[{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-accounting-terms","id":"tp-accounting-terms","title":"Accounting Terms and Equations","category":"test-prep","subject":"Accounting","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Core accounting vocabulary, statements and formulas.","tags":["accounting","business","finance"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Accounting equation","Assets = Liabilities + Owner's equity"],["Asset","A resource owned that has future value"],["Liability","An obligation owed to others"],["Equity","Owners' claim on the assets after liabilities"],["Revenue","Income earned from selling goods or services"],["Expense","Cost of operating a business"],["Net income","Revenues minus expenses"],["Net loss","Expenses exceed revenues"],["Double-entry bookkeeping","Every transaction affects at least two accounts with equal debits and credits"],["Debit","An entry on the left side of an account"],["Credit","An entry on the right side of an account"],["Normal balance of assets","Debit"],["Normal balance of liabilities","Credit"],["Normal balance of revenue","Credit"],["Normal balance of expenses","Debit"],["Journal","Chronological record of transactions"],["General ledger","The collection of all accounts"],["Chart of accounts","List of all accounts a business uses"],["Trial balance","List of account balances proving debits equal credits"],["T-account","A simple diagram of an account with debit and credit sides"],["Adjusting entry","Update made at period end to match revenues and expenses to the right period"],["Closing entries","Zero out temporary accounts at the end of the period"],["Accrual accounting","Records revenue when earned and expenses when incurred"],["Cash basis accounting","Records transactions only when cash changes hands"],["Matching principle","Expenses are matched with the revenues they helped earn"],["Revenue recognition principle","Record revenue when it is earned"],["Going concern","Assumption that the business will continue operating"],["GAAP","Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the US"],["IFRS","International Financial Reporting Standards"],["Conservatism principle","Choose the option that is less likely to overstate assets and income"],["Materiality","Only significant information needs separate disclosure"],["Balance sheet","Shows assets, liabilities and equity at one date"],["Income statement","Shows revenues and expenses over a period"],["Statement of cash flows","Shows cash in and out from operating, investing and financing"],["Statement of retained earnings","Shows changes in retained earnings over a period"],["Retained earnings","Profits kept in the business rather than paid out"],["Current assets","Assets expected to be turned into cash within a year"],["Current liabilities","Obligations due within a year"],["Long-term assets","Assets held for more than a year"],["Accounts receivable","Money customers owe the business"],["Accounts payable","Money the business owes suppliers"],["Notes payable","Written promises to pay"],["Prepaid expense","An expense paid in advance, recorded as an asset until used"],["Unearned revenue","Cash received before service is provided; a liability"],["Accrued expense","An expense incurred but not yet paid"],["Inventory","Goods held for sale"],["FIFO","First-in, first-out cost flow method for inventory"],["LIFO","Last-in, first-out cost flow method for inventory"],["Weighted average","Inventory costing using the average cost of goods"],["Cost of goods sold","Direct cost of the products sold"],["Gross profit","Sales minus cost of goods sold"],["Operating income","Gross profit minus operating expenses"],["Depreciation","Spreading the cost of a long-term asset over its useful life"],["Straight-line depreciation","Equal depreciation each year"],["Accumulated depreciation","Total depreciation recorded to date on an asset"],["Book value","Asset cost minus accumulated depreciation"],["Salvage value","Estimated value of an asset at the end of its life"],["Amortization","Spreading the cost of an intangible asset over time"],["Goodwill","Value of a business beyond its identifiable net assets"],["Allowance for doubtful accounts","Estimate of receivables that will not be collected"],["Bad debt expense","Cost of uncollectible receivables"],["Common stock","Basic ownership shares of a corporation"],["Treasury stock","Shares a company has bought back"],["Paid-in capital","Amounts investors paid for stock"],["Current ratio","Current assets divided by current liabilities"],["Quick ratio","Liquid assets divided by current liabilities"],["Debt-to-equity ratio","Total liabilities divided by equity"],["Gross margin ratio","Gross profit divided by sales"],["Return on assets","Net income divided by average total assets"],["Return on equity","Net income divided by average equity"],["Inventory turnover","Cost of goods sold divided by average inventory"],["Working capital","Current assets minus current liabilities"],["Liquidity","Ability to meet short-term obligations"],["Solvency","Ability to meet long-term obligations"],["Bank reconciliation","Matching the cash records to the bank statement"],["Petty cash","A small fund for minor expenses"],["Internal controls","Procedures that protect assets and ensure accurate records"],["Audit","Independent examination of financial statements"],["CPA","Certified public accountant"],["Managerial accounting","Reporting for internal decisions"],["Financial accounting","Reporting to outside users"],["Cost accounting","Measuring the cost of making products"],["Budget variance","Difference between budgeted and actual amounts"],["Contribution margin","Sales minus variable costs"],["Break-even in units","Fixed costs divided by contribution margin per unit"],["Opportunity cost","Value of the next best alternative given up"],["Sunk cost","A past cost that cannot be recovered"],["Payroll","Employee compensation records and payments"],["Gross pay","Pay before deductions"],["Net pay","Pay after deductions"],["Fiscal year","A 12-month accounting period"],["Subsidiary ledger","Detailed records supporting a control account"],["Source document","Evidence of a transaction, such as a receipt"],["Invoice","A bill for goods or services"],["Purchase order","A buyer's request to a seller to supply goods"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-bones","id":"tp-anat-bones","title":"Anatomy: Bones of the Skeleton","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Names of the bones of the human skeleton and where they are.","tags":["anatomy","bones","skeleton"],"frontLabel":"Bone","backLabel":"Location","cards":[["Frontal bone","Forehead; forms the roof of the eye sockets"],["Parietal bone","Sides and top of the skull"],["Temporal bone","Side of skull; contains the ear structures"],["Occipital bone","Back and base of the skull; has the opening for the spinal cord"],["Sphenoid","Butterfly-shaped bone at the skull base"],["Ethmoid","Skull bone between the eyes, part of the nasal cavity"],["Mandible","Lower jaw; the only movable skull bone"],["Maxilla","Upper jaw"],["Zygomatic bone","Cheekbone"],["Nasal bone","Bridge of the nose"],["Lacrimal bone","Small bone at the inner corner of the eye socket"],["Vomer","Bone forming part of the nasal septum"],["Palatine bone","Back part of the hard palate"],["Hyoid","U-shaped bone in the neck, not attached to other bones"],["Malleus","Hammer; ear ossicle"],["Incus","Anvil; ear ossicle"],["Stapes","Stirrup; smallest bone in the body"],["Cervical vertebrae","Seven neck vertebrae"],["Atlas","First cervical vertebra, supports the skull"],["Axis","Second cervical vertebra, allows the head to turn"],["Thoracic vertebrae","Twelve vertebrae that attach to ribs"],["Lumbar vertebrae","Five large lower-back vertebrae"],["Sacrum","Triangular bone of fused vertebrae at the base of the spine"],["Coccyx","Tailbone"],["Sternum","Breastbone"],["Manubrium","Upper part of the sternum"],["Xiphoid process","Small lower tip of the sternum"],["True ribs","Ribs 1 to 7, attached directly to the sternum"],["False ribs","Ribs 8 to 12, attached indirectly or not at all"],["Floating ribs","Ribs 11 and 12, not attached in front"],["Clavicle","Collarbone"],["Scapula","Shoulder blade"],["Acromion","Part of the scapula forming the point of the shoulder"],["Humerus","Upper arm bone"],["Radius","Forearm bone on the thumb side"],["Ulna","Forearm bone on the pinky side"],["Olecranon","Bony point of the elbow, part of the ulna"],["Carpals","Eight wrist bones"],["Scaphoid","Wrist bone on the thumb side, often fractured"],["Metacarpals","Five bones of the palm"],["Phalanges","Finger and toe bones"],["Pelvic girdle","Hip bones that support the trunk"],["Ilium","Large upper part of the hip bone"],["Ischium","Lower back part of the hip bone you sit on"],["Pubis","Front part of the hip bone"],["Acetabulum","Hip socket"],["Femur","Thigh bone; longest and strongest bone"],["Patella","Kneecap"],["Tibia","Shinbone"],["Fibula","Slim lower-leg bone beside the tibia"],["Malleolus","Bony bump at the ankle"],["Tarsals","Seven ankle bones"],["Calcaneus","Heel bone"],["Talus","Ankle bone that meets the tibia"],["Metatarsals","Five bones of the foot between ankle and toes"],["Appendicular skeleton","Limbs and the girdles that attach them"],["Axial skeleton","Skull, spine and rib cage"],["Number of bones in an adult","206"],["Number of cranial bones","8"],["Number of facial bones","14"],["Number of ribs","12 pairs, 24 in total"],["Foramen magnum","Large hole in the occipital bone for the spinal cord"],["Sella turcica","Saddle-shaped pit in the sphenoid holding the pituitary gland"],["Mastoid process","Bump behind the ear on the temporal bone"],["Sutures","Immovable joints between skull bones"],["Fontanelle","Soft spot between a baby's skull bones"],["Greater trochanter","Bony bump on the upper femur"],["Femoral head","Ball at the top of the femur that fits the hip socket"],["Tibial tuberosity","Bump below the kneecap where the patellar tendon attaches"],["Epiphysis","End of a long bone"],["Diaphysis","Shaft of a long bone"],["Metaphysis","Region between shaft and end of a long bone"],["Periosteum","Membrane covering bone"],["Medullary cavity","Hollow center of a long bone holding marrow"],["Articular cartilage","Smooth covering on joint surfaces"],["Ball-and-socket joint","Joint allowing movement in all directions, like the shoulder"],["Hinge joint","Joint bending in one direction, like the elbow"],["Pivot joint","Joint allowing rotation, like the atlas and axis"],["Gliding joint","Joint with sliding bone surfaces, like the wrist"],["Saddle joint","Joint at the base of the thumb"],["Condyloid joint","Joint allowing movement in two planes, like the wrist's radius and carpals"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-cranial-nerves","id":"tp-anat-cranial-nerves","title":"The Twelve Cranial Nerves","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Names, numbers and main jobs of the cranial nerves, plus memory aids.","tags":["anatomy","nerves","neuroscience"],"frontLabel":"Nerve","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["CN I: Olfactory","Sense of smell"],["CN II: Optic","Vision"],["CN III: Oculomotor","Most eye movements, raising the eyelid, pupil constriction"],["CN IV: Trochlear","Moves the eye down and in (superior oblique muscle)"],["CN V: Trigeminal","Face sensation and chewing muscles"],["CN VI: Abducens","Moves the eye outward"],["CN VII: Facial","Facial expression, taste from the front of the tongue, tears and saliva"],["CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear","Hearing and balance"],["CN IX: Glossopharyngeal","Taste at the back of the tongue, swallowing, gag reflex"],["CN X: Vagus","Heart rate, digestion, voice box and much of the organs below the neck"],["CN XI: Accessory","Moves the shoulders and turns the head"],["CN XII: Hypoglossal","Moves the tongue"],["Sensory cranial nerves","I, II and VIII are purely sensory"],["Motor cranial nerves","III, IV, VI, XI and XII are mainly motor"],["Mixed cranial nerves","V, VII, IX and X carry both sensory and motor signals"],["Mnemonic for names","On Old Olympus's Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops"],["Mnemonic for sensory/motor","Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most"],["Which nerve smells?","Olfactory (I)"],["Which nerve sees?","Optic (II)"],["Which nerve hears?","Vestibulocochlear (VIII)"],["Which nerve moves the tongue?","Hypoglossal (XII)"],["Which nerve shrugs the shoulders?","Accessory (XI)"],["Which nerve is the longest wandering one?","Vagus (X)"],["Which nerve moves the eye outward?","Abducens (VI)"],["Which nerve feels the face?","Trigeminal (V)"],["Which nerve smiles?","Facial (VII)"],["Which nerves control the pupil?","Oculomotor (III) constricts the pupil"],["Trigeminal branches","Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular"],["Facial nerve palsy","Weakness of one side of the face from damage to nerve VII"],["Parasympathetic cranial nerves","III, VII, IX and X carry parasympathetic fibers"],["Cranial nerve count","Twelve pairs, arising from the brain and brainstem"],["Extraocular muscle nerves","III, IV and VI"],["Taste nerves","VII, IX and X"],["Swallowing nerves","IX and X"],["Gag reflex nerves","IX (sensory) and X (motor)"],["Where do the cranial nerves attach?","To the brain or brainstem, not the spinal cord"],["Cribriform plate","Skull part the olfactory nerve fibers pass through"],["Optic chiasm","Where optic nerves cross partly on the way to the brain"],["Superior orbital fissure","Opening where nerves III, IV, VI and part of V enter the eye socket"],["Foramen magnum","Opening where the spinal cord exits the skull, and nerve XI enters"],["Jugular foramen","Opening that nerves IX, X and XI pass through"],["Corneal reflex","Blink when the cornea is touched; uses nerves V and VII"],["Pupillary light reflex","Pupil narrows in bright light; uses nerves II and III"],["Vestibulo-ocular reflex","Eyes stay steady when the head moves; uses nerve VIII"],["Bell's palsy","Sudden weakness of the facial muscles on one side"],["Trigeminal neuralgia","Severe sharp facial pain linked to nerve V"],["Anosmia","Loss of the sense of smell"],["Dysphagia","Difficulty swallowing"],["Diplopia","Double vision"],["Ptosis","Drooping of the upper eyelid"],["Tinnitus","Ringing in the ears"],["Vertigo","A sense that the world is spinning"],["Nystagmus","Involuntary rhythmic eye movement"],["Strabismus","Misaligned eyes"],["Lacrimal gland","Makes tears; controlled by nerve VII"],["Parotid gland","Largest salivary gland; controlled by nerve IX"],["Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius","Muscles supplied by nerve XI"],["Muscles of mastication","Chewing muscles supplied by nerve V"],["Muscles of facial expression","Supplied by nerve VII"],["Intrinsic tongue muscles","Supplied by nerve XII"],["Carotid body sensors","Sensory input via nerve IX monitoring blood oxygen"],["Vestibular branch","Part of nerve VIII for balance"],["Cochlear branch","Part of nerve VIII for hearing"],["Cranial nerve exam","Clinical test checking each of the twelve nerves"],["Cranial nerves vs. spinal nerves","Twelve pairs from the brain versus 31 pairs from the spinal cord"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-muscles","id":"tp-anat-muscles","title":"Anatomy: Major Muscles and Actions","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"The main skeletal muscles, where they are and what they do.","tags":["anatomy","muscles"],"frontLabel":"Muscle","backLabel":"Location and action","cards":[["Frontalis","Forehead; raises the eyebrows"],["Orbicularis oculi","Around the eye; closes the eyelid"],["Orbicularis oris","Around the mouth; closes and purses the lips"],["Zygomaticus major","Cheek; lifts the corner of the mouth to smile"],["Masseter","Cheek; closes the jaw to chew"],["Temporalis","Side of head; closes the jaw"],["Buccinator","Cheek; presses the cheek against the teeth"],["Platysma","Neck; pulls the lower lip and jaw down"],["Sternocleidomastoid","Side of the neck; turns and flexes the head"],["Trapezius","Upper back and neck; raises and pulls back the shoulder blades"],["Latissimus dorsi","Wide back muscle; pulls the arm down and back"],["Rhomboids","Between shoulder blades; pull the scapula toward the spine"],["Erector spinae","Along the spine; extends the back"],["Deltoid","Shoulder cap; raises the arm"],["Pectoralis major","Chest; moves the arm across the body"],["Serratus anterior","Side of the ribs; moves the shoulder blade forward"],["Rotator cuff","Four small muscles that stabilize the shoulder"],["Supraspinatus","Rotator cuff muscle that starts raising the arm"],["Biceps brachii","Front of the upper arm; flexes the elbow"],["Triceps brachii","Back of the upper arm; extends the elbow"],["Brachialis","Deep upper-arm muscle that flexes the elbow"],["Brachioradialis","Forearm muscle that flexes the elbow"],["Flexor carpi","Front of forearm; bends the wrist"],["Extensor carpi","Back of forearm; straightens the wrist"],["Rectus abdominis","Front of the abdomen; flexes the trunk"],["External oblique","Side of the abdomen; twists and bends the trunk"],["Internal oblique","Beneath the external oblique; twists the trunk"],["Transversus abdominis","Deepest abdominal muscle; compresses the abdomen"],["Diaphragm","Under the lungs; main muscle of breathing"],["Intercostals","Between the ribs; help breathing"],["Gluteus maximus","Buttock; extends the hip"],["Gluteus medius","Side of hip; moves the leg out and steadies the pelvis"],["Iliopsoas","Deep hip flexor"],["Tensor fasciae latae","Upper outer thigh; flexes and abducts the hip"],["Quadriceps femoris","Front of the thigh; extends the knee"],["Rectus femoris","Quadriceps part that also flexes the hip"],["Vastus lateralis","Outer quadriceps"],["Sartorius","Longest muscle; crosses the thigh and flexes the hip and knee"],["Hamstrings","Back of the thigh; flex the knee"],["Biceps femoris","Outer hamstring"],["Adductors","Inner thigh; pull the leg toward the midline"],["Gracilis","Inner thigh muscle that adducts the leg"],["Gastrocnemius","Calf; points the foot and flexes the knee"],["Soleus","Deep calf muscle; points the foot"],["Tibialis anterior","Front of the shin; lifts the foot"],["Peroneus longus","Outer lower leg; turns the foot outward"],["Achilles tendon","Joins calf muscles to the heel bone"],["Flexor","A muscle that decreases a joint angle"],["Extensor","A muscle that increases a joint angle"],["Abductor","Moves a limb away from the midline"],["Adductor","Moves a limb toward the midline"],["Agonist","The prime mover in a movement"],["Antagonist","A muscle that opposes the prime mover"],["Synergist","A muscle that helps the prime mover"],["Origin","The attachment that stays fixed"],["Insertion","The attachment that moves"],["Isotonic contraction","Muscle changes length while producing force"],["Isometric contraction","Muscle produces force without changing length"],["Concentric contraction","Muscle shortens under tension"],["Eccentric contraction","Muscle lengthens under tension"],["Muscle tone","Slight constant tension in resting muscles"],["Fascia","Connective tissue wrapping muscles"],["Motor unit","One motor neuron and the fibers it controls"],["Neuromuscular junction","Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber"],["Acetylcholine","Neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction"],["Creatine phosphate","Quick energy store in muscle"],["Fast-twitch fibers","Muscle fibers for quick, powerful action that tire quickly"],["Slow-twitch fibers","Muscle fibers for endurance"],["Rigor mortis","Stiffening of muscles after death"],["Tetany","Sustained, involuntary muscle contraction"],["Atrophy","Wasting of muscle from disuse"],["Hypertrophy","Enlargement of muscle fibers"],["Strain","Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon"],["Sprain","Overstretching or tearing of a ligament"],["Spasm","Sudden involuntary contraction"],["Myoglobin","Oxygen-storing pigment in muscle"],["Lactic acid","Product of anaerobic energy production in muscles"],["Pectoralis minor","Beneath the pectoralis major; pulls the shoulder blade forward"],["Teres major","Back of the shoulder; rotates the arm inward"],["Psoas major","Deep muscle linking the spine to the thigh"],["Piriformis","Deep buttock muscle that rotates the hip outward"],["Popliteus","Behind the knee; unlocks the knee for bending"],["Pronator teres","Forearm; turns the palm down"],["Supinator","Forearm; turns the palm up"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-organs","id":"tp-anat-organs","title":"Anatomy: Organs and What They Do","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Major organs and glands of the human body and their jobs.","tags":["anatomy","organs"],"frontLabel":"Organ","backLabel":"Job","cards":[["Brain","Controls thought, senses, movement and body functions"],["Spinal cord","Carries messages between the brain and body"],["Heart","Muscular pump that circulates blood"],["Lungs","Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide"],["Liver","Processes nutrients, makes bile, filters toxins"],["Gallbladder","Stores and concentrates bile"],["Pancreas","Makes digestive enzymes and insulin"],["Stomach","Mixes food with acid and enzymes"],["Small intestine","Absorbs most nutrients"],["Large intestine","Absorbs water; forms stool"],["Appendix","Small pouch on the large intestine, with no essential digestive role"],["Esophagus","Moves food from the throat to the stomach"],["Kidneys","Filter blood and make urine"],["Urinary bladder","Stores urine"],["Spleen","Filters old red blood cells and helps immune defense"],["Thyroid","Gland controlling metabolism"],["Parathyroid glands","Four small glands controlling blood calcium"],["Adrenal glands","Sit atop the kidneys; make stress hormones"],["Pituitary gland","Pea-sized gland releasing hormones that direct other glands"],["Pineal gland","Makes melatonin, which affects sleep"],["Hypothalamus","Links the nervous and endocrine systems; regulates temperature and hunger"],["Thymus","Immune organ where T cells mature"],["Tonsils","Lymph tissue at the throat that helps defend against germs"],["Skin","Largest organ; protects, regulates temperature, senses touch"],["Eyes","Detect light for vision"],["Retina","Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye"],["Lens","Focuses light on the retina"],["Cornea","Clear front window of the eye"],["Iris","Colored part of the eye controlling pupil size"],["Cochlea","Spiral organ of the inner ear for hearing"],["Eardrum","Membrane that vibrates with sound"],["Eustachian tube","Connects the middle ear to the throat to equalize pressure"],["Larynx","Voice box"],["Pharynx","Throat; passage for air and food"],["Trachea","Windpipe leading to the lungs"],["Bronchi","Branches of the trachea into each lung"],["Epiglottis","Flap that covers the windpipe when swallowing"],["Diaphragm","Muscle that drives breathing"],["Aorta","Largest artery, carries blood from the heart to the body"],["Vena cava","Large veins returning blood to the heart"],["Pulmonary artery","Carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs"],["Pulmonary vein","Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart"],["Left ventricle","Heart chamber that pumps blood to the body"],["Right atrium","Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body"],["Mitral valve","Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle"],["Tricuspid valve","Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle"],["Pacemaker (sinoatrial node)","Group of cells that starts each heartbeat"],["Ovaries","Produce eggs and hormones"],["Fallopian tubes","Carry eggs to the uterus"],["Uterus","Houses a developing fetus"],["Testes","Produce sperm and testosterone"],["Prostate gland","Produces fluid that nourishes sperm"],["Mammary glands","Produce milk"],["Salivary glands","Make saliva to start digestion"],["Duodenum","First section of the small intestine"],["Jejunum","Middle section of the small intestine"],["Ileum","Last section of the small intestine"],["Cecum","Pouch where the small and large intestines join"],["Rectum","Final section of the large intestine, storing stool"],["Colon","Main part of the large intestine"],["Ureters","Tubes from kidneys to bladder"],["Urethra","Tube that carries urine out of the body"],["Meninges","Three membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord"],["Cerebrospinal fluid","Fluid cushioning the brain and spinal cord"],["Cerebral cortex","Wrinkled outer layer of the brain for thought"],["Medulla oblongata","Brainstem region controlling breathing and heart rate"],["Pons","Brainstem region relaying signals and helping control breathing"],["Thalamus","Relays sensory signals to the cortex"],["Basal ganglia","Brain structures helping control movement"],["Corpus callosum","Connects the two brain hemispheres"],["Optic nerve","Carries visual signals from the eye to the brain"],["Sciatic nerve","Longest nerve, from the lower back down each leg"],["Vagus nerve","Long nerve controlling heart rate, digestion and more"],["Bone marrow","Soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells"],["Lymph nodes","Filter lymph and house immune cells"],["Peritoneum","Membrane lining the abdominal cavity"],["Pericardium","Sac surrounding the heart"],["Pleura","Membrane around the lungs"],["Mediastinum","Space between the lungs holding the heart"],["Islets of Langerhans","Clusters of pancreatic cells making insulin and glucagon"],["Glomerulus","Tuft of capillaries in the kidney where blood is filtered"],["Alveolus","Air sac where gas exchange happens"],["Villus","Finger-like projection that absorbs nutrients in the small intestine"],["Hepatocyte","Main cell of the liver"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anthropology","id":"tp-anthropology","title":"Intro Anthropology Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anthropology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Cultural, biological and archaeological anthropology basics.","tags":["anthropology","college"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Anthropology","The study of humans, past and present"],["Four-field approach","Cultural, biological, archaeological and linguistic anthropology"],["Cultural anthropology","Study of human societies and cultures"],["Biological anthropology","Study of human evolution and biological variation"],["Archaeology","Study of past peoples through material remains"],["Linguistic anthropology","Study of language in its social and cultural setting"],["Ethnography","Detailed written study of a culture based on fieldwork"],["Ethnology","Comparing cultures to find patterns"],["Participant observation","Living with a community to learn its ways"],["Fieldwork","Research conducted in the community studied"],["Informant","A community member who provides cultural information"],["Emic perspective","Understanding a culture from the insider's point of view"],["Etic perspective","Analysis from an outside observer's viewpoint"],["Cultural