[{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/anthropology-intro-terms","id":"anthropology-intro-terms","title":"Anthropology: Intro Terms","category":"social-studies","subject":"Anthropology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Key terms from introductory anthropology: culture, fieldwork, human origins and kinship.","tags":["anthropology","culture","archaeology","human evolution"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["Anthropology","The study of humans, past and present, including biology and culture"],["Four fields","Cultural, biological (physical), archaeological and linguistic anthropology"],["Cultural anthropology","Study of human societies and cultures"],["Biological anthropology","Study of human biology, evolution and primates"],["Archaeology","Study of the human past through material remains"],["Linguistic anthropology","Study of language in its social and cultural context"],["Culture","Learned, shared beliefs, values and behaviors of a group"],["Society","A group of people who share territory and culture"],["Ethnography","A detailed written study of a culture, based on fieldwork"],["Fieldwork","Research done by living among and observing people"],["Participant observation","Learning about a group by taking part in its daily life"],["Informant","A person who teaches a researcher about their culture"],["Emic perspective","Understanding a culture from the insider's point of view"],["Etic perspective","Describing a culture from an outsider's, more objective viewpoint"],["Ethnocentrism","Judging other cultures by the standards of your own"],["Cultural relativism","Understanding a culture on its own terms without judging it by outside standards"],["Enculturation","The process of learning your culture"],["Acculturation","Change when cultures come into contact"],["Cultural diffusion","Spread of cultural traits from one society to another"],["Material culture","Physical objects made by a culture"],["Nonmaterial culture","Ideas, beliefs and values"],["Norm","A shared expectation about behavior"],["Value","A shared belief about what is good or important"],["Ritual","A repeated, symbolic action"],["Rite of passage","Ritual marking a change in status, like adulthood"],["Symbol","Something that stands for something else"],["Kinship","Relationships based on blood, marriage or adoption"],["Nuclear family","Parents and their children"],["Extended family","Family that includes other relatives"],["Descent","How people trace family ties"],["Patrilineal descent","Tracing descent through the father's line"],["Matrilineal descent","Tracing descent through the mother's line"],["Marriage","A socially recognized union, with different forms across cultures"],["Exogamy","Marrying outside one's group"],["Endogamy","Marrying within one's group"],["Band","Small, mobile group of hunter-gatherers"],["Tribe","Group of related bands or clans with shared culture"],["Chiefdom","Society led by a chief with inherited rank"],["State","Society with centralized government and social classes"],["Hunter-gatherers","People who live by hunting animals and gathering plants"],["Pastoralism","Livelihood based on herding animals"],["Horticulture","Small-scale farming with simple tools"],["Agriculture","Large-scale farming"],["Neolithic Revolution","Shift to farming about 10,000 years ago"],["Reciprocity","Exchange of goods and favors based on mutual obligation"],["Potlatch","Feast with gift-giving practiced on the Northwest Coast"],["Kula ring","Exchange system among islands near Papua New Guinea studied by Malinowski"],["Bronislaw Malinowski","Anthropologist who pioneered fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands"],["Franz Boas","Father of American anthropology; stressed cultural relativism"],["Margaret Mead","Anthropologist who studied adolescence in Samoa"],["Ruth Benedict","Anthropologist who wrote Patterns of Culture"],["Claude Levi-Strauss","French anthropologist who studied myth and kinship"],["Clifford Geertz","Anthropologist who described culture as webs of meaning"],["Hominin","Humans and their extinct close relatives"],["Australopithecus","Early bipedal hominins that lived in Africa millions of years ago"],["Lucy","A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton found in Ethiopia in 1974"],["Homo habilis","Early Homo species associated with stone tools"],["Homo erectus","Early human relative that used fire and spread out of Africa"],["Neanderthals","Close human relatives who lived in Europe and Asia until about 40,000 years ago"],["Homo sapiens","Modern humans, who first appeared in Africa about 300,000 years ago"],["Bipedalism","Walking on two legs"],["Primate","Group of mammals including monkeys, apes and humans"],["Out of Africa","Evidence that modern humans originated in Africa and spread worldwide"],["Paleolithic","Old Stone Age"],["Artifact","An object made or used by people in the past"],["Excavation","Careful digging at an archaeological site"],["Stratigraphy","Layers of earth that help date finds"],["Radiocarbon dating","Method that measures carbon-14 to date organic remains"],["Linguistic relativity","Idea that language influences thought (Sapir-Whorf)"],["Globalization","Growing connections among cultures worldwide"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights","id":"civics-citizenship-democracy-and-rights","title":"Citizenship Test: Democracy, Rights and Duties","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"Practice questions on democratic principles, rights and responsibilities, based on the topics of the US naturalization civics test (our own wording).","tags":["citizenship","naturalization","civics test","democracy"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What is the supreme law of the United States?","The Constitution"],["What does the Constitution do?","It sets up the government, defines its powers and protects basic rights"],["What are the first three words of the Constitution?","We the People"],["What does 'We the People' show about the government?","That the government's power comes from the people"],["What is an amendment?","A change or addition to the Constitution"],["What do we call the first ten amendments?","The Bill of Rights"],["How many amendments does the Constitution have?","Twenty-seven (27)"],["What did the Declaration of Independence do?","Announced that the colonies were free from Great Britain"],["Who wrote most of the Declaration of Independence?","Thomas Jefferson"],["On what date was the Declaration of Independence adopted?","July 4, 1776"],["Name two rights listed in the Declaration of Independence.","Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"],["What is freedom of religion?","You may practice any religion, or none"],["What is the economic system of the United States?","A capitalist or market economy"],["What is the rule of law?","Everyone, including leaders, must obey the law, and no one is above it"],["Name one right guaranteed by the First Amendment.","Speech, religion, assembly, press, or petitioning the government"],["What is freedom of the press?","The right to publish news and opinions without government control"],["What is the right to petition?","The right to ask the government to fix a problem"],["Who can vote in federal elections?","US citizens aged 18 and older"],["Name one right only for US citizens.","Voting in federal elections, or running for federal office"],["What rights do all people living in the US have?","Freedom of speech, religion, assembly and others in the Bill of Rights"],["What does a person promise in the Oath of Allegiance?","To give up loyalty to other countries, defend the Constitution and obey the laws"],["Name two promises in the Oath of Allegiance.","Obey the laws, serve in the military or do work of national importance if needed"],["Name one duty of every citizen.","Obeying laws, paying taxes, or serving on a jury when called"],["Name one responsibility only for citizens.","Serving on a jury, or voting in federal elections"],["How old must you be to vote?","Eighteen"],["What is a jury?","A group of citizens who decide the facts in a trial"],["What do Americans do on Election Day?","Vote for leaders and on issues"],["When is Election Day for federal offices?","In November"],["What must men register for at age 18?","Selective Service, the military draft registration system"],["Why is paying taxes a duty?","Taxes fund roads, schools, defense and other public services"],["When are federal income taxes due?","April 15, in most years"],["What is a political party?","A group of people with similar ideas who work to elect leaders"],["Name the two major political parties in the US.","Democratic and Republican"],["What is a citizen?","A full member of a country with rights and responsibilities"],["What is naturalization?","The process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen"],["What does 'equal justice under law' mean?","The law applies the same way to everyone"],["What is due process?","Fair legal procedures before the government takes life, liberty or property"],["What is the right to a speedy and public trial?","A defendant is tried promptly and in the open, guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment"],["What does the Fifth Amendment protect?","The right not to testify against yourself and to due process"],["What does the Fourth Amendment protect?","People from unreasonable searches and seizures"],["What is the right to bear arms?","The Second Amendment right to keep and carry weapons, subject to laws"],["What does the Eighth Amendment forbid?","Cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail"],["What is freedom of assembly?","The right to gather peacefully in groups"],["What is freedom of speech?","The right to express ideas without government punishment, with limits"],["What is a constitutional right?","A right protected by the Constitution"],["What is a civil right?","A right to equal treatment, such as voting and equal protection"],["What is a civic duty?","Something citizens should do to help the community and country"],["What is volunteering?","Giving your time to help others without pay"],["What is the pursuit of happiness?","The freedom to seek a good life in your own way"],["Why do we have a Constitution?","To create a lasting government with limited power and protected rights"],["Who has the final say in a democracy?","The people, by voting"],["What does 'limited government' mean?","The government can only do what the Constitution and laws allow"],["What is representative democracy?","People elect representatives to make laws for them"],["What is the Pledge of Allegiance?","A promise of loyalty to the flag and the republic"],["What is a patriot?","Someone who loves and supports their country"],["What is the Preamble?","The opening statement of the Constitution that states its purposes"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/civics-citizenship-government","id":"civics-citizenship-government","title":"Citizenship Test: How the Government Works","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"Practice questions on Congress, the president, the courts, states and federal powers, in the style of the US naturalization civics test (our own wording).","tags":["citizenship","congress","president","supreme court"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Name the three branches of the federal government.","Legislative, executive and judicial"],["What is the legislative branch?","Congress, which makes the laws"],["What is the executive branch?","The president and agencies that carry out the laws"],["What is the judicial branch?","The courts, which interpret the laws"],["What keeps one branch from becoming too powerful?","Separation of powers and checks and balances"],["What is a check and balance?","A way for one branch to limit the power of another"],["Who is in charge of the executive branch?","The president"],["Who makes federal laws?","Congress"],["What are the two parts of Congress?","The Senate and the House of Representatives"],["How many US senators are there?","One hundred (100)"],["How many senators does each state have?","Two"],["How long is a senator's term?","Six years"],["How many voting members are in the House of Representatives?","Four hundred thirty-five (435)"],["How long is a House member's term?","Two years"],["Why do some states have more House members than others?","Seats are based on each state's population"],["Who does a senator represent?","All the people of their state"],["Who does a House member represent?","The people of their district"],["Who leads the House of Representatives?","The Speaker of the House"],["Who presides over the Senate?","The vice president, who votes only to break a tie"],["How long is a president's term?","Four years"],["How many terms can a president serve?","Two elected terms"],["Which amendment limited presidents to two terms?","The 22nd Amendment"],["In what month do we vote for president?","November"],["What is the Electoral College?","The system of electors who formally choose the president"],["How many electoral votes does a candidate need to win?","At least 270"],["What is the minimum age to be president?","Thirty-five"],["What must a president be, by birth?","A natural-born citizen"],["Who takes over if the president can no longer serve?","The vice president"],["If both president and vice president cannot serve, who is next?","The Speaker of the House"],["Who is the commander in chief of the military?","The president"],["Who signs bills into law?","The president"],["Who can veto a bill?","The president"],["Can Congress override a veto?","Yes, with a two-thirds vote in both houses"],["What does the cabinet do?","Advises the president; its members head major departments"],["Name one cabinet department.","State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Education, Labor and others"],["Who nominates Supreme Court justices?","The president"],["Who confirms the president's nominees for the Supreme Court?","The Senate"],["What does the judicial branch do?","Interprets laws, settles disputes and decides if laws follow the Constitution"],["What is the highest court in the US?","The Supreme Court"],["How many justices are on the Supreme Court?","Nine"],["How long do federal judges serve?","For life, unless they resign or are removed"],["What is judicial review?","The courts' power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution"],["Who declares war?","Congress"],["Who makes treaties?","The president, with Senate approval"],["Who coins and prints money?","The federal government"],["Name one power of the federal government.","Print money, declare war, create an army, make treaties, regulate trade between states"],["Name one power of state governments.","Run schools, issue driver's licenses, hold elections, provide police"],["What is federalism?","Sharing power between the national government and states"],["What does the Tenth Amendment