[{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-ai-machine-learning-terms","id":"tech-ai-machine-learning-terms","title":"AI and Machine Learning Terms","category":"technology","subject":"Artificial Intelligence","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Key ideas in artificial intelligence, from training data to neural networks.","tags":["AI","machine learning","neural networks","LLM"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Artificial intelligence (AI)","Computer systems that do tasks that usually need human intelligence"],["Machine learning (ML)","Computers learning patterns from data instead of following only fixed rules"],["Deep learning","Machine learning with many-layered neural networks"],["Neural network","A system of connected nodes inspired loosely by brain cells"],["Neuron (node)","A unit in a network that takes inputs and gives an output"],["Layer","A group of nodes in a neural network"],["Weights","Numbers in a network that are adjusted during learning"],["Parameters","The values a model learns, such as weights"],["Training","Teaching a model using data"],["Training data","Examples the model learns from"],["Test data","New examples used to check how well a model works"],["Validation data","Data used to tune a model during development"],["Label","The correct answer attached to an example"],["Feature","A measurable property used as input"],["Model","The result of training; it makes predictions"],["Prediction (inference)","The model's output on new data"],["Supervised learning","Learning from labeled examples"],["Unsupervised learning","Finding patterns in unlabeled data"],["Reinforcement learning","Learning by trial and error with rewards"],["Classification","Sorting into categories, like cat or dog"],["Regression","Predicting a number, like a house price"],["Clustering","Grouping similar items together"],["Overfitting","A model that memorizes training data and does poorly on new data"],["Underfitting","A model too simple to capture patterns"],["Bias (in AI)","Unfair results caused by skewed data or design"],["Fairness","Making AI treat people equitably"],["Algorithm","Step-by-step instructions"],["Gradient descent","A method for adjusting weights to reduce errors"],["Loss function","A measure of how wrong the model is"],["Epoch","One full pass through the training data"],["Learning rate","How big the steps are when updating weights"],["Accuracy","The share of predictions that are correct"],["Confusion matrix","A table of correct and wrong predictions by class"],["Computer vision","AI that understands images and video"],["Natural language processing (NLP)","AI that works with human language"],["Speech recognition","Turning speech into text"],["Text-to-speech","Turning text into spoken sound"],["Chatbot","A program that converses with people"],["Large language model (LLM)","A very large model trained on lots of text to predict and generate language"],["Token","A piece of text, such as a word or part of a word, that language models process"],["Prompt","The input or instruction given to an AI model"],["Prompt engineering","Writing prompts to get better answers"],["Context window","How much text a model can consider at once"],["Transformer","A neural network design behind most modern language models"],["Attention","A mechanism that lets a model focus on relevant parts of its input"],["Generative AI","AI that creates new text, images, audio or code"],["Image generation","Creating pictures from text descriptions"],["Diffusion model","A model that creates images by gradually removing noise"],["Hallucination","When an AI states something false as if it were true"],["Fine-tuning","Further training a model on specialized data"],["Pre-training","Initial training on a large general dataset"],["Embedding","A list of numbers representing the meaning of text or images"],["Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)","Letting a model look up documents before answering"],["AI agent","An AI system that can take actions toward a goal"],["Turing test","Alan Turing's idea of judging a machine by whether it can seem human in conversation"],["Alan Turing","British mathematician who asked 'Can machines think?' in 1950"],["Dartmouth workshop","The 1956 meeting where the term artificial intelligence was coined"],["Deep Blue","IBM computer that beat chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997"],["AlphaGo","DeepMind program that beat Go champion Lee Sedol in 2016"],["ImageNet","A huge image dataset that sparked deep learning progress"],["Narrow AI","AI built for specific tasks"],["General AI (AGI)","Hypothetical AI that can do any intellectual task a human can"],["Robotics","Building machines that sense and act"],["Self-driving car","A vehicle that drives using sensors and AI"],["Recommendation system","AI that suggests videos, songs or products"],["Deepfake","A fake image or video made by AI"],["AI ethics","Thinking about fairness, safety, privacy and responsibility in AI"],["Privacy and AI","AI systems should protect people's personal information"],["Human in the loop","A person reviews or guides the AI's decisions"],["Explainability","Understanding why an AI made a decision"],["Check AI answers","AI can be wrong, so verify important facts"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-algorithms","id":"tech-algorithms","title":"Algorithms and Big-O","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Science","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Classic algorithms, how fast they are, and strategies for solving problems.","tags":["algorithms","sorting","searching","Big-O"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Algorithm","A finite list of steps that solves a problem"],["Big-O notation","Describes how running time or memory grows as input grows"],["O(1)","Constant time; stays the same as input grows"],["O(log n)","Logarithmic time; grows slowly, like binary search"],["O(n)","Linear time; grows in proportion to input size"],["O(n log n)","Typical of efficient sorting like merge sort"],["O(n squared)","Quadratic time; typical of simple nested loops"],["O(2 to the n)","Exponential time; becomes huge very quickly"],["Time complexity","How running time grows with input size"],["Space complexity","How memory use grows with input size"],["Linear search","Check each item in order until found; O(n)"],["Binary search","Repeatedly halve a sorted list to find an item; O(log n)"],["Binary search requirement","The data must be sorted"],["Bubble sort","Repeatedly swaps adjacent items that are out of order; O(n squared)"],["Selection sort","Repeatedly picks the smallest item and places it first; O(n squared)"],["Insertion sort","Builds a sorted list one item at a time; good for small or nearly sorted lists"],["Merge sort","Splits the list, sorts the halves, then merges; O(n log n)"],["Quick sort","Picks a pivot and partitions around it; average O(n log n)"],["Heap sort","Sorts using a heap; O(n log n)"],["Pivot","The element used to partition in quick sort"],["Stable sort","A sort that keeps equal items in their original order"],["Divide and conquer","Split a problem, solve the parts, combine the answers"],["Recursion","A function calling itself on smaller input"],["Base case","The stopping point of a recursion"],["Dynamic programming","Solve overlapping subproblems once and store the results"],["Memoization","Caching results of function calls"],["Greedy algorithm","Pick the best choice at each step"],["Brute force","Try every possibility"],["Backtracking","Try choices and undo them when they fail"],["Breadth-first search (BFS)","Explore a graph level by level using a queue"],["Depth-first search (DFS)","Explore a graph as deep as possible using a stack or recursion"],["Dijkstra's algorithm","Finds shortest paths in a weighted graph with non-negative weights"],["A* search","A pathfinding algorithm that uses a guess of distance to the goal"],["Minimum spanning tree","A tree connecting all nodes with smallest total weight"],["Kruskal's and Prim's","Algorithms for finding minimum spanning trees"],["Topological sort","Ordering tasks so each comes after its prerequisites"],["Hashing","Turning data into a fixed-size number for fast lookup"],["Collision","When two keys hash to the same spot"],["Euclid's algorithm","Finds the greatest common divisor using repeated remainders"],["Sieve of Eratosthenes","Finds all primes up to a number by crossing out multiples"],["Fibonacci sequence","Each number is the sum of the two before: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5..."],["Factorial","n! is the product of all whole numbers from 1 to n"],["Tower of Hanoi","A puzzle that is a classic recursion example"],["Traveling salesman problem","Find the shortest route visiting every city once; very hard"],["NP-complete","A class of hard problems with no known fast solution"],["P vs NP","A famous open question about whether hard-to-solve problems are also easy to check"],["Heuristic","A practical shortcut that finds a good answer, not always the best"],["Pseudocode","Plain-language description of an algorithm"],["Invariant","A condition that stays true during an algorithm"],["Best case","The fastest an algorithm can run"],["Worst case","The slowest an algorithm can run"],["Average case","Typical running time over many inputs"],["In-place algorithm","Uses very little extra memory"],["Two pointers","A technique using two positions that move through data"],["Sliding window","A technique moving a fixed range along data"],["PageRank","Google's algorithm that ranks pages by links to them"],["Compression algorithm","Makes data smaller, like ZIP or JPEG"],["Lossless compression","Compression that can be exactly reversed"],["Lossy compression","Compression that discards some data, like JPEG"],["Random number generator","An algorithm that makes numbers that look random"],["Machine learning algorithm","An algorithm that learns patterns from data"],["Al-Khwarizmi","Persian mathematician whose name gave us the word algorithm"],["Algorithm origin","Named after a 9th-century scholar al-Khwarizmi"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-binary-hex-numbers","id":"tech-binary-hex-numbers","title":"Binary, Hexadecimal and Data Units","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Science","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Counting in base 2 and base 16, converting numbers, and how much data units hold.","tags":["binary","hexadecimal","number systems","data units"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["Binary uses which digits?","0 and 1 (base 2)"],["Decimal uses which digits?","0 to 9 (base 10)"],["Hexadecimal uses which digits?","0 to 9 and A to F (base 16)"],["Octal uses which digits?","0 to 7 (base 8)"],["Bit","A single binary digit"],["Byte","8 bits"],["Nibble","4 bits, one hex digit"],["Place values in an 8-bit byte","128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1"],["Binary 0 in decimal","0"],["Binary 1 in decimal","1"],["Binary 10 in decimal","2"],["Binary 11 in decimal","3"],["Binary 100 in decimal","4"],["Binary 101 in decimal","5"],["Binary 110 in decimal","6"],["Binary 111 in decimal","7"],["Binary 1000 in decimal","8"],["Binary 1001 in decimal","9"],["Binary 1010 in decimal","10"],["Binary 1111 in decimal","15"],["Binary 10000 in decimal","16"],["Binary 11111111 in decimal","255"],["Binary 10101010 in decimal","170"],["Binary 1100100 in decimal","100"],["Binary 100000 in decimal","32"],["Decimal 12 in binary","1100"],["Decimal 20 in binary","10100"],["Decimal 25 in binary","11001"],["Decimal 50 in binary","110010"],["Decimal 64 in binary","1000000"],["Decimal 100 in binary","1100100"],["Decimal 128 in binary","10000000"],["Decimal 