[{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-architecture-terms","id":"art-architecture-terms","title":"Architecture Terms and Landmarks","category":"arts-music","subject":"Architecture","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of buildings, building styles and famous architects and landmarks.","tags":["architecture","buildings","landmarks"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Arch","A curved structure that spans an opening"],["Column","A tall round support, like a pillar"],["Dome","A rounded roof like half a ball"],["Vault","An arched ceiling or roof"],["Buttress","A support built against a wall to strengthen it"],["Flying buttress","A stone arch outside a Gothic church that braces the wall"],["Facade","The front face of a building"],["Foundation","The base that supports a building"],["Beam","A horizontal support"],["Lintel","A horizontal beam over a door or window"],["Cornice","A decorative strip along the top of a wall"],["Pediment","A triangle-shaped part above a doorway or columns"],["Spire","A tall pointed top of a tower"],["Steeple","A tall tower on a church with a spire"],["Minaret","A tall slender tower of a mosque"],["Pagoda","A tiered tower of East Asia"],["Gargoyle","A carved stone creature that drains rain from a roof"],["Atrium","A large open space inside a building, often with a glass roof"],["Skyscraper","A very tall building"],["Blueprint","A drawing plan of a building"],["Doric column","The simplest Greek column style, plain at the top"],["Ionic column","Greek column with scroll shapes at the top"],["Corinthian column","Greek column with leaves at the top"],["Parthenon","Greek temple on the Acropolis in Athens, finished in 432 BCE"],["Colosseum","Roman amphitheater in Rome opened in 80 CE"],["Pantheon","Roman temple in Rome with a huge concrete dome"],["Aqueduct","A bridge-like structure that carries water"],["Pyramids of Giza","Egyptian royal tombs built about 4,500 years ago"],["Great Wall of China","A long defensive wall built across northern China over many centuries"],["Taj Mahal","White marble tomb in Agra, India, completed in 1653"],["Hagia Sophia","Great domed building in Istanbul built in 537"],["Notre-Dame de Paris","Gothic cathedral in Paris started in 1163"],["St. Peter's Basilica","Church in Vatican City with a dome designed with help from Michelangelo"],["Eiffel Tower","Iron tower in Paris built for the 1889 World's Fair by Gustave Eiffel's company"],["Big Ben","Nickname of the great bell in the clock tower at Westminster, London"],["Sagrada Familia","Unfinished church in Barcelona designed by Antoni Gaudi"],["Sydney Opera House","Sail-roofed arts center in Australia, opened in 1973"],["Burj Khalifa","Skyscraper in Dubai, completed in 2010"],["Empire State Building","New York skyscraper completed in 1931"],["Chrysler Building","New York Art Deco skyscraper from 1930"],["Golden Gate Bridge","Suspension bridge in San Francisco opened in 1937"],["Brooklyn Bridge","Suspension bridge in New York opened in 1883"],["Frank Lloyd Wright","American architect who designed Fallingwater"],["Fallingwater","House built over a waterfall in Pennsylvania by Frank Lloyd Wright"],["Zaha Hadid","Iraqi-British architect who designed curving modern buildings"],["I. M. Pei","Architect of the glass pyramid at the Louvre"],["Antoni Gaudi","Spanish architect of curvy, colorful designs"],["Frank Gehry","Architect of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao"],["Christopher Wren","English architect who rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral after the 1666 fire"],["Gothic architecture","Style with pointed arches, tall windows and flying buttresses"],["Romanesque architecture","Style with round arches and thick walls"],["Baroque architecture","Style with grand curves, drama and decoration"],["Neoclassical architecture","Style that copies ancient Greek and Roman buildings, like the US Capitol"],["Art Deco architecture","Geometric, glamorous style of the 1920s and 1930s"],["Modernism","Style with simple shapes and little decoration, 'less is more'"],["Brutalism","Style using raw concrete in blocky forms"],["Sustainable architecture","Design that saves energy and protects the environment"],["Green roof","A roof covered with plants"],["Mud brick (adobe)","A building material of sun-dried clay and straw"],["Igloo","A dome-shaped snow house built by Inuit people"],["Yurt","A round tent house used by nomads in Central Asia"],["Stilt house","House raised on poles above water or ground"],["Castle","A fortified building of medieval Europe"],["Moat","A ditch filled with water around a castle"],["Drawbridge","A bridge that can be raised to block a castle entrance"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-color-theory","id":"art-color-theory","title":"Color Theory","category":"arts-music","subject":"Visual Art","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Primary, secondary and complementary colors, warm and cool colors, and how colors mix.","tags":["color","color wheel","mixing"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Primary colors (paint)","Red, yellow and blue"],["Secondary colors","Orange, green and violet"],["Tertiary colors","Colors made by mixing a primary and a nearby secondary, like red-orange"],["Red + yellow","Orange"],["Yellow + blue","Green"],["Blue + red","Violet (purple)"],["Red + blue + yellow in equal parts","A muddy brown or gray"],["Complementary colors","Colors opposite each other on the color wheel"],["Complement of red","Green"],["Complement of blue","Orange"],["Complement of yellow","Violet"],["Complement of orange","Blue"],["Complement of green","Red"],["Complement of violet","Yellow"],["Analogous colors","Colors next to each other on the color wheel"],["Warm colors","Reds, oranges and yellows"],["Cool colors","Blues, greens and violets"],["Neutral colors","Black, white, gray and brown"],["Monochromatic","Using one hue with different tints and shades"],["Triadic color scheme","Three colors evenly spaced on the color wheel"],["Split complementary","A color plus the two colors on each side of its complement"],["Tetradic scheme","Two pairs of complementary colors"],["Hue","The name of a color"],["Value","How light or dark a color is"],["Saturation","How pure or intense a color is"],["Tint","A hue plus white"],["Shade","A hue plus black"],["Tone","A hue plus gray"],["Pink","A tint of red"],["Navy","A shade of blue"],["Color wheel","A circle showing the relationships between colors"],["Isaac Newton and color","He used a prism in the 1660s to show white light holds all colors"],["Rainbow order","Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet","ROY G. BIV"],["Primary colors (light)","Red, green and blue"],["Secondary colors (light)","Cyan, magenta and yellow"],["RGB","Red, green, blue; color model for screens"],["CMYK","Cyan, magenta, yellow, key (black); color model for printing"],["Additive color","Mixing light: adding colors makes white"],["Subtractive color","Mixing pigments: adding colors makes darker colors"],["All colors of light mixed","White"],["All pigments mixed","A dark muddy color"],["Which colors seem to come forward?","Warm, bright colors"],["Which colors seem to recede?","Cool, dull colors"],["Red often shows","Energy, danger, passion"],["Blue often shows","Calm, peace, sadness"],["Yellow often shows","Happiness, warning"],["Green often shows","Nature, growth"],["Purple often shows","Royalty, mystery"],["Chroma","Another word for the purity of a color"],["Pigment","Colored powder that gives paint its color"],["Dye","A color that soaks into material"],["Opaque","Does not let light through"],["Transparent","Lets light through so you can see through it"],["Translucent","Lets some light through"],["Primary colors cannot be...","Made by mixing other colors"],["Simultaneous contrast","How a color looks different next to another color"],["Colorblindness","Difficulty telling certain colors apart, such as red and green"],["Highlight","The lightest area of a painting"],["To make a color darker","Add black or its complement"],["To make a color lighter","Add white (or water in watercolor)"],["Sienna and umber","Earth-tone brown pigments from clay"],["Ultramarine","A deep blue pigment once made from lapis lazuli"],["Vermilion","A bright red-orange pigment"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-drawing-painting-techniques","id":"art-drawing-painting-techniques","title":"Drawing and Painting Techniques","category":"arts-music","subject":"Visual Art","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Art materials, techniques and media for drawing, painting, printmaking and sculpture.","tags":["techniques","drawing","painting","media"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Hatching","Drawing closely spaced parallel lines to show shade"],["Cross-hatching","Layers of hatching lines crossing each other for darker shade"],["Stippling","Making shade or texture with tiny dots"],["Blending","Smoothing colors or values together so they merge"],["Shading","Adding darkness to show form and light"],["Contour drawing","Drawing the outline and edges of an object"],["Gesture drawing","Quick loose drawing capturing movement"],["Blind contour drawing","Drawing an outline while looking only at the subject, not the paper"],["Sketch","A quick, rough drawing"],["Thumbnail sketch","A small quick drawing to plan a composition"],["Charcoal","Soft black drawing material made from burnt wood"],["Graphite","The gray material in pencils"],["Pastel","Chalk-like sticks of pigment"],["Conte crayon","A hard drawing stick in black, brown or red"],["Pen and ink","Drawing with a pen dipped in or filled with ink"],["Watercolor","Paint made of pigment and water on paper, see-through and light"],["Gouache","Opaque water-based paint"],["Acrylic paint","Fast-drying plastic-based paint that cleans up with water"],["Oil paint","Slow-drying paint made with oil, used since the Renaissance"],["Tempera","Paint made with egg yolk or similar binder"],["Fresco","Painting on wet plaster"],["Encaustic","Painting with colored melted wax"],["Impasto","Paint applied thickly so the brushstrokes show"],["Glaze","A thin see-through layer of paint over another"],["Wash","A thin, watery layer of paint"],["Wet-on-wet","Painting wet paint onto a wet surface so colors blend"],["Wet-on-dry","Painting wet paint onto dry paper for sharper edges"],["Dry brush","Using a brush with little paint to make scratchy texture"],["Scumbling","Dragging dry paint lightly over another layer"],["Palette","A surface for mixing paint, or an artist's chosen set of colors"],["Easel","A stand that holds a canvas upright"],["Canvas","Cloth stretched on a frame for painting"],["Primer (gesso)","A coating that prepares a surface for painting"],["Palette knife","A blade-like tool for mixing or applying paint"],["Round brush","A brush with a pointed tip for lines and details"],["Flat brush","A brush for broad strokes and sharp edges"],["Collage","Artwork made by gluing pieces of paper and other materials together"],["Assemblage","Art made from found objects put together in 3D"],["Mosaic","A picture made of small pieces of tile, glass or stone"],["Mixed media","Art that uses more than one material"],["Printmaking","Making art by transferring ink from a surface to paper"],["Woodcut","A print made from carved wood"],["Linocut","A print made from carved linoleum"],["Etching","A print made from lines cut into metal with acid"],["Lithography","Printing from a flat stone or plate using grease and water"],["Silkscreen","Pushing ink through a stencil mesh onto a surface"],["Monoprint","A single print that cannot be repeated exactly"],["Batik","Fabric dyeing method that uses wax to resist the dye"],["Tie-dye","Dyeing cloth that has been tied to make patterns"],["Pottery","Objects made of clay and baked hard"],["Kiln","An oven for firing clay"],["Slip","Liquid clay used to join pieces"],["Score and slip","Scratching clay surfaces and adding slip to join them"],["Coil pot","Pottery built from rolled ropes of clay"],["Pinch pot","A pot formed by pinching clay with the fingers"],["Slab construction","Making pottery from flat pieces of clay"],["Wheel throwing","Shaping clay on a spinning potter's wheel"],["Bisque","Clay fired once without glaze"],["Glaze (clay)","A glassy coating melted onto pottery in a kiln"],["Armature","A frame that supports a sculpture"],["Relief sculpture","Sculpture that sticks out from a flat background"],["Sculpture in the round","Sculpture that can be viewed from all sides"],["Carving","Taking away material to make a sculpture"],["Modeling","Building up material like clay to make a sculpture"],["Casting","Pouring melted metal or plaster into a mold"],["Origami","The