relativism","Judging a culture by its own standards"],["Ethnocentrism","Judging other cultures by one's own"],["Franz Boas","Founder of American anthropology; stressed cultural relativism"],["Margaret Mead","Anthropologist of Samoa who studied childhood and adolescence"],["Bronislaw Malinowski","Developed participant observation in the Trobriand Islands"],["Enculturation","Learning one's own culture"],["Acculturation","Change from contact between cultures"],["Cultural diffusion","Spread of cultural traits between societies"],["Kinship","Social relationships based on descent and marriage"],["Descent group","Group tracing ancestry to a common ancestor"],["Patrilineal descent","Tracing descent through the father's line"],["Matrilineal descent","Tracing descent through the mother's line"],["Bilateral descent","Tracing descent through both parents"],["Clan","A descent group claiming a common ancestor"],["Incest taboo","Universal rule against marriage or sex between close kin"],["Bride service","Groom works for the bride's family"],["Dowry","Goods the bride's family give at marriage"],["Reciprocity","Exchange of goods and services among people"],["Potlatch","A feast among Pacific Northwest peoples redistributing wealth and affirming status"],["Kula ring","Trobriand exchange network of shell valuables"],["Foragers","People who live by hunting, gathering and fishing"],["Pastoralism","Livelihood based on herding animals"],["Horticulture","Small-scale farming using simple tools"],["Intensive agriculture","Large-scale farming with plows, irrigation and animals"],["Band","Small, mobile, egalitarian group"],["Tribe","Group of related kin, loosely organized, often with shared language"],["Chiefdom","Society with hereditary leaders ranked above others"],["State","Centralized political system with formal government"],["Rite of passage","Ritual marking change of status; Arnold van Gennep"],["Liminality","The in-between stage in a ritual"],["Totemism","Link between a group and a natural symbol"],["Animism","Belief that spirits inhabit natural things"],["Shaman","A specialist who mediates with the spirit world"],["Myth","A sacred narrative explaining origins or beliefs"],["Ritual","Formal, repeated symbolic action"],["Magic","Rituals aimed at controlling events"],["Primate","Order of mammals including monkeys, apes and humans"],["Hominin","Humans and their extinct bipedal relatives"],["Bipedalism","Walking on two legs"],["Australopithecus","Early bipedal hominin genus of Africa"],["Lucy","A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton from Ethiopia"],["Homo habilis","Early toolmaking Homo species"],["Homo erectus","Long-lived species that used fire and spread beyond Africa"],["Neanderthals","Extinct relatives of modern humans in Europe and western Asia"],["Homo sapiens","Anatomically modern humans, appeared in Africa roughly 300,000 years ago"],["Out of Africa model","Modern humans originated in Africa and spread worldwide"],["Paleolithic","The Old Stone Age"],["Mesolithic","The Middle Stone Age"],["Neolithic","The New Stone Age, when farming began"],["Neolithic Revolution","Shift from foraging to farming around 10,000 years ago"],["Domestication","Breeding plants or animals for human use"],["Oldowan tools","Earliest simple stone tools"],["Acheulean tools","Hand axes linked to Homo erectus"],["Stratigraphy","Studying layers of earth to determine relative age"],["Radiocarbon dating","Dating organic remains by carbon-14 decay, up to about 50,000 years"],["Artifact","A portable object made or used by humans"],["Feature","A non-portable sign of human activity, like a hearth"],["Midden","An ancient trash heap"],["Cultural resource management","Archaeology done to protect sites ahead of development"],["Site","A place with evidence of past human activity"],["Excavation","Systematic digging and recording of a site"],["Provenience","The exact location where an object was found"],["Material culture","Physical objects created by a society"],["Race as social construct","Human races are not biologically distinct groups"],["Natural selection","Traits that aid survival and reproduction become more common"],["Adaptation","A trait that helps survival in an environment"],["Genetic drift","Random changes in gene frequency"],["Gene flow","Exchange of genes between populations"],["Mutation","Change in DNA that is the source of new variation"],["Fossil","Preserved remains or traces of ancient life"],["Language family","Languages sharing a common ancestor"],["Phoneme","A basic sound unit that distinguishes meaning"],["Morpheme","The smallest meaningful unit of language"],["Sapir-Whorf hypothesis","Language influences how people think"],["Sociolinguistics","Study of language and society"],["Code-switching","Alternating between languages or dialects"],["Applied anthropology","Using anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems"],["Globalization","Growing worldwide interconnection"],["Medical anthropology","Study of health, illness and healing across cultures"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-art-history","id":"tp-ap-art-history","title":"Art History Key Works and Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Art History","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Famous artworks, movements and the vocabulary used to discuss them.","tags":["ap","art-history","art"],"frontLabel":"Work or term","backLabel":"What to know","cards":[["Lascaux cave paintings","Prehistoric animal paintings in France"],["Stonehenge","Prehistoric stone circle in England"],["Great Sphinx of Giza","Monumental Egyptian statue with a lion's body and human head"],["Great Pyramid of Khufu","Egyptian Old Kingdom tomb, built around 2550 BCE"],["Palette of Narmer","Early Egyptian carved palette showing unification of the land"],["Bust of Nefertiti","Painted limestone portrait from Amarna Egypt"],["Ziggurat of Ur","Stepped temple platform in Mesopotamia"],["Code of Hammurabi stele","Babylonian stone slab carved with laws"],["Parthenon","5th-century BCE Greek temple to Athena in Athens"],["Doric order","Simplest Greek column style, with a plain capital"],["Ionic order","Greek column with scroll-shaped capitals"],["Corinthian order","Greek column with leafy capitals"],["Contrapposto","A pose with weight on one leg, creating a natural stance"],["Discobolus","Roman copy of a Greek bronze of a discus thrower"],["Venus de Milo","Hellenistic marble statue of Aphrodite"],["Pantheon","Roman temple with a great dome and oculus"],["Colosseum","Roman amphitheater for public spectacles"],["Arch of Titus","Roman triumphal arch commemorating a victory"],["Pompeii frescoes","Wall paintings preserved by volcanic ash"],["Hagia Sophia","Sixth-century Byzantine church in Constantinople with a huge dome"],["Mosaic","Image made of small pieces of colored material"],["Icon","Sacred religious image used in Orthodox worship"],["Romanesque","Medieval style with round arches and thick walls"],["Gothic architecture","Style with pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses"],["Flying buttress","External support that lets Gothic walls be tall and thin"],["Chartres Cathedral","Gothic cathedral famed for its stained glass"],["Stained glass","Colored glass pieces set in lead to make pictures"],["Illuminated manuscript","Handwritten book decorated with gold and color"],["Book of Kells","Irish illuminated gospel manuscript"],["Giotto","Early Renaissance painter who gave figures weight and space"],["Linear perspective","Technique using converging lines to show depth"],["Brunelleschi's dome","Dome of Florence Cathedral completed in the 1400s"],["Donatello's David","First freestanding nude bronze since antiquity"],["Botticelli's Birth of Venus","Early Renaissance painting of the goddess arriving on a shell"],["Leonardo da Vinci","Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper"],["Mona Lisa","Famed portrait with soft sfumato shading"],["Sfumato","Soft blending of tones without hard outlines"],["Michelangelo's David","Marble statue of the biblical hero, finished 1504"],["Sistine Chapel ceiling","Michelangelo's fresco of scenes from Genesis"],["Raphael's School of Athens","Fresco of ancient philosophers in an ideal building"],["Chiaroscuro","Strong contrast of light and dark"],["Fresco","Painting on wet plaster"],["Tempera","Paint made with pigment and egg yolk"],["Oil painting","Painting with pigments in oil, allowing rich color and detail"],["Albrecht Durer","German printmaker and painter of the Northern Renaissance"],["Jan van Eyck","Flemish painter known for precise oil detail, like the Arnolfini Portrait"],["Mannerism","Late Renaissance style with elongated forms"],["Baroque","Dramatic, ornate 17th-century style"],["Caravaggio","Baroque painter famous for dramatic light"],["Tenebrism","Extreme use of dark and light, with deep shadows"],["Bernini's David","Baroque sculpture capturing action mid-motion"],["Rembrandt","Dutch master of portraits and light"],["Vermeer","Dutch painter of quiet interior scenes, such as Girl with a Pearl Earring"],["Velazquez's Las Meninas","Spanish court painting with layered viewpoints"],["Palace of Versailles","Ornate French royal palace"],["Rococo","Light, playful 18th-century style"],["Neoclassicism","Style reviving ancient Greek and Roman forms"],["Jacques-Louis David","French Neoclassical painter of The Death of Socrates"],["Romanticism","Style emphasizing emotion, nature and imagination"],["Gericault's Raft of the Medusa","Romantic painting of shipwreck survivors"],["Goya","Spanish painter and printmaker who depicted war and society"],["Realism","Art showing ordinary life as it is"],["Courbet","French Realist painter"],["Impressionism","Style capturing fleeting light with visible brushstrokes"],["Claude Monet","Impressionist painter of Water Lilies and Impression, Sunrise"],["Renoir","Impressionist known for scenes of social life"],["Post-Impressionism","Styles building on Impressionism with personal expression"],["Vincent van Gogh","Painted The Starry Night with swirling brushwork"],["Paul Cezanne","Post-Impressionist who built forms from geometry"],["Georges Seurat","Pointillist painter of A Sunday on La Grande Jatte"],["Pointillism","Painting with tiny dots of color"],["Edvard Munch","Norwegian painter of The Scream"],["Art Nouveau","Decorative style of flowing plant-like lines"],["Fauvism","Style using bold, wild color; Matisse led it"],["Henri Matisse","French artist of The Dance and cut-outs"],["Cubism","Style showing objects from several viewpoints at once"],["Pablo Picasso","Co-founder of Cubism; painted Guernica"],["Futurism","Italian movement celebrating speed and machines"],["Dada","Anti-art movement reacting to World War I"],["Marcel Duchamp","Dada artist who exhibited a ready-made urinal titled Fountain"],["Surrealism","Movement exploring dreams and the unconscious"],["Salvador Dali","Surrealist painter of The Persistence of Memory"],["Rene Magritte","Surrealist painter of The Treachery of Images"],["Frida Kahlo","Mexican painter known for symbolic self-portraits"],["Abstract Expressionism","Postwar American style of large, gestural abstraction"],["Jackson Pollock","Drip painter"],["Mark Rothko","Painter of floating fields of color"],["Pop Art","Style using imagery from popular culture"],["Andy Warhol","Pop artist known for Campbell's Soup Cans"],["Minimalism","Art reduced to simple geometric forms"],["Installation art","Art that transforms a space"],["Performance art","Art in which the artist's actions are the work"],["Bauhaus","German school combining art, craft and design"],["Fallingwater","Frank Lloyd Wright's house built over a waterfall"],["Guggenheim Bilbao","Frank Gehry's curving titanium-clad museum"],["Ukiyo-e","Japanese woodblock prints of the 'floating world'"],["Hokusai's Great Wave","Famous Japanese woodblock print of a towering wave"],["Taj Mahal","17th-century marble tomb in India built by Shah Jahan"],["Angkor Wat","Temple complex in Cambodia"],["Great Mosque of Cordoba","Spanish mosque known for its striped arches"],["Ife heads","Naturalistic brass and terracotta heads from West Africa"],["Machu Picchu","Inca mountain city in Peru"],["Teotihuacan","Ancient Mesoamerican city with huge pyramids"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-biology","id":"tp-ap-biology","title":"AP Biology Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Biology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Core vocabulary across cells, genetics, evolution, energy and ecology.","tags":["ap","biology"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Enzyme","A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy"],["Substrate","The molecule an enzyme acts upon"],["Active site","The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds"],["Activation energy","Energy needed to start a reaction"],["Competitive inhibitor","A molecule that blocks the active site"],["Allosteric regulation","Control of an enzyme by binding at a site other than the active site"],["Denaturation","Loss of a protein's shape and function"],["Hydrogen bond","A weak attraction between a partly positive hydrogen and a partly negative atom"],["Cohesion","Attraction between molecules of the same substance"],["Adhesion","Attraction between different substances"],["Polar molecule","A molecule with uneven charge distribution"],["Monomer","A small unit that links with others to make a polymer"],["Dehydration synthesis","Joining monomers by removing water"],["Hydrolysis","Breaking a polymer by adding water"],["Carbohydrate","Sugars and starches; main quick energy source"],["Lipid","Fats, oils and steroids; not water-soluble"],["Phospholipid","A lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; forms membranes"],["Nucleic acid","DNA or RNA; stores and carries genetic information"],["Peptide bond","The covalent link between amino acids"],["Primary protein structure","The sequence of amino acids"],["Secondary protein structure","Alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds"],["Tertiary protein structure","The overall 3-D folding of one polypeptide"],["Quaternary protein structure","Several polypeptides joined together"],["Fluid mosaic model","The membrane is a flexible layer of lipids with embedded proteins"],["Diffusion","Movement of molecules from high to low concentration"],["Osmosis","Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane"],["Facilitated diffusion","Passive transport through a channel or carrier protein"],["Active transport","Movement against a gradient using energy"],["Endocytosis","Cell takes in material by folding the membrane around it"],["Exocytosis","Cell releases material by vesicles fusing with the membrane"],["Hypotonic solution","Lower solute concentration than the cell; cell gains water"],["Hypertonic solution","Higher solute concentration than the cell; cell loses water"],["Isotonic solution","Equal solute concentration; no net water movement"],["Water potential","A measure of water's tendency to move; it moves from high to low"],["Nucleus","Organelle holding DNA"],["Rough ER","Studded with ribosomes; makes proteins for export"],["Smooth ER","Makes lipids and detoxifies"],["Golgi apparatus","Modifies, sorts and packages proteins"],["Lysosome","Organelle containing digestive enzymes"],["Endosymbiosis","Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from engulfed prokaryotes"],["ATP","The cell's main energy currency"],["Glycolysis","Splitting glucose into two pyruvate in the cytoplasm"],["Krebs cycle","Reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that release CO2 and carry electrons"],["Oxidative phosphorylation","ATP production using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis"],["Chemiosmosis","ATP made as protons flow back through ATP synthase"],["Fermentation","Making ATP without oxygen by regenerating NAD+"],["Light reactions","Photosynthesis stage in thylakoids that makes ATP, NADPH and O2"],["Calvin cycle","Stage that uses ATP and NADPH to build sugar from CO2"],["Rubisco","The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle"],["Chlorophyll","The main pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis"],["Photosystem","A cluster of pigments and proteins that captures light energy"],["Cell cycle","The ordered life of a cell from one division to the next"],["Interphase","G1, S and G2: growth and DNA copying"],["Mitosis","Nuclear division producing two identical nuclei"],["Cytokinesis","Division of the cytoplasm"],["Checkpoint","A control point that decides whether the cell cycle continues"],["Cyclin","A protein that regulates progress through the cell cycle"],["Meiosis","Two divisions that produce four haploid cells"],["Crossing over","Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes in prophase I"],["Independent assortment","Random orientation of chromosome pairs, creating variety"],["Nondisjunction","Failure of chromosomes to separate properly"],["Allele","A version of a gene"],["Genotype","The set of alleles an individual has"],["Phenotype","The observable trait"],["Homozygous","Having two identical alleles for a gene"],["Heterozygous","Having two different alleles for a gene"],["Law of segregation","The two alleles for a gene separate into different gametes"],["Law of independent assortment","Genes for different traits are inherited independently if on separate chromosomes"],["Incomplete dominance","Heterozygote shows a blend of the two phenotypes"],["Codominance","Both alleles are fully expressed"],["Sex-linked trait","A trait whose gene lies on a sex chromosome"],["Linked genes","Genes close together on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together"],["Replication","Copying DNA before cell division"],["Semiconservative","Each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand"],["DNA polymerase","Enzyme that adds nucleotides during replication"],["Helicase","Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix"],["Okazaki fragments","Short DNA pieces made on the lagging strand"],["Transcription","Making RNA from a DNA template"],["Translation","Making a protein from mRNA at a ribosome"],["Codon","Three mRNA bases that code for one amino acid"],["Anticodon","Three tRNA bases that pair with a codon"],["Intron","A noncoding region removed from RNA"],["Exon","A coding region kept in mature RNA"],["Operon","A cluster of bacterial genes controlled together"],["Lac operon","An inducible operon that lets bacteria digest lactose when it is present"],["Transcription factor","A protein that helps turn genes on or off"],["Point mutation","A change in a single DNA nucleotide"],["Frameshift mutation","An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame"],["PCR","A technique for copying a specific DNA segment many times"],["Gel electrophoresis","Separating DNA fragments by size using an electric current"],["Restriction enzyme","Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence"],["CRISPR","A gene-editing tool derived from a bacterial defense system"],["Recombinant DNA","DNA combined from different sources"],["Natural selection","Individuals with helpful heritable traits leave more offspring"],["Fitness","An organism's success at passing on its genes"],["Genetic drift","Random change in allele frequencies, strongest in small populations"],["Gene flow","Movement of alleles between populations"],["Founder effect","Drift caused by a small group starting a new population"],["Bottleneck effect","Drift caused by a sharp drop in population size"],["Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium","A model of a non-evolving population: p + q = 1"],["Speciation","Formation of new species"],["Allopatric speciation","Species form after geographic separation"],["Homologous structures","Similar structures due to shared ancestry"],["Analogous structures","Similar function from separate evolution"],["Phylogenetic tree","A diagram of evolutionary relationships"],["Cladogram","A branching diagram based on shared derived traits"],["Endothermic","Producing body heat from metabolism"],["Negative feedback","A response that reduces the original change"],["Positive feedback","A response that amplifies the original change"],["Signal transduction","A pathway converting a signal outside the cell into a response inside"],["Ligand","A molecule that binds to a receptor"],["Second messenger","A small molecule that spreads a signal inside the cell, like cAMP"],["Apoptosis","Programmed cell death"],["Carrying capacity","The maximum population an environment can support"],["Logistic growth","S-shaped growth that levels off at carrying capacity"],["Exponential growth","J-shaped growth with unlimited resources"],["Keystone species","A species with a large effect on its community relative to its numbers"],["Trophic level","A feeding level in a food chain"],["Primary productivity","Rate at which producers store energy"],["Biogeochemical cycle","Movement of an element between living things and the environment"],["Niche","The role and conditions an organism needs in its ecosystem"],["Competitive exclusion","Two species needing the same resource cannot coexist indefinitely"],["Succession","Gradual change in a community over time"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-calculus","id":"tp-ap-calculus","title":"AP Calculus Terms and Rules","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Calculus","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Limits, derivatives, integrals, and the rules and theorems that connect them.","tags":["ap","calculus","math"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Limit","The value a function approaches as the input approaches a point"],["Continuity at a point","The limit exists, the function is defined, and they are equal"],["Removable discontinuity","A hole in a graph"],["Jump discontinuity","One-sided limits exist but differ"],["Vertical asymptote","A line the function grows without bound near"],["Horizontal asymptote","A value the function approaches at infinity"],["Intermediate Value Theorem","A continuous function takes every value between f(a) and f(b)"],["Derivative","Instantaneous rate of change; slope of the tangent line"],["Limit definition of derivative","lim as h to 0 of [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h"],["Differentiability implies continuity","A function differentiable at a point is continuous there"],["Power rule","d/dx x^n = n x^(n-1)"],["Product rule","(fg)' = f'g + fg'"],["Quotient rule","(f/g)' = (f'g - fg') / g^2"],["Chain rule","d/dx f(g(x)) = f'(g(x)) times g'(x)"],["Derivative of sin x","cos x"],["Derivative of cos x","-sin x"],["Derivative of tan x","sec^2 x"],["Derivative of e^x","e^x"],["Derivative of ln x","1/x"],["Derivative of a^x","a^x ln a"],["Derivative of arctan x","1 / (1 + x^2)"],["Derivative of arcsin x","1 / sqrt(1 - x^2)"],["Implicit differentiation","Differentiate both sides with respect to x, treating y as a function of x"],["Related rates","Finding rates of change of connected quantities over time"],["Mean Value Theorem","Some point has a tangent slope equal to the average slope over the interval"],["Rolle's Theorem","If f(a) = f(b), the derivative is zero somewhere between"],["Extreme Value Theorem","A continuous function on a closed interval has a max and a min"],["Critical point","A point where f' is zero or undefined"],["First derivative test","Sign change of f' identifies local maxima and minima"],["Second derivative test","f'' positive means local min; negative means local max at a critical point"],["Concave up","f'' is positive"],["Inflection point","Where concavity changes"],["Optimization","Using derivatives to find the best value of a quantity"],["L'Hopital's Rule","For 0/0 or infinity/infinity, differentiate the top and bottom"],["Linear approximation","Using the tangent line to estimate nearby values"],["Position, velocity, acceleration","First and second derivatives of position"],["Speed","Absolute value of velocity"],["Riemann sum","Approximating area by adding areas of rectangles"],["Left Riemann sum","Uses left endpoints for rectangle heights"],["Trapezoidal rule","Approximates area with trapezoids"],["Definite integral","Net signed area between a curve and the x-axis"],["Antiderivative","A function whose derivative is the given function"],["Indefinite integral","The family of antiderivatives, plus C"],["Power rule for integrals","Integral of x^n = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C, for n not equal to -1"],["Integral of 1/x","ln |x| + C"],["Integral of e^x","e^x + C"],["Integral of cos x","sin x + C"],["Integral of sin x","-cos x + C"],["Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part 1","d/dx of integral from a to x of f(t) dt equals f(x)"],["Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part 2","Integral from a to b of f = F(b) - F(a)"],["u-substitution","Integration technique that reverses the chain rule"],["Integration by parts","Integral of u dv = uv - integral of v du"],["Average value of a function","(1/(b - a)) times the integral of f from a to b"],["Area between curves","Integral of top function minus bottom function"],["Disk method","Volume = pi times integral of radius squared"],["Washer method","Volume using outer radius squared minus inner radius squared"],["Differential equation","An equation involving a function and its derivatives"],["Separation of variables","Rewrite so each variable is on one side, then integrate"],["Slope field","Graph showing tangent slopes at many points"],["Exponential growth model","dy/dt = ky gives y = Ce^(kt)"],["Logistic growth","Growth that levels off at a carrying capacity"],["Improper integral","Integral with an infinite limit or an infinite discontinuity"],["Sequence","An ordered list of numbers"],["Series","A sum of the terms of a sequence"],["Geometric series","Converges to a/(1 - r) when |r| is less than 1"],["Harmonic series","Sum of 1/n; diverges"],["p-series","Sum of 1/n^p converges when p is greater than 1"],["Ratio test","Series converges if the limit of |a(n+1)/a(n)| is less than 1"],["Alternating series test","Terms alternate, decrease, and approach zero imply convergence"],["Absolute convergence","The series of absolute values converges"],["Taylor series","Infinite polynomial built from a function's derivatives at a point"],["Maclaurin series","Taylor series centered at zero"],["Maclaurin series for e^x","1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + ..."],["Radius of convergence","Distance from the center within which a power series converges"],["Lagrange error bound","Limit on the error of a Taylor polynomial approximation"],["Parametric derivative","dy/dx = (dy/dt) / (dx/dt)"],["Polar area","Area = 1/2 times integral of r squared d theta"],["Arc length","Integral of sqrt(1 + (dy/dx)^2) dx"],["Euler's method","Step-by-step numerical approximation of a differential equation"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-chemistry","id":"tp-ap-chemistry","title":"AP Chemistry Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Chemistry","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Vocabulary