255 in binary","11111111"],["Decimal 10 in hex","A"],["Decimal 11 in hex","B"],["Decimal 12 in hex","C"],["Decimal 13 in hex","D"],["Decimal 14 in hex","E"],["Decimal 15 in hex","F"],["Decimal 16 in hex","10"],["Decimal 31 in hex","1F"],["Decimal 32 in hex","20"],["Decimal 100 in hex","64"],["Decimal 255 in hex","FF"],["Decimal 256 in hex","100"],["Hex FF in decimal","255"],["Hex 10 in decimal","16"],["Hex 1A in decimal","26"],["Hex 20 in decimal","32"],["Hex 7F in decimal","127"],["Hex 80 in decimal","128"],["Binary 1111 in hex","F"],["Binary 1010 in hex","A"],["Binary 11110000 in hex","F0"],["Hex FF in binary","11111111"],["Hex 0F in binary","00001111"],["Powers of 2: 2^8","256"],["Powers of 2: 2^10","1,024"],["Powers of 2: 2^16","65,536"],["Powers of 2: 2^32","4,294,967,296"],["Number of values in 1 byte","256 (0 to 255)"],["Number of values with n bits","2 to the power n"],["Number of values in 4 bits","16"],["Largest unsigned 8-bit number","255"],["Kilobyte (KB)","About 1,000 bytes (1,024 in older binary usage)"],["Megabyte (MB)","About 1 million bytes"],["Gigabyte (GB)","About 1 billion bytes"],["Terabyte (TB)","About 1 trillion bytes"],["Kibibyte, mebibyte (KiB, MiB)","Units based on exactly 1,024"],["Hex color #FF0000","Red"],["Hex color #00FF00","Green"],["Hex color #0000FF","Blue"],["Hex color #FFFFFF","White"],["Hex color #000000","Black"],["ASCII","A code that gives each character a number, e.g. A is 65"],["ASCII 'A' in decimal","65"],["ASCII 'a' in decimal","97"],["ASCII '0' in decimal","48"],["Unicode","A standard that gives a number to characters from all languages and emoji"],["UTF-8","A common way to store Unicode characters in bytes"],["Two's complement","The method computers use to store negative numbers in binary"],["Binary addition: 1 + 1","10 (that is, 0 carry 1)"],["Binary addition: 101 + 11","1000"],["Logic gate AND","Outputs 1 only if both inputs are 1"],["Logic gate OR","Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1"],["Logic gate NOT","Flips the input"],["Logic gate XOR","Outputs 1 if inputs differ"],["Why computers use binary","Electronic switches have two states, on and off"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-block-coding-and-robotics","id":"tech-block-coding-and-robotics","title":"Block Coding and Robotics for Kids","category":"technology","subject":"Programming","levels":["k-2","3-5","6-8"],"description":"Beginner coding ideas from Scratch-style blocks and simple robots.","tags":["Scratch","block coding","robots","beginner"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Scratch","A free block-based coding language made at MIT, launched in 2007"],["Block coding","Snapping blocks together instead of typing code"],["Sprite","A character or object in a Scratch project"],["Stage","The background area where sprites act"],["Costume","A picture a sprite can wear to change its look"],["Script","A stack of blocks that runs in order"],["Event block","A block that starts code, like 'when green flag clicked'"],["Motion block","A block that moves a sprite"],["Looks block","A block that changes how a sprite appears or speaks"],["Sound block","A block that plays sound"],["Control block","A block for loops and decisions"],["Sensing block","A block that checks for touching, keys or mouse"],["Operator block","A block for math and comparing"],["Variable","A named box that holds a number or text"],["Loop","Repeating blocks"],["Forever loop","Repeats without stopping"],["Repeat 10 loop","Repeats 10 times"],["If block","Does something only when a condition is true"],["If-else block","Does one thing if true and another if false"],["Broadcast","Sends a message to other scripts or sprites"],["Clone","A copy of a sprite made while the project runs"],["Coordinates","The x and y numbers that tell where a sprite is"],["x position","How far left or right a sprite is"],["y position","How far up or down a sprite is"],["Direction","The angle a sprite is facing"],["Remix","Making a copy of someone's project to change"],["Debugging","Finding and fixing mistakes in code"],["Bug","A mistake in code"],["Sequence","Steps in the right order"],["Algorithm","Step-by-step instructions"],["Unplugged coding","Learning coding ideas without a computer"],["Pseudocode","Code ideas written in plain words"],["Event","Something that happens, like a click"],["Input","What you give to a program"],["Output","What a program shows or does"],["Function","A named group of blocks you can reuse"],["Custom block","Your own block made from other blocks"],["Hour of Code","A worldwide event that introduces coding in one hour"],["Code.org","A nonprofit that offers free coding lessons"],["Robot","A machine that can sense and act"],["Sensor","A part that detects things like light, touch or distance"],["Motor","A part that makes things move"],["Actuator","A part that makes a robot do something"],["Microcontroller","A tiny computer that controls a device"],["micro:bit","A small programmable board with lights, buttons and sensors"],["Arduino","A microcontroller board used in projects"],["Raspberry Pi","A small low-cost computer"],["LED","A small light that glows when electricity flows through it"],["Servo","A motor that turns to a set angle"],["Ultrasonic sensor","Measures distance using sound"],["Line-following robot","A robot that follows a line using sensors"],["Obstacle avoidance","A robot turns to avoid hitting things"],["Autonomous","Working by itself without being controlled"],["Remote control","Controlling a device from a distance"],["Circuit","A closed path electricity flows through"],["Battery","Stores energy to power a circuit"],["Switch","A part that opens or closes a circuit"],["Conductor","A material that lets electricity flow, like copper"],["Insulator","A material that stops electricity, like rubber"],["Prototype","A first working model"],["Design process","Ask, imagine, plan, create, test, improve"],["Engineer","A person who designs and builds solutions"],["Computational thinking","Solving problems with steps, patterns and breaking things down"],["Decompose","Break a big problem into smaller parts"],["Pattern","Something that repeats"],["Abstraction","Ignoring details to focus on what matters"],["Maze challenge","A common puzzle for practicing sequences and loops"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-coding-vocabulary","id":"tech-coding-vocabulary","title":"Coding Vocabulary","category":"technology","subject":"Programming","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Core programming words used in any language.","tags":["coding","programming","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Algorithm","A step-by-step set of instructions to solve a problem"],["Program","A set of instructions a computer follows"],["Code","Instructions written in a programming language"],["Programming language","A language for telling computers what to do"],["Programmer (developer)","A person who writes code"],["Source code","Human-readable code a programmer writes"],["Compiler","Translates a whole program into machine code before running"],["Interpreter","Reads and runs code line by line"],["Syntax","The grammar rules of a language"],["Syntax error","A mistake in following those rules"],["Bug","An error in a program"],["Debugging","Finding and fixing bugs"],["Logic error","Code that runs but gives the wrong result"],["Runtime error","An error that occurs while the program runs"],["Variable","A named container that stores a value"],["Constant","A value that does not change"],["Data type","The kind of value, like number or text"],["Integer","A whole number"],["Float","A number with a decimal point"],["String","Text in quotation marks"],["Boolean","A value that is true or false"],["Array (list)","An ordered collection of items"],["Dictionary (object, map)","A collection of key-value pairs"],["Operator","A symbol that does something with values, like + or =="],["Expression","Code that produces a value"],["Statement","A single instruction"],["Assignment","Storing a value in a variable"],["Comparison","Checking how values relate, such as equal or greater than"],["Conditional","Code that runs only if a condition is true"],["If statement","Runs code when a condition is true"],["Else","Runs code when the if condition is false"],["Loop","Code that repeats"],["For loop","Repeats a set number of times or through a collection"],["While loop","Repeats while a condition is true"],["Infinite loop","A loop that never ends"],["Iteration","One pass through a loop"],["Function","A reusable block of code with a name"],["Parameter","A variable named in a function definition"],["Argument","The actual value passed into a function"],["Return value","The result a function gives back"],["Call a function","Run it"],["Scope","Where in the code a variable can be used"],["Global variable","A variable accessible everywhere"],["Local variable","A variable accessible only inside its function"],["Recursion","A function that calls itself"],["Base case","The stopping condition of a recursive function"],["Object","A bundle of data and functions"],["Class","A blueprint for creating objects"],["Method","A function that belongs to an object"],["Property (attribute)","A value that belongs to an object"],["Inheritance","A class gets features from another class"],["Encapsulation","Keeping data and methods together and hiding details"],["Polymorphism","Different objects responding to the same call in their own way"],["Library","Reusable code written by others"],["Framework","A structure of code that guides how you build apps"],["API","Application programming interface: rules for programs to talk to each other"],["Module","A file of code that can be imported"],["Package","A bundle of modules"],["Comment","A note in code ignored by the computer"],["Indentation","Spaces at the start of a line showing structure"],["Input","Data given to a program"],["Output","Data a program produces"],["Event","An action like a click that a program responds to"],["Pseudocode","Plain-language outline of code"],["Flowchart","A diagram showing the steps of an algorithm"],["Sequence","Steps run in order"],["Selection","Choosing which code runs based on a condition"],["Decomposition","Breaking a big problem into smaller parts"],["Abstraction","Hiding details to focus on what matters"],["Pattern recognition","Spotting similarities to solve problems"],["Computational thinking","Problem solving with decomposition, patterns, abstraction and algorithms"],["IDE","Integrated development environment, a code editor with tools"],["Version control","A system that tracks changes to code"],["Open source","Software whose code anyone can view and use"],["Ada Lovelace","Wrote what many call the first computer program, in 1843"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-computer-parts","id":"tech-computer-parts","title":"Computer Parts and Hardware","category":"technology","subject":"Computers","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"The main parts inside and outside a computer and what each does.","tags":["hardware","computer parts","devices"],"frontLabel":"Part","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["CPU (processor)","The brain of the computer that runs instructions"],["Core (CPU)","One processing unit inside a CPU"],["Clock speed","How fast a CPU runs, measured in gigahertz (GHz)"],["RAM","Fast temporary memory for programs in use; cleared when power is off"],["ROM","Memory that keeps its contents without power"],["Hard drive (HDD)","Storage that uses spinning magnetic disks"],["SSD","Storage with no moving parts that uses flash memory; faster than a hard drive"],["Motherboard","The main circuit board that connects all parts"],["GPU (graphics