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Heredity	Passing of traits from parents to offspring		bio-genetics-terms
Gene	A section of DNA that codes for a trait or protein		bio-genetics-terms
DNA	The molecule that carries genetic instructions (Deoxyribonucleic acid)		bio-genetics-terms
RNA	A molecule that helps carry out DNA's instructions		bio-genetics-terms
Chromosome	A packaged strand of DNA		bio-genetics-terms
How many chromosomes do humans have in body cells?	46 (23 pairs)		bio-genetics-terms
Allele	A version of a gene		bio-genetics-terms
Dominant allele	One that shows up when present		bio-genetics-terms
Recessive allele	One that shows only when two copies are present		bio-genetics-terms
Genotype	The set of alleles an organism has		bio-genetics-terms
Phenotype	The visible traits of an organism		bio-genetics-terms
Homozygous	Having two of the same allele		bio-genetics-terms
Heterozygous	Having two different alleles		bio-genetics-terms
Punnett square	A grid used to predict the results of a genetic cross		bio-genetics-terms
Trait	A characteristic passed from parent to child		bio-genetics-terms
Mutation	A change in DNA		bio-genetics-terms
Genome	All the DNA of an organism		bio-genetics-terms
Base pairs in DNA	A with T, and C with G		bio-genetics-terms
Adenine pairs with	Thymine in DNA		bio-genetics-terms
Cytosine pairs with	Guanine		bio-genetics-terms
In RNA, thymine is replaced by	Uracil		bio-genetics-terms
Nucleotide	A building block of DNA: sugar, phosphate and base		bio-genetics-terms
Double helix	The twisted-ladder shape of DNA		bio-genetics-terms
Who described the double helix in 1953?	James Watson and Francis Crick, using work by Rosalind Franklin		bio-genetics-terms
Who is the father of genetics?	Gregor Mendel		bio-genetics-terms
What did Mendel study?	Pea plants		bio-genetics-terms
Replication	Making a copy of DNA		bio-genetics-terms
Transcription	Copying DNA into messenger RNA		bio-genetics-terms
Translation	Reading mRNA to build a protein		bio-genetics-terms
Codon	Three bases in mRNA that code for one amino acid		bio-genetics-terms
Amino acid	A building block of protein		bio-genetics-terms
mRNA	Messenger RNA: carries a gene's message to the ribosome		bio-genetics-terms
tRNA	Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome		bio-genetics-terms
Sex chromosomes	X and Y; they help determine sex		bio-genetics-terms
Autosome	A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome		bio-genetics-terms
Karyotype	A picture of all of an organism's chromosomes		bio-genetics-terms
Gamete	A sex cell: sperm or egg		bio-genetics-terms
Zygote	A fertilized egg cell		bio-genetics-terms
Diploid	Having two sets of chromosomes		bio-genetics-terms
Haploid	Having one set of chromosomes		bio-genetics-terms
Incomplete dominance	A blend of two alleles, like pink from red and white		bio-genetics-terms
Codominance	Both alleles show up fully		bio-genetics-terms
Polygenic trait	A trait controlled by many genes, like height		bio-genetics-terms
Sex-linked trait	A trait whose gene is on a sex chromosome		bio-genetics-terms
Carrier	A person who has one copy of a recessive allele but no symptoms		bio-genetics-terms
Pedigree	A chart showing how a trait passes through a family		bio-genetics-terms
Hybrid	Offspring of two different parent types		bio-genetics-terms
Purebred	An organism with identical alleles for a trait		bio-genetics-terms
Selective breeding	Choosing parents with wanted traits to breed		bio-genetics-terms
Genetic engineering	Changing an organism's DNA on purpose		bio-genetics-terms
Clone	An organism genetically identical to its parent		bio-genetics-terms
Biotechnology	Using living things to make products or solve problems		bio-genetics-terms
CRISPR	A tool for editing genes		bio-genetics-terms
PCR	A method that copies tiny amounts of DNA many times		bio-genetics-terms
Gel electrophoresis	A method that separates DNA pieces by size		bio-genetics-terms
Human Genome Project	An effort that mapped human DNA, completed in 2003		bio-genetics-terms
Law of segregation	Alleles separate when sex cells form		bio-genetics-terms
Law of independent assortment	Genes for different traits are passed on separately		bio-genetics-terms
Evolution by natural selection	Traits that help survival become more common over time		bio-genetics-terms
Adaptation	A trait that helps an organism survive		bio-genetics-terms
Variation	Differences among individuals of a species		bio-genetics-terms
Epigenetics	Changes in how genes are used without changing the DNA code		bio-genetics-terms
Locus	The position of a gene on a chromosome		bio-genetics-terms
Down syndrome	A condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21		bio-genetics-terms