Japanese art of paper folding"],["Calligraphy","Beautiful handwriting"],["Illustration","A picture that explains or decorates text"],["Vanishing point","The spot on the horizon where parallel lines seem to meet"],["One-point perspective","Perspective with one vanishing point on the horizon"],["Two-point perspective","Perspective with two vanishing points"],["Horizon line","The line where earth and sky seem to meet"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-elements-and-principles","id":"art-elements-and-principles","title":"Elements and Principles of Art","category":"arts-music","subject":"Visual Art","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The building blocks of art and the ways artists organize them.","tags":["elements of art","principles of design","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Line","A mark made by a moving point, long and thin"],["Shape","A flat, enclosed area with height and width"],["Form","A shape with three dimensions: height, width and depth"],["Color","What we see when light bounces off an object"],["Value","How light or dark a color is"],["Texture","How a surface feels or looks like it feels"],["Space","The area around, between and inside things in art"],["Positive space","The area taken up by the main subject"],["Negative space","The empty area around the subject"],["Geometric shape","A regular shape like a circle, square or triangle"],["Organic shape","A free-flowing, irregular shape like a leaf or cloud"],["Horizontal line","A line that goes side to side, feels calm"],["Vertical line","A line that goes up and down, feels tall and strong"],["Diagonal line","A slanted line, feels active and moving"],["Curved line","A line that bends, feels soft and flowing"],["Zigzag line","A line made of sharp angles, feels energetic"],["Contour line","A line that outlines the edge of a shape"],["Implied line","A line suggested by the way objects are arranged, not drawn"],["Hue","The name of a color"],["Tint","A color mixed with white"],["Shade","A color mixed with black"],["Tone","A color mixed with gray"],["Intensity (saturation)","How bright or dull a color is"],["Actual texture","Texture you can truly feel"],["Visual texture","Texture that is only drawn to look real"],["Perspective","A way to show depth on a flat surface"],["Foreground","The part of a picture closest to the viewer"],["Middle ground","The middle part of a picture"],["Background","The part of a picture farthest from the viewer"],["Overlapping","Placing one object in front of another to show depth"],["Principles of design","Ways artists organize the elements"],["Balance","How the visual weight is spread in an artwork"],["Symmetrical balance","Both sides are mirror images"],["Asymmetrical balance","Sides differ but still feel balanced"],["Radial balance","Parts spread out from a center point"],["Contrast","Differences such as light and dark that make things stand out"],["Emphasis","Making one part of the work the focus"],["Focal point","The place the eye goes first"],["Movement","How the eye is led through an artwork"],["Rhythm","Repeated elements that create a beat"],["Pattern","A repeated design of lines, shapes or colors"],["Repetition","Using an element again and again"],["Variety","Using different elements to make interest"],["Unity","When all parts of an artwork feel like they belong together"],["Harmony","Using similar elements to create calm unity"],["Proportion","How the sizes of parts relate to each other"],["Scale","The size of an object compared to others or to the viewer"],["Composition","How the parts of an artwork are arranged"],["Gradation","A gradual change in color, size or value"],["Rule of thirds","Placing key parts along lines dividing the picture into thirds"],["Medium","The material an artist uses, like watercolor or clay"],["Subject","What an artwork is about"],["Abstract art","Art that does not show things as they look in real life"],["Realism","Art that shows subjects as they really look"],["Representational art","Art showing recognizable things"],["Still life","A picture of objects that do not move"],["Landscape","A picture of outdoor scenery"],["Portrait","A picture of a person"],["Self-portrait","A picture an artist makes of themselves"],["Seascape","A picture of the sea"],["Cityscape","A picture of a city"],["Mural","A large painting made on a wall"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-famous-artists","id":"art-famous-artists","title":"Famous Artists","category":"arts-music","subject":"Art History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Well-known artists, where they came from and what they are known for.","tags":["artists","painters","sculptors"],"frontLabel":"Artist","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Leonardo da Vinci","Italian Renaissance painter, inventor; Mona Lisa and The Last Supper (1452 to 1519)"],["Michelangelo","Italian sculptor and painter; David and the Sistine Chapel ceiling (1475 to 1564)"],["Raphael","Italian Renaissance painter of The School of Athens"],["Sandro Botticelli","Italian painter of The Birth of Venus"],["Albrecht Durer","German printmaker and painter of the Renaissance"],["Caravaggio","Italian Baroque painter known for dramatic light and dark"],["Rembrandt van Rijn","Dutch Golden Age painter famed for portraits and The Night Watch"],["Johannes Vermeer","Dutch painter of quiet indoor scenes, such as Girl with a Pearl Earring"],["Diego Velazquez","Spanish court painter of Las Meninas"],["Francisco Goya","Spanish painter and printmaker"],["J.M.W. Turner","British painter of light, sea and skies"],["John Constable","British painter of country landscapes like The Hay Wain"],["Claude Monet","French Impressionist who painted water lilies and haystacks"],["Pierre-Auguste Renoir","French Impressionist of joyful scenes of people"],["Edgar Degas","French Impressionist known for dancers"],["Mary Cassatt","American Impressionist known for mothers and children"],["Berthe Morisot","French Impressionist painter"],["Camille Pissarro","French Impressionist landscape painter"],["Vincent van Gogh","Dutch Post-Impressionist painter of The Starry Night and sunflowers (1853 to 1890)"],["Paul Cezanne","French painter who paved the way for Cubism"],["Georges Seurat","French painter who developed pointillism"],["Paul Gauguin","French painter who painted in Tahiti"],["Henri Matisse","French painter and cut-out artist, leader of Fauvism"],["Pablo Picasso","Spanish artist who co-founded Cubism, painted Guernica (1881 to 1973)"],["Georges Braque","French artist who co-founded Cubism"],["Salvador Dali","Spanish Surrealist famous for The Persistence of Memory"],["Rene Magritte","Belgian Surrealist who painted The Son of Man"],["Marc Chagall","Russian-French painter of dreamy colorful scenes"],["Wassily Kandinsky","Russian painter, pioneer of abstract art"],["Piet Mondrian","Dutch painter of grids in primary colors"],["Paul Klee","Swiss-German painter of playful, imaginative work"],["Edvard Munch","Norwegian painter of The Scream"],["Gustav Klimt","Austrian painter of The Kiss"],["Jackson Pollock","American painter who dripped paint onto big canvases"],["Mark Rothko","American painter of glowing blocks of color"],["Georgia O'Keeffe","American painter of flowers, bones and desert landscapes"],["Frida Kahlo","Mexican painter famous for self-portraits"],["Diego Rivera","Mexican muralist"],["Andy Warhol","American Pop artist known for soup cans and portraits"],["Roy Lichtenstein","American Pop artist inspired by comic book dots"],["Keith Haring","American artist with bold outlined figures"],["Jean-Michel Basquiat","American artist who began on New York streets"],["Grant Wood","American painter of American Gothic (1930)"],["Edward Hopper","American painter of quiet city scenes like Nighthawks"],["Norman Rockwell","American illustrator of everyday scenes for magazine covers"],["Winslow Homer","American painter of seascapes"],["Jacob Lawrence","African American painter of the Migration Series"],["Faith Ringgold","African American artist known for story quilts"],["Yayoi Kusama","Japanese artist known for polka dots and infinity rooms"],["Katsushika Hokusai","Japanese artist of The Great Wave off Kanagawa"],["Auguste Rodin","French sculptor of The Thinker"],["Alexander Calder","American sculptor who invented mobiles"],["Henry Moore","British sculptor of large, smooth, curved forms"],["Constantin Brancusi","Romanian sculptor of simple, polished forms"],["Alberto Giacometti","Swiss sculptor of tall, thin figures"],["Donatello","Italian Renaissance sculptor of the bronze David"],["Gian Lorenzo Bernini","Italian Baroque sculptor"],["Bridget Riley","British Op Art painter"],["Banksy","Anonymous British street artist"],["Dale Chihuly","American glass sculptor"],["Maya Lin","American artist and architect who designed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial"],["Beatrix Potter","English author and illustrator of Peter Rabbit"],["Leonardo's famous smile","The Mona Lisa"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-famous-paintings-sculptures","id":"art-famous-paintings-sculptures","title":"Famous Paintings and Sculptures","category":"arts-music","subject":"Art History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Famous artworks matched to their artists and where to find them.","tags":["paintings","sculpture","museums"],"frontLabel":"Artwork","backLabel":"Artist","cards":[["Mona Lisa","Leonardo da Vinci","Louvre Museum, Paris"],["The Last Supper","Leonardo da Vinci","Wall painting in Milan"],["Sistine Chapel ceiling","Michelangelo","Vatican City"],["David (marble statue)","Michelangelo","Florence, Italy"],["Pieta (Vatican)","Michelangelo"],["The Birth of Venus","Sandro Botticelli"],["The School of Athens","Raphael"],["Girl with a Pearl Earring","Johannes Vermeer"],["The Night Watch","Rembrandt van Rijn"],["Las Meninas","Diego Velazquez"],["The Starry Night","Vincent van Gogh","Museum of Modern Art, New York"],["Sunflowers","Vincent van Gogh"],["Bedroom in Arles","Vincent van Gogh"],["Impression, Sunrise","Claude Monet","Gave Impressionism its name"],["Water Lilies","Claude Monet"],["Luncheon of the Boating Party","Pierre-Auguste Renoir"],["A Sunday on La Grande Jatte","Georges Seurat","Made with tiny dots"],["The Dance Class","Edgar Degas"],["The Child's Bath","Mary Cassatt"],["Guernica","Pablo Picasso","Anti-war mural from 1937"],["Les Demoiselles d'Avignon","Pablo Picasso"],["The Persistence of Memory","Salvador Dali","Melting clocks"],["The Son of Man","Rene Magritte","Man with an apple in front of his face"],["The Scream","Edvard Munch"],["The Kiss (painting)","Gustav Klimt"],["The Great Wave off Kanagawa","Katsushika Hokusai"],["American Gothic","Grant Wood"],["Nighthawks","Edward Hopper"],["Campbell's Soup Cans","Andy Warhol"],["Whaam!","Roy Lichtenstein"],["Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow","Piet Mondrian"],["Broadway Boogie Woogie","Piet Mondrian"],["The Two Fridas","Frida Kahlo"],["Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)","Jackson Pollock"],["The Thinker","Auguste Rodin"],["The Kiss (sculpture)","Auguste Rodin"],["Venus de Milo","An ancient Greek statue of unknown sculptor, in the Louvre"],["Winged Victory of Samothrace","Ancient Greek sculpture, now in the Louvre"],["Discobolus (Discus Thrower)","Myron, ancient Greek"],["The Statue of Liberty","Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, a gift from France in 1886"],["Christ the Redeemer (Rio de Janeiro)","Paul Landowski and Heitor da Silva Costa, 1931"],["The Great Sphinx of Giza","Ancient Egyptians, about 4,500 years old"],["Terracotta Army","Thousands of clay soldiers buried with China's first emperor"],["Mount Rushmore","Gutzon Borglum began carving it in 1927"],["Cloud Gate (the Bean)","Anish Kapoor, Chicago"],["Birdcage and Spiral mobiles","Alexander Calder"],["Bird in Space","Constantin Brancusi"],["The Garden of Earthly Delights","Hieronymus Bosch"],["Wanderer above the Sea of Fog","Caspar David Friedrich"],["Liberty Leading the People","Eugene Delacroix"],["The Raft of the Medusa","Theodore Gericault"],["Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851)","Emanuel Leutze"],["Migration Series","Jacob Lawrence"],["Blue Nude","Henri Matisse (cut-out series)"],["The Snail","Henri Matisse"],["Café Terrace at Night","Vincent van Gogh"],["Red Poppies (Poppy Field)","Claude Monet"],["The Hay Wain","John Constable"],["The Fighting Temeraire","J.M.W. Turner"],["Girl with a Balloon","Banksy"],["Rosie the Riveter poster, We Can Do It!","J. Howard Miller, 1943"],["Apollo and Daphne","Gian Lorenzo Bernini"],["The Elgin Marbles (Parthenon sculptures)","Ancient Greek, now in the British