card)","Processor that draws images and video and speeds up graphics"],["Power supply (PSU)","Converts wall power into power the computer can use"],["Case (tower)","The box that holds the computer parts"],["Cooling fan","Moves air to keep parts from overheating"],["Heat sink","Metal part that draws heat away from the CPU"],["BIOS / UEFI","Basic software that starts up the computer's hardware"],["Chipset","Chips on the motherboard that manage data between parts"],["Expansion slot (PCIe)","A slot for adding cards like graphics cards"],["Sound card","Handles audio input and output"],["Network card (NIC)","Connects the computer to a network"],["Optical drive","Reads CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs"],["Monitor","A screen that shows what the computer displays"],["Keyboard","Input device with keys for typing"],["Mouse","A pointing device you move and click"],["Touchpad","A touch-sensitive pad on a laptop that moves the pointer"],["Touchscreen","A screen that senses touch"],["Scanner","Copies paper pages into digital images"],["Printer","Puts digital documents onto paper"],["3D printer","Builds objects layer by layer from plastic or other materials"],["Speakers","Output devices that play sound"],["Microphone","Input device that captures sound"],["Webcam","A small camera for video calls"],["Headphones","Speakers worn on the ears"],["Joystick","Input device for controlling games"],["Game controller","Handheld input device for games"],["Stylus","A pen-like tool for touchscreens"],["Barcode scanner","Reads codes printed as stripes"],["Input device","Hardware that sends information into the computer"],["Output device","Hardware that presents information from the computer"],["Storage device","Hardware that keeps data for later"],["USB port","A common connector for plugging in devices"],["USB flash drive (thumb drive)","A small portable storage stick"],["HDMI","A cable that carries video and audio to a screen"],["Ethernet port","A port for a wired network cable"],["Wi-Fi","Wireless networking"],["Bluetooth","Short-range wireless connection for devices like headphones"],["SD card","A small memory card used in cameras"],["External hard drive","A storage device outside the computer connected by a cable"],["Battery","Stores power for laptops and phones"],["Charger","Supplies power to a battery"],["Laptop","A portable computer with a built-in screen and keyboard"],["Desktop","A computer meant to stay at a desk"],["Tablet","A flat touchscreen computer"],["Smartphone","A phone that works like a small computer"],["Server","A computer that provides services to other computers"],["Supercomputer","An extremely fast computer for huge calculations"],["Microcontroller","A small computer chip in a device, like in a toaster or Arduino"],["Raspberry Pi","A tiny low-cost computer board"],["Arduino","An open-source microcontroller board for projects"],["Circuit board","A board with printed paths connecting electronic parts"],["Transistor","A tiny switch inside chips"],["Microchip (integrated circuit)","A tiny piece of silicon holding millions or billions of transistors"],["Silicon","The material most computer chips are made from"],["Bit","The smallest unit of data, a 0 or 1"],["Byte","8 bits"],["Peripheral","Any device connected to a computer"],["Port","A socket for connecting devices"],["Driver","Software that lets the computer talk to a device"],["Firmware","Software built into hardware"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-computer-scientists-and-history","id":"tech-computer-scientists-and-history","title":"Famous Computer Scientists and Tech History","category":"technology","subject":"Computing History","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Pioneers of computing and the milestones that shaped technology.","tags":["history","computer scientists","pioneers","milestones"],"frontLabel":"Person or event","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Ada Lovelace","Wrote notes in 1843 with what is often called the first computer program, for Babbage's Analytical Engine"],["Charles Babbage","Designed the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical computer idea, in the 1830s"],["Alan Turing","British mathematician who defined the Turing machine and helped break the Enigma code"],["Turing machine","An abstract model of computation described by Turing in 1936"],["Grace Hopper","American Navy officer who helped create the first compiler and the COBOL language"],["John von Neumann","Described the stored-program computer architecture"],["Claude Shannon","Founded information theory in 1948 and popularized the word bit"],["Katherine Johnson","NASA mathematician whose calculations helped astronauts reach orbit and the Moon"],["Margaret Hamilton","Led software development for Apollo's guidance computers"],["Dorothy Vaughan","NASA mathematician who became a leader in programming (FORTRAN) at Langley"],["Tim Berners-Lee","Invented the World Wide Web in 1989"],["Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn","Designed the TCP/IP protocols of the internet"],["Dennis Ritchie","Created the C language and co-created Unix"],["Ken Thompson","Co-creator of Unix"],["Linus Torvalds","Created the Linux kernel (1991) and Git (2005)"],["Guido van Rossum","Created Python"],["Brendan Eich","Created JavaScript in 1995"],["James Gosling","Led the creation of Java"],["Bjarne Stroustrup","Created C++"],["Yukihiro Matsumoto","Created Ruby"],["Bill Gates","Co-founded Microsoft in 1975"],["Paul Allen","Co-founded Microsoft"],["Steve Jobs","Co-founded Apple in 1976"],["Steve Wozniak","Designed the Apple I and II computers"],["Larry Page and Sergey Brin","Founded Google in 1998"],["Mark Zuckerberg","Co-founded Facebook in 2004"],["Jeff Bezos","Founded Amazon in 1994"],["Douglas Engelbart","Invented the computer mouse; demonstrated it in 1968"],["Doug Engelbart's 1968 demo","Called the Mother of All Demos; showed the mouse, video calls and hypertext"],["Ivan Sutherland","Created Sketchpad (1963), an early graphics program"],["Alan Kay","Pioneer of object-oriented programming and the personal computer"],["Donald Knuth","Wrote The Art of Computer Programming"],["Edsger Dijkstra","Created a famous shortest-path algorithm"],["Barbara Liskov","Computer scientist who won the Turing Award for work on data abstraction"],["Radia Perlman","Invented the spanning-tree protocol for networks"],["Fei-Fei Li","Computer scientist who helped create ImageNet"],["Geoffrey Hinton","Pioneer of neural networks and deep learning"],["Yann LeCun","Pioneer of convolutional neural networks"],["Yoshua Bengio","Pioneer of deep learning"],["Turing Award","The top prize in computer science, named for Alan Turing"],["ENIAC","One of the first general-purpose electronic computers, completed in 1945"],["Colossus","British code-breaking computer used in World War II"],["Transistor","Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs"],["Integrated circuit","Chip with many components, invented in the late 1950s"],["Microprocessor","A whole CPU on one chip; Intel 4004 came out in 1971"],["ARPANET","Early network that sent its first message in 1969"],["First email","Sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971"],["Personal computer","Home computers became popular in the late 1970s and 1980s"],["Apple II","A popular early personal computer from 1977"],["IBM PC","Introduced in 1981"],["Macintosh","Apple computer launched in 1984 with a graphical interface"],["Windows 95","Microsoft system that made the Start menu famous"],["World Wide Web goes public","1991"],["Mosaic browser","Early graphical web browser from 1993"],["Google founded","1998"],["Wikipedia launched","2001"],["YouTube founded","2005"],["iPhone introduced","2007"],["Smartphone age","Phones became pocket computers after 2007"],["Cloud computing","Rented online computing, which grew in the late 2000s"],["Bitcoin created","2009 by a person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto"],["ChatGPT released","November 2022"],["Moore's law","The observation that chip transistor counts double about every two years"],["Gordon Moore","Co-founder of Intel who described Moore's law in 1965"],["Hedy Lamarr","Actress and inventor who co-developed frequency hopping, an idea used in modern wireless"],["Mary Allen Wilkes","Programmer of the LINC, an early personal computer, in the 1960s"],["Jean Bartik","One of the six original ENIAC programmers"],["Annie Easley","NASA computer scientist who worked on rocket software"],["Mark Dean","IBM engineer who helped design the original IBM PC and holds key patents in PC technology"],["Gladys West","Mathematician whose work contributed to GPS"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-css-properties","id":"tech-css-properties","title":"CSS Properties","category":"technology","subject":"Web Development","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common CSS properties, selectors and values for styling web pages.","tags":["CSS","web","styling"],"frontLabel":"Property or term","backLabel":"What it does","cards":[["color","Sets the text color"],["background-color","Sets the background color"],["background-image","Sets a background picture"],["font-family","Chooses the typeface"],["font-size","Sets the text size"],["font-weight","Sets how bold text is"],["font-style","Sets italic or normal"],["text-align","Aligns text left, center, right or justify"],["text-decoration","Adds underline, overline or line-through"],["text-transform","Changes case: uppercase, lowercase, capitalize"],["line-height","Sets space between lines of text"],["letter-spacing","Sets space between letters"],["width","Sets the width of an element"],["height","Sets the height of an element"],["max-width","Sets the largest width allowed"],["min-height","Sets the smallest height allowed"],["margin","Space outside an element's border"],["padding","Space inside an element between content and border"],["border","Draws a line around an element"],["border-radius","Rounds the corners of an element"],["box-shadow","Adds a shadow around an element"],["text-shadow","Adds a shadow to text"],["opacity","Sets transparency from 0 to 1"],["display","Sets how an element is shown: block, inline, flex, grid, none"],["display: none","Hides an element and its space"],["visibility: hidden","Hides an element but keeps its space"],["position","Sets how an element is positioned: static, relative, absolute, fixed, sticky"],["position: relative","Positions an element compared to its normal spot"],["position: absolute","Positions an element relative to its nearest positioned parent"],["position: fixed","Keeps an element in place when scrolling"],["position: sticky","Sticks an element once you scroll to it"],["top, right, bottom, left","Offsets for positioned elements"],["z-index","Sets stacking order of overlapping elements"],["float","Pushes an element to the left or right so text wraps around it"],["overflow","Controls what happens when content is too big"],["box-sizing: border-box","Includes padding and border in an element's width"],["Flexbox (display: flex)","A layout system for rows or columns"],["flex-direction","Sets row or column in flexbox"],["justify-content","Aligns flex items along the main axis"],["align-items","Aligns flex items along the cross axis"],["flex-wrap","Lets flex items wrap to the next line"],["gap","Space between flex or grid items"],["flex-grow","How much an item grows to fill space"],["Grid (display: grid)","A two-dimensional layout system"],["grid-template-columns","Defines the columns of a grid"],["grid-template-rows","Defines the rows of a grid"],["grid-column","Places an item across columns"],["Selector","The part of CSS that picks which elements to