tags": [
  "genetics",
  "DNA"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Heredity",
   "Passing of traits from parents to offspring"
  ],
  [
   "Gene",
   "A section of DNA that codes for a trait or protein"
  ],
  [
   "DNA",
   "The molecule that carries genetic instructions",
   "Deoxyribonucleic acid"
  ],
  [
   "RNA",
   "A molecule that helps carry out DNA's instructions"
  ],
  [
   "Chromosome",
   "A packaged strand of DNA"
  ],
  [
   "How many chromosomes do humans have in body cells?",
   "46 (23 pairs)"
  ],
  [
   "Allele",
   "A version of a gene"
  ],
  [
   "Dominant allele",
   "One that shows up when present"
  ],
  [
   "Recessive allele",
   "One that shows only when two copies are present"
  ],
  [
   "Genotype",
   "The set of alleles an organism has"
  ],
  [
   "Phenotype",
   "The visible traits of an organism"
  ],
  [
   "Homozygous",
   "Having two of the same allele"
  ],
  [
   "Heterozygous",
   "Having two different alleles"
  ],
  [
   "Punnett square",
   "A grid used to predict the results of a genetic cross"
  ],
  [
   "Trait",
   "A characteristic passed from parent to child"
  ],
  [
   "Mutation",
   "A change in DNA"
  ],
  [
   "Genome",
   "All the DNA of an organism"
  ],
  [
   "Base pairs in DNA",
   "A with T, and C with G"
  ],
  [
   "Adenine pairs with",
   "Thymine in DNA"
  ],
  [
   "Cytosine pairs with",
   "Guanine"
  ],
  [
   "In RNA, thymine is replaced by",
   "Uracil"
  ],
  [
   "Nucleotide",
   "A building block of DNA: sugar, phosphate and base"
  ],
  [
   "Double helix",
   "The twisted-ladder shape of DNA"
  ],
  [
   "Who described the double helix in 1953?",
   "James Watson and Francis Crick, using work by Rosalind Franklin"
  ],
  [
   "Who is the father of genetics?",
   "Gregor Mendel"
  ],
  [
   "What did Mendel study?",
   "Pea plants"
  ],
  [
   "Replication",
   "Making a copy of DNA"
  ],
  [
   "Transcription",
   "Copying DNA into messenger RNA"
  ],
  [
   "Translation",
   "Reading mRNA to build a protein"
  ],
  [
   "Codon",
   "Three bases in mRNA that code for one amino acid"
  ],
  [
   "Amino acid",
   "A building block of protein"
  ],
  [
   "mRNA",
   "Messenger RNA: carries a gene's message to the ribosome"
  ],
  [
   "tRNA",
   "Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome"
  ],
  [
   "Sex chromosomes",
   "X and Y; they help determine sex"
  ],
  [
   "Autosome",
   "A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome"
  ],
  [
   "Karyotype",
   "A picture of all of an organism's chromosomes"
  ],
  [
   "Gamete",
   "A sex cell: sperm or egg"
  ],
  [
   "Zygote",
   "A fertilized egg cell"
  ],
  [
   "Diploid",
   "Having two sets of chromosomes"
  ],
  [
   "Haploid",
   "Having one set of chromosomes"
  ],
  [
   "Incomplete dominance",
   "A blend of two alleles, like pink from red and white"
  ],
  [
   "Codominance",
   "Both alleles show up fully"
  ],
  [
   "Polygenic trait",
   "A trait controlled by many genes, like height"
  ],
  [
   "Sex-linked trait",
   "A trait whose gene is on a sex chromosome"
  ],
  [
   "Carrier",
   "A person who has one copy of a recessive allele but no symptoms"
  ],
  [
   "Pedigree",
   "A chart showing how a trait passes through a family"
  ],
  [
   "Hybrid",
   "Offspring of two different parent types"
  ],
  [
   "Purebred",
   "An organism with identical alleles for a trait"
  ],
  [
   "Selective breeding",
   "Choosing parents with wanted traits to breed"
  ],
  [
   "Genetic engineering",
   "Changing an organism's DNA on purpose"
  ],
  [
   "Clone",
   "An organism genetically identical to its parent"
  ],
  [
   "Biotechnology",
   "Using living things to make products or solve problems"
  ],
  [
   "CRISPR",
   "A tool for editing genes"
  ],
  [
   "PCR",
   "A method that copies tiny amounts of DNA many times"
  ],
  [
   "Gel electrophoresis",
   "A method that separates DNA pieces by size"
  ],
  [
   "Human Genome Project",
   "An effort that mapped human DNA, completed in 2003"
  ],
  [
   "Law of segregation",
   "Alleles separate when sex cells form"
  ],
  [
   "Law of independent assortment",
   "Genes for different traits are passed on separately"
  ],
  [
   "Evolution by natural selection",
   "Traits that help survival become more common over time"
  ],
  [
   "Adaptation",
   "A trait that helps an organism survive"
  ],
  [
   "Variation",
   "Differences among individuals of a species"
  ],
  [
   "Epigenetics",
   "Changes in how genes are used without changing the DNA code"
  ],
  [
   "Locus",
   "The position of a gene on a chromosome"
  ],
  [
   "Down syndrome",
   "A condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21"
  ]
 ]
}