Museum"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/art-movements","id":"art-movements","title":"Art Movements","category":"arts-music","subject":"Art History","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Major art movements, their dates, key ideas and artists.","tags":["art history","movements","styles"],"frontLabel":"Movement","backLabel":"Key ideas","cards":[["Renaissance","1400s to 1500s in Europe; rebirth of classical ideas, realism, perspective; Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael"],["Baroque","1600s; drama, rich color, movement, strong light and dark; Caravaggio, Rembrandt"],["Rococo","1700s; light, playful, decorative; Fragonard"],["Neoclassicism","Late 1700s; order and clarity inspired by ancient Greece and Rome; Jacques-Louis David"],["Romanticism","Early 1800s; emotion, nature and imagination; Delacroix, Turner"],["Realism","Mid 1800s; everyday life shown honestly; Courbet"],["Impressionism","1870s France; quick brushstrokes, light and color, outdoor scenes; Monet, Renoir"],["Post-Impressionism","1880s to 1900s; personal style and emotion beyond Impressionism; Van Gogh, Cezanne, Seurat"],["Pointillism","Painting with tiny dots of color; Georges Seurat"],["Symbolism","Late 1800s; art of dreams, ideas and mystery"],["Art Nouveau","1890s to 1910; flowing plant-like lines; Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt"],["Fauvism","Early 1900s; wild, bold colors; Henri Matisse"],["Expressionism","Early 1900s; strong feelings through distorted forms; Edvard Munch"],["Cubism","Early 1900s; objects broken into geometric shapes seen from many sides; Picasso, Braque"],["Futurism","1909 Italy; speed, machines and modern life"],["Dada","1916 and after; playful anti-art in response to World War I; Marcel Duchamp"],["Surrealism","1920s; dreams and the unconscious; Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte"],["Constructivism","Russia, 1910s to 1920s; geometric shapes used for modern purposes"],["De Stijl","Dutch movement from 1917; straight lines, primary colors; Piet Mondrian"],["Bauhaus","German design school founded in 1919 mixing art, craft and technology"],["Art Deco","1920s to 1930s; sleek, geometric, glamorous design"],["Abstract Expressionism","1940s to 1950s New York; large energetic abstract paintings; Jackson Pollock"],["Color field painting","Large areas of flat color; Mark Rothko"],["Pop Art","1950s to 1960s; popular culture and ads; Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein"],["Op Art","1960s; optical illusions with patterns; Bridget Riley"],["Minimalism","1960s; very simple forms with little detail"],["Conceptual art","The idea matters more than the finished object"],["Photorealism","Paintings that look like photographs"],["Street art","Art made in public spaces, including murals and graffiti; Banksy, Keith Haring"],["Harlem Renaissance","1920s to 1930s; flowering of African American art, music and writing; Aaron Douglas"],["Mexican Muralism","1920s to 1940s; huge public murals; Diego Rivera"],["Ukiyo-e","Japanese woodblock prints of the Edo period; Hokusai"],["Gothic art","1100s to 1400s Europe; cathedrals, stained glass"],["Byzantine art","Eastern Roman art with gold mosaics and religious icons"],["Medieval illuminated manuscripts","Hand-copied books decorated with gold and bright colors"],["Mannerism","Late 1500s; stretched, elegant figures; El Greco"],["Hudson River School","1800s American landscape painters, including Thomas Cole"],["Arts and Crafts movement","Late 1800s; handmade craft against factory goods; William Morris"],["Magic Realism","Realistic style with unusual dreamlike details"],["Naive art","Untrained artists' simple, bright style; Henri Rousseau"],["Folk art","Art made by ordinary people in a community tradition"],["Aboriginal dot painting","Australian Indigenous art using dots to tell stories of the land"],["Which movement is named after a Monet painting?","Impressionism, from Impression, Sunrise (1872)"],["Which movement did Picasso and Braque start?","Cubism"],["Which movement did Dali belong to?","Surrealism"],["Which movement did Warhol belong to?","Pop Art"],["Which movement did Pollock belong to?","Abstract Expressionism"],["Which movement did Monet belong to?","Impressionism"],["Which movement did Mondrian belong to?","De Stijl"],["Which movement did Matisse lead?","Fauvism"],["Which movement did Michelangelo belong to?","Renaissance"],["Which movement did Caravaggio belong to?","Baroque"],["Which movement did Duchamp belong to?","Dada"],["Which movement did Seurat invent a style within?","Post-Impressionism, using pointillism"],["Which movement did Van Gogh belong to?","Post-Impressionism"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/dance-terms","id":"dance-terms","title":"Dance Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Dance","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Ballet vocabulary, dance styles and movement words.","tags":["dance","ballet","styles"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Plie","A bend of the knees (French: bent)","plee-AY"],["Tendu","A stretched foot sliding along the floor","tahn-DOO"],["Releve","A rise onto the balls of the feet or toes","reh-leh-VAY"],["Pirouette","A full turn on one foot","peer-oo-ET"],["Arabesque","A pose on one leg with the other extended behind","air-uh-BESK"],["Jete","A jump from one foot to the other","zheh-TAY"],["Grand jete","A big leap with legs split in the air"],["Chasse","A gliding step in which one foot chases the other","sha-SAY"],["Glissade","A gliding step to travel","glee-SAHD"],["Sauté","A jump from two feet landing on two feet","soh-TAY"],["Port de bras","Movement of the arms"],["Battement","A beating or kicking movement of the leg"],["Rond de jambe","A circular movement of the leg"],["Fouette","A whipping turn on one leg"],["Pas de deux","A dance for two people"],["Corps de ballet","The group of dancers who perform together"],["Prima ballerina","The leading female dancer in a ballet company"],["Barre","The rail dancers hold for warm-ups"],["En pointe","Dancing on the tips of the toes in pointe shoes"],["Tutu","A short stiff skirt worn by ballet dancers"],["First position","Heels together, toes turned out"],["Fifth position","Feet crossed tightly, one in front of the other"],["Choreography","The planned steps and movements of a dance"],["Choreographer","The person who creates a dance"],["Improvisation (dance)","Dancing without planned steps"],["Ballet","Classical dance that began in Italian and French courts"],["Tap dance","Dance with metal taps on the shoes making rhythms"],["Jazz dance","Lively dance with strong rhythm and isolations"],["Modern dance","Dance style that broke from ballet rules, pioneered by Martha Graham"],["Contemporary dance","Dance mixing ballet, modern and jazz"],["Hip-hop dance","Street dance styles like popping and breaking"],["Breakdancing (breaking)","Acrobatic hip-hop dance with floor moves and spins"],["Popping","Quickly tightening muscles to jerk the body"],["Locking","Hip-hop moves with quick stops and holds"],["Flamenco","Spanish dance with stomping, clapping and guitar"],["Salsa","Latin partner dance with Cuban roots"],["Tango","Partner dance from Argentina and Uruguay"],["Waltz","Graceful dance in three-beat time"],["Foxtrot","Smooth ballroom dance with walking steps"],["Cha-cha","Latin ballroom dance with a quick cha-cha-cha step"],["Square dance","American folk dance with a caller"],["Line dance","A dance where people stand in rows doing the same steps"],["Polka","Lively dance in 2/4 time from Bohemia"],["Hula","Hawaiian dance telling stories with hands and hips"],["Bharatanatyam","Classical dance from southern India"],["Folk dance","A traditional dance of a region or people"],["Ballroom dance","Partner dances like waltz and foxtrot"],["Swing dance","Jazz-era partner dance, including the Lindy Hop"],["Lindy Hop","Swing dance from Harlem in the 1920s and 1930s"],["Irish step dance","Dance with fast footwork and still arms"],["Cartwheel","A sideways turn of the body on hands and feet"],["Isolation","Moving only one part of the body"],["Level (dance)","How high or low the dancer is: low, middle or high"],["Tempo (dance)","The speed of the dance"],["Formation","The arrangement of dancers on stage"],["Unison (dance)","Dancers doing the same movement at the same time"],["Canon (dance)","Dancers doing the same movement at different times"],["Locomotor movement","Movement that travels across space, like walking, skipping, hopping"],["Non-locomotor movement","Movement in place, like bending, twisting, stretching"],["Skip","A step-hop pattern, moving forward"],["Gallop","A step and a leap with the same foot leading"],["Leap","A jump from one foot to the other"],["Hop","Jump on one foot landing on the same foot"],["Martha Graham","American modern dance pioneer"],["Alvin Ailey","American choreographer who founded a dance theater in 1958"],["Misty Copeland","American ballerina who became principal dancer at American Ballet Theatre in 2015"],["Rudolf Nureyev","Russian ballet star, 1938 to 1993"],["Anna Pavlova","Russian ballerina famed for The Dying Swan"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/film-terms","id":"film-terms","title":"Film Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Film","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Camera shots, editing, jobs on a movie set and film history.","tags":["film","movies","camera shots","editing"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Close-up","A shot showing a face or object up close"],["Extreme close-up","A shot of a very small part, like an eye"],["Medium shot","A shot of a person from the waist up"],["Long shot (wide shot)","A shot showing the whole person and their surroundings"],["Establishing shot","A wide shot showing where a scene takes place"],["Over-the-shoulder shot","A shot from behind one person looking at another"],["Point-of-view (POV) shot","A shot seen through a character's eyes"],["Pan","Turning the camera left or right from a fixed spot"],["Tilt","Moving the camera up or down from a fixed spot"],["Zoom","Changing the lens to get closer or farther"],["Dolly shot","Moving the camera on a wheeled cart"],["Tracking shot","The camera follows a subject as it moves"],["Crane shot","A camera on a crane moving high or low"],["Aerial shot","A shot from high in the air, often by drone"],["High angle","The camera looks down, making subjects seem small"],["Low angle","The camera looks up, making subjects seem powerful"],["Eye-level shot","The camera at the actor's eye height"],["Dutch angle","A tilted camera that makes a scene feel uneasy"],["Frame","One single image in a film"],["Frame rate","How many pictures are shown per second; film is usually 24"],["Cut","A change from one shot to another"],["Fade","A shot slowly changing to or from black"],["Dissolve","One shot slowly blending into another"],["Montage","A series of short shots joined to show time passing or ideas"],["Flashback","A scene showing an earlier time"],["Foreshadowing","A hint about what will happen later"],["Slow motion","Action shown slower than real life"],["Time-lapse","Many pictures over a long time shown quickly"],["Voice-over","A narrator's voice heard over the pictures"],["Soundtrack","The sound and music of a film"],["Score","The music composed for a film"],["Sound effects","Added sounds like footsteps or doors"],["Foley","Sound effects made live by artists, matched to the action"],["Dialogue (film)","Spoken words between characters"],["Script (screenplay)","The written story, dialogue and action of a film"],["Storyboard","A series of drawings planning each shot"],["Director","The person who leads the creative work on a film"],["Producer","The person who organizes money and the production"],["Screenwriter","The person who writes the script"],["Cinematographer","The person in charge of camera and lighting"],["Editor","The person who cuts shots together"],["Gaffer","The chief electrician on a film set"],["Best boy","The assistant to the gaffer or key grip"],["Grip","A crew member who moves and sets up equipment"],["Key grip","The head of the grip crew"],["Production designer","The person who plans the look of a film's sets"],["Costume designer","The person who plans actors' clothing"],["Stunt performer","A person trained to do dangerous action safely"],["Extra","An actor in the background with no lines"],["Clapperboard","A board snapped at the start of a take to match sound and picture"],["Take","One try of filming a shot"],["Scene (film)","A part of the story in one place and time"],["Action!","What the director says to start filming"],["Cut! (director's call)","What the director says to stop filming"],["Wrap","The end of filming"],["Special effects","Tricks