style"],["Element selector","Targets tags, like p { }"],["Class selector","Targets by class, like .box { }"],["ID selector","Targets by ID, like #main { }"],["Descendant selector","Targets elements inside others, like nav a { }"],["Child selector","Targets direct children only, like ul > li { }"],["Universal selector","* targets all elements"],["Pseudo-class","A state selector like :hover or :focus"],["Pseudo-element","Selects part of an element like ::before or ::first-line"],["Specificity","The rule deciding which style wins when rules conflict"],["Cascade","Styles are combined in order and importance"],["Inheritance","Some properties pass down from parent to child"],["!important","Makes a rule override others, to be used rarely"],["Media query","A rule that applies styles for certain screen sizes"],["Responsive design","Pages that adapt to different screen sizes"],["Pixels (px)","A fixed unit of size"],["em unit","A size relative to the parent's font size"],["rem unit","A size relative to the root font size"],["Percent (%)","A size relative to the parent"],["vh and vw","1% of the viewport height or width"],["Hex color","A color written as #RRGGBB, like #FF0000"],["rgb()","A color written with red, green and blue values"],["hsl()","A color written with hue, saturation and lightness"],["transition","Animates changes between styles"],["transform","Moves, rotates, scales or skews an element"],["animation","Applies keyframe animation"],["@keyframes","Defines the steps of an animation"],["CSS stands for","Cascading Style Sheets"],["CSS variable","A reusable value set with --name and used with var(--name)"],["cursor","Changes the mouse pointer style"],["list-style","Changes bullets or numbers in lists"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-cybersecurity-basics","id":"tech-cybersecurity-basics","title":"Cybersecurity Basics","category":"technology","subject":"Security","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common threats, defenses and security ideas explained simply.","tags":["cybersecurity","security","encryption","threats"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Cybersecurity","Protecting computers, networks and data from attack"],["CIA triad","Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability"],["Confidentiality","Only authorized people can see the data"],["Integrity","Data is accurate and has not been tampered with"],["Availability","Systems and data are usable when needed"],["Threat","Something that could cause harm"],["Vulnerability","A weakness that can be exploited"],["Exploit","A way to take advantage of a vulnerability"],["Risk","The chance a threat uses a vulnerability and causes harm"],["Malware","Harmful software"],["Virus","Malware that attaches to files and spreads"],["Worm","Malware that spreads by itself over networks"],["Trojan horse","Malware disguised as something useful"],["Ransomware","Malware that locks files and demands payment"],["Spyware","Software that secretly watches what you do"],["Adware","Software that shows unwanted ads"],["Keylogger","Malware that records keystrokes"],["Botnet","A network of infected computers controlled by an attacker"],["Phishing","Fake messages that trick you into giving information"],["Spear phishing","Phishing aimed at a specific person"],["Smishing","Phishing by text message"],["Social engineering","Tricking people rather than breaking technology"],["Pretexting","Inventing a story to gain trust"],["Brute force attack","Trying many passwords until one works"],["Dictionary attack","Trying common words as passwords"],["Credential stuffing","Reusing leaked passwords on other sites"],["DDoS attack","Flooding a site with traffic to knock it offline"],["Man-in-the-middle attack","An attacker secretly intercepts communication"],["SQL injection","Sneaking harmful database commands into input"],["Cross-site scripting (XSS)","Injecting harmful scripts into web pages"],["Zero-day","A vulnerability unknown to the maker, with no fix yet"],["Patch","An update that fixes a vulnerability"],["Software updates","Install them promptly to close security holes"],["Strong password","Long and unique, not reused"],["Passphrase","A long password made of several words"],["Password manager","A tool that stores unique passwords safely"],["Multi-factor authentication","Requiring two or more proofs of identity"],["Authentication","Proving who you are"],["Authorization","What you're allowed to do after logging in"],["Biometrics","Using fingerprints or faces to identify you"],["Encryption","Scrambling data so only holders of a key can read it"],["Decryption","Unscrambling encrypted data"],["Symmetric encryption","Uses the same key to lock and unlock"],["Asymmetric encryption","Uses a public key to lock and a private key to unlock"],["Public key","A key you can share"],["Private key","A key you keep secret"],["Hash","A fixed-length fingerprint of data, hard to reverse"],["Salt","Random data added to a password before hashing"],["Digital signature","Proof that a message came from a certain sender"],["Certificate","A digital ID that proves a website is who it claims to be"],["HTTPS","Secure web connections that use encryption"],["VPN","Creates an encrypted tunnel for your traffic"],["Firewall","Blocks unwanted network traffic"],["Antivirus","Software that detects malware"],["Intrusion detection system","Monitors a network for suspicious activity"],["Sandbox","A safe isolated space to run untrusted code"],["Backup","A copy of data kept separately"],["3-2-1 backup rule","3 copies, 2 types of media, 1 offsite"],["Least privilege","Giving users only the access they need"],["Defense in depth","Using many layers of protection"],["Penetration testing","Authorized hacking to find weaknesses"],["White hat hacker","An ethical hacker who helps improve security"],["Black hat hacker","A criminal hacker"],["Gray hat hacker","A hacker between ethical and criminal"],["Bug bounty","A reward for responsibly reporting security flaws"],["Data breach","When private data is exposed"],["Identity theft","Using someone's personal information without permission"],["Public Wi-Fi risk","Others may snoop; avoid sensitive logins"],["Suspicious email clues","Urgent threats, odd sender, bad links, requests for passwords"],["Hover before clicking","Check where a link really goes"],["Never share","Passwords or verification codes with anyone"],["Incident response","The plan for handling a security event"],["Cipher","A method of encrypting text"],["Caesar cipher","Shifts each letter by a fixed number"],["Enigma","A cipher machine used by Germany in World War II"],["Kerckhoffs's principle","A system should be secure even if everything but the key is public"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-data-structures","id":"tech-data-structures","title":"Data Structures","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Science","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Ways of organizing data: arrays, lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs and hash tables.","tags":["data structures","arrays","trees","graphs"],"frontLabel":"Structure","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[["Data structure","A way of organizing data so it can be used efficiently"],["Array","A fixed-size list of items stored in order, accessed by index"],["Index","The position number of an item in an array, starting at 0 in most languages"],["Dynamic array","An array that grows automatically, like a Python list"],["Linked list","Items (nodes) linked by pointers, each pointing to the next"],["Node","A piece of a linked structure holding data and links"],["Singly linked list","Each node points only to the next"],["Doubly linked list","Each node points to both the next and the previous"],["Pointer (reference)","A value that tells where another value is stored"],["Stack","A last-in, first-out (LIFO) structure"],["Push","Add an item to a stack"],["Pop","Remove the top item from a stack"],["Peek","Look at the top item without removing it"],["Queue","A first-in, first-out (FIFO) structure"],["Enqueue","Add an item to the back of a queue"],["Dequeue","Remove the item at the front of a queue"],["Deque","A double-ended queue; add or remove at either end"],["Priority queue","A queue where higher priority items leave first"],["Hash table (hash map)","Stores key-value pairs for fast lookup using a hash function"],["Hash function","Converts a key into a number to find its slot"],["Set","A collection of unique items"],["Dictionary (map)","A collection of key-value pairs"],["Tuple","An ordered, unchangeable group of values"],["Tree","A hierarchy of nodes with a root and branches"],["Root","The top node of a tree"],["Leaf","A node with no children"],["Parent and child","A node and the nodes directly below it"],["Depth","How many steps a node is from the root"],["Height of a tree","The longest path from the root to a leaf"],["Binary tree","A tree in which each node has at most two children"],["Binary search tree (BST)","A binary tree where left values are smaller and right values are larger"],["Balanced tree","A tree whose branches are roughly equal in height"],["AVL tree","A self-balancing binary search tree"],["Heap","A tree-based structure where the parent is always larger (or smaller) than its children"],["Min-heap","The smallest element is at the top"],["Max-heap","The largest element is at the top"],["Trie","A tree for storing words by their letters"],["Graph","Nodes (vertices) connected by edges"],["Vertex","A node in a graph"],["Edge","A connection between two vertices"],["Directed graph","Edges have a direction"],["Undirected graph","Edges go both ways"],["Weighted graph","Edges have values like distance or cost"],["Adjacency list","Graph stored as a list of neighbors for each vertex"],["Adjacency matrix","Graph stored as a grid showing which vertices connect"],["Cycle","A path that returns to its starting vertex"],["Tree vs graph","A tree is a graph with no cycles that is connected"],["Record (struct)","A bundle of named fields"],["String","A sequence of characters"],["Matrix","A grid of values in rows and columns"],["2D array","An array of arrays, like a grid"],["Stack use","Undo buttons, function calls, browser back"],["Queue use","Print jobs, task scheduling"],["Hash table use","Fast lookups, caches, counting"],["Tree use","File systems, search, hierarchies"],["Graph use","Maps, social networks, the internet"],["Access time of an array by index","O(1)"],["Search time in an unsorted array","O(n)"],["Insertion at the front of a linked list","O(1)"],["Search time in a balanced BST","O(log n)"],["Average lookup in a hash table","O(1)"],["Call stack","The stack that tracks which function is running"],["Stack overflow","When the call stack runs out of space, often from endless recursion"],["Abstract data type (ADT)","A description of what a structure does, not how"],["Circular buffer","A fixed-size queue that wraps around"],["Bloom filter","A compact structure that tells if an item might be in a set"],["Union-find","A structure that tracks groups of connected items"],["Immutable","Cannot be changed after creation"],["Mutable","Can be changed after creation"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-file-types-and-formats","id":"tech-file-types-and-formats","title":"File Types and Extensions","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Skills","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"What common file extensions mean and which program or purpose they belong to.","tags":["file extensions","formats","computer skills"],"frontLabel":"Extension","backLabel":"What it is","cards":[[".txt","Plain text file"],[".doc / .docx","Microsoft Word document"],[".pdf","Portable