say?","Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or the people"],["Who is the head of a state's government?","The governor"],["What is the head of a city government often called?","The mayor"],["What is a county?","A region within a state with its own local government"],["What is a state capital?","The city where a state's government meets"],["What is the capital of the United States?","Washington, DC"],["Who gets to vote in a state election?","Citizens who are registered and old enough, with state rules"],["What is a census?","A count of the population taken every ten years"],["What is the purpose of the census?","To divide House seats and plan public services"],["What is a bill?","A proposed law"],["What is a law?","A rule made by the government and enforced by courts"],["What is a tax?","Money collected by the government for public services"],["What does the Senate do with treaties?","Approves them by a two-thirds vote"],["Who can impeach a federal official?","The House brings charges; the Senate holds the trial"],["What is an appeal?","Asking a higher court to review a decision"],["What does the vice president do?","Takes over if the president cannot serve, and presides over the Senate"],["What is the Library of Congress?","The nation's largest library, in Washington, DC"],["What is the Capitol?","The building where Congress meets"],["What is the White House?","Home and office of the president"],["What is the Pentagon?","Headquarters of the Department of Defense"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols","id":"civics-citizenship-history-and-symbols","title":"Citizenship Test: History, Geography and Symbols","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"Practice questions on American history, geography, symbols and holidays, in the style of the US naturalization civics test (our own wording).","tags":["citizenship","american history","symbols","holidays"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Who lived in America before Europeans arrived?","Native American peoples"],["Name one reason colonists came to America.","Freedom, religious freedom, economic opportunity, or to escape persecution"],["Who was brought to America by force from Africa?","Enslaved Africans"],["Who fought for American independence from Britain?","Colonists, called Patriots, led by the Continental Army"],["Why did colonists fight the British?","High taxes without representation, and no say in laws"],["What was the main purpose of the Declaration of Independence?","To tell the world why the colonies were separating from Britain"],["Who was the first president?","George Washington"],["Who commanded the Continental Army?","George Washington"],["What did Benjamin Franklin invent or do?","Invented bifocals and the lightning rod, was a diplomat, and helped write founding documents"],["Who is called the Father of Our Country?","George Washington"],["What was the Constitutional Convention?","The 1787 meeting where the Constitution was written"],["Why were the Federalist Papers written?","To persuade states to ratify the Constitution"],["Name one author of the Federalist Papers.","Alexander Hamilton, James Madison or John Jay"],["What territory did the US buy from France in 1803?","The Louisiana Territory"],["Name one war fought by the US in the 1800s.","War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, or Spanish-American War"],["Name the war between the North and the South.","The Civil War"],["Name one problem that led to the Civil War.","Slavery, economic differences, or states' rights"],["What was one important thing Abraham Lincoln did?","Freed enslaved people (Emancipation Proclamation), saved the Union, or led during the Civil War"],["What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?","Declared freedom for enslaved people in rebelling states"],["What did Susan B. Anthony do?","Fought for women's rights and the right to vote"],["Name one war fought by the US in the 1900s.","World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War or Gulf War"],["Who was president during World War I?","Woodrow Wilson"],["Who was president during the Great Depression and World War II?","Franklin Roosevelt"],["Who did the US fight in World War II?","Japan, Germany and Italy"],["Before he was president, Eisenhower was a general. In which war?","World War II"],["What was the main concern of the US during the Cold War?","The spread of communism"],["What movement did Martin Luther King Jr. lead?","The civil rights movement"],["What did Martin Luther King Jr. do?","Fought for civil rights and equality for all Americans using nonviolence"],["What major event happened on September 11, 2001?","Terrorists attacked the United States"],["Name one American Indian tribe in the US.","Cherokee, Navajo, Sioux, Apache, Iroquois, Pueblo and many others"],["Name one of the two longest rivers in the US.","The Missouri River or the Mississippi River"],["What ocean is on the West Coast?","The Pacific Ocean"],["What ocean is on the East Coast?","The Atlantic Ocean"],["Name one US territory.","Puerto Rico, Guam, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa or Northern Mariana Islands"],["Name one state that borders Canada.","Maine, New York, Montana, Washington, Alaska and others"],["Name one state that borders Mexico.","California, Arizona, New Mexico or Texas"],["What is the capital of the US?","Washington, DC"],["Where is the Statue of Liberty?","New York Harbor, near Liberty Island"],["Why does the flag have 13 stripes?","They stand for the original 13 colonies"],["Why does the flag have 50 stars?","One for each state"],["What is the name of the national anthem?","The Star-Spangled Banner"],["Who wrote the words to the national anthem?","Francis Scott Key"],["When do we celebrate Independence Day?","July 4"],["Name two national US holidays.","New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Juneteenth, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas"],["What is Memorial Day?","A holiday honoring those who died serving in the military, on the last Monday in May"],["What is Veterans Day?","A holiday honoring all who served in the military, on November 11"],["What is Labor Day?","A holiday honoring workers, on the first Monday in September"],["What is Thanksgiving?","A holiday in late November to give thanks, on the fourth Thursday"],["What is Juneteenth?","A holiday on June 19 marking the end of slavery"],["What are the colors of the US flag?","Red, white and blue"],["What is the nickname of the US flag?","The Stars and Stripes"],["What is the bald eagle?","The national bird of the United States"],["What is E Pluribus Unum?","Latin for 'Out of many, one,' a national motto"],["What is the Liberty Bell?","A bell in Philadelphia, a symbol of freedom"],["How many states are in the US?","Fifty"],["Which cities served as the nation's capital before Washington, DC?","New York City and Philadelphia"],["Which state is the largest by area?","Alaska"],["Which state is the smallest by area?","Rhode Island"],["Which state has the most people?","California"],["Which was the last state to join?","Hawaii, in 1959"],["Who were the Pilgrims?","English settlers who founded Plymouth in 1620"],["What was the Underground Railroad?","A secret network that helped enslaved people escape to freedom"],["Who led people on the Underground Railroad?","Harriet Tubman is the best known"],["What was the Great Depression?","A severe economic downturn in the 1930s"],["What happened at Pearl Harbor?","Japan attacked the US naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941"],["What is the Fourth of July also called?","Independence Day"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/civics-vocabulary","id":"civics-vocabulary","title":"Civics Vocabulary","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"Key words for understanding government, citizenship and laws.","tags":["vocabulary","civics","government"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Government","The people and system that make and enforce laws for a community or nation"],["Citizen","A legal member of a country"],["Citizenship","Being a member of a country with rights and duties"],["Democracy","Government by the people, usually through voting"],["Republic","A government with elected representatives and a constitution"],["Monarchy","Rule by a king or queen"],["Dictatorship","Rule by one person with total power"],["Constitution","The basic plan and laws of a government"],["Law","A rule made by the government that everyone must follow"],["Right","Something you are free to do or have"],["Responsibility","Something you should do"],["Duty","A task you are required to do"],["Liberty","Freedom"],["Justice","Fair treatment under the law"],["Equality","Being treated the same under the law"],["Authority","The power to make decisions and be obeyed"],["Power","The ability to make things happen"],["Rule of law","Everyone follows the same laws, including leaders"],["Legislature","A group that makes laws"],["Executive","The part of government that carries out laws"],["Judiciary","The courts"],["Federal","National, as opposed to state or local"],["State","One of the 50 divisions of the US with its own government"],["Local government","City, town or county government"],["Mayor","Head of a city government"],["Governor","Head of a state government"],["Council","A group of officials who make local laws"],["Representative","A person elected to speak and act for others"],["Senator","A member of the Senate"],["Ambassador","Official sent to represent a country abroad"],["Candidate","Person running for office"],["Campaign","Efforts to win an election"],["Election","A vote to choose leaders or decide an issue"],["Ballot","The paper or screen used to cast a vote"],["Vote","A choice made in an election"],["Voter registration","Signing up to vote"],["Polling place","Where people go to vote"],["Primary election","A vote to choose a party's candidate"],["General election","A vote to choose among candidates from different parties"],["Majority","More than half"],["Minority","Less than half; also a smaller group"],["Referendum","A direct vote by citizens on a law or issue"],["Initiative","A way for citizens to propose a law by gathering signatures"],["Political party","A group that organizes to win elections and shape government"],["Platform","A party's list of goals and positions"],["Interest group","A group that tries to influence government decisions"],["Lobbying","Trying to influence lawmakers"],["Media","News sources that inform the public"],["Public opinion","What most people think about issues"],["Poll","A survey of people's opinions"],["Petition","A written request signed by many people"],["Protest","A public demonstration of disagreement"],["Boycott","Refusing to buy something as a protest"],["Civil rights","Rights to equal treatment under the law"],["Civil liberties","Basic freedoms protected from government action"],["Discrimination","Unfair treatment because of identity"],["Segregation","Forced separation of groups"],["Suffrage","The right to vote"],["Amendment","A change to a constitution"],["Ratify","To approve formally"],["Veto","To reject a bill"],["Impeach","To charge an official with wrongdoing"],["Override","To pass a bill despite a veto"],["Treaty","An agreement between nations"],["Diplomacy","Handling relations between countries peacefully"],["Sovereignty","A nation's right to govern itself"],["Immigrant","Person who moves to a new country to live"],["Naturalization","Process of becoming a citizen"],["Tax","Money paid to the government"],["Budget","A plan for earning and spending money"],["Public service","Work done for the community"],["Volunteer","Person who works without pay to help others"],["Jury","Citizens who decide a verdict"],["Verdict","Decision of a jury or judge"],["Defendant","Person accused in court"],["Plaintiff","Person who brings a lawsuit"],["Prosecutor","Lawyer who brings charges for the government"],["Judge","Official who runs a court"],["Testify","To give evidence in court"],["Common good","What benefits everyone in a community"],["Compromise","Each side gives up something to agree"],["Consensus","General agreement"],["Civic engagement","Taking part in community and public life"],["Bipartisan","Involving two political parties"],["Constituent","A voter represented by an official"],["Term","The length of time an official serves"],["Incumbent","Person currently holding an office"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/community-helpers","id":"community-helpers","title":"Community Helpers","category":"social-studies","subject":"Community","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"People in our community who help us, and what they do.","tags":["community helpers","jobs","k-2"],"frontLabel":"Helper","backLabel":"What they do","cards":[["Firefighter","Puts out fires and rescues people","Wears a helmet and rides a fire truck"],["Police officer","Keeps people safe and helps follow the rules","Call 911 in an emergency"],["Doctor","Helps people who are sick or hurt feel better"],["Nurse","Cares for patients and helps doctors"],["Dentist","Takes care of our teeth","Brush twice a day"],["Teacher","Helps students learn"],["Librarian","Helps people find books and information"],["Mail carrier","Delivers letters and packages"],["Bus driver","Drives people safely to places like school"],["Farmer","Grows food like fruits, vegetables and grains"],["Baker","Makes bread, cakes and cookies"],["Grocery store worker","Sells food and helps shoppers"],["Chef","Cooks food in a restaurant"],["Server","Brings food to customers in a restaurant"],["Garbage collector","Takes away trash and keeps the town clean"],["Recycling worker","Sorts materials so they can be used again"],["Construction worker","Builds houses, roads and bridges"],["Carpenter","Builds with wood"],["Plumber","Fixes pipes and water problems"],["Electrician","Installs and fixes wires and lights"],["Mechanic","Fixes cars and other machines"],["Veterinarian","Doctor for animals"],["Pharmacist","Prepares medicine from a doctor's order"],["Paramedic","Gives emergency care and rides in an ambulance"],["Crossing guard","Helps children cross the street safely"],["Pilot","Flies airplanes"],["Flight attendant","Helps passengers on a plane"],["Train conductor","Takes tickets and helps run a train"],["Taxi driver","Drives people where they want to go"],["Scientist","Learns about the world by testing ideas"],["Engineer","Designs things like bridges, machines and apps"],["Architect","Designs buildings"],["Artist","Makes paintings, drawings and sculptures"],["Musician","Plays or sings music"],["Writer","Writes stories, news or books"],["Journalist","Finds and shares news"],["Judge","Leads a court and makes sure the law is followed"],["Lawyer","Helps people with legal problems"],["Mayor","Leader of a town or city"],["Soldier","Member of the military who protects the country"],["Lifeguard","Watches swimmers and keeps