[{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-adaptations-habitats","id":"animal-adaptations-habitats","title":"Animal Adaptations and Habitats","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"How animals survive in their habitats.","tags":["adaptations","habitats","animals"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Adaptation","A trait that helps a living thing survive"],["Habitat","The natural home of a plant or animal"],["Camouflage","Coloring that helps an animal blend in"],["Mimicry","When one species looks like another to stay safe"],["Hibernation","A deep sleep through winter to save energy"],["Migration","Traveling to another place for food, warmth or breeding"],["Nocturnal","Active at night"],["Diurnal","Active during the day"],["Crepuscular","Active at dawn and dusk"],["Warning coloration","Bright colors that tell predators an animal is harmful, like a poison dart frog"],["Which animal changes color to match its surroundings?","The chameleon"],["Which animal can drop its tail to escape a predator?","A lizard"],["Why do polar bears have thick fur and blubber?","To stay warm in cold Arctic weather"],["Why does an Arctic hare turn white in winter?","To blend in with snow"],["How does a camel survive in a desert?","It stores fat in its hump and can go a long time without water"],["What do a camel's wide feet do?","Keep it from sinking in sand"],["How does a cactus store water?","In its thick stem"],["How do owls hunt in the dark?","Large eyes, sharp hearing and silent flight"],["How do bats find food in the dark?","Echolocation"],["Why do cheetahs have long legs?","To run very fast"],["Why do giraffes have long necks?","To reach leaves high in trees"],["What is an elephant's trunk used for?","Breathing, smelling, drinking and grabbing things"],["Why do ducks have webbed feet?","To swim well"],["Why do woodpeckers have strong beaks?","To peck into trees for insects"],["Why do hummingbirds have long thin beaks?","To drink nectar from flowers"],["Why do eagles have sharp talons?","To catch and hold prey"],["Why do fish have gills?","To take oxygen from water"],["Why do whales have blubber?","To stay warm in cold water"],["Why do skunks spray?","To scare away predators"],["Why do porcupines have quills?","To protect themselves"],["Why do turtles have shells?","For protection"],["What does an octopus do to escape danger?","Squirts ink and changes color"],["How does a snake sense prey?","By smelling with its tongue"],["How do penguins keep warm?","Thick feathers and a layer of fat; they huddle together"],["How does a frog catch insects?","With a long sticky tongue"],["What is a spider's web for?","Catching prey"],["How do bees help plants?","They carry pollen between flowers"],["Why do beavers have flat tails?","To steer when swimming and slap warnings"],["Why do seals have flippers?","To swim"],["How do arctic foxes stay warm?","Thick fur and small ears"],["Why do desert foxes have big ears?","To release heat"],["How do monarch butterflies survive winter?","They migrate to warmer places"],["Where do salmon go to lay eggs?","Back up rivers where they were born"],["Where do Arctic terns migrate?","From the Arctic to the Antarctic and back, a very long trip"],["What do gray whales do each year?","Migrate between cold feeding waters and warm breeding lagoons"],["Ocean habitat","Salt water home for fish, whales and more"],["Desert habitat","Dry land with little rain, like the Sahara"],["Rainforest habitat","Warm, wet forest with many species"],["Grassland habitat","Open land covered with grasses"],["Arctic habitat","The cold region around the North Pole"],["Wetland habitat","Land with shallow water like marshes"],["Pond habitat","Small body of still fresh water"],["Coral reef habitat","Warm shallow seas with coral"],["Mountain habitat","High, cold, windy land"],["Cave habitat","Dark underground home for bats and blind fish"],["Deep-sea adaptation: bioluminescence","Making light to find food or mates"],["Anglerfish","A deep-sea fish with a glowing lure"],["Symbiosis example: clownfish and anemone","The clownfish is protected by the anemone and cleans it"],["Instinct","Behavior an animal is born knowing"],["Learned behavior","Something an animal learns, like a dog sitting on command"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-babies-and-homes","id":"animal-babies-and-homes","title":"Animal Babies, Males, Females and Homes","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Baby animal names, male and female names, and where animals live.","tags":["animals","babies","homes"],"frontLabel":"Animal / question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Baby cat","Kitten"],["Baby dog","Puppy"],["Baby cow","Calf"],["Baby horse","Foal"],["Baby sheep","Lamb"],["Baby goat","Kid"],["Baby pig","Piglet"],["Baby chicken","Chick"],["Baby duck","Duckling"],["Baby goose","Gosling"],["Baby swan","Cygnet"],["Baby frog","Tadpole"],["Baby kangaroo","Joey"],["Baby bear","Cub"],["Baby lion","Cub"],["Baby fox","Kit or cub"],["Baby wolf","Pup"],["Baby seal","Pup"],["Baby deer","Fawn"],["Baby rabbit","Kit or bunny"],["Baby owl","Owlet"],["Baby eagle","Eaglet"],["Baby elephant","Calf"],["Baby giraffe","Calf"],["Baby whale","Calf"],["Baby dolphin","Calf"],["Baby fish","Fry"],["Baby insect (like a butterfly) after the egg","Larva"],["Baby butterfly stage","Caterpillar"],["Baby bat","Pup"],["Baby turtle","Hatchling"],["Baby crocodile","Hatchling"],["Baby penguin","Chick"],["Baby hippo","Calf"],["Baby spider","Spiderling"],["Baby pigeon","Squab"],["Male chicken","Rooster"],["Female chicken","Hen"],["Male cow","Bull"],["Female cow","Cow"],["Male horse","Stallion"],["Female horse","Mare"],["Male sheep","Ram"],["Female sheep","Ewe"],["Male pig","Boar"],["Female pig","Sow"],["Male duck","Drake"],["Female duck","Duck"],["Male goose","Gander"],["Male deer","Buck or stag"],["Female deer","Doe"],["Female lion","Lioness"],["Male peafowl","Peacock"],["Female peafowl","Peahen"],["Male goat","Billy or buck"],["Female goat","Nanny or doe"],["Male fox","Dog or tod"],["Female fox","Vixen"],["Male swan","Cob"],["Female swan","Pen"],["Male turkey","Tom"],["Where does a bird live?","In a nest"],["Where does a bee live?","In a hive"],["Where does an ant live?","In an anthill or colony"],["Where does a spider live?","On a web"],["Where does a bear sleep in winter?","In a den"],["Where does a beaver live?","In a lodge"],["Where does a fox live?","In a den or burrow"],["Where does a rabbit live?","In a burrow or warren"],["Where does a horse live?","In a stable"],["Where does a cow live?","In a barn or pasture"],["Where does a pig live?","In a pen or sty"],["Where does a chicken live?","In a coop"],["Where does a dog live?","In a house or kennel"],["Where does a fish live?","In water"],["Where does an eagle live?","In an eyrie, a high nest"],["Where does a squirrel live?","In a tree nest called a drey"],["Where does a mole live?","Underground in tunnels"],["Where does a wasp live?","In a paper nest"],["Where does a polar bear live?","In the Arctic"],["Where does a penguin live?","Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, many in Antarctica"],["Where does a camel live?","In deserts"],["Where does a monkey live?","In forests and jungles"],["Where does an octopus live?","In the sea, often in a den among rocks"],["Where does a whale live?","In the ocean"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-birds","id":"animal-birds","title":"Birds of the World","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Well-known birds and what makes them special.","tags":["birds","animals"],"frontLabel":"Bird","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Bald eagle","The national bird of the United States; has a white head as an adult"],["Peregrine falcon","The fastest bird in a dive"],["Ostrich","The largest bird; cannot fly but runs fast"],["Emperor penguin","The largest penguin; lives in Antarctica"],["Bee hummingbird","The smallest bird, from Cuba"],["Hummingbird","Can hover and fly backward; drinks nectar"],["Albatross","A seabird with one of the longest wingspans"],["Owl","A night hunter with silent flight and big eyes"],["Barn owl","A pale owl with a heart-shaped face"],["Great horned owl","An owl with tufts that look like horns"],["Snowy owl","A white Arctic owl"],["Robin","A songbird with an orange-red breast"],["Blue jay","A loud blue crested bird"],["Cardinal","A bright red songbird; males are red"],["Crow","A very smart black bird"],["Raven","A large black bird, bigger than a crow"],["Magpie","A black and white bird of the crow family"],["Sparrow","A small brown songbird"],["Finch","A small seed-eating songbird"],["Chickadee","A tiny gray-and-black bird with a call that says its name"],["Woodpecker","Pecks at trees for insects"],["Toucan","A tropical bird with a huge colorful beak"],["Parrot","A colorful bird that can copy sounds"],["Macaw","A large colorful parrot"],["Flamingo","A pink wading bird that often stands on one leg"],["Heron","A tall wading bird that hunts fish"],["Crane","A tall bird known for dancing displays"],["Stork","A long-legged wading bird"],["Pelican","A seabird with a large throat pouch"],["Seagull","A common bird at the shore"],["Puffin","A seabird with a colorful beak, called the clown of the sea"],["Cormorant","A diving bird that dries its wings in the sun"],["Swan","A graceful long-necked water bird"],["Goose","A large water bird that flies in V formation"],["Mallard","The most common wild duck; males have green heads"],["Wood duck","A colorful duck that nests in trees"],["Loon","A diving water bird with a haunting call"],["Kiwi","A flightless bird from New Zealand"],["Emu","A large flightless bird from Australia"],["Cassowary","A large flightless bird with a bony crest, from Australia and New Guinea"],["Rhea","A large flightless bird from South America"],["Peacock","A male peafowl with a fan of colorful tail feathers"],["Turkey","A large ground bird; wild turkeys live in North America"],["Chicken","A farm bird kept for eggs and meat"],["Pigeon","A city bird that can find its way home"],["Dove","A gentle bird related to pigeons"],["Mockingbird","A songbird that mimics other sounds"],["Meadowlark","A grassland bird with a yellow chest"],["Kingfisher","A bird that dives to catch fish"],["Hawk","A hunting bird with sharp talons"],["Red-tailed hawk","A common hawk with a reddish tail"],["Osprey","A hawk-like bird that dives for fish"],["Vulture","A scavenger that eats dead animals"],["California condor","A giant vulture that was brought back from near extinction"],["Secretary bird","An African bird that stomps on snakes"],["Roadrunner","A fast-running bird of the American Southwest"],["Cuckoo","A bird that lays eggs in other birds' nests"],["Swallow","A fast flyer that catches insects in the air"],["Swift","A bird that eats and sleeps in flight"],["Arctic tern","Migrates from Arctic to Antarctic each year"],["Bar-tailed godwit","A bird that flies nonstop across the Pacific"],["Penguin","A flightless bird that swims using flippers"],["Dodo","An extinct flightless bird from Mauritius"],["Passenger pigeon","A once-numerous North American bird that went extinct in 1914"],["Wren","A small, brown, perky songbird"],["Oriole","A bright orange and black songbird"],["Bluebird","A small blue songbird"],["Goldfinch","A small yellow songbird"],["Starling","A glossy bird that flies in huge flocks"],["Bird feathers","Light, strong coverings that help flight and keep birds warm"],["Beak","A bird's mouth; shape depends on what it eats"],["Talons","Sharp claws of birds of prey"],["Nest","A home where birds lay eggs"],["Incubate","To sit on eggs to keep them warm"],["Fledgling","A young bird learning to fly"],["Molting","Shedding old feathers and growing new ones"],["Preening","A bird cleaning and arranging its feathers"],["Migration","Birds traveling long distances with the seasons"],["Bird of prey","A bird that hunts other animals, like eagles"],["Waterfowl","Ducks, geese and swans"],["Songbird","A bird that sings, such as a robin"],["Flightless bird","A bird that can't fly, such as an ostrich or kiwi"],["Ornithology","The study of birds"],["Birdsong","Sounds birds make to claim territory or attract mates"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-classes-facts","id":"animal-classes-facts","title":"Animal Groups: Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and More","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"What makes each animal group different, and fun animal records.","tags":["animals","vertebrates","invertebrates"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Mammals","Warm-blooded animals with hair or fur that feed their babies milk"],["Birds","Warm-blooded animals with feathers, wings and beaks that lay eggs"],["Reptiles","Cold-blooded animals with dry scaly skin"],["Amphibians","Animals that start life in water and often live on land as adults"],["Fish","Cold-blooded animals with gills and fins that live in water"],["Insects","Animals with six legs and three body parts"],["Arachnids","Animals with eight legs, like spiders"],["Crustaceans","Animals with a hard shell and many legs, like crabs"],["Mollusks","Soft-bodied animals often with shells, like snails"],["Vertebrate","An animal with a backbone"],["Invertebrate","An animal without a backbone"],["Warm-blooded","Keeps a steady body temperature"],["Cold-blooded","Body temperature changes with the surroundings"],["Is a bat a bird or a mammal?","A mammal"],["Is a whale a fish or a mammal?","A mammal"],["Is a dolphin a fish or a mammal?","A mammal"],["Is a penguin a bird?","Yes, a flightless bird"],["Is a frog a reptile or an amphibian?","An amphibian"],["Is a snake a reptile or an amphibian?","A reptile"],["Is a spider an insect?","No; it's an arachnid with eight legs"],["Is a shark a mammal or a fish?","A fish"],["Is a platypus a mammal that lays eggs?","Yes"],["Which mammals lay eggs?","Monotremes: the platypus and echidnas"],["Which mammals have pouches?","Marsupials, like kangaroos and koalas"],["Largest animal on Earth","The blue whale"],["Largest land animal","The African elephant"],["Tallest animal","The giraffe"],["Fastest land animal","The cheetah"],["Fastest bird in a dive","The peregrine falcon"],["Largest bird alive","The ostrich"],["Smallest bird","The bee hummingbird"],["Largest reptile","The saltwater crocodile"],["Largest fish","The whale shark"],["Largest living cat","The tiger"],["Largest land carnivore","The polar bear"],["Slowest mammal","The sloth"],["Longest living land animal","The Galapagos giant tortoise, over 100 years"],["Largest rodent","The capybara"],["Largest primate","The gorilla"],["Only mammal that can truly fly","The bat"],["Which animal has the largest eyes?","The giant squid"],["How many legs does an insect have?","Six"],["How many legs does a spider have?","Eight"],["How many legs does a crab have?","Ten"],["How many arms does an octopus have?","Eight"],["Insect body parts","Head, thorax and abdomen"],["Metamorphosis","A big change in body form as an animal grows"],["Complete metamorphosis","Egg, larva, pupa, adult"],["Incomplete metamorphosis","Egg, nymph, adult"],["Butterfly life cycle","Egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, butterfly"],["Frog life cycle","Egg, tadpole, froglet, adult frog"],["Exoskeleton","A hard outer covering that supports and protects the body"],["Molting","Shedding an old outer layer"],["Herd animals","Cattle, zebras and elephants live in herds"],["Pack animals","Wolves and wild dogs hunt in packs"],["Predator","An animal that hunts others"],["Prey","An animal that is hunted"],["Scavenger","Eats dead animals it did not kill, like vultures"],["Vultures help by","Cleaning up dead animals"],["Marine mammal","A mammal that lives in the sea, like seals and whales"],["Endangered animal","A species in danger of dying out"],["Extinct animal","A species that has died out"],["Dodo","A flightless bird from Mauritius that went extinct in the 1600s"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-groups-collective","id":"animal-groups-collective","title":"Animal Group Names","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"What we call a group of each kind of animal.","tags":["animals","collective nouns"],"frontLabel":"Animals","backLabel":"Group name","cards":[["Lions","A pride"],["Wolves","A pack"],["Fish","A school (or shoal)"],["Whales","A pod"],["Dolphins","A pod"],["Geese on the ground","A gaggle"],["Geese in the air","A skein"],["Crows","A murder"],["Owls","A parliament"],["Ducks on water","A paddling"],["Bees","A swarm or colony"],["Ants","A colony"],["Cattle","A herd"],["Sheep","A flock"],["Birds","A flock"],["Elephants","A herd"],["Giraffes","A tower"],["Zebras","A dazzle"],["Hippos","A bloat"],["Rhinos","A crash"],["Apes","A shrewdness"],["Monkeys","A troop"],["Gorillas","A band or troop"],["Kangaroos","A mob"],["Bears","A sleuth or sloth"],["Foxes","A skulk"],["Hyenas","A cackle"],["Cats","A clowder"],["Kittens","A kindle or litter"],["Puppies","A litter"],["Horses","A herd"],["Pigs","A drove or herd"],["Goats","A herd or tribe"],["Deer","A herd"],["Buffalo","A herd"],["Camels","A caravan"],["Penguins on land","A colony or waddle"],["Flamingos","A flamboyance"],["Peacocks","An ostentation"],["Parrots","A pandemonium"],["Ravens","An unkindness"],["Eagles","A convocation"],["Hawks","A kettle (when circling)"],["Starlings","A murmuration"],["Swans","A bevy or wedge"],["Turkeys","A rafter or flock"],["Chickens","A flock or brood"],["Frogs","An army"],["Toads","A knot"],["Snakes","A nest or knot"],["Turtles","A bale"],["Crocodiles","A float or bask"],["Sharks","A shiver"],["Jellyfish","A smack or bloom"],["Seals","A colony or pod"],["Otters on water","A raft"],["Beavers","A colony"],["Squirrels","A scurry"],["Rabbits","A colony or warren"],["Mice","A mischief"],["Rats","A mischief"],["Porcupines","A prickle"],["Moles","A labour"],["Butterflies","A kaleidoscope"],["Caterpillars","An army"],["Locusts","A plague or swarm"],["Fireflies","A glow"],["Jays","A party"],["Finches","A charm"],["Larks","An exaltation"],["Cranes","A sedge"],["Lemurs","A conspiracy"],["Leopards","A leap"],["Tigers","A streak or ambush"],["Cheetahs","A coalition"],["Crabs","A cast"],["Oysters","A bed"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-insects-bugs","id":"animal-insects-bugs","title":"Insects, Spiders and Bugs","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Common insects and other creepy-crawlies and what they do.","tags":["insects","bugs","arthropods"],"frontLabel":"Bug / term","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Insect","An animal with six legs and three body parts"],["Arthropod","An animal with jointed legs and an exoskeleton"],["Ant","A social insect that lives in colonies with a queen"],["Honeybee","An insect that makes honey and pollinates flowers"],["Bumblebee","A fuzzy, large bee"],["Wasp","A stinging insect, many build paper nests"],["Hornet","A large wasp"],["Butterfly","An insect with colorful wings that drinks nectar"],["Moth","A mostly nocturnal relative of butterflies"],["Monarch butterfly","An orange and black butterfly that migrates"],["Caterpillar","The larva of a butterfly or moth"],["Chrysalis","The hard case a butterfly pupa lives in"],["Cocoon","A silk case made by many moth larvae"],["Ladybug","A small red beetle with spots that eats aphids"],["Beetle","An insect with hard front wings; the largest group of animals"],["Firefly (lightning bug)","A beetle that glows to find mates"],["Dragonfly","A fast insect with two pairs of wings that eats mosquitoes"],["Damselfly","A slimmer relative of the dragonfly"],["Grasshopper","An insect with strong back legs for jumping"],["Cricket","An insect that chirps by rubbing its wings together"],["Katydid","A green insect like a grasshopper that sings at night"],["Praying mantis","An insect that catches prey with spiny front legs"],["Stick insect","An insect that looks like a twig"],["Cicada","An insect that spends years underground and then sings loudly"],["Aphid","A tiny plant-sucking insect"],["Mosquito","A small flying insect; females drink blood"],["Housefly","A common fly that tastes with its feet"],["Flea","A tiny jumping insect that lives on animals"],["Termite","An insect that eats wood and builds big mounds"],["Cockroach","A hardy insect found all over the world"],["Earwig","An insect with pincers at the tail"],["Mayfly","An insect whose adult stage lasts only a day or so"],["Water strider","A bug that walks on water"],["Dung beetle","A beetle that rolls dung into balls"],["Rhinoceros beetle","A strong beetle with a horn"],["Goliath beetle","One of the heaviest insects"],["Silkworm","A caterpillar that spins silk, used to make cloth"],["Spider","An arachnid with eight legs that makes silk"],["Tarantula","A large hairy spider"],["Black widow","A venomous spider with a red hourglass mark"],["Orb weaver","A spider that makes round webs"],["Jumping spider","A small spider with great eyesight"],["Scorpion","An arachnid with pincers and a stinging tail"],["Tick","A small blood-sucking arachnid"],["Mite","A tiny arachnid"],["Millipede","A many-legged arthropod that eats decaying matter"],["Centipede","An arthropod with one pair of legs per body segment"],["Pill bug (roly-poly)","A crustacean that curls into a ball"],["Snail","A mollusk with a spiral shell, not an insect"],["Slug","A snail without a shell, not an insect"],["Earthworm","A segmented worm that loosens soil"],["Antennae","Feelers on an insect's head for smelling and touching"],["Compound eye","An eye made of many tiny lenses"],["Thorax","The middle body part where wings and legs attach"],["Abdomen","The rear body part of an insect"],["Exoskeleton","A hard outer skeleton"],["Metamorphosis","Big change in body form during growth"],["Complete metamorphosis","Egg, larva, pupa, adult"],["Incomplete metamorphosis","Egg, nymph, adult"],["Larva","A young insect that looks different from the adult"],["Pupa","A resting stage between larva and adult"],["Nymph","A young insect that looks like a small adult"],["Pollinator","An animal that carries pollen between flowers"],["Colony","A group of social insects living together"],["Queen bee","The egg-laying bee in a hive"],["Worker bee","A female bee that collects food and builds the hive"],["Drone","A male bee"],["Hive","A bee home"],["Honeycomb","Wax cells where bees store honey and raise young"],["Waggle dance","How honeybees tell others where flowers are"],["Anthill","A mound of earth built by ants"],["Camouflage in insects","Walking sticks and leaf insects blend in"],["Entomologist","A scientist who studies insects"],["Insect with the most species","Beetles"],["Do spiders count as insects?","No; they have eight legs and two body parts"],["Silk","Strong thread made by spiders and silkworms"],["Web","A trap made of spider silk"],["Insect wings","Most adult insects have four wings; flies have two"],["Pheromone","A chemical signal used by insects"],["Beneficial insects","Insects that help people, like bees and ladybugs"],["Pest","An insect that harms crops or spreads disease"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/animal-reptiles-amphibians","id":"animal-reptiles-amphibians","title":"Reptiles and Amphibians","category":"science","subject":"Animal Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Snakes, lizards, turtles, frogs and salamanders.","tags":["reptiles","amphibians","animals"],"frontLabel":"Animal / term","backLabel":"Fact","cards":[["Reptile","A cold-blooded animal with dry scaly skin that usually lays eggs"],["Amphibian","A cold-blooded animal with moist skin that starts life in water"],["Snake","A legless reptile that swallows prey whole"],["Lizard","A reptile with legs and a long tail, usually"],["Turtle","A reptile with a shell that can often live in water"],["Tortoise","A land turtle with stumpy legs and a domed shell"],["Crocodile","A large reptile with a pointed snout"],["Alligator","A large reptile with a rounded snout"],["Gecko","A lizard that can climb walls with sticky toes"],["Chameleon","A lizard that changes color and has a long sticky tongue"],["Iguana","A large plant-eating lizard"],["Komodo dragon","The largest living lizard"],["Gila monster","A venomous lizard of the American Southwest"],["Horned lizard","A spiky lizard that can squirt blood from its eyes to scare predators"],["Anole","A small lizard that can puff out a throat fan"],["Skink","A shiny smooth-scaled lizard"],["Python","A large snake that squeezes prey"],["Boa constrictor","A snake that squeezes its prey"],["Anaconda","One of the heaviest snakes, living in South America"],["King cobra","The longest venomous snake"],["Rattlesnake","A venomous snake with a rattle on its tail"],["Garter snake","A harmless, common snake with stripes"],["Coral snake","A venomous snake with red, yellow and black bands"],["Sea turtle","A turtle adapted to the ocean"],["Snapping turtle","A freshwater turtle with a strong bite"],["Leatherback turtle","The largest sea turtle"],["Galapagos tortoise","The largest living tortoise"],["Tuatara","A lizard-like reptile from New Zealand"],["Frog","An amphibian with smooth skin and long legs for jumping"],["Toad","An amphibian with dry, bumpy skin"],["Tree frog","A small frog with sticky toe pads"],["Poison dart frog","A tiny brightly colored frog with toxic skin"],["Bullfrog","A large frog with a deep call"],["Salamander","An amphibian with a long tail and four legs"],["Newt","A kind of salamander that spends time in water"],["Axolotl","A salamander that keeps its gills and can regrow limbs"],["Hellbender","A giant salamander of North American streams"],["Caecilian","A legless amphibian that looks like a worm"],["Tadpole","A baby frog or toad that lives in water"],["Metamorphosis in frogs","Tadpole grows legs, loses its tail and gills, and breathes air"],["Frog life cycle","Egg, tadpole, froglet, adult"],["Reptile eggs","Leathery shells laid on land"],["Amphibian eggs","Jelly-like eggs laid in water"],["Cold-blooded","Body temperature depends on the surroundings"],["Basking","Sitting in the sun to warm up"],["Shedding skin","Snakes and lizards shed their outer skin as they grow"],["Scutes","The bony plates on a turtle's shell"],["Carapace","The top part of a turtle's shell"],["Plastron","The bottom part of a turtle's shell"],["Forked tongue","Helps snakes smell their surroundings"],["Jacobson's organ","A smell organ on the roof of a snake's mouth"],["Venom","Poison injected by a bite or sting"],["Constrictor","A snake that squeezes prey"],["Brumation","A reptile's winter slowdown, like hibernation"],["Camouflage in reptiles","Chameleons and geckos can blend into their surroundings"],["Tail dropping","Some lizards drop their tails to escape and regrow them"],["Frog call","Males call to attract mates"],["Do frogs drink with their mouths?","They absorb water through their skin"],["Herpetologist","A scientist who studies reptiles and amphibians"],["Dinosaur relatives alive today","Crocodiles, as well as birds, are dinosaur relatives"],["Largest living reptile","Saltwater crocodile"],["Smallest