made during filming, like explosions or makeup"],["Visual effects (VFX)","Images added using computers after filming"],["CGI","Computer-generated imagery"],["Green screen","A green background replaced by another image after filming"],["Animation","Making still drawings or models appear to move"],["Stop motion","Photographing objects frame by frame as they are moved a little"],["Trailer","A short preview of a film"],["Genre","A type of film, such as comedy or adventure"],["Documentary","A film about real people and events"],["Premiere","The first public showing of a film"],["Oscars (Academy Awards)","Annual awards for achievements in film, first given in 1929"],["Silent film","A film with no recorded dialogue, popular until the late 1920s"],["The Jazz Singer","1927 film often called the first feature with synchronized talking"],["The Wizard of Oz (1939)","A famous early Technicolor film"],["Walt Disney","Founder of an animation studio; Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs came out in 1937"],["Toy Story (1995)","The first full-length computer-animated feature film"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-bass-clef-notes","id":"music-bass-clef-notes","title":"Bass Clef: Lines and Spaces","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Name the notes on the bass clef staff and learn how it relates to the treble clef.","tags":["bass clef","staff","note names"],"frontLabel":"Position","backLabel":"Note","cards":[["Bass clef: bottom line (line 1)","G"],["Bass clef: line 2","B"],["Bass clef: line 3 (middle)","D"],["Bass clef: line 4","F"],["Bass clef: top line (line 5)","A"],["Bass clef: first space (bottom)","A"],["Bass clef: second space","C"],["Bass clef: third space","E"],["Bass clef: fourth space (top)","G"],["Bass clef: space above the top line","B"],["Bass clef: space below the bottom line","F"],["Bass clef: first ledger line above the staff","C (middle C)"],["Bass clef: line below the staff (first ledger line)","E"],["Bass clef lines, bottom to top","G B D F A","Good Boys Do Fine Always"],["Bass clef spaces, bottom to top","A C E G","All Cows Eat Grass"],["Another name for the bass clef","F clef","Its two dots surround the F line"],["The bass clef's two dots surround which line?","The fourth line, F"],["Which instruments commonly read bass clef?","Cello, bassoon, trombone, tuba, and the left hand of the piano"],["Bass clef: where is middle C?","On the first ledger line above the staff"],["Bass clef is used for which pitch range?","Lower notes"],["Bass clef: the note A on the staff, two places","Top line and first space"],["Bass clef: the note G on the staff, two places","Bottom line and top space"],["Bass clef: the note B on the staff","Second line"],["Bass clef: the note C on the staff","Second space"],["Bass clef: the note D on the staff","Middle line"],["Bass clef: the note E on the staff","Third space"],["Bass clef: the note F on the staff","Fourth line"],["Bass clef: highest staff line note","A"],["Bass clef: lowest staff line note","G"],["Bass clef: highest space note","G"],["Bass clef: lowest space note","A"],["Same lines, different clef: treble line 1 is E. What is bass line 1?","G"],["Bass clef: note between lines 1 and 2","A"],["Bass clef: note between lines 2 and 3","C"],["Bass clef: note between lines 3 and 4","E"],["Bass clef: note between lines 4 and 5","G"],["What is the grand staff?","A treble staff and bass staff joined by a brace, used for piano"],["On the grand staff, which note sits between the two staves?","Middle C"],["Which hand usually plays the bass clef on piano?","The left hand"],["Which hand usually plays the treble clef on piano?","The right hand"],["What is the brace?","The curly bracket joining the two staves of the grand staff"],["Bass clef: note one step above A (top line)","B, in the space above the staff"],["Bass clef: note one step below G (bottom line)","F, in the space below the staff"],["Bass clef: second ledger line below the staff","C"],["Bass clef: two lines below the staff are...","E (first ledger line) and C (second ledger line)"],["Bass clef: second ledger line above the staff","E"],["Bass clef: the A in the first space is how many steps from the A on the top line?","Seven steps, one octave apart"],["Bass clef: which note is the same pitch as treble clef's first ledger line below?","Middle C, written above the bass staff"],["Which clef sign looks like a fancy backwards C with two dots?","The bass clef"],["Which clef is also called the G clef?","The treble clef"],["True or false: bass clef lines and treble clef lines have the same names.","False. Bass lines are G B D F A; treble lines are E G B D F"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-composers-and-works","id":"music-composers-and-works","title":"Composers and Famous Works","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Great composers, when and where they lived, and well-known pieces.","tags":["composers","classical","works"],"frontLabel":"Work or clue","backLabel":"Composer","cards":[["The Four Seasons","Antonio Vivaldi","Baroque violin concertos"],["Brandenburg Concertos","Johann Sebastian Bach"],["Toccata and Fugue in D minor","Johann Sebastian Bach","Organ work"],["Messiah","George Frideric Handel","Includes the Hallelujah chorus"],["Water Music","George Frideric Handel"],["The Surprise Symphony (No. 94)","Joseph Haydn","Has a sudden loud chord"],["The Magic Flute","Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","An opera"],["Eine kleine Nachtmusik","Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"],["The Marriage of Figaro","Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","An opera"],["Symphony No. 5 (da-da-da-DUM)","Ludwig van Beethoven"],["Ode to Joy (Symphony No. 9)","Ludwig van Beethoven"],["Moonlight Sonata","Ludwig van Beethoven","Piano sonata"],["Fur Elise","Ludwig van Beethoven"],["Trout Quintet","Franz Schubert"],["Ave Maria (famous setting)","Franz Schubert"],["Hungarian Dances","Johannes Brahms"],["Brahms's Lullaby","Johannes Brahms"],["Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2","Franz Liszt"],["Minute Waltz","Frederic Chopin","Piano"],["Nocturnes for piano","Frederic Chopin"],["The Blue Danube","Johann Strauss II","Waltz"],["Carnival of the Animals","Camille Saint-Saens"],["Danse Macabre","Camille Saint-Saens"],["Peer Gynt Suite","Edvard Grieg","Includes In the Hall of the Mountain King"],["Symphony from the New World","Antonin Dvorak"],["The Nutcracker","Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","Ballet"],["Swan Lake","Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","Ballet"],["The Sleeping Beauty","Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","Ballet"],["1812 Overture","Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","Has cannon fire"],["Pictures at an Exhibition","Modest Mussorgsky","Later orchestrated by Ravel"],["Flight of the Bumblebee","Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov"],["Scheherazade","Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov"],["Boléro","Maurice Ravel"],["Clair de lune","Claude Debussy","Piano"],["La mer","Claude Debussy","Orchestral sea pictures"],["Gymnopedies","Erik Satie"],["The Planets","Gustav Holst"],["The Rite of Spring","Igor Stravinsky","Ballet"],["The Firebird","Igor Stravinsky","Ballet"],["Peter and the Wolf","Sergei Prokofiev","Instruments tell a story"],["Romeo and Juliet ballet","Sergei Prokofiev"],["Rhapsody in Blue","George Gershwin"],["An American in Paris","George Gershwin"],["Appalachian Spring","Aaron Copland","Ballet"],["Fanfare for the Common Man","Aaron Copland"],["Stars and Stripes Forever","John Philip Sousa","March"],["Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra","Benjamin Britten"],["West Side Story music","Leonard Bernstein"],["Star Wars theme","John Williams"],["Carmen","Georges Bizet","Opera"],["La Traviata","Giuseppe Verdi","Opera"],["Aida","Giuseppe Verdi","Opera"],["The Barber of Seville","Gioachino Rossini","Opera"],["William Tell Overture","Gioachino Rossini"],["La Boheme","Giacomo Puccini","Opera"],["The Ring Cycle","Richard Wagner","Four operas"],["Ride of the Valkyries","Richard Wagner"],["Also sprach Zarathustra","Richard Strauss","Used in 2001: A Space Odyssey"],["Finlandia","Jean Sibelius"],["The Sorcerer's Apprentice","Paul Dukas"],["Canon in D","Johann Pachelbel"],["Ballet Rodeo","Aaron Copland"],["Slavonic Dances","Antonin Dvorak"],["Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1","Edward Elgar"],["Lullaby (Wiegenlied)","Johannes Brahms"],["Prelude in C major (Well-Tempered Clavier)","Johann Sebastian Bach"],["Bolero was written by this French composer","Maurice Ravel"],["Rodeo's Hoe-Down is by this American","Aaron Copland"],["Oh Fortuna (Carmina Burana)","Carl Orff"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-dynamics-tempo-italian","id":"music-dynamics-tempo-italian","title":"Dynamics and Tempo Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Italian words and abbreviations that tell musicians how loud, how fast and how to play.","tags":["dynamics","tempo","Italian terms"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Piano (p)","Soft"],["Pianissimo (pp)","Very soft"],["Pianississimo (ppp)","As soft as possible"],["Mezzo piano (mp)","Medium soft"],["Mezzo forte (mf)","Medium loud"],["Forte (f)","Loud"],["Fortissimo (ff)","Very loud"],["Fortississimo (fff)","As loud as possible"],["Sforzando (sfz)","A sudden strong accent"],["Crescendo","Gradually getting louder"],["Decrescendo","Gradually getting softer"],["Diminuendo","Gradually getting softer"],["Subito","Suddenly"],["Fortepiano (fp)","Loud then immediately soft"],["Largo","Very slow and broad"],["Lento","Slow"],["Adagio","Slow and at ease"],["Andante","At a walking pace"],["Moderato","At a moderate speed"],["Allegretto","Fairly fast, a little slower than allegro"],["Allegro","Fast and lively"],["Vivace","Lively and fast"],["Presto","Very fast"],["Prestissimo","As fast as possible"],["Accelerando","Gradually getting faster"],["Ritardando (rit.)","Gradually getting slower"],["Rallentando","Gradually slowing down"],["Ritenuto","Immediately slower"],["A tempo","Return to the original speed"],["Rubato","Flexible tempo, speeding up and slowing down expressively"],["Tempo primo","Return to the first tempo"],["Legato","Smooth and connected"],["Staccato","Short and detached"],["Marcato","Marked, with emphasis"],["Tenuto","Held for its full value"],["Pizzicato","Plucked with the finger on a string instrument"],["Arco","Played with the bow"],["Cantabile","In a singing style"],["Dolce","Sweetly"],["Espressivo","With expression"],["Maestoso","Majestically"],["Grazioso","Gracefully"],["Giocoso","Playfully"],["Scherzando","Playfully, jokingly"],["Agitato","Agitated, restless"],["Con brio","With spirit"],["Con fuoco","With fire"],["Sostenuto","Sustained"],["Poco","A little"],["Molto","Very, much"],["Meno","Less"],["Più","More"],["Poco a poco","Little by little"],["Sempre","Always"],["Assai","Very"],["Non troppo","Not too much"],["Tutti","All performers together"],["Solo","One performer alone"],["Da capo (D.C.)","Go back to the beginning"],["Dal segno (D.S.)","Go back to the sign"],["Fine","The end"],["Coda","An ending section"],["Tacet","Be silent"],["Mezzo","Half or medium"],["Alla breve","Cut time, two beats in a measure"],["Metronome","A device that clicks a steady beat"],["BPM","Beats per minute"],["Con sordino","With a mute"],["Senza","Without"],["Morendo","Dying away"],["Calando","Growing softer and slower"],["Animato","Animated, with life"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-history-eras","id":"music-history-eras","title":"Eras of Western Music","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music History","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The main periods of classical music, their dates, traits and key composers.","tags":["music history","eras","classical"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Medieval period dates (music)","About 500 to 1400"],["Renaissance period dates (music)","About 1400 to 1600"],["Baroque period dates (music)","About 1600 to 1750"],["Classical period dates (music)","About 1750 to 1820"],["Romantic period dates (music)","About 1820 to 1900"],["20th-century period (music)","About 1900 to 2000, with many new styles"],["Gregorian chant","Unaccompanied sacred song with a single melody, from the Medieval era"],["Monophony","One melodic line with no accompaniment"],["Polyphony","Several independent melodies at once"],["Homophony","A main melody with chordal accompaniment"],["Hildegard of Bingen","Medieval composer and abbess, 1098 to 1179"],["Guido of Arezzo","Medieval monk who helped develop staff notation and do-re-mi"],["Madrigal","Renaissance