them safe"],["Barber or hair stylist","Cuts and styles hair"],["Photographer","Takes pictures"],["Dentist hygienist","Cleans teeth"],["Optometrist","Checks eyes and helps people see well"],["Park ranger","Takes care of parks and teaches visitors"],["Zookeeper","Cares for animals in a zoo"],["Florist","Arranges and sells flowers"],["Tailor","Sews and fixes clothes"],["Shoemaker","Makes and repairs shoes"],["Coach","Teaches and trains a sports team"],["Therapist","Helps people feel better in body or mind"],["Custodian","Cleans and takes care of a building like a school"],["School principal","Leader of a school"],["School counselor","Helps students with feelings and school choices"],["Cashier","Takes payment at a store"],["Delivery driver","Brings packages and food to homes"],["Truck driver","Moves goods from place to place"],["Window washer","Cleans windows on tall buildings"],["Gardener","Takes care of plants and lawns"],["Locksmith","Makes keys and fixes locks"],["Painter","Paints walls, houses or pictures"],["Utility worker","Keeps electricity, gas and water running"],["Lineworker","Fixes power lines"],["Why community helpers matter","They do jobs that keep our community safe, clean and healthy"],["Emergency number","Dial 911"],["Tools of a firefighter","Hose, ladder, helmet and fire truck"],["Tools of a doctor","Stethoscope and thermometer"],["Tools of a teacher","Books, markers and a whiteboard"],["Tools of a mail carrier","Mailbag and truck"],["Tools of a builder","Hammer, saw and hard hat"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/cultures-and-customs","id":"cultures-and-customs","title":"Cultures, Customs and Traditions","category":"social-studies","subject":"World Cultures","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"What culture is, and examples of food, clothing, greetings, music and customs from different parts of the world.","tags":["culture","customs","traditions","world"],"frontLabel":"Term or custom","backLabel":"About it","cards":[["Culture","The shared way of life of a group: language, food, clothing, beliefs, art and customs"],["Custom","A way of acting that a group has followed for a long time"],["Tradition","A custom passed from one generation to the next"],["Heritage","Traditions and history inherited from the past"],["Ethnic group","People who share a common culture, language or ancestry"],["Language","A system of words used to communicate"],["Dialect","A regional or social form of a language"],["Bilingual","Able to speak two languages"],["Cuisine","A style of cooking"],["Folktale","A traditional story passed down by telling"],["Folk music","Traditional music of a people"],["Folk dance","Traditional dance of a region"],["Festival","A celebration with special events"],["Ceremony","A formal event marking something important"],["Rite of passage","A ritual that marks moving to a new stage of life"],["Namaste","A greeting in India, with hands pressed together"],["Bowing","A common greeting in Japan and Korea"],["Handshake","A common greeting in many Western countries"],["Kiss on the cheek","A common greeting among friends in many European and Latin American countries"],["Hongi","A traditional Maori greeting of pressing noses"],["Salaam","Arabic greeting meaning peace"],["Sushi","Japanese dish of rice with fish or vegetables"],["Pasta","Italian staple made from wheat dough"],["Tortilla","Flatbread of corn or wheat used in Mexican food"],["Injera","Spongy flatbread of Ethiopia and Eritrea"],["Curry","Spiced dish common in South Asia"],["Dim sum","Small Chinese dishes served with tea"],["Baguette","Long French bread"],["Paella","Spanish rice dish"],["Kimchi","Korean fermented cabbage dish"],["Tagine","North African stew cooked in a clay pot"],["Pho","Vietnamese noodle soup"],["Falafel","Fried chickpea balls from the Middle East"],["Jollof rice","West African rice dish"],["Kimono","Traditional Japanese robe"],["Sari","Long cloth draped as a dress in India and South Asia"],["Kilt","Traditional Scottish knee-length garment"],["Poncho","Cloth garment worn in the Andes and Latin America"],["Dashiki","Colorful West African shirt"],["Hanbok","Traditional Korean clothing"],["Sombrero","Wide-brimmed Mexican hat"],["Turban","Wrapped headcloth worn in several cultures"],["Hijab","Head covering worn by some Muslim women"],["Kippah (yarmulke)","Skullcap worn by many Jewish men"],["Totem pole","Carved pole from Native peoples of the Northwest coast"],["Mask","Face covering used in ceremonies in many cultures"],["Didgeridoo","Wind instrument of Aboriginal Australians"],["Sitar","Stringed instrument of India"],["Bagpipes","Wind instrument associated with Scotland"],["Samba","Lively music and dance style from Brazil"],["Flamenco","Spanish music and dance with guitars and clapping"],["Kabuki","Japanese theater with elaborate costumes"],["Taiko drums","Large Japanese drums"],["Steel drum","Instrument from Trinidad and Tobago"],["Origami","Japanese art of paper folding"],["Calligraphy","Art of beautiful writing, important in East Asia and the Middle East"],["Batik","Cloth dyed with wax patterns, from Indonesia"],["Mosaic","Pictures made from small pieces of tile or glass"],["Henna","Plant dye used for body art in South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa"],["Tea ceremony","Formal serving of tea in Japan"],["Chopsticks","Eating tools used in East Asia"],["Eating with hands","Common in many places, such as India and Ethiopia; use the right hand"],["Removing shoes","Common in homes in Japan, Korea and many other countries"],["Siesta","Midday rest in Spain and Latin America"],["Fika","Swedish coffee break with a pastry"],["Hospitality","Welcoming guests; very important in many cultures"],["Elders","Older people, often respected for wisdom"],["Extended family","Family including grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins"],["Cultural diffusion","Spread of customs, ideas or goods from one culture to another"],["Assimilation","Adopting the culture of a new place"],["Multicultural","Having many cultures present"],["Stereotype","An oversimplified belief about a group; it is often wrong"],["Respect for differences","Learning about other cultures helps us understand and appreciate each other"],["Cultural landmark","A place of cultural importance, like the Taj Mahal"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/economics-concepts-high-school","id":"economics-concepts-high-school","title":"Economics: Micro and Macro Concepts","category":"social-studies","subject":"Economics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Concepts from introductory microeconomics and macroeconomics, in plain wording.","tags":["microeconomics","macroeconomics","fiscal policy","monetary policy"],"frontLabel":"Concept","backLabel":"Explanation","cards":[["Microeconomics","The study of individual consumers, firms and markets"],["Macroeconomics","The study of the whole economy: growth, inflation and jobs"],["Marginal analysis","Weighing the added benefit and added cost of one more unit"],["Marginal cost","The extra cost of producing one more unit"],["Marginal benefit","The extra satisfaction from one more unit"],["Diminishing returns","Adding more of one input eventually adds less output"],["Economies of scale","Average costs fall as output grows"],["Price elasticity of demand","How much quantity demanded changes when price changes"],["Elastic demand","Buyers respond strongly to price changes"],["Inelastic demand","Buyers respond little to price changes, like necessities"],["Substitute goods","Goods that can replace each other, like butter and margarine"],["Complementary goods","Goods used together, like printers and ink"],["Normal good","A good you buy more of when income rises"],["Inferior good","A good you buy less of when income rises"],["Determinants of demand","Income, tastes, prices of related goods, expectations and number of buyers"],["Determinants of supply","Input costs, technology, taxes and number of sellers"],["Price ceiling","A legal maximum price"],["Price floor","A legal minimum price, like a minimum wage"],["Deadweight loss","Lost value when a market does not trade at the efficient level"],["Consumer surplus","The difference between what buyers would pay and what they do pay"],["Producer surplus","The difference between the price received and the lowest price a seller would accept"],["Perfect competition","Many sellers, identical products and no control over price"],["Oligopoly","A market with a few large firms"],["Monopolistic competition","Many firms with differentiated products"],["Natural monopoly","An industry where one firm can serve the market at the lowest cost"],["Antitrust law","Laws that promote competition and limit monopolies"],["Public good","Non-excludable and non-rival, like national defense"],["Free rider","A person who benefits from a good without paying for it"],["Externality","A cost or benefit that affects people who are not part of a transaction"],["Gross domestic product","Total market value of goods and services produced in a country in a year"],["Real GDP","GDP adjusted for inflation"],["Economic growth","Increase in real GDP over time"],["Business cycle","Recurring phases of expansion, peak, contraction and trough"],["Recession","A significant decline in economic activity"],["Unemployment rate","Percent of the labor force without a job but looking for one"],["Frictional unemployment","Short-term joblessness while changing jobs"],["Structural unemployment","Job loss because skills do not match available jobs"],["Cyclical unemployment","Job loss caused by an economic downturn"],["Inflation","A general rise in the price level"],["Consumer Price Index","A measure of the average change in prices consumers pay"],["Fiscal policy","Government spending and taxation to influence the economy"],["Monetary policy","Central bank actions that influence interest rates and money supply"],["Federal Reserve","The US central bank, created in 1913"],["Federal funds rate","The interest rate banks charge each other overnight, a key policy tool"],["Stimulus","Government action to boost the economy"],["Budget deficit","When spending exceeds revenue in a year"],["National debt","The total of past deficits the government owes"],["Progressive tax","Higher earners pay a higher percentage"],["Regressive tax","Lower earners pay a larger share of income"],["Aggregate demand","Total demand for all goods and services in an economy"],["Aggregate supply","Total goods and services producers will supply"],["Multiplier effect","An initial spending change leads to larger changes in income"],["Comparative advantage","Producing something at a lower opportunity cost than others"],["Absolute advantage","Producing more of something with the same resources"],["Trade deficit","Imports exceed exports"],["Exchange rate","The price of one currency in terms of another"],["World Trade Organization","International body that sets rules for trade"],["Gold standard","Money tied to a fixed amount of gold"],["Adam Smith","Author of The Wealth of Nations (1776), who described the 'invisible hand' of markets"],["Invisible hand","Smith's idea that self-interested trading can benefit society"],["John Maynard Keynes","Economist who argued governments should spend to fight depressions"],["Milton Friedman","Economist who stressed the money supply and free markets"],["Karl Marx","Writer who criticized capitalism and wrote Das Kapital"],["Human capital","Skills and knowledge workers have"],["Labor force","People working or looking for work"],["Minimum wage","Lowest hourly pay allowed by law"],["Labor union","Workers' group that bargains for pay and conditions"],["Productivity growth","Rising output per worker, which raises living standards"],["Gig economy","Short-term, flexible work done through apps and platforms"],["Supply chain","The steps that move a product from raw materials to customers"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/economics-vocabulary","id":"economics-vocabulary","title":"Economics Vocabulary","category":"social-studies","subject":"Economics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Core economics words: scarcity, supply, demand, markets, money, trade, and the economy.","tags":["economics","supply and demand","markets"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["Economics","The study of how people make choices about limited resources"],["Scarcity","Not having enough resources to meet everyone's wants"],["Resources","Land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship used to make goods and services"],["Natural resources","Materials from nature, like water, oil and soil"],["Labor","Human work, both physical and mental"],["Capital","Tools, machines and buildings used to make goods"],["Entrepreneur","A person who starts a business and takes risks"],["Needs","Things required to live, like food and shelter"],["Wants","Things we desire but do not need"],["Goods","Physical products that satisfy wants"],["Services","Work done for others"],["Consumer","A person who buys and uses goods and services"],["Producer","A person or business that makes goods or services"],["Opportunity cost","The next best thing you give up when you make a choice"],["Trade-off","Giving up one thing to get another"],["Incentive","Something that motivates people to act"],["Supply","How much of a good sellers are willing to offer at each price"],["Demand","How much of a good buyers are willing to buy at each price"],["Law of demand","When price rises, quantity demanded falls"],["Law of supply","When price rises, quantity supplied rises"],["Equilibrium price","The price where supply equals demand"],["Shortage","When demand is greater than supply"],["Surplus","When supply is greater than demand"],["Price","The amount of money asked for something"],["Market","Place or system where buyers and sellers trade"],["Competition","Businesses trying to win customers by offering better prices or quality"],["Monopoly","When only one business sells a product"],["Profit","Money left after paying all costs"],["Revenue","Money a business takes in from sales"],["Cost","What it takes to make or buy something"],["Fixed cost","A cost that stays the same, like rent"],["Variable cost","A cost that changes with output, like materials"],["Wage","Pay for work"],["Salary","Fixed pay for a job, usually yearly"],["Income","Money received by a person or household"],["Budget","A plan for earning, saving and spending money"],["Saving","Setting money aside for later"],["Investment","Putting money into something expecting it to grow"],["Interest","Money paid for borrowing, or earned on savings"],["Credit","Borrowing money or buying now to pay later"],["Debt","Money that is owed"],["Loan","Money borrowed that must be repaid"],["Bank","Business that holds money and makes loans"],["Inflation","A general rise in prices over time"],["Deflation","A general fall in prices"],["Recession","A period when the economy shrinks"],["Depression","A very