chameleons","Brookesia micra, only about an inch long"],["Why do amphibians need clean water?","Their thin skin absorbs substances easily"],["Why are frogs a warning sign for the environment?","They react quickly to pollution and habitat change"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-body-systems","id":"bio-body-systems","title":"Human Body Systems","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The organ systems of the human body and their jobs.","tags":["body systems","anatomy"],"frontLabel":"System","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["Circulatory system","Moves blood, oxygen and nutrients around the body"],["Respiratory system","Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide"],["Digestive system","Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients"],["Nervous system","Sends signals between the brain and body"],["Skeletal system","Supports the body, protects organs and makes blood cells"],["Muscular system","Moves the body and keeps the heart beating"],["Excretory (urinary) system","Removes liquid waste and balances water"],["Endocrine system","Uses hormones to control growth and body activities"],["Immune system","Defends the body against germs"],["Lymphatic system","Drains fluid and helps fight infection"],["Integumentary system","Skin, hair and nails; protects the body"],["Reproductive system","Makes new life"],["Main organs of the circulatory system","Heart, blood vessels and blood"],["Main organs of the respiratory system","Nose, trachea, bronchi and lungs"],["Main organs of the digestive system","Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas"],["Main organs of the nervous system","Brain, spinal cord and nerves"],["Main organs of the excretory system","Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra"],["Heart","Muscle that pumps blood"],["Lungs","Organs where oxygen enters the blood"],["Brain","Control center of the body"],["Stomach","Churns food with acid and enzymes"],["Small intestine","Absorbs most nutrients from food"],["Large intestine","Absorbs water and forms waste"],["Liver","Cleans blood and makes bile"],["Pancreas","Makes insulin and digestive enzymes"],["Kidneys","Filter blood and make urine"],["Skin","The body's largest organ"],["Esophagus","Tube that carries food from mouth to stomach"],["Trachea","Windpipe that carries air to the lungs"],["Diaphragm","Muscle below the lungs that helps you breathe"],["Alveoli","Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gases are exchanged"],["Artery","Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart"],["Vein","Blood vessel that carries blood to the heart"],["Capillary","Tiny blood vessel where materials pass into and out of the blood"],["Red blood cells","Carry oxygen"],["White blood cells","Fight germs"],["Platelets","Help blood clot"],["Plasma","The liquid part of blood"],["Hemoglobin","Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen"],["Neuron","Nerve cell"],["Spinal cord","Bundle of nerves in the backbone that links brain and body"],["Reflex","A fast automatic response"],["Hormone","A chemical messenger made by glands"],["Thyroid","Gland in the neck that controls metabolism"],["Pituitary gland","Small master gland at the base of the brain"],["Adrenal glands","Make adrenaline for the fight-or-flight response"],["Saliva","Starts breaking down food in the mouth"],["Bile","Fluid from the liver that helps digest fats"],["Peristalsis","Wave-like muscle squeezes that push food along"],["Antibody","A protein that fights a particular germ"],["Vaccine","Trains the immune system to recognize a germ"],["Epidermis","The outer layer of skin"],["Dermis","The thicker layer of skin below the epidermis"],["Melanin","Pigment that gives skin color and protects from the Sun"],["Pulse","The beat felt as the heart pushes blood through arteries"],["Blood pressure","The force of blood against vessel walls"],["Homeostasis","The body keeping conditions steady inside"],["Metabolism","All the chemical reactions that keep an organism alive"],["Which system includes the stomach?","Digestive"],["Which system includes the bones?","Skeletal"],["Which system includes the heart?","Circulatory"],["Which system includes the lungs?","Respiratory"],["Which system includes the brain?","Nervous"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-bones","id":"bio-bones","title":"Bones of the Body","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Names and locations of major human bones.","tags":["bones","skeleton","anatomy"],"frontLabel":"Bone","backLabel":"Where / what","cards":[["Cranium","The skull bones that protect the brain"],["Mandible","The jawbone; the only movable bone of the skull"],["Maxilla","The upper jaw"],["Clavicle","The collarbone"],["Scapula","The shoulder blade"],["Sternum","The breastbone in the middle of the chest"],["Ribs","Curved bones that protect the heart and lungs"],["Vertebrae","The bones of the backbone"],["Spine (vertebral column)","Supports the body and protects the spinal cord"],["Humerus","The upper arm bone"],["Radius","Forearm bone on the thumb side"],["Ulna","Forearm bone on the pinky side"],["Carpals","The wrist bones"],["Metacarpals","The bones of the palm of the hand"],["Phalanges","The bones of the fingers and toes"],["Pelvis","The hip bones that support the upper body"],["Femur","The thigh bone; the longest and strongest bone"],["Patella","The kneecap"],["Tibia","The shinbone, the larger lower leg bone"],["Fibula","The thinner lower leg bone"],["Tarsals","The ankle bones"],["Metatarsals","The bones of the middle of the foot"],["Calcaneus","The heel bone"],["Coccyx","The tailbone"],["Sacrum","Triangle-shaped bone at the base of the spine"],["Stapes","Smallest bone in the body, in the ear"],["Malleus","The hammer bone in the ear"],["Incus","The anvil bone in the ear"],["How many bones does an adult have?","206"],["How many bones does a baby have, about?","Around 300, some of which fuse"],["Cervical vertebrae","The 7 neck bones"],["Thoracic vertebrae","The 12 vertebrae in the upper and middle back"],["Lumbar vertebrae","The 5 vertebrae of the lower back"],["How many pairs of ribs do people have?","12 pairs"],["Joint","Where two bones meet"],["Ligament","Tough tissue that connects bone to bone"],["Tendon","Tough tissue that connects muscle to bone"],["Cartilage","Flexible tissue that cushions joints and shapes ears and nose"],["Marrow","Soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells"],["Ball-and-socket joint","A joint that moves in all directions, like the shoulder and hip"],["Hinge joint","A joint that moves back and forth, like the knee and elbow"],["Pivot joint","A joint that rotates, like the neck"],["Gliding joint","A joint where bones slide past each other, as in the wrist"],["Fixed (immovable) joint","A joint that does not move, as in the skull"],["Calcium","The mineral that makes bones hard"],["Osteoporosis","A condition in which bones become weak and thin"],["Fracture","A break in a bone"],["Hyoid","A small U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue"],["Zygomatic bone","The cheekbone"],["Occipital bone","The bone at the back and base of the skull"],["Frontal bone","The forehead bone"],["Sutures","The joints between skull bones"],["Axial skeleton","Skull, spine and rib cage"],["Appendicular skeleton","The limbs and the bones that attach them"],["Periosteum","The tough covering on the outside of a bone"],["Compact bone","The hard, dense outer layer of bone"],["Spongy bone","Lighter bone with small holes inside"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-cell-parts","id":"bio-cell-parts","title":"Parts of a Cell","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The organelles of cells and what each one does.","tags":["cells","organelles"],"frontLabel":"Part","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["Cell","The basic unit of all living things"],["Nucleus","Holds the DNA and controls the cell's activities"],["Nucleolus","Inside the nucleus; makes parts of ribosomes"],["Nuclear envelope","Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus"],["Cell membrane","Thin outer layer that controls what enters and leaves"],["Cell wall","Rigid outer layer that supports plant, fungus and bacteria cells"],["Cytoplasm","Jelly-like fluid that fills the cell"],["Cytosol","The liquid part of the cytoplasm"],["Mitochondrion","Releases energy from food","The powerhouse of the cell"],["Chloroplast","Where plants make food by photosynthesis"],["Ribosome","Builds proteins"],["Rough endoplasmic reticulum","Folded membranes covered in ribosomes; makes proteins"],["Smooth endoplasmic reticulum","Makes lipids and helps remove toxins"],["Golgi apparatus","Packages and ships proteins and lipids","Like the post office"],["Vacuole","Storage sac for water, food and waste"],["Central vacuole","Large water-filled sac in plant cells that gives support"],["Lysosome","Contains enzymes that break down waste and old parts"],["Vesicle","Small sac that moves materials inside the cell"],["Cytoskeleton","Network of fibers that gives shape and helps movement"],["Centriole","Helps organize cell division in animal cells"],["Flagellum","Whip-like tail that helps a cell swim"],["Cilia","Short hair-like structures that move fluid or the cell"],["Pseudopod","A temporary arm-like extension, as in amoeba"],["Plasmid","A small ring of DNA in bacteria"],["Chromosome","A coiled package of DNA"],["Chromatin","DNA and proteins in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing"],["Peroxisome","Breaks down fats and harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide"],["Thylakoid","Disk-like membranes in chloroplasts where light is captured"],["Stroma","Fluid inside chloroplasts where sugar is built"],["Cristae","Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion"],["Prokaryote","A cell without a nucleus, like bacteria"],["Eukaryote","A cell with a nucleus and organelles"],["Do animal cells have cell walls?","No"],["Do plant cells have chloroplasts?","Yes"],["Do animal cells have chloroplasts?","No"],["Organelle","A tiny structure inside a cell with a specific job"],["Tissue","A group of similar cells working together"],["Organ","A group of tissues working together"],["Organ system","A group of organs working together"],["Organism","A whole living thing"],["Unicellular","Made of just one cell"],["Multicellular","Made of many cells"],["Cell theory: first idea","All living things are made of one or more cells"],["Cell theory: second idea","The cell is the basic unit of life"],["Cell theory: third idea","All cells come from other cells"],["Who first named cells in 1665?","Robert Hooke, looking at cork"],["Who first saw living microbes with a microscope?","Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],["Selectively permeable","Lets some things through the membrane but not others"],["Phospholipid bilayer","The double layer of fat molecules that makes up a membrane"],["Diffusion","Particles moving from crowded to less crowded areas"],["Osmosis","Diffusion of water across a membrane"],["Active transport","Moving materials across a membrane using energy"],["Passive transport","Moving materials across a membrane without energy"],["Endocytosis","The cell takes material in by wrapping the membrane around it"],["Exocytosis","The cell sends material out in vesicles"],["Mitosis","Cell division that makes two identical cells"],["Cytokinesis","The splitting of the cytoplasm at the end of cell division"],["Meiosis","Cell division that makes sex cells with half the chromosomes"],["Cell cycle","The life of a cell from one division to the next"],["Stem cell","A cell that can become many different types of cells"],["Red blood cell","Carries oxygen in blood and has no nucleus"],["White blood cell","Helps the body fight germs"],["Neuron","A nerve cell that carries signals"],["Guard cells","Pairs of plant cells that open and close stomata"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-classification","id":"bio-classification","title":"Classification of Life","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Taxonomy ranks, kingdoms, domains and naming.","tags":["classification","taxonomy"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Taxonomy","The science of naming and classifying living things"],["Who created the system of naming species with two names?","Carl Linnaeus"],["Binomial nomenclature","Naming each species with a two-part Latin name"],["Genus","The first part of a scientific name, capitalized"],["Species","The second part of a scientific name, lowercase; a group that can breed together"],["Scientific name of humans","Homo sapiens"],["Scientific name of the domestic dog","Canis familiaris"],["Scientific name of the house cat","Felis catus"],["Taxonomic ranks from biggest to smallest","Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species"],["Memory trick for ranks","Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup"],["How many domains of life are there?","Three: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya"],["Domain Bacteria","Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, common everywhere"],["Domain Archaea","Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, often in extreme places"],["Domain Eukarya","Organisms whose cells have a nucleus"],["Kingdom Animalia","Multicellular organisms that eat food and can move"],["Kingdom Plantae","Multicellular organisms that make food by photosynthesis"],["Kingdom Fungi","Organisms that absorb food from their surroundings, like mushrooms"],["Kingdom Protista","Mostly single-celled eukaryotes, like amoebas and algae"],["Phylum Chordata","Animals with a backbone or notochord"],["Phylum Arthropoda","Animals with jointed legs and an exoskeleton"],["Phylum Mollusca","Soft-bodied animals, often with shells, like snails and clams"],["Phylum Annelida","Segmented worms like earthworms"],["Phylum Cnidaria","Animals with stinging cells like jellyfish and corals"],["Phylum Echinodermata","Spiny-skinned animals like sea stars"],["Phylum Porifera","Sponges"],["Phylum Platyhelminthes","Flatworms"],["Class Mammalia","Animals with hair that feed milk to their young"],["Class Aves","Birds"],["Class Reptilia","Reptiles"],["Class Amphibia","Amphibians"],["Class Insecta","Insects"],["Class Arachnida","Spiders, scorpions and ticks"],["Vertebrate","An animal with a backbone"],["Invertebrate","An animal without a backbone"],["Dichotomous key","A tool that identifies organisms with a series of two-choice questions"],["Cladogram","A branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships"],["Phylogeny","The evolutionary history of a group of organisms"],["Autotroph","An organism that makes its own food"],["Heterotroph","An organism that gets food from other organisms"],["Prokaryote","A cell with no nucleus"],["Eukaryote","A cell with a nucleus"],["Homologous structures","Body parts with a shared origin but different jobs, like a bat wing and human arm"],["Analogous structures","Parts with similar jobs but different origins, like bird and insect wings"],["Vestigial structure","A body part that has lost most of its original use"],["Species definition","A group that can breed and make fertile offspring"],["Hybrid example: mule","Offspring of a horse and a donkey, usually sterile"],["Warm-blooded (endotherm)","Keeps a steady body temperature using its own heat"],["Cold-blooded (ectotherm)","Body temperature depends on the surroundings"],["Monotreme","An egg-laying mammal, like the platypus"],["Marsupial","A mammal whose young develop mostly in a pouch, like a kangaroo"],["Placental mammal","A mammal whose young develop inside the mother before birth"],["Angiosperm","A flowering plant"],["Mycology","The study of fungi"],["Botany","The study of plants"],["Zoology","The study of animals"],["Microbiology","The study of microscopic organisms"],["Entomology","The study of insects"],["Ornithology","The study of birds"],["Herpetology","The study of reptiles and amphibians"],["Ichthyology","The study of fish"],["Mammalogy","The study of mammals"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-ecology","id":"bio-ecology","title":"Ecology Vocabulary","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Ecosystems, food webs, biomes and populations.","tags":["ecology","ecosystems"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Ecosystem","Living things and their nonliving surroundings interacting"],["Habitat","The place where an organism lives"],["Niche","An organism's role and way of life in its ecosystem"],["Population","All members of one species in an area"],["Community","All the populations living in an area"],["Biosphere","All the parts of Earth where life exists"],["Biome","A large region defined by climate, plants and animals"],["Biotic factor","A living part of an ecosystem"],["Abiotic factor","A nonliving part, like sunlight or water"],["Producer","An organism that makes its own food, like a plant"],["Consumer","An organism that eats other organisms"],["Herbivore","An animal that eats only plants"],["Carnivore","An animal that eats only animals"],["Omnivore","An animal that eats both plants and animals"],["Decomposer","An organism that breaks down dead matter, like fungi"],["Scavenger","An animal that eats dead animals it did not kill"],["Predator","An animal that hunts other animals"],["Prey","An animal that is hunted"],["Food chain","A single path of energy from one organism to the next"],["Food web","Many connected food chains"],["Trophic level","A step in a food chain"],["Energy pyramid","A diagram showing energy decreasing at each level"],["How much energy passes to the next level, roughly?","About 10 percent"],["Primary consumer","An herbivore that eats producers"],["Secondary consumer","An animal that eats primary consumers"],["Apex predator","A predator at the top of the food chain"],["Symbiosis","A close relationship between two species"],["Mutualism","Both species benefit"],["Commensalism","One species benefits and the other is not affected"],["Parasitism","One species benefits and the other is harmed"],["Competition","Organisms using the same limited resources"],["Carrying capacity","The most individuals an environment can support"],["Limiting factor","Something that keeps a population from growing, like food"],["Succession","The slow change in an ecosystem's community over time"],["Primary succession","Life starting in a place with no soil, like new rock"],["Secondary succession","Regrowth after a disturbance where soil remains"],["Pioneer species","The first species to move into a new area"],["Keystone species","A species that has a big effect on its ecosystem"],["Invasive species","A non-native species that spreads and harms an ecosystem"],["Native species","A species that naturally lives in an area"],["Endangered species","A species at risk of dying out"],["Extinct","No members of the species are left alive"],["Biodiversity","The variety of life in an area"],["Tundra","Cold, treeless biome with frozen ground"],["Taiga (boreal forest)","Cold forest biome with evergreen trees"],["Temperate forest","Forest with four seasons and deciduous trees"],["Tropical rainforest","Warm, wet forest with the most species"],["Grassland","Biome of grasses with few trees"],["Savanna","Tropical grassland with scattered trees"],["Desert","Biome that gets very little rain"],["Wetland","Land covered with water for much of the year, like a marsh"],["Estuary","Where a river meets the sea and fresh and salt water mix"],["Coral reef","An underwater ecosystem built by coral animals"],["Nitrogen cycle","How nitrogen moves between air, soil and living things"],["Carbon cycle","How carbon moves between air, living things and Earth"],["Water cycle","How water moves between Earth's surface and the air"],["Nitrogen fixation","Bacteria turning nitrogen gas into a form plants can use"],["Hibernation","A long winter sleep to save energy"],["Migration","Moving from one region to another with the seasons"],["Camouflage","Coloring that helps an organism blend into its surroundings"],["Mimicry","When one species looks like another"],["Estivation","A summer sleep to survive heat or drought"],["Overpopulation","When there are too many individuals for the resources"],["Ecological footprint","The amount of nature a person or group uses"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-genetics-terms","id":"bio-genetics-terms","title":"Genetics Vocabulary","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Key terms for heredity, DNA and inheritance.","tags":["genetics","DNA"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Heredity","Passing of traits from parents to offspring"],["Gene","A section of DNA that codes for a trait or protein"],["DNA","The molecule that carries genetic instructions","Deoxyribonucleic acid"],["RNA","A molecule that helps carry out DNA's instructions"],["Chromosome","A packaged strand of DNA"],["How many chromosomes do humans have in body cells?","46 (23 pairs)"],["Allele","A version of a gene"],["Dominant allele","One that shows up when present"],["Recessive allele","One that shows only when two copies are present"],["Genotype","The set of alleles an organism has"],["Phenotype","The visible traits of an organism"],["Homozygous","Having two of the same allele"],["Heterozygous","Having two different alleles"],["Punnett square","A grid used to predict the results of a genetic cross"],["Trait","A characteristic passed from parent to child"],["Mutation","A change in DNA"],["Genome","All the DNA of an organism"],["Base pairs in DNA","A with T, and C with G"],["Adenine pairs with","Thymine in DNA"],["Cytosine pairs with","Guanine"],["In RNA, thymine is replaced by","Uracil"],["Nucleotide","A building block of DNA: sugar, phosphate and base"],["Double helix","The twisted-ladder shape of DNA"],["Who described the double helix in 1953?","James Watson and Francis Crick, using work by Rosalind Franklin"],["Who is the father of genetics?","Gregor Mendel"],["What did Mendel study?","Pea plants"],["Replication","Making a copy of DNA"],["Transcription","Copying DNA into messenger RNA"],["Translation","Reading mRNA to build a protein"],["Codon","Three bases in mRNA that code for one amino acid"],["Amino acid","A building block of protein"],["mRNA","Messenger RNA: carries a gene's message to the ribosome"],["tRNA","Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome"],["Sex chromosomes","X and Y; they help determine sex"],["Autosome","A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome"],["Karyotype","A picture of all of an organism's chromosomes"],["Gamete","A sex cell: sperm or egg"],["Zygote","A fertilized egg cell"],["Diploid","Having two sets of chromosomes"],["Haploid","Having one set of chromosomes"],["Incomplete dominance","A blend of two alleles, like pink from red and white"],["Codominance","Both alleles show up fully"],["Polygenic trait","A trait controlled by many genes, like height"],["Sex-linked trait","A trait whose gene is on a sex chromosome"],["Carrier","A person who has one copy of a recessive allele but no symptoms"],["Pedigree","A chart showing how a trait passes through a family"],["Hybrid","Offspring of two different parent types"],["Purebred","An organism with identical alleles for a trait"],["Selective breeding","Choosing parents with wanted traits to breed"],["Genetic engineering","Changing an organism's DNA on purpose"],["Clone","An organism genetically identical to its parent"],["Biotechnology","Using living things to make products or solve problems"],["CRISPR","A tool for editing genes"],["PCR","A method that copies tiny amounts of DNA many times"],["Gel electrophoresis","A method that separates DNA pieces by size"],["Human Genome Project","An effort that mapped human DNA, completed in 2003"],["Law of segregation","Alleles separate when sex cells form"],["Law of independent assortment","Genes for different traits are passed on separately"],["Evolution by natural selection","Traits that help survival become more common over time"],["Adaptation","A trait that helps an organism survive"],["Variation","Differences among individuals of a species"],["Epigenetics","Changes in how genes are used without changing the DNA code"],["Locus","The position of a gene on a chromosome"],["Down syndrome","A condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-life-processes-evolution","id":"bio-life-processes-evolution","title":"Life Processes and Evolution","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Photosynthesis, respiration, the traits of life and natural selection.","tags":["photosynthesis","respiration","evolution"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Characteristics of living things","They grow, reproduce, use energy, respond to surroundings and are made of cells"],["Photosynthesis","Making sugar from light, water and carbon dioxide"],["Photosynthesis equation (words)","Carbon dioxide + water + light gives glucose + oxygen"],["Photosynthesis equation (formula)","6CO2 + 6H2O gives C6H12O6 + 6O2"],["Where does photosynthesis happen?","In chloroplasts"],["Light-dependent reactions","Capture light energy; happen in the thylakoids"],["Calvin cycle","Uses energy to build sugar from carbon dioxide; happens in the stroma"],["Cellular respiration","Breaking down glucose to release energy"],["Cellular respiration equation (words)","Glucose + oxygen gives carbon dioxide + water + energy"],["Where does cellular respiration happen?","Mostly in mitochondria"],["Glycolysis","The first step of respiration, splitting glucose in the cytoplasm"],["Aerobic respiration","Respiration that uses oxygen"],["Anaerobic respiration","Releasing energy without oxygen"],["Fermentation","Anaerobic energy release that makes lactic acid or alcohol"],["ATP","The energy currency molecule of cells"],["Autotroph","Makes its own food"],["Heterotroph","Gets food from other organisms"],["Producer","An autotroph at the base of a food chain"],["Digestion","Breaking food into small pieces the body can absorb"],["Excretion","Removing wastes from the body"],["Respiration vs breathing","Breathing moves air; respiration releases energy in cells"],["Homeostasis","Keeping a stable internal environment"],["Metabolism","All chemical reactions in an organism"],["Reproduction","Making new organisms"],["Asexual reproduction","One parent makes identical offspring"],["Sexual reproduction","Two parents' cells combine to make varied offspring"],["Budding","A new organism grows out of the parent, as in yeast and hydra"],["Binary fission","A cell splits in two, as in bacteria"],["Regeneration","Regrowing lost parts, as a starfish does"],["Stimulus","Something that causes a reaction"],["Response","A reaction to a stimulus"],["Growth","Increase in size and cell number"],["Development","Changes an organism goes through in its life"],["Evolution","Change in the traits of a population over generations"],["Natural selection","Organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce more"],["Who wrote On the Origin of Species in 1859?","Charles Darwin"],["Where did Darwin study finches?","The Galapagos