and relationships from atomic structure to equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics.","tags":["ap","chemistry"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Mole","6.022 x 10^23 particles; the chemist's counting unit"],["Avogadro's number","6.022 x 10^23 per mole"],["Molar mass","Mass in grams of one mole of a substance"],["Empirical formula","The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms"],["Molecular formula","The actual number of each atom in a molecule"],["Percent composition","Mass percent of each element in a compound"],["Limiting reactant","The reactant that runs out first and caps the product"],["Theoretical yield","The maximum product predicted by stoichiometry"],["Percent yield","(actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100"],["Molarity","Moles of solute per liter of solution"],["Dilution equation","M1V1 = M2V2"],["Isotope","Atoms of one element with different numbers of neutrons"],["Average atomic mass","Weighted average of an element's isotopes"],["Mass spectrometry","Measures isotope masses and abundances"],["Photoelectron spectroscopy","Measures energies needed to remove electrons from atoms"],["Electron configuration","Arrangement of electrons in orbitals"],["Aufbau principle","Fill lowest-energy orbitals first"],["Pauli exclusion principle","No two electrons in an atom share all four quantum numbers"],["Hund's rule","Fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing"],["Valence electrons","Outer-shell electrons involved in bonding"],["Effective nuclear charge","Net pull felt by outer electrons"],["Atomic radius trend","Decreases across a period, increases down a group"],["Ionization energy trend","Generally increases across a period, decreases down a group"],["Electronegativity","An atom's pull on shared electrons in a bond"],["Coulomb's law","Force depends on charges and decreases with distance squared"],["Ionic bond","Attraction between oppositely charged ions"],["Covalent bond","A shared pair of electrons"],["Metallic bond","Positive ions in a sea of delocalized electrons"],["Lattice energy","Energy released when gaseous ions form an ionic solid"],["Bond order","Number of bonding pairs between two atoms"],["Bond length trend","Higher bond order means shorter, stronger bonds"],["Lewis structure","A diagram of valence electrons and bonds"],["Formal charge","Valence electrons minus nonbonding electrons minus half the bonding electrons"],["Resonance","Multiple valid Lewis structures for one species"],["VSEPR theory","Electron groups arrange to minimize repulsion"],["Linear geometry","Two electron groups; 180 degrees"],["Trigonal planar","Three electron groups; 120 degrees"],["Tetrahedral","Four electron groups; 109.5 degrees"],["Hybridization sp3","Four electron groups, tetrahedral"],["Sigma bond","Head-on overlap of orbitals"],["Pi bond","Side-by-side overlap of p orbitals"],["Polar bond","A bond with unequal sharing"],["London dispersion forces","Weak attractions from temporary dipoles; present in all molecules"],["Dipole-dipole force","Attraction between polar molecules"],["Hydrogen bonding","Strong dipole attraction involving H bonded to N, O or F"],["Ideal gas law","PV = nRT"],["Combined gas law","P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2"],["Dalton's law","Total pressure is the sum of partial pressures"],["Kinetic molecular theory","Gas particles move randomly with energy proportional to temperature"],["Graham's law","Lighter gases effuse faster"],["Real gas deviation","Gases act least ideally at high pressure and low temperature"],["Solute","The substance dissolved"],["Solvent","The substance doing the dissolving"],["Electrolyte","A substance that forms ions in water and conducts"],["Net ionic equation","Shows only the species that change, omitting spectators"],["Spectator ion","An ion unchanged by a reaction"],["Precipitate","An insoluble solid formed in solution"],["Beer-Lambert law","Absorbance is proportional to concentration: A = abc"],["Oxidation","Loss of electrons"],["Reduction","Gain of electrons"],["Oxidizing agent","The species that is reduced"],["Reducing agent","The species that is oxidized"],["Rate law","Equation relating reaction rate to concentrations"],["Reaction order","The exponent of a reactant in the rate law"],["Rate constant","The proportionality constant k in the rate law"],["First-order half-life","ln 2 / k; independent of concentration"],["Collision theory","Reactions need collisions with enough energy and proper orientation"],["Activation energy","Minimum energy for a successful collision"],["Catalyst","Speeds a reaction by giving a lower-energy path; not consumed"],["Rate-determining step","The slowest step in a mechanism"],["Reaction intermediate","A species made then used up within a mechanism"],["Arrhenius equation","Relates rate constant to temperature and activation energy"],["Endothermic","Absorbs heat; positive delta H"],["Exothermic","Releases heat; negative delta H"],["Specific heat","Energy needed to raise 1 g of a substance by 1 degree C"],["Calorimetry","Measuring heat flow, q = mc delta T"],["Enthalpy of formation","Heat change when 1 mol forms from elements in standard states"],["Hess's law","Total enthalpy change is the sum of steps"],["Bond enthalpy","Energy needed to break a bond"],["Entropy","A measure of disorder or energy dispersal"],["Gibbs free energy","Delta G = delta H - T delta S; negative means spontaneous"],["Standard state","Reference conditions for thermodynamic data, 1 bar"],["Equilibrium","Forward and reverse rates are equal"],["Equilibrium constant K","Ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium"],["Reaction quotient Q","Same ratio at any moment; compare with K to predict direction"],["Le Chatelier's principle","A system at equilibrium shifts to counteract a stress"],["Ksp","Solubility product constant for a slightly soluble salt"],["Common ion effect","A shared ion lowers solubility"],["Arrhenius acid","Produces H+ in water"],["Bronsted-Lowry acid","A proton donor"],["Lewis acid","An electron pair acceptor"],["Conjugate acid-base pair","Two species differing by one proton"],["pH","Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration"],["Kw","Ion product of water, 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25 degrees C"],["Strong acid","Dissociates completely in water"],["Buffer","A solution that resists pH change; weak acid plus its conjugate base"],["Henderson-Hasselbalch equation","pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])"],["Titration equivalence point","Moles of acid equal moles of base"],["Indicator","A dye that changes color near the endpoint"],["Electrochemical cell","Converts chemical energy to electrical energy or the reverse"],["Anode","Electrode where oxidation occurs"],["Cathode","Electrode where reduction occurs"],["Standard cell potential","E-cell = E-cathode minus E-anode"],["Salt bridge","Allows ion flow to keep solutions neutral"],["Electrolysis","Using electricity to drive a nonspontaneous reaction"],["Faraday's constant","About 96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-computer-science","id":"tp-ap-computer-science","title":"AP Computer Science Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Computer Science","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Programming, data, algorithms, networks and the impact of computing.","tags":["ap","computer-science"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Algorithm","A finite set of steps to solve a problem"],["Sequencing","Running statements in order"],["Selection","Choosing which code runs based on a condition"],["Iteration","Repeating a block of code"],["Variable","A named place that stores a value"],["Data type","The kind of value, such as integer, string or boolean"],["Boolean","A value that is true or false"],["String","A sequence of characters"],["Integer overflow","A result too big for the number of bits available"],["Round-off error","Small error from limited precision in storing real numbers"],["Function","A named block of code that can be called"],["Procedure","A named group of instructions, possibly with parameters"],["Parameter","A variable in a function definition that receives a value"],["Argument","The actual value passed to a function"],["Return value","The value a function sends back"],["Library","A collection of prewritten code"],["API","A set of rules for how software components interact"],["Abstraction","Hiding detail to manage complexity"],["Modularity","Dividing a program into independent parts"],["Class","A blueprint for creating objects"],["Object","An instance of a class with state and behavior"],["Instance variable","Data stored inside an object"],["Constructor","Code that initializes a new object"],["Method","A function belonging to a class"],["Encapsulation","Keeping data private and exposing it through methods"],["Inheritance","A subclass reuses and extends a superclass"],["Polymorphism","The same method call behaves differently depending on the object"],["Overloading","Methods with the same name but different parameters"],["Overriding","A subclass provides its own version of a superclass method"],["Static method","A method belonging to the class, not an object"],["Array","A fixed-size, ordered collection of items"],["ArrayList","A resizable list in Java"],["List","An ordered collection of elements"],["Index","The position of an item, usually starting at 0"],["2D array","An array of arrays, like a grid"],["Traversal","Visiting each element of a data structure"],["For loop","A loop with a counter and a stopping condition"],["While loop","A loop that repeats while a condition is true"],["Infinite loop","A loop that never ends"],["Nested loop","A loop inside another loop"],["Off-by-one error","A bug from a loop going one step too far or too short"],["Compound condition","Conditions joined with AND, OR or NOT"],["De Morgan's laws","NOT (A and B) equals (NOT A) or (NOT B)"],["Short-circuit evaluation","Stopping evaluation once the result is known"],["Recursion","A method that calls itself"],["Base case","The condition that stops recursion"],["Linear search","Checking each element in order"],["Binary search","Repeatedly halving a sorted list"],["Selection sort","Repeatedly selecting the smallest remaining item"],["Insertion sort","Placing each item into its sorted position"],["Merge sort","Dividing in half, sorting each, and merging"],["Algorithm efficiency","How the work grows with input size"],["Big-O notation","Describes how running time grows as input grows"],["Reasonable time","Polynomial time or better"],["Unreasonable time","Exponential or worse growth"],["Heuristic","An approach that finds a good-enough answer when exact solutions are too slow"],["Undecidable problem","A problem no algorithm can solve for all cases"],["Parallel computing","Running parts of a task at the same time"],["Bit","A binary digit, 0 or 1"],["Byte","Eight bits"],["Binary","Base-2 number system"],["Hexadecimal","Base-16 number system"],["Lossless compression","Reduces size without losing any data"],["Lossy compression","Reduces size by discarding some data"],["Metadata","Data that describes other data"],["Data cleaning","Fixing or removing incorrect data"],["Big data","Datasets too large for ordinary processing"],["Internet","A global network of networks"],["IP address","A numeric address for a device on a network"],["DNS","System that translates domain names to IP addresses"],["Packet","A small unit of data sent across a network"],["TCP/IP","Protocols that route and deliver data across the internet"],["Router","Device that forwards packets between networks"],["Fault tolerance","A network keeps working when parts fail"],["Bandwidth","Maximum data a connection can carry per time"],["Latency","Delay before data transfer begins"],["HTTP","Protocol for the web"],["Encryption","Scrambling data so only authorized parties can read it"],["Symmetric encryption","One shared key encrypts and decrypts"],["Public-key encryption","A public key encrypts; a private key decrypts"],["Phishing","Tricking people into giving up private information"],["Malware","Software designed to cause harm"],["Multifactor authentication","Verifying identity with more than one kind of proof"],["Digital divide","Unequal access to technology"],["Crowdsourcing","Getting contributions from a large group of people online"],["Open source","Software whose code is free to view and modify"],["Bias in algorithms","Systematic unfairness in a program's results"],["Creative Commons","Licenses that let creators share work with set permissions"],["Debugging","Finding and fixing errors"],["Syntax error","Code that breaks the language's rules"],["Logic error","Code that runs but gives wrong results"],["Run-time error","An error that happens while the program is running"],["Testing","Running a program with chosen inputs to check behavior"],["Pseudocode","Informal, language-independent description of an algorithm"],["Flowchart","A diagram of an algorithm's steps"],["Event-driven programming","Code that responds to user actions or messages"],["Simulation","A program that models a real-world system"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-environmental-science","id":"tp-ap-environmental-science","title":"AP Environmental Science Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Environmental Science","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Ecosystems, populations, earth systems, resources, pollution and climate.","tags":["ap","environment"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Ecosystem","Living things and their nonliving surroundings interacting"],["Biome","A large region defined by climate and typical plants and animals"],["Producer","An organism that makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis"],["Consumer","An organism that eats other organisms"],["Decomposer","An organism that breaks down dead matter"],["Trophic level","A feeding position in a food chain"],["Ten percent rule","About 10 percent of energy passes to the next trophic level"],["Net primary productivity","Energy stored by producers after their own use"],["Food web","Interconnected food chains"],["Biodiversity","The variety of life at genetic, species and ecosystem levels"],["Keystone species","A species with an outsized role in its ecosystem"],["Indicator species","A species whose health signals environmental condition"],["Invasive species","A non-native species that spreads and harms the ecosystem"],["Ecological succession","Gradual replacement of communities over time"],["Primary succession","Colonization of bare rock with no soil"],["Secondary succession","Regrowth after disturbance where soil remains"],["Carbon cycle","Movement of carbon among air, living things, oceans and rocks"],["Nitrogen fixation","Converting nitrogen gas into usable forms by bacteria"],["Nitrogen cycle","Movement of nitrogen through air, soil and organisms"],["Phosphorus cycle","Movement of phosphorus through rock, soil and water, with no gas phase"],["Hydrologic cycle","Circulation of water through evaporation, condensation and precipitation"],["Photosynthesis","Making sugars from carbon dioxide, water and light"],["Cellular respiration","Releasing energy from sugar using oxygen"],["Carrying capacity","Largest population an environment can sustain"],["r-selected species","Many offspring, little care, small body, short life"],["K-selected species","Few offspring, much care, large body, long life"],["Limiting factor","A resource that restricts population growth"],["Population density","Individuals per unit area"],["Age structure diagram","Graph of the population in each age group"],["Total fertility rate","Average children per woman over her lifetime"],["Replacement level fertility","About 2.1 children per woman"],["Demographic transition","Shift from high to low birth and death rates"],["Plate tectonics","Earth's crust moves in large plates"],["Subduction","One plate sliding beneath another"],["Soil horizon","A layer of soil, such as topsoil"],["Soil erosion","Removal of soil by wind or water"],["Loam","Balanced soil of sand, silt and clay"],["Cation exchange capacity","Soil's ability to hold nutrients"],["Weather","Short-term atmospheric conditions"],["Climate","Long-term pattern of weather"],["Troposphere","Lowest atmospheric layer where weather occurs"],["Stratosphere","Atmospheric layer containing the ozone layer"],["Coriolis effect","Earth's rotation bends wind and ocean currents"],["El Nino","Periodic warming of the eastern Pacific altering weather worldwide"],["Thermohaline circulation","Global ocean circulation driven by temperature and salt differences"],["Rain shadow","A dry region on the leeward side of a mountain"],["Upwelling","Rise of cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface"],["Renewable resource","A resource that replenishes naturally in human time"],["Nonrenewable resource","A resource that is used up faster than it forms"],["Fossil fuels","Coal, oil and natural gas from ancient organisms"],["Peak oil","The point of maximum oil production before decline"],["Hydroelectric power","Electricity from flowing water"],["Solar photovoltaic","Panels that convert sunlight directly into electricity"],["Wind turbine","Machine converting wind energy to electricity"],["Geothermal energy","Heat from Earth's interior used for power or heating"],["Biomass","Organic matter burned or converted for energy"],["Nuclear fission","Splitting atoms to release energy"],["Energy efficiency","Doing the same work with less energy"],["Cogeneration","Using waste heat from electricity production"],["Overgrazing","Livestock eating plants faster than they regrow"],["Monoculture","Planting one crop over a large area"],["Crop rotation","Alternating crops to maintain soil"],["No-till farming","Planting without plowing to protect soil"],["Contour plowing","Plowing along slopes to reduce runoff"],["Integrated pest management","Combining methods to control pests with minimal chemicals"],["Aquaculture","Raising fish or other aquatic organisms"],["Clear-cutting","Removing all trees from an area"],["Deforestation","Large-scale removal of forest"],["Urban heat island","City warmer than surroundings due to pavement and buildings"],["Sprawl","Low-density development spreading from a city"],["Ecological footprint","Land and water area needed to support a person or population"],["Point source pollution","Pollution from a single identifiable source"],["Nonpoint source pollution","Pollution from many diffuse sources, like runoff"],["Eutrophication","Nutrient overload causing algae blooms and oxygen loss"],["Dissolved oxygen","Oxygen in water, essential for aquatic life"],["Biochemical oxygen demand","Oxygen used by microbes to break down organic waste"],["Bioaccumulation","Buildup of a substance within an organism over time"],["Biomagnification","Increasing concentration of a substance up the food chain"],["Smog","Haze from air pollution, often ozone-rich"],["Acid rain","Precipitation made acidic by sulfur and nitrogen oxides"],["Particulate matter","Tiny solid or liquid particles in the air"],["Tropospheric ozone","Ozone near the ground, a harmful pollutant"],["Stratospheric ozone depletion","Thinning of the ozone layer by CFCs"],["Montreal Protocol","Treaty phasing out ozone-depleting chemicals"],["Greenhouse effect","Atmospheric gases trapping heat"],["Greenhouse gases","Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor"],["Global warming potential","A gas's heat trapping relative to carbon dioxide"],["Ocean acidification","Falling ocean pH as seawater absorbs carbon dioxide"],["Albedo","Reflectivity of a surface"],["Carbon footprint","Greenhouse gases produced by an activity or person"],["Carbon sequestration","Capturing and storing carbon"],["Municipal solid waste","Everyday trash from homes and businesses"],["Sanitary landfill","Engineered site where waste is buried and covered"],["Leachate","Liquid that drains from waste"],["Hazardous waste","Waste that is toxic, reactive, corrosive or flammable"],["Reduce, reuse, recycle","Waste management priorities in order"],["Endangered species","A species in danger of going extinct"],["Endangered Species Act","US law protecting species at risk"],["CITES","Treaty regulating trade in endangered species"],["Clean Air Act","US law setting air quality standards"],["Clean Water Act","US law regulating water pollution"],["Tragedy of the commons","Shared resources are overused when everyone acts alone"],["Environmental impact statement","A report assessing a project's environmental effects"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-government","id":"tp-ap-government","title":"AP U.S. Government Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP U.S. Government","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Constitution, institutions, civil rights, parties and elections.","tags":["ap","government","civics"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Popular sovereignty","Government's authority comes from the people"],["Social contract","Idea that people agree to be governed in return for protection of rights"],["Republicanism","Government by elected representatives"],["Federalism","Power divided between national and state governments"],["Separation of powers","Dividing government into legislative, executive and judicial branches"],["Checks and balances","Each branch can limit the others"],["Enumerated powers","Powers specifically listed for Congress in Article I"],["Implied powers","Powers not listed but needed to carry out those that are"],["Necessary and proper clause","Gives Congress power to make laws needed to carry out its duties"],["Supremacy clause","The Constitution and federal law outrank state law"],["Commerce clause","Gives Congress power to regulate trade among states"],["Reserved powers","Powers kept by states through the 10th Amendment"],["Concurrent powers","Powers shared by national and state governments"],["McCulloch v. Maryland","Established implied powers and federal supremacy"],["Block grant","Federal money given to states for broad purposes"],["Categorical grant","Federal money for specific purposes with conditions"],["Unfunded mandate","A federal requirement imposed on states without funds"],["Federalist No. 10","Madison essay on controlling factions in a large republic"],["Brutus No. 1","Anti-Federalist essay warning against a large central government"],["Bicameral","Having two chambers"],["Filibuster","Using long debate to delay a Senate vote"],["Cloture","Senate vote ending a filibuster, needing 60 votes"],["Discharge petition","Procedure to bring a bill out of committee in the House"],["Rules Committee","House committee setting terms of debate"],["Pork barrel","Spending directed to a lawmaker's home district"],["Logrolling","Trading votes to support each other's bills"],["Gerrymandering","Drawing district lines to favor a party"],["Reapportionment","Reassigning House seats after the census"],["Incumbency advantage","Edge officeholders have when running again"],["Delegate model","Representative follows constituents' wishes"],["Trustee model","Representative uses own judgment"],["Veto","President's rejection of a bill"],["Pocket veto","A bill dies if the president takes no action as Congress adjourns"],["Executive order","A presidential directive with the force of law within the executive branch"],["Executive agreement","Pact with another country that does not need Senate approval"],["Impeachment","House brings charges; Senate holds the trial"],["War Powers Act","1973 law limiting presidential use of troops without Congress"],["Cabinet","Advisers who lead executive departments"],["Bureaucracy","Agencies that carry out laws"],["Independent regulatory commission","An agency, like the FCC, that regulates an industry outside the cabinet"],["Iron triangle","Mutually supportive ties among agencies, committees and interest groups"],["Issue network","A looser group of experts and advocates around a policy"],["Discretionary authority","Freedom agencies have to decide how to apply a law"],["Judicial review","Courts' power to strike down unconstitutional laws"],["Judicial restraint","Courts should defer to elected branches"],["Judicial activism","Courts should actively rule to correct problems"],["Stare decisis","Following precedent"],["Original jurisdiction","Authority to hear a case first"],["Appellate jurisdiction","Authority to review a lower court's decision"],["Writ of certiorari","Order from the Supreme Court agreeing to hear a case"],["Amicus curiae brief","Written argument from a non-party who has an interest in the case"],["Marbury v. Madison","Case that established judicial review"],["Baker v. Carr","Established one person, one vote claims are reviewable"],["Engel v. Vitale","School-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause"],["Tinker v. Des Moines","Students keep free speech rights at school unless there is disruption"],["Wisconsin v. Yoder","Amish families may exempt children from school after eighth grade on religious freedom grounds"],["Gideon v. Wainwright","Right to an attorney for those who cannot afford one"],["Miranda v. Arizona","Police must inform suspects of their rights"],["Mapp v. Ohio","Evidence from an illegal search cannot be used in state courts"],["Citizens United","Limited restrictions on independent political spending by groups"],["Selective incorporation","Applying Bill of Rights protections to states through the 14th Amendment"],["Due process clause","Guarantees fair legal procedures"],["Equal protection clause","States must treat people equally under the law"],["Establishment clause","Government cannot establish a religion"],["Free exercise clause","Government cannot ban religious practice without strong reason"],["Prior restraint","Government blocking speech before it occurs; generally unconstitutional"],["Symbolic speech","Nonverbal expression protected by the First Amendment"],["Clear and present danger","Test for limiting speech that creates immediate harm"],["Civil liberties","Protections of individuals from government"],["Civil rights","Guarantees of equal treatment under law"],["Political culture","Shared beliefs about government in a society"],["Political socialization","Process of forming political views through family, school and media"],["Public opinion polling","Measuring views via samples"],["Sampling error","Gap between sample results and the true population"],["Linkage institutions","Elections, parties, interest groups and media connecting people to government"],["Political party","Organization that seeks to win elections to run government"],["Party platform","Statement of a party's positions"],["Realignment","Lasting shift in party loyalties"],["Primary election","Vote to choose a party's nominee"],["Open primary","Voters of any party may take part"],["Caucus","Local meeting to choose party delegates"],["Electoral College","538 electors choose the president; 270 needed to