severe, long economic downturn"],["GDP","Gross domestic product: total value of goods and services a country produces in a year"],["Unemployment","When people who want jobs cannot find them"],["Tax","Money paid to the government"],["Tariff","A tax on imported goods"],["Trade","Exchange of goods and services"],["Import","A good bought from another country"],["Export","A good sold to another country"],["Barter","Trading goods directly without money"],["Specialization","Focusing on producing one thing"],["Division of labor","Splitting work into tasks"],["Productivity","Output per worker or per hour"],["Free market","Economy where buyers and sellers decide what to produce and at what price"],["Command economy","Government makes most economic decisions"],["Mixed economy","Combination of private choice and government action"],["Traditional economy","Decisions based on custom and habit"],["Capitalism","System based on private ownership and profit"],["Socialism","System where the community or government owns major industries"],["Private property","Goods and land owned by individuals"],["Public goods","Things everyone shares, like roads and parks"],["Externality","A side effect of an activity that affects others, like pollution"],["Subsidy","Government money to help support an industry"],["Regulation","Government rules for businesses"],["Stock","A share of ownership in a company"],["Bond","A loan to a company or government that pays interest"],["Stock market","Place where shares in companies are bought and sold"],["Entrepreneurship","Starting and running a business"],["Standard of living","How well people live based on goods, services and money"],["Global economy","Trade and money flows connecting countries"],["Globalization","Increasing connections among economies worldwide"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/elections-and-voting","id":"elections-and-voting","title":"Elections and Voting","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"How Americans choose leaders: voting rights history, parties, campaigns and the Electoral College.","tags":["elections","voting","electoral college","suffrage"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Election","A process where voters choose officials or decide questions"],["Voter","A person who casts a vote"],["Voting age","18 in the United States"],["Voter registration","Signing up in order to vote; rules vary by state"],["Ballot","Form or screen where voters mark their choices"],["Secret ballot","Voting privately so no one knows your choice"],["Polling place","Location where people vote on Election Day"],["Absentee ballot","A ballot sent by mail to someone who cannot vote in person"],["Early voting","Voting before Election Day"],["Election Day","Tuesday after the first Monday in November for federal elections"],["Presidential term","Four years"],["Midterm election","Election in the middle of a president's term"],["Primary","Election to choose each party's candidate"],["Caucus","A meeting where party members choose candidates"],["National convention","Meeting where a party nominates its presidential candidate"],["Running mate","A presidential candidate's choice for vice president"],["Campaign","The effort to win votes"],["Debate","Event where candidates discuss issues"],["Platform","A party's goals"],["Swing state","A state where either party could win"],["Electoral College","538 electors who formally choose the president"],["Electoral votes needed","270 of 538"],["Elector","A person chosen by a state to cast electoral votes"],["Winner-take-all","In most states, the candidate who wins the state gets all its electoral votes"],["Popular vote","The total number of votes cast by individual voters"],["Inauguration","Ceremony when a new president takes office, January 20"],["Oath of office","Promise taken by officials when they start their jobs"],["Two-party system","Politics dominated by two main parties"],["Democratic Party","One of the two major US parties, founded in the 1820s-1830s"],["Republican Party","One of the two major US parties, founded in 1854"],["Third party","A smaller party outside the two major ones"],["Independent","A voter or candidate not tied to a party"],["Gerrymandering","Drawing district lines to give one group an advantage"],["Redistricting","Redrawing voting districts after each census"],["District","An area represented by one official"],["Census","Count of all people, every ten years"],["Reapportionment","Reassigning House seats among states after the census"],["Suffrage","The right to vote"],["1789","Early voting was limited mostly to property-owning white men in many states"],["15th Amendment (1870)","Said race could not deny the right to vote"],["19th Amendment (1920)","Women gained the right to vote nationwide"],["Suffragists","People who worked for women's right to vote"],["Seneca Falls (1848)","First women's rights convention"],["Susan B. Anthony","Suffrage leader who was arrested for voting in 1872"],["Alice Paul","Suffragist who led marches and picketing for the 19th Amendment"],["Indian Citizenship Act (1924)","Made Native Americans citizens; some states still blocked voting for years"],["Poll tax","Fee for voting, used to keep poor and Black voters away"],["24th Amendment (1964)","Banned poll taxes in federal elections"],["Literacy test","Reading test used to keep Black citizens from voting"],["Voting Rights Act (1965)","Protected voting rights and ended many barriers"],["Selma marches","1965 marches for voting rights in Alabama"],["26th Amendment (1971)","Lowered the voting age to 18"],["Motor Voter Act (1993)","Let people register while getting a driver's license"],["Ballot measure","A question put to voters directly"],["Recall","A vote to remove an official before their term ends, in some states"],["Exit poll","Survey of voters leaving polling places"],["Election observer","Person who watches voting to make sure it is fair"],["Turnout","Percent of eligible voters who vote"],["Incumbent","Person currently holding office"],["Term limits","Laws limiting how many terms someone can serve"],["Campaign finance","How candidates raise and spend money"],["Why vote?","Elections let citizens choose leaders and influence laws"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/families-and-communities-k2","id":"families-and-communities-k2","title":"Families, Neighborhoods and Communities","category":"social-studies","subject":"Community","levels":["pre-k","k-2"],"description":"Words and ideas about families, rules, needs and wants, neighborhoods and getting along.","tags":["family","community","neighborhood","rules"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"What it means","cards":[["Family","A group of people who care for each other"],["Parent","A mom or dad who cares for a child"],["Grandparent","The mother or father of your parent"],["Sibling","A brother or sister"],["Aunt and uncle","The sister or brother of your parent"],["Cousin","The child of your aunt or uncle"],["Guardian","A grown-up who takes care of a child"],["Families are different","Some families are big, some small; all families care for each other"],["Family tradition","Something a family does again and again, like a holiday meal"],["Chore","A small job to help at home"],["Home","A place where people live"],["Neighborhood","The area around where you live"],["Community","A group of people who live, work and play in the same place"],["Town","A community with homes, stores and a government"],["City","A large community with many people and buildings"],["Rural","Countryside with farms and open land"],["Urban","A busy city area"],["Suburb","A community near a city with many homes"],["Neighbor","A person who lives near you"],["Map","A drawing that shows where places are"],["Map key","Shows what the symbols on a map mean"],["Globe","A round model of Earth"],["Compass rose","Shows north, south, east and west on a map"],["Rule","Something that tells us what we should do"],["Law","A rule for everyone in a community"],["Why we have rules","To keep us safe and treat everyone fairly"],["Fair","Treating everyone the same way"],["Share","Let others use or have some of what you have"],["Take turns","Each person gets a chance, one after another"],["Respect","Treating people and things with care"],["Kindness","Being friendly and helpful"],["Honest","Telling the truth"],["Responsible","Doing what you are supposed to do"],["Citizen","A member of a community or country"],["Good citizen","Someone who follows rules, helps others and cares for the community"],["Vote","Make a choice by marking a ballot or raising a hand"],["Leader","A person who guides a group"],["President","Leader of the United States"],["Mayor","Leader of a town or city"],["Flag","A symbol of a country or group"],["Pledge of Allegiance","A promise we say to honor our flag"],["Need","Something you must have to live, like food, water, clothing and shelter"],["Want","Something you would like but do not need, like a toy"],["Goods","Things you can buy or use, like shoes"],["Services","Jobs people do for others, like haircuts"],["Job","Work that a person does"],["Money","What we use to buy things"],["Save","Keep money for later"],["Spend","Use money to buy something"],["Earn","Get money for working"],["Store","A place where we buy things"],["Market","A place where people buy and sell food and goods"],["Farm","A place where food is grown"],["Factory","A place where things are made"],["School","A place where children learn"],["Library","A place where you borrow books"],["Hospital","A place where sick or hurt people get care"],["Fire station","Where firefighters work"],["Post office","Where mail is sent and received"],["Park","A place to play outside"],["Museum","A place to see art, history or science"],["Bridge","A structure that lets people cross water or roads"],["Road","A path for cars, buses and bikes"],["Past","Things that already happened"],["Present","Now"],["Future","Things that will happen later"],["History","The story of the past"],["Long ago","A time many years before now"],["Timeline","A line that shows events in order"],["Holiday","A special day that people celebrate"],["Culture","The way a group of people live, including food, music and customs"],["Custom","A way of doing things that people share"],["Immigrant","Someone who moves to a new country"],["Tradition","A custom passed down over time"],["Resolve conflict","Solve a problem with words and kindness"],["Safe","Not in danger"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/holidays-around-the-world","id":"holidays-around-the-world","title":"Holidays and Celebrations Around the World","category":"social-studies","subject":"World Cultures","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"Festivals and holidays celebrated in many countries, with when and why people celebrate.","tags":["holidays","festivals","world cultures"],"frontLabel":"Holiday","backLabel":"About it","cards":[["Lunar New Year","Celebrated in China and many Asian countries in January or February, with family meals and lion dances"],["Diwali","Festival of lights celebrated in India and by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains in autumn"],["Holi","Spring festival of colors in India and Nepal"],["Eid al-Fitr","Muslim celebration after the month of Ramadan ends"],["Eid al-Adha","Muslim holiday during the time of the Hajj pilgrimage"],["Hanukkah","Eight-day Jewish festival of lights in late autumn or winter"],["Passover","Jewish spring holiday remembering the exodus from Egypt"],["Rosh Hashanah","Jewish New Year, often in September"],["Christmas","Christian holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus, December 25 in most places"],["Easter","Christian spring holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus"],["Orthodox Christmas","Celebrated on January 7 in several Orthodox churches"],["Kwanzaa","Seven-day celebration of African American culture, December 26 to January 1"],["Day of the Dead (Dia de los Muertos)","Mexican holiday on November 1-2 to remember loved ones with altars and flowers"],["Cinco de Mayo","May 5 remembers a Mexican victory at Puebla in 1862, celebrated widely in the US"],["Mexican Independence Day","September 16, marks the start of the independence movement in 1810"],["Carnival","Pre-Lent festival with parades, especially in Brazil"],["Mardi Gras","Carnival season ending on Fat Tuesday, famous in New Orleans"],["Oktoberfest","Bavarian autumn festival in Munich, Germany"],["Bastille Day","July 14, France's national day"],["St. Patrick's Day","March 17, honoring the patron saint of Ireland"],["Halloween","October 31, a night of costumes and treats in many countries"],["Thanksgiving (US)","Fourth Thursday in November, a day for gratitude and family meals"],["Thanksgiving (Canada)","Second Monday in October"],["Independence Day (US)","July 4, marks the Declaration of Independence"],["Canada Day","July 1, marks Canada's confederation in 1867"],["Australia Day","January 26, Australia's national day"],["Anzac Day","April 25 in Australia and New Zealand, honoring those who served"],["Waitangi Day","February 6, New Zealand's national day marking a 1840 treaty"],["Songkran","Thai New Year in April, with water splashing"],["Loy Krathong","Thai festival with floating lanterns on water"],["Chuseok","Korean harvest festival in autumn"],["Seollal","Korean New Year"],["Obon","Japanese summer festival honoring ancestors"],["Tanabata","Japanese star festival on July 7"],["Setsubun","Japanese festival marking the start of spring"],["Hinamatsuri","Japanese Girls' Day on March 3 with display dolls"],["Children's Day (Japan)","May 5, with carp streamers"],["Mid-Autumn Festival","Celebrated in China and Vietnam with mooncakes and lanterns"],["Dragon Boat Festival","Chinese festival with boat races, in late spring or early summer"],["Lantern Festival","Marks the end of Lunar New Year celebrations"],["Vesak","Buddhist festival honoring the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and passing"],["Nowruz","Persian New Year at the spring equinox, celebrated in Iran and Central Asia"],["Navratri","Hindu festival of nine nights"],["Raksha Bandhan","Indian festival celebrating the bond between brothers and sisters"],["Pongal","Tamil harvest festival in January"],["Onam","Harvest festival in Kerala, India"],["Ganesh Chaturthi","Hindu festival honoring Ganesha"],["Vaisakhi","Sikh and Punjabi harvest festival in April"],["Hogmanay","Scottish New Year's Eve celebration"],["Bonfire Night","November 5 in Britain with fireworks"],["Burns Night","January 25, Scots celebrate poet Robert Burns"],["Guy Fawkes Night","Another name for Bonfire Night"],["La Tomatina","Spanish tomato-throwing festival in August"],["Running of the bulls","Spanish festival in Pamplona in July"],["Midsummer","Celebrated in Sweden and across Northern Europe near the June solstice"],["St. Lucia Day","December 13, celebrated in Sweden with candles"],["Sinterklaas","Dutch gift-giving tradition