song for several voices, often about love or nature"],["Palestrina","Renaissance Italian master of church choral music"],["Josquin des Prez","Renaissance composer from the Franco-Flemish region"],["William Byrd","English Renaissance composer"],["Printing press and music","Made printed sheet music possible in the Renaissance"],["Characteristics of Baroque music","Ornamentation, strong bass line, terraced dynamics, counterpoint"],["Basso continuo","A bass line with chords, played by harpsichord and cello in Baroque music"],["Fugue","A piece where a theme enters one voice at a time and is imitated"],["Counterpoint","The art of combining independent melodies"],["Opera","A drama sung with orchestra, first developed around 1600"],["Oratorio","A large choral work with soloists and orchestra, without staging"],["Concerto","A work for a solo instrument and orchestra"],["Johann Sebastian Bach","Baroque German master, 1685 to 1750"],["George Frideric Handel","Baroque composer born in Germany, worked in England, 1685 to 1759"],["Antonio Vivaldi","Baroque Venetian composer, 1678 to 1741"],["Characteristics of Classical music","Balance, clarity, simple melodies, clear forms"],["Sonata form","A structure with exposition, development and recapitulation"],["Symphony","A large orchestral work usually in four movements"],["String quartet","A piece for two violins, viola and cello"],["Joseph Haydn","Classical composer, called the father of the symphony, 1732 to 1809"],["Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","Classical composer, 1756 to 1791, born in Salzburg"],["Ludwig van Beethoven","Bridge between Classical and Romantic, 1770 to 1827"],["Characteristics of Romantic music","Strong emotion, big orchestras, program music, nationalism"],["Program music","Instrumental music that tells a story or paints a picture"],["Nationalism in music","Using folk songs and traditions of a composer's homeland"],["Frederic Chopin","Romantic Polish pianist and composer, 1810 to 1849"],["Franz Schubert","Romantic composer famous for hundreds of art songs"],["Pyotr Tchaikovsky","Romantic Russian composer, 1840 to 1893"],["Johannes Brahms","Romantic German composer, 1833 to 1897"],["Impressionism in music","Music of mood and color using unusual scales, led by Debussy"],["Claude Debussy","French composer linked with Impressionism"],["Atonal music","Music not centered on a key"],["Arnold Schoenberg","Composer who developed twelve-tone music"],["Minimalism","Music built from simple patterns repeated and slowly changed"],["Philip Glass","American minimalist composer"],["Neoclassicism","20th-century return to Classical balance and form"],["Igor Stravinsky","Russian-born composer of The Rite of Spring, 1882 to 1971"],["Aaron Copland","American composer who used folk tunes, 1900 to 1990"],["Electronic music","Music created using synthesizers and electronic sound"],["Musique concrete","Music assembled from recorded real-world sounds"],["John Cage","American composer known for 4'33\" of silence"],["Clara Schumann","Romantic pianist and composer, 1819 to 1896"],["Fanny Mendelssohn","Romantic German composer and pianist, 1805 to 1847"],["Florence Price","American composer, first Black woman to have a symphony played by a major orchestra, 1933"],["Harpsichord vs piano","Harpsichord plucks strings; piano hammers strike them and can play soft or loud"],["Pianoforte","The original name of the piano, meaning soft-loud"],["Absolute music","Music with no story or picture, enjoyed for its own sake"],["Era known for virtuoso performers like Liszt and Paganini","Romantic"],["Era in which the orchestra grew and the piano became popular in homes","Romantic"],["Era when the harpsichord and organ were common keyboard instruments","Baroque"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-instrument-families","id":"music-instrument-families","title":"Instruments by Family","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Which orchestra family each instrument belongs to and how it makes sound.","tags":["instruments","orchestra","families"],"frontLabel":"Instrument","backLabel":"Family","cards":[["Violin","Strings","The smallest and highest of the bowed strings"],["Viola","Strings"],["Cello","Strings"],["Double bass","Strings","The largest and lowest string instrument"],["Harp","Strings","Plucked, with 47 strings on a concert harp"],["Guitar","Strings (plucked)"],["Banjo","Strings (plucked)"],["Ukulele","Strings (plucked)"],["Mandolin","Strings (plucked)"],["Flute","Woodwind"],["Piccolo","Woodwind","A small flute that sounds higher"],["Oboe","Woodwind (double reed)"],["English horn","Woodwind (double reed)","Neither English nor a horn"],["Clarinet","Woodwind (single reed)"],["Bassoon","Woodwind (double reed)"],["Contrabassoon","Woodwind (double reed)","Lowest orchestral woodwind"],["Saxophone","Woodwind (single reed)","Made of brass but played with a reed"],["Recorder","Woodwind (fipple flute)"],["Trumpet","Brass"],["Trombone","Brass","Uses a slide"],["French horn","Brass"],["Tuba","Brass","The lowest brass instrument"],["Cornet","Brass"],["Euphonium","Brass"],["Bugle","Brass"],["Snare drum","Percussion"],["Bass drum","Percussion"],["Timpani","Percussion","Kettle drums that can be tuned"],["Cymbals","Percussion"],["Triangle","Percussion"],["Tambourine","Percussion"],["Xylophone","Percussion (tuned wooden bars)"],["Marimba","Percussion (tuned wooden bars)"],["Glockenspiel","Percussion (tuned metal bars)"],["Vibraphone","Percussion (tuned metal bars with motors)"],["Maracas","Percussion"],["Castanets","Percussion"],["Gong","Percussion"],["Tubular bells","Percussion"],["Piano","Keyboard (struck strings)","Sometimes counted with percussion"],["Organ","Keyboard (pipes or electronic)"],["Harpsichord","Keyboard (plucked strings)"],["Celesta","Keyboard (hammers hit metal plates)"],["Synthesizer","Electronic keyboard"],["Which family makes sound by bowing, plucking or strumming strings?","Strings"],["Which family makes sound by blowing across or into a reed or opening?","Woodwinds"],["Which family makes sound by buzzing lips into a mouthpiece?","Brass"],["Which family makes sound by striking, shaking or scraping?","Percussion"],["How many instrument families are in a standard orchestra?","Four: strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion"],["Which string instrument is played while standing and is the biggest?","Double bass"],["Which brass instrument has a slide?","Trombone"],["Which woodwind has no reed?","Flute"],["What makes a woodwind's sound?","Air vibrating across an edge or reed"],["Bagpipes","Woodwind (reed pipes with an air bag)"],["Harmonica","Free reed instrument"],["Accordion","Free reed instrument with bellows"],["Didgeridoo","Wind instrument from Aboriginal Australia"],["Sitar","Plucked string instrument from India"],["Steel drum","Percussion from Trinidad and Tobago"],["Koto","Plucked string instrument from Japan"],["Djembe","Hand drum from West Africa"],["Bongos","Pair of small hand drums"],["Pan flute","Wind instrument made of tubes of different lengths"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-intervals-chords-scales","id":"music-intervals-chords-scales","title":"Intervals, Chords and Scales","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Interval names, chord types and scale patterns in Western music.","tags":["intervals","chords","scales"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Interval","The distance between two pitches"],["Half step","The smallest distance on a piano, one key to the very next key"],["Whole step","Two half steps"],["Unison (perfect 1st)","Two notes on the same pitch"],["Major 2nd","Two half steps","C up to D"],["Major 3rd","Four half steps","C up to E"],["Minor 3rd","Three half steps","C up to Eb"],["Perfect 4th","Five half steps","C up to F"],["Tritone (augmented 4th)","Six half steps","C up to F#"],["Perfect 5th","Seven half steps","C up to G"],["Minor 6th","Eight half steps","C up to Ab"],["Major 6th","Nine half steps","C up to A"],["Minor 7th","Ten half steps","C up to Bb"],["Major 7th","Eleven half steps","C up to B"],["Perfect octave","Twelve half steps, same note name at a higher pitch"],["Minor 2nd","One half step","C up to Db"],["Consonance","Intervals that sound stable and pleasant"],["Dissonance","Intervals that sound tense and want to resolve"],["Major scale pattern","W W H W W W H","Whole and half steps"],["Natural minor scale pattern","W H W W H W W"],["Harmonic minor scale","Natural minor with a raised 7th"],["Melodic minor scale (ascending)","Natural minor with raised 6th and 7th"],["Chromatic scale","All twelve half steps in an octave"],["Pentatonic scale","A five-note scale"],["Whole tone scale","A six-note scale made only of whole steps"],["Blues scale","A minor pentatonic scale with an added flat fifth"],["Scale degree 1","Tonic"],["Scale degree 2","Supertonic"],["Scale degree 3","Mediant"],["Scale degree 4","Subdominant"],["Scale degree 5","Dominant"],["Scale degree 6","Submediant"],["Scale degree 7","Leading tone"],["Octave","Interval where the higher note vibrates at twice the frequency"],["Chord","Three or more notes sounded together"],["Triad","A three-note chord built from stacked thirds"],["Root","The note a chord is named for and built on"],["Major triad","Root, major third, perfect fifth","C E G"],["Minor triad","Root, minor third, perfect fifth","C Eb G"],["Diminished triad","Root, minor third, diminished fifth","C Eb Gb"],["Augmented triad","Root, major third, augmented fifth","C E G#"],["Dominant seventh chord","A major triad plus a minor seventh","G B D F"],["Major seventh chord","A major triad plus a major seventh","C E G B"],["Minor seventh chord","A minor triad plus a minor seventh","C Eb G Bb"],["Suspended 4th (sus4)","Chord with the third replaced by the fourth","C F G"],["First inversion","A chord with its third in the bass"],["Second inversion","A chord with its fifth in the bass"],["Root position","A chord with its root in the bass"],["Arpeggio","The notes of a chord played one after another"],["Chord progression","A series of chords played in order"],["I chord","Tonic chord, built on the first scale degree"],["V chord","Dominant chord, built on the fifth scale degree"],["IV chord","Subdominant chord, built on the fourth scale degree"],["I-IV-V","A very common progression of chords in rock, folk and blues"],["Twelve-bar blues","A 12-measure chord pattern built on I, IV and V"],["Cadence","A chord pair that ends a musical phrase"],["Authentic cadence","V chord to I chord"],["Plagal cadence","IV chord to I chord","The Amen cadence"],["C major triad notes","C E G"],["G major triad notes","G B D"],["F major triad notes","F A C"],["A minor triad notes","A C E"],["D minor triad notes","D F A"],["C major scale notes","C D E F G A B C"],["G major scale notes","G A B C D E F# G"],["F major scale notes","F G A Bb C D E F"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-jazz-rock-pop-history","id":"music-jazz-rock-pop-history","title":"Jazz, Rock and Pop History","category":"arts-music","subject":"Popular Music","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Key styles, artists and moments in American and world popular music.","tags":["jazz","rock","pop","blues","history"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Where did jazz begin?","New Orleans, Louisiana, in the early 1900s"],["Improvisation","Making up music on the spot, a heart of jazz"],["Swing","A jazz style with a bouncy rhythm, popular in the 1930s and 1940s"],["Bebop","Fast, complex jazz of the 1940s"],["Cool jazz","A calmer, smoother jazz style of the 1950s"],["Louis Armstrong","Trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, a jazz pioneer"],["Duke Ellington","Pianist and bandleader who wrote Take the A Train"],["Ella Fitzgerald","Singer known as the First Lady of Song, famed for scat singing"],["Scat singing","Singing nonsense syllables as an instrument"],["Miles Davis","Trumpeter who recorded Kind of Blue in 1959"],["John Coltrane","Saxophonist who recorded A Love Supreme"],["Dizzy Gillespie","Trumpeter with a bent horn who helped create bebop"],["Charlie Parker","Saxophonist nicknamed Bird, a founder of bebop"],["Thelonious Monk","Jazz pianist and composer known for unusual rhythm and harmony"],["Count Basie","Pianist and bandleader of a famous swing orchestra"],["Billie Holiday","Jazz singer nicknamed Lady Day"],["Dave Brubeck","Pianist known for Take Five in 5/4 time"],["Blues","A style rooted in African American communities of the Deep South, often 12 bars"],["Delta blues","Early blues from the Mississippi Delta region"],["B.B. King","Blues guitarist who named his guitar Lucille"],["Muddy Waters","Chicago blues pioneer"],["Gospel music","Religious songs