Islands"],["Survival of the fittest","Those best suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring"],["Variation","Differences among individuals"],["Inheritance","Passing traits to offspring"],["Adaptation","A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce"],["Selective breeding","People choosing which animals or plants to breed"],["Artificial selection","Another name for selective breeding"],["Fossil record","Fossils showing how life has changed over time"],["Common ancestor","A shared ancestor of different species"],["Homologous structures","Parts of different species with similar bones, like a human arm and a whale flipper"],["Vestigial structure","A body part that has lost most of its function"],["Speciation","Formation of a new species"],["Extinction","Death of an entire species"],["Mass extinction","Many species die out in a short geologic time"],["Peppered moth","An example of natural selection in changing environments"],["Antibiotic resistance","Bacteria evolving to survive antibiotics"],["Gene pool","All the alleles in a population"],["Mutation","A change in DNA that may create new traits"],["Genetic drift","Chance changes in allele frequency, especially in small populations"],["Geologic time scale","A calendar of Earth's history in eras and periods"],["Age of Earth","About 4.5 billion years"],["Oldest known fossils of life, about","3.5 billion years old"],["Cambrian explosion","About 540 million years ago, when many animal groups appeared"],["Human origin region","Africa"],["Homo sapiens","The species of modern humans"],["Lucy","A famous Australopithecus fossil found in Ethiopia in 1974"],["Hominin","A human or humanlike relative"],["Transitional fossil","A fossil showing features of two groups"],["Archaeopteryx","A fossil with features of dinosaurs and birds"],["Tiktaalik","A fossil fish with limb-like fins, about 375 million years old"],["Evolution of whales","Whales came from land mammals with legs"],["Coevolution","Two species evolving in response to each other"],["Convergent evolution","Unrelated species evolve similar traits, as in sharks and dolphins"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-microbes","id":"bio-microbes","title":"Microbes and Germs","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists and how the body fights germs.","tags":["microbes","bacteria","viruses"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Microorganism","A living thing too small to see without a microscope"],["Bacteria","Single-celled organisms with no nucleus; some are helpful, some cause disease"],["Virus","A tiny particle that needs a host cell to reproduce"],["Is a virus alive?","Scientists usually say no; it cannot reproduce on its own"],["Fungus","An organism that absorbs nutrients, like mold or yeast"],["Yeast","A single-celled fungus used in baking"],["Mold","A fuzzy fungus that grows on food and damp places"],["Mushroom","The fruiting body of some fungi"],["Protist","A mostly single-celled eukaryote, like an amoeba"],["Amoeba","A protist that moves with pseudopods"],["Paramecium","A slipper-shaped protist covered in cilia"],["Euglena","A protist that can make food and swim with a flagellum"],["Algae","Simple organisms that make food from sunlight, found in water"],["Plankton","Tiny organisms that drift in water"],["Phytoplankton","Plant-like plankton that make food from sunlight"],["Zooplankton","Animal-like plankton"],["Pathogen","A germ that causes disease"],["Infection","When germs enter the body and multiply"],["Antibiotic","Medicine that kills bacteria"],["Do antibiotics work on viruses?","No"],["Vaccine","Prepares the body to fight a specific germ"],["Antibody","A protein the body makes to attack a germ"],["Immunity","The body's ability to resist a disease"],["Contagious","Able to spread from one person to another"],["Quarantine","Keeping sick people apart to stop disease from spreading"],["Sterilize","Kill all microbes on an object"],["Pasteurization","Heating a food to kill harmful germs"],["Who developed pasteurization and early vaccines?","Louis Pasteur"],["Who discovered penicillin in 1928?","Alexander Fleming"],["Who first built a smallpox vaccine in 1796?","Edward Jenner"],["Germ theory","The idea that microbes cause many diseases"],["Fermentation","Microbes turning sugars into other substances, as in bread and yogurt"],["Probiotic","Helpful bacteria that live in the gut and some foods"],["Gut bacteria","Helpful microbes in the intestines that help digest food"],["Decomposers","Microbes and fungi that break down dead things"],["Binary fission","How bacteria reproduce by splitting in two"],["Capsid","The protein coat of a virus"],["Host","An organism a germ or parasite lives in or on"],["Parasite","An organism that lives on or in another and harms it"],["Tapeworm","A parasite that lives in intestines"],["Tick","A tiny arachnid that can carry germs"],["Mosquito-borne disease: malaria","Caused by a parasite spread by mosquitoes"],["Strep throat","An illness caused by bacteria"],["Common cold","An illness caused by viruses"],["Influenza","The flu, caused by a virus"],["Athlete's foot","A skin infection caused by a fungus"],["Why wash hands?","Soap lifts germs off the skin so they rinse away"],["How should you cover a cough?","Into your elbow or a tissue"],["Petri dish","Dish used to grow microbes in labs"],["Agar","Jelly-like food used to grow microbes in a dish"],["Colony","A visible group of microbes grown from one cell"],["Spirillum","A spiral-shaped bacterium"],["Bacillus","A rod-shaped bacterium"],["Coccus","A round bacterium"],["Lichen","A partnership between a fungus and an alga"],["Mycorrhiza","A partnership between fungus and plant roots"],["Penicillium","A mold that gave us the first antibiotic"],["Flagellum on bacteria","A whip-like tail used to swim"],["Spore","A tough cell that survives bad conditions and can grow later"],["Endospore","A hardy dormant form made by some bacteria"],["Epidemic","A disease that spreads quickly in a community"],["Pandemic","A disease that spreads across many countries"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-muscles","id":"bio-muscles","title":"Muscles of the Body","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Major muscles, muscle types and how muscles work.","tags":["muscles","anatomy"],"frontLabel":"Muscle / term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Biceps brachii","Front of the upper arm; bends the elbow"],["Triceps brachii","Back of the upper arm; straightens the elbow"],["Deltoid","Shoulder muscle that lifts the arm"],["Pectoralis major","Large chest muscle"],["Latissimus dorsi","Broad muscle of the back"],["Trapezius","Muscle across the upper back and neck"],["Abdominals","Muscles of the belly that help the trunk bend and twist"],["Gluteus maximus","The largest muscle in the body, in the buttock"],["Quadriceps","Four muscles at the front of the thigh that straighten the knee"],["Hamstrings","Muscles at the back of the thigh that bend the knee"],["Gastrocnemius","The big calf muscle"],["Soleus","Calf muscle lying below the gastrocnemius"],["Tibialis anterior","Muscle on the front of the shin"],["Sartorius","Long strap-like muscle of the thigh"],["Masseter","Chewing muscle in the jaw"],["Orbicularis oculi","Muscle that closes the eyelids"],["Diaphragm","Muscle that helps you breathe"],["Intercostals","Muscles between the ribs"],["Rotator cuff","Group of shoulder muscles that stabilize the joint"],["Achilles tendon","Strong tendon that connects the calf muscles to the heel"],["Skeletal muscle","Voluntary muscle attached to bones; striped"],["Smooth muscle","Involuntary muscle in organs such as the stomach"],["Cardiac muscle","Muscle of the heart"],["Voluntary muscle","One you can control"],["Involuntary muscle","One that works without you thinking"],["Tendon","Connects muscle to bone"],["Ligament","Connects bone to bone"],["Contraction","When a muscle shortens"],["Muscles can only","Pull; they cannot push"],["Antagonistic pair","Two muscles that work in opposite ways, like biceps and triceps"],["Flexor","A muscle that bends a joint"],["Extensor","A muscle that straightens a joint"],["Muscle fiber","A long muscle cell"],["Myofibril","Thread-like part inside a muscle fiber that contracts"],["Actin and myosin","Proteins that slide to make muscles contract"],["ATP","The energy molecule muscles use"],["Lactic acid","A by-product that can build up in tired muscles"],["Muscle tone","The small constant tension in resting muscles"],["Atrophy","Muscle shrinking from not being used"],["Hypertrophy","Muscle growing larger from use"],["Cramp","A sudden painful tightening of a muscle"],["Sprain","An injury that stretches or tears a ligament"],["Strain","An injury that stretches or tears a muscle or tendon"],["Warm up","Gentle exercise before activity to prepare muscles"],["Protein","A nutrient that helps build and repair muscle"],["Fast-twitch fibers","Muscle fibers that contract quickly for sprints"],["Slow-twitch fibers","Muscle fibers that work for a long time without tiring"],["How many muscles do people have, about?","More than 600"],["Which muscle in the body never rests?","The heart"],["Neuromuscular junction","Where a nerve meets a muscle to tell it to contract"],["Extraocular muscles","The six muscles that move each eye"],["Sphincter","A ring-shaped muscle that opens and closes an opening"],["Peristalsis","Waves of smooth muscle squeezing food along"],["Sarcomere","The basic contracting unit of a muscle fiber"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-plants","id":"bio-plants","title":"Plant Science","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Plant parts, processes and types.","tags":["plants","botany"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Roots","Anchor the plant and take in water and minerals"],["Stem","Holds the plant up and carries water and food"],["Leaf","The main place where a plant makes food"],["Flower","The part of a plant that makes seeds"],["Fruit","A ripened ovary that holds seeds"],["Seed","Holds a baby plant and food to start growing"],["Petal","Colorful part of a flower that attracts pollinators"],["Sepal","Green leaf-like part that protects a flower bud"],["Stamen","Male part of a flower that makes pollen"],["Anther","Top of the stamen that holds pollen"],["Filament","The stalk that holds up the anther"],["Pistil","Female part of a flower"],["Stigma","Sticky top of the pistil that catches pollen"],["Style","Tube that connects the stigma to the ovary"],["Ovary","Part of the pistil that holds the ovules"],["Ovule","Part of the ovary that becomes a seed"],["Pollen","Tiny grains that carry male cells of plants"],["Pollination","Moving pollen to the female part of a flower"],["Pollinator","An animal such as a bee that moves pollen"],["Fertilization","When male and female cells join to start a seed"],["Germination","When a seed begins to grow"],["Photosynthesis","Plants turn light, water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen"],["Chlorophyll","Green pigment that captures light"],["Stomata","Tiny leaf openings that let gases in and out"],["Guard cells","Cells that open and close the stomata"],["Transpiration","Water evaporating from leaves"],["Xylem","Tubes that carry water up from the roots"],["Phloem","Tubes that carry sugar through the plant"],["Taproot","One thick main root, like a carrot"],["Fibrous roots","Many thin roots, like grass"],["Root hairs","Tiny extensions that absorb water"],["Cotyledon","A seed leaf that stores food in the seed"],["Monocot","A flowering plant with one seed leaf, like corn and grass"],["Dicot","A flowering plant with two seed leaves, like beans"],["Angiosperm","A plant that makes flowers and fruits"],["Gymnosperm","A plant with seeds not in fruit, like pine trees"],["Conifer","A tree that makes cones, such as pine or spruce"],["Deciduous","A tree that loses its leaves each fall"],["Evergreen","A plant that keeps green leaves all year"],["Annual","A plant that lives one growing season"],["Biennial","A plant that lives two years"],["Perennial","A plant that lives for many years"],["Vascular plant","A plant with tubes for carrying water and food"],["Nonvascular plant","A plant without such tubes, like moss"],["Spore","A tiny cell that can grow into a new fungus or fern or moss"],["Fern","A plant with fronds that reproduces with spores"],["Moss","A small nonvascular plant that grows in damp places"],["Tropism","A plant's growth response to something like light or gravity"],["Phototropism","Growing toward light"],["Gravitropism","Roots growing down and shoots growing up in response to gravity"],["Dormancy","A resting period when growth slows"],["Seed dispersal","How seeds travel away from the parent plant"],["Bulb","An underground storage stem, like an onion or tulip"],["Tuber","A thick underground stem, like a potato"],["Rhizome","An underground stem that spreads sideways"],["Cambium","A thin growing layer that makes new wood and bark"],["Tree rings","Rings in a trunk showing one year of growth each"],["Heartwood","The old, dense center of a tree trunk"],["Bark","The protective outer covering of a tree"],["Carnivorous plant","A plant that traps and digests insects, like a Venus flytrap"],["Parasitic plant","A plant that takes food from another plant"],["Epiphyte","A plant that grows on another plant without harming it"],["Compost","Decayed plant matter that enriches soil"],["Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium","The main nutrients in fertilizer"],["What do plants release during photosynthesis?","Oxygen"],["What do plants take in from air for photosynthesis?","Carbon dioxide"],["Why are leaves green?","They contain chlorophyll"],["Why do leaves change color in fall?","Chlorophyll breaks down and other colors show"],["Sap","Fluid that moves through a plant"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/bio-senses-and-organs","id":"bio-senses-and-organs","title":"Five Senses and Body Parts","category":"science","subject":"Biology","levels":["pre-k","k-2","3-5"],"description":"Simple facts about our senses and what body parts do.","tags":["senses","body"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What do we use to see?","Eyes"],["What do we use to hear?","Ears"],["What do we use to smell?","Nose"],["What do we use to taste?","Tongue"],["What do we use to feel and touch?","Skin"],["How many senses do we have (the basic ones)?","Five"],["What are the five senses?","Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch"],["What pumps blood around the body?","The heart"],["What do we use to breathe?","Lungs"],["What is the control center of the body?","The brain"],["Where does food go after we swallow it?","To the stomach"],["What protects our brain?","The skull"],["What holds us up inside?","Our bones"],["What do muscles do?","Help us move"],["What covers our body?","Skin"],["What do teeth do?","Bite and chew food"],["What does the tongue taste?","Sweet, sour, salty, bitter and savory"],["What part of the eye lets light in?","The pupil"],["What is the colored part of the eye?","The iris"],["What do eyelashes do?","Keep dust out of the eyes"],["What part of the ear can we see?","The outer ear"],["What helps you hear sounds?","Eardrum and tiny bones in the ear"],["Which sense uses the nose?","Smell"],["Which sense uses the tongue?","Taste"],["What is the hardest part of the body?","Tooth enamel"],["How many fingers on two hands?","Ten"],["What happens to baby teeth?","They fall out and adult teeth grow in"],["How many teeth do adults usually have?","32, including wisdom teeth"],["What helps you stay healthy: sleep, food and what else?","Exercise"],["What do we wash with soap to get rid of germs?","Hands"],["What does a doctor use to listen to your heart?","A stethoscope"],["What makes you sneeze?","Your nose clearing out dust or germs"],["What are goosebumps?","Skin bumps from tiny muscles pulling hairs up"],["Why do we sweat?","To cool the body down"],["What is a pulse?","The beat of your heart you can feel in your wrist"],["What fills your lungs when you breathe in?","Air"],["What gas do we breathe out?","Carbon dioxide"],["What gas do we need to breathe in?","Oxygen"],["What do our ears help us do besides hear?","Keep our balance"],["How do we feel hot or cold?","Nerves in the skin sense it"],["Which sense do we use to feel a soft blanket?","Touch"],["Which sense do we use to enjoy music?","Hearing"],["Which sense do we use to read a book?","Sight"],["Which part of the body helps us think?","The brain"],["What is the biggest organ you can see?","Skin"],["What do we call the bones in your back?","Spine"],["What are the bendy places on your arm and leg?","Joints, like elbows and knees"],["What do eyebrows do?","Help keep sweat out of your eyes"],["What do fingernails do?","Protect the tips of fingers"],["What helps blood move through the body?","Heart and blood vessels"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-acids-bases","id":"chem-acids-bases","title":"Acids, Bases and pH","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"The pH scale, properties of acids and bases, and everyday examples.","tags":["acids","bases","pH"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What does pH measure?","How acidic or basic a solution is"],["pH range of the common scale","0 to 14"],["pH of a neutral solution","7"],["Acids have a pH","Less than 7"],["Bases have a pH","Greater than 7"],["pH of pure water","7"],["Taste of acids","Sour (never taste in lab)"],["Feel of bases","Slippery (never touch unknown ones)"],["Taste of bases","Bitter"],["Litmus paper in acid","Turns red"],["Litmus paper in base","Turns blue"],["Phenolphthalein in base","Turns pink"],["Universal indicator","Changes color across the pH scale"],["Indicator","A substance that changes color to show acidity or basicity"],["Neutralization","An acid and a base react to form water and a salt"],["Salt (in chemistry)","An ionic compound made when an acid reacts with a base"],["Lemon juice","An acid, pH about 2"],["Vinegar","An acid, containing acetic acid"],["Stomach acid","Hydrochloric acid, very strong"],["Baking soda","A weak base"],["Soap","A base; it feels slippery"],["Ammonia cleaner","A base"],["Bleach","A strong base, pH about 12 to 13; do not mix with other cleaners"],["Milk","Nearly neutral, slightly acidic"],["Black coffee","A weak acid"],["Orange juice","An acid, pH about 3 to 4"],["Antacid","A base that neutralizes extra stomach acid"],["Citric acid","The acid in lemons and oranges"],["Carbonic acid","A weak acid in fizzy drinks"],["Sulfuric acid","A strong acid used in car batteries and industry"],["Hydrochloric acid","A strong acid, formula HCl"],["Sodium hydroxide","A strong base, formula NaOH, also called lye"],["Each step on the pH scale","Is ten times stronger or weaker than the next"],["Which is more acidic, pH 3 or pH 5?","pH 3, a hundred times more acidic"],["Strong acid","An acid that breaks apart fully in water"],["Weak acid","An acid that only partly breaks apart in water"],["Alkaline","Another word for basic"],["Corrosive","Able to eat away at materials"],["Acid rain","Rain made acidic by pollution, with pH below about 5.6"],["H+","The hydrogen ion that acids release in water"],["OH-","The hydroxide ion that bases release in water"],["Hydronium","H3O+, formed when an acid adds H+ to water"],["Buffer","A solution that resists changes in pH"],["Titration","Adding a solution of known strength drop by drop to find an unknown concentration"],["pH of blood","About 7.4, slightly basic"],["Red cabbage juice","A natural indicator that changes color with pH"],["Mixing vinegar and baking soda makes","Carbon dioxide gas, which fizzes"],["Do acids conduct electricity in water?","Yes, because they form ions"],["Which acid is in ant stings?","Formic acid"],["Which acid is in vinegar?","Acetic acid"],["Which acid is in yogurt and sour milk?","Lactic acid"],["Which acid is in our muscles after hard exercise?","Lactic acid"],["Which scientist invented the pH scale in 1909?","Soren Sorensen"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-atomic-numbers-1-30","id":"chem-atomic-numbers-1-30","title":"Elements 1 to 30","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Atomic numbers 1 to 30 with each element's name and symbol.","tags":["periodic table","atomic number"],"frontLabel":"Atomic number","backLabel":"Element","cards":[["1","Hydrogen (H)"],["2","Helium (He)"],["3","Lithium (Li)"],["4","Beryllium (Be)"],["5","Boron (B)"],["6","Carbon (C)"],["7","Nitrogen (N)"],["8","Oxygen (O)"],["9","Fluorine (F)"],["10","Neon (Ne)"],["11","Sodium (Na)"],["12","Magnesium (Mg)"],["13","Aluminum (Al)"],["14","Silicon (Si)"],["15","Phosphorus (P)"],["16","Sulfur (S)"],["17","Chlorine (Cl)"],["18","Argon (Ar)"],["19","Potassium (K)"],["20","Calcium (Ca)"],["21","Scandium (Sc)"],["22","Titanium (Ti)"],["23","Vanadium (V)"],["24","Chromium (Cr)"],["25","Manganese (Mn)"],["26","Iron (Fe)"],["27","Cobalt (Co)"],["28","Nickel (Ni)"],["29","Copper (Cu)"],["30","Zinc (Zn)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-atomic-numbers-31-60","id":"chem-atomic-numbers-31-60","title":"Elements 31 to 60","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Atomic numbers 31 to 60 with each element's name and symbol.","tags":["periodic table","atomic number"],"frontLabel":"Atomic number","backLabel":"Element","cards":[["31","Gallium (Ga)"],["32","Germanium (Ge)"],["33","Arsenic (As)"],["34","Selenium (Se)"],["35","Bromine (Br)"],["36","Krypton (Kr)"],["37","Rubidium (Rb)"],["38","Strontium (Sr)"],["39","Yttrium (Y)"],["40","Zirconium (Zr)"],["41","Niobium (Nb)"],["42","Molybdenum (Mo)"],["43","Technetium (Tc)"],["44","Ruthenium (Ru)"],["45","Rhodium (Rh)"],["46","Palladium (Pd)"],["47","Silver (Ag)"],["48","Cadmium (Cd)"],["49","Indium (In)"],["50","Tin (Sn)"],["51","Antimony (Sb)"],["52","Tellurium (Te)"],["53","Iodine (I)"],["54","Xenon (Xe)"],["55","Cesium (Cs)"],["56","Barium (Ba)"],["57","Lanthanum (La)"],["58","Cerium (Ce)"],["59","Praseodymium (Pr)"],["60","Neodymium (Nd)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-atomic-numbers-61-90","id":"chem-atomic-numbers-61-90","title":"Elements 61 to 90","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["college"],"description":"Atomic numbers 61 to 90 with each element's name and symbol.","tags":["periodic table","atomic number"],"frontLabel":"Atomic number","backLabel":"Element","cards":[["61","Promethium (Pm)"],["62","Samarium (Sm)"],["63","Europium (Eu)"],["64","Gadolinium (Gd)"],["65","Terbium (Tb)"],["66","Dysprosium (Dy)"],["67","Holmium (Ho)"],["68","Erbium (Er)"],["69","Thulium (Tm)"],["70","Ytterbium (Yb)"],["71","Lutetium (Lu)"],["72","Hafnium (Hf)"],["73","Tantalum (Ta)"],["74","Tungsten (W)"],["75","Rhenium (Re)"],["76","Osmium (Os)"],["77","Iridium (Ir)"],["78","Platinum (Pt)"],["79","Gold (Au)"],["80","Mercury (Hg)"],["81","Thallium (Tl)"],["82","Lead (Pb)"],["83","Bismuth (Bi)"],["84","Polonium (Po)"],["85","Astatine (At)"],["86","Radon (Rn)"],["87","Francium (Fr)"],["88","Radium (Ra)"],["89","Actinium (Ac)"],["90","Thorium (Th)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-atomic-numbers-91-118","id":"chem-atomic-numbers-91-118","title":"Elements 91 to 118","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["college"],"description":"Atomic numbers 91 to 118 with each element's name and symbol.","tags":["periodic table","atomic number"],"frontLabel":"Atomic number","backLabel":"Element","cards":[["91","Protactinium (Pa)"],["92","Uranium (U)"],["93","Neptunium (Np)"],["94","Plutonium (Pu)"],["95","Americium (Am)"],["96","Curium (Cm)"],["97","Berkelium (Bk)"],["98","Californium (Cf)"],["99","Einsteinium (Es)"],["100","Fermium (Fm)"],["101","Mendelevium (Md)"],["102","Nobelium (No)"],["103","Lawrencium (Lr)"],["104","Rutherfordium (Rf)"],["105","Dubnium (Db)"],["106","Seaborgium (Sg)"],["107","Bohrium (Bh)"],["108","Hassium (Hs)"],["109","Meitnerium (Mt)"],["110","Darmstadtium (Ds)"],["111","Roentgenium (Rg)"],["112","Copernicium (Cn)"],["113","Nihonium (Nh)"],["114","Flerovium (Fl)"],["115","Moscovium (Mc)"],["116","Livermorium (Lv)"],["117","Tennessine (Ts)"],["118","Oganesson (Og)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-basic-terms","id":"chem-basic-terms","title":"Chemistry Vocabulary","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Key words for atoms, bonds, reactions and mixtures.","tags":["chemistry","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Atom","The smallest unit of an element that still has its properties"],["Molecule","Two or more atoms joined together"],["Element","A pure substance made of only one kind of atom"],["Compound","A substance made of two or more elements chemically joined"],["Mixture","Two or more substances together but not chemically joined"],["Proton","Positive particle in the nucleus"],["Neutron","Particle with no charge in the nucleus"],["Electron","Tiny negative particle that moves around the nucleus"],["Nucleus","The center of an atom, holding protons and neutrons"],["Ion","An atom or group of atoms with an electric charge"],["Cation","A positive ion"],["Anion","A negative ion"],["Ionic bond","A bond formed when electrons move from one atom to another"],["Covalent bond","A bond formed when atoms share electrons"],["Metallic bond","A bond in which electrons flow freely among metal atoms"],["Chemical formula","Symbols and numbers showing what atoms make up a substance"],["Chemical reaction","A process in which substances change into new substances"],["Reactant","A starting substance in a chemical reaction"],["Product","A substance made by a chemical reaction"],["Chemical equation","A way to show a reaction using formulas"],["Law of conservation of mass","Matter is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction"],["Catalyst","A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up"],["Enzyme","A biological catalyst, made of protein"],["Solution","A mixture that is the same all the way through"],["Solute","The substance that is dissolved"],["Solvent","The substance that does the dissolving"],["Solubility","How much of a substance can dissolve in a solvent"],["Concentration","How much solute is in a certain amount of solution"],["Saturated solution","One that cannot dissolve any more solute"],["Suspension","A mixture with particles that settle out if left alone"],["Colloid","A mixture with tiny particles that stay spread out, like milk"],["Density","How much mass is in a given volume"],["Mass","The amount of matter in an object"],["Volume","The amount of space something takes up"],["Physical change","A change in form that does not make a new substance"],["Chemical change","A change that makes new substances"],["Physical property","A trait you can observe without changing the substance, like color"],["Chemical property","How a substance can change into another, like flammability"],["Exothermic reaction","A reaction that gives off heat"],["Endothermic reaction","A reaction that takes in heat"],["Oxidation","A reaction in which a substance loses electrons or combines with oxygen"],["Reduction","A reaction in