win"],["Winner-take-all","The candidate with the most votes in a state gets all its electoral votes in most states"],["Super PAC","Committee that can raise unlimited sums to support or oppose candidates independently"],["Political action committee","Group that raises money to support candidates"],["Soft money","Money given to parties for general purposes, restricted by 2002 law"],["Campaign finance","Rules about raising and spending money in elections"],["Pluralism","Many groups compete to influence policy"],["Collective action problem","People benefit from a group's work without joining it"],["Lobbying","Efforts to influence officials"],["Agenda setting","Media and officials choosing which issues get attention"],["Fiscal policy","Government taxing and spending to affect the economy"],["Monetary policy","Federal Reserve's control of money and interest rates"],["Entitlement program","Benefits guaranteed to all who qualify, like Social Security"],["Mandatory spending","Federal spending required by law, such as entitlements"],["Discretionary spending","Spending set each year in appropriations bills"],["Incorporation doctrine","Idea that the 14th Amendment carries Bill of Rights guarantees to the states"],["Voter turnout","Share of eligible voters who vote"],["Voting Rights Act of 1965","Barred discriminatory voting practices"],["Amendment process","Proposed by two-thirds of Congress or convention; ratified by three-fourths of states"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-human-geography","id":"tp-ap-human-geography","title":"AP Human Geography Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Human Geography","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Population, culture, politics, agriculture, cities and development concepts.","tags":["ap","geography"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Absolute location","Exact position, such as latitude and longitude"],["Relative location","Position described in relation to other places"],["Site","The physical features of a place itself"],["Situation","A place's location relative to surrounding areas"],["Region","An area defined by shared characteristics"],["Formal region","Area with uniform traits, such as a country"],["Functional region","Area organized around a central node, like a metro area"],["Perceptual region","Region based on people's feelings, like 'the South'"],["Spatial distribution","How things are arranged across space"],["Density","Number of things per unit of area"],["Distance decay","Interaction declines with distance"],["Time-space compression","Technology making distant places seem closer"],["Geographic information system","Computer system for mapping and analyzing spatial data"],["Remote sensing","Gathering data about Earth from satellites or aircraft"],["Mercator projection","Map that preserves direction but distorts size near poles"],["Arithmetic density","Population divided by total land area"],["Physiological density","Population divided by arable land"],["Agricultural density","Farmers per unit of arable land"],["Crude birth rate","Births per 1,000 people per year"],["Total fertility rate","Average number of children a woman is expected to have"],["Doubling time","Years for a population to double"],["Demographic transition model","Stages of population change as countries develop"],["Population pyramid","Graph of a population by age and sex"],["Dependency ratio","Ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age people"],["Infant mortality rate","Infant deaths per 1,000 live births"],["Life expectancy","Average years a person is expected to live"],["Epidemiological transition","Shift in leading causes of death from infectious to chronic disease"],["Malthusian theory","Population grows faster than food supply"],["Pro-natalist policy","Government encouraging births"],["Anti-natalist policy","Government discouraging births"],["Push factor","A reason for leaving a place"],["Pull factor","A reason for moving to a place"],["Chain migration","Migrants follow relatives or neighbors to the same destination"],["Forced migration","Movement against one's will"],["Refugee","Person who flees across a border due to persecution or danger"],["Internal migration","Movement within a country"],["Gravity model","Predicts interaction based on size and distance of places"],["Culture","Shared beliefs, customs and material traits of a group"],["Cultural landscape","The visible imprint of culture on land"],["Folk culture","Traditional culture of small, homogeneous groups"],["Popular culture","Culture widely shared across large, varied groups"],["Cultural diffusion","Spread of cultural traits"],["Relocation diffusion","Spread through the movement of people"],["Expansion diffusion","Spread outward while remaining strong in the origin"],["Hierarchical diffusion","Spread from important people or places to others"],["Contagious diffusion","Rapid, widespread spread from person to person"],["Acculturation","Adopting traits from another culture"],["Assimilation","Fully taking on the dominant culture"],["Syncretism","Blending of cultural elements"],["Language family","Group of languages with a common ancestor"],["Lingua franca","A common language for speakers of different languages"],["Universalizing religion","Religion that seeks converts, like Christianity or Islam"],["Ethnic religion","Religion tied to a specific group, like Judaism or Hinduism"],["State","A political unit with defined territory and government"],["Nation","A group sharing identity, culture or history"],["Nation-state","A state whose population shares a national identity"],["Sovereignty","A state's authority over its territory"],["Boundary types","Natural, geometric and cultural borders"],["Devolution","Transfer of power from central to regional governments"],["Centripetal force","Force that unifies a state"],["Centrifugal force","Force that divides a state"],["Supranational organization","Group of states cooperating, like the EU"],["Gerrymandering","Drawing districts to favor a group"],["Geopolitics","Study of how geography shapes politics"],["Irredentism","Claiming land beyond borders because of shared ethnic ties"],["Agriculture","Cultivating plants and animals for food"],["Subsistence farming","Growing food mainly for the farmer's family"],["Commercial agriculture","Farming primarily for sale"],["Green Revolution","Higher-yield crops and techniques spread from the 1960s"],["Von Thunen model","Land use rings around a market center"],["Shifting cultivation","Clearing land, farming it for a few years, then moving on"],["Intensive agriculture","Large inputs of labor or capital per acre"],["Agribusiness","Large-scale commercial farming integrated with processing and sales"],["Monoculture","Growing a single crop"],["Urbanization","Growth of the share of people living in cities"],["Central place theory","Settlements serve surrounding areas, forming a hierarchy"],["Primate city","A city much larger than any other in its country"],["Rank-size rule","The nth largest city has 1/n the population of the largest"],["Megacity","City of over 10 million people"],["Edge city","Suburban commercial hub"],["Gentrification","Wealthier people move into older neighborhoods, raising costs"],["Urban sprawl","Spread of low-density development"],["Concentric zone model","Burgess model of rings around a central business district"],["Sector model","Hoyt model of wedge-shaped zones along transport routes"],["Redlining","Denial of loans or services by area, often on racial lines"],["Industrial Revolution","Shift to factory production beginning in Britain"],["Weber's least cost theory","Industrial sites are chosen to minimize transport, labor and agglomeration costs"],["Deindustrialization","Decline of manufacturing in a region"],["Outsourcing","Contracting work to outside companies, often abroad"],["Human Development Index","Composite of health, education and income"],["Gender Inequality Index","Measures disparities between men and women"],["Core-periphery model","Wealthy core areas dominate poorer periphery areas"],["Rostow's stages","Model of five stages of economic development"],["Microfinance","Small loans for people lacking access to banks"],["Fair trade","Trade certification aimed at paying producers a fair price"],["Sustainable development","Meeting present needs without harming future generations"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-macroeconomics","id":"tp-ap-macroeconomics","title":"AP Macroeconomics Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Macroeconomics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"GDP, inflation, unemployment, money, fiscal and monetary policy, and trade.","tags":["ap","economics","macro"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Scarcity","Limited resources against unlimited wants"],["Opportunity cost","The value of the next best alternative given up"],["Production possibilities curve","Graph of the maximum combos of two goods an economy can produce"],["Comparative advantage","Producing a good at a lower opportunity cost"],["Absolute advantage","Producing more of a good with the same resources"],["Gross domestic product","Market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a year"],["Nominal GDP","GDP measured at current prices"],["Real GDP","GDP adjusted for price changes"],["GDP formula","C + I + G + (X - M)"],["Consumption","Household spending on goods and services"],["Investment","Spending on capital goods, construction and inventories"],["Net exports","Exports minus imports"],["Business cycle","Alternating expansions and contractions in economic activity"],["Recession","A significant decline in economic activity"],["Unemployment rate","Percent of the labor force that is jobless and looking for work"],["Labor force","People employed plus those actively seeking work"],["Frictional unemployment","Short-term joblessness while changing jobs"],["Structural unemployment","Joblessness due to a mismatch of skills and available jobs"],["Cyclical unemployment","Joblessness caused by downturns"],["Natural rate of unemployment","Sum of frictional and structural unemployment"],["Inflation","A sustained rise in the general price level"],["Consumer price index","Measures the cost of a typical basket of goods over time"],["Deflation","A sustained fall in the general price level"],["Disinflation","A slowdown in the rate of inflation"],["Real interest rate","Nominal rate minus the inflation rate"],["Aggregate demand","Total spending on domestic output at each price level"],["Aggregate supply","Total output firms will produce at each price level"],["Short-run aggregate supply","Upward-sloping because some prices and wages are sticky"],["Long-run aggregate supply","Vertical at full-employment output"],["Wealth effect","Spending changes as the value of assets changes"],["Multiplier","The factor by which an initial spending change affects GDP"],["Marginal propensity to consume","Share of extra income spent"],["Spending multiplier formula","1 / (1 - MPC)"],["Fiscal policy","Government spending and tax changes"],["Expansionary fiscal policy","More spending or lower taxes to boost output"],["Contractionary fiscal policy","Less spending or higher taxes to cool the economy"],["Automatic stabilizer","Taxes and benefits that adjust with the economy without new laws"],["Budget deficit","Spending exceeds revenue in a year"],["National debt","Total accumulated borrowing"],["Crowding out","Government borrowing raising interest rates and reducing private investment"],["Money","Anything accepted as a medium of exchange"],["Functions of money","Medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value"],["M1","Currency, checkable deposits and similar liquid money"],["Fractional reserve banking","Banks keep a part of deposits and lend the rest"],["Required reserve ratio","Fraction of deposits banks must hold in reserve"],["Money multiplier","1 / required reserve ratio"],["Excess reserves","Reserves beyond what is required"],["Federal Reserve","The US central bank"],["Federal funds rate","Rate banks charge each other for overnight loans"],["Open market operations","Fed buying or selling government securities to change reserves"],["Discount rate","Rate the Fed charges banks for loans"],["Reserve requirement","Fed rule on how much banks must hold in reserve"],["Expansionary monetary policy","Lower interest rates and a larger money supply"],["Contractionary monetary policy","Higher interest rates and a smaller money supply"],["Quantitative easing","Large-scale asset purchases to lower long-term rates"],["Money market","Graph of money demand and money supply determining the nominal interest rate"],["Loanable funds market","Where savers supply funds and borrowers demand them, setting the real rate"],["Phillips curve","Shows a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment"],["Stagflation","High inflation with high unemployment"],["Supply shock","A sudden change in production costs that shifts aggregate supply"],["Economic growth","Increase in real output over time"],["Productivity","Output per unit of input"],["Human capital","Skills and knowledge of workers"],["Physical capital","Machines, buildings and tools"],["Rule of 70","Years to double = 70 divided by the growth rate percent"],["Exchange rate","The price of one currency in terms of another"],["Appreciation","A currency gaining value"],["Depreciation","A currency losing value"],["Balance of payments","Record of a country's transactions with the world"],["Current account","Trade in goods and services plus income flows"],["Capital account","Flows of financial assets and investment"],["Tariff","A tax on imports"],["Quota","A limit on the quantity of imports"],["Trade deficit","Imports exceed exports"],["Foreign exchange market","Where currencies are traded"],["Laffer curve","Idea that very high tax rates can reduce revenue"],["Recessionary gap","Real GDP below full-employment output"],["Inflationary gap","Real GDP above full-employment output"],["Self-correction","Wages and prices adjusting over time to return to full employment"],["Supply-side economics","Policies aimed at boosting production, such as tax cuts"],["Keynesian economics","View that government spending can stabilize demand"],["Monetarism","View stressing the money supply as key to inflation"],["Neutrality of money","Money supply changes affect only prices in the long run"],["Velocity of money","How often a unit of money changes hands in a year"],["Equation of exchange","MV = PQ"],["Fisher effect","Nominal interest rate rises one-for-one with expected inflation"],["Liquidity","How easily an asset becomes cash"],["Transfer payment","A payment with no good or service in return"],["Progressive tax","Higher earners pay a larger share of income"],["Regressive tax","Lower earners pay a larger share of income"],["Taylor rule","A guide linking interest rates to inflation and output"],["Leakage","Money leaving the circular flow: saving, taxes, imports"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-microeconomics","id":"tp-ap-microeconomics","title":"AP Microeconomics Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Microeconomics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Supply and demand, costs, market structures, factor markets and market failure.","tags":["ap","economics","micro"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Law of demand","As price rises, quantity demanded falls"],["Law of supply","As price rises, quantity supplied rises"],["Equilibrium price","Price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied"],["Shortage","Quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied"],["Surplus","Quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded"],["Substitute goods","Goods used in place of each other; price of one up raises demand for the other"],["Complementary goods","Goods used together; price of one up lowers demand for the other"],["Normal good","Demand rises as income rises"],["Inferior good","Demand falls as income rises"],["Price elasticity of demand","How sensitive quantity demanded is to a price change"],["Elastic demand","Elasticity greater than 1"],["Inelastic demand","Elasticity less than 1"],["Total revenue test","If price and total revenue move opposite ways, demand is elastic"],["Cross-price elasticity","Response of demand for one good to another good's price"],["Income elasticity","Response of demand to a change in income"],["Consumer surplus","Difference between what buyers would pay and what they do pay"],["Producer surplus","Difference between price received and the minimum a seller would accept"],["Deadweight loss","Lost total surplus from inefficiency"],["Price ceiling","Legal maximum price"],["Price floor","Legal minimum price"],["Tax incidence","Who actually bears a tax"],["Marginal utility","Added satisfaction from one more unit"],["Diminishing marginal utility","Each extra unit gives less added satisfaction"],["Utility-maximizing rule","MU per dollar equal across goods"],["Budget constraint","The combinations of goods affordable with income"],["Explicit cost","Out-of-pocket payment"],["Implicit cost","Opportunity cost of using one's own resources"],["Accounting profit","Revenue minus explicit costs"],["Economic profit","Revenue minus explicit and implicit costs"],["Marginal product","Extra output from one more unit of input"],["Law of diminishing returns","Adding more of a variable input eventually adds less output"],["Fixed cost","Cost that does not change with output"],["Variable cost","Cost that changes with output"],["Marginal cost","Cost of producing one more unit"],["Average total cost","Total cost divided by quantity"],["MC crosses ATC","Marginal cost meets average total cost at ATC's minimum"],["Economies of scale","Falling long-run average cost as output grows"],["Diseconomies of scale","Rising long-run average cost as output grows"],["Profit-maximizing rule","Produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost"],["Perfect competition","Many sellers, identical products, price takers, free entry"],["Price taker","A firm that cannot affect market price"],["Shutdown rule","Shut down if price falls below average variable cost"],["Long-run competitive equilibrium","Price equals minimum ATC; zero economic profit"],["Monopoly","A single seller with barriers to entry"],["Barriers to entry","Obstacles that prevent new firms from joining a market"],["Natural monopoly","One firm can supply the market at lower cost than several"],["Price discrimination","Charging different customers different prices for the same good"],["Monopolistic competition","Many sellers with differentiated products and free entry"],["Oligopoly","A few large interdependent firms"],["Collusion","Firms cooperating to restrict competition"],["Cartel","A group of firms that agree to limit output and set prices"],["Game theory","Study of strategic decision-making"],["Dominant strategy","Best choice regardless of what others do"],["Nash equilibrium","No player can gain by changing their own strategy alone"],["Prisoner's dilemma","A game where individual incentives lead to a worse shared outcome"],["Kinked demand curve","Oligopoly model with sticky prices"],["Herfindahl-Hirschman Index","Measure of market concentration"],["Derived demand","Demand for a resource that comes from demand for the product"],["Marginal revenue product","Extra revenue from one more unit of a resource"],["Hiring rule","Hire until marginal revenue product equals the resource price"],["Monopsony","A market with a single buyer"],["Minimum wage","A legal price floor for labor"],["Wage determination","Set by labor supply and demand"],["Externality","A cost or benefit borne by a third party"],["Negative externality","Pollution-type cost imposed on others"],["Positive externality","Benefit to others, like vaccination"],["Pigouvian tax","A tax set to equal an external cost"],["Subsidy","Government payment to encourage a good"],["Public good","Non-excludable and non-rival"],["Free-rider problem","Benefiting without paying"],["Common resource","Rival but non-excludable good, prone to overuse"],["Tragedy of the commons","Overuse of shared resources"],["Coase theorem","Parties can solve externalities by bargaining if costs are low and property rights are clear"],["Allocative efficiency","Producing what society values most, P = MC"],["Productive efficiency","Producing at minimum average total cost"],["Marginal social benefit","Total benefit to society of one more unit"],["Asymmetric information","One party knows more than the other"],["Adverse selection","Hidden characteristics lead to poor market outcomes"],["Moral hazard","Risky behavior because someone else bears the cost"],["Gini coefficient","Measure of income inequality from 0 to 1"],["Lorenz curve","Graph of cumulative share of income by population share"],["Antitrust law","Rules promoting competition and limiting monopoly power"],["Circular flow model","Shows flows between households and firms through markets"],["Capital","Goods used to produce other goods"],["Short run","Period in which at least one input is fixed"],["Long run","Period in which all inputs are variable"],["Total surplus","Consumer surplus plus producer surplus"],["Elasticity of supply","Responsiveness of quantity supplied to price"],["Rent seeking","Spending resources to gain favorable treatment"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-music-theory","id":"tp-ap-music-theory","title":"Music Theory Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Music Theory","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"Notation, scales, intervals, chords, rhythm, harmony and form.","tags":["ap","music-theory","music"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Staff","Five lines and four spaces where notes are written"],["Treble clef","Clef for higher notes; circles the G line"],["Bass clef","Clef for lower notes; marks the F line"],["Alto clef","C clef used for viola; middle C on the center line"],["Ledger line","A short line extending the staff"],["Grand staff","Treble and bass staves joined together"],["Middle C","The C near the center of the piano keyboard"],["Octave","Interval of eight scale steps with the same note name"],["Half step","Smallest interval on a piano, adjacent keys"],["Whole step","Two half steps"],["Sharp","Raises a note by a half step"],["Flat","Lowers a note by a half step"],["Natural","Cancels a sharp or flat"],["Enharmonic","Same pitch, different name, like C sharp and D flat"],["Accidental","A sharp, flat or natural not in the key signature"],["Key signature","Sharps or flats at the start showing the key"],["Circle of fifths","Diagram of keys arranged by fifths"],["Order of sharps","F C G D A E B"],["Order of flats","B E A D G C F"],["Major scale pattern","Whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half"],["Natural minor scale pattern","Whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole"],["Relative minor","A minor key sharing a key signature with a major key; starts a minor third below"],["Parallel key","Major and minor keys sharing the same tonic"],["Harmonic minor","Minor scale with a raised seventh"],["Melodic minor","Minor scale with raised sixth and seventh going up"],["Pentatonic scale","Five-note scale"],["Chromatic scale","All twelve pitches in half steps"],["Whole-tone scale","Six-note scale of all whole steps"],["Tonic","First scale degree; the home note"],["Supertonic","Second scale degree"],["Mediant","Third scale degree"],["Subdominant","Fourth scale degree"],["Dominant","Fifth scale degree"],["Submediant","Sixth scale degree"],["Leading tone","Seventh scale degree, a half step below the tonic"],["Interval","Distance between two pitches"],["Perfect intervals","Unison, fourth, fifth and octave"],["Major third","Interval of four half steps"],["Minor third","Interval of three half steps"],["Perfect fifth","Interval of seven half steps"],["Tritone","Interval of six half steps, an augmented fourth or diminished fifth"],["Consonance","A stable, pleasing combination of notes"],["Dissonance","A tense combination that seeks resolution"],["Triad","A three-note chord built in thirds"],["Major triad","Root, major third and perfect fifth"],["Minor triad","Root, minor third and perfect fifth"],["Diminished triad","Two stacked minor thirds"],["Augmented triad","Two stacked major thirds"],["Seventh chord","A triad plus a seventh above the root"],["Dominant seventh","Major triad with a minor seventh"],["Root position","Chord with its root in the bass"],["First inversion","Chord with the third in the bass"],["Second inversion","Chord with the fifth in the bass"],["Roman numeral analysis","Labeling chords by scale degree, upper case for major"],["Primary chords","I, IV and V"],["Cadence","Chord pair that ends a phrase"],["Authentic cadence","V to I"],["Plagal cadence","IV to I, the 'Amen' cadence"],["Half cadence","Phrase ends on V"],["Deceptive cadence","V to vi, avoiding the expected ending"],["Harmonic progression","A sequence of chords"],["Modulation","Changing from one key to another"],["Tempo","Speed of the music"],["Allegro","Fast and lively"],["Andante","Walking pace"],["Adagio","Slow"],["Presto","Very fast"],["Ritardando","Gradually slowing"],["Accelerando","Gradually speeding up"],["Fermata","A hold on a note or rest"],["Time signature","Numbers showing beats per measure and the note that gets a beat"],["Simple meter","Each beat divides into two"],["Compound meter","Each beat divides into three"],["Syncopation","Emphasis on weak beats"],["Anacrusis","Pickup notes before the first full measure"],["Whole note","Four beats in 4/4"],["Dotted note","A dot adds half the note's length"],["Tie","A curve joining two notes of the same pitch"],["Slur","A curve connecting different notes to be played smoothly"],["Triplet","Three notes in the time of two"],["Forte","Loud"],["Piano","Soft"],["Crescendo","Gradually getting louder"],["Diminuendo","Gradually getting softer"],["Staccato","Short and detached"],["Legato","Smooth and connected"],["Dynamics","Loudness levels in music"],["Timbre","The tone color of a sound"],["Texture","How layers of sound combine"],["Monophonic","A single melodic line"],["Homophonic","Melody with chordal accompaniment"],["Polyphonic","Multiple independent melodic lines"],["Counterpoint","Combining independent melodies"],["Fugue","Polyphonic piece built on an imitated subject"],["Canon","A melody imitated exactly by another voice later"],["Motive","A short, recurring musical idea"],["Phrase","A musical sentence"],["Binary form","Two sections, AB"],["Ternary form","Three sections, ABA"],["Rondo","A form where the main theme returns, ABACA"],["Sonata form","Exposition, development, recapitulation"],["Theme and variations","A tune repeated with changes"],["Figured bass","Baroque shorthand using numbers to show chords"],["Transposition","Moving music to a different key"],["Ostinato","A repeated musical pattern"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-physics","id":"tp-ap-physics","title":"AP