in early December"],["Epiphany (Three Kings Day)","January 6, celebrated in Spain and Latin America"],["Las Posadas","Mexican pre-Christmas processions"],["Inti Raymi","Inca festival of the sun, celebrated in Peru"],["Juneteenth","June 19, US holiday marking the end of slavery"],["Martin Luther King Jr. Day","US holiday on the third Monday in January"],["Yom Kippur","Jewish Day of Atonement"],["Ramadan","Muslim month of fasting"],["Lent","Christian season before Easter"],["Sukkot","Jewish harvest festival of booths"],["Purim","Jewish holiday with costumes and stories"],["Earth Day","April 22, a day to protect the environment, observed worldwide"],["International Women's Day","March 8"],["Human Rights Day","December 10"],["Pi Day","March 14, celebrating the number pi (3.14)"],["Groundhog Day","February 2, a North American tradition about predicting spring"],["Arbor Day","Tree planting holiday celebrated in many countries"],["Winter solstice","Shortest day of the year, marked by festivals like Yule and Dongzhi"],["Holidays follow calendars","Many holidays follow lunar or religious calendars, so dates change each year"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/how-a-bill-becomes-a-law","id":"how-a-bill-becomes-a-law","title":"How a Bill Becomes a Law","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"The steps from an idea to a federal law, in order, with the key words.","tags":["bill","law","congress","legislation"],"frontLabel":"Step or term","backLabel":"What happens","cards":[["Step 1: An idea","A citizen, group or lawmaker has an idea for a law"],["Step 2: Sponsor","A member of Congress agrees to introduce the bill"],["Step 3: Introduction","The bill is introduced in the House or the Senate and given a number"],["Step 4: Committee","A small group of members studies the bill"],["Step 5: Hearings","Committees listen to experts and the public"],["Step 6: Markup","The committee debates and may change the bill"],["Step 7: Committee vote","If the committee approves, the bill goes to the full chamber"],["Step 8: Floor debate","All members of that chamber discuss and may amend the bill"],["Step 9: Vote","A majority must vote yes for the bill to pass that chamber"],["Step 10: Other chamber","The bill goes through the same process in the other chamber"],["Step 11: Conference committee","If versions differ, members from both chambers work out one version"],["Step 12: Final vote","Both chambers must pass the same version"],["Step 13: President","The bill goes to the president"],["President signs","The bill becomes law"],["President vetoes","The bill is rejected and sent back to Congress"],["Veto override","Two-thirds of both houses can pass it anyway"],["Pocket veto","If Congress adjourns and the president does not sign within ten days, the bill dies"],["No action by president","After ten days (not counting Sundays) it becomes law if Congress is in session"],["Bill","A proposed law"],["Sponsor","The lawmaker who introduces a bill"],["Cosponsor","A lawmaker who joins in supporting a bill"],["Act","A bill that has passed both houses"],["Statute","A law passed by a legislature"],["Committee","A smaller group of lawmakers who study certain subjects"],["Subcommittee","A smaller group within a committee"],["Hearing","A meeting where experts and citizens give opinions on a bill"],["Amendment (to a bill)","A change proposed to the text of a bill"],["Floor","The main meeting space where all members debate and vote"],["Majority","More than half of the votes"],["Quorum","Number of members needed to hold a vote"],["Roll call vote","A vote where each member's answer is recorded"],["Voice vote","Members shout yes or no and the presiding officer decides"],["Filibuster","Long speeches used to delay a Senate vote"],["Cloture","A Senate vote to end debate; needs three-fifths (60) of senators"],["Conference committee","House and Senate members who combine different versions of a bill"],["Revenue bills","Bills for raising money must begin in the House"],["Who can introduce a bill?","Only members of Congress, though anyone can suggest an idea"],["Where do bills start?","In either the House or Senate, except revenue bills"],["Rider","An unrelated provision added to a bill"],["Omnibus bill","A very large bill that covers many topics"],["Appropriations","Bills that provide money for government programs"],["Resolution","A statement of Congress's opinion that does not become law"],["Joint resolution","Passed by both houses and signed by the president; has the force of law"],["Public law","A law that applies to everyone"],["Private law","A law that applies to a specific person or group"],["Federal Register","Daily publication of rules and notices from federal agencies"],["Regulations","Detailed rules made by agencies to carry out laws"],["Constituent","A voter represented by a lawmaker; they can contact their representatives"],["How you can help","Contact lawmakers, vote, testify at hearings, join groups or write letters"],["Congress.gov","Official website to follow bills"],["Law enforcement","Executive branch carries out the laws"],["Courts and laws","Courts interpret laws and can strike them down if unconstitutional"],["State laws","State legislatures follow similar steps, with a governor signing instead of the president"],["Local laws (ordinances)","Passed by city or county councils"],["Three readings","Many legislatures read a bill several times before passing it"],["Enacted","Officially made into law"],["Supermajority","A vote higher than a simple majority, like two-thirds"],["Simple majority","Half plus one of those voting"],["Tie vote in the Senate","The vice president casts the deciding vote"],["Bill number","H.R. means a House bill; S. means a Senate bill"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/kids-economics-goods-and-trade","id":"kids-economics-goods-and-trade","title":"Economics for Kids: Choices, Goods and Trade","category":"social-studies","subject":"Economics","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"Needs and wants, goods and services, producers and consumers, trade, and making smart choices.","tags":["economics","needs and wants","trade","jobs"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Need","Something you must have to live, like food, water, clothes and a home"],["Want","Something you would like to have but can live without"],["Is food a need or a want?","A need"],["Is a video game a need or a want?","A want"],["Is a coat in winter a need or a want?","A need"],["Good","A thing you can see and touch that people buy, like a ball"],["Service","Work someone does for you, like a haircut"],["Is a teacher's lesson a good or a service?","A service"],["Is a bike a good or a service?","A good"],["Producer","A person or business that makes goods or services"],["Consumer","A person who buys and uses goods and services"],["Resource","Something used to make goods or services"],["Natural resource","Something from nature, like water, trees or soil"],["Human resource","People and the work they do"],["Capital resource","Tools and machines used to make things"],["Scarcity","Not enough of something for everyone to have all they want"],["Choice","Picking one thing over another"],["Opportunity cost","What you give up when you choose something else"],["Trade-off","Giving up one thing to get another"],["Trade","Exchanging goods or services"],["Barter","Trading things without money"],["Money","Coins and bills used to pay for things"],["Price","How much something costs"],["Buy","Pay money to get something"],["Sell","Give something in exchange for money"],["Earn","Get money for doing work"],["Spend","Use money to buy"],["Save","Keep money for later"],["Budget","A plan for how to use your money"],["Profit","Money a business has left after paying its costs"],["Business","An organization that sells goods or services"],["Entrepreneur","Someone who starts a business"],["Lemonade stand","A simple business where kids sell drinks"],["Customer","A person who buys from a business"],["Worker","A person who does a job"],["Job","Work that people do to earn money"],["Income","Money you receive"],["Wage","Pay for work"],["Tax","Money people pay to the government for things like roads and schools"],["Bank","A place that keeps your money safe"],["Market","A place where people buy and sell"],["Supply","How much of something is available to buy"],["Demand","How much people want something"],["When many people want something that is hard to get","The price may go up"],["Import","A good brought into a country from another country"],["Export","A good sent out to another country"],["Factory","Place where goods are made"],["Farm","Where food is grown"],["Where does a banana come from?","From farms in warm places, then shipped to stores"],["Specialize","Focus on doing one kind of job well"],["Why trade?","People trade because no one can make everything they need"],["Fair trade","Trade that pays workers fairly"],["Advertising","Messages that try to get you to buy something"],["Coupon","A paper or code that gives a discount"],["Sale","A time when prices are lower"],["Donate","Give something to help others"],["Charity","A group that helps people in need"],["Allowance","Money kids may get regularly"],["Interest","Extra money a bank pays when you save"],["Loan","Money borrowed that must be paid back"],["Debt","Money you owe"],["Compare prices","Look at different prices to find the best deal"],["Smart shopper","Someone who plans, compares prices and saves"],["Piggy bank","A container for saving coins"],["Wealth","Having many valuable things"],["Cost","What you pay or give up to get something"],["Benefit","A good result from a choice"],["Decision-making steps","Name the problem, list choices, weigh pros and cons, choose, then think about how it went"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/money-and-banking-basics","id":"money-and-banking-basics","title":"Money and Banking Basics","category":"social-studies","subject":"Economics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"What money is, US coins and bills, saving, banks and borrowing.","tags":["money","banking","saving","coins"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Money","Something people accept in trade for goods and services"],["Barter","Trading goods without using money"],["Three uses of money","A way to pay, a way to measure value and a way to save"],["Currency","The paper bills and coins used in a country"],["Penny","A coin worth 1 cent"],["Nickel","A coin worth 5 cents"],["Dime","A coin worth 10 cents"],["Quarter","A coin worth 25 cents"],["Half dollar","A coin worth 50 cents"],["Dollar coin","A coin worth 100 cents"],["How many cents in a dollar?","One hundred"],["How many nickels make a quarter?","Five"],["How many dimes make a dollar?","Ten"],["How many quarters make a dollar?","Four"],["How many pennies make a dime?","Ten"],["Whose picture is on a penny?","Abraham Lincoln"],["Whose picture is on a nickel?","Thomas Jefferson"],["Whose picture is on a dime?","Franklin D. Roosevelt"],["Whose picture is on a quarter?","George Washington"],["Whose picture is on the $1 bill?","George Washington"],["Whose picture is on the $5 bill?","Abraham Lincoln"],["Whose picture is on the $10 bill?","Alexander Hamilton"],["Whose picture is on the $20 bill?","Andrew Jackson"],["Whose picture is on the $50 bill?","Ulysses S. Grant"],["Whose picture is on the $100 bill?","Benjamin Franklin"],["US Mint","Government agency that makes coins"],["Bureau of Engraving and Printing","Government agency that prints paper bills"],["Federal Reserve","The central bank of the United States"],["Counterfeit","Fake money"],["Earning","Receiving money for work"],["Allowance","Money given regularly to a child"],["Saving","Keeping money to use later"],["Spending","Using money to buy something"],["Giving","Donating money to help others"],["Budget","A plan for how to use money"],["Piggy bank","A container where children save coins"],["Goal","Something you want to work toward, like saving for a toy"],["Bank","A business that keeps money safe and makes loans"],["Credit union","A member-owned bank-like organization"],["Savings account","Bank account that earns interest"],["Checking account","Bank account used to pay bills and spend money"],["Deposit","Putting money into an account"],["Withdrawal","Taking money out of an account"],["Balance","The amount of money in an account"],["Interest","Money the bank pays you for saving, or you pay for borrowing"],["Compound interest","Earning interest on both your money and past interest"],["ATM","Machine where you can withdraw cash or make deposits"],["Debit card","Card that takes money directly from your account"],["Credit card","Card that lets you borrow money to pay later"],["Loan","Money borrowed that must be paid back"],["Debt","Money you owe"],["Mortgage","Loan to buy a home"],["Credit score","A number that shows how well you repay debts"],["Insurance","Protection where you pay a fee to be covered for big losses"],["FDIC","Government program that insures bank deposits"],["Tax","Money paid to the government"],["Sales tax","Extra money added when you buy things"],["Income tax","Tax on what you earn"],["Paycheck","Payment for work"],["Gross pay","Pay before taxes are taken out"],["Net pay","Pay after taxes and other deductions"],["Profit","Money left after costs are paid"],["Price","How much something costs"],["Sale","A lower price for a limited time"],["Coupon","A voucher that gives a discount"],["Compare prices","Check different stores to find a better deal"],["Unit price","Cost per ounce, pound or item to compare products"],["Entrepreneur","Person who starts a business"],["Lemonade stand","A common first business for kids"],["Donation","A gift to help a cause"],["Charity","Organization that helps people in need"],["Stock","A small piece of ownership in a company"],["Cryptocurrency","Digital money that uses computer code; its value can change a lot"],["Dollar sign","The symbol $ for dollars"],["Cent sign","The symbol ¢ for cents"],["Change","Money given back when you pay more than the price"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/psychology-intro-terms","id":"psychology-intro-terms","title":"Psychology: Intro Terms","category":"social-studies","subject":"Psychology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Key terms from introductory psychology: the brain, learning, memory, development, emotion and social behavior.","tags":["psychology","brain","learning","memory"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["Psychology","The scientific study of behavior and mental processes"],["Wilhelm Wundt","Founded the first psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig"],["William James","American pioneer who wrote Principles of Psychology"],["Sigmund Freud","Founder of psychoanalysis; emphasized the unconscious"],["B.F. Skinner","Behaviorist known for operant conditioning"],["Ivan Pavlov","Discovered classical conditioning with