which a substance gains electrons"],["Precipitate","A solid that forms from a liquid solution during a reaction"],["Distillation","Separating liquids by boiling and condensing them"],["Filtration","Separating solids from liquids using a filter"],["Evaporation","A liquid changing to a gas at its surface"],["Condensation","A gas changing into a liquid"],["Mole","A unit for counting atoms: 6.02 x 10^23 particles"],["Avogadro's number","6.02 x 10^23, the number of particles in one mole"],["Molar mass","The mass of one mole of a substance"],["Valence electron","An electron in the outer shell that takes part in bonding"],["Atomic number","Number of protons in an atom"],["Mass number","Protons plus neutrons in an atom"],["Isotope","Atoms of one element with different numbers of neutrons"],["Radioactivity","The giving off of energy and particles by unstable atoms"],["Half-life","Time it takes half of a radioactive sample to decay"],["Polymer","A large molecule made of many repeating units"],["Organic compound","A compound built on carbon, usually with hydrogen"],["Allotrope","One of different forms of the same element, like diamond and graphite"],["Alloy","A mixture of metals, such as brass or steel"],["Corrosion","The slow wearing away of metal by chemical reaction"],["Combustion","Burning: a fast reaction of a fuel with oxygen"],["Synthesis reaction","Two or more substances combine to make one product"],["Decomposition reaction","One compound breaks down into simpler substances"],["Electrolysis","Using electricity to split a compound"],["Inert","Not reacting easily with other substances"],["Reactivity","How easily a substance takes part in chemical reactions"],["Malleable","Able to be hammered into thin sheets"],["Ductile","Able to be pulled into wire"],["Conductor","A material that lets heat or electricity flow easily"],["Insulator","A material that does not let heat or electricity flow easily"],["Electronegativity","How strongly an atom pulls on shared electrons"],["Periodic law","Element properties repeat in a pattern as atomic number goes up"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-compound-formulas","id":"chem-compound-formulas","title":"Common Chemical Formulas","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Names and formulas of everyday compounds.","tags":["formulas","compounds"],"frontLabel":"Compound","backLabel":"Formula","cards":[["Water","H2O"],["Carbon dioxide","CO2"],["Carbon monoxide","CO"],["Oxygen gas","O2"],["Hydrogen gas","H2"],["Nitrogen gas","N2"],["Ozone","O3"],["Table salt (sodium chloride)","NaCl"],["Hydrogen peroxide","H2O2"],["Methane","CH4"],["Ethane","C2H6"],["Propane","C3H8"],["Butane","C4H10"],["Ethanol","C2H5OH"],["Glucose","C6H12O6"],["Sucrose (table sugar)","C12H22O11"],["Ammonia","NH3"],["Ammonium ion","NH4+"],["Hydrochloric acid","HCl"],["Sulfuric acid","H2SO4"],["Nitric acid","HNO3"],["Acetic acid","CH3COOH"],["Carbonic acid","H2CO3"],["Phosphoric acid","H3PO4"],["Sodium hydroxide","NaOH"],["Potassium hydroxide","KOH"],["Calcium hydroxide","Ca(OH)2"],["Calcium carbonate (limestone, chalk)","CaCO3"],["Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)","NaHCO3"],["Sodium carbonate (washing soda)","Na2CO3"],["Calcium oxide (quicklime)","CaO"],["Magnesium oxide","MgO"],["Iron(III) oxide (rust)","Fe2O3"],["Aluminum oxide","Al2O3"],["Silicon dioxide (quartz, sand)","SiO2"],["Sulfur dioxide","SO2"],["Nitrogen dioxide","NO2"],["Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)","N2O"],["Sodium nitrate","NaNO3"],["Potassium chloride","KCl"],["Calcium chloride","CaCl2"],["Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt)","MgSO4"],["Copper sulfate","CuSO4"],["Silver nitrate","AgNO3"],["Potassium permanganate","KMnO4"],["Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)","NaOCl"],["Calcium sulfate (gypsum)","CaSO4"],["Zinc oxide","ZnO"],["Hydrogen sulfide","H2S"],["Hydrogen fluoride","HF"],["Lithium fluoride","LiF"],["Potassium iodide","KI"],["Titanium dioxide","TiO2"],["Acetylene","C2H2"],["Ethylene","C2H4"],["Benzene","C6H6"],["Urea","CH4N2O or (NH2)2CO"],["Sulfate ion","SO4 2-"],["Nitrate ion","NO3-"],["Carbonate ion","CO3 2-"],["Hydroxide ion","OH-"],["Phosphate ion","PO4 3-"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-element-facts","id":"chem-element-facts","title":"Element Facts","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Fun and useful facts about well-known elements.","tags":["periodic table","elements"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Which element is the lightest and most common in the universe?","Hydrogen"],["Which gas makes up about 78% of Earth's air?","Nitrogen"],["Which gas do we breathe in to live, about 21% of the air?","Oxygen"],["Which element is the basis of all known life?","Carbon"],["Which two forms of pure carbon are very different: one soft and one super hard?","Graphite and diamond"],["Which noble gas is used to fill party balloons that float?","Helium"],["Which element is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature?","Mercury"],["Which element has the symbol Au and is a shiny yellow metal?","Gold"],["Which metal is used in most electrical wires?","Copper"],["Which metal is the main ingredient of steel?","Iron"],["Which element do bones and teeth need, found in milk?","Calcium"],["Which element is in table salt along with chlorine?","Sodium"],["Which gas is used to disinfect swimming pools?","Chlorine"],["Which noble gas glows red-orange in signs?","Neon"],["Which element is the most common metal in Earth's crust?","Aluminum"],["Which element is the second most common in Earth's crust, found in sand and glass?","Silicon"],["Which element is used in computer chips?","Silicon"],["Which metal is a good conductor and is used for jewelry and mirrors, symbol Ag?","Silver"],["Which element makes matches burn and is found in DNA?","Phosphorus"],["Which yellow solid smells like rotten eggs in some compounds?","Sulfur"],["Which element helps prevent tooth decay in toothpaste?","Fluorine, as fluoride"],["Which element is needed in the thyroid gland and is added to table salt?","Iodine"],["Which element is at the center of the Sun's fuel and fuses into helium?","Hydrogen"],["Which element is the second most abundant in the universe?","Helium"],["Which element is the hardest natural material (a form of carbon)?","Diamond, which is carbon"],["Which metal is used to coat steel to stop rust, as in galvanizing?","Zinc"],["Which heavy, soft metal is used in car batteries?","Lead"],["Which element has the highest atomic number that occurs naturally in large amounts in Earth's crust?","Uranium (92)"],["Which element is named after the Sun's Greek name Helios?","Helium"],["Which metal is attracted to magnets and is the core of Earth?","Iron"],["Which light metal is used for airplane parts and soda cans?","Aluminum"],["Which bright white metal burns with a dazzling flame and is in fireworks and flares?","Magnesium"],["Which metal is soft enough to cut with a knife and reacts violently with water?","Sodium"],["Which element is the N in fertilizer labels like N-P-K?","Nitrogen"],["Which metal is mixed with copper to make bronze?","Tin"],["Which element is a purple-black solid that turns into purple vapor when heated?","Iodine"],["Which noble gas is used in light bulbs to protect the filament?","Argon"],["Which element is named for Poland, the homeland of Marie Curie?","Polonium"],["Which element was named after Marie and Pierre Curie?","Curium"],["Which element is named after Albert Einstein?","Einsteinium"],["Which element is named after Dmitri Mendeleev?","Mendelevium"],["Which element is named after Niels Bohr?","Bohrium"],["Which element is named after planet Neptune?","Neptunium"],["Which element is named after planet Uranus?","Uranium"],["Which element is named after the Greek word for \"green\"?","Chlorine (from chloros)"],["Which element is named after the state of California?","Californium"],["Which element is named after Selene, the Greek moon goddess?","Selenium"],["Which element is used to make the strongest magnets, the neodymium kind?","Neodymium"],["Which element is the most electronegative?","Fluorine"],["Which element is a green poisonous gas used long ago and in swimming pools?","Chlorine"],["Which metal is the best conductor of electricity?","Silver"],["Which element makes up the largest part of the human body by mass?","Oxygen"],["What is the most abundant element in the human body by number of atoms?","Hydrogen"],["Which element is liquid at room temperature besides mercury, a reddish-brown liquid?","Bromine"],["Which element has the symbol Pt and is very valuable and does not tarnish?","Platinum"],["Which metal has the highest melting point of all metals?","Tungsten"],["Which element is used in the filaments of old light bulbs?","Tungsten"],["Which element is a radioactive gas found in some basements?","Radon"],["Which element is used in nuclear power plants as fuel?","Uranium"],["Which element is the first in the noble gas family?","Helium"],["Which element is a shiny gray solid that is a metalloid and used in solar panels?","Silicon"],["Which element makes the flame of some fireworks red?","Strontium"],["Which element makes the flame of some fireworks green?","Barium"],["Which element makes the flame of some fireworks blue?","Copper"],["Which element is in chlorophyll at the center of the molecule?","Magnesium"],["Which element is at the center of hemoglobin and helps carry oxygen in blood?","Iron"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-element-symbols","id":"chem-element-symbols","title":"Element Symbols","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The chemical symbols for the most common elements.","tags":["periodic table","symbols"],"frontLabel":"Element","backLabel":"Symbol","cards":[["Hydrogen","H"],["Helium","He"],["Lithium","Li"],["Beryllium","Be"],["Boron","B"],["Carbon","C"],["Nitrogen","N"],["Oxygen","O"],["Fluorine","F"],["Neon","Ne"],["Sodium","Na","From the Latin natrium"],["Magnesium","Mg"],["Aluminum","Al"],["Silicon","Si"],["Phosphorus","P"],["Sulfur","S"],["Chlorine","Cl"],["Argon","Ar"],["Potassium","K","From the Latin kalium"],["Calcium","Ca"],["Scandium","Sc"],["Titanium","Ti"],["Vanadium","V"],["Chromium","Cr"],["Manganese","Mn"],["Iron","Fe","From the Latin ferrum"],["Cobalt","Co"],["Nickel","Ni"],["Copper","Cu","From the Latin cuprum"],["Zinc","Zn"],["Gallium","Ga"],["Germanium","Ge"],["Arsenic","As"],["Selenium","Se"],["Bromine","Br"],["Krypton","Kr"],["Rubidium","Rb"],["Strontium","Sr"],["Zirconium","Zr"],["Molybdenum","Mo"],["Silver","Ag","From the Latin argentum"],["Cadmium","Cd"],["Tin","Sn","From the Latin stannum"],["Antimony","Sb","From the Latin stibium"],["Iodine","I"],["Xenon","Xe"],["Cesium","Cs"],["Barium","Ba"],["Tungsten","W","From the German wolfram"],["Platinum","Pt"],["Gold","Au","From the Latin aurum"],["Mercury","Hg","From the Latin hydrargyrum"],["Lead","Pb","From the Latin plumbum"],["Bismuth","Bi"],["Radon","Rn"],["Radium","Ra"],["Uranium","U"],["Plutonium","Pu"],["Neodymium","Nd"],["Lanthanum","La"],["Cerium","Ce"],["Thorium","Th"],["Iridium","Ir"],["Osmium","Os"],["Palladium","Pd"],["Tellurium","Te"],["Francium","Fr"],["Astatine","At"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-lab-equipment","id":"chem-lab-equipment","title":"Lab Equipment","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Common science lab tools and what they are used for.","tags":["lab equipment","tools"],"frontLabel":"Tool","backLabel":"Use","cards":[["Beaker","Holds, mixes and heats liquids; rough measuring only"],["Erlenmeyer flask","Cone-shaped flask for mixing and swirling liquids"],["Florence flask","Round flask with a long neck for heating liquids"],["Graduated cylinder","Measures the volume of a liquid accurately"],["Test tube","Holds small amounts of material for tests"],["Test tube rack","Holds test tubes upright"],["Test tube holder","Grips a hot test tube"],["Test tube brush","Cleans the inside of test tubes"],["Bunsen burner","Gas burner used for heating"],["Hot plate","Electric surface for heating"],["Tongs","Pick up hot objects"],["Crucible tongs","Hold crucibles that are very hot"],["Crucible","Small cup for heating substances to very high temperatures"],["Ring stand","Metal stand that supports other lab equipment"],["Ring clamp","Attaches to a ring stand to hold a flask or funnel"],["Wire gauze","Spreads heat evenly under a beaker"],["Tripod","Three-legged stand to hold items over a flame"],["Funnel","Directs liquids into small openings"],["Filter paper","Traps solids when pouring a mixture through a funnel"],["Pipette","Moves small amounts of liquid, drop by drop"],["Dropper","Adds liquid in small drops"],["Buret","Long tube with a valve to deliver exact amounts of liquid"],["Volumetric flask","Makes solutions of an exact volume"],["Watch glass","Curved glass dish for holding or covering small samples"],["Petri dish","Shallow dish for growing cultures or holding samples"],["Evaporating dish","Used to evaporate liquid and leave the solid"],["Mortar and pestle","Grinds solids into powder"],["Spatula","Scoops and transfers solid chemicals"],["Stirring rod","Glass rod used to mix liquids"],["Forceps","Small tweezers for picking up tiny items"],["Balance (scale)","Measures mass"],["Triple beam balance","Measures mass by sliding weights on three beams"],["Thermometer","Measures temperature"],["Stopwatch","Measures time"],["Microscope","Magnifies tiny objects"],["Slide","Thin glass that holds a sample under a microscope"],["Cover slip","Thin square of glass or plastic placed over a sample on a slide"],["Magnifying glass","A lens that makes small things look larger"],["Meter stick","Measures length in centimeters and millimeters"],["Ruler","Measures short lengths"],["Safety goggles","Protect the eyes"],["pH paper","Paper that changes color to show if something is an acid or base"],["Litmus paper","Paper that turns red in acid and blue in base"],["Wash bottle","Squeeze bottle that holds water for rinsing"],["Dissecting pan","Tray used to hold specimens for dissection"],["Scalpel","Small sharp blade for dissection, used only by trained users"],["Dissecting probe","Pointer used to move parts of a specimen"],["Centrifuge","Spins samples quickly to separate parts by density"],["Desiccator","Sealed container that keeps things dry"],["Fume hood","Ventilated enclosure that removes harmful fumes"],["Spring scale","Measures force or weight"],["Barometer","Measures air pressure"],["Hydrometer","Measures the density of a liquid"],["Calorimeter","Measures heat given off or taken in by a reaction"],["Spectroscope","Splits light into a spectrum"],["Telescope","Makes distant objects like stars look closer"],["Compass","Shows direction by pointing toward magnetic north"],["Anemometer","Measures wind speed"],["Rain gauge","Measures how much rain falls"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-lab-safety","id":"chem-lab-safety","title":"Lab Safety Rules","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Safe habits and safety gear for the science lab.","tags":["lab safety"],"frontLabel":"Situation","backLabel":"What to do","cards":[["Before starting a lab","Read the directions and listen to your teacher"],["Goggles","Wear them to protect your eyes whenever told to"],["Long hair","Tie it back so it stays away from flames and chemicals"],["Loose sleeves and jewelry","Roll up or remove them so they don't catch"],["Shoes in lab","Wear closed-toe shoes, never sandals"],["Lab apron or coat","Wear it to protect skin and clothes"],["Gloves","Wear them when handling chemicals your teacher says need them"],["Eating and drinking in the lab","Never do it"],["Tasting chemicals","Never taste anything in the lab"],["Smelling a chemical","Waft the fumes toward your nose with your hand; don't sniff directly"],["Running in the lab","Don't; walk calmly"],["Spill","Tell your teacher right away"],["Broken glass","Tell your teacher; don't pick it up with bare hands"],["Hot object","Use tongs or heat-proof gloves and treat it as hot"],["Heating a test tube","Point the opening away from yourself and others"],["Bunsen burner","Keep flammable things away and never leave it unattended"],["Lighting a burner","Light the match first, then turn on the gas, with teacher watching"],["Adding acid to water","Always add acid slowly to water, never water to acid"],["Mixing unknown chemicals","Never do it"],["Labels","Read the label twice before using a chemical"],["Unused chemicals","Never pour them back in the original bottle"],["Waste","Dispose of it the way your teacher says"],["After the lab","Wash your hands with soap and water"],["Eyewash station","Use it right away to flush chemicals from the eyes"],["Safety shower","Used to rinse chemicals off the body in an emergency"],["Fire extinguisher","Used to put out small fires, after telling the teacher"],["Fire blanket","Wraps around a person to smother flames"],["Clothes on fire","Stop, drop and roll"],["Fume hood","A ventilated cabinet that pulls harmful fumes away"],["Hazard symbol with a flame","Flammable: can catch fire"],["Hazard symbol with a skull and crossbones","Toxic: can poison"],["Hazard symbol with an exclamation mark","Irritant or other less severe health hazard"],["Hazard symbol with a corroded hand","Corrosive: can damage skin and metal"],["Hazard symbol with an exploding bomb","Explosive or reactive"],["Hazard symbol with a dead tree and fish","Harmful to the environment"],["SDS","Safety Data Sheet: tells how to handle a chemical safely"],["Using electrical equipment","Keep cords and hands dry and away from water"],["Working alone in the lab","Don't; always have an adult present"],["Horseplay","Never; it causes accidents"],["Pouring from a bottle","Hold the label side up against your palm"],["Cleaning up","Leave your work area clean and tidy"],["Cuts or burns","Tell the teacher at once"],["Glassware that is cracked","Do not use it; give it to the teacher"],["Carrying a microscope","Use two hands, one on the arm and one under the base"],["Testing something that might be hot","Hold your hand near, not on it"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-periodic-table-groups","id":"chem-periodic-table-groups","title":"Periodic Table Families and Layout","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Groups, periods and families of the periodic table.","tags":["periodic table","groups"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Group","A column of the periodic table; elements in it act alike"],["Period","A row of the periodic table"],["How many groups are in the standard periodic table?","18"],["How many periods are in the standard periodic table?","7"],["Alkali metals","Group 1 (except hydrogen): very reactive soft metals like sodium"],["Alkaline earth metals","Group 2: reactive metals like calcium and magnesium"],["Transition metals","The block in the middle, like iron, copper and gold"],["Halogens","Group 17: reactive nonmetals like chlorine and iodine"],["Noble gases","Group 18: very unreactive gases like helium and neon"],["Metalloids","Elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals, like silicon"],["Nonmetals","Elements that are usually dull, brittle and poor conductors"],["Metals","Shiny elements that conduct heat and electricity and can be shaped"],["Lanthanides","Row of 15 elements shown below the main table, from lanthanum"],["Actinides","Row of 15 elements shown below the main table, from actinium"],["Atomic number","The number of protons in an atom's nucleus"],["Atomic mass","The average mass of an element's atoms, in atomic mass units"],["Element symbol","One or two letters standing for an element; the first is capital"],["Who created the first widely used periodic table in 1869?","Dmitri Mendeleev"],["How did Mendeleev arrange the elements?","By atomic mass, leaving gaps for undiscovered elements"],["How is the modern table arranged?","By increasing atomic number"],["Valence electrons","Electrons in an atom's outermost shell"],["How many valence electrons do halogens have?","7"],["How many valence electrons do alkali metals have?","1"],["How many valence electrons do most noble gases have?","8 (helium has 2)"],["Which group contains carbon?","Group 14"],["Which group contains oxygen?","Group 16"],["Which group contains nitrogen?","Group 15"],["Which element is placed alone at the top-left, and is not an alkali metal?","Hydrogen"],["Which side of the table holds mostly metals?","The left side and middle"],["Which side of the table holds the nonmetals?","The upper right"],["What is the zigzag line on the right side of the table for?","It separates metals from nonmetals; metalloids sit along it"],["Why are noble gases unreactive?","Their outer electron shell is full"],["Why do elements in a group act alike?","They have the same number of valence electrons"],["Which period 1 elements exist?","Hydrogen and helium"],["Which is the lightest metal, atomic number 3?","Lithium"],["Synthetic element","One made in a lab and not found in nature in large amounts"],["Radioactive element","An element whose atoms break down and give off energy"],["Which element has the lowest atomic number?","Hydrogen (1)"],["Isotope","Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/chem-states-of-matter","id":"chem-states-of-matter","title":"States of Matter","category":"science","subject":"Chemistry","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Solids, liquids, gases, plasma and how matter changes state.","tags":["matter","states"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Matter","Anything that has mass and takes up space"],["Solid","Matter with a fixed shape and fixed volume"],["Liquid","Matter with a fixed volume that takes the shape of its container"],["Gas","Matter with no fixed shape or volume; it spreads out to fill space"],["Plasma","A hot, glowing state of matter made of charged particles"],["Where is plasma found?","In stars, lightning and neon signs"],["Bose-Einstein condensate","A state of matter formed near absolute zero where atoms act as one"],["Particles in a solid","Packed close and only vibrate in place"],["Particles in a liquid","Close together but able to slide past each other"],["Particles in a gas","Far apart and moving fast in all directions"],["Melting","Solid turns to liquid"],["Freezing","Liquid turns to solid"],["Evaporation","Liquid turns to gas at the surface"],["Boiling","Liquid turns to gas throughout, with bubbles"],["Condensation","Gas turns to liquid"],["Sublimation","Solid turns straight into gas"],["Deposition","Gas turns straight into solid"],["Melting point of water","0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit)"],["Boiling point of water","100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit) at sea level"],["Example of sublimation","Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) turning into gas"],["Example of deposition","Frost forming on a cold window"],["Is steam a gas or liquid droplets?","Invisible steam is a gas; the white cloud you see is tiny liquid drops"],["Does heating add or remove energy?","It adds energy, making particles move faster"],["What happens to particles when matter cools?","They slow down"],["Which state is the easiest to squeeze?","Gas"],["Which state is almost impossible to squeeze?","Solid and liquid"],["Does a liquid have a definite volume?","Yes"],["Does a gas have a definite volume?","No"],["Is ice a solid, liquid or gas?","Solid"],["Is water vapor a solid, liquid or gas?","Gas"],["Is air a solid, liquid or gas?","A mixture of gases"],["Is honey a solid or liquid?","Liquid"],["Is sand a solid?","Yes; each grain is a tiny solid"],["Which is denser, ice or liquid water?","Liquid water; ice floats"],["Why does ice float?","Water expands as it freezes, so ice is less dense"],["Viscosity","How much a liquid resists flowing"],["Surface tension","The pull between liquid molecules that makes a skin at the surface"],["Compressibility","How much a material can be squeezed into less space"],["Vapor","The gas form of a substance that is usually a liquid or solid"],["Freezing point","The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid"],["Latent heat","Energy absorbed or released during a change of state without changing temperature"],["Phase diagram","A graph showing the state of a substance at different temperatures and pressures"],["Absolute zero","The lowest possible temperature, -273.15 degrees Celsius"],["Pressure","Force pushing on a surface"],["Kinetic theory of matter","All matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion"],["Diffusion","Particles spreading from where there are many to where there are few"],["Which state of matter makes up most of the visible universe?","Plasma"],["Dry ice is made of what?","Frozen carbon dioxide"],["Is a cloud made of gas?","It is made of tiny liquid droplets or ice crystals in air"],["Is toothpaste a solid or liquid?","It acts like both, a gel-like material"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/dinosaurs","id":"dinosaurs","title":"Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life","category":"science","subject":"Paleontology","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Famous dinosaurs, eras and fossil words.","tags":["dinosaurs","fossils","paleontology"],"frontLabel":"Dinosaur / term","backLabel":"Facts","cards":[["Tyrannosaurus rex","A huge meat-eating dinosaur with a powerful bite and tiny arms"],["Triceratops","A plant eater with three horns and a bony frill"],["Stegosaurus","A plant eater with back plates and a spiked tail"],["Velociraptor","A small feathered meat eater about the size of a turkey"],["Brachiosaurus","A tall, long-necked plant eater"],["Diplodocus","A very long plant eater with a whip-like tail"],["Apatosaurus","A huge long-necked plant eater, once called Brontosaurus"],["Ankylosaurus","An armored plant eater with a club tail"],["Spinosaurus","A large meat eater with a sail on its back that lived near water"],["Allosaurus","A large meat eater from the Jurassic"],["Giganotosaurus","A giant meat eater from South America"],["Parasaurolophus","A duck-billed dinosaur with a long hollow crest"],["Iguanodon","A plant eater with thumb spikes"],["Pachycephalosaurus","A dinosaur with a thick domed skull"],["Compsognathus","A tiny chicken-sized meat eater"],["Argentinosaurus","One of the largest known land animals, a titanosaur"],["Archaeopteryx","An early feathered animal linking dinosaurs and birds"],["Microraptor","A small four-winged feathered dinosaur"],["Oviraptor","A feathered dinosaur whose name means egg thief, though it was probably a good parent"],["Maiasaura","A duck-billed dinosaur whose name means good mother lizard"],["Gallimimus","A fast, ostrich-like dinosaur"],["Utahraptor","A big raptor from Utah"],["Dilophosaurus","An early meat eater with two crests"],["Carnotaurus","A meat eater with horns over its eyes"],["Protoceratops","A small horned dinosaur that lived in Mongolia"],["Pteranodon","A flying reptile (pterosaur) that was not a dinosaur"],["Quetzalcoatlus","A giant pterosaur with a huge