Document Format, looks the same on any device"],[".rtf","Rich Text Format, text with simple formatting"],[".odt","OpenDocument text file"],[".xls / .xlsx","Microsoft Excel spreadsheet"],[".csv","Comma-separated values, a simple data table in text"],[".ppt / .pptx","Microsoft PowerPoint presentation"],[".key","Apple Keynote presentation"],[".pages","Apple Pages document"],[".jpg / .jpeg","Compressed photo image"],[".png","Image with lossless compression and transparency"],[".gif","Image format that supports simple animation"],[".bmp","Uncompressed bitmap image"],[".svg","Scalable vector graphics, sharp at any size"],[".webp","Modern web image format"],[".heic","Apple's efficient photo format"],[".tiff","High-quality image format"],[".psd","Adobe Photoshop file"],[".ai","Adobe Illustrator file"],[".mp3","Compressed audio"],[".wav","Uncompressed audio"],[".aac","Compressed audio format used by Apple"],[".flac","Lossless compressed audio"],[".ogg","Open audio format"],[".midi / .mid","File with music notes instead of sound"],[".mp4","Common video format"],[".mov","Apple QuickTime video"],[".avi","Older Microsoft video format"],[".mkv","Flexible video container format"],[".webm","Open video format for the web"],[".zip","Compressed archive of files"],[".rar","Compressed archive format"],[".7z","7-Zip compressed archive"],[".tar.gz","Compressed archive common on Linux"],[".exe","Windows program"],[".msi","Windows installer"],[".dmg","Mac disk image used for installing apps"],[".app","Mac application"],[".apk","Android app package"],[".ipa","iOS app package"],[".iso","Disk image of a disc"],[".html / .htm","Web page"],[".css","Stylesheet for web pages"],[".js","JavaScript code"],[".json","JavaScript Object Notation, a common data format"],[".xml","Extensible Markup Language, structured data"],[".py","Python code"],[".java","Java source code"],[".class","Compiled Java code"],[".c / .cpp","C and C++ source code"],[".cs","C# source code"],[".php","PHP script"],[".rb","Ruby script"],[".sql","SQL database commands"],[".db / .sqlite","Database file"],[".md","Markdown text file"],[".yml / .yaml","Human-readable configuration data"],[".sh","Shell script"],[".bat","Windows batch file"],[".ini / .cfg","Configuration file"],[".log","Log file recording events"],[".tmp","Temporary file"],[".bak","Backup file"],[".dll","Windows dynamic link library"],[".sys","System file"],[".ttf / .otf","Font files"],[".epub","E-book format"],[".ics","Calendar event file"],[".vcf","Contact card file"],[".torrent","File used by peer-to-peer sharing software"],["File extension","The letters after the dot that suggest the file type"],["Filename","The name before the extension"],["Folder (directory)","A container for files"],["Path","The location of a file, such as C:\\Users\\Sam\\file.txt"],["Operating system","Software that manages a computer, like Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-git-commands","id":"tech-git-commands","title":"Git Commands","category":"technology","subject":"Version Control","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"The Git commands and concepts developers use every day.","tags":["Git","version control","GitHub"],"frontLabel":"Task or term","backLabel":"Command or meaning","cards":[["Git","A version control system that tracks changes to files"],["Repository (repo)","A project folder tracked by Git"],["Create a new repository","git init"],["Copy a repository","git clone <url>"],["See what has changed","git status"],["Stage a file","git add file.txt"],["Stage everything","git add ."],["Commit staged changes","git commit -m 'message'"],["Commit","A saved snapshot of the project"],["Commit message","A short note describing the change"],["Staging area (index)","Where changes wait before committing"],["Working directory","Your project files as they currently are"],["View history","git log"],["View history briefly","git log --oneline"],["See changes not yet staged","git diff"],["See staged changes","git diff --staged"],["Branch","A separate line of work"],["List branches","git branch"],["Create a branch","git branch name"],["Switch branch","git switch name"],["Create and switch to a branch","git switch -c name"],["Old switch command","git checkout name"],["Merge a branch","git merge name"],["Merge conflict","When Git can't combine changes automatically"],["Resolve a conflict","Edit the file, remove markers, then add and commit"],["Delete a branch","git branch -d name"],["main branch","The default primary branch"],["Remote","A copy of the repository on a server"],["Origin","The usual name of the main remote"],["Add a remote","git remote add origin <url>"],["Show remotes","git remote -v"],["Send commits to a remote","git push"],["First push of a branch","git push -u origin name"],["Get new commits from remote","git fetch"],["Fetch and merge from remote","git pull"],["Undo staging of a file","git restore --staged file"],["Discard local changes to a file","git restore file"],["Undo the last commit but keep changes","git reset --soft HEAD~1"],["Make a new commit that undoes a commit","git revert <hash>"],["Fix the last commit message","git commit --amend"],["Temporarily save changes","git stash"],["Bring back stashed changes","git stash pop"],["Tag a commit","git tag v1.0"],["HEAD","A pointer to the current commit"],["Hash","The unique ID of a commit"],["Rebase","Move commits onto a new base for a straight history"],["Cherry-pick","Copy one commit onto another branch"],["Fork","Your own copy of someone else's repository"],["Pull request (PR)","A request to merge your branch into another"],["Code review","Teammates read and comment on changes"],["GitHub","A website hosting Git repositories"],["GitLab","Another site for hosting Git repositories"],["Issue","A task or bug report on GitHub"],["Clone vs fork","Clone copies to your computer; fork copies to your account"],["README","A file describing a project"],["License","A file saying how others may use the code"],["Gitignore","A file listing what Git should not track"],["Linus Torvalds","Created Git in 2005"],["Diff","The difference between two versions of files"],["Blame","git blame shows who last changed each line"],["Bisect","git bisect finds the commit that introduced a bug"],["Detached HEAD","Being on a commit that is not at the tip of a branch"],["Force push","git push --force overwrites remote history; use with great care"],["Never commit","Passwords, tokens or secret keys"],["Commit often","Small commits are easier to understand"],["Feature branch","A branch made for one new feature"],["Continuous integration (CI)","Tests run automatically when code is pushed"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-html-tags","id":"tech-html-tags","title":"HTML Tags","category":"technology","subject":"Web Development","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common HTML elements and attributes for building web pages.","tags":["HTML","web","tags"],"frontLabel":"Tag","backLabel":"Purpose","cards":[["<html>","The root element that wraps the whole page"],["<!DOCTYPE html>","Declares the page uses modern HTML5"],["<head>","Holds information about the page, not shown on screen"],["<title>","The page title shown in the browser tab"],["<meta>","Metadata about the page, like character set"],["<link>","Links to outside files such as stylesheets"],["<style>","Holds CSS written inside the page"],["<script>","Holds or loads JavaScript"],["<body>","The visible content of the page"],["<h1>","The main heading, the largest"],["<h2> to <h6>","Smaller headings"],["<p>","A paragraph of text"],["<br>","A line break"],["<hr>","A horizontal line dividing content"],["<a href='url'>","A link to another page"],["<img src='pic.jpg' alt='description'>","Shows an image; alt describes it"],["<strong>","Important text, usually bold"],["<em>","Emphasized text, usually italic"],["<b>","Bold text without extra importance"],["<i>","Italic text"],["<u>","Underlined text"],["<mark>","Highlighted text"],["<code>","A short piece of computer code"],["<pre>","Preformatted text that keeps spaces and line breaks"],["<blockquote>","A long quotation"],["<ul>","An unordered (bulleted) list"],["<ol>","An ordered (numbered) list"],["<li>","One item in a list"],["<dl>, <dt>, <dd>","A description list, its term, and its description"],["<table>","A table"],["<tr>","A table row"],["<td>","A table cell"],["<th>","A table header cell"],["<thead>, <tbody>, <tfoot>","Parts of a table"],["<div>","A generic block container"],["<span>","A generic inline container"],["<header>","Introductory content or navigation area"],["<nav>","A group of navigation links"],["<main>","The main content of the page"],["<section>","A themed group of content"],["<article>","Independent content like a blog post"],["<aside>","Side content related to the main content"],["<footer>","Footer content, such as copyright"],["<figure> and <figcaption>","An image or diagram with a caption"],["<form>","A form to collect information"],["<input>","A field where users type or choose"],["<label>","A text label for a form control"],["<textarea>","A large multi-line text box"],["<select> and <option>","A dropdown menu and its choices"],["<button>","A clickable button"],["<fieldset> and <legend>","Groups form controls with a title"],["<audio>","Plays sound"],["<video>","Plays video"],["<source>","Specifies a media file for audio or video"],["<canvas>","A drawing area for graphics scripts"],["<svg>","Vector graphics drawn in code"],["<iframe>","Embeds another page inside the page"],["<details> and <summary>","A show/hide widget with a visible summary"],["<abbr>","An abbreviation"],["<time>","A date or time"],["<sup> and <sub>","Superscript and subscript text"],["Attribute","Extra information in a tag, like href or src"],["id attribute","A unique name for one element"],["class attribute","A name shared by many elements for styling"],["alt attribute","Text describing an image, for screen readers"],["href attribute","The link destination"],["src attribute","The source file of an image or script"],["target='_blank'","Opens a link in a new tab"],["type attribute (input)","Chooses the control type: text, checkbox, number and so on"],["placeholder attribute","Hint text shown in an empty input"],["required attribute","The form field must be filled in"],["Comment in HTML","<!