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Characteristics of living things They grow, reproduce, use energy, respond to surroundings and are made of cells bio-life-processes-evolution
Photosynthesis Making sugar from light, water and carbon dioxide bio-life-processes-evolution
Photosynthesis equation (words) Carbon dioxide + water + light gives glucose + oxygen bio-life-processes-evolution
Photosynthesis equation (formula) 6CO2 + 6H2O gives C6H12O6 + 6O2 bio-life-processes-evolution
Where does photosynthesis happen? In chloroplasts bio-life-processes-evolution
Light-dependent reactions Capture light energy; happen in the thylakoids bio-life-processes-evolution
Calvin cycle Uses energy to build sugar from carbon dioxide; happens in the stroma bio-life-processes-evolution
Cellular respiration Breaking down glucose to release energy bio-life-processes-evolution
Cellular respiration equation (words) Glucose + oxygen gives carbon dioxide + water + energy bio-life-processes-evolution
Where does cellular respiration happen? Mostly in mitochondria bio-life-processes-evolution
Glycolysis The first step of respiration, splitting glucose in the cytoplasm bio-life-processes-evolution
Aerobic respiration Respiration that uses oxygen bio-life-processes-evolution
Anaerobic respiration Releasing energy without oxygen bio-life-processes-evolution
Fermentation Anaerobic energy release that makes lactic acid or alcohol bio-life-processes-evolution
ATP The energy currency molecule of cells bio-life-processes-evolution
Autotroph Makes its own food bio-life-processes-evolution
Heterotroph Gets food from other organisms bio-life-processes-evolution
Producer An autotroph at the base of a food chain bio-life-processes-evolution
Digestion Breaking food into small pieces the body can absorb bio-life-processes-evolution
Excretion Removing wastes from the body bio-life-processes-evolution
Respiration vs breathing Breathing moves air; respiration releases energy in cells bio-life-processes-evolution
Homeostasis Keeping a stable internal environment bio-life-processes-evolution
Metabolism All chemical reactions in an organism bio-life-processes-evolution
Reproduction Making new organisms bio-life-processes-evolution
Asexual reproduction One parent makes identical offspring bio-life-processes-evolution
Sexual reproduction Two parents' cells combine to make varied offspring bio-life-processes-evolution
Budding A new organism grows out of the parent, as in yeast and hydra bio-life-processes-evolution
Binary fission A cell splits in two, as in bacteria bio-life-processes-evolution
Regeneration Regrowing lost parts, as a starfish does bio-life-processes-evolution
Stimulus Something that causes a reaction bio-life-processes-evolution
Response A reaction to a stimulus bio-life-processes-evolution
Growth Increase in size and cell number bio-life-processes-evolution
Development Changes an organism goes through in its life bio-life-processes-evolution
Evolution Change in the traits of a population over generations bio-life-processes-evolution
Natural selection Organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce more bio-life-processes-evolution
Who wrote On the Origin of Species in 1859? Charles Darwin bio-life-processes-evolution
Where did Darwin study finches? The Galapagos Islands bio-life-processes-evolution
Survival of the fittest Those best suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring bio-life-processes-evolution
Variation Differences among individuals bio-life-processes-evolution
Inheritance Passing traits to offspring bio-life-processes-evolution
Adaptation A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce bio-life-processes-evolution
Selective breeding People choosing which animals or plants to breed bio-life-processes-evolution
Artificial selection Another name for selective breeding bio-life-processes-evolution
Fossil record Fossils showing how life has changed over time bio-life-processes-evolution
Common ancestor A shared ancestor of different species bio-life-processes-evolution
Homologous structures Parts of different species with similar bones, like a human arm and a whale flipper bio-life-processes-evolution
Vestigial structure A body part that has lost most of its function bio-life-processes-evolution
Speciation Formation of a new species bio-life-processes-evolution
Extinction Death of an entire species bio-life-processes-evolution
Mass extinction Many species die out in a short geologic time bio-life-processes-evolution
Peppered moth An example of natural selection in changing environments bio-life-processes-evolution
Antibiotic resistance Bacteria evolving to survive antibiotics bio-life-processes-evolution
Gene pool All the alleles in a population bio-life-processes-evolution
Mutation A change in DNA that may create new traits bio-life-processes-evolution
Genetic drift Chance changes in allele frequency, especially in small populations bio-life-processes-evolution
Geologic time scale A calendar of Earth's history in eras and periods bio-life-processes-evolution
Age of Earth About 4.5 billion years bio-life-processes-evolution
Oldest known fossils of life, about 3.5 billion years old bio-life-processes-evolution
Cambrian explosion About 540 million years ago, when many animal groups appeared bio-life-processes-evolution
Human origin region Africa bio-life-processes-evolution
Homo sapiens The species of modern humans bio-life-processes-evolution
Lucy A famous Australopithecus fossil found in Ethiopia in 1974 bio-life-processes-evolution
Hominin A human or humanlike relative bio-life-processes-evolution
Transitional fossil A fossil showing features of two groups bio-life-processes-evolution
Archaeopteryx A fossil with features of dinosaurs and birds bio-life-processes-evolution
Tiktaalik A fossil fish with limb-like fins, about 375 million years old bio-life-processes-evolution
Evolution of whales Whales came from land mammals with legs bio-life-processes-evolution
Coevolution Two species evolving in response to each other bio-life-processes-evolution
Convergent evolution Unrelated species evolve similar traits, as in sharks and dolphins bio-life-processes-evolution