Physics Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Physics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Mechanics, waves, electricity, magnetism, fluids, thermal and modern physics vocabulary.","tags":["ap","physics"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Scalar","A quantity with magnitude only"],["Vector","A quantity with magnitude and direction"],["Displacement","Change in position, a vector"],["Velocity","Rate of change of position, with direction"],["Acceleration","Rate of change of velocity"],["Free fall","Motion under gravity alone; about 9.8 m/s^2 near Earth"],["Projectile motion","Horizontal and vertical motions analyzed independently"],["Newton's first law","An object keeps its motion unless a net force acts"],["Newton's second law","Net force equals mass times acceleration"],["Newton's third law","Forces come in equal and opposite pairs on different objects"],["Inertia","Resistance to change in motion; related to mass"],["Normal force","Contact force perpendicular to a surface"],["Friction","Force opposing relative motion between surfaces"],["Tension","Pulling force transmitted by a rope or string"],["Weight","Gravitational force on an object, mg"],["Free-body diagram","A sketch showing all forces on one object"],["Centripetal acceleration","Acceleration toward the center of a circle, v^2/r"],["Universal gravitation","F = Gm1m2/r^2"],["Work","Force times displacement in the force direction"],["Kinetic energy","Energy of motion, 1/2 mv^2"],["Gravitational potential energy","Energy of position in a field, mgh near Earth"],["Elastic potential energy","Energy stored in a spring, 1/2 kx^2"],["Hooke's law","Spring force is proportional to stretch: F = -kx"],["Work-energy theorem","Net work equals change in kinetic energy"],["Conservation of energy","Total energy of an isolated system stays constant"],["Power","Rate of doing work"],["Momentum","Mass times velocity"],["Impulse","Force times time; equals change in momentum"],["Elastic collision","Kinetic energy is conserved"],["Inelastic collision","Kinetic energy is not conserved"],["Center of mass","The average position of an object's mass"],["Torque","A force's turning effect, rF sin theta"],["Rotational inertia","Resistance to change in rotation"],["Angular momentum","Rotational inertia times angular velocity"],["Equilibrium","Net force and net torque are zero"],["Simple harmonic motion","Oscillation with restoring force proportional to displacement"],["Period","Time for one cycle"],["Frequency","Cycles per second, measured in hertz"],["Amplitude","Maximum displacement from equilibrium"],["Pendulum period","About 2 pi sqrt(L/g) for small swings"],["Wavelength","Distance between matching points on a wave"],["Wave speed","v = f times wavelength"],["Transverse wave","Vibration perpendicular to travel direction"],["Longitudinal wave","Vibration parallel to travel direction"],["Superposition","Waves add together where they overlap"],["Interference","Combining waves to reinforce or cancel"],["Standing wave","A pattern with fixed nodes and antinodes"],["Doppler effect","Change in observed frequency due to relative motion"],["Diffraction","Spreading of waves around obstacles or through openings"],["Refraction","Bending of waves when speed changes between media"],["Snell's law","n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2"],["Total internal reflection","Light fully reflects at a boundary beyond the critical angle"],["Converging lens","A lens that brings parallel rays together"],["Electric charge","A property causing electric force; positive or negative"],["Coulomb's law","Electric force between charges varies as q1q2/r^2"],["Electric field","Force per unit charge"],["Electric potential","Potential energy per unit charge, in volts"],["Capacitor","A device that stores charge and energy in an electric field"],["Current","Rate of flow of charge, in amperes"],["Resistance","Opposition to current, in ohms"],["Ohm's law","V = IR"],["Electric power","P = IV"],["Series circuit","Components in one path; same current"],["Parallel circuit","Components on separate branches; same voltage"],["Kirchhoff's junction rule","Current in equals current out at a junction"],["Kirchhoff's loop rule","Voltage changes around a closed loop sum to zero"],["Magnetic field","A region where moving charges or magnets feel force"],["Magnetic force on a charge","F = qvB sin theta"],["Faraday's law","A changing magnetic flux induces an emf"],["Lenz's law","Induced current opposes the change that caused it"],["Pressure","Force per unit area"],["Density","Mass per unit volume"],["Buoyant force","Upward force equal to the weight of displaced fluid"],["Bernoulli's principle","Faster fluid flow goes with lower pressure"],["Continuity equation","A1v1 = A2v2 for incompressible flow"],["Temperature","A measure of average kinetic energy of particles"],["Heat","Energy transferred due to temperature difference"],["Zeroth law of thermodynamics","Systems in thermal equilibrium with a third are in equilibrium with each other"],["First law of thermodynamics","Change in internal energy = heat added minus work done by the system"],["Second law of thermodynamics","Entropy of an isolated system never decreases"],["Heat engine","Converts heat into work"],["Ideal gas law","PV = nRT"],["Photoelectric effect","Light ejecting electrons from a metal, showing its particle nature"],["Photon","A packet of light energy, E = hf"],["Work function","Minimum energy to free an electron from a metal"],["de Broglie wavelength","Wavelength of a particle: h/p"],["Wave-particle duality","Matter and light show both wave and particle behavior"],["Energy levels","Atoms have only certain allowed energies"],["Emission spectrum","Light at specific wavelengths from excited atoms"],["Mass-energy equivalence","E = mc^2"],["Binding energy","Energy holding a nucleus together"],["Half-life","Time for half of a radioactive sample to decay"],["Fission","Splitting of a heavy nucleus"],["Fusion","Joining of light nuclei"],["Alpha decay","Emission of a helium nucleus"],["Beta decay","A neutron becomes a proton, emitting an electron and antineutrino"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-psychology","id":"tp-ap-psychology","title":"AP Psychology Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Psychology","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Core vocabulary on the brain, learning, memory, development, personality and mental health.","tags":["ap","psychology"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Behaviorism","School of thought studying observable behavior"],["Cognitive psychology","Study of mental processes such as memory and thinking"],["Psychoanalytic perspective","Freud's view that unconscious drives shape behavior"],["Humanistic psychology","Focus on growth, free will and self-actualization"],["Biopsychology","Study of how biology influences behavior"],["Wilhelm Wundt","Founded the first psychology lab in 1879"],["Hypothesis","A testable prediction"],["Independent variable","The factor the researcher manipulates"],["Dependent variable","The outcome measured"],["Random assignment","Placing participants into groups by chance"],["Control group","Group not receiving the treatment"],["Double-blind study","Neither participants nor researchers know who gets the treatment"],["Placebo effect","Improvement due to expectation, not the treatment"],["Correlation","A relationship between two variables; does not prove cause"],["Correlation coefficient","A number from -1 to +1 showing strength and direction of relationship"],["Operational definition","A precise statement of how a variable is measured"],["Informed consent","Participants agree after learning what is involved"],["Neuron","A nerve cell"],["Dendrite","Receives signals into a neuron"],["Axon","Carries signals away from the cell body"],["Action potential","An electrical impulse along an axon"],["Synapse","The gap between neurons"],["Neurotransmitter","Chemical messenger sent across a synapse"],["Dopamine","Neurotransmitter linked to reward and movement"],["Serotonin","Neurotransmitter affecting mood, sleep and appetite"],["Acetylcholine","Neurotransmitter involved in muscles and memory"],["Endorphins","Natural pain relievers"],["Central nervous system","The brain and spinal cord"],["Peripheral nervous system","Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord"],["Sympathetic nervous system","Prepares the body for action"],["Parasympathetic nervous system","Calms the body"],["Hypothalamus","Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature and hormone release"],["Hippocampus","Forms new explicit memories"],["Amygdala","Processes fear and emotion"],["Cerebellum","Coordinates balance and movement"],["Frontal lobe","Planning, judgment and movement"],["Broca's area","Involved in producing speech"],["Wernicke's area","Involved in understanding language"],["Corpus callosum","Band of fibers connecting the brain's hemispheres"],["Neuroplasticity","The brain's ability to change through experience"],["Sensation","Detecting stimuli with sense organs"],["Perception","Interpreting sensory information"],["Absolute threshold","The smallest stimulus detected half the time"],["Just noticeable difference","The smallest change that can be detected"],["Sensory adaptation","Reduced response to unchanging stimuli"],["Gestalt principles","Rules for how we organize perceptions into wholes"],["Depth perception","Judging distance"],["Binocular cues","Depth cues that need both eyes"],["Bottom-up processing","Perception built from sensory details"],["Top-down processing","Perception guided by expectations"],["Circadian rhythm","The roughly 24-hour body clock"],["REM sleep","Sleep stage with vivid dreams and active brain"],["Consciousness","Awareness of ourselves and our surroundings"],["Classical conditioning","Learning by associating two stimuli"],["Unconditioned stimulus","Naturally triggers a response"],["Conditioned stimulus","Neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a response"],["Extinction","Fading of a learned response when the association stops"],["Operant conditioning","Learning through consequences"],["Reinforcement","Anything that increases a behavior"],["Punishment","Anything that decreases a behavior"],["Positive reinforcement","Adding something pleasant to increase behavior"],["Negative reinforcement","Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior"],["Variable-ratio schedule","Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses"],["Observational learning","Learning by watching others"],["Albert Bandura","Bobo doll studies on observational learning"],["Ivan Pavlov","Discovered classical conditioning using dogs"],["B.F. Skinner","Pioneer of operant conditioning"],["Encoding","Getting information into memory"],["Storage","Keeping information over time"],["Retrieval","Getting information out of memory"],["Working memory","Short-term memory used to process information"],["Explicit memory","Memory of facts and experiences you can state"],["Implicit memory","Memory shown through skills and habits"],["Mnemonic device","A memory aid"],["Spacing effect","Learning is better spread out than crammed"],["Retroactive interference","New learning disrupts old memories"],["Proactive interference","Old learning disrupts new memories"],["Anterograde amnesia","Inability to form new memories"],["Heuristic","A mental shortcut"],["Confirmation bias","Seeking information that supports existing beliefs"],["Functional fixedness","Seeing objects only in their usual uses"],["Algorithm","A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution"],["Intelligence quotient","Score derived from standardized intelligence tests"],["Reliability","Consistency of a test"],["Validity","Whether a test measures what it claims to"],["Standardization","Uniform procedures and norms for a test"],["Developmental psychology","Study of change across the lifespan"],["Piaget's stages","Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational"],["Object permanence","Knowing that things exist when not seen"],["Conservation","Understanding that amount stays the same despite shape change"],["Egocentrism","Difficulty seeing another person's viewpoint"],["Attachment","Emotional bond between infant and caregiver"],["Harlow's monkeys","Showed infants need comfort contact as well as food"],["Authoritative parenting","High warmth with firm limits"],["Erikson's stages","Eight psychosocial crises across life"],["Zone of proximal development","Tasks a child can do with help; Vygotsky's idea"],["Maslow's hierarchy","Needs from physiological to self-actualization"],["Intrinsic motivation","Doing something for its own enjoyment"],["Cannon-Bard theory","Emotion and body arousal occur at the same time"],["Cognitive dissonance","Discomfort when beliefs and actions conflict"],["Fundamental attribution error","Overestimating personality and underestimating situation when explaining others' behavior"],["Conformity","Adjusting behavior to fit a group"],["Bystander effect","People are less likely to help when others are present"],["Big Five traits","Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism"],["Id, ego, superego","Freud's three parts of personality"],["Defense mechanism","Unconscious strategy to reduce anxiety"],["Locus of control","Belief about whether outcomes come from inside or outside you"],["Psychological disorder","Patterns of thought or behavior that cause distress or impairment"],["Anxiety disorder","Excessive fear or worry"],["Mood disorder","Disturbance of emotion such as depression"],["Cognitive-behavioral therapy","Treatment changing unhelpful thoughts and behaviors"],["Psychotherapy","Treatment through talking with a trained professional"],["Antidepressant","Medication treating depression"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-statistics","id":"tp-ap-statistics","title":"AP Statistics Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP Statistics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Data description, study design, probability and inference vocabulary.","tags":["ap","statistics"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Population","The entire group being studied"],["Sample","The part of the population actually measured"],["Parameter","A number describing a population"],["Statistic","A number describing a sample"],["Categorical variable","Places individuals into groups"],["Quantitative variable","Takes numerical values that can be measured or counted"],["Discrete variable","Takes countable values"],["Continuous variable","Takes any value in an interval"],["Bar graph","Shows counts or percentages for categories"],["Histogram","Bars showing how quantitative data are distributed"],["Dotplot","Each value shown as a dot above a number line"],["Boxplot","Display of the five-number summary"],["Five-number summary","Minimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum"],["Interquartile range","Q3 minus Q1"],["Outlier rule","Values beyond 1.5 times IQR from the quartiles"],["Mean","Sum of values divided by their number"],["Median","Middle value when ordered"],["Resistant measure","A statistic not strongly affected by outliers, like the median"],["Standard deviation","Typical distance of values from the mean"],["Variance","The square of the standard deviation"],["Skewed right","Long tail toward larger values; mean greater than median"],["Symmetric distribution","Both sides are mirror images"],["Z-score","How many standard deviations a value is from the mean"],["Normal distribution","Bell-shaped, symmetric distribution"],["Empirical rule","About 68, 95 and 99.7 percent within 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations"],["Percentile","Percent of values at or below a given value"],["Scatterplot","Graph of two quantitative variables"],["Correlation r","Measures strength and direction of a linear relationship, -1 to 1"],["Least-squares regression line","Line minimizing the sum of squared residuals"],["Residual","Actual value minus predicted value"],["Residual plot","Graph used to check if a linear model fits"],["Coefficient of determination","r squared, share of variation explained by the model"],["Slope","Predicted change in y for each one-unit increase in x"],["Extrapolation","Predicting outside the range of the data, which is risky"],["Influential point","A point that greatly changes the regression line"],["Lurking variable","An unmeasured variable influencing the relationship"],["Confounding","Effects of variables cannot be separated"],["Simple random sample","Every group of the chosen size is equally likely"],["Stratified random sample","Random samples from each subgroup"],["Cluster sample","Randomly choose groups and survey everyone in them"],["Systematic sample","Choose every kth individual"],["Convenience sample","Easy-to-reach individuals; likely biased"],["Voluntary response bias","Bias from people choosing to respond"],["Undercoverage","Some groups are left out of the sampling frame"],["Nonresponse bias","Selected individuals do not respond"],["Response bias","Answers distorted by question wording or situation"],["Observational study","Observes without assigning treatments"],["Experiment","Researchers impose treatments on subjects"],["Randomized block design","Group similar subjects into blocks, then randomize within blocks"],["Matched pairs design","Subjects paired or each used twice to compare treatments"],["Replication","Using enough subjects so results are reliable"],["Blinding","Hiding treatment information to reduce bias"],["Law of large numbers","Relative frequency approaches probability with more trials"],["Sample space","All possible outcomes"],["Complement rule","P(not A) = 1 - P(A)"],["Addition rule","P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)"],["Independent events","One does not change the probability of the other"],["Conditional probability","P(A | B) = P(A and B) / P(B)"],["Mutually exclusive","Events that cannot occur together"],["Random variable","A numerical outcome of a random process"],["Expected value","The long-run average of a random variable"],["Binomial setting","Fixed trials, two outcomes, independent, constant probability"],["Binomial mean","np"],["Binomial standard deviation","sqrt(np(1 - p))"],["Geometric distribution","Counts trials until the first success"],["Sampling distribution","Distribution of a statistic across all samples of a given size"],["Unbiased estimator","A statistic whose mean equals the parameter"],["Central limit theorem","Sample means become approximately normal as sample size grows"],["Standard error","Estimated standard deviation of a statistic"],["Margin of error","Critical value times the standard error"],["Confidence interval","A range of plausible values for a parameter"],["Confidence level","Long-run percent of intervals that capture the parameter"],["Null hypothesis","The claim of no effect or no difference"],["Alternative hypothesis","The claim tested for evidence"],["P-value","Probability of results at least as extreme as observed if the null is true"],["Significance level","Cutoff probability for rejecting the null, often 0.05"],["Type I error","Rejecting a true null hypothesis"],["Type II error","Failing to reject a false null hypothesis"],["Power","Probability of correctly rejecting a false null"],["One-sample z-test for proportion","Tests a claim about a population proportion"],["t-distribution","Used with sample standard deviation for means; heavier tails than normal"],["Degrees of freedom","Number of independent pieces of information"],["Two-sample t-test","Compares means of two independent groups"],["Paired t-test","Compares means within matched pairs"],["Chi-square goodness of fit","Tests whether counts match a claimed distribution"],["Chi-square test of independence","Tests association between two categorical variables"],["Expected count","Count predicted if the null is true"],["Inference for slope","t-test of the slope of a regression line"],["Conditions for inference","Random, independent (10 percent rule), and normal or large sample"],["10 percent condition","Sample should be under 10 percent of population for independence"],["Large counts condition","np and n(1-p) each at least 10"],["Statistical significance","Results unlikely to be due to chance alone"],["Causation conclusion","Only well-designed randomized experiments support causal claims"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-us-history","id":"tp-ap-us-history","title":"AP U.S. History Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP U.S. History","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Major people, laws, events and ideas from colonial times to the modern era.","tags":["ap","us-history"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Significance","cards":[["Columbian Exchange","Transfer of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the Old World after 1492"],["Encomienda system","Spanish grants of Native labor to colonists"],["Jamestown (1607)","First permanent English colony in North America"],["Headright system","Land grants to colonists who paid for passage, used in Virginia"],["House of Burgesses","Virginia's elected assembly, begun 1619"],["Mayflower Compact (1620)","Agreement by Plymouth settlers to govern by consent"],["Puritans","Reformers who settled Massachusetts Bay seeking a purified church"],["Roger Williams","Founded Rhode Island on religious tolerance"],["Mercantilism","Economic idea that colonies exist to enrich the mother country"],["Navigation Acts","English laws controlling colonial trade"],["Middle Passage","The forced sea voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas"],["Great Awakening","18th-century religious revival"],["Salutary neglect","British policy of lax enforcement of colonial rules"],["Seven Years' War","War ending 1763 that expelled France from mainland North America"],["Proclamation of 1763","British ban on colonial settlement west of the Appalachians"],["Stamp Act (1765)","Direct tax on printed items that provoked 'no taxation without representation'"],["Boston Tea Party (1773)","Protest destroying tea in Boston Harbor"],["Intolerable Acts","Punitive laws after the Tea Party"],["Common Sense","1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence"],["Declaration of Independence","1776 statement of colonial rights and separation from Britain"],["Articles of Confederation","First US government; weak central power"],["Northwest Ordinance (1787)","Set up governance of western lands and banned slavery there"],["Shays' Rebellion","1786 farmers' uprising that revealed weakness of the Articles"],["Constitutional Convention","1787 meeting that wrote the Constitution"],["Great Compromise","Two-house Congress: equal Senate, population-based House"],["Three-Fifths Compromise","Counted enslaved people as three-fifths for representation"],["Federalists","Supporters of ratifying the Constitution"],["Anti-Federalists","Opponents who feared strong central power and wanted a bill of rights"],["Federalist Papers","Essays arguing for ratification"],["Bill of Rights","The first ten amendments, ratified 1791"],["Hamilton's financial plan","Federal assumption of state debts, a national bank and tariffs"],["Jay's Treaty","1794 treaty easing tensions with Britain"],["Alien and Sedition Acts","1798 laws restricting immigrants and criticism of the government"],["Marbury v. Madison","1803 case establishing judicial review"],["Louisiana Purchase","1803 purchase of territory from France, doubling the nation's size"],["War of 1812","Conflict with Britain that boosted national identity"],["Monroe Doctrine","1823 warning against European colonization in the Americas"],["Market Revolution","Early 1800s changes in transport, manufacturing and trade"],["Erie Canal","1825 waterway linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic"],["Cotton gin","Invention that made cotton very profitable and entrenched slavery"],["Jacksonian democracy","Expansion of white male voting and the common man's politics"],["Indian Removal Act (1830)","Law leading to forced relocation of Native nations"],["Trail of Tears","Forced march of Cherokee and others to Indian Territory"],["Second Great Awakening","Religious revival that fueled reform movements"],["Seneca Falls Convention (1848)","First major women's rights convention"],["Manifest Destiny","Belief that the US was meant to expand across the continent"],["Mexican-American War","1846-48 war that gave the US the Southwest and California"],["Missouri Compromise (1820)","Admitted Missouri as slave, Maine as free; set a line at 36 30"],["Compromise of 1850","Package including California as free state and a stronger fugitive slave law"],["Kansas-Nebraska Act","1854 law letting settlers decide on slavery, reigniting conflict"],["Dred Scott decision (1857)","Ruling that Black people could not be citizens"],["Emancipation Proclamation","1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held areas"],["Gettysburg","1863 battle that turned the war toward the Union"],["Reconstruction","Post-Civil War effort to rebuild the South and define freedom"],["13th Amendment","Abolished slavery"],["14th Amendment","Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection"],["15th Amendment","Barred denying the vote because of race"],["Freedmen's Bureau","Agency aiding formerly enslaved people"],["Black Codes","Southern laws restricting freed people's rights"],["Sharecropping","Farming a landowner's land for a share of the crop"],["Compromise of 1877","Ended Reconstruction as federal troops left the South"],["Jim Crow laws","Southern laws enforcing racial segregation"],["Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)","Upheld 'separate but equal'"],["Homestead Act (1862)","Gave settlers western land for farming"],["Transcontinental Railroad","Completed 1869, linking East and West"],["Gilded Age","Late 1800s era of rapid growth and visible inequality"],["Robber barons","Critics' name for ruthless industrial magnates"],["Sherman Antitrust Act","1890 law against monopolies"],["Populist Party","1890s farmers' party seeking reforms"],["Dawes Act (1887)","Broke up tribal lands into individual plots"],["Progressive Era","Reform period around 1900-1920"],["Muckrakers","Journalists exposing corruption and abuses"],["The Jungle","Upton Sinclair's novel that prompted food safety laws"],["Spanish-American War (1898)","Brought the US overseas territories like the Philippines and Puerto Rico"],["Open Door policy","US stance favoring equal trade access in China"],["World War I","1914-18 conflict the US joined in 1917"],["Treaty of Versailles","1919 peace treaty that the US Senate did not ratify"],["19th Amendment","1920 ratification giving women the vote"],["Great Migration","Movement of Black Americans from the South to northern cities"],["Harlem Renaissance","1920s flowering of Black art and literature"],["Scopes Trial (1925)","Trial over teaching evolution in Tennessee"],["Stock market crash of 1929","Start of the Great Depression"],["New