wingspan"],["Mosasaurus","A giant sea reptile, not a dinosaur"],["Plesiosaur","A long-necked sea reptile, not a dinosaur"],["Ichthyosaur","A dolphin-shaped sea reptile"],["Dimetrodon","A sail-backed animal older than dinosaurs, not a dinosaur"],["Woolly mammoth","An ice age elephant relative with long tusks"],["Saber-toothed cat","An ice age cat with long upper teeth"],["Megalodon","A huge extinct shark"],["Trilobite","An ancient sea arthropod found as fossils"],["Mesozoic Era","The age of dinosaurs, about 252 to 66 million years ago"],["Triassic Period","First part of the Mesozoic; the first dinosaurs appear"],["Jurassic Period","Middle part of the Mesozoic; long-necked giants and early birds"],["Cretaceous Period","Last part of the Mesozoic; T. rex and Triceratops lived"],["How long ago did non-bird dinosaurs die out?","About 66 million years ago"],["What likely caused the dinosaur extinction?","A giant asteroid hit Earth"],["Where did the asteroid land?","Near the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico (Chicxulub)"],["Do dinosaurs still live today?","Yes, as birds"],["Fossil","The preserved remains or traces of ancient life"],["Paleontologist","A scientist who studies fossils"],["Trace fossil","Evidence like footprints or burrows"],["Coprolite","Fossilized dung"],["Amber","Fossilized tree resin that can trap insects"],["Mold fossil","An imprint left in rock"],["Petrified wood","Wood turned to stone by minerals"],["Herbivore","Plant eater"],["Carnivore","Meat eater"],["Omnivore","Eats both plants and meat"],["Sauropod","A giant long-necked, four-legged plant eater"],["Theropod","A two-legged mostly meat-eating dinosaur"],["Ornithopod","A plant-eating dinosaur like duck-billed hadrosaurs"],["Ceratopsian","A horned, frilled dinosaur like Triceratops"],["Dinosaur means","Terrible lizard"],["Who coined the word dinosaur in 1842?","Richard Owen"],["Mary Anning","A fossil collector who found early marine reptile skeletons in England"],["Dinosaur National Monument","A park in Utah and Colorado with fossil bones"],["Sue","A famous T. rex skeleton at the Field Museum in Chicago"],["Longest dinosaurs","Some sauropods grew over 30 meters long"],["Egg-laying","Dinosaurs laid eggs in nests"],["Feathers","Many dinosaurs, especially raptors, had feathers"],["Pangaea","The supercontinent where early dinosaurs lived"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-clouds","id":"earth-clouds","title":"Cloud Types","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The cloud types and what weather they bring.","tags":["clouds","weather"],"frontLabel":"Cloud","backLabel":"Description","cards":[["Cirrus","High, thin, wispy clouds made of ice crystals"],["Cirrostratus","High, thin sheet that can make a halo around the Sun"],["Cirrocumulus","High, small rippled clouds in rows"],["Altostratus","Middle-level gray or blue-gray sheet that can cover the sky"],["Altocumulus","Middle-level puffy patches in rows"],["Stratus","Low gray layer like fog above the ground"],["Stratocumulus","Low, lumpy gray and white clouds"],["Nimbostratus","Thick, dark layer that brings steady rain or snow"],["Cumulus","Fluffy white clouds with flat bottoms"],["Cumulonimbus","Tall thunderstorm clouds"],["Which cloud makes thunderstorms?","Cumulonimbus"],["Which cloud usually means fair weather?","Cumulus"],["Which clouds are the highest?","Cirrus family"],["Which clouds are low-level?","Stratus, stratocumulus and nimbostratus"],["What does cirro- mean?","High, wispy or curly"],["What does stratus mean?","Layer or sheet"],["What does cumulus mean?","Heap or pile"],["What does nimbus mean?","Rain-bearing"],["What does alto- mean?","Middle level"],["Contrail","A cloud-like trail left behind by a high-flying airplane"],["Fog","A cloud that touches the ground"],["Mist","A thin fog with tiny water droplets"],["Lenticular cloud","A smooth, lens-shaped cloud often near mountains"],["Mammatus cloud","Pouch-like bulges on the underside of a cloud"],["Noctilucent cloud","Very high thin cloud that glows at twilight"],["Anvil cloud","The flat top of a cumulonimbus"],["Funnel cloud","A rotating cone of cloud that hasn't touched the ground"],["Shelf cloud","Low wedge-shaped cloud at the front of a storm"],["Wall cloud","A lowered cloud base under a storm that can produce tornadoes"],["How do clouds form?","Rising air cools and water vapor condenses on tiny particles"],["What are clouds made of?","Tiny water droplets or ice crystals"],["Why do clouds float?","The droplets are so tiny that rising air keeps them up"],["Condensation nuclei","Tiny bits of dust or salt that droplets form on"],["Cloud cover","How much of the sky is covered by clouds"],["Overcast","A sky fully covered by clouds"],["Partly cloudy","A sky with some clouds and some blue"],["Why are clouds white?","They scatter all colors of sunlight"],["Why are storm clouds dark?","They are so thick that little light passes through"],["Cumulus humilis","Small, flat fair-weather cumulus"],["Cumulus congestus","Tall towering cumulus that can grow into storms"],["Mackerel sky","Cirrocumulus or altocumulus that looks like fish scales"],["Mares' tails","Long streaks of cirrus clouds"],["Halo","A ring of light around the Sun or Moon from ice crystals in thin clouds"],["Virga","Rain that evaporates before reaching the ground"],["Altitude of high clouds","Above about 6 kilometers"],["Altitude of low clouds","Below about 2 kilometers"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-layers-landforms","id":"earth-layers-landforms","title":"Earth's Layers and Landforms","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The layers of Earth, the atmosphere, and common landforms.","tags":["earth","landforms","layers"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Crust","Earth's thin, rocky outer layer"],["Mantle","The thick layer of hot rock beneath the crust"],["Outer core","A layer of liquid iron and nickel"],["Inner core","A solid ball of iron and nickel at Earth's center"],["Which Earth layer is thickest?","The mantle"],["Which Earth layer is thinnest?","The crust"],["Continental crust","The thicker crust that makes up the continents"],["Oceanic crust","The thinner, denser crust under the oceans"],["Moho","The boundary between the crust and mantle"],["Troposphere","The lowest layer of the atmosphere, where weather happens"],["Stratosphere","The atmosphere layer above the troposphere, holding the ozone layer"],["Mesosphere","The layer where most meteors burn up"],["Thermosphere","The layer where auroras happen and the space station orbits"],["Exosphere","The outermost atmosphere layer fading into space"],["Ozone layer","A layer that absorbs harmful ultraviolet light"],["Hydrosphere","All the water on Earth"],["Lithosphere","Earth's rigid outer shell"],["Biosphere","All living things on Earth"],["Atmosphere","The blanket of gases around Earth"],["Percent of Earth covered by water, about","71 percent"],["Percent of Earth's water that is salty, about","97 percent"],["Mountain","A very high landform with steep sides"],["Hill","A raised landform lower than a mountain"],["Valley","Low land between hills or mountains"],["Canyon","A deep valley with steep sides, often cut by a river"],["Plateau","A high, flat landform"],["Plain","A large flat area of land"],["Mesa","A flat-topped hill with steep sides"],["Butte","A small, steep-sided hill with a flat top"],["Peninsula","Land surrounded by water on three sides"],["Island","Land completely surrounded by water"],["Isthmus","A narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses"],["Archipelago","A group of islands"],["Delta","Land built up where a river empties into a larger body of water"],["Cape","A point of land that sticks out into water"],["Bay","Part of the sea that curves into the land"],["Gulf","A large bay"],["Strait","A narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water"],["Lake","A body of water surrounded by land"],["River","A large stream flowing to a lake or sea"],["Tributary","A stream that flows into a larger river"],["Source of a river","Where a river begins"],["Mouth of a river","Where a river ends"],["Watershed","The area of land that drains into a river"],["Dune","A hill of sand made by wind"],["Cave","A natural hollow in rock or ground"],["Cliff","A steep rock face"],["Glacier","A large, slow-moving river of ice"],["Iceberg","A large floating piece of ice broken from a glacier"],["Oasis","A fertile spot in the desert with water"],["Reef","A ridge of coral or rock near the surface of the sea"],["Atoll","A ring-shaped coral island"],["Fjord","A long, narrow sea inlet between steep cliffs"],["Tundra","A cold treeless plain"],["Prairie","A large grassy plain"],["Basin","A low area where water collects"],["Elevation","Height above sea level"],["Topographic map","A map showing the shape and height of land with contour lines"],["Contour line","A line on a map connecting points of equal elevation"],["Longitude","Distance east or west of the Prime Meridian"],["Latitude","Distance north or south of the Equator"],["Equator","The imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude around Earth's middle"],["Axis","The imaginary line Earth spins around"],["Rotation","Earth spinning, one turn each day"],["Revolution","Earth traveling around the Sun, one trip each year"],["Earth's axial tilt","About 23.5 degrees"],["Cause of the seasons","Earth's tilted axis as it orbits the Sun"],["Solstice","The day with the most or least daylight in a year"],["Equinox","A day when day and night are nearly equal"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-minerals","id":"earth-minerals","title":"Minerals and Gems","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Mineral properties, the Mohs scale and well-known minerals.","tags":["minerals","gems"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Mineral","A natural, solid, nonliving substance with a crystal structure and set chemical makeup"],["Luster","How the surface of a mineral reflects light"],["Streak","The color of a mineral's powder when rubbed on a plate"],["Hardness","How easily a mineral can be scratched"],["Mohs scale","A scale of mineral hardness from 1 to 10"],["Cleavage","When a mineral breaks along flat surfaces"],["Fracture","When a mineral breaks unevenly"],["Crystal form","The shape of a mineral's crystals"],["Specific gravity","How heavy a mineral is compared to water"],["Magnetism","Some minerals, like magnetite, are attracted to a magnet"],["Ore","A rock that has enough metal to be worth mining"],["Gemstone","A mineral cut and polished for jewelry"],["Mohs hardness 1","Talc"],["Mohs hardness 2","Gypsum"],["Mohs hardness 3","Calcite"],["Mohs hardness 4","Fluorite"],["Mohs hardness 5","Apatite"],["Mohs hardness 6","Orthoclase feldspar"],["Mohs hardness 7","Quartz"],["Mohs hardness 8","Topaz"],["Mohs hardness 9","Corundum"],["Mohs hardness 10","Diamond"],["Memory trick for the Mohs scale","Talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond"],["Softest mineral","Talc"],["Hardest natural mineral","Diamond"],["Talc","Very soft mineral used to make baby powder"],["Gypsum","Soft mineral used for plaster and drywall"],["Calcite","Mineral that fizzes in vinegar; makes up limestone"],["Quartz","Common hard mineral in sand and granite"],["Feldspar","The most common mineral group in Earth's crust"],["Mica","Mineral that splits into thin shiny sheets"],["Halite","The mineral name for rock salt"],["Pyrite","Brassy mineral called fool's gold"],["Galena","The main ore of lead"],["Hematite","An iron ore with a reddish-brown streak"],["Magnetite","A magnetic iron ore"],["Bauxite","The main ore of aluminum"],["Graphite","Soft carbon mineral used in pencils"],["Diamond","Carbon mineral, the hardest natural substance"],["Corundum","Mineral that makes rubies and sapphires"],["Ruby","A red gem form of corundum"],["Sapphire","Usually blue gem form of corundum"],["Emerald","A green gem form of beryl"],["Amethyst","Purple quartz"],["Topaz","A hard gem mineral that comes in many colors"],["Garnet","A group of minerals, often deep red"],["Opal","A gem with flashing colors, made of silica and water"],["Turquoise","A blue-green mineral used in jewelry"],["Jade","A green stone used for carvings"],["Malachite","A bright green copper mineral"],["Fluorite","A mineral that can glow under UV light and comes in many colors"],["Sulfur","A yellow mineral element"],["Gold","A soft, heavy, valuable native metal"],["Native element","A mineral made of just one element, like gold or copper"],["Geode","A rock with a hollow filled with crystals"],["Stalactite","A mineral formation that hangs from a cave ceiling"],["Stalagmite","A mineral formation that rises from a cave floor"],["Mineral that your teeth and bones are like","Apatite"],["Birthstone for April","Diamond"],["Birthstone for January","Garnet"],["Birthstone for September","Sapphire"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-plate-tectonics","id":"earth-plate-tectonics","title":"Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes and Earthquakes","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"How Earth's plates move and the quakes and volcanoes they cause.","tags":["tectonics","volcanoes","earthquakes"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Plate tectonics","The theory that Earth's outer layer is broken into moving plates"],["Tectonic plate","A large slab of Earth's lithosphere"],["Lithosphere","Earth's rigid outer layer: crust and top of the mantle"],["Asthenosphere","The soft, slowly flowing layer of mantle below the lithosphere"],["Continental drift","The idea that continents slowly move over time"],["Who proposed continental drift in 1912?","Alfred Wegener"],["Pangaea","The supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago"],["Seafloor spreading","New ocean floor forming at mid-ocean ridges and moving outward"],["Mid-ocean ridge","An underwater mountain chain where new crust forms"],["Convergent boundary","Two plates moving toward each other"],["Divergent boundary","Two plates moving apart"],["Transform boundary","Two plates sliding past each other"],["Subduction","One plate sinking beneath another"],["Subduction zone","The place where one plate dives under another"],["Ocean trench","A deep, narrow valley in the seafloor at a subduction zone"],["Mariana Trench","The deepest known ocean trench"],["Rift valley","A valley formed where plates pull apart"],["Fault","A crack in Earth's crust where blocks of rock move"],["San Andreas Fault","A famous transform fault in California"],["Earthquake","Shaking of the ground from sudden release of energy in Earth's crust"],["Focus (hypocenter)","The point underground where an earthquake starts"],["Epicenter","The point on the surface directly above the focus"],["Seismic waves","Vibrations that travel through Earth during an earthquake"],["P waves","Fast seismic waves that arrive first"],["S waves","Slower seismic waves that arrive second"],["Surface waves","Seismic waves that move along the ground and cause the most damage"],["Seismograph","An instrument that records earthquake waves"],["Seismologist","A scientist who studies earthquakes"],["Richter scale","An older scale of earthquake size"],["Moment magnitude scale","The scale scientists now use to measure earthquake size"],["Aftershock","A smaller quake that follows a larger one"],["Tsunami","A giant sea wave usually caused by an undersea earthquake"],["Ring of Fire","A belt of volcanoes and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean"],["Volcano","An opening in Earth's crust where lava, ash and gas escape"],["Vent","An opening where magma comes out of a volcano"],["Crater","A bowl-shaped dip at the top of a volcano"],["Caldera","A large crater formed when a volcano collapses"],["Magma chamber","An underground pool of magma"],["Shield volcano","A wide, gently sloping volcano like those in Hawaii"],["Composite (stratovolcano)","A steep cone built from layers of lava and ash"],["Cinder cone","A small, steep cone of volcanic fragments"],["Active volcano","One that is erupting or may erupt"],["Dormant volcano","A volcano that is quiet but may erupt again"],["Extinct volcano","A volcano that is not expected to erupt again"],["Hot spot","A place deep in the mantle that feeds volcanoes, like Hawaii"],["Pyroclastic flow","A fast cloud of hot gas and ash from a volcano"],["Ash","Tiny rock and glass pieces thrown out by a volcano"],["Mount St. Helens","A volcano in Washington State that erupted in 1980"],["Mauna Loa","A huge shield volcano in Hawaii"],["Mount Vesuvius","The volcano that buried Pompeii in the year 79"],["Geyser","A hot spring that shoots water into the air"],["Old Faithful","A famous geyser in Yellowstone National Park"],["Fold mountains","Mountains formed when plates push together and crumple rock"],["Himalayas","Mountains formed where India's plate pushes into Asia's"],["Convection currents","Slow movements of hot mantle rock that help move the plates"],["Evidence for drift: fossils","The same fossils appear on continents now far apart"],["Evidence for drift: coastlines","South America and Africa fit together like puzzle pieces"],["How fast do plates move?","A few centimeters a year, about as fast as fingernails grow"],["Strike-slip fault","A fault where blocks slide sideways past each other"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-rocks","id":"earth-rocks","title":"Rocks and the Rock Cycle","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and how they form.","tags":["rocks","geology"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Rock","A solid natural material made of one or more minerals"],["Igneous rock","Rock formed when melted rock cools and hardens"],["Sedimentary rock","Rock formed when sediments are pressed and cemented together"],["Metamorphic rock","Rock changed by heat and pressure"],["Magma","Melted rock beneath the surface"],["Lava","Melted rock that has reached the surface"],["Intrusive igneous rock","Igneous rock that cooled slowly underground, with large crystals"],["Extrusive igneous rock","Igneous rock that cooled quickly at the surface, with small crystals"],["Granite","A light-colored intrusive igneous rock with visible crystals"],["Basalt","A dark, fine-grained extrusive igneous rock"],["Obsidian","Natural volcanic glass"],["Pumice","A light igneous rock full of holes that can float"],["Rhyolite","An extrusive rock with the same makeup as granite"],["Gabbro","A dark intrusive igneous rock"],["Sandstone","Sedimentary rock made of cemented sand grains"],["Limestone","Sedimentary rock made mostly of calcium carbonate"],["Shale","Sedimentary rock made of compacted clay and mud"],["Conglomerate","Sedimentary rock with rounded pebbles cemented in it"],["Breccia","Sedimentary rock with angular fragments cemented together"],["Coal","A sedimentary rock made from ancient plants"],["Chalk","A soft, white form of limestone"],["Marble","Metamorphic rock formed from limestone"],["Slate","Metamorphic rock formed from shale; splits into flat sheets"],["Quartzite","Metamorphic rock formed from sandstone"],["Gneiss","A banded metamorphic rock formed from granite or similar rocks"],["Schist","Metamorphic rock that shines with mica flakes"],["Phyllite","Metamorphic rock between slate and schist"],["Weathering","Breaking down of rock by wind, water, ice or plants"],["Erosion","Moving of weathered material from one place to another"],["Deposition","Dropping of sediments in a new place"],["Sediment","Small pieces of rock, shell or soil moved by water, wind or ice"],["Compaction","Pressing sediments together under weight"],["Cementation","Minerals gluing sediments together"],["Lithification","The process that turns sediment into rock"],["Rock cycle","The never-ending change of rocks from one type to another"],["Foliated","Having layers or bands, as in some metamorphic rocks"],["Crystal","A solid with atoms arranged in a repeating pattern"],["Fossil","The preserved remains or traces of ancient life"],["Which rock type usually contains fossils?","Sedimentary"],["Strata","Layers of sedimentary rock"],["Law of superposition","In undisturbed layers, the oldest rock is at the bottom"],["Core sample","A tube of rock or ice pulled from the ground for study"],["Geologist","A scientist who studies Earth and its rocks"],["Petrologist","A scientist who studies rocks"],["Soil","A mix of weathered rock, organic matter, water and air"],["Humus","Dark, rich decayed plant and animal matter in soil"],["Topsoil","The top soil layer, rich in nutrients"],["Bedrock","Solid rock beneath soil"],["Clay","The smallest soil particles"],["Silt","Soil particles of medium size"],["Sand","Soil particles larger than silt and smaller than gravel"],["Loam","A balanced soil of sand, silt and clay"],["Frost wedging","Water freezing in cracks and splitting rock"],["Chemical weathering","Rock changed by chemical reactions, like rusting"],["Physical (mechanical) weathering","Rock broken into smaller pieces without chemical change"],["Delta","Sediment fan built where a river meets a larger body of water"],["Glacier","A large moving mass of ice that carves the land"],["Rock that forms from lava cooling","Igneous"],["Rock that forms from heat and pressure on other rocks","Metamorphic"],["Rock that forms in layers","Sedimentary"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-water-cycle-oceans","id":"earth-water-cycle-oceans","title":"Water Cycle and Oceans","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"How water moves around Earth and basic facts about oceans.","tags":["water cycle","oceans"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Water cycle","The continuous movement of water between Earth and the air"],["Evaporation","Liquid water heated by the Sun turns into vapor"],["Transpiration","Plants releasing water vapor from their leaves"],["Condensation","Water vapor cools and forms tiny droplets, making clouds"],["Precipitation","Water falling as rain, snow, sleet or hail"],["Collection","Water gathering in oceans, lakes, rivers and underground"],["Runoff","Water flowing over the land into streams and rivers"],["Groundwater","Water stored underground in soil and rock"],["Aquifer","An underground layer of rock that holds water"],["Water table","The top of the groundwater"],["Infiltration","Water soaking into the ground"],["Surface water","Water in rivers, lakes and streams"],["What gives energy to the water cycle?","The Sun"],["Freshwater","Water with very little salt"],["Saltwater","Water with lots of dissolved salt"],["Percent of Earth's water that is fresh, about","3 percent"],["Where is most of Earth's fresh water stored?","In glaciers and ice caps"],["Five oceans","Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic"],["Largest ocean","Pacific"],["Smallest ocean","Arctic"],["Deepest known point in the ocean","Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench"],["Salinity","How salty water is"],["Average salinity of seawater","About 3.5 percent"],["Tide","The daily rise and fall of sea level"],["What causes tides?","The pull of the Moon's and Sun's gravity"],["High tide","When the water reaches its highest level"],["Low tide","When the water reaches its lowest level"],["Spring tide","A tide with the biggest range, at new and full moon"],["Neap tide","A tide with the smallest range, at quarter moons"],["Wave","Energy moving through water"],["What makes most ocean waves?","Wind"],["Current","A steady flow of water in the ocean"],["Gulf Stream","A warm current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico up the US coast"],["Upwelling","Cold, nutrient-rich water rising to the surface"],["Continental shelf","The shallow part of the seafloor near a continent"],["Continental slope","The steep drop from the shelf to the deep ocean"],["Abyssal plain","The flat deep ocean floor"],["Seamount","An underwater mountain"],["Sunlight zone","The top layer of the ocean where light reaches"],["Twilight zone","The ocean layer with dim light, about 200 to 1,000 meters deep"],["Midnight zone","The deep ocean layer with no sunlight"],["Hadal zone","The deepest ocean zone, in trenches"],["Oceanography","The study of the ocean"],["Sonar","Uses sound to map the seafloor"],["Submersible","A small underwater vehicle for deep dives"],["Hydrothermal vent","A crack in the seafloor that spews hot water"],["Coral reef","An ocean ecosystem built by tiny coral animals"],["Mangrove","A tree that grows in salty coastal water"],["Plankton","Tiny life that drifts in the ocean"],["Kelp forest","A large underwater forest of giant seaweed"],["Why is seawater not good to drink?","It has too much salt for our bodies"],["Desalination","Removing salt from seawater"],["Water pollution","Harmful substances in water"],["Oil spill","Oil leaking into the sea, hurting wildlife"],["Ocean acidification","The ocean becoming more acidic as it absorbs carbon dioxide"],["Coastal erosion","Waves wearing away the shoreline"],["Wetland","Land soaked with water, like a marsh or swamp"],["Why are wetlands important?","They filter water and shelter many animals"],["Reservoir","A man-made lake that stores water"],["Dam","A wall built across a river to hold water"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-weather","id":"earth-weather","title":"Weather Words","category":"science","subject":"Earth Science","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Weather, climate, storms and the tools meteorologists use.","tags":["weather","meteorology"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Weather","What the air outside is like at a certain time and place"],["Climate","The average weather of a place over many years"],["Meteorologist","A scientist who studies and forecasts weather"],["Atmosphere","The layer of gases around Earth"],["Temperature","How hot or cold something is"],["Humidity","The amount of water vapor in the air"],["Precipitation","Water falling from clouds: rain, snow, sleet or hail"],["Rain","Liquid water drops falling from clouds"],["Snow","Ice crystals that fall in flakes"],["Sleet","Frozen raindrops"],["Hail","Balls of ice that fall from thunderstorms"],["Freezing rain","Rain that freezes on contact with cold surfaces"],["Fog","A cloud at ground level"],["Dew","Water droplets that condense on cool surfaces overnight"],["Frost","Ice crystals on surfaces below freezing"],["Wind","Moving air"],["Air pressure","The weight of air pressing on the surface"],["High pressure","Usually brings clear, calm weather"],["Low pressure","Usually brings clouds and storms"],["Front","The boundary between two air masses"],["Cold front","Cold air pushes under warm air, often bringing storms"],["Warm front","Warm air slides over cold air, often bringing steady rain"],["Stationary front","A front that stays in the same place"],["Air mass","A large body of air with similar temperature and moisture"],["Thunderstorm","A storm with thunder, lightning and heavy rain"],["Lightning","A giant spark of electricity in the sky"],["Thunder","The sound made by lightning heating the air"],["Tornado","A rotating column of air that touches the ground"],["Hurricane","A