-- comment -->"],["Self-closing (void) tags","Tags with no closing tag, like <br>, <img>, <input>"],["Nesting","Putting tags inside other tags"],["HTML stands for","HyperText Markup Language"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-internet-basics-and-safety","id":"tech-internet-basics-and-safety","title":"Internet Basics and Safety","category":"technology","subject":"Internet","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"How the web works, browser words and ways to stay safe online.","tags":["internet","web","browser","safety"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Internet","A worldwide network of connected computers"],["World Wide Web","Pages and sites you view in a browser, which run on the internet"],["Web browser","Software for viewing websites, like Chrome, Safari or Firefox"],["Website","A collection of linked web pages"],["Web page","A single document on a website"],["URL","A web address"],["Domain name","The name of a site, like example.com"],["Top-level domain","The ending of a domain name, like .com, .org or .edu"],["Link (hyperlink)","Text or a picture you click to go to another page"],["Homepage","The main page of a website"],["Search engine","A website that finds pages for your search words"],["Keyword","A word used to search"],["Bookmark","A saved shortcut to a web page"],["Tab","One page open inside a browser window"],["Cookie","A small file a website saves in your browser"],["Cache","Stored copies of pages to load faster"],["Browsing history","A list of pages you visited"],["Incognito (private) mode","Browsing that doesn't save history on your device"],["Download","Copy a file from the internet to your device"],["Upload","Send a file from your device to the internet"],["Stream","Watch or listen online without saving the whole file"],["Email","Electronic mail"],["Attachment","A file sent along with an email"],["Spam","Unwanted junk email or messages"],["Social media","Websites and apps for sharing and connecting"],["Blog","A website with regularly posted entries"],["Wiki","A site anyone can edit, like Wikipedia"],["Podcast","An audio show you can download or stream"],["Cloud storage","Keeping files on internet servers"],["Wi-Fi","Wireless internet connection"],["Router","A device that sends data between your devices and the internet"],["Modem","A device that connects your home to your internet provider"],["ISP","Internet service provider, the company giving you internet"],["Bandwidth","How much data can be sent in a given time"],["Broadband","High-speed internet"],["Ping","The time a signal takes to travel to a server and back"],["Password","A secret code to protect an account"],["Strong password","Long, unique and hard to guess"],["Password manager","An app that stores your passwords safely"],["Two-factor authentication (2FA)","Using two proofs of identity, like a password and a code"],["Phishing","Fake messages that try to trick you into giving information"],["Scam","A trick to steal money or information"],["Malware","Harmful software"],["Virus","Malware that spreads by copying itself"],["Antivirus","Software that finds and removes malware"],["Firewall","A shield that blocks unwanted connections"],["VPN","A virtual private network that encrypts your connection"],["Encryption","Scrambling data so only the right person can read it"],["HTTPS","Secure web connection; look for the lock icon"],["HTTP","The protocol for sending web pages, without encryption"],["Privacy settings","Controls for who sees your information"],["Personal information","Details like name, address and school; keep private"],["Digital footprint","The record of what you do online"],["Cyberbullying","Bullying that happens online"],["Block","Stop a person from contacting you"],["Report","Tell the site about harmful content"],["Misinformation","False information"],["Fact-check","Look up whether something is true"],["Source","Where information comes from"],["Credible source","A trustworthy source"],["Copyright","The law that protects creators' work"],["Creative Commons","Licenses that let creators share work with permission"],["Citing a source","Giving credit for information you use"],["Netiquette","Polite online behavior"],["Digital citizenship","Using technology safely and respectfully"],["Screen time","Time spent on screens"],["Sharing rule","If you wouldn't say it to a person's face, don't post it"],["Tim Berners-Lee","Invented the World Wide Web in 1989"],["First website","Went online in 1991 at CERN"],["ARPANET","Early network (1969) that grew into the internet"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-javascript-basics","id":"tech-javascript-basics","title":"JavaScript Basics","category":"technology","subject":"JavaScript","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Core JavaScript syntax, array methods and browser basics.","tags":["JavaScript","programming","web"],"frontLabel":"Task","backLabel":"JavaScript","cards":[["Print to the console","console.log('Hi')"],["Declare a changeable variable","let x = 5;"],["Declare a constant","const PI = 3.14;"],["Old way to declare a variable","var x = 5;"],["Single-line comment","// comment"],["Strict equality","a === b"],["Strict inequality","a !== b"],["Logical and","a && b"],["Logical or","a || b"],["Logical not","!a"],["Remainder","7 % 2"],["Exponent","2 ** 3"],["Increment","i++"],["If statement","if (x > 3) { }"],["Else if","else if (x === 3) { }"],["Ternary operator","cond ? a : b"],["Switch statement","switch (x) { case 1: break; }"],["For loop","for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) { }"],["For...of loop","for (const item of arr) { }"],["For...in loop","for (const key in obj) { }"],["While loop","while (x < 10) { }"],["Function declaration","function add(a, b) { return a + b; }"],["Arrow function","const add = (a, b) => a + b;"],["Anonymous function","function () { }"],["Make an array","const arr = [1, 2, 3];"],["Add to end of array","arr.push(4)"],["Remove last item","arr.pop()"],["Add to start","arr.unshift(0)"],["Remove first item","arr.shift()"],["Array length","arr.length"],["Loop over each item","arr.forEach(x => ...)"],["Transform every item","arr.map(x => x * 2)"],["Keep items that pass a test","arr.filter(x => x > 2)"],["Combine into one value","arr.reduce((sum, x) => sum + x, 0)"],["Find first match","arr.find(x => x > 2)"],["Does the array include a value?","arr.includes(3)"],["Sort an array (numbers)","arr.sort((a, b) => a - b)"],["Join array into a string","arr.join(', ')"],["Make an object","const o = { name: 'Sam', age: 9 };"],["Read an object property","o.name or o['name']"],["Get keys of an object","Object.keys(o)"],["Template literal","`Hello ${name}`"],["String length","s.length"],["String uppercase","s.toUpperCase()"],["Split a string","s.split(' ')"],["Convert to number","Number('5') or parseInt('5')"],["Check not a number","isNaN(x)"],["Random number 0 to 1","Math.random()"],["Round down","Math.floor(3.7)"],["Round","Math.round(3.5)"],["Absolute value","Math.abs(-3)"],["Larger of values","Math.max(1, 5)"],["Undefined","A variable that has not been given a value"],["Null","An intentional empty value"],["typeof operator","typeof x"],["Select an element by ID","document.getElementById('id')"],["Select with a CSS selector","document.querySelector('.cls')"],["Change text of an element","el.textContent = 'Hi'"],["Change style","el.style.color = 'red'"],["Add a class","el.classList.add('on')"],["Listen for a click","el.addEventListener('click', fn)"],["Wait before running code","setTimeout(fn, 1000)"],["Repeat code over time","setInterval(fn, 1000)"],["Fetch data from a URL","fetch(url)"],["Parse JSON text","JSON.parse(text)"],["Convert to JSON text","JSON.stringify(obj)"],["Promise","An object for a value that will be available later"],["async / await","Syntax for writing asynchronous code that reads in order"],["Try/catch","try { } catch (e) { }"],["Class definition","class Dog { constructor(name) { this.name = name; } }"],["this keyword","Refers to the current object"],["Import a module","import x from './x.js';"],["Export a function","export function f() { }"],["Spread operator","[...arr]"],["Destructuring","const { a, b } = obj;"],["JavaScript's creator","Brendan Eich, in 1995"],["Is JavaScript the same as Java?","No, they are different languages"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-keyboard-shortcuts","id":"tech-keyboard-shortcuts","title":"Keyboard Shortcuts","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Skills","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Windows and Mac shortcuts for copying, pasting, switching windows and more. Windows uses Ctrl; Mac uses Cmd.","tags":["keyboard","shortcuts","Windows","Mac"],"frontLabel":"Action","backLabel":"Shortcut","cards":[["Copy","Ctrl+C (Windows) or Cmd+C (Mac)"],["Cut","Ctrl+X or Cmd+X"],["Paste","Ctrl+V or Cmd+V"],["Undo","Ctrl+Z or Cmd+Z"],["Redo","Ctrl+Y or Cmd+Shift+Z"],["Select all","Ctrl+A or Cmd+A"],["Save","Ctrl+S or Cmd+S"],["Save as","Ctrl+Shift+S or Cmd+Shift+S"],["Open","Ctrl+O or Cmd+O"],["New document or window","Ctrl+N or Cmd+N"],["Print","Ctrl+P or Cmd+P"],["Find","Ctrl+F or Cmd+F"],["Find and replace","Ctrl+H (Windows) or Cmd+Option+F (Mac, in some apps)"],["Bold","Ctrl+B or Cmd+B"],["Italic","Ctrl+I or Cmd+I"],["Underline","Ctrl+U or Cmd+U"],["Close the window or tab","Ctrl+W or Cmd+W"],["Quit the app (Mac)","Cmd+Q"],["Close the window (Windows)","Alt+F4"],["Reopen closed browser tab","Ctrl+Shift+T or Cmd+Shift+T"],["New browser tab","Ctrl+T or Cmd+T"],["Switch to next browser tab","Ctrl+Tab"],["Switch to a specific tab","Ctrl+1 to 8 (or Cmd+1 to 8)"],["Refresh a web page","Ctrl+R or F5 (Windows); Cmd+R (Mac)"],["Go back in the browser","Alt+Left Arrow or Cmd+Left Arrow"],["Go forward in the browser","Alt+Right Arrow or Cmd+Right Arrow"],["Focus the address bar","Ctrl+L or Cmd+L"],["Bookmark the page","Ctrl+D or Cmd+D"],["Zoom in","Ctrl+Plus or Cmd+Plus"],["Zoom out","Ctrl+Minus or Cmd+Minus"],["Reset zoom","Ctrl+0 or Cmd+0"],["Switch between open apps (Windows)","Alt+Tab"],["Switch between open apps (Mac)","Cmd+Tab"],["Show the desktop (Windows)","Windows key+D"],["Open Task Manager (Windows)","Ctrl+Shift+Esc"],["Force Quit (Mac)","Cmd+Option+Esc"],["Lock the screen (Windows)","Windows key+L"],["Lock the screen (Mac)","Control+Cmd+Q"],["Screenshot (Windows)","Windows key+Shift+S"],["Screenshot of whole screen (Mac)","Cmd+Shift+3"],["Screenshot of a selection (Mac)","Cmd+Shift+4"],["Open Spotlight search (Mac)","Cmd+Space"],["Open the Start menu / search (Windows)","Windows key"],["Open File Explorer (Windows)","Windows key+E"],["Emoji picker (Windows)","Windows key+Period"],["Emoji picker (Mac)","Control+Cmd+Space"],["Select a word","Double-click it"],["Select a whole paragraph","Triple-click it"],["Select the word to the left","Ctrl+Shift+Left Arrow (Windows) or Option+Shift+Left Arrow (Mac)"],["Move to the start of a line","Home (Windows) or Cmd+Left (Mac)"],["Move to the end of a line","End (Windows) or Cmd+Right (Mac)"],["Move to the start of a document","Ctrl+Home or Cmd+Up"],["Move to the end of a document","Ctrl+End or Cmd+Down"],["Delete the previous word","Ctrl+Backspace or Option+Delete"],["Rename a file","F2 (Windows) or Return (Mac)"],["Delete a file (to trash)","Delete key or Cmd+Delete"],["Permanently delete a file (Windows)","Shift+Delete"],["Open the Run box (Windows)","Windows key+R"],["Copy a file path","Right-click and choose Copy as path, in Windows"],["Insert a line break within a paragraph","Shift+Enter"],["Caps Lock","A key that makes all letters capital"],["Shift key","Hold to type capitals and symbols"],["Tab key","Moves to the next field or indents"],["Esc key","Cancels or exits"],["Function keys (F1 to F12)","Special keys for actions, such as F1 for help"],["Print Screen key","Captures the screen on Windows"],["Home row","The row of keys ASDF JKL; where fingers rest when typing"],["F and J keys","Have bumps to help you find the home row"],["QWERTY","The most common keyboard layout, named for the top row of letters"],["Right-click equivalent on Mac trackpad","Two-finger tap or Control+click"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-linux-commands","id":"tech-linux-commands","title":"Linux and Terminal Commands","category":"technology","subject":"Operating Systems","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Command line basics for Linux, macOS and Unix-like systems.","tags":["Linux","terminal","command line","bash"],"frontLabel":"Command","backLabel":"What it does","cards":[["ls","List files and folders"],["ls -l","List with details like size and permissions"],["ls -a","List all files including hidden ones"],["cd folder","Change into a folder"],["cd ..","Go up one folder"],["cd ~ or cd","Go to your home folder"],["pwd","Print the current working directory"],["mkdir name","Make a new folder"],["rmdir name","Remove an empty folder"],["touch file","Create an empty file or update its timestamp"],["cp a b","Copy a file"],["cp -r a b","Copy a folder and its contents"],["mv a b","Move or rename a file"],["rm file","Delete a file (no undo)"],["rm -r folder","Delete