with powerful singing and a strong beat"],["Ragtime","Syncopated piano style of the 1890s and early 1900s, led by Scott Joplin"],["Scott Joplin","Composer of The Entertainer and Maple Leaf Rag"],["Country music","Style from the American South with stories, guitar and fiddle; Nashville is a hub"],["Grand Ole Opry","Famous country music radio show in Nashville"],["Johnny Cash","Country singer called the Man in Black"],["Dolly Parton","Country singer and songwriter who wrote I Will Always Love You"],["Rock and roll","Style born in the 1950s from blues, country and gospel"],["Elvis Presley","Rock and roll star from Memphis nicknamed the King"],["Chuck Berry","Rock and roll guitarist famous for Johnny B. Goode and duck walk"],["Little Richard","Rock and roll pianist and singer of Tutti Frutti"],["Buddy Holly","Rock and roll singer-songwriter from Lubbock, Texas"],["The Beatles","British band from Liverpool: John, Paul, George and Ringo"],["The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show","1964, watched by about 73 million Americans"],["The Rolling Stones","British rock band formed in London in 1962"],["Motown","Detroit record label founded in 1959 by Berry Gordy"],["Stevie Wonder","Motown singer and musician who started recording as a child"],["Aretha Franklin","Soul singer called the Queen of Soul"],["James Brown","Soul performer called the Godfather of Soul and a pioneer of funk"],["Folk revival","1960s movement of acoustic songs about life and justice"],["Bob Dylan","Folk and rock songwriter who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016"],["Woodstock","1969 music festival in New York with about 400,000 people"],["Jimi Hendrix","Electric guitar legend who played Woodstock in 1969"],["Led Zeppelin","British hard rock band formed in 1968"],["Pink Floyd","British band known for the album The Dark Side of the Moon"],["Queen","British band led by Freddie Mercury, singers of Bohemian Rhapsody"],["Disco","Dance music of the 1970s"],["Punk rock","Fast, short, raw rock from the mid-1970s"],["Hip-hop","Culture born in the Bronx, New York, in the 1970s: rapping, DJing, breakdancing, graffiti"],["DJ Kool Herc","Early hip-hop pioneer who hosted Bronx parties in 1973"],["MTV","Music video channel launched in 1981"],["Michael Jackson","Pop star whose album Thriller was released in 1982"],["Madonna","Pop singer who rose to fame in the 1980s"],["Whitney Houston","Pop and R&B singer of the 1980s and 90s"],["Prince","Minneapolis musician known for Purple Rain"],["Grunge","1990s rock style from Seattle, including Nirvana"],["Nirvana","Seattle grunge band formed in 1987"],["Napster","Music file-sharing service launched in 1999"],["iTunes Store","Apple's music store opened in 2003"],["Streaming","Playing music over the internet without owning the files"],["Electric guitar","Guitar using pickups and an amplifier, key to rock music"],["Synthesizer","Electronic instrument that makes sounds with circuits, popular from the 1970s"],["Taylor Swift","Pop and country singer-songwriter from Pennsylvania who released her first album in 2006"],["Reggae","Jamaican style with offbeat rhythm, made famous by Bob Marley"],["Bob Marley","Jamaican reggae star"],["K-pop","Pop music from South Korea"],["Latin pop","Pop with Spanish language and Latin rhythms"],["Salsa","Latin dance music with roots in Cuba and Puerto Rico"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-key-signatures","id":"music-key-signatures","title":"Key Signatures","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Major and minor keys with their sharps and flats, and tricks for finding them.","tags":["key signature","sharps","flats","circle of fifths"],"frontLabel":"Key","backLabel":"Signature","cards":[["C major","No sharps or flats"],["G major","1 sharp: F#"],["D major","2 sharps: F#, C#"],["A major","3 sharps: F#, C#, G#"],["E major","4 sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#"],["B major","5 sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#"],["F# major","6 sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, E#"],["C# major","7 sharps"],["F major","1 flat: Bb"],["Bb major","2 flats: Bb, Eb"],["Eb major","3 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab"],["Ab major","4 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db"],["Db major","5 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb"],["Gb major","6 flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb"],["Cb major","7 flats"],["A minor","No sharps or flats","Relative minor of C major"],["E minor","1 sharp: F#"],["B minor","2 sharps"],["F# minor","3 sharps"],["C# minor","4 sharps"],["G# minor","5 sharps"],["D minor","1 flat: Bb"],["G minor","2 flats"],["C minor","3 flats"],["F minor","4 flats"],["Bb minor","5 flats"],["Order of sharps","F C G D A E B","Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle"],["Order of flats","B E A D G C F","Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles's Father"],["Trick for sharp keys","The last sharp is the note just below the tonic (do) of the major key"],["Trick for flat keys","The second-to-last flat is the name of the major key"],["Why is F major the exception to the flat-key trick?","It has only one flat, so you simply have to remember it"],["Relative minor","The minor key sharing a key signature with a major key, three half steps below its tonic"],["Relative major of A minor","C major"],["Relative major of E minor","G major"],["Relative major of D minor","F major"],["Relative major of B minor","D major"],["Relative major of G minor","Bb major"],["Relative minor of D major","B minor"],["Relative minor of F major","D minor"],["Relative minor of Bb major","G minor"],["Relative minor of Eb major","C minor"],["Relative minor of A major","F# minor"],["Parallel key","A major and minor key with the same tonic, such as C major and C minor"],["Circle of fifths","A diagram placing keys a fifth apart, adding one sharp or flat each step"],["Going clockwise on the circle of fifths","Add one sharp (or remove one flat)"],["Going counter-clockwise on the circle of fifths","Add one flat (or remove one sharp)"],["Enharmonic keys","Keys that sound the same but are spelled differently, like F# major and Gb major"],["Which keys have no key signature?","C major and A minor"],["Where is the key signature written?","Right after the clef at the start of each staff"],["Tonic","The home note of a key"],["Key signature of Gb major equals which sharp key?","F# major (enharmonic)"],["Number of sharps in G major","One"],["Number of flats in Eb major","Three"],["Number of sharps in E major","Four"],["Number of flats in Ab major","Four"],["Which sharp is added first in sharp keys?","F#"],["Which flat is added first in flat keys?","Bb"],["Which key has C# as its last sharp?","D major"],["Which key has F# as its last sharp?","G major"],["Which key has G# as its last sharp?","A major"],["Which key has A# as its last sharp?","B major"],["Which key has D# as its last sharp?","E major"],["Which key has Eb as its second flat?","Bb major"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-note-rest-values","id":"music-note-rest-values","title":"Note and Rest Values","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Rhythm values: how many beats each note and rest gets in 4/4 time.","tags":["rhythm","notes","rests","beats"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Whole note","Four beats in 4/4 time","An open oval with no stem"],["Half note","Two beats","An open oval with a stem"],["Quarter note","One beat","A filled-in oval with a stem"],["Eighth note","Half a beat","A filled oval with a stem and one flag"],["Sixteenth note","A quarter of a beat","A stem with two flags"],["Thirty-second note","An eighth of a beat","A stem with three flags"],["Whole rest","Silence for a whole measure of 4/4 (four beats)","Hangs below the line"],["Half rest","Two beats of silence","Sits on top of the line like a hat"],["Quarter rest","One beat of silence","A squiggly zigzag shape"],["Eighth rest","Half a beat of silence","Looks like a slanted 7"],["Sixteenth rest","A quarter of a beat of silence"],["Dotted half note","Three beats"],["Dotted quarter note","One and a half beats"],["Dotted eighth note","Three quarters of a beat"],["Dotted whole note","Six beats"],["What does a dot after a note do?","Adds half of the note's value"],["What does a tie do?","Joins two notes of the same pitch into one longer sound"],["What does a slur do?","Connects different notes to be played smoothly"],["How many quarter notes equal a whole note?","Four"],["How many half notes equal a whole note?","Two"],["How many eighth notes equal a quarter note?","Two"],["How many sixteenth notes equal a quarter note?","Four"],["How many eighth notes equal a whole note?","Eight"],["How many sixteenth notes equal a half note?","Eight"],["How many quarter notes equal a half note?","Two"],["How many sixteenth notes equal an eighth note?","Two"],["What is a beam?","A thick line joining the flags of two or more eighth or shorter notes"],["Triplet","Three notes played in the time of two of the same type"],["Syncopation","Stressing the off-beats or weak beats"],["Fermata","A symbol meaning hold the note or rest longer than written"],["Time signature","Two numbers at the start telling beats per measure and which note gets the beat"],["Top number of a time signature","How many beats are in each measure"],["Bottom number of a time signature","Which note value gets one beat"],["4/4 time","Four beats per measure, quarter note gets the beat","Also called common time"],["3/4 time","Three beats per measure, quarter note gets the beat","Waltz time"],["2/4 time","Two beats per measure, quarter note gets the beat","March time"],["6/8 time","Six beats per measure, eighth note gets the beat, often felt in two groups of three"],["Common time symbol","A C, standing for 4/4"],["Cut time symbol","A C with a vertical line, standing for 2/2"],["Measure (bar)","One section of music holding a set number of beats"],["Bar line","A vertical line dividing measures"],["Double bar line","Two vertical lines marking a new section"],["Final bar line","A thin line and a thick line marking the end of a piece"],["Beat","The steady pulse of the music"],["Tempo","The speed of the beat"],["Rhythm","The pattern of long and short sounds"],["Meter","The way beats are grouped into measures"],["Anacrusis (pickup)","One or more notes before the first full measure"],["Rest","A symbol for silence"],["Stem direction rule","Notes below the middle line have stems up; middle line and above have stems down"],["Repeat sign","Two dots by a double bar telling the player to repeat a section"],["Quarter note value in 2/2 time","Half a beat"],["Half note value in 2/2 time","One beat"],["Whole note value in 2/2 time","Two beats"],["Eighth rest value in 4/4","Half a beat"],["Half rest plus quarter rest plus quarter rest in 4/4","One full measure of silence (4 beats)"],["Two dotted quarter notes","Three beats total"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-solfege-piano-keys","id":"music-solfege-piano-keys","title":"Solfege, Piano Keys and Pitch","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Do-re-mi, the keyboard layout, the musical alphabet and sound basics.","tags":["solfege","piano","keyboard","pitch"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Solfege syllable for the 1st note of the major scale","Do"],["Solfege syllable for the 2nd note","Re"],["Solfege syllable for the 3rd note","Mi"],["Solfege syllable for the 4th note","Fa"],["Solfege syllable for the 5th note","Sol"],["Solfege syllable for the 6th note","La"],["Solfege syllable for the 7th note","Ti"],["Solfege syllable for the 8th note","Do (higher)"],["Do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do","The solfege syllables for a major scale"],["Which song teaches solfege?","Do-Re-Mi from The Sound of Music"],["Fixed Do","Do is always the note C"],["Movable Do","Do is the tonic of whatever key you are in"],["Hand signs for solfege","Hand shapes that show each syllable, developed by John Curwen"],["Musical alphabet","A B C D E F G, then it repeats"],["How many white keys in an octave?","Seven"],["How many black keys in an octave?","Five"],["How many keys in an octave total?","Twelve"],["How many keys on a standard piano?","88"],["Black keys come in groups of...","Twos and threes"],["C is the white key just left of...","The group of two black keys"],["F is the white key just left of...","The group of three black keys"],["Where is middle C?","Near the center of the keyboard, left of the two black keys"],["Which white keys have no black key between them?","B and C, and E and F"],["Why are there half steps between E and F and B and C?","Those white keys are