huge tropical storm with strong winds"],["Typhoon","Name for a hurricane in the western Pacific"],["Cyclone","Name for a hurricane in the Indian Ocean"],["Blizzard","A snowstorm with strong wind and low visibility"],["Drought","A long time with little rain"],["Flood","Water covering land that is usually dry"],["Heat wave","A long period of unusually hot weather"],["Monsoon","A seasonal wind that brings heavy rains"],["Tropical storm","A storm with winds of 39 to 73 miles per hour"],["Eye of a hurricane","The calm center"],["Storm surge","A rise of sea water pushed ashore by a storm"],["Water cycle","Water moving through evaporation, condensation and precipitation"],["Evaporation","Liquid water turning into vapor"],["Condensation","Water vapor turning into liquid"],["Dew point","The temperature at which air becomes saturated and dew forms"],["Forecast","A prediction of future weather"],["Thermometer","Measures temperature"],["Barometer","Measures air pressure"],["Anemometer","Measures wind speed"],["Wind vane","Shows wind direction"],["Rain gauge","Measures rainfall"],["Hygrometer","Measures humidity"],["Weather balloon","A balloon carrying instruments up into the air"],["Doppler radar","Radar that detects rain and storm movement"],["Satellite","A spacecraft that photographs clouds and weather from above"],["Beaufort scale","A scale for describing wind strength"],["Saffir-Simpson scale","Rates hurricanes from category 1 to 5"],["Enhanced Fujita scale","Rates tornado damage from EF0 to EF5"],["Celsius","A temperature scale where water freezes at 0 and boils at 100"],["Fahrenheit","A temperature scale where water freezes at 32 and boils at 212"],["Jet stream","A fast narrow current of wind high in the atmosphere"],["Coriolis effect","The turning of winds and currents caused by Earth's rotation"],["El Nino","A pattern of warmer than normal Pacific Ocean water that changes weather worldwide"],["Rainbow","Arc of colors made when sunlight passes through water drops"],["Microclimate","The climate of a small area that differs from nearby areas"],["Lake-effect snow","Snow made when cold air passes over warm lake water"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/environmental-science","id":"environmental-science","title":"Environmental Science","category":"science","subject":"Environmental Science","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Pollution, resources, recycling and caring for Earth.","tags":["environment","recycling","climate"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Environment","Everything around a living thing"],["Natural resource","A material from nature that people use"],["Renewable resource","A resource that can be replaced naturally, like sunlight and wind"],["Nonrenewable resource","A resource that cannot be replaced quickly, like oil"],["Conservation","Protecting and using resources wisely"],["Reduce, reuse, recycle","Use less, use things again, make new things from old ones"],["Recycling","Turning used materials into new products"],["Compost","Decayed food and plant waste that enriches soil"],["Landfill","A place where trash is buried"],["Biodegradable","Able to be broken down by living things"],["Pollution","Harmful materials added to air, water or land"],["Air pollution","Harmful gases and particles in the air"],["Water pollution","Harmful substances in water"],["Soil pollution","Harmful chemicals in the ground"],["Noise pollution","Loud sounds that harm health or wildlife"],["Light pollution","Too much artificial light at night"],["Smog","Smoky fog caused by air pollution"],["Acid rain","Rain made acidic by pollution"],["Ozone layer","Layer high in the air that blocks harmful UV rays"],["Greenhouse effect","Gases in the air trapping heat near Earth"],["Greenhouse gases","Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor"],["Global warming","The rise in Earth's average temperature"],["Climate change","Long-term change in Earth's weather patterns"],["Fossil fuels","Coal, oil and natural gas"],["Carbon footprint","The amount of carbon dioxide caused by a person or activity"],["Deforestation","Cutting down large areas of forest"],["Reforestation","Planting trees again"],["Habitat loss","When animals lose their natural homes"],["Endangered species","A species at risk of dying out"],["Extinction","When a species dies out completely"],["Biodiversity","The variety of life in a place"],["Invasive species","A species that spreads and harms its new home"],["Overfishing","Catching fish faster than they can be replaced"],["Overpopulation","Too many people or animals for resources to support"],["Erosion","Soil carried away by wind or water"],["Desertification","Land turning into desert"],["Drought","A long time without much rain"],["Water conservation","Using water carefully"],["Watershed","Land area that drains to a river or lake"],["Oil spill","Oil leaking into water, harming wildlife"],["Plastic pollution","Plastic trash in land and oceans"],["Microplastics","Tiny pieces of plastic less than 5 millimeters"],["Single-use plastic","Plastic items thrown away after one use"],["Sustainable","Meeting needs without using up resources for the future"],["Renewable energy","Energy from sources like sun, wind and water"],["Solar power","Electricity from sunlight"],["Wind power","Electricity from wind turbines"],["Hydropower","Electricity from moving water"],["Geothermal energy","Heat from within the Earth"],["Energy efficiency","Using less energy for the same job"],["Organic farming","Growing food without synthetic chemicals"],["Pesticide","A chemical that kills pests"],["Fertilizer","Material added to soil to help plants grow"],["Runoff","Rain or irrigation water that flows over land carrying pollutants"],["Eutrophication","Too many nutrients in water causing algae to take over"],["Wetlands","Land covered with shallow water that cleans water and shelters wildlife"],["National park","Protected land for nature and people to enjoy"],["Wildlife refuge","A protected area for wildlife"],["Who created National Parks in the US?","Congress; Yellowstone became the first in 1872"],["Earth Day","April 22, a day to protect the environment"],["EPA","The US Environmental Protection Agency, founded in 1970"],["Rachel Carson","Wrote Silent Spring in 1962, about pesticides"],["Ecosystem services","Free benefits nature gives us, like clean water and pollination"],["Pollinator","An animal that helps plants make seeds, like bees"],["Food miles","How far food travels before you eat it"],["Food waste","Edible food that gets thrown away"],["Green roof","A roof covered with plants"],["Electric vehicle","A vehicle powered by electricity instead of gasoline"],["Public transportation","Buses and trains that carry many people"],["Zero waste","Trying to send nothing to landfill"],["Ecological footprint","How much of Earth's resources a person uses"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/ocean-life","id":"ocean-life","title":"Ocean Animals","category":"science","subject":"Marine Biology","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Sea creatures and facts about life in the ocean.","tags":["ocean","marine","sea animals"],"frontLabel":"Animal / question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Blue whale","The largest animal ever known; eats tiny krill"],["Humpback whale","A whale famous for songs and breaching"],["Orca (killer whale)","A large black and white dolphin that hunts in pods"],["Sperm whale","The largest toothed whale; dives very deep"],["Beluga whale","A small white whale of Arctic waters"],["Narwhal","A whale with a long spiral tusk"],["Dolphin","A smart, social marine mammal that uses echolocation"],["Porpoise","A small relative of dolphins with a blunt snout"],["Manatee","A gentle, slow marine mammal that eats plants"],["Sea otter","A mammal that floats on its back and uses tools to crack shells"],["Walrus","A large Arctic mammal with tusks"],["Seal","A marine mammal with flippers and no external ear flaps in true seals"],["Sea lion","A marine mammal with ear flaps and large front flippers"],["Polar bear","An Arctic marine mammal that hunts on sea ice"],["Great white shark","A large predator shark"],["Whale shark","The largest fish; eats plankton"],["Hammerhead shark","A shark with a wide, flat head"],["Manta ray","A giant, wing-like filter feeder"],["Stingray","A flat fish with a stinging barb on its tail"],["Clownfish","An orange and white fish that lives among anemones"],["Seahorse","A fish where the male carries the babies"],["Pufferfish","A fish that swells with water when threatened"],["Swordfish","A fast fish with a long flat bill"],["Tuna","A fast, strong fish important for food"],["Salmon","A fish that swims from the sea up rivers to spawn"],["Eel","A long, snake-like fish"],["Anglerfish","A deep-sea fish with a glowing lure"],["Flying fish","A fish that glides above the water"],["Jellyfish","A soft sea animal with stinging tentacles, no brain or heart"],["Octopus","A smart mollusk with eight arms"],["Squid","A mollusk with eight arms and two long tentacles"],["Giant squid","A deep-sea squid with the largest eyes in the animal world"],["Cuttlefish","A relative of squid that changes color quickly"],["Nautilus","A shelled cephalopod with a spiral shell"],["Starfish (sea star)","A spiny-skinned animal with arms"],["Sea urchin","A spiny round animal"],["Sea cucumber","A soft, sausage-shaped animal on the seafloor"],["Crab","A crustacean with claws and a hard shell"],["Lobster","A large crustacean with big claws"],["Shrimp","A small crustacean with a curved body"],["Krill","Tiny shrimp-like animals eaten by whales"],["Barnacle","A crustacean that sticks to rocks and boats"],["Hermit crab","A crab that lives inside a borrowed shell"],["Sea turtle","A reptile that lives in the ocean and lays eggs on beaches"],["Sea snake","A venomous snake adapted to the sea"],["Marine iguana","A lizard that feeds on algae in the sea, found in the Galapagos"],["Penguin","A flightless bird that swims"],["Albatross","A seabird with a very long wingspan"],["Pelican","A seabird with a throat pouch"],["Coral","A tiny animal that builds a hard skeleton, forming reefs"],["Sponge","A simple animal that filters water"],["Sea anemone","A soft animal with stinging tentacles"],["Seaweed","Algae that grows in the sea"],["Kelp","A large brown seaweed that forms forests"],["Plankton","Tiny living things that drift in the sea"],["Mollusk examples","Clams, snails, oysters and octopuses"],["Great Barrier Reef","The world's largest coral reef system, off Australia"],["Bioluminescence","Light made by living things, as in jellyfish and anglerfish"],["Pod","A group of whales or dolphins"],["School","A group of fish"],["Baleen","Plates in some whales' mouths that filter food"],["Blowhole","The nostril on top of a whale's head"],["Echolocation","Using sound echoes to find prey"],["Gills","Organs fish use to get oxygen from water"],["Fins","Body parts that help fish steer and balance"],["Ink","A dark fluid octopuses squirt to hide"],["Tide pool","A pocket of water left behind on a rocky shore at low tide"],["Intertidal zone","The shore area between high and low tide"],["Deep sea","The dark, cold part of the ocean far below the surface"],["Mariana Trench","The deepest place in the ocean"],["Food chain in the sea","Phytoplankton, zooplankton, small fish, larger fish and sharks or whales"],["Overfishing","Catching fish faster than they can reproduce"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-electricity-magnetism","id":"phys-electricity-magnetism","title":"Electricity and Magnetism","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Circuits, charge, current and magnets.","tags":["electricity","magnetism","circuits"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Electric charge","A property of matter that can be positive or negative"],["Like charges","Repel each other"],["Opposite charges","Attract each other"],["Proton charge","Positive"],["Electron charge","Negative"],["Neutron charge","None; neutral"],["Static electricity","Charge that builds up on an object"],["Example of static electricity","A balloon sticking to your hair after rubbing"],["Lightning","A huge spark of static electricity in clouds"],["Current","The flow of electric charge"],["Voltage","The push that moves charge in a circuit"],["Resistance","How much a material resists current"],["Circuit","A complete path for electricity"],["Open circuit","A circuit with a break, so no current flows"],["Closed circuit","A complete loop where current flows"],["Series circuit","Parts connected in one path; if one breaks all stop"],["Parallel circuit","Parts connected on separate paths; if one breaks others keep working"],["Switch","A device that opens or closes a circuit"],["Battery","A source that provides electrical energy from chemical reactions"],["Cell","One unit of a battery"],["Wire","A thin strand of metal that carries current"],["Conductor","A material that lets current flow easily"],["Insulator","A material that blocks current"],["Examples of conductors","Copper, silver, aluminum and water with salt"],["Examples of insulators","Rubber, plastic, glass and wood"],["Fuse","A safety part that melts and breaks the circuit if the current is too high"],["Circuit breaker","A switch that shuts off a circuit when it carries too much current"],["Ground","A path that carries extra current safely into the Earth"],["Alternating current (AC)","Current that changes direction back and forth; used in homes"],["Direct current (DC)","Current that flows one way; from batteries"],["Generator","A device that turns motion into electricity"],["Transformer","A device that changes the voltage of AC"],["Resistor","A part that limits the current in a circuit"],["Capacitor","A part that stores electric charge"],["Diode","A part that lets current flow one way"],["Transistor","A tiny switch or amplifier in electronics"],["Semiconductor","A material, like silicon, that conducts better than an insulator but less than a metal"],["Magnet","An object that attracts iron and has a north and south pole"],["Magnetic pole","The end of a magnet where force is strongest"],["Like poles","Repel"],["Opposite poles","Attract"],["Magnetic field","The region around a magnet where its force acts"],["Magnetic materials","Iron, nickel and cobalt"],["Compass","Needle magnet that points to Earth's magnetic north"],["Earth's magnetic field","Produced by moving molten iron in the outer core"],["Electromagnet","A magnet made by running current through a coil, often around an iron core"],["Electromagnetic induction","Making current by changing a magnetic field near a wire"],["Who discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831?","Michael Faraday"],["Who showed in 1820 that electric current creates a magnetic field?","Hans Christian Oersted"],["Who flew a kite in a storm in a famous experiment?","Benjamin Franklin"],["Who invented the practical light bulb in 1879?","Thomas Edison"],["Who built the first battery around 1800?","Alessandro Volta"],["Aurora","Glowing lights where charged particles from the Sun hit Earth's atmosphere near the poles"],["Electric motor","A device that turns electricity into motion"],["Solenoid","A coil of wire that makes a magnetic field when current flows"],["Short circuit","An unplanned path with low resistance that can cause too much current"],["Why should you never put a fork in a socket?","Metal conducts electricity and can cause serious harm"],["Staying safe in a storm","Go indoors and stay away from windows and water"],["Why are power lines high up?","To keep the dangerous electricity away from people"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-energy","id":"phys-energy","title":"Energy Forms and Sources","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Types of energy, energy changes and energy sources.","tags":["energy","resources"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Energy","The ability to cause change or do work"],["Kinetic energy","Energy of movement"],["Potential energy","Stored energy"],["Mechanical energy","Kinetic plus potential energy of an object"],["Chemical energy","Energy stored in food, fuel and batteries"],["Electrical energy","Energy of moving electric charges"],["Thermal energy","Energy of moving particles; felt as heat"],["Light (radiant) energy","Energy carried by electromagnetic waves"],["Sound energy","Energy carried by vibrations"],["Nuclear energy","Energy stored in an atom's nucleus"],["Elastic energy","Energy stored in a stretched rubber band or spring"],["Gravitational energy","Energy stored by an object that is high up"],["Energy change in a lamp","Electrical to light and heat"],["Energy change in a toaster","Electrical to heat"],["Energy change in a car engine","Chemical to thermal to motion"],["Energy change in a solar cell","Light to electrical"],["Energy change in a battery","Chemical to electrical"],["Energy change in a microphone","Sound to electrical"],["Energy change in a speaker","Electrical to sound"],["Energy change in a plant","Light to chemical"],["Energy change in a falling ball","Potential to kinetic"],["Energy change in rubbing hands","Motion to heat"],["Energy change in a hydroelectric dam","Gravitational potential to kinetic to electrical"],["Renewable energy","Energy from sources that can be replaced naturally"],["Nonrenewable energy","Energy from sources that cannot be replaced soon"],["Fossil fuels","Coal, oil and natural gas made from ancient living things"],["Coal","A solid fossil fuel made from ancient plants"],["Petroleum","Liquid fossil fuel also called crude oil"],["Natural gas","Fossil fuel made mostly of methane"],["Solar energy","Energy from the Sun"],["Wind energy","Energy from moving air that turns turbines"],["Hydroelectric power","Electricity from moving water"],["Geothermal energy","Heat from inside the Earth"],["Biomass","Energy from burning plants or waste"],["Biofuel","Fuel made from plants, like ethanol"],["Tidal energy","Energy from the rise and fall of ocean tides"],["Nuclear power","Electricity from splitting atoms in a reactor"],["Uranium","The fuel used in most nuclear plants"],["Photovoltaic cell","A solar cell that makes electricity from light"],["Turbine","A wheel that spins to run a generator"],["Generator","A machine that turns motion into electricity"],["Power plant","A facility that makes electricity"],["Energy conservation","Using less energy"],["Energy efficiency","Getting the same job done using less energy"],["Greenhouse gas","A gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide"],["Sun's energy source","Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium"],["Law of conservation of energy","Energy is never made or destroyed, only changed"],["Where does most of Earth's energy come from?","The Sun"],["Joule","The unit of energy"],["Watt","A rate of energy use, one joule per second"],["Kilowatt-hour","A unit of electrical energy used on a power bill"],["Calorie","A unit of energy in food (the Calorie on labels is 1,000 small calories)"],["Grid","The network that delivers electricity to homes"],["Battery","Stores chemical energy and gives electrical energy"],["Fuel cell","A device that makes electricity from a reaction such as hydrogen with oxygen"],["Wasted energy","Energy that ends up as unwanted heat"],["Insulation","Material that slows heat loss"],["LED","A light bulb that uses much less energy than an old incandescent bulb"],["Passive solar","Using building design to gather the Sun's heat"],["Smart meter","A meter that tracks electricity use in detail"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-forces-motion","id":"phys-forces-motion","title":"Forces and Motion","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Pushes, pulls, gravity, friction and Newton's laws in simple words.","tags":["forces","motion"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What is a force?","A push or a pull"],["What unit measures force?","The newton"],["What force pulls objects toward Earth?","Gravity"],["What does friction do?","Slows or stops objects that slide against each other"],["Which surface has more friction, ice or sandpaper?","Sandpaper"],["How can you reduce friction?","Use oil, wheels or a smooth surface"],["Types of friction","Static, sliding, rolling and fluid"],["Static friction","Friction that keeps a resting object from moving"],["Sliding friction","Friction between surfaces sliding over each other"],["Rolling friction","Friction when an object rolls; usually smaller than sliding"],["Air resistance","A force that slows things moving through air"],["Magnetic force","A push or pull between magnets"],["Normal force","The push of a surface upward on an object resting on it"],["Tension","A pulling force through a rope or string"],["Applied force","A force given to an object by a person or thing"],["Buoyant force","The upward push of water on an object"],["Why does a feather fall slower than a rock in air?","Air resistance affects it more"],["Would a feather and a hammer fall together on the Moon?","Yes, with no air they fall at the same rate; astronaut David Scott showed this in 1971"],["Mass vs weight","Mass is the amount of matter; weight is the pull of gravity on it"],["Is your mass different on the Moon?","No; your weight is, because gravity is weaker"],["How much is gravity on the Moon compared to Earth?","About one-sixth"],["Balanced forces","Forces equal and opposite; no change in motion"],["Unbalanced forces","Forces that change an object's motion"],["Inertia","The tendency of objects to keep doing what they're doing"],["Why do you lurch forward when a car brakes?","Your body's inertia keeps it moving forward"],["Newton's first law in short","Objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion stay in motion unless a force acts"],["Newton's second law in short","More force means more acceleration; more mass means less"],["Newton's third law in short","Every action has an equal and opposite reaction"],["Example of Newton's third law","A rocket pushes gas down and the gas pushes the rocket up"],["Speed","How fast something moves"],["Velocity","Speed with a direction"],["Acceleration","Changing speed or direction"],["Is a car turning at constant speed accelerating?","Yes, because its direction is changing"],["Free fall","Falling with only gravity acting"],["How fast do falling objects accelerate on Earth?","About 9.8 meters per second every second"],["Terminal velocity","The top speed of a falling object when air resistance balances weight"],["Projectile","An object launched and moving through the air"],["Momentum","How hard it is to stop a moving object: mass times velocity"],["Collision","When two objects hit each other"],["Elastic collision","Objects bounce and kinetic energy is kept"],["Inelastic collision","Objects crumple or stick together and some energy changes form"],["Centripetal force","A force pulling toward the center of a circular path"],["Centrifugal force","The feeling of being pushed outward in a turn; really inertia"],["Orbit","The curved path of one object around another due to gravity"],["Why do planets stay in orbit?","Gravity pulls them toward the Sun while their motion carries them forward"],["Who described the law of gravity in the 1600s?","Isaac Newton"],["Who showed that objects of different mass fall at the same rate in a vacuum?","Galileo's ideas led there; later experiments confirmed it"],["Seat belts protect people by","Slowing the body gradually and holding it in place"],["Airbags work by","Spreading force over a longer time"],["Pressure","Force spread over an area"],["Why do snowshoes help you walk on snow?","They spread weight over a larger area"],["Torque","A force that causes turning"],["Equilibrium","A state in which forces are balanced"],["Speed formula","Speed = distance divided by time"],["If you travel 100 km in 2 hours, your average speed is","50 km per hour"],["Reference point","A place or object used to describe an object's position"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-laws-formulas","id":"phys-laws-formulas","title":"Physics Laws and Formulas","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Important physics formulas and what they mean.","tags":["formulas","laws","physics"],"frontLabel":"Law / quantity","backLabel":"Formula or statement","cards":[["Newton's first law","An object stays at rest or in steady motion unless acted on by a net force"],["Newton's second law","F = m x a"],["Newton's third law","For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction"],["Speed","speed = distance / time"],["Acceleration","a = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time"],["Weight","W = m x g"],["Momentum","p = m x v"],["Work","W = F x d"],["Power","P = W / t"],["Kinetic energy","KE = 1/2 m v squared"],["Gravitational potential energy","PE = m x g x h"],["Density","density = mass / volume"],["Pressure","P = F / A"],["Ohm's law","V = I x R"],["Electric power","P = I x V"],["Wave speed","v = f x wavelength"],["Frequency and period","f = 1 / T"],["Universal gravitation","F = G m1 m2 / r squared"],["Einstein's mass-energy equivalence","E = m c squared"],["Law of conservation of energy","Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form"],["Law of conservation of momentum","Total momentum stays the same in a closed system"],["Hooke's law","The force of a spring is proportional to how far it is stretched: F = kx"],["Archimedes' principle","The buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced"],["Pascal's principle","Pressure applied to a confined fluid is passed on equally"],["Bernoulli's principle","Faster-moving fluid has lower pressure"],["Boyle's law","At constant temperature, gas pressure goes down as volume goes up"],["Charles's law","At constant pressure, gas volume goes up as temperature goes up"],["Snell's law","Describes how light bends when it passes between materials"],["Law of reflection","The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection"],["Coulomb's law","Electric force depends on charges and on distance squared"],["First law of thermodynamics","Energy is conserved; heat and work change internal energy"],["Second law of thermodynamics","Heat flows from hot to cold, and entropy tends to increase"],["Third law of thermodynamics","A system cannot be cooled to absolute zero in a finite number of steps"],["Kepler's first law","Planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus"],["Kepler's second law","A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times"],["Kepler's third law","A planet's orbital period squared is proportional to its distance cubed"],["Centripetal acceleration","a = v squared / r"],["Average velocity","(final position - starting position) / time"],["Distance at constant acceleration from rest","d = 1/2 a t squared"],["Final speed from rest","v = a x t"],["Series circuit resistance","Total R = R1 + R2 + R3"],["Parallel circuit resistance","1/R total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ..."],["Kinetic energy depends on speed how?","On the square of speed, so doubling speed quadruples KE"],["Mechanical