Deal","Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery and reform programs"],["Social Security Act (1935)","Created old-age pensions and unemployment insurance"],["Dust Bowl","1930s Plains drought and erosion that drove farm migration"],["Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)","Attack that brought the US into World War II"],["Japanese American internment","Wartime confinement of people of Japanese ancestry"],["Manhattan Project","Secret program to build atomic weapons"],["GI Bill","Postwar benefits for veterans including education and housing"],["Containment","Cold War policy of stopping the spread of communism"],["Truman Doctrine","1947 pledge to aid nations resisting communism"],["Marshall Plan","US aid to rebuild Western Europe"],["NATO","1949 Western military alliance"],["Korean War","1950-53 conflict ending in stalemate"],["McCarthyism","Accusations of communism without solid proof in the 1950s"],["Brown v. Board of Education (1954)","Ruled school segregation unconstitutional"],["Montgomery Bus Boycott","1955-56 protest launching the modern civil rights movement"],["Civil Rights Act of 1964","Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment"],["Voting Rights Act of 1965","Stopped discriminatory voting practices"],["Great Society","Lyndon Johnson's domestic program including Medicare"],["Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)","Standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba"],["Vietnam War","Long Cold War conflict dividing Americans"],["Watergate","1970s scandal leading to Nixon's resignation"],["Reagan Revolution","1980s push for lower taxes, less regulation and a larger military"],["End of the Cold War","Soviet Union dissolved in 1991"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-world-history","id":"tp-ap-world-history","title":"AP World History Key Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"AP World History","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Empires, trade networks, revolutions and global change from 1200 to today.","tags":["ap","world-history"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Significance","cards":[["Silk Roads","Overland and sea trade routes linking Asia, Africa and Europe"],["Dar al-Islam","The Islamic world, a zone of shared religion and trade"],["Abbasid Caliphate","Islamic empire (750-1258) centered at Baghdad, known for learning"],["House of Wisdom","Baghdad center for translating and advancing knowledge"],["Mongol Empire","Largest land empire; linked Eurasia under Genghis Khan and successors"],["Pax Mongolica","Relative safety for trade across Mongol lands"],["Bubonic plague","Black Death spread along trade routes in the 1300s"],["Song dynasty","Chinese dynasty with advances in printing, gunpowder and paper money"],["Neo-Confucianism","Revival of Confucian thought blended with Buddhist and Daoist ideas"],["Ming dynasty","Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that sent Zheng He's voyages"],["Zheng He","Ming admiral who led large treasure fleets across the Indian Ocean"],["Tang dynasty","Chinese dynasty known for prosperity and Buddhism"],["Grand Canal","Waterway linking northern and southern China"],["Feudalism","System of land held in exchange for loyalty and service"],["Manorialism","Medieval economic system built on self-sufficient estates"],["Byzantine Empire","Eastern Roman Empire centered on Constantinople"],["Crusades","Religious wars between European Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land"],["Renaissance","European revival of classical learning and art from the 1300s"],["Printing press","Mid-1400s invention that spread ideas faster"],["Protestant Reformation","1500s movement challenging Catholic authority"],["Martin Luther","German monk whose Ninety-five Theses began the Reformation"],["Mali Empire","West African empire rich from gold and salt trade"],["Mansa Musa","Mali emperor famed for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324"],["Timbuktu","Trading and learning center in West Africa"],["Swahili Coast","East African trading cities linking Africa to the Indian Ocean"],["Great Zimbabwe","Southern African stone city and trading center"],["Aztec Empire","Mesoamerican empire centered at Tenochtitlan"],["Inca Empire","Andean empire known for roads and terrace farming"],["Mit'a system","Inca labor obligation to the state"],["Ottoman Empire","Islamic empire that took Constantinople in 1453"],["Safavid Empire","Persian empire that made Shia Islam its state religion"],["Mughal Empire","Muslim-ruled empire in South Asia from 1526"],["Akbar","Mughal ruler noted for religious tolerance"],["Tokugawa shogunate","Japanese military rule (1603-1868) with limited foreign contact"],["Atlantic slave trade","Forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas"],["Triangular trade","Trade linking Europe, Africa and the Americas"],["Joint-stock company","Business owned by investors who share risk, like the Dutch East India Company"],["Mercantilism","Policy of building national wealth through exports and colonies"],["Scientific Revolution","16th-17th century shift to evidence-based study of nature"],["Enlightenment","18th-century movement stressing reason and individual rights"],["Absolutism","A monarch holds total authority"],["Louis XIV","French king who embodied absolutism"],["Peter the Great","Russian tsar who Westernized his country"],["American Revolution","Colonial independence movement of 1775-1783"],["French Revolution","1789 upheaval that ended the old order in France"],["Haitian Revolution","Successful enslaved people's revolt that created Haiti in 1804"],["Simon Bolivar","Leader of independence movements in northern South America"],["Napoleon Bonaparte","French emperor who spread revolutionary ideas by conquest"],["Nationalism","Loyalty to one's nation and its self-rule"],["Industrial Revolution","Shift to machine and factory production beginning in Britain"],["Capitalism","Economic system of private ownership and markets"],["Socialism","System favoring shared or state ownership of production"],["Karl Marx","Thinker who wrote The Communist Manifesto, criticizing capitalism"],["Urbanization","Growth of cities"],["Imperialism","Building empires by conquering or dominating other lands"],["Berlin Conference (1884-85)","Meeting where European powers set rules for dividing Africa"],["Opium Wars","19th-century conflicts forcing China to open to trade"],["Taiping Rebellion","Massive 1850-64 uprising against Qing rule"],["Meiji Restoration","1868 modernization of Japan under the emperor"],["Sepoy Rebellion (1857)","Uprising against British East India Company rule in India"],["Suez Canal","1869 waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas"],["Abolition","Ending slavery; widespread across empires in the 1800s"],["Boxer Rebellion","Chinese uprising against foreign influence around 1900"],["World War I","1914-18 global conflict that ended four empires"],["Russian Revolution (1917)","Overthrow of the tsar, leading to Soviet rule"],["Great Depression","1930s worldwide economic collapse"],["Fascism","Authoritarian ultranationalist political movement"],["World War II","1939-45 global war"],["Holocaust","Nazi genocide of six million Jews and others"],["United Nations","International body founded 1945"],["Cold War","Rivalry between the US and USSR after 1945"],["Chinese Revolution (1949)","Communist victory led by Mao Zedong"],["Decolonization","Colonies gaining independence after 1945"],["Indian independence (1947)","End of British rule and partition into India and Pakistan"],["Mahatma Gandhi","Leader of nonviolent resistance in India"],["Non-Aligned Movement","Nations avoiding alliance with either Cold War bloc"],["Green Revolution","Mid-20th century agricultural advances raising crop yields"],["Apartheid","South Africa's system of legal racial segregation"],["Nelson Mandela","Anti-apartheid leader who became South Africa's president in 1994"],["Globalization","Growing worldwide connection of economies and cultures"],["Migration","Movement of people across regions, a major theme in world history"],["Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)","Spain-Portugal agreement dividing newly found lands"],["Columbian Exchange","Trade of crops, animals and diseases across the Atlantic"],["Hajj","Pilgrimage to Mecca"],["Sufism","Mystical tradition in Islam that helped spread the faith"],["Bhakti movement","Devotional Hindu movement stressing personal love of god"],["Caravel","Light, maneuverable ship used by Portuguese explorers"],["Gunpowder empires","Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal states that used cannons"],["Devshirme","Ottoman practice of recruiting boys for the army and government"],["Millet system","Ottoman system giving religious communities self-government"],["Qing dynasty","Last Chinese imperial dynasty (1644-1912)"],["Sati and reform","Reformers in 19th-century India campaigned against the custom of widow burning"],["Tanzimat","Ottoman reforms of the 1800s to modernize the state"],["Zionism","Movement for a Jewish homeland, emerging in the late 1800s"],["Pan-Africanism","Movement for unity among people of African descent"],["Genocide","Deliberate destruction of a national or ethnic group"],["Non-state actors","Groups like corporations or movements that act across borders without being governments"],["European Union","Economic and political union of European countries"],["OPEC","Organization of oil-exporting countries formed 1960"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-aviation-terms","id":"tp-aviation-terms","title":"Aviation Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Aviation","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of an airplane, forces of flight, instruments and radio words.","tags":["aviation","flight","pilot"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Lift","Upward force from air moving over the wings"],["Weight","Downward force from gravity"],["Thrust","Forward force from the engine or propeller"],["Drag","Backward force from air resistance"],["Four forces of flight","Lift, weight, thrust and drag"],["Bernoulli's principle","Faster air has lower pressure, contributing to lift"],["Angle of attack","Angle between the wing and the oncoming air"],["Stall","Wing loses lift when the angle of attack is too high"],["Airfoil","Shape of a wing designed to produce lift"],["Fuselage","Main body of the airplane"],["Wing","Surface that produces lift"],["Empennage","The tail section"],["Vertical stabilizer","Fin that keeps the airplane straight"],["Horizontal stabilizer","Tail surface that keeps the nose from pitching"],["Rudder","Control surface that yaws the nose left or right"],["Elevator","Control surface that pitches the nose up or down"],["Aileron","Control surface on the wings that rolls the airplane"],["Flaps","Wing surfaces that increase lift and drag for slow flight"],["Slats","Leading-edge devices that help lift at low speeds"],["Spoiler","Surface that disrupts lift and slows the aircraft"],["Trim tab","Small surface that reduces control pressure"],["Landing gear","Wheels and supports for takeoff and landing"],["Tricycle gear","Landing gear with a nose wheel and two main wheels"],["Propeller","Rotating blades that pull the aircraft through the air"],["Turbine engine","Engine using compressed air and burning fuel to create thrust"],["Jet engine","Engine producing thrust by expelling exhaust"],["Cockpit","Area where the pilots sit"],["Yoke","Control wheel used to steer the airplane"],["Control stick","Control lever that serves the same role as a yoke"],["Rudder pedals","Foot controls for the rudder"],["Throttle","Control for engine power"],["Pitch","Nose up or nose down movement"],["Roll","Tilting the wings side to side"],["Yaw","Nose moving left or right"],["Altitude","Height above sea level or ground"],["Altimeter","Instrument showing altitude"],["Airspeed indicator","Instrument showing speed through the air"],["Attitude indicator","Instrument showing the aircraft's orientation relative to the horizon"],["Heading indicator","Instrument showing the direction the aircraft points"],["Vertical speed indicator","Shows climb or descent rate"],["Turn coordinator","Instrument showing rate of turn and coordination"],["Compass","Magnetic direction instrument"],["Six-pack","The classic six flight instruments"],["Transponder","Device that identifies the aircraft to radar"],["GPS","Satellite navigation system"],["Autopilot","System that flies the aircraft automatically"],["VFR","Visual flight rules"],["IFR","Instrument flight rules"],["Visibility","How far a pilot can see"],["Ceiling","Height of the lowest broken or overcast cloud layer"],["Turbulence","Irregular air movement causing bumps"],["Crosswind","Wind blowing across the runway"],["Headwind","Wind blowing against the direction of flight"],["Tailwind","Wind blowing from behind"],["Windsock","Cone showing wind direction and strength"],["Density altitude","Altitude adjusted for temperature and pressure; affects performance"],["Runway","Strip for takeoff and landing"],["Taxiway","Path for aircraft moving between runways and parking"],["Apron (ramp)","Parking area for aircraft"],["Hangar","Building for storing aircraft"],["Control tower","Facility directing aircraft at an airport"],["ATC","Air traffic control"],["Takeoff","Leaving the ground"],["Climb","Gaining altitude"],["Cruise","Level flight at a steady altitude"],["Descent","Losing altitude"],["Approach","Flight path toward a runway"],["Landing","Returning the aircraft to the ground"],["Go-around","Aborting a landing to try again"],["Rotate","Raise the nose at takeoff speed"],["Flare","Raising the nose just before touchdown"],["Touch-and-go","Landing and taking off again without stopping"],["Traffic pattern","Standard path flown around an airport"],["Preflight inspection","Checking the aircraft before flying"],["Checklist","List of required steps to follow"],["Flight plan","Details of a planned flight filed with authorities"],["NOTAM","Notice to air missions about hazards or changes"],["METAR","Coded weather report for an airport"],["Phonetic alphabet","Alpha, Bravo, Charlie... used to spell on the radio"],["Mayday","Radio call for a life-threatening emergency"],["Pan-pan","Radio call for urgent but not immediately life-threatening trouble"],["Roger","Message received"],["Wilco","Will comply"],["Squawk","Setting a transponder code"],["Knot","One nautical mile per hour"],["Nautical mile","About 1.15 statute miles"],["Mach","Speed relative to the speed of sound"],["Pilot certificate","License authorizing someone to fly"],["Private pilot","Certificate for flying for personal purposes"],["Commercial pilot","Certificate allowing flying for pay"],["Co-pilot (first officer)","Second pilot in command structure"],["Captain","Pilot in command of a large aircraft"],["Flight attendant","Crew member responsible for passenger safety"],["Black box","Flight recorders storing data and cockpit audio; actually bright orange"],["FAA","Federal Aviation Administration"],["Glider","Aircraft without an engine that soars on rising air"],["Helicopter","Aircraft lifted by rotating blades"],["Rotor","Spinning blade assembly on a helicopter"],["Drone (UAS)","Unmanned aircraft system"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-business-terms","id":"tp-business-terms","title":"Business Basics Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Business","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Everyday terms for starting, running and understanding a business.","tags":["business","management"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Entrepreneur","A person who starts and runs a business and takes the risk"],["Startup","A young company building a new product or service"],["Business plan","Written description of a business's goals and how it will reach them"],["Mission statement","A short statement of a company's purpose"],["Vision statement","A description of what a company hopes to become"],["SWOT analysis","Reviewing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats"],["Sole proprietorship","A business owned and run by one person"],["Partnership","A business owned by two or more people"],["Corporation","A legal entity separate from its owners"],["LLC","Limited liability company, protecting owners' personal assets"],["Shareholder","Owner of shares in a corporation"],["Stock","A share of ownership in a company"],["Dividend","A payment of company profit to shareholders"],["Board of directors","Group elected by shareholders to oversee a company"],["CEO","Chief executive officer, the top manager"],["CFO","Chief financial officer"],["Franchise","A license to run a business under a larger brand"],["Nonprofit","An organization whose surplus goes to its mission, not owners"],["Revenue","Money a business earns from sales"],["Profit","Revenue minus costs"],["Profit margin","Profit as a percent of revenue"],["Overhead","Ongoing costs not tied directly to a product"],["Fixed cost","A cost that stays the same regardless of output"],["Variable cost","A cost that changes with output"],["Break-even point","Sales level where revenue equals total costs"],["Cash flow","Money moving in and out of a business"],["Budget","A plan for expected income and spending"],["Capital","Money or assets used to run or grow a business"],["Venture capital","Investment in young companies with growth potential"],["Angel investor","A wealthy individual who invests in startups"],["Crowdfunding","Raising small amounts from many people"],["Bootstrapping","Funding a business from its own revenue or savings"],["Equity","Ownership value in a company"],["Debt","Money owed"],["Asset","Something of value the business owns"],["Liability","Something the business owes"],["Supply chain","The network moving goods from producers to customers"],["Inventory","Goods held for sale or production"],["Just-in-time","Receiving goods only when they are needed"],["Outsourcing","Hiring outside firms to do work"],["Vendor","A seller of goods or services to a business"],["Wholesale","Selling goods in bulk to retailers"],["Retail","Selling goods directly to consumers"],["E-commerce","Buying and selling online"],["Monopoly","One firm controls a market"],["Competitive advantage","What lets a company outperform rivals"],["Market share","A company's percent of total sales in a market"],["Brand","The name, look and reputation of a product or company"],["Value proposition","The promise of value a customer will get"],["Niche","A specialized segment of a market"],["Target market","The group of customers a business aims to serve"],["Merger","Two companies combining into one"],["Acquisition","One company buying another"],["Initial public offering (IPO)","First sale of stock to the public"],["Public company","A company whose shares trade on a stock exchange"],["Private company","A company whose shares are not publicly traded"],["Bankruptcy","Legal process for people or firms unable to pay debts"],["Insolvency","Inability to pay debts when due"],["Liquidation","Selling off assets to pay debts"],["Audit","Independent examination of financial records"],["Compliance","Following laws and regulations"],["Ethics","Principles of right and wrong in business conduct"],["Corporate social responsibility","A company's duty to act for society's benefit"],["Stakeholder","Anyone affected by or interested in a company"],["Human resources","The function managing hiring, pay and employee matters"],["Onboarding","Helping new employees join and learn their jobs"],["Performance review","Evaluation of an employee's work"],["Delegation","Assigning tasks to others"],["Organizational chart","Diagram of who reports to whom"],["Span of control","Number of people a manager directs"],["Leadership","Guiding and motivating people toward goals"],["Autocratic leadership","Leader makes decisions alone"],["Democratic leadership","Leader involves the team in decisions"],["Motivation","The drive to act toward a goal"],["Productivity","Output per unit of input"],["Efficiency","Producing results with little waste"],["Quality control","Checking that products meet standards"],["Lean manufacturing","Eliminating waste in production"],["Six Sigma","A method to reduce defects and variation"],["Kaizen","Continuous small improvements"],["Key performance indicator (KPI)","A measurable value showing progress toward a goal"],["Return on investment (ROI)","Gain from an investment relative to its cost"],["Scalability","Ability to grow without a matching rise in cost"],["Pivot","A major change in business strategy"],["Minimum viable product","The simplest version of a product that tests an idea"],["B2B","Business-to-business sales"],["B2C","Business-to-consumer sales"],["Contract","A legally binding agreement"],["Invoice","A bill sent for goods or services provided"],["Procurement","The process of buying goods or services for a business"],["Benchmarking","Comparing performance to the best in the field"],["Globalization","Business activity across national borders"],["Tariff","A tax on imported goods"],["Exchange rate","The price of one currency in another"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-citation-styles","id":"tp-citation-styles","title":"Citation Styles and Research Writing","category":"test-prep","subject":"Research Writing","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"How MLA, APA and Chicago work, plus the vocabulary of citing sources.","tags":["citation","mla","apa","chicago","writing"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Citation","A reference to the source of information or ideas you use"],["Bibliography","A list of sources consulted for a work"],["Annotated bibliography","A source list with a short summary and evaluation of each entry"],["Works Cited","MLA's list of sources actually cited"],["References","APA's list of sources cited"],["In-text citation","A brief reference inside the text pointing to the full source"],["Footnote","A note at the bottom of the page giving a source or comment"],["Endnote","A note collected at the end of a chapter or paper"],["MLA","Modern Language Association style, common in the humanities"],["APA","American Psychological Association style, common in social sciences"],["Chicago style","Style with notes-bibliography and author-date forms, common in history"],["Turabian","A student version of Chicago style"],["IEEE style","Numbered citation style used in engineering and computing"],["AMA style","American Medical Association style, used in medicine"],["MLA in-text format","Author's last name and page number, like (Smith 45)"],["APA in-text format","Author's last name and year, like (Smith, 2020)"],["Chicago notes format","A superscript number linking to a footnote"],["Hanging indent","Reference entries where the first line is flush left and later lines are indented"],["Alphabetical order","Reference lists are usually sorted by author's last name"],["Title case","Capitalizing major words in a title"],["Sentence case","Capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns in a title"],["Italicize book titles","Long works such as books and journals are italicized"],["Quotation marks for articles","Short works such as articles and poems go in quotation marks"],["DOI","Digital object identifier, a stable link to a scholarly work"],["URL","The web address of an online source"],["Access date","Date you viewed an online source, used where required"],["Et al.","Latin for 'and others', used for works with many authors"],["Ibid.","Latin for 'in the same place', used in some note styles"],["Direct quotation","Using an author's exact words, in quotation marks"],["Paraphrase","Restating an idea in your own words, still with a citation"],["Summary","A shorter version of the main points of a source, with a citation"],["Block quotation","A long quote set apart in an indented block"],["Ellipsis","Three dots showing omitted words in a quotation"],["Brackets in quotations","Used to add or change words within a quote"],["Plagiarism","Using someone else's words or ideas without credit"],["Common knowledge","Widely known facts that usually need no citation"],["Primary source","Original evidence from the time, like a letter or data"],["Secondary source","Analysis or interpretation of primary sources"],["Tertiary source","A summary of other sources, like an encyclopedia"],["Scholarly source","Work written by experts and reviewed by peers"],["Peer review","Evaluation of a work by other experts before publication"],["Credibility","How trustworthy a source is"],["CRAAP test","Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose: a checklist for sources"],["Thesis statement","A sentence stating the main argument of a paper"],["Abstract","A short summary of a paper"],["Literature review","A survey of existing research on a topic"],["Research question","The question a paper sets out to answer"],["Annotation","A note explaining or commenting on a source"],["Database","An organized collection of articles and records"],["Keyword search","Searching by important words"],["Boolean operators","AND, OR and NOT used to combine search terms"],["Citation generator","A tool that formats citations; always check the results"],["MLA 9 core elements","Author, title, container, contributors, version, number, publisher, date, location"],["Container (MLA)","The larger work holding a source, like a journal or website"],["APA 7 title page","Title, author, affiliation, course, instructor and date"],["Running head","A shortened title at the top of pages"],["Header","Text at the top of each page, often a name and page number"],["Double spacing","Standard line spacing in academic papers"],["Font choices","Commonly 12-point Times New Roman or similar readable fonts"],["Margins","Typically one inch on all sides"],["Page numbers","Placed in the header in most styles"],["Appendix","Extra material placed at the end of a paper"],["Parenthetical citation","A citation in parentheses"],["Signal phrase","Words introducing a quotation, like 'According to Smith'"],["Attribution","Giving credit to the source of a statement"],["Fair use","Limited use of copyrighted material for purposes like education"],["Copyright","Legal protection of an author's original work"],["Public domain","Works no longer under copyright"],["Creative Commons","Licenses allowing sharing under stated conditions"],["Ghostwriting","Having someone else write work you present as yours"],["Self-plagiarism","Reusing your own previous work without disclosure"],["Patchwriting","Altering a source's words only slightly, which is still plagiarism"],["Works Consulted","Sources used for background but not cited"],["Secondary citation","Citing a source you read about in another source, noted as 'as cited in'"],["Anonymous author","Begin the entry with the title when no author is listed"],["Corporate author","An organization listed as the author"],["Edition","A particular published version of a book"],["Volume","One book in a multi-part work or journal year"],["Issue","One numbered release of a journal"],["Pagination","Page