{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-life-processes-evolution",
 "id": "bio-life-processes-evolution",
 "title": "Life Processes and Evolution",
 "category": "science",
 "subject": "Biology",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "Photosynthesis, respiration, the traits of life and natural selection.",
 "tags": [
  "photosynthesis",
  "respiration",
  "evolution"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Characteristics of living things",
   "They grow, reproduce, use energy, respond to surroundings and are made of cells"
  ],
  [
   "Photosynthesis",
   "Making sugar from light, water and carbon dioxide"
  ],
  [
   "Photosynthesis equation (words)",
   "Carbon dioxide + water + light gives glucose + oxygen"
  ],
  [
   "Photosynthesis equation (formula)",
   "6CO2 + 6H2O gives C6H12O6 + 6O2"
  ],
  [
   "Where does photosynthesis happen?",
   "In chloroplasts"
  ],
  [
   "Light-dependent reactions",
   "Capture light energy; happen in the thylakoids"
  ],
  [
   "Calvin cycle",
   "Uses energy to build sugar from carbon dioxide; happens in the stroma"
  ],
  [
   "Cellular respiration",
   "Breaking down glucose to release energy"
  ],
  [
   "Cellular respiration equation (words)",
   "Glucose + oxygen gives carbon dioxide + water + energy"
  ],
  [
   "Where does cellular respiration happen?",
   "Mostly in mitochondria"
  ],
  [
   "Glycolysis",
   "The first step of respiration, splitting glucose in the cytoplasm"
  ],
  [
   "Aerobic respiration",
   "Respiration that uses oxygen"
  ],
  [
   "Anaerobic respiration",
   "Releasing energy without oxygen"
  ],
  [
   "Fermentation",
   "Anaerobic energy release that makes lactic acid or alcohol"
  ],
  [
   "ATP",
   "The energy currency molecule of cells"
  ],
  [
   "Autotroph",
   "Makes its own food"
  ],
  [
   "Heterotroph",
   "Gets food from other organisms"
  ],
  [
   "Producer",
   "An autotroph at the base of a food chain"
  ],
  [
   "Digestion",
   "Breaking food into small pieces the body can absorb"
  ],
  [
   "Excretion",
   "Removing wastes from the body"
  ],
  [
   "Respiration vs breathing",
   "Breathing moves air; respiration releases energy in cells"
  ],
  [
   "Homeostasis",
   "Keeping a stable internal environment"
  ],
  [
   "Metabolism",
   "All chemical reactions in an organism"
  ],
  [
   "Reproduction",
   "Making new organisms"
  ],
  [
   "Asexual reproduction",
   "One parent makes identical offspring"
  ],
  [
   "Sexual reproduction",
   "Two parents' cells combine to make varied offspring"
  ],
  [
   "Budding",
   "A new organism grows out of the parent, as in yeast and hydra"
  ],
  [
   "Binary fission",
   "A cell splits in two, as in bacteria"
  ],
  [
   "Regeneration",
   "Regrowing lost parts, as a starfish does"
  ],
  [
   "Stimulus",
   "Something that causes a reaction"
  ],
  [
   "Response",
   "A reaction to a stimulus"
  ],
  [
   "Growth",
   "Increase in size and cell number"
  ],
  [
   "Development",
   "Changes an organism goes through in its life"
  ],
  [
   "Evolution",
   "Change in the traits of a population over generations"
  ],
  [
   "Natural selection",
   "Organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce more"
  ],
  [
   "Who wrote On the Origin of Species in 1859?",
   "Charles Darwin"
  ],
  [
   "Where did Darwin study finches?",
   "The Galapagos Islands"
  ],
  [
   "Survival of the fittest",
   "Those best suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring"
  ],
  [
   "Variation",
   "Differences among individuals"
  ],
  [
   "Inheritance",
   "Passing traits to offspring"
  ],
  [
   "Adaptation",
   "A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce"
  ],
  [
   "Selective breeding",
   "People choosing which animals or plants to breed"
  ],
  [
   "Artificial selection",
   "Another name for selective breeding"
  ],
  [
   "Fossil record",
   "Fossils showing how life has changed over time"
  ],
  [
   "Common ancestor",
   "A shared ancestor of different species"
  ],
  [
   "Homologous structures",
   "Parts of different species with similar bones, like a human arm and a whale flipper"
  ],
  [
   "Vestigial structure",
   "A body part that has lost most of its function"
  ],
  [
   "Speciation",
   "Formation of a new species"
  ],
  [
   "Extinction",
   "Death of an entire species"
  ],
  [
   "Mass extinction",
   "Many species die out in a short geologic time"
  ],
  [
   "Peppered moth",
   "An example of natural selection in changing environments"
  ],
  [
   "Antibiotic resistance",
   "Bacteria evolving to survive antibiotics"
  ],
  [
   "Gene pool",
   "All the alleles in a population"
  ],
  [
   "Mutation",
   "A change in DNA that may create new traits"
  ],
  [
   "Genetic drift",
   "Chance changes in allele frequency, especially in small populations"
  ],
  [
   "Geologic time scale",
   "A calendar of Earth's history in eras and periods"
  ],
  [
   "Age of Earth",
   "About 4.5 billion years"
  ],
  [
   "Oldest known fossils of life, about",
   "3.5 billion years old"
  ],
  [
   "Cambrian explosion",
   "About 540 million years ago, when many animal groups appeared"
  ],
  [
   "Human origin region",
   "Africa"
  ],
  [
   "Homo sapiens",
   "The species of modern humans"
  ],
  [
   "Lucy",
   "A famous Australopithecus fossil found in Ethiopia in 1974"
  ],
  [
   "Hominin",
   "A human or humanlike relative"
  ],
  [
   "Transitional fossil",
   "A fossil showing features of two groups"
  ],
  [
   "Archaeopteryx",
   "A fossil with features of dinosaurs and birds"
  ],
  [
   "Tiktaalik",
   "A fossil fish with limb-like fins, about 375 million years old"
  ],
  [
   "Evolution of whales",
   "Whales came from land mammals with legs"
  ],
  [
   "Coevolution",
   "Two species evolving in response to each other"
  ],
  [
   "Convergent evolution",
   "Unrelated species evolve similar traits, as in sharks and dolphins"
  ]
 ]
}