dogs"],["Jean Piaget","Described stages of cognitive development in children"],["Lev Vygotsky","Stressed the role of social interaction in learning"],["Carl Rogers","Humanistic psychologist who emphasized acceptance and growth"],["Abraham Maslow","Proposed a hierarchy of human needs"],["Behaviorism","Approach that studies observable behavior"],["Cognitive psychology","Study of thinking, memory and problem solving"],["Humanistic psychology","Approach focused on personal growth and potential"],["Neuroscience","Study of the brain and nervous system"],["Neuron","A nerve cell that sends signals"],["Synapse","The gap where neurons communicate"],["Neurotransmitter","Chemical messenger between neurons, like dopamine"],["Brain stem","Controls basic life functions like breathing"],["Cerebellum","Helps with balance and coordination"],["Cerebral cortex","Outer layer of the brain involved in thinking"],["Frontal lobe","Involved in planning and decision-making"],["Hippocampus","Brain region important for forming new memories"],["Amygdala","Brain region involved in emotion, especially fear"],["Nature vs nurture","Debate about how much genes versus experience shape behavior"],["Hypothesis","A testable prediction"],["Experiment","A study that changes one variable to see its effect"],["Independent variable","The factor the researcher changes"],["Dependent variable","The outcome that is measured"],["Control group","Group that does not receive the treatment, for comparison"],["Correlation","A relationship between two variables"],["Placebo","A harmless treatment with no active ingredient"],["Random sample","A sample chosen by chance"],["Sensation","Detecting stimuli with the senses"],["Perception","Interpreting sensory information"],["Attention","Focusing mental resources on something"],["Consciousness","Awareness of yourself and your surroundings"],["REM sleep","Sleep stage with rapid eye movement and vivid dreams"],["Circadian rhythm","The body's roughly 24-hour clock"],["Classical conditioning","Learning by linking two stimuli"],["Operant conditioning","Learning from the consequences of behavior"],["Reinforcement","Something that increases a behavior"],["Punishment","Something that decreases a behavior"],["Observational learning","Learning by watching others, studied by Albert Bandura"],["Memory","The process of storing and retrieving information"],["Encoding","Putting information into memory"],["Storage","Keeping information over time"],["Retrieval","Getting information out of memory"],["Short-term memory","Holds a small amount of information briefly"],["Working memory","Mental workspace for handling information"],["Long-term memory","Lasting storage of knowledge and experiences"],["Forgetting curve","Hermann Ebbinghaus's finding that memory fades quickly without review"],["Spaced practice","Studying over time rather than all at once"],["Mnemonic","A memory aid"],["Cognition","Mental activities like thinking and knowing"],["Heuristic","A mental shortcut for making decisions"],["Bias","A systematic error in thinking"],["Intelligence","Ability to learn, reason and adapt"],["Developmental psychology","Study of how people change across life"],["Attachment","Emotional bond between a child and caregiver"],["Erikson's stages","Eight stages of psychosocial development across life"],["Adolescence","Period of development between childhood and adulthood"],["Emotion","A feeling with physical, mental and behavioral parts"],["Motivation","The drive to act toward goals"],["Maslow's hierarchy","Needs from basic (food, safety) to love, esteem and self-actualization"],["Personality","Lasting patterns of thinking, feeling and acting"],["Big Five","Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism"],["Stress","Response to demands or threats"],["Coping","Ways of managing stress"],["Psychological disorder","A pattern of thoughts or behaviors that causes distress or difficulty"],["Therapy","Treatment to help with mental health concerns"],["Social psychology","Study of how people influence each other"],["Conformity","Changing behavior to match a group"],["Bystander effect","People are less likely to help when others are present"],["Cognitive dissonance","Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or actions"],["Stereotype","Overgeneralized belief about a group"],["Prejudice","Negative attitude toward a group"],["Altruism","Helping others without expecting rewards"],["Growth mindset","Belief that abilities can grow with effort"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sociology-intro-terms","id":"sociology-intro-terms","title":"Sociology: Intro Terms","category":"social-studies","subject":"Sociology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Key terms from introductory sociology: society, groups, roles, socialization, institutions and inequality.","tags":["sociology","society","groups","socialization"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Definition","cards":[["Sociology","The scientific study of society and social behavior"],["Society","A group of people who share a territory and culture"],["Sociological imagination","C. Wright Mills's idea of linking personal troubles to larger social issues"],["Auguste Comte","Coined the word sociology; called the father of sociology"],["Emile Durkheim","Studied social facts, solidarity and suicide rates"],["Max Weber","Studied bureaucracy and the Protestant ethic"],["Karl Marx","Focused on class conflict"],["W.E.B. Du Bois","Early American sociologist who studied race and The Philadelphia Negro"],["Jane Addams","Social reformer whose work with Hull House shaped early sociology"],["Harriet Martineau","Early sociologist who translated Comte and studied American society"],["Structural functionalism","View that society is a system of parts that work together"],["Conflict theory","View that society is shaped by competition over resources and power"],["Symbolic interactionism","View that society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings"],["Macrosociology","Study of large-scale social patterns"],["Microsociology","Study of small groups and face-to-face interaction"],["Culture","Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group"],["Norms","Rules for behavior in a group"],["Folkways","Everyday customs, like table manners"],["Mores","Norms with strong moral importance"],["Laws","Formal norms enforced by government"],["Values","Ideas about what is good, right and important"],["Sanction","A reward or punishment that enforces norms"],["Deviance","Behavior that violates norms"],["Social control","Ways society encourages conformity"],["Conformity","Following the norms of a group"],["Socialization","The lifelong process of learning culture and roles"],["Agents of socialization","Family, school, peers, media and religion"],["Primary socialization","Early learning in the family"],["Peer group","People of similar age and interests"],["Hidden curriculum","Lessons schools teach without saying so, like punctuality"],["Social structure","Patterns of relationships that organize society"],["Status","A position in society"],["Ascribed status","Status given at birth or involuntarily"],["Achieved status","Status earned by effort"],["Role","Behavior expected of someone in a status"],["Role conflict","Tension between roles, such as student and employee"],["Primary group","Small, close group, like family"],["Secondary group","Larger, goal-oriented group, like a company"],["In-group","A group you identify with"],["Out-group","A group you do not identify with"],["Reference group","Group used to evaluate yourself"],["Social network","A web of connections among people"],["Social institution","Established system meeting basic needs, like family, education and government"],["Bureaucracy","Organization with rules, ranks and specialized jobs"],["Social stratification","Ranking of people in layers by wealth, power or prestige"],["Social class","A group with similar economic position"],["Socioeconomic status","Combination of income, education and occupation"],["Social mobility","Moving between social classes"],["Poverty","Lacking resources for basic needs"],["Inequality","Unequal sharing of wealth, power or opportunity"],["Prejudice","Unfair attitudes toward a group"],["Discrimination","Unfair treatment based on group membership"],["Stereotype","Oversimplified belief about a group"],["Race","A social category based on perceived physical traits"],["Ethnicity","Shared cultural heritage"],["Minority group","A group with less power than the dominant group"],["Gender","Social and cultural roles linked to being male or female"],["Gender roles","Expected behaviors for men and women"],["Demography","Study of population size and change"],["Birth rate","Number of births per 1,000 people per year"],["Migration","Movement of people from one place to another"],["Urbanization","Growth of cities"],["Social movement","Organized effort for or against social change"],["Collective behavior","Spontaneous group actions, like crowds"],["Social change","Changes in culture and institutions over time"],["Technology and society","New technologies change how people work and relate"],["Globalization","Increasing connection among societies"],["Sample","A smaller group studied to learn about a larger one"],["Survey","Questions asked of many people"],["Correlation","A relationship between two variables, which does not prove one causes the other"],["Hypothesis","A testable prediction"],["Variable","A factor that can change"],["Ethnography","In-depth study through observation"],["Anomie","Durkheim's term for feeling of normlessness"],["Looking-glass self","Charles Cooley's idea that we form self-image from how others see us"],["Generalized other","George Herbert Mead's term for society's expectations"],["Dramaturgy","Erving Goffman's view of life as a performance with front and back stages"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/state-and-local-government","id":"state-and-local-government","title":"State and Local Government","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"How states, counties, cities and towns are run and what they do for us.","tags":["state government","local government","mayor","governor"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["State government","The government of one of the 50 states"],["Governor","The head of a state's executive branch"],["State legislature","The group of elected people who make state laws"],["State capital","City where the state government meets"],["State capitol","The building where the legislature meets"],["State constitution","Each state's own written plan of government"],["State supreme court","The highest court in most states"],["Local government","Government of a city, town, village or county"],["City government","Runs services for a city, led by a mayor and council"],["Mayor","Elected head of a city or town"],["City council","Group that makes local laws called ordinances"],["Ordinance","A law made by a city or county government"],["County","A region within a state with its own government"],["County seat","The town where a county's government is located"],["Sheriff","Elected law officer for a county"],["Town meeting","A gathering where townspeople vote on local issues"],["School board","Elected group that oversees local public schools"],["Superintendent","Head of a school district"],["Special district","A local government for one purpose, like water or parks"],["Public services","Services governments provide: schools, roads, police, fire, libraries, parks"],["Police department","Works to keep the community safe and enforce laws"],["Fire department","Fights fires and responds to emergencies"],["Public library","Free place to borrow books and learn"],["Public works","Departments that maintain roads, water and sewers"],["Public transportation","Buses, trains and subways that serve the community"],["Taxes (local)","Property and sales taxes help pay for local services"],["Property tax","A tax on land and buildings"],["Sales tax","A tax added to the price of items you buy"],["Income tax","A tax on money people earn"],["License","Official permission, like a driver's license"],["Zoning","Rules about how land can be used"],["Building permit","Permission to build or change a building"],["Election (local)","Voters choose mayors, council members, school boards and judges"],["Zoning board","Group that decides how land may be used"],["Federalism","Power shared between national and state governments"],["Powers of states","Run schools, hold elections, regulate businesses and set driving rules"],["Powers of the federal government","Print money, declare war, make treaties, run the military"],["Shared powers","Taxing, building roads and making laws are done by both"],["Statehood","A territory becomes a state when Congress approves"],["Territory","Land belonging to the US that is not a state"],["Home rule","Local authority to run its own affairs"],["City charter","A city's founding document and rules for its government"],["Township","A form of local government in some states"],["Tribal government","Federally recognized Native nations govern themselves"],["Municipality","A city, town or village with local government"],["Urban","City area"],["Rural","Countryside area"],["Suburb","Community near a city"],["District attorney","Local lawyer who prosecutes crimes for the government"],["Local judge","Judge in a municipal or county court"],["Public hearing","Meeting where citizens speak about a proposed rule"],["Petition (local)","Citizens collect signatures to ask the government to act"],["Public comment","Time at meetings for people to speak"],["Volunteer fire company","Local firefighters who serve without pay in many towns"],["Emergency services","911 services for fire, medical and police needs"],["911","Number to call in an emergency in the US"],["Recycling program","Local service that collects and processes recyclable materials"],["Parks department","Maintains parks and playgrounds"],["Health department","Works to protect public health, like checking restaurants"],["Community center","Place that offers classes and activities"],["Budget (local)","Plan for how a city or county will spend money"],["Why local government matters","It handles many things you use every day"],["Governor's powers","Signs or vetoes bills and leads the state's executive branch"],["Lieutenant governor","Second in command in many states"],["Attorney general (state)","The state's chief lawyer"],["Secretary of state (state)","Official who often oversees elections and records"],["National Guard","Military units that can serve under the governor or the president"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-bill-of-rights","id":"us-bill-of-rights","title":"The Bill of Rights","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12"],"description":"The first ten amendments to the Constitution, what each protects, and key related ideas.","tags":["bill of rights","amendments","freedoms"],"frontLabel":"Amendment