advantage","Output force divided by input force"],["Efficiency","(useful output / total input) x 100 percent"],["Heat energy","Q = m c (change in temperature)"],["Specific heat capacity","Heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree"],["Ideal gas law","PV = nRT"],["Doppler effect","The pitch or color of a wave changes when the source or observer moves"],["Heisenberg uncertainty principle","You cannot know a particle's exact position and momentum at once"],["Photon energy","E = h x f (Planck's constant times frequency)"],["Torque","Torque = force x distance from the pivot"],["Impulse-momentum","Force x time = change in momentum"],["Escape velocity","The speed needed to break free of a planet's gravity"],["Universal gravitational constant","G, about 6.67 x 10^-11 N m2/kg2"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-light-sound-waves","id":"phys-light-sound-waves","title":"Light, Sound and Waves","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"How light and sound behave, and the electromagnetic spectrum.","tags":["light","sound","waves"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What makes sound?","Vibrations"],["Can sound travel in space?","No; it needs matter to travel through"],["Does sound travel faster in air or water?","Water"],["Sound travels fastest through","Solids"],["Pitch","How high or low a sound is"],["What determines pitch?","Frequency"],["Volume (loudness)","How strong a sound is; depends on amplitude"],["Unit of loudness","Decibel"],["Echo","A sound that bounces off a surface and comes back"],["Ultrasound","Sound with frequency too high for humans to hear"],["Infrasound","Sound with frequency too low for humans to hear"],["Range of human hearing, roughly","20 to 20,000 hertz"],["Sonar","Using sound echoes to find objects underwater"],["Echolocation","Animals such as bats and dolphins using echoes to find things"],["Speed of sound in air, roughly","343 meters per second"],["Sonic boom","A loud noise made when something travels faster than sound"],["Speed of light","About 300,000 kilometers per second"],["Why do we see lightning before we hear thunder?","Light travels much faster than sound"],["Light travels in","Straight lines"],["Reflection of light","Light bouncing off a surface"],["Refraction of light","Light bending when it enters a new material"],["What does a prism do?","Splits white light into a rainbow of colors"],["Colors of the rainbow in order","Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet"],["Which color of visible light has the longest wavelength?","Red"],["Which color has the shortest wavelength?","Violet"],["Transparent","Lets light pass through clearly"],["Translucent","Lets some light through but scatters it"],["Opaque","Blocks light"],["Shadow","A dark area where an object blocks light"],["Convex lens","A lens thicker in the middle; makes light converge"],["Concave lens","A lens thinner in the middle; makes light spread out"],["Plane mirror","A flat mirror that forms an image the same size as the object"],["Concave mirror","A mirror curved inward, like the inside of a spoon"],["Convex mirror","A mirror curved outward, used as a car side mirror"],["Primary colors of light","Red, green and blue"],["Primary colors of paint (traditional)","Red, yellow and blue"],["Why is the sky blue?","Air scatters blue light more than other colors"],["Why are sunsets red?","Light passes through more air, scattering the blue away"],["Electromagnetic spectrum order, long to short wavelength","Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma ray"],["Radio waves are used for","Radio, TV and phones"],["Microwaves are used for","Cooking and communications"],["Infrared is felt as","Heat"],["Ultraviolet light","Causes sunburn and tanning"],["X-rays are used for","Seeing bones and inside objects"],["Gamma rays","The highest-energy waves"],["Laser","A narrow beam of light of one wavelength"],["Fiber optics","Thin glass fibers that carry light signals"],["Total internal reflection","Light bouncing entirely inside a material like glass or water"],["Mirage","An image caused by light bending in hot air"],["Wave","A disturbance that carries energy"],["Crest","The highest point of a wave"],["Trough","The lowest point of a wave"],["Amplitude","The height of a wave from rest position"],["Wavelength","Distance between two crests"],["Frequency","Waves per second"],["Medium","The material a wave travels through"],["Resonance","A strong vibration when something is pushed at its natural frequency"],["Interference","Waves combining to be bigger or smaller"],["Doppler effect","A siren sounds higher as it approaches and lower as it leaves"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-simple-machines","id":"phys-simple-machines","title":"Simple Machines","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The six simple machines, examples and key ideas.","tags":["simple machines","work"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Simple machine","A tool with few or no moving parts that makes work easier"],["How many kinds of simple machines are there?","Six"],["Name the six simple machines","Lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw"],["Lever","A bar that rotates around a point called a fulcrum"],["Fulcrum","The pivot point of a lever"],["Effort","The force you apply to a machine"],["Load (resistance)","The weight a machine moves"],["First-class lever","Fulcrum is between the effort and the load"],["Second-class lever","Load is between the fulcrum and the effort"],["Third-class lever","Effort is between the fulcrum and the load"],["Example of a first-class lever","A seesaw or a crowbar"],["Example of a second-class lever","A wheelbarrow or a nutcracker"],["Example of a third-class lever","A fishing rod, a broom or tweezers"],["Inclined plane","A flat sloped surface used to raise or lower loads"],["Example of an inclined plane","A ramp or a slide"],["Wedge","Two inclined planes put together to split or cut things"],["Example of a wedge","An axe, knife or doorstop"],["Screw","An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder"],["Example of a screw","A jar lid, a bolt or a light bulb base"],["Wheel and axle","A wheel joined to a rod so they turn together"],["Example of a wheel and axle","A doorknob, a steering wheel or a bicycle wheel"],["Pulley","A wheel with a rope or chain that changes the direction of a pull"],["Example of a pulley","A flagpole rope, a crane or a window blind"],["Fixed pulley","A pulley attached in place; changes the direction of force"],["Movable pulley","A pulley that moves with the load; reduces the force needed"],["Block and tackle","A system of pulleys that gives a large mechanical advantage"],["Mechanical advantage","How many times a machine multiplies your effort"],["Do machines reduce the work done?","No; they make work easier by changing force or direction"],["What do you give up when you use less force?","You move through a longer distance"],["Compound machine","Two or more simple machines working together"],["Example of a compound machine","Scissors, a bicycle or a can opener"],["Scissors are made of","Levers and wedges"],["A longer ramp makes it","Easier to push things up, but you push farther"],["Work","Force times distance"],["Wheelbarrow","A second-class lever with a wheel and axle"],["Pliers","Two levers joined together"],["Bottle opener","A second-class lever"],["Stairs","A set of inclined planes"],["Spiral staircase","A kind of screw shape"],["Zipper","A group of tiny wedges"],["Chisel","A wedge"],["Faucet handle","A wheel and axle"],["Gears","Toothed wheels that turn each other"],["Ax splitting wood","Uses a wedge to push wood apart"],["Drill bit","A screw"],["Teeter-totter","A first-class lever"],["Baseball bat","A third-class lever"],["Hammer pulling a nail","A first-class lever"],["Why is a longer lever arm helpful?","Less effort force is needed to lift the load"],["Archimedes' famous line about levers","Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-terms","id":"phys-terms","title":"Physics Vocabulary","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Core physics words for motion, energy and matter.","tags":["physics","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Motion","A change in an object's position"],["Speed","How fast an object moves: distance divided by time"],["Velocity","Speed in a given direction"],["Acceleration","How quickly velocity changes"],["Displacement","The straight-line change in position, with direction"],["Distance","The total length of the path traveled"],["Scalar","A quantity with size only, like speed"],["Vector","A quantity with size and direction, like velocity"],["Force","A push or a pull"],["Net force","The total of all forces acting on an object"],["Balanced forces","Forces that cancel, causing no change in motion"],["Unbalanced forces","Forces that do not cancel, causing a change in motion"],["Inertia","An object's resistance to change in its motion"],["Mass","The amount of matter in an object"],["Weight","The force of gravity on an object"],["Gravity","The force that pulls objects with mass toward each other"],["Friction","A force that resists sliding between surfaces"],["Air resistance","Friction from air pushing against a moving object"],["Terminal velocity","The constant speed reached when air resistance equals weight"],["Momentum","Mass times velocity"],["Impulse","A force applied over time, changing momentum"],["Work","Force applied over a distance"],["Power","The rate of doing work"],["Energy","The ability to do work or cause change"],["Kinetic energy","Energy of motion"],["Potential energy","Stored energy due to position or condition"],["Gravitational potential energy","Energy stored in an object because of its height"],["Elastic potential energy","Energy stored in stretched or squeezed objects"],["Thermal energy","The total kinetic energy of the particles in an object"],["Heat","Thermal energy moving from hot to cold"],["Temperature","A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles"],["Conduction","Heat moving through direct contact"],["Convection","Heat moving by the flow of fluids"],["Radiation","Energy traveling as waves, even through empty space"],["Wave","A disturbance that carries energy"],["Frequency","The number of waves passing a point per second"],["Wavelength","The distance from one wave crest to the next"],["Amplitude","The height of a wave from its rest position"],["Hertz","The unit of frequency: one wave per second"],["Reflection","Waves bouncing off a surface"],["Refraction","Waves bending when they enter a new material"],["Diffraction","Waves spreading as they pass an edge or opening"],["Absorption","A material taking in wave energy"],["Transverse wave","A wave in which particles move up and down across the wave's direction"],["Longitudinal wave","A wave in which particles move back and forth along the wave's direction"],["Electromagnetic spectrum","The full range of light waves from radio to gamma rays"],["Circuit","A closed path for electric current"],["Current","The flow of electric charge"],["Voltage","The push that moves charge through a circuit"],["Resistance","How much a material opposes electric current"],["Conductor","A material that carries electricity or heat well"],["Insulator","A material that carries electricity or heat poorly"],["Magnet","An object that attracts iron and has two poles"],["Magnetic field","The area around a magnet where it exerts force"],["Electromagnet","A magnet made by passing current through a coil of wire"],["Static electricity","A buildup of electric charge on an object"],["Atom","The smallest unit of an element"],["Nuclear fission","Splitting a large nucleus into smaller ones, releasing energy"],["Nuclear fusion","Joining small nuclei into a larger one, releasing energy"],["Radioactive decay","An unstable nucleus giving off particles or energy"],["Pressure","Force per unit area"],["Buoyancy","The upward push of a fluid on an object"],["Density","Mass per unit of volume"],["Torque","A twisting force"],["Centripetal force","A force that pulls an object toward the center of a circle"],["Projectile","An object thrown or launched and moving under gravity"],["Free fall","Falling with only gravity acting"],["Efficiency","The share of input energy that does useful work"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-units-symbols","id":"phys-units-symbols","title":"Physics Units and Symbols","category":"science","subject":"Physics","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"What each physics quantity is measured in.","tags":["units","physics"],"frontLabel":"Quantity","backLabel":"Unit","cards":[["Length","meter (m)"],["Mass","kilogram (kg)"],["Time","second (s)"],["Temperature (SI)","kelvin (K)"],["Electric current","ampere (A)"],["Amount of substance","mole (mol)"],["Luminous intensity","candela (cd)"],["Force","newton (N)"],["Energy and work","joule (J)"],["Power","watt (W)"],["Pressure","pascal (Pa)"],["Frequency","hertz (Hz)"],["Electric charge","coulomb (C)"],["Voltage","volt (V)"],["Electrical resistance","ohm"],["Capacitance","farad (F)"],["Magnetic flux density","tesla (T)"],["Inductance","henry (H)"],["Radioactivity","becquerel (Bq)"],["Absorbed radiation dose","gray (Gy)"],["Conductance","siemens (S)"],["Magnetic flux","weber (Wb)"],["Speed","meters per second (m/s)"],["Acceleration","meters per second squared (m/s2)"],["Density","kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)"],["Momentum","kilogram meters per second (kg m/s)"],["Area","square meters (m2)"],["Volume","cubic meters (m3)"],["Symbol for the ohm","The Greek letter omega"],["Symbol for velocity","v"],["Symbol for acceleration","a"],["Symbol for mass","m"],["Symbol for force","F"],["Symbol for energy","E"],["Symbol for work","W"],["Symbol for power","P"],["Symbol for time","t"],["Symbol for distance","d"],["Symbol for pressure","P or p"],["Symbol for density","The Greek letter rho"],["Symbol for wavelength","The Greek letter lambda"],["Symbol for frequency","f"],["Symbol for voltage","V"],["Symbol for current","I"],["Symbol for resistance","R"],["Unit named for the discoverer of gravity's laws","Newton"],["Unit named for an English brewer who studied heat and work","Joule"],["Unit named for the Scottish engineer James Watt","Watt"],["Unit named for Blaise Pascal","Pascal"],["Unit named for Heinrich Hertz","Hertz"],["Unit named for Alessandro Volta","Volt"],["Unit named for Andre-Marie Ampere","Ampere"],["Unit named for Georg Ohm","Ohm"],["Unit named for Lord Kelvin","Kelvin"],["Unit named for Nikola Tesla","Tesla"],["Speed of light in a vacuum","About 300,000 kilometers per second (3.00 x 10^8 m/s)"],["Acceleration due to gravity on Earth","About 9.8 m/s2"],["Freezing point of water in Celsius","0 degrees C"],["Boiling point of water in Kelvin","373 K"],["Absolute zero in Celsius","-273.15 degrees C"],["Speed of sound in air, about","343 meters per second at 20 degrees C"],["Calorie","A unit of energy; 1 calorie is about 4.18 joules"],["Horsepower","A unit of power; about 746 watts"],["Kilowatt-hour","A unit of energy equal to 3.6 million joules"],["Electronvolt","A tiny unit of energy used for particles"],["Light-year","The distance light travels in one year"],["Astronomical unit","The average distance from Earth to the Sun"],["Parsec","A unit of distance equal to about 3.26 light-years"],["Atmosphere (atm)","A unit of pressure; the typical air pressure at sea level"],["Decibel","A unit used for the loudness of sound"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-famous-scientists","id":"sci-famous-scientists","title":"Famous Scientists","category":"science","subject":"Science History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Who discovered what.","tags":["scientists","discoveries"],"frontLabel":"Scientist","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Isaac Newton","Laws of motion and universal gravitation"],["Albert Einstein","Theory of relativity and E = mc squared"],["Marie Curie","Discovered polonium and radium; studied radioactivity; won two Nobel Prizes"],["Charles Darwin","Theory of evolution by natural selection"],["Galileo Galilei","Used the telescope to find Jupiter's moons and supported a Sun-centered system"],["Nicolaus Copernicus","Proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun"],["Johannes Kepler","Laws of planetary motion"],["Louis Pasteur","Germ theory, pasteurization and vaccines"],["Alexander Fleming","Discovered penicillin in 1928"],["Edward Jenner","Created the first smallpox vaccine"],["Gregor Mendel","Father of genetics, through pea plant experiments"],["Rosalind Franklin","X-ray images that helped reveal DNA's structure"],["James Watson and Francis Crick","Proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953"],["Dmitri Mendeleev","Created the first widely used periodic table"],["Antoine Lavoisier","Father of modern chemistry; named oxygen and hydrogen"],["John Dalton","Atomic theory of matter"],["J. J. Thomson","Discovered the electron"],["Ernest Rutherford","Discovered the atomic nucleus"],["Niels Bohr","Model of the atom with electron shells"],["James Chadwick","Discovered the neutron"],["Robert Hooke","Named cells after looking at cork"],["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","First to see bacteria and single-celled life with a microscope"],["Robert Boyle","Boyle's law about gases"],["Michael Faraday","Electromagnetic induction"],["James Clerk Maxwell","Equations of electromagnetism"],["Benjamin Franklin","Studied electricity and lightning"],["Alessandro Volta","Invented the battery"],["Nikola Tesla","Alternating current systems"],["Thomas Edison","Practical light bulb and phonograph"],["Alexander Graham Bell","Patented the telephone in 1876"],["Stephen Hawking","Studied black holes and the universe"],["Edwin Hubble","Showed the universe is expanding"],["Carl Sagan","Astronomer who made science popular on television"],["Jane Goodall","Studied wild chimpanzees in Tanzania"],["Dian Fossey","Studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda"],["Rachel Carson","Wrote Silent Spring, about pesticides and nature"],["Jacques Cousteau","Ocean explorer who co-invented the aqualung"],["Sylvia Earle","Oceanographer and deep-sea explorer"],["Mae Jemison","Doctor and first African American woman in space"],["Katherine Johnson","NASA mathematician who calculated orbits for early space flights"],["Ada Lovelace","Wrote an early computer program in the 1840s"],["Charles Babbage","Designed an early mechanical computer"],["Alan Turing","Pioneer of computer science and codebreaker"],["Grace Hopper","Computer pioneer who helped create early programming languages"],["George Washington Carver","Agricultural scientist who promoted peanuts and crop rotation"],["Archimedes","Ancient Greek who studied levers and buoyancy"],["Aristotle","Greek thinker who classified living things"],["Hippocrates","Ancient Greek physician called the Father of Medicine"],["Euclid","Ancient Greek mathematician known for geometry"],["Eratosthenes","Ancient Greek who measured the Earth's size"],["Ptolemy","Ancient astronomer who put Earth at the center"],["Carl Linnaeus","Created the two-part naming system for species"],["Alfred Wegener","Proposed continental drift"],["Wilhelm Roentgen","Discovered X-rays in 1895"],["Enrico Fermi","Built the first nuclear reactor in 1942"],["Max Planck","Founder of quantum theory"],["Richard Feynman","Physicist known for quantum electrodynamics and teaching"],["Lise Meitner","Helped explain nuclear fission"],["Chien-Shiung Wu","Physicist whose experiment changed ideas about particle physics"],["Percy Julian","Chemist who made medicines from plants"],["Elizabeth Blackwell","First woman to earn a medical degree in the United States"],["Florence Nightingale","Nurse who improved hospitals and used statistics"],["Clara Barton","Founded the American Red Cross"],["Jonas Salk","Developed the first successful polio vaccine"],["Barbara McClintock","Discovered jumping genes in corn"],["Tu Youyou","Discovered a malaria treatment, won a Nobel Prize in 2015"],["Jennifer Doudna","Co-developed the CRISPR gene-editing method"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-inventions","id":"sci-inventions","title":"Great Inventions and Inventors","category":"science","subject":"Technology History","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous inventions and the people or years behind them.","tags":["inventions","inventors"],"frontLabel":"Invention","backLabel":"Inventor / year","cards":[["Light bulb (practical)","Thomas Edison, 1879"],["Telephone","Alexander Graham Bell, patented 1876"],["Airplane (first powered flight)","Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1903"],["Printing press with movable type in Europe","Johannes Gutenberg, about 1440"],["Steam engine (improved)","James Watt, 1700s"],["Cotton gin","Eli Whitney, 1793"],["Telegraph","Samuel Morse and others, 1830s-40s"],["Radio","Guglielmo Marconi and others, 1890s"],["Television (early electronic)","Philo Farnsworth and others, 1920s"],["World Wide Web","Tim Berners-Lee, 1989"],["First programmable computer concept","Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1830s"],["Vaccine for smallpox","Edward Jenner, 1796"],["Polio vaccine","Jonas Salk, 1955"],["Penicillin","Alexander Fleming, 1928"],["Battery","Alessandro Volta, 1800"],["Dynamite","Alfred Nobel, 1867"],["Safety pin","Walter Hunt, 1849"],["Sewing machine (practical)","Elias Howe, 1846"],["Telescope (first used for astronomy)","Galileo, 1609"],["Microscope (early compound)","Zacharias Janssen and others, late 1500s"],["Thermometer (mercury)","Daniel Fahrenheit, 1714"],["Barometer","Evangelista Torricelli, 1643"],["Pendulum clock","Christiaan Huygens, 1656"],["Lightning rod","Benjamin Franklin, 1750s"],["Bifocal glasses","Benjamin Franklin"],["Reaper","Cyrus McCormick, 1830s"],["Elevator with safety brake","Elisha Otis, 1850s"],["Jet engine","Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain, 1930s"],["Transistor","Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, 1947"],["Integrated circuit","Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, late 1950s"],["Personal computer revolution","1970s and 1980s, with machines such as the Apple II"],["Mobile phone (first handheld call)","Martin Cooper, 1973"],["Laser","Theodore Maiman built the first working laser, 1960"],["Satellite (first)","Sputnik 1, 1957"],["Automobile (gasoline)","Karl Benz, 1885"],["Model T assembly line cars","Henry Ford, 1908"],["Bicycle with pedals","Developed in the 1860s"],["Paper","Invented in China, about 105 CE"],["Printing (woodblock)","Developed in China long before Europe"],["Compass","Invented in China"],["Gunpowder","Invented in China"],["Wheel","Invented in Mesopotamia about 3500 BCE"],["Plow","Early farming tool invented thousands of years ago"],["Zipper","Whitcomb Judson, 1893, improved by Gideon Sundback"],["Velcro","George de Mestral, 1941"],["Post-it note","Spencer Silver and Art Fry, 1970s"],["Microwave oven","Percy Spencer, 1940s"],["Crayons","Crayola introduced them in 1903"],["Bakelite plastic","Leo Baekeland, 1907"],["Nylon","Wallace Carothers at DuPont, 1935"],["Braille","Louis Braille, 1824"],["Stethoscope","Rene Laennec, 1816"],["Pasteurization","Louis Pasteur, 1860s"],["X-ray machine","Based on Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery, 1895"],["Insulin discovery","Banting and Best, 1921"],["Pacemaker","Developed in the 1950s"],["MRI scanner","Developed in the 1970s"],["Hot air balloon","Montgolfier brothers, 1783"],["Parachute (modern)","Developed by Andre-Jacques Garnerin, 1797"],["Rocket (liquid-fueled)","Robert Goddard, 1926"],["Space Shuttle","NASA, first launch 1981"],["Internet's ancestor","ARPANET, 1969"],["Email","Ray Tomlinson, 1971"],["GPS","Developed by the US in the 1970s-90s"],["Electric motor (early)","Michael Faraday and others, 1820s-30s"],["Dynamo generator","Faraday's principle; used widely by 1870s"],["Alternating current system","Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse"],["Phonograph","Thomas Edison, 1877"],["Motion picture camera","Lumiere brothers and Edison's team, 1890s"],["Photography (early)","Louis Daguerre, daguerreotype 1839"],["Aqualung (scuba)","Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, 1943"],["3D printing","Developed in the 1980s"],["LEGO brick (modern)","Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, 1958"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-scientific-method","id":"sci-scientific-method","title":"The Scientific Method","category":"science","subject":"Science Skills","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Steps and vocabulary of scientific investigations.","tags":["scientific method","experiments"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Scientific method","A set of steps scientists use to answer questions"],["Observation","Using your senses or tools to notice something"],["Question","What you want to find out"],["Research","Learning what is already known about a topic"],["Hypothesis","A testable prediction or possible answer to a question"],["Prediction","A statement of what you expect to happen"],["Experiment","A fair test to check a hypothesis"],["Variable","Something that can change in an experiment"],["Independent variable","The thing you change on purpose"],["Dependent variable","The thing you measure as the result"],["Controlled variable (constant)","A factor kept the same in every trial"],["Control group","The group that doesn't get the change, used for comparison"],["Experimental group","The group that gets the change being tested"],["Data","Information collected during an experiment"],["Quantitative data","Data in numbers"],["Qualitative data","Data in descriptions, such as color or smell"],["Analysis","Looking carefully at data to find patterns"],["Conclusion","What the results show about the hypothesis"],["Trial","One run of an experiment"],["Repeated trials","Doing the test again to make results more reliable"],["Sample size","The number of items or subjects tested"],["Bias","An unfair influence on results"],["Fair test","A test in which only one variable changes"],["Reproducible","Others can repeat the experiment and get the same results"],["Peer review","Other experts checking a scientist's work before it is published"],["Theory","A well-tested explanation supported by lots of evidence"],["Scientific law","A statement that describes a pattern in nature, often as an equation"],["Difference between theory and guess","A theory is backed by much evidence; a guess is not"],["Model","A representation used to explain or predict something"],["Inference","A conclusion based on evidence and reasoning"],["Evidence","Facts that support an idea"],["Anomaly","A result that doesn't fit the pattern"],["Error","A difference between a measured value and the true value"],["Accuracy","How close a measurement is to the true value"],["Precision","How close repeated measurements are to each other"],["Average (mean)","The sum of values divided by how many there are"],["Median","The