a folder and contents (dangerous)"],["cat file","Show a file's contents"],["less file","View a file one page at a time"],["head file","Show the first lines of a file"],["tail file","Show the last lines of a file"],["tail -f file","Follow a file as new lines are added"],["echo text","Print text"],["grep pattern file","Search for text in a file"],["grep -r pattern .","Search recursively through folders"],["find . -name 'x'","Find files by name"],["wc -l file","Count lines in a file"],["sort file","Sort lines"],["uniq","Remove repeated adjacent lines"],["diff a b","Show differences between two files"],["chmod","Change file permissions"],["chmod +x file","Make a file executable"],["chown","Change the owner of a file"],["sudo","Run a command with administrator privileges"],["su","Switch user"],["whoami","Show the current user name"],["man command","Show the manual for a command"],["--help","Show brief help for a command"],["history","Show previous commands"],["clear","Clear the terminal screen"],["Ctrl+C","Stop the running command"],["Ctrl+D","End input or log out"],["Ctrl+L","Clear the screen"],["Up arrow","Recall the previous command"],["Tab key","Auto-complete a name"],["ps","Show running processes"],["top or htop","Show live process and resource usage"],["kill PID","Stop a process by its ID"],["df -h","Show disk space"],["du -sh folder","Show a folder's size"],["free -h","Show memory usage"],["uname -a","Show system information"],["date","Show the date and time"],["ping host","Test network reachability"],["curl url","Transfer data from a URL"],["wget url","Download a file"],["ssh user@host","Log in to a remote machine securely"],["scp","Copy files securely between machines"],["tar -czf out.tar.gz folder","Create a compressed archive"],["tar -xzf file.tar.gz","Extract an archive"],["zip and unzip","Compress and extract zip files"],["apt install pkg","Install a package on Debian or Ubuntu"],["brew install pkg","Install a package on macOS with Homebrew"],["| (pipe)","Send the output of one command into another"],["> (redirect)","Write output to a file, replacing it"],[">> (append)","Add output to the end of a file"],["< (input redirect)","Use a file as input"],["&& (and)","Run the next command only if the first succeeds"],["& (background)","Run a command in the background"],["* (wildcard)","Matches any characters in filenames"],["~ (tilde)","Your home directory"],[". (dot)","The current directory"],[".. (dot dot)","The parent directory"],["/ (root)","The top of the file system"],["Absolute path","A path starting from /"],["Relative path","A path starting from the current folder"],["Environment variable","A named value available to programs, like PATH"],["PATH","A list of folders where the shell looks for commands"],["export VAR=value","Set an environment variable"],["Shell","A program that reads your commands"],["bash","A popular shell"],["Kernel","The core of an operating system"],["Linux creator","Linus Torvalds, first released in 1991"],["Tux","The penguin mascot of Linux"],["Permissions rwx","Read, write and execute"],["Hidden file","A file whose name begins with a dot"],["nano","A simple text editor in the terminal"],["vim","A powerful text editor, famous for being hard to exit (:q)"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-networking-terms","id":"tech-networking-terms","title":"Networking Terms","category":"technology","subject":"Networking","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"How computers connect: addresses, protocols, ports and devices.","tags":["networking","IP","protocols","TCP/IP"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Network","Computers and devices connected to share data"],["LAN","Local area network, such as in a home or school"],["WAN","Wide area network that spans a large area"],["Internet","A global network of networks"],["Intranet","A private network inside an organization"],["IP address","A number that identifies a device on a network"],["IPv4 address","Four numbers 0 to 255, like 192.168.1.1"],["IPv6 address","A longer address format with letters and numbers, made for more devices"],["Public IP","An address visible on the internet"],["Private IP","An address used inside a local network, like 192.168.x.x"],["Localhost (127.0.0.1)","Your own computer"],["MAC address","A hardware address built into a network card"],["DNS","Domain Name System, translates names into IP addresses"],["DHCP","Automatically gives devices IP addresses"],["NAT","Lets many devices share one public IP address"],["Router","Forwards data between networks"],["Switch","Connects devices within a network"],["Hub","A simple device that repeats data to all ports"],["Modem","Connects a home to the internet provider"],["Access point","Gives wireless devices a connection to a network"],["Gateway","A node that connects one network to another"],["Firewall","Controls which traffic is allowed in or out"],["Proxy server","A server that acts as middleman for requests"],["VPN","Virtual private network that sends traffic through an encrypted tunnel"],["Protocol","A set of rules for communication"],["TCP","Reliable, ordered delivery of data"],["UDP","Fast delivery without guarantees, used in streaming and games"],["IP (Internet Protocol)","Addresses and routes packets"],["HTTP","Protocol for web pages"],["HTTPS","HTTP with encryption"],["FTP","Protocol for transferring files"],["SMTP","Protocol for sending email"],["IMAP and POP3","Protocols for receiving email"],["SSH","Secure remote login"],["TLS/SSL","Encryption protocols for secure connections"],["Port","A numbered door on a device for a type of traffic"],["Port 80","HTTP"],["Port 443","HTTPS"],["Port 22","SSH"],["Port 25","SMTP email"],["Port 53","DNS"],["Packet","A small chunk of data sent over a network"],["Header","Information at the start of a packet like source and destination"],["Latency","Delay before data arrives"],["Bandwidth","Maximum data rate of a connection"],["Throughput","The actual data rate achieved"],["Ping","Test of reachability and round-trip time"],["Traceroute","Shows the path packets take"],["Jitter","Variation in delay"],["Packet loss","Packets that never arrive"],["Wi-Fi","Wireless local networking"],["Ethernet","A common wired network standard"],["Fiber optic","Cables that send data as pulses of light"],["Cellular (4G, 5G)","Mobile phone networks"],["Bluetooth","Short-range wireless"],["Subnet","A smaller part of a network"],["Subnet mask","Tells which part of an address is the network"],["CIDR notation","Writing a network like 192.168.0.0/24"],["Client","A device that requests services"],["Server","A device that provides services"],["Peer-to-peer","Devices share directly without a central server"],["Cloud","Computing services offered over the internet"],["CDN","Content delivery network, servers around the world that make sites load faster"],["URL","A web address"],["Domain registrar","A company that sells domain names"],["ICANN","The organization that coordinates domain names and IP addresses"],["Web server","Software that serves web pages"],["API","Rules for programs to talk to each other"],["REST","A common style for web APIs"],["Status code 200","OK"],["Status code 404","Not found"],["Status code 500","Server error"],["Status code 301","Moved permanently"],["OSI model","A seven-layer model of networking"],["OSI layers","Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application"],["TCP/IP model","A four-layer model that the internet uses"],["Three-way handshake","SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK to start a TCP connection"],["Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn","Designed TCP/IP in the 1970s"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-python-syntax","id":"tech-python-syntax","title":"Python Syntax and Built-ins","category":"technology","subject":"Python","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Everyday Python statements, functions and data structures.","tags":["Python","programming","syntax"],"frontLabel":"Task","backLabel":"Python","cards":[["Print text to the screen","print('Hello')"],["Get input from the user","input('Name? ')"],["Make a variable","x = 5"],["Comment a line","# this is a comment"],["Integer division","7 // 2 gives 3"],["Remainder (modulo)","7 % 2 gives 1"],["Exponent (power)","2 ** 3 gives 8"],["Not equal comparison","x != y"],["Equal comparison","x == y"],["Logical and","a and b"],["Logical or","a or b"],["Logical not","not a"],["If statement","if x > 3:"],["Else if","elif x == 3:"],["Else","else:"],["For loop over a range of 5","for i in range(5):"],["Range from 1 to 10","range(1, 11)"],["While loop","while x < 10:"],["Stop a loop early","break"],["Skip to the next loop pass","continue"],["Do nothing placeholder","pass"],["Define a function","def greet(name):"],["Return a value","return x"],["Default parameter","def f(x=10):"],["Lambda (small anonymous function)","lambda x: x * 2"],["Make a list","nums = [1, 2, 3]"],["Add to the end of a list","nums.append(4)"],["Remove last item of a list","nums.pop()"],["Length of a list or string","len(nums)"],["First item of a list","nums[0]"],["Last item of a list","nums[-1]"],["Slice the first two items","nums[:2]"],["Sort a list in place","nums.sort()"],["Sorted copy of a list","sorted(nums)"],["Reverse a list","nums.reverse() or nums[::-1]"],["Tuple (unchangeable sequence)","t = (1, 2, 3)"],["Set (unique items)","s = {1, 2, 3}"],["Dictionary","d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}"],["Get a dictionary value","d['a']"],["Loop over dictionary items","for k, v in d.items():"],["Check if item is in a list","3 in nums"],["Convert to integer","int('5')"],["Convert to string","str(5)"],["Convert to float","float('3.5')"],["Convert to list","list('abc')"],["Type of a value","type(x)"],["Join strings in a list","', '.join(words)"],["Split a string into a list","'a b c'.split()"],["Uppercase a string","'hi'.upper()"],["Replace text in a string","s.replace('a', 'b')"],["Strip whitespace","s.strip()"],["F-string","f'Hello {name}'"],["Multi-line string","'''text over lines'''"],["Import a module","import math"],["Import one name","from math import sqrt"],["Random integer","import random; random.randint(1, 6)"],["Square root","math.sqrt(16)"],["Absolute value","abs(-3)"],["Round a number","round(3.6)"],["Maximum of values","max(1, 5, 3)"],["Sum of a list","sum(nums)"],["List comprehension","[x * 2 for x in nums]"],["Open and read a file","with open('f.txt') as f: data = f.read()"],["Handle errors","try: ... except ValueError: ..."],["Raise an error","raise ValueError('bad')"],["Define a class","class Dog:"],["Constructor method","def __init__(self, name):"],["The current object inside a method","self"],["None value","None"],["Boolean values","True and False"],["Enumerate with index","for i, x in enumerate(nums):"],["Zip two lists","zip(a, b)"],["Check if a value is None","x is None"],["Run code only when file is the main program","if __name__ == '__main__':"],["Python's creator","Guido van Rossum, who released Python in 1991"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-spreadsheet-functions","id":"tech-spreadsheet-functions","title":"Spreadsheet Formulas and Terms","category":"technology","subject":"Computer Skills","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Cells, formulas and common functions in Excel and Google Sheets.","tags":["spreadsheet","Excel","Google Sheets","formulas"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Cell","One box in a spreadsheet where a row and column meet"],["Cell reference","The cell's address, like B3"],["Row","A horizontal line of cells, labeled with numbers"],["Column","A vertical line of cells, labeled with letters"],["Range","A group of