or term","backLabel":"What it protects","cards":[["Bill of Rights","The first ten amendments, ratified in 1791"],["Why add a bill of rights?","Many people wanted written protection from a strong national government"],["First Amendment","Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition"],["Freedom of religion","Government cannot set up an official church or stop you from practicing your faith"],["Establishment Clause","Government may not establish an official religion"],["Free Exercise Clause","You may practice your religion freely"],["Freedom of speech","You may express your ideas without government punishment, within limits"],["Freedom of the press","News outlets may publish without government censorship"],["Freedom of assembly","People may gather peacefully"],["Right to petition","People may ask the government to fix problems"],["Second Amendment","The right to keep and bear arms, with a militia purpose stated"],["Third Amendment","Soldiers cannot be forced to live in your home in peacetime"],["Fourth Amendment","Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures"],["Search warrant","Court order that lets police search a place, based on probable cause"],["Probable cause","Good reason to believe a crime happened"],["Fifth Amendment","Grand jury, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination, due process, fair payment for property taken"],["Double jeopardy","You cannot be tried twice for the same crime"],["Self-incrimination","No one can be forced to testify against themselves"],["Pleading the fifth","Refusing to answer questions that could incriminate you"],["Due process","Fair procedures before the government takes life, liberty or property"],["Eminent domain","Government may take private land for public use if it pays fairly"],["Grand jury","Group that decides whether there is enough evidence to bring charges"],["Sixth Amendment","Speedy public trial, an impartial jury, a lawyer, and facing your accusers"],["Right to counsel","Right to have a lawyer"],["Impartial jury","Jurors who are fair and have not decided in advance"],["Seventh Amendment","Jury trials in many civil cases"],["Civil case","A legal dispute between people or groups, often about money"],["Criminal case","Government charges someone with breaking a law"],["Eighth Amendment","No excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment"],["Bail","Money paid to be free while waiting for trial"],["Ninth Amendment","People have other rights besides those listed"],["Tenth Amendment","Powers not given to the national government belong to the states or the people"],["Reserved powers","Powers the Tenth Amendment leaves to the states"],["James Madison","Wrote the Bill of Rights in Congress in 1789"],["George Mason","Virginian who urged a bill of rights and wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights"],["Anti-Federalists","Opponents of the Constitution who demanded a bill of rights"],["Federalists","Supporters of the Constitution who promised to add one"],["Ratification of Bill of Rights","Completed December 15, 1791"],["Bill of Rights Day","December 15, marking ratification"],["Magna Carta influence","England's 1215 charter influenced ideas of due process"],["English Bill of Rights","1689 document that influenced American rights"],["Virginia Declaration of Rights","1776 state document, a model for the national Bill of Rights"],["Selective incorporation","Courts applying the Bill of Rights to the states through the 14th Amendment"],["Fourteenth Amendment","Guarantees equal protection and due process from state governments"],["Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)","Students keep free speech rights at school if they do not disrupt learning"],["Miranda v. Arizona (1966)","Police must tell suspects of their rights before questioning"],["Miranda rights","You have the right to remain silent and to have a lawyer"],["Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)","The state must provide a lawyer to defendants who cannot afford one"],["Mapp v. Ohio (1961)","Evidence taken by illegal search cannot be used in state court"],["New York Times v. United States (1971)","Upheld press freedom in the Pentagon Papers case"],["Engel v. Vitale (1962)","Public schools cannot sponsor official prayer"],["West Virginia v. Barnette (1943)","Students cannot be forced to salute the flag"],["Libel and slander","False statements that harm someone's reputation; not protected speech"],["Censorship","Government control of what can be said or published"],["Peaceful protest","Gathering to express views, protected by the First Amendment"],["Search and seizure","Looking through property and taking items"],["Jury of peers","A group of ordinary citizens who decide a trial"],["Unreasonable search","A search without a good reason or warrant"],["Witness","Person who testifies about what they saw or know"],["Defendant","Person accused of a crime or sued in court"],["Rights vs responsibilities","Rights come with duties, like respecting others' rights"],["Amendments 11-27","Later amendments, such as ending slavery, granting voting rights, and others"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-constitution-basics","id":"us-constitution-basics","title":"The US Constitution","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"What the Constitution is, how it is organized, and the big ideas behind it.","tags":["constitution","preamble","articles","federalism"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Constitution","The written plan for the US government and the nation's highest law"],["Year written","1787, in Philadelphia"],["Year in effect","1789, after nine states ratified it in 1788"],["Constitutional Convention","Meeting of state delegates in 1787 that wrote the Constitution"],["Framers","The delegates who wrote the Constitution"],["James Madison","Called the Father of the Constitution"],["George Washington","President of the Constitutional Convention"],["Preamble","The introduction that begins 'We the People'"],["Purposes in the Preamble","Form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure peace, provide defense, promote welfare, secure liberty"],["Article I","Describes Congress, the legislative branch"],["Article II","Describes the president, the executive branch"],["Article III","Describes the courts, the judicial branch"],["Article IV","Describes the relationship of states to each other and the nation"],["Article V","Explains how to amend the Constitution"],["Article VI","Says the Constitution is the supreme law of the land"],["Article VII","Explains how the Constitution would be ratified"],["Supremacy Clause","Federal law is above state law when they conflict"],["Popular sovereignty","Government's power comes from the people"],["Limited government","The government has only the powers the Constitution gives it"],["Separation of powers","Power is divided among three branches"],["Checks and balances","Each branch can limit the other two"],["Federalism","Power shared between national and state governments"],["Republicanism","People elect representatives to govern for them"],["Individual rights","Basic freedoms protected from government interference"],["Great Compromise","Gave states equal votes in the Senate and population-based seats in the House"],["Roger Sherman","Delegate from Connecticut who helped craft the Great Compromise"],["Three-Fifths Compromise","Counted three-fifths of enslaved people for representation; later ended"],["Virginia Plan","Proposal for representation based on population"],["New Jersey Plan","Proposal for equal representation for each state"],["Federalists","People who supported ratifying the Constitution"],["Anti-Federalists","People who opposed it without a bill of rights"],["Ratify","To formally approve"],["Amendment","A formal change to the Constitution"],["How to propose an amendment","Two-thirds of both houses of Congress, or a convention called by two-thirds of states"],["How to ratify an amendment","Three-fourths of the states must approve"],["Number of amendments","Twenty-seven"],["Bill of Rights","First ten amendments, ratified in 1791"],["Necessary and Proper Clause","Lets Congress make laws needed to carry out its powers"],["Commerce Clause","Gives Congress power to regulate trade between states and with other nations"],["Enumerated powers","Powers specifically listed for Congress in Article I"],["Implied powers","Powers not listed but suggested by the listed ones"],["Reserved powers","Powers left to the states under the Tenth Amendment"],["Concurrent powers","Powers shared by federal and state governments, like taxing"],["Elastic clause","Another name for the Necessary and Proper Clause"],["Bicameral","Having two chambers, like the House and Senate"],["Qualifications for president","Natural-born citizen, at least 35, 14 years a resident"],["Qualifications for senator","At least 30, a citizen for nine years, lives in the state"],["Qualifications for representative","At least 25, a citizen for seven years, lives in the state"],["Impeachment","House charges and Senate tries an official for serious misconduct"],["Veto","President's rejection of a bill"],["Veto override","Two-thirds of both houses can pass a bill over a veto"],["Judicial review","Courts can decide that laws violate the Constitution (Marbury v. Madison, 1803)"],["Electoral College","Electors chosen by states formally select the president"],["Habeas corpus","Right to be brought before a court to challenge imprisonment"],["Ex post facto law","A law that punishes an act that was legal when it was done; banned by the Constitution"],["Bill of attainder","A law that declares someone guilty without a trial; banned"],["Treason","Betraying the country, defined narrowly in the Constitution"],["Full Faith and Credit","States must respect each other's public acts and court rulings"],["Extradition","Returning a person accused of a crime to the state where it happened"],["Oath of office","Promise by officials to support the Constitution"],["National Archives","Washington, DC building where the Constitution is displayed"],["Constitution Day","September 17, marking the 1787 signing"],["Signers","Thirty-nine delegates signed the Constitution"],["Benjamin Franklin","Oldest delegate at the Convention"],["Gouverneur Morris","Wrote much of the final Constitution's wording"],["Elbridge Gerry","Delegate who refused to sign because it lacked a bill of rights"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-constitutional-amendments","id":"us-constitutional-amendments","title":"All 27 Amendments","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"What each of the 27 amendments to the Constitution says, with the year of ratification.","tags":["amendments","constitution","rights"],"frontLabel":"Amendment","backLabel":"What it does","cards":[["1st Amendment (1791)","Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition"],["2nd Amendment (1791)","The right to keep and bear arms"],["3rd Amendment (1791)","Limits quartering soldiers in private homes"],["4th Amendment (1791)","Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures"],["5th Amendment (1791)","Due process, no double jeopardy, no forced self-incrimination"],["6th Amendment (1791)","Rights of the accused: speedy public trial, jury, lawyer"],["7th Amendment (1791)","Right to a jury trial in many civil cases"],["8th Amendment (1791)","No excessive bail or fines; no cruel and unusual punishment"],["9th Amendment (1791)","Rights not listed are still kept by the people"],["10th Amendment (1791)","Powers not given to the federal government belong to states or the people"],["11th Amendment (1795)","Limits suing a state in federal court by citizens of other states"],["12th Amendment (1804)","Electors vote separately for president and vice president"],["13th Amendment (1865)","Ended slavery in the United States"],["14th Amendment (1868)","Citizenship for all born in the US; equal protection and due process for all persons"],["15th Amendment (1870)","Voting rights cannot be denied because of race"],["16th Amendment (1913)","Allows Congress to collect an income tax"],["17th Amendment (1913)","Senators are elected directly by the people"],["18th Amendment (1919)","Prohibited making and selling alcohol"],["19th Amendment (1920)","Women have the right to vote"],["20th Amendment (1933)","Sets the start dates for presidents' and Congress's terms; the 'lame duck' amendment"],["21st Amendment (1933)","Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition"],["22nd Amendment (1951)","Limits a president to two elected terms"],["23rd Amendment (1961)","Gives Washington, DC electoral votes for president"],["24th Amendment (1964)","Bans poll taxes in federal elections"],["25th Amendment (1967)","Explains what happens if a president cannot serve, and fills vice presidential vacancies"],["26th Amendment (1971)","Lowered the voting age to 18"],["27th Amendment (1992)","Congress's pay changes cannot take effect until after the next election"],["Which amendments ended slavery and protected rights after the Civil War?","The 13th, 14th and 15th, called the Reconstruction Amendments"],["Which amendments expand voting rights?","15th (race), 19th (women), 23rd (DC), 24th (no poll tax), 26th (age 18)"],["Which amendment created the income tax?","The 16th"],["Which amendment is Prohibition?","The 18th (it was repealed by the 21st)"],["Which is the only amendment that repealed another?","The 21st repealed the 18th"],["Which amendment lowered the voting age?","The 26th"],["Which amendment gave women the vote?","The 19th"],["Which amendment has the Due Process Clause for states?","The 14th"],["Which amendment limits the president to two terms?","The 22nd"],["Which amendments make up the Bill of Rights?","The first ten"],["How long did the 27th Amendment take to ratify?","Over 200 years: proposed in 1789, ratified in 1992"],["How many amendments were proposed by Congress and ratified?","Twenty-seven have been ratified"],["Who proposes amendments?","Two-thirds of Congress, or a convention requested by two-thirds of states"],["Who ratifies amendments?","Three-fourths of the states"],["Does the president sign amendments?","No; the president has no formal role in ratifying them"],["Equal protection clause","Part of the 14th Amendment requiring states to treat people equally under the law"],["Birthright citizenship","The 14th Amendment says people born in the US are citizens"],["Direct election","Voters choose a leader without electors, as with senators after 1913"],["Poll tax","A fee to vote, banned in federal elections by the 24th Amendment"],["Lame duck","An official whose term is ending after an election; the 20th Amendment shortened that period"],["Inauguration date","January 20, set by the 20th Amendment"],["Electoral votes for DC","Three, granted by the 23rd Amendment"],["Suffrage","The right to vote"],["Prohibition","National ban on alcohol, 1920-1933"],["Repeal","To cancel a law or