next to each other with no black key between"],["Sharp on the piano","The key to the right"],["Flat on the piano","The key to the left"],["C sharp equals which flat?","D flat"],["Enharmonic notes","Two names for one pitch, like F# and Gb"],["Pitch","How high or low a note sounds"],["High pitch","Fast vibrations"],["Low pitch","Slow vibrations"],["Frequency","How many vibrations happen per second, measured in hertz"],["Hertz (Hz)","One vibration per second"],["A above middle C","440 Hz, the standard tuning note"],["Tuning fork","A metal fork that makes a steady pitch when struck"],["Octave","Same note name, 12 half steps away, twice the frequency"],["Soprano range","About middle C up two octaves"],["Pitch of a short string vs a long string","Shorter string sounds higher"],["Pitch of a thin string vs a thick string","Thinner string sounds higher"],["Volume","How loud a sound is"],["Timbre","What makes a flute sound different from a trumpet on the same note"],["Sustain pedal","The right piano pedal that lets notes keep ringing"],["Soft pedal (una corda)","The left piano pedal that makes the sound softer"],["Hammers","Parts of a piano that strike the strings"],["Grand piano","A piano with horizontal strings and a lid"],["Upright piano","A piano with strings that stand vertically"],["Keyboard","The row of keys on a piano or synthesizer"],["Chromatic","Moving by half steps"],["Diatonic","Using the notes of one major or minor scale"],["Treble","The higher range"],["Bass (range)","The lowest range"],["Perfect pitch (absolute pitch)","The rare ability to name a note without a reference"],["Relative pitch","Knowing notes by comparing them with other notes"],["Fingering on piano","Thumb is finger 1, pinky is finger 5"],["Middle C finger on right hand","Thumb (finger 1) in C position"],["Octave sign 8va","Play an octave higher"],["Black key group of three","F#/Gb, G#/Ab, A#/Bb"],["Black key group of two","C#/Db, D#/Eb"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-symbols","id":"music-symbols","title":"Music Symbols","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"What the marks and signs on a page of sheet music tell you to do.","tags":["symbols","notation","sheet music"],"frontLabel":"Symbol","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Treble clef","Marks the G line; used for higher notes"],["Bass clef","Marks the F line; used for lower notes"],["Alto clef","A C clef used by the viola"],["Staff","Five lines and four spaces where notes are written"],["Sharp (#)","Raises a note by a half step"],["Flat (b)","Lowers a note by a half step"],["Natural","Cancels a sharp or flat"],["Double sharp","Raises a note by two half steps (a whole step)"],["Double flat","Lowers a note by two half steps"],["Accidental","A sharp, flat or natural added to a note outside the key signature"],["Key signature","Sharps or flats at the start telling which notes are altered"],["Time signature","Numbers showing beats per measure and the beat note"],["Bar line","Divides music into measures"],["Brace","Joins two staves played together, like piano staves"],["Repeat sign","Play the section again"],["First and second endings","Brackets showing different endings on a repeat"],["Fermata","Hold longer than written"],["Tie","Curved line joining two notes of the same pitch"],["Slur","Curved line over different notes for smooth playing"],["Staccato dot","Play short and detached"],["Accent (>)","Play the note louder or with emphasis"],["Tenuto line","Hold the note for its full value"],["Dotted note","Adds half its value"],["Rest","Silence for a set length"],["Crescendo hairpin","Open wedge shape meaning gradually louder"],["Decrescendo hairpin","Closing wedge shape meaning gradually softer"],["Coda sign","Marks a jump to the ending section"],["Segno sign","Marks a place to return to"],["D.C. al Fine","Go back to the beginning and play to Fine"],["D.S. al Coda","Go back to the sign, then jump to the coda"],["8va","Play an octave higher than written"],["8vb","Play an octave lower than written"],["Trill","Quickly alternate between a note and the one above it"],["Mordent","A quick alternation with the note above or below"],["Grace note","A tiny note played very quickly before the main note"],["Turn","A decoration that circles around a note"],["Glissando","A slide from one note to another"],["Arpeggio sign","A wavy line meaning play the chord notes one after another"],["Tremolo","Rapid repetition of a note or alternation of two notes"],["Pedal marking","Shows when to press and release the piano sustain pedal"],["Ledger line","Short extra line for notes above or below the staff"],["Beam","Joins the flags of several short notes"],["Stem","The vertical line attached to a note head"],["Flag","The curved tail on an eighth or shorter note"],["Note head","The oval part of a note"],["Triplet bracket (3)","Three notes in the time of two"],["Pickup note","A note before the first full measure"],["Final double bar","Marks the end of a piece"],["Chord symbol","Letters above the staff naming the chord, like C or Am"],["Fingering numbers","Numbers showing which finger to use"],["Tempo marking","Words or numbers at the start telling how fast to play"],["Dynamic marking","Letters like p or f telling how loud"],["Breath mark","Shows where a singer or wind player takes a breath"],["Caesura (//)","A short silent break in the music"],["Measure number","A number at the start of a line marking the bar"],["Harmonic (small circle)","Play a string harmonic or a light overtone"],["Down bow","Pull the bow down on a string instrument"],["Up bow","Push the bow up on a string instrument"],["Mute marking","Use a mute on the instrument"],["Simile","Keep playing in the same manner"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-theory-vocabulary","id":"music-theory-vocabulary","title":"Music Vocabulary","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Everyday music words: melody, harmony, rhythm, texture and form.","tags":["vocabulary","melody","harmony","form"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Melody","The tune; a series of notes that makes a musical idea"],["Harmony","Notes sounded together that support the melody"],["Rhythm","Pattern of long and short sounds in time"],["Beat","The steady pulse in music"],["Tempo","The speed of the music"],["Pitch","How high or low a sound is"],["Dynamics","How loud or soft the music is"],["Timbre","The special tone color of a voice or instrument"],["Texture","How many layers of sound are heard at once"],["Form","The structure or plan of a piece"],["Phrase","A musical sentence"],["Motif","A short musical idea that repeats and develops"],["Theme","The main melody of a piece"],["Variation","A changed version of a theme"],["Verse","A part of a song with the same melody but new words"],["Chorus","The repeated part of a song with the same words"],["Bridge","A contrasting section in a song, usually after the second chorus"],["Refrain","A repeated line or section"],["Introduction","The opening section of a piece"],["Coda","A closing section"],["Interlude","A short piece played between sections"],["Ostinato","A short pattern repeated again and again"],["Drone","A long, steady note held under a melody"],["Round","A song in which groups enter one after another with the same melody"],["Canon","Strict imitation of a melody entering at different times"],["Call and response","One voice asks and another answers"],["Unison","Everyone playing or singing the same notes"],["Solo","One performer alone"],["Duet","Two performers"],["Trio","Three performers"],["Quartet","Four performers"],["Quintet","Five performers"],["Ensemble","A group of musicians"],["A cappella","Singing without instruments"],["Orchestra","A large group of string, wind and percussion players"],["Conductor","The person who leads an orchestra or choir"],["Choir","A group of singers"],["Soprano","Highest female voice"],["Alto","Lower female voice"],["Tenor","Higher male voice"],["Bass","Lowest male voice"],["Baritone","Male voice between tenor and bass"],["Mezzo-soprano","Female voice between soprano and alto"],["Binary form","A B form, two contrasting sections"],["Ternary form","A B A form"],["Rondo","A form where the main theme returns between contrasting sections, like A B A C A"],["Theme and variations","A form that changes a theme again and again"],["Movement","A major section of a longer work like a symphony"],["Overture","Orchestral piece that opens an opera, ballet or play"],["Lullaby","A soothing song for sleep"],["March","Music with a strong, steady beat for walking"],["Waltz","A dance in 3/4 time"],["Minuet","A graceful dance in 3/4 time"],["Sonata","A work for one or two instruments"],["Etude","A study piece to practice a skill"],["Prelude","An introductory piece"],["Nocturne","A dreamy piece suggesting night"],["Lieder","German art songs"],["Aria","A solo song in an opera"],["Libretto","The text of an opera"],["Interval","The distance between two pitches"],["Octave","Eight notes apart, the same name higher or lower"],["Tonic","The home note of a key"],["Resolution","Moving from tense notes to rest notes"],["Transpose","Move music into a different key"],["Improvise","Make up music while performing"],["Embouchure","How a player shapes lips and face on a wind instrument"],["Vibrato","A slight, quick wavering of pitch to make a note richer"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-treble-clef-notes","id":"music-treble-clef-notes","title":"Treble Clef: Lines and Spaces","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Name the notes on the lines and spaces of the treble clef staff, plus ledger line notes.","tags":["treble clef","staff","note names"],"frontLabel":"Position","backLabel":"Note","cards":[["Treble clef: bottom line (line 1)","E"],["Treble clef: line 2","G"],["Treble clef: line 3 (middle)","B"],["Treble clef: line 4","D"],["Treble clef: top line (line 5)","F"],["Treble clef: first space (bottom)","F"],["Treble clef: second space","A"],["Treble clef: third space","C"],["Treble clef: fourth space (top)","E"],["Treble clef: space above the top line","G"],["Treble clef: space below the bottom line","D"],["Treble clef: line above the staff (first ledger line)","A"],["Treble clef: second ledger line above","C"],["Treble clef: middle C","On the first ledger line below the staff"],["Treble clef: first ledger line below","C (middle C)"],["Treble clef: second ledger line below","A"],["Treble clef lines, bottom to top","E G B D F","Every Good Boy Does Fine"],["Treble clef spaces, bottom to top","F A C E","It spells FACE"],["Another name for the treble clef","G clef","Its curl circles the G line"],["The treble clef curls around which line?","The second line, G"],["Which instruments commonly read treble clef?","Violin, flute, trumpet, and the right hand of the piano"],["How many lines does a staff have?","Five"],["How many spaces does a staff have?","Four"],["Which way do notes go as pitch gets higher?","Up the staff"],["Are lines numbered from the bottom or the top?","From the bottom"],["What is a ledger line?","A short extra line used for notes above or below the staff"],["Treble clef: note on line 2","G"],["Treble clef: the note E on the staff, two places","Bottom line and top space"],["Treble clef: the note F on the staff, two places","First space and top line"],["Treble clef: the note G on the staff, two places","Second line and space above the top line"],["Treble clef: the note D on the staff, two places","Fourth line and space below the bottom line"],["Treble clef: the note A on the staff","Second space"],["Treble clef: the note B on the staff","Middle line"],["Treble clef: the note C on the staff","Third space"],["Treble clef: note directly above line 3 (B)","C, in the third space"],["Treble clef: note directly below line 1 (E)","D, in the space below the staff"],["Treble clef: the highest staff line note","F"],["Treble clef: lowest staff line note","E"],["Treble clef: note on line 4","D"],["Treble clef: note between lines 2 and 3","A"],["Treble clef: note between lines 3 and 4","C"],["Treble clef: note between lines 4 and 5","E"],["Treble clef: note between lines 1 and 2","F"],["Note one step up from G","A"],["Note one step down from C","B"],["How many note names are used before they repeat?","Seven: A B C D E F G"],["What is the distance between a line note and the next space note?","A second (one step)"],["Which ledger-line C is the same as middle C on piano?","The one just below the treble staff"],["The treble clef is used for which pitch range?","Higher notes"],["Treble clef: octave above middle C is where?","Third space C"],["Treble clef: note on the fifth line","F"],["Treble clef: highest space note","E"],["Treble clef: lowest space note","F"],["What