middle value of an ordered list"],["Mode","The value that appears most often"],["Range","The difference between the largest and smallest values"],["Line graph","Best for showing change over time"],["Bar graph","Best for comparing categories"],["Pie chart","Shows parts of a whole"],["Scatter plot","Shows how two variables relate"],["Title of a graph","Tells what the graph is about"],["Axis labels","Say what is measured and the units"],["Lab report","A written account of an experiment"],["Materials list","Tells what you need for an experiment"],["Procedure","The steps followed in an experiment"],["Safety first","Follow safety rules in every experiment"],["Metric system","The measurement system scientists use worldwide"],["Science fair","A contest where students show their experiments"],["Why change only one variable?","So you know what caused the result"],["Hypothesis format","If I do this, then that will happen, because..."],["Correlation","Two things changing together"],["Causation","One thing causing another"],["Does correlation prove causation?","No"],["Placebo","A harmless pill with no medicine, used for comparison in tests"],["Double-blind test","Neither the subjects nor the testers know who gets the real treatment"],["Pseudoscience","Ideas that look like science but aren't tested properly"],["Skepticism","Asking for evidence before believing a claim"],["Falsifiable","Able to be proven wrong by evidence"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-si-units-prefixes","id":"sci-si-units-prefixes","title":"Metric Units and SI Prefixes","category":"science","subject":"Measurement","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Metric units, prefixes and conversions.","tags":["metric","SI","prefixes"],"frontLabel":"Prefix / question","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["kilo-","1,000 times (k)"],["hecto-","100 times (h)"],["deka-","10 times (da)"],["deci-","one tenth (d)"],["centi-","one hundredth (c)"],["milli-","one thousandth (m)"],["micro-","one millionth (the Greek letter mu)"],["nano-","one billionth (n)"],["pico-","one trillionth (p)"],["femto-","10 to the negative 15 (f)"],["mega-","1,000,000 times (M)"],["giga-","1,000,000,000 times (G)"],["tera-","one trillion times (T)"],["peta-","10 to the 15th (P)"],["exa-","10 to the 18th (E)"],["yotta-","10 to the 24th (Y)"],["yocto-","10 to the negative 24th (y)"],["How many millimeters in a centimeter?","10"],["How many centimeters in a meter?","100"],["How many meters in a kilometer?","1,000"],["How many millimeters in a meter?","1,000"],["How many grams in a kilogram?","1,000"],["How many milligrams in a gram?","1,000"],["How many milliliters in a liter?","1,000"],["How many liters in a kiloliter?","1,000"],["How many kilobytes in a megabyte (decimal)?","1,000"],["Base unit of length","Meter"],["Base unit of mass","Kilogram"],["Base unit of time","Second"],["Base unit of volume commonly used","Liter"],["Base unit of temperature in SI","Kelvin"],["Base unit of electric current","Ampere"],["Base unit of amount of substance","Mole"],["Base unit of luminous intensity","Candela"],["How many base SI units are there?","Seven"],["About how long is a meter?","A little over 3 feet (39.4 inches)"],["About how long is a centimeter?","About the width of a fingernail"],["About how far is a kilometer?","About 0.6 miles"],["About how heavy is a kilogram?","About 2.2 pounds"],["About how heavy is a gram?","About a paper clip"],["About how much is a liter?","A bit more than a quart"],["About how much is a milliliter?","About 20 drops of water"],["What does 1 mL of water weigh?","1 gram"],["Volume of 1 cubic centimeter","1 milliliter"],["Volume of 1 cubic decimeter","1 liter"],["25 mm equals how many cm?","2.5 cm"],["3 km equals how many m?","3,000 m"],["2 kg equals how many g?","2,000 g"],["500 mL equals how many L?","0.5 L"],["1.5 m equals how many cm?","150 cm"],["Celsius to Fahrenheit","F = C x 9/5 + 32"],["Fahrenheit to Celsius","C = (F - 32) x 5/9"],["Freezing point of water","0 C = 32 F = 273.15 K"],["Boiling point of water","100 C = 212 F = 373.15 K"],["Normal body temperature","About 37 C (98.6 F)"],["Room temperature","About 20-25 C (68-77 F)"],["Convert Celsius to Kelvin","Add 273.15"],["Scientific notation for 3,000","3 x 10^3"],["Scientific notation for 0.002","2 x 10^-3"],["Meter was once defined as","One ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole (1790s idea)"],["Which countries use the metric system officially?","Almost every country; the US mainly uses customary units in daily life"],["What does SI stand for?","International System of Units"],["Mass vs weight units","Mass in kilograms; weight (a force) in newtons"],["Density of water","1 gram per cubic centimeter"],["Hectare","10,000 square meters"],["Metric ton (tonne)","1,000 kilograms"],["Angstrom","One ten-billionth of a meter, used for atoms"],["Micron (micrometer)","One millionth of a meter"],["Nanometer","One billionth of a meter; used for wavelengths of light"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-constellations","id":"space-constellations","title":"Constellations and Night Sky","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Well-known constellations, bright stars and sky-watching terms.","tags":["constellations","stars","night sky"],"frontLabel":"Name","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[["Constellation","A pattern of stars that people have named"],["How many official constellations are there?","88"],["Zodiac constellations","The 12 constellations the Sun appears to pass through in a year"],["Ursa Major","The Great Bear; contains the Big Dipper"],["Ursa Minor","The Little Bear; contains the Little Dipper"],["Big Dipper","A group of seven stars in Ursa Major shaped like a ladle"],["Little Dipper","Part of Ursa Minor; its handle ends at Polaris"],["Polaris","The North Star, near the north celestial pole"],["How to find Polaris","Follow the two stars at the edge of the Big Dipper's bowl"],["Orion","The Hunter, with three stars in a row as his belt"],["Betelgeuse","A red supergiant star marking Orion's shoulder"],["Rigel","A blue-white supergiant in Orion"],["Sirius","The brightest star in the night sky, in Canis Major"],["Canis Major","The Greater Dog"],["Canis Minor","The Lesser Dog; contains Procyon"],["Taurus","The Bull; contains the Pleiades and Aldebaran"],["Pleiades","A bright cluster of stars also called the Seven Sisters"],["Aldebaran","The orange giant star that forms the eye of Taurus"],["Gemini","The Twins; has Castor and Pollux"],["Cancer","The Crab"],["Leo","The Lion; has bright star Regulus"],["Virgo","The Maiden; has bright star Spica"],["Libra","The Scales"],["Scorpius","The Scorpion; has red star Antares"],["Sagittarius","The Archer; looks like a teapot and points to the center of the Milky Way"],["Capricornus","The Sea-Goat"],["Aquarius","The Water Bearer"],["Pisces","The Fishes"],["Aries","The Ram"],["Cassiopeia","A W-shaped constellation named for a queen"],["Cepheus","The King in the northern sky"],["Andromeda","Named for a princess; contains the Andromeda Galaxy"],["Perseus","The hero in the story of Medusa; has the Perseid meteor shower"],["Pegasus","The Winged Horse, with the Great Square"],["Cygnus","The Swan, also called the Northern Cross"],["Deneb","The bright star at the tail of Cygnus"],["Lyra","The Lyre; contains bright star Vega"],["Vega","A bright blue-white star in Lyra"],["Aquila","The Eagle; contains Altair"],["Summer Triangle","Vega, Deneb and Altair"],["Bootes","The Herdsman; contains orange giant Arcturus"],["Arcturus","A bright orange star, the brightest in the northern sky"],["Crux","The Southern Cross, seen from the Southern Hemisphere"],["Centaurus","The Centaur; contains Alpha Centauri"],["Alpha Centauri","The closest star system to the Sun, about 4.3 light-years away"],["Proxima Centauri","The closest known star to the Sun"],["Canopus","The second-brightest star in the night sky, in Carina"],["Draco","The Dragon, winding between the Dippers"],["Hercules","A large constellation of the hero"],["Auriga","The Charioteer; has bright star Capella"],["Capella","A bright yellow star in Auriga"],["Lepus","The Hare, below Orion"],["Hydra","The longest constellation"],["Crater","The Cup"],["Corvus","The Crow"],["Ophiuchus","The Serpent Bearer"],["Milky Way","Our galaxy; seen as a pale band of light across the sky"],["Andromeda Galaxy","The nearest large galaxy to the Milky Way, about 2.5 million light-years away"],["Meteor shower","Many meteors seen as Earth passes through a comet's dust trail"],["Perseids","A meteor shower in August"],["Geminids","A meteor shower in December"],["Leonids","A meteor shower in November"],["Planet vs star in the sky","Planets shine steadily; stars twinkle"],["Asterism","A star pattern that is not an official constellation, like the Big Dipper"],["Light pollution","Artificial light that hides the stars"],["Dark sky","An area with little light pollution, great for stargazing"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-missions","id":"space-missions","title":"Space Missions Through 2020","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Famous spacecraft, firsts and astronauts up to 2020.","tags":["space exploration","NASA","missions"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["First artificial satellite, launched 1957","Sputnik 1 (Soviet Union)"],["First animal in orbit, 1957","Laika the dog, on Sputnik 2"],["First human in space, 1961","Yuri Gagarin"],["First American in space, 1961","Alan Shepard"],["First American to orbit Earth, 1962","John Glenn"],["First woman in space, 1963","Valentina Tereshkova"],["First spacewalk, 1965","Alexei Leonov"],["Project Mercury","NASA's first program to put Americans in space"],["Project Gemini","NASA program of two-person flights that practiced docking and spacewalks"],["Project Apollo","NASA program that landed people on the Moon"],["Apollo 8","First crewed mission to orbit the Moon, 1968"],["Apollo 11","First crewed Moon landing, July 1969"],["First person on the Moon","Neil Armstrong"],["Second person on the Moon","Buzz Aldrin"],["Apollo 11 command module pilot","Michael Collins"],["Armstrong's famous words","That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind"],["Apollo 13","1970 mission that returned safely after an oxygen tank failure"],["Apollo 17","The last crewed Moon landing, December 1972"],["Lunar rover","A vehicle astronauts drove on the Moon in later Apollo missions"],["Skylab","The first US space station, launched 1973"],["Salyut","The first space station, launched by the Soviet Union in 1971"],["Mir","A Soviet and Russian space station that orbited from 1986 to 2001"],["International Space Station","A research station orbiting Earth, with crews living aboard since 2000"],["ISS orbit height, about","400 kilometers above Earth"],["Space Shuttle","NASA's reusable spacecraft that flew from 1981 to 2011"],["First Space Shuttle to orbit","Columbia, 1981"],["Space Shuttle orbiters","Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour"],["First American woman in space","Sally Ride, 1983"],["First African American in space from the US","Guion Bluford, 1983"],["Mae Jemison","The first African American woman in space, 1992"],["Hubble Space Telescope","Orbiting telescope launched in 1990"],["Who is the Hubble named for?","Astronomer Edwin Hubble"],["Voyager 1","Probe launched in 1977; entered interstellar space in 2012"],["Voyager 2","Probe launched in 1977 that visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune"],["Pioneer 10","The first spacecraft to fly past Jupiter, in 1973"],["Mariner 4","First spacecraft to photograph Mars up close, 1965"],["Viking 1 and 2","US probes that landed on Mars in 1976"],["Mars Pathfinder","1997 mission that carried the small rover Sojourner"],["Spirit and Opportunity","Twin Mars rovers that landed in 2004"],["Curiosity","A Mars rover that landed in 2012"],["Cassini","A probe that orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017"],["Huygens","A probe that landed on Saturn's moon Titan in 2005"],["Galileo","A spacecraft that orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003"],["Juno","A spacecraft that began orbiting Jupiter in 2016"],["New Horizons","Probe that flew past Pluto in 2015"],["Magellan","A probe that mapped Venus with radar in the early 1990s"],["MESSENGER","The first spacecraft to orbit Mercury, 2011"],["Dawn","A spacecraft that orbited the asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet Ceres"],["Rosetta","European mission that orbited a comet and sent a lander in 2014"],["Kepler","A space telescope that found thousands of planets around other stars"],["Spitzer","An infrared space telescope launched in 2003"],["Chandra","A NASA X-ray space telescope launched in 1999"],["Parker Solar Probe","Spacecraft launched in 2018 to fly close to the Sun"],["OSIRIS-REx","A probe that collected samples from asteroid Bennu in 2020"],["Hayabusa","Japanese probes that returned samples from asteroids"],["Chang'e 4","Chinese lander that touched down on the Moon's far side in 2019"],["Challenger disaster","1986 Space Shuttle accident in which seven crew members died"],["Columbia disaster","2003 Space Shuttle accident that lost its seven crew"],["Crew Dragon","SpaceX capsule that carried NASA astronauts in 2020"],["Sputnik","Russian for fellow traveler or satellite"],["Longest single spaceflight by a woman, 2019-20","Christina Koch, 328 days"],["Cosmonaut","A Russian space traveler"],["Taikonaut","A Chinese space traveler"],["Astronaut","A space traveler from the United States and many other countries"],["Launch pad","The platform a rocket lifts off from"],["Kennedy Space Center","NASA's launch site in Florida"],["Baikonur","The launch site in Kazakhstan used by Russian rockets"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-moons-sun-earth","id":"space-moons-sun-earth","title":"Moons, the Sun and Earth in Space","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Famous moons, moon phases, eclipses and the Sun-Earth-Moon system.","tags":["moon","sun","eclipse"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["How many natural satellites does Earth have?","One, the Moon"],["How long does the Moon take to orbit Earth?","About 27 days; phases repeat about every 29.5 days"],["Phases of the Moon","The changing shapes of the lit part of the Moon we see"],["New moon","The Moon is not visible because its lit side faces away"],["Waxing crescent","A growing sliver of the Moon"],["First quarter","Half the Moon is lit, the right half in the Northern Hemisphere"],["Waxing gibbous","More than half lit and growing"],["Full moon","The whole face of the Moon is lit"],["Waning gibbous","More than half lit and shrinking"],["Third (last) quarter","Half the Moon is lit, the left half in the Northern Hemisphere"],["Waning crescent","A shrinking sliver of the Moon"],["Why does the Moon have phases?","We see different amounts of its sunlit half as it orbits Earth"],["Does the Moon make its own light?","No; it reflects sunlight"],["Lunar eclipse","Earth's shadow falls on the Moon"],["Solar eclipse","The Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, blocking sunlight"],["Total solar eclipse","The Moon completely covers the Sun's disk"],["Is it safe to look at a solar eclipse without eye protection?","No; use special eclipse glasses"],["Corona","The Sun's outer atmosphere, seen during a total eclipse"],["Craters on the Moon come from","Impacts of asteroids and meteoroids"],["Maria (lunar seas)","Dark, flat plains of ancient lava on the Moon"],["Who first walked on the Moon?","Neil Armstrong in 1969"],["Which mission landed first humans on the Moon?","Apollo 11"],["How many Apollo missions landed people on the Moon?","Six"],["Gravity on the Moon compared to Earth","About one-sixth"],["Why does the same side of the Moon always face Earth?","It rotates once for each orbit (tidal locking)"],["Moon landing year of the last Apollo mission","1972, Apollo 17"],["Largest moon in the solar system","Ganymede, a moon of Jupiter"],["Galilean moons","Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, found by Galileo in 1610"],["Io","A volcanic moon of Jupiter"],["Europa","An icy moon of Jupiter with an ocean beneath its ice"],["Titan","Saturn's largest moon, with a thick atmosphere and lakes of methane"],["Enceladus","A small icy moon of Saturn that sprays water ice from its south pole"],["Phobos and Deimos","The two small moons of Mars"],["Triton","Neptune's largest moon, which orbits backward"],["Charon","The largest moon of Pluto"],["Miranda","A moon of Uranus with cliffs and grooves"],["Titania","The largest moon of Uranus"],["Callisto","A heavily cratered moon of Jupiter"],["Mimas","A small icy Saturn moon with one huge crater"],["Sun","A star made mostly of hydrogen and helium"],["Sun's age, about","4.6 billion years"],["Sun's surface temperature, about","5,500 degrees Celsius"],["Sun's core temperature, about","15 million degrees Celsius"],["What powers the Sun?","Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium"],["How long does sunlight take to reach Earth?","About 8 minutes"],["Sunspot","A cooler, darker area on the Sun's surface"],["Solar flare","A sudden burst of energy from the Sun"],["Solar wind","A stream of charged particles flowing from the Sun"],["Aurora","Glowing lights in the sky from solar particles hitting the atmosphere"],["Photosphere","The visible surface of the Sun"],["Solar system formed from","A cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago"],["Earth's rotation period","About 24 hours"],["Earth's orbit period","About 365.25 days"],["Leap year","A year with an extra day, February 29, to fix the calendar"],["Why do we have day and night?","Earth rotates on its axis"],["Summer in the Northern Hemisphere happens when","The Northern Hemisphere tilts toward the Sun"],["Satellite","An object that orbits a planet"],["Tidal force","The Moon's gravity tugging on Earth's oceans"],["Supermoon","A full moon at its closest point to Earth, looking larger"],["Blue moon","The second full moon in one calendar month"],["Harvest moon","The full moon nearest the autumn equinox"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-planets","id":"space-planets","title":"Planets of the Solar System","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Order, features and facts about the eight planets and dwarf planets.","tags":["planets","solar system"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Which planet is closest to the Sun?","Mercury"],["Second planet from the Sun","Venus"],["Third planet from the Sun","Earth"],["Fourth planet from the Sun","Mars"],["Fifth planet from the Sun","Jupiter"],["Sixth planet from the Sun","Saturn"],["Seventh planet from the Sun","Uranus"],["Eighth planet from the Sun","Neptune"],["How many planets are in our solar system?","Eight"],["Memory trick for planet order","My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles"],["Inner (terrestrial) planets","Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars"],["Outer planets","Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune"],["Gas giants","Jupiter and Saturn"],["Ice giants","Uranus and Neptune"],["Which is the largest planet?","Jupiter"],["Which is the smallest planet?","Mercury"],["Which planet is the hottest?","Venus"],["Why is Venus so hot?","Its thick carbon dioxide air traps heat"],["Which planet is called the Red Planet?","Mars"],["Why is Mars red?","Iron oxide (rust) on its surface"],["Which planet has famous rings?","Saturn"],["Do other planets have rings?","Yes: Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune have fainter ones"],["Which planet spins on its side?","Uranus"],["Which planet has the Great Red Spot?","Jupiter"],["What is the Great Red Spot?","A giant storm larger than Earth, seen for hundreds of years"],["Which planet has the strongest winds?","Neptune"],["Which planet is furthest from the Sun?","Neptune"],["Which planet has the longest day?","Venus, which spins very slowly"],["Which planet spins backward compared to most?","Venus"],["Which planets have no moons?","Mercury and Venus"],["How many moons does Earth have?","One"],["Which planet has the tallest volcano in the solar system?","Mars, Olympus Mons"],["What is the largest canyon in the solar system?","Valles Marineris on Mars"],["Which planet is less dense than water?","Saturn"],["What is Mercury's year length?","About 88 Earth days"],["How long is Earth's year?","About 365 days"],["How long is Mars's year?","About 687 Earth days"],["How long is Jupiter's year?","About 12 Earth years"],["How long is Saturn's year?","About 29 Earth years"],["How long is Uranus's year?","About 84 Earth years"],["How long is Neptune's year?","About 165 Earth years"],["What are Saturn's rings made of?","Pieces of ice and rock"],["What is Jupiter mostly made of?","Hydrogen and helium"],["What gas gives Uranus and Neptune a blue color?","Methane"],["Which planet is the only one with liquid water on its surface?","Earth"],["What does Earth's atmosphere contain mostly?","Nitrogen and oxygen"],["What does Mars's atmosphere contain mostly?","Carbon dioxide"],["Which planet was discovered with a telescope in 1781?","Uranus"],["Who discovered Uranus?","William Herschel"],["Which planet was found by math predictions in 1846?","Neptune"],["Dwarf planet","A round body orbiting the Sun that hasn't cleared its orbit"],["Name the five officially recognized dwarf planets","Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris"],["When was Pluto reclassified as a dwarf planet?","2006"],["Who discovered Pluto in 1930?","Clyde Tombaugh"],["Asteroid belt","A region between Mars and Jupiter filled with rocky bodies"],["Kuiper belt","A region beyond Neptune with icy bodies and dwarf planets"],["Oort cloud","A far-off sphere of icy bodies thought to surround the solar system"],["Comet","An icy body that grows a glowing tail near the Sun"],["Asteroid","A rocky body orbiting the Sun, smaller than a planet"],["Meteoroid","A small piece of rock or metal in space"],["Meteor","The streak of light when a meteoroid burns in the atmosphere"],["Meteorite","A piece of space rock that lands on the ground"],["Sun","The star at the center of our solar system"],["Orbit","The path an object takes around another"],["Astronomical unit","The average distance from Earth to the Sun, about 150 million kilometers"],["Gravity on Mars compared to Earth","About 38 percent"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/space-stars-universe","id":"space-stars-universe","title":"Stars, Galaxies and the Universe","category":"science","subject":"Space","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Star life cycles, galaxy types, and cosmology words.","tags":["stars","galaxies","universe"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Star","A huge ball of hot gas that makes its own light by fusion"],["Nebula","A cloud of gas and dust in space"],["Protostar","A young star still forming inside a nebula"],["Main sequence","The long stage when a star fuses hydrogen into helium"],["Red giant","A swollen, cool star near the end of its life"],["White dwarf","The small hot core left after a medium star ends"],["Planetary nebula","A glowing shell of gas thrown off by a dying star"],["Supernova","The explosion of a massive star at the end of its life"],["Neutron star","The super-dense core left by some supernovae"],["Pulsar","A spinning neutron star that sends out beams of radiation"],["Black hole","A region where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape"],["Event horizon","The boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing returns"],["Red dwarf","A small, cool, long-lived star"],["Supergiant","A very large, luminous star"],["Binary star","Two stars orbiting each other"],["Variable star","A star whose brightness changes"],["Nova","A white dwarf suddenly brightening by pulling in gas"],["Star color and temperature","Blue stars are hottest; red stars are coolest"],["Spectral classes from hot to cool","O, B, A, F, G, K, M"],["Spectral class of the Sun","G"],["Luminosity","The total amount of light a star gives off"],["Apparent magnitude","How bright a star looks from Earth"],["Absolute magnitude","How bright a star would look from a standard distance"],["Hertzsprung-Russell diagram","A graph plotting star brightness against temperature"],["Light-year","The distance light travels in one year, about 9.5 trillion kilometers"],["Parallax","The apparent shift of a nearby star against the background as Earth moves"],["Galaxy","A huge collection of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity"],["Milky Way","Our home galaxy, a spiral with a central bar"],["Spiral galaxy","A galaxy with arms curling out from the center"],["Elliptical galaxy","A smooth oval-shaped galaxy"],["Irregular galaxy","A galaxy with no regular shape"],["Galaxy cluster","A group of many galaxies bound by gravity"],["Local Group","The cluster of galaxies that includes the Milky Way"],["Large Magellanic Cloud","A small galaxy that orbits the Milky Way"],["Quasar","An extremely bright center of a distant galaxy powered by a black hole"],["Dark matter","Unseen matter that adds gravity to galaxies"],["Dark energy","A mysterious force that speeds up the expansion of the universe"],["Big Bang theory","The universe began extremely hot and dense about 13.8 billion years ago"],["Expanding universe","Space is stretching, carrying galaxies apart"],["Redshift","Light from receding objects stretches toward red"],["Who found that galaxies move away from us in 1929?","Edwin Hubble"],["Cosmic microwave background","The faint glow left from the early universe"],["Observable universe","The part of the universe we can see from Earth"],["Exoplanet","A planet orbiting a star other than the Sun"],["Habitable zone","The region around a star where liquid water could exist on a planet"],["Telescope","An instrument that gathers light to see faraway objects"],["Refracting telescope","A telescope that uses lenses"],["Reflecting telescope","A telescope that uses mirrors"],["Radio telescope","A dish that collects radio waves from space"],["Spectrum of starlight","Shows what elements a star contains"],["Astronomy","The study of space and everything in it"],["Astrophysics","The branch of astronomy using physics to explain objects in space"],["Cosmology","The study of the origin and structure of the universe"],["Who proposed the Sun-centered solar system in 1543?","Nicolaus Copernicus"],["Who first used a telescope to study the sky in 1609?","Galileo Galilei"],["Who described the laws of planetary motion?","Johannes Kepler"],["Which star is closest to Earth?","The Sun"],["Which star is the closest after the Sun?","Proxima Centauri"],["Star formation location","Inside dense nebulae"],["Chandrasekhar limit","The maximum mass of a white dwarf, about 1.4 solar masses"],["Solar mass","A unit equal to the mass of the Sun"],["Gravitational waves","Ripples in space-time first detected in 2015"],["First image of a black hole shadow, released","2019, in the galaxy M87"]]}]