numbers of a work"],["Publisher","The company that makes a work public"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-college-psychology","id":"tp-college-psychology","title":"Intro College Psychology Concepts","category":"test-prep","subject":"Psychology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Classic studies, theories and ideas from an introductory psychology course.","tags":["psychology","college"],"frontLabel":"Concept","backLabel":"Explanation","cards":[["Milgram obedience study","Participants often followed instructions from an authority figure even when uncomfortable"],["Stanford prison experiment","Study of how assigned roles shape behavior; its methods are widely criticized"],["Asch conformity","People often give wrong answers to match a group"],["Bystander intervention","Helping drops when more witnesses are present"],["Diffusion of responsibility","Individuals feel less personally responsible in groups"],["Social loafing","People put in less effort in a group"],["Groupthink","Group desire for harmony overrides critical thinking"],["Social facilitation","Presence of others improves performance on easy tasks"],["Foot-in-the-door","Agreeing to a small request makes a larger one more likely"],["Door-in-the-face","A refused large request makes a smaller one more likely to be accepted"],["Self-serving bias","Taking credit for successes and blaming outside forces for failures"],["Just-world hypothesis","Belief that people get what they deserve"],["Halo effect","One good trait colors judgment of the whole person"],["Stereotype","A generalized belief about a group"],["Prejudice","An unjustified attitude toward a group"],["Discrimination","Unfair behavior toward a group"],["Implicit bias","Unconscious attitudes that affect judgments"],["Contact hypothesis","Positive contact between groups can reduce prejudice"],["Attribution theory","How people explain causes of behavior"],["Mere exposure effect","Liking something more with repeated exposure"],["Reciprocity norm","Tendency to return favors"],["Self-fulfilling prophecy","An expectation that causes itself to come true"],["Pygmalion effect","Higher expectations lead to better performance"],["Spotlight effect","Overestimating how much others notice us"],["Illusion of control","Believing we influence chance events"],["Sunk cost fallacy","Continuing because of past investment"],["Availability heuristic","Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind"],["Anchoring","Over-relying on the first piece of information"],["Framing effect","Choices differ depending on how options are presented"],["Dunning-Kruger effect","People with low skill may overestimate their ability"],["Hindsight bias","Believing an event was predictable after it happened"],["Overconfidence","Being more sure of judgments than accuracy justifies"],["Representativeness heuristic","Judging by how closely something matches a typical example"],["Schema","A mental framework organizing knowledge"],["Assimilation","Fitting new information into existing schemas"],["Accommodation","Changing schemas to fit new information"],["Theory of mind","Understanding that others have different thoughts and beliefs"],["Critical period","Window when experience has the greatest effect on development"],["Imprinting","Rapid attachment to the first moving object seen"],["Strange Situation","Ainsworth's test of infant attachment types"],["Secure attachment","Infant uses a caregiver as a safe base"],["Kohlberg's moral stages","Preconventional, conventional and postconventional reasoning"],["Identity vs. role confusion","Erikson's adolescent task of forming a sense of self"],["Emerging adulthood","Period roughly ages 18-25 of exploring identity"],["Nature vs. nurture","Debate over genes versus environment"],["Heritability","The share of variation in a trait in a group that is due to genetic differences"],["Twin study","Compares identical and fraternal twins to separate genes and environment"],["Epigenetics","Environmental effects on gene activity without changing DNA"],["Temperament","Inborn emotional reactivity"],["Reticular formation","Brain structure controlling alertness"],["Thalamus","Sensory relay station"],["Limbic system","Brain circuits for emotion and memory"],["Prefrontal cortex","Area for planning, judgment and self-control"],["Phineas Gage","Railroad worker whose injury showed frontal lobe roles in personality"],["Split brain","Severing the corpus callosum affects communication between hemispheres"],["Lateralization","Different functions in each hemisphere"],["Mirror neurons","Neurons that fire both when acting and when watching others act"],["Blind spot","Spot on the retina with no receptors"],["Rods and cones","Retinal cells for dim light and for color"],["Trichromatic theory","Color vision from three receptor types"],["Opponent-process theory","Color perception through opposing pairs"],["Place theory","Pitch is determined by where on the cochlea the wave peaks"],["Gate-control theory","Pain signals can be blocked at the spinal cord"],["Signal detection theory","How we detect faint stimuli amid noise"],["Selective attention","Focusing on one stimulus"],["Inattentional blindness","Failing to notice an unexpected object while focused elsewhere"],["Change blindness","Failing to notice changes in a scene"],["Cocktail party effect","Hearing your name in a noisy room"],["Stages of sleep","Light sleep, deep sleep, and REM, cycling through the night"],["Hypnosis","A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility"],["Habituation","Decreased response to repeated stimulus"],["Latent learning","Learning that is not shown until needed"],["Learned helplessness","Giving up after repeated uncontrollable events"],["Taste aversion","Avoiding a food linked with sickness; learned in one try"],["Shaping","Reinforcing steps toward a target behavior"],["Spontaneous recovery","Return of an extinguished response after rest"],["Generalization","Responding similarly to similar stimuli"],["Discrimination (learning)","Responding only to specific stimuli"],["Flashbulb memory","Vivid memory of an emotional event"],["Serial position effect","Remembering first and last items best"],["Chunking","Grouping information into units"],["Levels of processing","Deeper thinking leads to stronger memory"],["Method of loci","Memory technique linking items to places"],["Misinformation effect","Memory distorted by later information"],["Source amnesia","Forgetting where information was learned"],["Tip-of-the-tongue","Feeling that a word is known but not recalled"],["Context-dependent memory","Easier recall in the setting where learning happened"],["Ebbinghaus forgetting curve","Forgetting is fastest soon after learning"],["Linguistic relativity","The idea that language shapes thought"],["Fluid intelligence","Ability to reason and solve new problems"],["Crystallized intelligence","Accumulated knowledge and skills"],["Multiple intelligences","Gardner's proposal of several distinct kinds of intelligence"],["Flynn effect","Rising average test scores over generations"],["Yerkes-Dodson law","Performance is best at moderate arousal"],["Drive-reduction theory","Behavior is motivated to reduce internal tension"],["Set point theory","Body tends to maintain a particular weight"],["Self-determination theory","Motivation depends on autonomy, competence and relatedness"],["Display rules","Cultural norms for showing emotion"],["Stress response","Alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages in Selye's model"],["Eustress","Positive, motivating stress"],["Coping","Efforts to manage stress"],["Locus of control","Belief about whether control lies within or outside oneself"],["Positive psychology","Study of strengths and well-being"],["Flow","Being fully absorbed in an activity"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-driving-rules","id":"tp-driving-rules","title":"Driver's License Topics: Signs and Rules","category":"test-prep","subject":"Driving","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"General road signs, signals and safe-driving rules. Details such as speed limits and fines vary by state; check your state's driver manual.","tags":["driving","road-signs","safety"],"frontLabel":"Sign or rule","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Octagon, red","Stop sign: come to a full stop"],["Triangle pointing down, red and white","Yield: slow down and give way"],["Circle with slash","Prohibition: whatever is shown is not allowed"],["Yellow diamond","Warning of a hazard or change ahead"],["Orange diamond or rectangle","Construction or work zone warning"],["Pentagon, yellow-green","School zone or school crossing"],["Round, yellow with an X","Railroad crossing ahead"],["Crossbuck","Railroad crossing; yield to trains"],["White rectangle","Regulatory sign, such as a speed limit"],["Green sign","Guide information such as directions and distances"],["Blue sign","Services such as gas, food or lodging; or hospital"],["Brown sign","Recreational or cultural area"],["Do Not Enter","Do not drive in this direction"],["Wrong Way","You are driving against traffic"],["One Way","Traffic moves only in the direction of the arrow"],["Merge","Lanes join; adjust speed and take turns safely"],["Slippery When Wet","Road may be slick; slow down"],["Divided highway begins","Opposing traffic will be separated by a median"],["Pedestrian crossing","People may cross; be ready to stop"],["No passing zone","Do not pass other vehicles here"],["Double solid yellow line","No passing in either direction"],["Solid white line","Lane change is discouraged or prohibited"],["Broken white line","Lane changes allowed when safe"],["Dashed yellow line on your side","Passing allowed when it is safe"],["Red light","Stop and wait behind the line"],["Yellow light","Signal is about to turn red; stop if you can do so safely"],["Green light","Go, after yielding to vehicles and pedestrians still in the intersection"],["Flashing red light","Treat as a stop sign"],["Flashing yellow light","Proceed with caution"],["Green arrow","You may turn in the arrow's direction; oncoming traffic is stopped"],["Red arrow","Do not turn in that direction"],["Right of way","Who gets to go first; it is given, not taken"],["Four-way stop","The first vehicle to arrive goes first; if tied, yield to the right"],["Uncontrolled intersection","Yield to vehicles already in or approaching the intersection"],["Pedestrians in a crosswalk","Always yield to them"],["Emergency vehicle with siren","Pull over to the right and stop"],["School bus with red lights flashing","Stop; in most places traffic must stop in both directions"],["Three-second rule","Stay at least three seconds behind the car ahead"],["Following distance in bad weather","Increase it to four seconds or more"],["Stopping distance","Reaction distance plus braking distance"],["Blind spot","An area beside the car that mirrors do not show"],["Check mirrors and blind spots","Do this before changing lanes"],["Use turn signals","Signal before turning or changing lanes"],["Hand signal: left arm straight out","Left turn"],["Hand signal: left arm bent up","Right turn"],["Hand signal: left arm bent down","Stop or slow"],["Seat belt","Everyone in the car should buckle up"],["Child safety seat","Children use age- and size-appropriate restraints"],["Speed limit","The highest legal speed, in good conditions"],["Drive to conditions","Slow down in rain, fog, snow or heavy traffic"],["Hydroplaning","Tires riding on water instead of the road; ease off the gas"],["Skid on ice","Ease off the gas and steer gently in the direction you want to go"],["Headlights","Use them from sunset to sunrise and in poor visibility"],["High beams","Use on dark roads without other traffic; dim for oncoming cars"],["Hazard lights","Flashers that warn others you are stopped or in trouble"],["Parallel parking","Parking parallel to the curb between two cars"],["Parking uphill with a curb","Turn wheels away from the curb"],["Parking downhill","Turn wheels toward the curb"],["Fire hydrant","Do not park in front of one"],["Red curb","No stopping or parking"],["Handicap parking","Only for vehicles with a valid permit"],["Driving under the influence","Illegal and dangerous; never drive after drinking or using impairing drugs"],["Distracted driving","Texting or other tasks while driving; keep your eyes on the road"],["Drowsy driving","Driving while tired is dangerous; pull over to rest"],["Aggressive driving","Tailgating or speeding to intimidate; stay calm"],["Roundabout","Yield to traffic already in the circle and travel counterclockwise"],["Merging onto a highway","Match highway speed using the on-ramp"],["Passing","Only pass when it is legal and clear; return to your lane safely"],["U-turn","Allowed only where it is safe and not prohibited"],["Left turn on a green light","Yield to oncoming traffic"],["Right turn on red","Allowed after a full stop where not prohibited and when clear"],["Learner's permit","Allows supervised practice driving"],["Graduated licensing","Phased system giving new drivers more privileges over time"],["Insurance","Most states require drivers to carry liability insurance"],["Registration","Official record of a vehicle, renewed regularly"],["Tire pressure","Check regularly; correct pressure improves safety and fuel use"],["Dashboard warning light","A signal that a system needs attention"],["Brake fluid","Hydraulic fluid that transfers brake pedal force"],["Anti-lock brakes","Keep wheels from locking in hard stops; press firmly and steer"],["Oversteer and understeer","Car turns more or less than the driver intends"],["Motorcyclists and bicyclists","Share the road and allow extra space"],["Move over law","Change lanes or slow down for stopped emergency vehicles"],["Point system","States track violations by adding points to a driving record"],["Defensive driving","Anticipating hazards and staying prepared to react"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-emt-basics","id":"tp-emt-basics","title":"EMT and First Responder Basics","category":"test-prep","subject":"Emergency Medical Services","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Core emergency care vocabulary and concepts. Education only; take a certified course to learn real skills.","tags":["emt","first-aid","emergency"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["EMT","Emergency medical technician, a trained emergency care provider"],["Scene size-up","Checking for safety and hazards before helping"],["Scene safety","Making sure the area is safe for rescuers first"],["Body substance isolation","Using protective gear to avoid contact with body fluids"],["Primary assessment","Quick check for life threats"],["Secondary assessment","More detailed head-to-toe check after life threats are handled"],["ABCs","Airway, breathing, circulation"],["Level of consciousness","How alert a patient is"],["AVPU","Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive"],["SAMPLE history","Signs/symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past history, Last meal, Events"],["OPQRST","Onset, Provocation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time: a pain questioning guide"],["Chief complaint","The main reason the patient needs help"],["Mechanism of injury","How the injury happened"],["Nature of illness","What is medically wrong"],["Triage","Sorting patients by urgency"],["Airway","The path air takes to the lungs"],["Head-tilt, chin-lift","Method to open the airway when no spinal injury is suspected"],["Jaw thrust","Method to open the airway while limiting neck movement"],["Oropharyngeal airway","Curved device that keeps the tongue from blocking the airway"],["Suction","Removing fluid or material from the airway"],["Respiratory arrest","Breathing has stopped"],["Cardiac arrest","The heart has stopped pumping effectively"],["CPR","Chest compressions and rescue breaths to keep blood flowing"],["Compression rate","About 100 to 120 compressions per minute for adults"],["Compression depth","About 2 inches (5 cm) in adults"],["AED","Device that checks heart rhythm and can deliver a shock"],["Defibrillation","An electric shock that can reset a dangerous heart rhythm"],["Choking","Blockage of the airway by an object"],["Abdominal thrusts","Technique to clear an object from a choking adult"],["Bleeding control","Direct pressure, then tourniquet if needed"],["Direct pressure","Pressing on a wound to stop bleeding"],["Tourniquet","Band applied above a limb wound to stop severe bleeding"],["Shock","Inadequate blood flow to the body's tissues"],["Signs of shock","Pale, cool, clammy skin, fast pulse, confusion"],["Hemorrhage","Heavy bleeding"],["Fracture","A broken bone"],["Splint","Device to keep an injured limb still"],["Spinal immobilization","Keeping the neck and back still after suspected spinal injury"],["Cervical collar","Neck brace limiting head movement"],["Backboard","Rigid board used to move patients with possible spine injury"],["Burn: first degree","Affects only the outer skin layer; red and painful"],["Burn: second degree","Blisters; affects deeper layers"],["Burn: third degree","Destroys full skin thickness"],["Heat exhaustion","Heavy sweating, weakness, nausea from overheating"],["Heat stroke","Dangerous overheating; a life-threatening emergency"],["Hypothermia","Dangerously low body temperature"],["Frostbite","Freezing of body tissue"],["Stroke signs (FAST)","Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech trouble, Time to call emergency services"],["Heart attack signs","Chest pressure, shortness of breath, sweating, pain spreading to arm or jaw"],["Seizure","Sudden uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain"],["Diabetic emergency","Dangerously high or low blood sugar"],["Anaphylaxis","Severe allergic reaction"],["Epinephrine auto-injector","Device delivering epinephrine for severe allergic reactions"],["Asthma","Chronic condition with airway narrowing"],["Overdose","Taking too much of a substance, causing harm"],["Poison control","Service giving advice on poisoning exposures"],["Childbirth emergency","Delivery occurring outside a hospital"],["Pediatric assessment triangle","Appearance, work of breathing, circulation to skin"],["Infant CPR","Uses two fingers or encircling hands for compressions"],["Head injury","Trauma to the head that may affect the brain"],["Concussion","Mild brain injury caused by a blow or shake"],["Pulse points","Places to feel a pulse, like carotid, radial and brachial"],["Capillary refill","Time for color to return to a pressed nail bed"],["Pupils: PERRL","Pupils equal, round, reactive to light"],["Glasgow Coma Scale","Score of eye, verbal and motor responses"],["Trauma","Physical injury"],["Golden hour","The idea that quick trauma care improves outcomes"],["Medical direction","Physician oversight of EMS care"],["Protocol","Written guideline for treatment"],["Scope of practice","Care an EMT is allowed to provide"],["Implied consent","Assuming an unconscious patient would accept lifesaving help"],["Good Samaritan law","Protects people who help in good faith in an emergency"],["Duty to act","Legal obligation to help, depending on role and setting"],["Abandonment","Leaving a patient without proper handoff"],["Patient confidentiality","Keeping patient information private"],["Patient report","Written record of the call"],["Handoff report","Verbal summary given to hospital staff"],["Ambulance","Vehicle that provides emergency transport and care"],["Lights and sirens","Warning signals used when speed is critical"],["Hazardous materials","Dangerous substances requiring special response"],["Incident command","System for organizing large emergency responses"],["Mass casualty incident","Event with many injured people"],["START triage","Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment sorting method"],["Extrication","Removing a person from a trapped situation"],["Stabilize","Keep a patient's condition from getting worse"],["Recovery position","Side-lying position to keep the airway clear"],["Oxygen therapy","Giving extra oxygen"],["Non-rebreather mask","Mask giving high-concentration oxygen"],["Bag-valve mask","Hand-squeezed device that delivers breaths"],["Pulse oximetry","Noninvasive oxygen saturation measure"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-finance-investing","id":"tp-finance-investing","title":"Finance and Investing Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Finance","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Terms used in personal finance and markets. Education only, not investment advice.","tags":["finance","investing","money"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Interest","The cost of borrowing money, or the reward for lending it"],["Principal","The original amount borrowed or invested"],["Simple interest","Interest calculated only on the principal"],["Compound interest","Interest calculated on principal plus past interest"],["APR","Annual percentage rate; yearly cost of borrowing"],["APY","Annual percentage yield; yearly return including compounding"],["Rule of 72","Divide 72 by the interest rate to estimate years to double"],["Inflation","A general rise in prices over time"],["Time value of money","Money now is worth more than the same amount later"],["Present value","What a future sum is worth today"],["Future value","What money today will be worth later at a given rate"],["Credit score","A number summarizing creditworthiness"],["Credit report","Record of a person's borrowing history"],["Credit limit","The maximum amount a lender lets you borrow on a card"],["Credit utilization","The share of available credit being used"],["Mortgage","A loan to buy real estate, secured by the property"],["Down payment","The up-front part of a purchase price paid in cash"],["Amortization","Paying off a loan through scheduled payments"],["Collateral","An asset pledged to secure a loan"],["Default","Failing to repay a loan as agreed"],["Net worth","Assets minus liabilities"],["Asset","Something owned with value"],["Liability","A debt or obligation"],["Budget","A plan for income and spending"],["Emergency fund","Savings set aside for unexpected costs"],["Checking account","Account for everyday spending"],["Savings account","Account that earns interest on deposits"],["Certificate of deposit","Bank deposit with a fixed term and rate"],["FDIC insurance","US program insuring bank deposits up to a limit"],["Gross income","Income before taxes and deductions"],["Net income","Income after taxes and deductions"],["Tax bracket","Income range taxed at a specific rate"],["Marginal tax rate","The rate paid on the next dollar earned"],["Deduction","An amount subtracted from taxable income"],["Tax credit","An amount subtracted directly from taxes owed"],["401(k)","US employer retirement plan"],["IRA","Individual retirement account"],["Roth account","Retirement account funded with after-tax money"],["Pension","A retirement income plan from an employer"],["Social Security","US government program providing retirement and other benefits"],["Stock","A share of ownership in a company"],["Bond","A loan to a company or government that pays interest"],["Mutual fund","A pooled investment holding many securities"],["Index fund","A fund designed to match a market index"],["ETF","Exchange-traded fund that trades like a stock"],["Portfolio","A collection of investments"],["Diversification","Spreading investments to reduce risk"],["Asset allocation","Dividing investments among categories like stocks and bonds"],["Risk tolerance","How much loss an investor can accept"],["Volatility","How much and how quickly a price moves"],["Bull market","A period of rising prices"],["Bear market","A period of falling prices, often 20 percent or more"],["Dividend","A payment from a company to shareholders"],["Dividend yield","Annual dividend divided by share price"],["Capital gain","Profit from selling an asset for more than its cost"],["Capital loss","A loss from selling an asset for less than its cost"],["Market capitalization","Share price times number of shares"],["P/E ratio","Price-to-earnings: share price divided by earnings per share"],["Earnings per share","Profit divided by number of shares"],["Blue chip","Shares of large, established, stable companies"],["Stock exchange","A marketplace where securities are traded"],["Stock market index","A measure of a group of stocks, like the S&P 500"],["Brokerage","A firm that buys and sells securities for clients"],["Expense ratio","Annual fund fee as a percent of assets"],["Liquidity","How quickly an asset can be turned into cash"],["Yield","The income return on an investment"],["Maturity","The date a bond or loan is due"],["Coupon","A bond's stated interest payment"],["Treasury bill","A short-term US government security"],["Credit rating","An evaluation of a borrower's ability to repay"],["Junk bond","A higher-risk, lower-rated bond"],["Hedge","An investment made to reduce risk"],["Option","A contract giving the right to buy or sell at a set price"],["Short selling","Selling borrowed shares hoping to buy them back cheaper"],["Margin","Borrowing from a broker to invest"],["Dollar-cost averaging","Investing a fixed amount at regular intervals"],["Rebalancing","Adjusting a portfolio back to target allocations"],["Compound annual growth rate","Smoothed yearly growth rate over a period"],["Bubble","Prices far above underlying value that later fall sharply"],["Recession","A significant decline in economic activity"],["Interest rate","Percent charged or paid for the use of money"],["Central bank","The national bank that manages money and interest rates"],["Fiduciary","Someone legally required to act in a client's best interest"],["Annuity","A series of regular payments"],["Insurance premium","Payment made to keep an insurance policy"],["Deductible","Amount you pay before insurance pays"],["Overdraft","Spending more than the account holds"],["Wire transfer","Electronic transfer of money between banks"],["Cryptocurrency","A digital currency secured by cryptography; prices are highly volatile"],["Ponzi scheme","Fraud paying early investors with money from later ones"],["Identity theft","Misuse of someone's personal information to commit fraud"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-grammar-rules","id":"tp-grammar-rules","title":"Standard English Grammar Rules","category":"test-prep","subject":"Grammar","levels":["6-8","9-12","college"],"description":"The grammar and punctuation rules that college-entrance writing sections reward.","tags":["grammar","punctuation","sat","act"],"frontLabel":"Topic","backLabel":"Rule","cards":[["Subject-verb agreement","A singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb","The box of pencils IS on the desk."],["Ignore the phrase between","Words in a prepositional phrase after the subject do not change the verb","One of the dogs BARKS."],["Compound subject with and","Two subjects joined by 'and' usually take a plural verb","Tom and Ana ARE here."],["Subjects joined by or/nor","The verb agrees with the subject