amendment"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-symbols-and-landmarks","id":"us-symbols-and-landmarks","title":"US Symbols, Landmarks and Holidays","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["k-2","3-5"],"description":"The flag, songs, monuments, famous places and national holidays of the United States.","tags":["symbols","landmarks","flag","holidays"],"frontLabel":"Symbol or place","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["American flag","Called the Stars and Stripes; red, white and blue"],["Stars on the flag","Fifty, one for each state"],["Stripes on the flag","Thirteen, for the original colonies"],["Colors of the flag","Red, white and blue"],["Pledge of Allegiance","A promise of loyalty to the flag and the nation"],["The Star-Spangled Banner","The national anthem"],["Francis Scott Key","Wrote the anthem's words in 1814"],["Bald eagle","National bird and a symbol of the United States"],["Great Seal","Official emblem used on documents, shown on the back of the dollar bill"],["E Pluribus Unum","Latin for 'Out of many, one'"],["In God We Trust","National motto adopted in 1956"],["Uncle Sam","Cartoon figure who stands for the US government"],["Liberty Bell","Cracked bell in Philadelphia that stands for freedom"],["Statue of Liberty","Gift from France in 1886, in New York Harbor"],["Ellis Island","Where millions of immigrants arrived in New York"],["Independence Hall","Philadelphia building where the Declaration and Constitution were signed"],["White House","Home of the president, in Washington, DC"],["US Capitol","Building where Congress meets"],["Supreme Court building","Home of the nation's highest court"],["Lincoln Memorial","Monument to Abraham Lincoln on the National Mall"],["Washington Monument","Tall obelisk honoring George Washington"],["Jefferson Memorial","Domed monument to Thomas Jefferson"],["National Mall","Long park in Washington, DC with monuments and museums"],["Vietnam Veterans Memorial","Black granite wall with the names of those lost in the war"],["Arlington National Cemetery","Burial place for many who served in the military"],["Tomb of the Unknown Soldier","Honors unnamed fallen soldiers, in Arlington"],["Mount Rushmore","Mountain carving of four presidents in South Dakota"],["Four faces on Mount Rushmore","Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Lincoln"],["Golden Gate Bridge","Red suspension bridge in San Francisco"],["Grand Canyon","Huge canyon in Arizona carved by the Colorado River"],["Niagara Falls","Waterfalls on the border of New York and Canada"],["Yellowstone","First US national park, in 1872"],["Old Faithful","Famous geyser in Yellowstone"],["Alamo","Texas mission, a symbol of the fight for Texas independence"],["Gateway Arch","Tall arch in St. Louis, Missouri"],["Space Needle","Tower in Seattle"],["Empire State Building","Famous New York skyscraper"],["Hoover Dam","Dam on the Colorado River between Nevada and Arizona"],["Mississippi River","Major river that flows to the Gulf of Mexico"],["Rocky Mountains","Mountain range in western North America"],["Appalachian Mountains","Mountain range in the eastern United States"],["Great Lakes","Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario"],["Independence Day","July 4, the birthday of the nation"],["Memorial Day","Last Monday in May, honors those who died serving"],["Veterans Day","November 11, honors all who served"],["Labor Day","First Monday in September, honors workers"],["Thanksgiving","Fourth Thursday in November"],["Martin Luther King Jr. Day","Third Monday in January"],["Presidents Day","Third Monday in February, honors presidents"],["Flag Day","June 14 honors the flag"],["Constitution Day","September 17"],["Juneteenth","June 19, marks the end of slavery"],["Columbus Day","Second Monday in October; some places celebrate Indigenous Peoples' Day"],["Pledge words 'one nation'","The Pledge says 'one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all'"],["Penny","Shows Abraham Lincoln"],["Dollar bill","Shows George Washington"],["Capital of the US","Washington, DC"],["How many states?","Fifty"],["Number of original colonies","Thirteen"],["Betsy Ross","Said by tradition to have sewn an early flag; the story is not proven"],["Flag etiquette","Treat the flag with respect; do not let it touch the ground"],["Smokey Bear","Symbol for preventing wildfires"],["Apple pie and baseball","Often thought of as American traditions"],["Yankee Doodle","Song from the Revolution era"],["America the Beautiful","Patriotic song written by Katharine Lee Bates"],["This Land Is Your Land","Folk song by Woody Guthrie about the American landscape"],["My Country, 'Tis of Thee","Patriotic song also called America"],["National park","Land protected by the nation for its beauty or history"],["National Park Service","Agency that cares for national parks, created in 1916"],["Smithsonian","Group of museums in Washington, DC"],["Library of Congress","Largest library in the world"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/us-three-branches-of-government","id":"us-three-branches-of-government","title":"The Three Branches of Government","category":"social-studies","subject":"Civics","levels":["3-5","6-8"],"description":"What Congress, the president and the courts do, and how they check each other.","tags":["branches","congress","president","courts"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Legislative branch","Congress; makes the laws"],["Executive branch","The president and agencies; carry out the laws"],["Judicial branch","The courts; interpret the laws"],["Congress","The Senate and the House of Representatives together"],["Senate","Part of Congress with 100 members, two from each state"],["House of Representatives","Part of Congress with 435 voting members, based on state population"],["Senator's term","Six years"],["Representative's term","Two years"],["President's term","Four years"],["Vice president","Takes over if the president cannot serve and presides over the Senate"],["Cabinet","Advisers who lead major departments"],["Federal agency","Part of the executive branch that does a specific job, like the FDA or NASA"],["Supreme Court","The nation's highest court, with nine justices"],["Federal judge","Judge appointed by the president and approved by the Senate; serves for life"],["Justice","A member of the Supreme Court"],["Chief Justice","The leader of the Supreme Court"],["Bill","A proposed law"],["Law","A rule made by government"],["Veto","President says no to a bill"],["Override","Congress passes a bill again over a veto with a two-thirds vote"],["Separation of powers","Splitting government power among three branches"],["Checks and balances","Each branch has ways to limit the others"],["Congress checks the president","By passing laws, controlling funds and impeaching officials"],["President checks Congress","By vetoing bills"],["Courts check Congress and the president","By ruling that laws or actions are unconstitutional"],["Senate checks the president","By confirming nominees and approving treaties"],["President checks the courts","By nominating judges"],["Congress checks the courts","By approving judges, creating lower courts and proposing amendments"],["Impeach","To charge an official with serious wrongdoing"],["Confirm","To approve a nominee, which the Senate does"],["Nominate","To propose someone for a job"],["Treaty","Agreement with another nation, made by the president with Senate approval"],["Commander in chief","The president as head of the military"],["Declare war","Power given to Congress"],["Pass a budget","Congress decides how federal money is spent"],["Regulate trade","Congress can set rules for trade between states and with other countries"],["Interpret laws","Courts decide what laws mean"],["Judicial review","Courts can decide a law goes against the Constitution"],["Appeals court","Court that reviews decisions of lower courts"],["District court","Federal trial court"],["Executive order","Directive from the president to run the executive branch"],["Pardon","President's power to forgive a federal crime"],["Speaker of the House","Leader of the House of Representatives"],["Majority leader","Senate or House leader of the largest party"],["Committee","Small group of members who study bills in detail"],["Filibuster","Using long speeches to delay a vote in the Senate"],["Quorum","Minimum number of members needed to do business"],["Term limit","Limit on how long someone may hold an office"],["Constituent","A person represented by an elected official"],["Lobbyist","Person who tries to influence lawmakers on behalf of a group"],["Federal budget","Plan for how the national government will spend and raise money"],["Capitol","Building in Washington, DC where Congress meets"],["White House","Residence and office of the president"],["Supreme Court building","In Washington, DC, with the words 'Equal Justice Under Law'"],["Marbury v. Madison","1803 case that established judicial review"],["Number of justices","Nine; the number is set by Congress"],["Why three branches?","So no single group has too much power"],["Executive departments","Fifteen major departments such as State, Treasury, Defense and Education"],["Secretary of State","Cabinet member who handles foreign relations"],["Attorney General","Head of the Justice Department"],["Independent agency","Federal agency not part of a cabinet department"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/world-religions-basics","id":"world-religions-basics","title":"World Religions: Basic Facts","category":"social-studies","subject":"World Cultures","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Neutral, descriptive facts about the beliefs, texts, places and practices of major world religions.","tags":["religions","christianity","islam","judaism","hinduism","buddhism"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Description","cards":[["Religion","A system of beliefs and practices about the sacred, often shared by a community"],["Monotheism","Belief in one God"],["Polytheism","Belief in many gods"],["Faith","Trust or belief in a religion's teachings"],["Judaism","One of the oldest monotheistic religions, began in the Middle East about 4,000 years ago"],["Torah","The first five books of the Hebrew Bible; central text of Judaism"],["Synagogue","Jewish house of worship and community"],["Rabbi","Jewish teacher and leader"],["Sabbath (Shabbat)","Jewish weekly day of rest from Friday evening to Saturday evening"],["Passover","Jewish spring festival remembering the Israelites' freedom from slavery in Egypt"],["Hanukkah","Jewish festival of lights in winter"],["Yom Kippur","Jewish Day of Atonement, a day of fasting and prayer"],["Rosh Hashanah","Jewish New Year"],["Bar and bat mitzvah","Ceremonies marking a Jewish young person's religious responsibility"],["Christianity","Religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth; the largest religion in the world"],["Bible","Holy book of Christianity, with the Old and New Testaments"],["Church","Christian house of worship"],["Christmas","Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus, on December 25 in most churches"],["Easter","Christian celebration of the resurrection of Jesus"],["Trinity","Christian teaching of God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit"],["Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant","The three main branches of Christianity"],["Islam","Religion founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad; followers are called Muslims"],["Quran","Holy book of Islam, believed by Muslims to be God's word"],["Mosque","Muslim house of worship"],["Five Pillars of Islam","Faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage"],["Ramadan","Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset"],["Eid al-Fitr","Festival marking the end of Ramadan"],["Eid al-Adha","Festival of sacrifice at the time of the Hajj"],["Hajj","Pilgrimage to Mecca"],["Mecca","Holy city in Saudi Arabia that Muslims face when praying"],["Imam","Leader of prayer in a mosque"],["Hinduism","Ancient religion of India with many gods and traditions"],["Vedas","Oldest sacred texts of Hinduism"],["Bhagavad Gita","Hindu scripture about duty and devotion"],["Temple (mandir)","Hindu house of worship"],["Brahman","The supreme reality in Hindu thought"],["Karma","The idea that actions have consequences, in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain thought"],["Reincarnation","Belief that the soul is reborn after death"],["Diwali","Hindu festival of lights, also observed by Sikhs and Jains"],["Holi","Hindu spring festival of colors"],["Ganges River","River considered sacred by Hindus"],["Buddhism","Religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha"],["Buddha","Means 'awakened one'"],["Four Noble Truths","Buddhist teachings about suffering and how to end it"],["Eightfold Path","Buddhist guide to ethical living and meditation"],["Nirvana","Buddhist goal of freedom from suffering"],["Meditation","A practice of focused attention and calm"],["Monk","A man who lives a religious life in a monastery"],["Wesak (Vesak)","Festival marking the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death"],["Sikhism","Monotheistic religion founded in Punjab by Guru Nanak in the 1400s"],["Guru Granth Sahib","Sikh holy scripture"],["Gurdwara","Sikh house of worship"],["Five Ks","Articles of faith worn by initiated Sikhs"],["Jainism","Indian religion stressing nonviolence toward all living things"],["Confucianism","Chinese philosophy based on Confucius that stresses respect, learning and family"],["Daoism","Chinese tradition of living in harmony with the Dao, or Way"],["Shinto","Japan's native tradition honoring kami, or spirits"],["Bahá'í Faith","Religion founded in the 1800s that teaches the unity of humanity"],["Indigenous religions","Traditions of native peoples, often tied to land and ancestors"],["Animism","Belief that natural things have spirits"],["Zoroastrianism","Ancient Persian religion with the prophet Zoroaster"],["Humanism","A non-religious outlook focused on human values and reason"],["Atheism","Lack of belief in a god or gods"],["Agnosticism","The view that the existence of God cannot be known"],["Secular","Not connected to religion"],["Interfaith","Involving people of different religions"],["Religious freedom","The right to follow your own beliefs"],["Scripture","Sacred writings"],["Pilgrimage","Journey to a holy place"],["Prayer","Communication with the divine"],["Ritual","A set of actions performed for a religious purpose"],["Clergy","Religious leaders"],["Place of worship","Church, synagogue, mosque, temple, gurdwara or shrine"],["Golden Rule","Many traditions teach to treat others as you want to be treated"],["Number of followers (approx.)","Christianity and Islam are the two largest; Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism follow in various order"],["Respect","Learning about faiths helps people understand and respect each other"]]}]