cells, like A1:A10"],["Worksheet (sheet)","A single page of cells in a workbook"],["Workbook","A file holding one or more sheets"],["Formula","A calculation that starts with an equals sign"],["Function","A built-in formula like SUM"],["=A1+B1","Adds two cells"],["=A1*B1","Multiplies two cells"],["=SUM(A1:A10)","Adds a range"],["=AVERAGE(A1:A10)","Finds the mean of a range"],["=MIN(A1:A10)","Finds the smallest value"],["=MAX(A1:A10)","Finds the largest value"],["=COUNT(A1:A10)","Counts cells with numbers"],["=COUNTA(A1:A10)","Counts non-empty cells"],["=ROUND(A1,2)","Rounds to two decimal places"],["=IF(A1>10,'Yes','No')","Returns one value if true and another if false"],["=AND() and =OR()","Test several conditions"],["=COUNTIF(range,criteria)","Counts cells that meet a rule"],["=SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)","Adds cells that meet a rule"],["=VLOOKUP()","Looks up a value in the first column of a table"],["=XLOOKUP()","A modern lookup function"],["=INDEX() and =MATCH()","A flexible way to look things up"],["=CONCATENATE() or =A1&B1","Joins text"],["=LEFT(A1,3)","Takes the first 3 characters"],["=LEN(A1)","Counts characters in a cell"],["=UPPER(A1)","Makes text uppercase"],["=TODAY()","Shows today's date"],["=NOW()","Shows the date and time"],["Absolute reference","Locks a cell with dollar signs, like $A$1"],["Relative reference","A reference that changes when copied"],["Fill handle","The small square in the corner of a cell you drag to copy"],["AutoSum","A button that adds a column or row quickly"],["Sort","Arrange rows in order"],["Filter","Show only rows that meet a condition"],["Conditional formatting","Changing cell colors based on values"],["Pivot table","A summary table made from many rows of data"],["Chart","A visual graph of data"],["Bar chart","Compares categories with bars"],["Line chart","Shows change over time"],["Pie chart","Shows parts of a whole"],["Header row","The top row naming each column"],["Freeze panes","Keeps the header row visible while scrolling"],["Merge cells","Combine cells into one"],["Data validation","Limits what can be entered in a cell"],["#DIV/0!","Error from dividing by zero"],["#REF!","Error from a broken cell reference"],["#NAME?","Error from a misspelled function name"],["#VALUE!","Error from the wrong type of value"],["CSV","A simple text file for spreadsheet data"],["Google Sheets","A free online spreadsheet tool"],["Microsoft Excel","A popular spreadsheet program first released in 1985"],["VisiCalc","The first popular spreadsheet program, from 1979"],["Mean","The average, found by adding and dividing"],["Median","The middle value when ordered"],["Mode","The most common value"],["Order of operations","Parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division, then addition and subtraction"],["Percent formula","=A1/B1 formatted as a percent"],["Number format","Controls how a number looks: currency, date, percent"],["Template","A premade spreadsheet layout"],["Named range","A name given to a group of cells"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-sql-commands","id":"tech-sql-commands","title":"SQL Commands","category":"technology","subject":"Databases","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Core SQL statements and database terms for querying and changing data.","tags":["SQL","database","queries"],"frontLabel":"Command or term","backLabel":"What it does","cards":[["SQL","Structured Query Language, used to work with databases"],["Database","An organized collection of data"],["Table","Rows and columns of data in a database"],["Row (record)","One entry in a table"],["Column (field)","One attribute shared by all rows"],["Primary key","A column that uniquely identifies each row"],["Foreign key","A column linking to the primary key of another table"],["SELECT","Gets data from a table"],["SELECT *","Gets every column"],["FROM","Names the table to read"],["WHERE","Filters rows by a condition"],["AND, OR, NOT","Combine or negate conditions"],["ORDER BY","Sorts the results"],["ASC / DESC","Sort ascending or descending"],["LIMIT","Restricts how many rows are returned"],["DISTINCT","Removes duplicate values from results"],["LIKE","Matches text patterns"],["% wildcard","Matches any number of characters in LIKE"],["_ wildcard","Matches exactly one character in LIKE"],["IN","Matches any value in a list"],["BETWEEN","Matches a range of values"],["IS NULL","Tests for missing values"],["AS (alias)","Gives a column or table a temporary name"],["INSERT INTO","Adds new rows to a table"],["VALUES","Gives the values for an insert"],["UPDATE","Changes data in existing rows"],["SET","Names the columns to change in an update"],["DELETE FROM","Removes rows"],["CREATE TABLE","Makes a new table"],["ALTER TABLE","Changes a table's structure"],["DROP TABLE","Deletes a table entirely"],["CREATE INDEX","Makes a table lookup faster"],["COUNT()","Counts rows"],["SUM()","Adds up values"],["AVG()","Finds the average"],["MIN()","Finds the smallest value"],["MAX()","Finds the largest value"],["GROUP BY","Groups rows to use with aggregate functions"],["HAVING","Filters groups after grouping"],["JOIN","Combines rows from two tables"],["INNER JOIN","Keeps only rows that match in both tables"],["LEFT JOIN","Keeps all rows from the left table and matches from the right"],["RIGHT JOIN","Keeps all rows from the right table and matches from the left"],["FULL OUTER JOIN","Keeps all rows from both tables"],["CROSS JOIN","Pairs every row of one table with every row of another"],["UNION","Combines results of two queries, removing duplicates"],["UNION ALL","Combines results and keeps duplicates"],["Subquery","A query inside another query"],["EXISTS","Tests whether a subquery returns rows"],["CASE WHEN","Conditional logic inside a query"],["NULL","A missing or unknown value"],["NOT NULL","A column must always have a value"],["UNIQUE","All values in a column must be different"],["DEFAULT","A value used when none is given"],["CHECK","A rule that values must satisfy"],["Transaction","A group of operations that succeed or fail together"],["COMMIT","Saves a transaction"],["ROLLBACK","Undoes a transaction"],["View","A saved query that acts like a table"],["Index","A structure that speeds up searches"],["Normalization","Organizing tables to reduce repeated data"],["Schema","The structure of a database"],["Relational database","A database storing data in related tables"],["One-to-many relationship","One row in a table relates to many rows in another"],["Many-to-many relationship","Many rows relate to many, using a join table"],["ACID","Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability, properties of reliable transactions"],["SQL injection","An attack that sneaks harmful SQL into input; prevent with parameterized queries"],["Parameterized query","A query with placeholders for safe user input"],["MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite","Popular SQL database systems"],["NoSQL","Databases that don't use traditional tables, like document stores"],["Query","A request for data"],["CRUD","Create, Read, Update, Delete"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-web-development-concepts","id":"tech-web-development-concepts","title":"Web Development Concepts","category":"technology","subject":"Web Development","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"How websites are built: front end, back end, tools and standards.","tags":["web development","front end","back end","tools"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Front end","What the user sees and interacts with in the browser"],["Back end","The server side that stores data and runs logic"],["Full stack","Working on both front end and back end"],["HTML","Structure and content of a web page"],["CSS","Style and layout of a web page"],["JavaScript","Programming language that makes pages interactive"],["DOM","Document Object Model, the tree of elements in a page that scripts can change"],["Browser dev tools","Built-in tools to inspect and debug pages"],["Responsive design","Pages that adjust to screen size"],["Mobile first","Designing for phones before larger screens"],["Accessibility (a11y)","Making sites usable by people with disabilities"],["Alt text","Text describing an image for screen readers"],["Screen reader","Software that reads page content aloud"],["Semantic HTML","Using tags that describe the meaning of content"],["WCAG","Web Content Accessibility Guidelines"],["SEO","Search engine optimization, helping pages be found in search"],["Meta description","A short page summary shown in search results"],["Domain name","The address people type to visit a site"],["Hosting","A service that stores and serves your website"],["Web server","Software that sends pages to browsers"],["HTTP request","A browser asking a server for something"],["HTTP response","The server's reply"],["GET request","Asks to read data"],["POST request","Sends data to the server"],["Status code","A number telling how a request went"],["Cookie","A small piece of data stored in the browser"],["Local storage","Browser storage for data kept on the user's device"],["Session","A visit during which a server remembers a user"],["API","A way for programs to exchange data"],["REST API","An API style using URLs and HTTP methods"],["JSON","A text format for structured data"],["AJAX / fetch","Loading data without reloading the page"],["Framework","A toolkit for building apps, such as React or Django"],["React","A JavaScript library for building user interfaces"],["Vue and Angular","Other popular front-end frameworks"],["Node.js","Runs JavaScript on servers"],["npm","The package manager for JavaScript"],["Package manager","A tool that installs and updates code libraries"],["Bundler","A tool that combines many files into a few for the browser"],["Minify","Remove spaces and comments to make files smaller"],["Compile / transpile","Convert code into another form"],["TypeScript","JavaScript with types"],["CSS preprocessor","A tool like Sass that extends CSS"],["Database","Where a site stores its data"],["CMS","Content management system, like WordPress"],["Static site","Pages that are fixed files, not made on request"],["Dynamic site","Pages built on request, using data"],["Single-page app (SPA)","A site that loads once and updates without full reloads"],["Server-side rendering","Building pages on the server before sending them"],["Client-side rendering","Building pages in the browser"],["Cache","Stored copies to speed up loading"],["CDN","Network of servers that deliver content quickly worldwide"],["Page load speed","How fast a page appears; faster is better"],["Lazy loading","Loading images only when needed"],["Image optimization","Making images smaller without losing quality"],["HTTPS","Encrypted connection for safety"],["CORS","Rules about which sites can request data from others"],["Authentication","Proving who a user is"],["Authorization","Deciding what a user may do"],["Hash passwords","Never store plain passwords"],["Sanitize input","Clean user input to prevent attacks"],["Deployment","Putting a site online for users"],["Staging","A test version of a site before it goes live"],["Production","The live version of a site"],["Version control","Tracking code changes with Git"],["CI/CD","Automated testing and deployment"],["Unit test","A test of one small piece of code"],["Linting","Automatically checking code for mistakes and style"],["Open source","Code anyone can view and improve"],["Wireframe","A simple sketch of a page layout"],["UX","User experience, how it feels to use something"],["UI","User interface, what the user sees and touches"],["Favicon","The small icon shown in the browser tab"],["Viewport","The visible part of a web page"]]}]