is the note name after G going up?","A again, one octave higher"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-world-instruments","id":"music-world-instruments","title":"Instruments Around the World","category":"arts-music","subject":"Music","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Traditional instruments and where they come from.","tags":["world music","instruments","cultures"],"frontLabel":"Instrument","backLabel":"Where from and what it is","cards":[["Sitar","India; plucked string instrument with a long neck"],["Tabla","India; pair of hand drums"],["Tanpura","India; stringed instrument that plays a steady drone"],["Sarod","India; plucked fretless string instrument"],["Erhu","China; two-stringed bowed instrument"],["Pipa","China; plucked lute with four strings"],["Guzheng","China; long plucked zither"],["Gong","Southeast Asia and China; hanging metal disc struck with a mallet"],["Gamelan","Indonesia; ensemble of tuned gongs and metal instruments"],["Koto","Japan; long zither with 13 strings"],["Shamisen","Japan; three-stringed plucked instrument"],["Shakuhachi","Japan; bamboo flute"],["Taiko","Japan; big drums"],["Gayageum","Korea; plucked zither"],["Didgeridoo","Australia; long wooden wind instrument of Aboriginal peoples"],["Djembe","West Africa; goblet-shaped hand drum"],["Kora","West Africa; 21-stringed instrument with a gourd body"],["Balafon","West Africa; wooden xylophone with gourd resonators"],["Mbira (thumb piano)","Southern Africa; metal tines plucked with thumbs"],["Talking drum","West Africa; hourglass-shaped drum that can imitate speech"],["Shekere","West Africa; gourd with beads around it"],["Oud","Middle East; pear-shaped plucked lute"],["Darbuka","Middle East; goblet drum"],["Ney","Middle East; end-blown reed flute"],["Qanun","Middle East; plucked zither with many strings"],["Bagpipes","Scotland; wind instrument with a bag and drones"],["Uilleann pipes","Ireland; bagpipes played with bellows"],["Bodhran","Ireland; frame drum played with a stick"],["Tin whistle","Ireland; simple six-hole flute"],["Fiddle","Violin used in folk music"],["Accordion","Europe; instrument with bellows and keys or buttons"],["Balalaika","Russia; triangular three-stringed lute"],["Hurdy-gurdy","Europe; string instrument played by turning a crank"],["Alphorn","Switzerland; very long wooden horn"],["Zither","Alps and Europe; flat stringed instrument"],["Bouzouki","Greece; long-necked plucked lute"],["Mandolin","Italy; small plucked instrument with paired strings"],["Castanets","Spain; wooden clappers"],["Flamenco guitar","Spain; guitar used in flamenco music"],["Maracas","Latin America and Caribbean; shaken rattles"],["Guiro","Caribbean and Latin America; notched gourd scraped with a stick"],["Conga","Cuba; tall narrow drum"],["Bongos","Cuba; pair of small hand drums"],["Steelpan (steel drum)","Trinidad and Tobago; tuned drum made from an oil barrel"],["Cuatro","Puerto Rico and Venezuela; small four-stringed guitar"],["Charango","Andes; small guitar-like instrument, traditionally with an armadillo-shell body"],["Pan flute (zampona)","Andes; tubes tied together and blown across the tops"],["Quena","Andes; notched end-blown flute"],["Marimba","Central America and Africa; wooden xylophone with resonators"],["Ukulele","Hawaii; small four-stringed guitar"],["Banjo","United States; round-bodied string instrument with African roots"],["Dobro","United States; guitar with a metal resonator"],["Native American flute","North America; wooden flute with a soft, airy sound"],["Powwow drum","North America; large drum played by a group"],["Harp","Played in many places; plucked strings in a triangular frame"],["Lyre","Ancient Greece; small harp-like instrument"],["Hang drum","Switzerland, invented in 2000; steel instrument played with hands"],["Theremin","Russia, invented in the 1920s; electronic instrument played without touching"],["Cajon","Peru; box-shaped drum you sit on"],["Berimbau","Brazil; bow-shaped single-string instrument"],["Bandoneon","Argentina and Germany; button accordion used in tango"],["Duduk","Armenia; double-reed wooden flute"],["Kalimba","Africa; modern name for a thumb piano"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/photography-terms","id":"photography-terms","title":"Photography Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Photography","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Camera settings, composition ideas and photo words.","tags":["photography","camera","exposure"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Aperture","The opening in a lens that lets light in"],["f-stop","A number describing the size of the aperture; smaller number means bigger opening"],["Shutter speed","How long the camera's shutter stays open"],["ISO","How sensitive the camera sensor is to light"],["Exposure","The amount of light that reaches the sensor"],["Exposure triangle","The balance of aperture, shutter speed and ISO"],["Overexposed","Too much light, picture too bright"],["Underexposed","Too little light, picture too dark"],["Depth of field","How much of the picture is in sharp focus from near to far"],["Shallow depth of field","Only a small part is sharp, background blurry; made with wide aperture"],["Deep depth of field","Most of the picture is sharp; made with small aperture"],["Bokeh","The soft blur of out-of-focus lights in the background"],["Focus","Making the subject look sharp"],["Autofocus","The camera chooses focus automatically"],["Focal length","Distance from lens to sensor in millimeters, deciding how zoomed in the view is"],["Wide-angle lens","Lens that captures a wide scene"],["Telephoto lens","Lens that brings faraway subjects closer"],["Zoom lens","A lens with a changeable focal length"],["Macro lens","Lens for extreme close-ups of small things"],["Fisheye lens","An ultra-wide lens that bends the picture into a bubble look"],["Fast shutter speed","Freezes motion"],["Slow shutter speed","Blurs motion and lets in more light"],["Motion blur","Streaks caused by movement during exposure"],["Panning","Moving the camera with a moving subject to blur the background"],["Long exposure","A slow shutter for light trails or smooth water"],["White balance","Adjusting colors so white looks white under different lights"],["Flash","A burst of light to brighten a scene"],["Natural light","Light from the sun"],["Golden hour","Time just after sunrise or before sunset with warm, soft light"],["Blue hour","Time just before sunrise or after sunset with deep blue light"],["Backlight","Light coming from behind the subject"],["Silhouette","A dark shape of a subject against a bright background"],["Tripod","A three-legged stand that keeps a camera steady"],["Viewfinder","The window you look through to frame the picture"],["Sensor","The part of a digital camera that records light"],["Megapixel","One million pixels, a measure of picture detail"],["Pixel","One tiny dot of a digital image"],["Resolution","The amount of detail in an image"],["RAW","An unprocessed image file with lots of data"],["JPEG","A common compressed image file format"],["DSLR","A digital camera with a mirror and viewfinder (single-lens reflex)"],["Mirrorless camera","A digital camera without a mirror box"],["Composition","How things are arranged in the frame"],["Rule of thirds","Placing the subject along lines splitting the frame in thirds"],["Leading lines","Lines in a scene that lead the eye to the subject"],["Framing","Using objects in the scene to make a frame around the subject"],["Symmetry","Matching halves in a photo"],["Close-up","A picture taken near the subject"],["Wide shot","A picture showing the whole scene"],["Portrait orientation","Taller than wide"],["Landscape orientation","Wider than tall"],["Aspect ratio","The width compared to the height of a picture"],["Crop","Cut away the edges of a picture"],["Contrast (photo)","The difference between light and dark areas"],["Saturation (photo)","How strong the colors are"],["Candid photo","A natural photo of someone who is not posing"],["Selfie","A photo you take of yourself"],["Photojournalism","Telling news stories with photographs"],["Daguerreotype","An early photograph on a metal plate from 1839"],["Camera obscura","A dark room or box with a tiny hole that projects an image"],["Ansel Adams","American photographer famous for black and white landscapes of Yosemite"],["Dorothea Lange","American photographer who took Migrant Mother in 1936"],["Instant camera","A camera that prints the photo right away"],["Black and white photography","Photos with no color, only shades of gray"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/theater-terms","id":"theater-terms","title":"Theater Terms","category":"arts-music","subject":"Theater","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Stage directions, jobs and words used in plays and musicals.","tags":["theater","drama","stage"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Upstage","The part of the stage farthest from the audience"],["Downstage","The part of the stage nearest the audience"],["Stage left","The actor's left as they face the audience"],["Stage right","The actor's right as they face the audience"],["Center stage","The middle of the stage"],["Wings","The off-stage areas to the sides of the stage"],["Backstage","The area behind and around the stage the audience cannot see"],["Proscenium","The arch framing the stage opening"],["Apron","The part of the stage in front of the curtain"],["Curtain","The cloth that opens and closes to hide the stage"],["Backdrop","A large painted cloth at the back of the stage"],["Set","The scenery and furniture of a play"],["Props","Objects actors handle on stage"],["Costume","Clothing worn by actors"],["Script","The written words of a play"],["Cue","A signal for an action to start"],["Line","The words an actor speaks"],["Dialogue","A conversation between characters"],["Monologue","A long speech by one character"],["Soliloquy","A speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud alone"],["Aside","A comment spoken to the audience that other characters do not hear"],["Blocking","Where and how actors move on stage"],["Rehearsal","Practice before a performance"],["Dress rehearsal","The final practice with costumes, lights and sound"],["Cast","The actors in a show"],["Understudy","An actor who learns a role to replace the main actor if needed"],["Ensemble","A group of actors who perform together, often in small roles"],["Lead","A main role"],["Director","The person who guides the whole production"],["Stage manager","The person who runs the show during performances"],["Producer","The person who raises money and organizes a production"],["Playwright","The person who writes a play"],["Designer","Someone who plans set, lights, costumes or sound"],["Stagehand","A crew member who moves scenery and props"],["Audition","A tryout for a role"],["Callback","A second audition"],["Casting","Choosing actors for parts"],["Spotlight","A strong beam that lights one actor or area"],["Gel","A colored sheet placed over a light"],["Blackout","All stage lights turned off at once"],["Intermission","A break in the middle of a show"],["Act","A main section of a play"],["Scene","A smaller section of an act in one place and time"],["Prologue","An introduction at the start"],["Epilogue","A short ending speech or scene"],["Plot","The story's events"],["Conflict","The problem or struggle in a story"],["Climax","The most exciting moment"],["Protagonist","The main character"],["Antagonist","The character who opposes the main character"],["Comedy","A play that is funny and ends happily"],["Tragedy","A serious play that ends sadly"],["Musical","A play told with songs and dance"],["Improv","Acting made up on the spot"],["Pantomime (mime)","Acting without words, using movement"],["Puppetry","Telling stories using puppets"],["Projection","Speaking loudly and clearly so everyone can hear"],["Enunciation","Speaking each word clearly"],["Stage fright","Nervousness before performing"],["Break a leg","A way to wish an actor good luck"],["Tableau","A frozen picture made by actors"],["Fourth wall","The imaginary wall between actors and audience"],["Breaking the fourth wall","When a character talks directly to the audience"],["Greek theater","Ancient plays performed in open-air stages in Greece"],["Globe Theatre","London theater where Shakespeare's plays were performed"],["William Shakespeare","English playwright who lived from 1564 to 1616"],["Broadway","Famous theater district in New York City"],["Ham it up","Overact for comic effect"],["Green room","A waiting room for performers"],["Pit","The area where the orchestra plays in front of the stage"],["Fly system","Ropes and pulleys that lift scenery above the stage"]]}]