closer to it","Neither the cats nor the dog IS hungry."],["Collective nouns","Treat as singular when the group acts as one unit","The team IS winning."],["Indefinite pronouns: singular","each, every, either, neither, everyone, someone, anybody take singular verbs","Everyone HAS a seat."],["Indefinite pronouns: plural","both, few, many, several take plural verbs","Few ARE ready."],["Inverted sentences","Find the real subject even when the verb comes first","There ARE three reasons."],["Pronoun-antecedent agreement","A pronoun must match its noun in number and gender","Each student brought HIS OR HER (or THEIR) book."],["Pronoun case: subject","Use I, he, she, we, they as subjects","She and I left."],["Pronoun case: object","Use me, him, her, us, them as objects","He gave it to her and me."],["Who vs. whom","'Who' is a subject; 'whom' is an object; test with he/him","To whom did you speak?"],["Than/as comparisons","Finish the comparison in your head to pick the case","She is taller than I (am)."],["Ambiguous pronoun","Make clear which noun a pronoun refers to"],["Its vs. it's","'Its' shows possession; 'it's' means 'it is' or 'it has'"],["Their, there, they're","Their = belonging to them; there = place; they're = they are"],["Your vs. you're","'Your' shows possession; 'you're' means 'you are'"],["Whose vs. who's","'Whose' shows possession; 'who's' means 'who is' or 'who has'"],["Affect vs. effect","Affect is usually a verb (to influence); effect is usually a noun (a result)"],["Then vs. than","'Then' relates to time; 'than' makes comparisons"],["Fewer vs. less","Use 'fewer' for things you can count; 'less' for amounts you cannot"],["Among vs. between","Use 'between' for two items; 'among' for three or more"],["Lie vs. lay","'Lie' (lie, lay, lain) means recline; 'lay' (lay, laid, laid) needs an object"],["Comparative","Compare two things with -er or 'more'","taller, more careful"],["Superlative","Compare three or more with -est or 'most'","tallest, most careful"],["Double comparison error","Do not stack -er and 'more'","Not 'more taller'"],["Parallel structure","Items in a list or pair must share the same grammatical form","running, jumping, and swimming"],["Faulty parallelism fix","Match forms after 'not only... but also' and 'either... or'"],["Dangling modifier","An opening phrase must describe the noun that comes right after it","Walking home, the rain began (error)."],["Misplaced modifier","Put a descriptive phrase next to the word it describes"],["Run-on sentence","Two complete sentences joined with no punctuation or connector"],["Comma splice","Two complete sentences joined with only a comma; fix with period, semicolon or conjunction"],["Sentence fragment","A group of words missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought"],["Semicolon","Joins two closely related complete sentences without a conjunction"],["Colon: after a complete sentence","A colon introduces a list, explanation or quote that follows a full independent clause"],["No colon after a verb","Do not put a colon between a verb and its object or between a preposition and its object"],["Comma with FANBOYS","Put a comma before for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so when joining two complete sentences"],["Comma after introductory phrase","Set off an opening phrase or clause with a comma"],["Commas in a series","Separate three or more items with commas","red, white, and blue"],["Nonessential clause","Set off extra information with commas on both sides"],["Essential clause","Do not use commas around information needed to identify the noun"],["Which vs. that","'That' starts essential clauses; 'which' usually starts nonessential ones with commas"],["Appositive","A noun phrase renaming another noun; set it off with commas if nonessential"],["No comma between subject and verb","Never separate a subject from its verb with a single comma"],["Coordinate adjectives","Use a comma between adjectives that can be reordered or joined by 'and'","a long, dull speech"],["Possessive singular noun","Add apostrophe + s","the dog's bone"],["Possessive plural noun ending in s","Add only an apostrophe","the dogs' bones"],["Irregular plural possessive","Add apostrophe + s","children's toys"],["Apostrophes never make plurals","Do not write 'apple's' to mean more than one apple"],["Dashes","A pair of dashes sets off an interruption like a stronger parentheses"],["Hyphen in compound modifier","Hyphenate before a noun, not after","a well-known author; the author is well known"],["Verb tense consistency","Keep the same tense unless the time truly changes"],["Past perfect","Use 'had' + past participle for an earlier past event","She had left before I arrived."],["Present perfect","Use 'has/have' + past participle for an action continuing to now","I have lived here for years."],["Conditional (if)","Use 'were' for unreal wishes","If I were you..."],["Redundancy","Cut words that repeat meaning","Not 'past history' or 'return back'"],["Concision","Choose the shortest choice that keeps the full meaning"],["Idioms and prepositions","Learn fixed pairs","capable of, different from, interested in"],["Active vs. passive voice","Active puts the doer first; passive hides or delays the doer"],["Transition words: contrast","however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand"],["Transition words: addition","furthermore, moreover, also, in addition"],["Transition words: cause and effect","therefore, consequently, as a result, thus"],["Transition words: example","for instance, for example, specifically"],["Possessive before gerund","Use a possessive before an -ing noun","I appreciate your helping."],["Between you and me","After a preposition use object case","Not 'between you and I'"],["Reflexive pronouns","Use -self only when the subject is also the object","She hurt herself."],["Plural of numbers and letters","Write 1990s and A's; avoid needless apostrophes with decades"],["Quotation marks and punctuation","In American English, commas and periods go inside closing quotation marks"],["Question marks","Use with direct questions only, not indirect ones"],["Capitalization","Capitalize proper nouns, sentence starts, and titles before names"],["Number agreement with 'number'","'The number of' is singular; 'a number of' is plural"],["Neither/nor, either/or pairs","Always use 'nor' with 'neither' and 'or' with 'either'"],["Correlative parallelism","Both X and Y, not only X but also Y, need matching forms"],["Subject complement","After linking verbs use subject case","It is I."],["Adjectives vs. adverbs","Adjectives describe nouns; adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs","She sings well."],["Good vs. well","'Good' is an adjective; 'well' is usually an adverb"],["Double negative","Do not use two negatives to express one negative idea"],["Verb forms","Use correct past participles","has gone, have written, had spoken"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-gre-vocab-1","id":"tp-gre-vocab-1","title":"GRE-Level Vocabulary 1","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Seventy advanced words common in graduate-level reading.","tags":["gre","vocabulary","graduate"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abjure","To solemnly give up or renounce"],["abate","To become less intense"],["aberrant","Departing from the normal path or type"],["abeyance","A state of temporary inactivity"],["abscond","To leave quickly and secretly, often with something"],["abstemious","Eating and drinking sparingly"],["accretion","Gradual growth by additions"],["adulterate","To make impure by adding something inferior"],["aggrandize","To make seem greater in power or rank"],["alchemy","A seemingly magical process of transformation"],["anathema","Something detested; a person or thing strongly disliked"],["antithesis","The direct opposite"],["apostate","One who abandons a belief or cause"],["apotheosis","The highest point; glorification as a god"],["aphorism","A short, wise saying"],["bowdlerize","To remove material thought improper from a text"],["cabal","A small secret group plotting together"],["calumny","A false statement meant to damage a reputation"],["captious","Tending to find fault over trivial points"],["catharsis","A release of strong emotion"],["cavil","To raise petty objections"],["chimerical","Imaginary; unrealistic"],["churlish","Rude and ill-mannered"],["cloying","Sweet to the point of disgust"],["compendious","Containing much in brief form"],["concomitant","Occurring along with something else"],["conflate","To merge into one"],["contumacious","Stubbornly disobedient"],["craven","Cowardly"],["dearth","A scarcity"],["denouement","The final resolution of a story's plot"],["desiccate","To dry out completely"],["dilatory","Slow to act; delaying"],["dirge","A mournful song"],["disabuse","To free from a false idea"],["discursive","Wandering from one topic to another"],["disingenuous","Not candid; pretending to know less"],["dissemble","To hide one's true feelings"],["dissonance","A clash of sounds or ideas"],["distend","To swell out"],["eclectic","Drawing from many sources"],["efface","To erase or make inconspicuous"],["effrontery","Shameless boldness"],["elegy","A sad poem or song for the dead"],["emollient","Soothing; making softer"],["encomium","Warm, glowing praise"],["endemic","Native to or common in a particular place"],["enmity","Deep hostility"],["ephemeral","Short-lived"],["equivocate","To use vague language to avoid commitment"],["eschew","To deliberately avoid"],["evanescent","Quickly fading away"],["exegesis","Careful explanation of a text"],["expiate","To make amends for wrongdoing"],["extol","To praise enthusiastically"],["fallacious","Based on a mistaken belief or faulty reasoning"],["fecund","Fertile; producing much"],["fetter","To restrain; also, a chain on the feet"],["filibuster","A long speech used to delay a vote"],["fulminate","To protest loudly"],["gainsay","To deny or contradict"],["gambol","To skip about playfully"],["glib","Smooth-talking but insincere"],["harangue","A long, aggressive speech"],["hegemony","Dominance of one group over others"],["histrionic","Overly dramatic"],["hubris","Excessive pride"],["idiosyncrasy","A personal peculiarity"],["impecunious","Having little or no money"],["imprecation","A curse"],["incipient","Just beginning to appear"],["indolent","Lazy"],["ineffable","Too great to be put into words"],["ingenuous","Innocent and sincere"],["inimical","Hostile or harmful"],["insouciant","Casually free of worry"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-gre-vocab-2","id":"tp-gre-vocab-2","title":"GRE-Level Vocabulary 2","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Seventy more advanced words for graduate-level reading.","tags":["gre","vocabulary","graduate"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["insipid","Dull; lacking flavor or interest"],["intractable","Hard to manage or control"],["inveterate","Long-established; habitual"],["irascible","Easily angered"],["jocular","Fond of joking"],["juxtapose","To place side by side for contrast"],["kudos","Praise for an achievement"],["lachrymose","Tearful"],["languid","Slow and relaxed; lacking energy"],["largesse","Generosity in giving money or gifts"],["latent","Present but hidden"],["levity","Lightness of manner; humor at a serious time"],["licentious","Ignoring accepted rules of conduct"],["limpid","Clear and transparent"],["lionize","To treat as a celebrity"],["lugubrious","Looking or sounding sad and dismal"],["luminous","Giving off light"],["machination","A secret scheme"],["malevolent","Wishing harm on others"],["malinger","To pretend illness to avoid work"],["mellifluous","Sweet-sounding"],["mercurial","Subject to sudden changes of mood"],["misanthrope","A person who dislikes humankind"],["mollify","To soothe"],["multifarious","Having many varied parts"],["myopic","Short-sighted, literally or in thinking"],["nadir","The lowest point"],["nascent","Just coming into existence"],["noxious","Harmful or poisonous"],["obdurate","Stubbornly refusing to change"],["obfuscate","To make unclear on purpose"],["obsequious","Overly eager to please"],["obstreperous","Noisy and difficult to control"],["odious","Extremely unpleasant"],["onerous","Burdensome"],["opprobrium","Public disgrace"],["ossify","To become rigid or set in one's ways"],["paean","A song or expression of praise"],["palliate","To ease without curing"],["panacea","A cure-all"],["paragon","A model of excellence"],["parsimonious","Extremely unwilling to spend"],["pathological","Compulsive; relating to disease"],["paucity","A small amount"],["pedantic","Overly concerned with minor rules or details"],["penchant","A strong liking"],["penury","Extreme poverty"],["perfidy","Betrayal of trust"],["perfunctory","Done with little effort or interest"],["pernicious","Quietly and gradually harmful"],["perspicacious","Having keen insight"],["pertinacious","Holding stubbornly to a purpose"],["petulant","Childishly bad-tempered"],["philistine","A person with no interest in culture"],["pith","The essential part"],["pithy","Short and full of meaning"],["platitude","A tired, overused remark"],["plethora","An excessive amount"],["precipitous","Dangerously steep or sudden"],["probity","Strong moral principles"],["prolix","Wordy"],["propitious","Favorable"],["quixotic","Idealistic in an impractical way"],["quotidian","Ordinary and daily"],["recondite","Little known; obscure"],["redolent","Strongly suggestive of a scent or memory"],["rescind","To cancel officially"],["sanguine","Optimistic"],["sardonic","Mocking in a grimly humorous way"],["sedulous","Showing dedication and diligence"],["soporific","Causing sleep"],["sycophant","A person who flatters the powerful to gain favor"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-latin-legal","id":"tp-latin-legal","title":"Latin Legal Phrases","category":"test-prep","subject":"Law","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Latin phrases still used in courts and legal writing.","tags":["law","latin"],"frontLabel":"Phrase","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Ab initio","From the beginning"],["Actus reus","The guilty act; the physical element of a crime"],["Mens rea","The guilty mind; the mental element of a crime"],["Ad hoc","For this particular purpose"],["Ad litem","For the lawsuit; as in guardian ad litem"],["Alibi","Elsewhere; proof of being somewhere else"],["Amicus curiae","Friend of the court"],["Animus","Intent or mental purpose"],["Bona fide","In good faith; genuine"],["Caveat emptor","Let the buyer beware"],["Certiorari","A writ by which a higher court agrees to review a case"],["Corpus delicti","The body of the crime; proof a crime occurred"],["Cui bono","For whose benefit"],["De facto","In fact; in practice"],["De jure","By law; officially"],["De novo","Anew; starting fresh"],["Dicta","Remarks in a ruling not essential to the decision"],["Duces tecum","Bring with you; a subpoena for documents"],["Ex parte","From one side only"],["Ex post facto","After the fact; as in laws that punish past acts"],["Ex rel.","On the relation of; on behalf of"],["Forum non conveniens","Doctrine allowing a court to decline a case better heard elsewhere"],["Habeas corpus","You have the body; a writ to challenge unlawful detention"],["Ibid.","In the same place; same source as before"],["In camera","In private, in the judge's chambers"],["In loco parentis","In place of a parent"],["In re","In the matter of"],["In rem","Against a thing, not a person"],["In personam","Against a person"],["Inter alia","Among other things"],["Ipso facto","By the fact itself"],["Jus","Law or right"],["Lex loci","Law of the place"],["Locus standi","The right to bring a case"],["Mala fide","In bad faith"],["Mala in se","Wrong in themselves; inherently wrong acts"],["Mala prohibita","Wrong because prohibited by law"],["Nolo contendere","I do not wish to contest; a no-contest plea"],["Non compos mentis","Not of sound mind"],["Obiter dictum","A remark by the way; a judge's non-binding comment"],["Per curiam","By the court; an opinion by the court as a whole"],["Per diem","By the day"],["Per se","In itself; by itself"],["Persona non grata","An unwelcome person"],["Prima facie","At first glance; enough evidence unless rebutted"],["Pro bono publico","For the public good"],["Pro forma","As a matter of form"],["Pro rata","In proportion"],["Pro se","For oneself; representing oneself"],["Quantum meruit","As much as deserved; reasonable payment for services"],["Quid pro quo","Something for something; an exchange"],["Quo warranto","By what authority; a challenge to someone's right to hold office"],["Res ipsa loquitur","The thing speaks for itself"],["Res judicata","A matter already decided and not to be tried again"],["Respondeat superior","Let the master answer; employer responsible for employee acts"],["Sine die","Without a day; adjourned with no date to meet again"],["Sine qua non","Without which it cannot be; an essential condition"],["Stare decisis","To stand by decided things; follow precedent"],["Sub judice","Under judicial consideration"],["Sub poena","Under penalty"],["Sua sponte","On its own accord; a court acting without a request"],["Ultra vires","Beyond the powers; outside legal authority"],["Vel non","Or not"],["Verbatim","Word for word"],["Versus (v.)","Against"],["Vice versa","The other way around"],["Voir dire","To speak the truth; questioning of potential jurors"],["Habeas data","A right to access one's personal records"],["Pendente lite","While the lawsuit is pending"],["Nunc pro tunc","Now for then; applying a ruling retroactively"],["Lis pendens","A pending lawsuit about property"],["Pari passu","On equal footing"],["Ratio decidendi","The reason for the decision"],["Rex","King; the Crown as prosecutor in some systems"],["Stare decisis et non quieta movere","Stand by decisions and do not disturb settled matters"],["Affidavit","He has sworn; a sworn written statement"],["Corpus juris","The body of law"],["Casus belli","An event that justifies war"],["Fiat","Let it be done; an authoritative order"],["Innuendo","By hinting; an indirect suggestion"],["Alias","Otherwise; another name"],["Bonum","Good"],["Consensus ad idem","Agreement on the same thing; meeting of the minds"],["Volenti non fit injuria","No wrong is done to a willing person"],["Nemo dat","No one gives what they do not have"],["Pacta sunt servanda","Agreements must be kept"],["Audi alteram partem","Hear the other side"],["Nulla poena sine lege","No punishment without law"],["Ignorantia juris non excusat","Ignorance of the law is no excuse"],["Dura lex, sed lex","The law is harsh, but it is the law"],["Fiat justitia","Let justice be done"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-latin-phrases-english","id":"tp-latin-phrases-english","title":"Latin Phrases Used in English","category":"test-prep","subject":"Latin","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Latin words and phrases that still appear in everyday writing and speech.","tags":["latin","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Latin","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["a.m. (ante meridiem)","Before midday"],["p.m. (post meridiem)","After midday"],["ad hoc","For this specific purpose"],["ad infinitum","Without end"],["ad nauseam","To the point of disgust"],["alma mater","Nourishing mother; one's school"],["alter ego","Another self"],["anno Domini (A.D.)","In the year of the Lord"],["ante bellum","Before the war"],["bona fide","In good faith; genuine"],["carpe diem","Seize the day"],["caveat emptor","Let the buyer beware"],["circa (c.)","Around; approximately"],["cogito, ergo sum","I think, therefore I am"],["compos mentis","Of sound mind"],["curriculum vitae (CV)","Course of life; a resume"],["de facto","In fact"],["deus ex machina","A god from the machine; a sudden contrived solution"],["e.g. (exempli gratia)","For example"],["et al. (et alii)","And others"],["et cetera (etc.)","And the rest"],["ex libris","From the books of"],["ex officio","By virtue of one's office"],["habeas corpus","You may have the body"],["i.e. (id est)","That is"],["in absentia","In absence"],["in memoriam","In memory of"],["in toto","Entirely"],["in vitro","In glass; in a lab dish"],["ipso facto","By that very fact"],["magnum opus","Great work; a masterpiece"],["mea culpa","My fault"],["memento mori","Remember that you must die"],["modus operandi (M.O.)","Method of operating"],["N.B. (nota bene)","Note well"],["non sequitur","It does not follow"],["per annum","By the year"],["per capita","For each head; per person"],["per se","By itself"],["persona non grata","An unwelcome person"],["post mortem","After death"],["post scriptum (P.S.)","Written after"],["prima facie","At first sight"],["pro bono","For the public good; done free"],["pro rata","In proportion"],["pro tempore (pro tem)","For the time being"],["quid pro quo","Something for something"],["quod erat demonstrandum (Q.E.D.)","Which was to be shown"],["rigor mortis","Stiffness of death"],["sic","Thus; so written in the original"],["status quo","The existing state of affairs"],["sub rosa","Under the rose; in secret"],["tabula rasa","Blank slate"],["tempus fugit","Time flies"],["terra firma","Solid ground"],["terra incognita","Unknown land"],["verbatim","Word for word"],["versus (vs.)","Against"],["vice versa","The other way around"],["vox populi","Voice of the people"],["veni, vidi, vici","I came, I saw, I conquered; attributed to Julius Caesar"],["e pluribus unum","Out of many, one; US motto on coins"],["annuit coeptis","He has favored our undertakings; on the Great Seal"],["novus ordo seclorum","A new order of the ages; on the Great Seal"],["semper fidelis","Always faithful; Marine Corps motto"],["semper paratus","Always ready; Coast Guard motto"],["veritas","Truth"],["lux et veritas","Light and truth; Yale's motto"],["cum laude","With praise; an honor distinction"],["magna cum laude","With great praise"],["summa cum laude","With highest praise"],["alumnus","A male graduate"],["alumna","A female graduate"],["alumni","Graduates, plural"],["bonus","A good thing; extra payment"],["agenda","Things to be done"],["data","Things given; plural of datum"],["media","Plural of medium"],["curriculum","A course of study"],["campus","Field; the grounds of a school"],["exit","He or she goes out"],["fiat lux","Let there be light"],["in situ","In its original place"],["ex nihilo","Out of nothing"],["inter alia","Among other things"],["lingua franca","A common language between groups (from Italian, 'Frankish tongue')"],["panem et circenses","Bread and circuses; keeping people content with food and entertainment"],["quo vadis","Where are you going?"],["requiescat in pace (R.I.P.)","May he or she rest in peace"],["sine qua non","Without which nothing; an essential condition"],["sui generis","Of its own kind; unique"],["summum bonum","The highest good"],["ultima ratio","The final argument"],["ut supra","As above"],["Pax Romana","Roman peace; a long period of stability in the Roman Empire"],["et tu, Brute?","And you, Brutus?; a cry of betrayal"],["homo sapiens","Wise human"],["Carthago delenda est","Carthage must be destroyed"],["audere est facere","To dare is to do"],["ars longa, vita brevis","Art is long, life is short"],["festina lente","Make haste slowly"],["amor vincit omnia","Love conquers all"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-law-terms","id":"tp-law-terms","title":"Legal Terms Everyone Should Know","category":"test-prep","subject":"Law","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common legal vocabulary from US courts and contracts. General education, not legal advice.","tags":["law","legal","courts"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Plaintiff","The person or party who starts a civil lawsuit"],["Defendant","The person or party being sued or accused"],["Prosecutor","Lawyer who brings criminal charges for the government"],["Defense attorney","Lawyer who represents the accused"],["Judge","Official who presides over a court"],["Jury","Group of citizens who decide the facts of a case"],["Grand jury","Jury that decides whether there is enough evidence to bring charges"],["Petit jury","Trial jury that decides a case"],["Verdict","A jury's or judge's decision on a case"],["Sentence","The punishment ordered after conviction"],["Civil law","Law about disputes between private parties"],["Criminal law","Law about offenses against society"],["Felony","A serious crime, usually punishable by more than a year in prison"],["Misdemeanor","A less serious crime"],["Infraction","A minor violation, like a traffic ticket"],["Statute","A law passed by a legislature"],["Common law","Law developed from court decisions"],["Precedent","An earlier ruling that guides later cases"],["Jurisdiction","A court's authority to hear a case"],["Venue","The location where a case is heard"],["Appeal","Asking a higher court to review a decision"],["Appellant","The party who appeals"],["Appellee","The party who responds to an appeal"],["Burden of proof","The duty to prove a claim"],["Beyond a reasonable doubt","The standard of proof in criminal cases"],["Preponderance of the evidence","The usual civil standard: more likely than not"],["Clear and convincing evidence","A standard higher than preponderance but lower than beyond a reasonable doubt"],["Evidence","Information presented to prove or disprove facts"],["Testimony","Statements given under oath"],["Hearsay","An out-of-court statement offered for its truth, generally restricted as evidence"],["Witness","Person who gives testimony"],["Subpoena","A court order to appear or produce documents"],["Deposition","Sworn testimony taken outside court"],["Affidavit","A written statement sworn to be true"],["Oath","A solemn promise to tell the truth"],["Perjury","Lying under oath"],["Objection","A lawyer's formal protest against a question or evidence"],["Sustained","Judge agrees with an objection"],["Overruled","Judge rejects an objection"],["Plea","A defendant's formal answer to charges"],["Plea bargain","An agreement to plead guilty for a lighter outcome"],["Arraignment","Hearing where charges are read and a plea entered"],["Indictment","Formal charge issued by a grand jury"],["Bail","Money or bond to secure release before trial"],["Probation","Supervised release instead of prison"],["Parole","Early supervised release from prison"],["Acquittal","Finding that a defendant is not guilty"],["Conviction","A finding or plea of guilty"],["Mistrial","A trial ended without a verdict due to a serious problem"],["Hung jury","A jury unable to reach a decision"],["Double jeopardy","Being tried twice for the same crime, generally prohibited"],["Miranda rights","Warnings police give about the right to remain silent and have a lawyer"],["Search warrant","Court order allowing police to search a place"],["Probable cause","Reasonable grounds to believe a crime has occurred"],["Due process","Fair legal procedures required by law"],["Habeas corpus","A court order to bring a detained person before a judge"],["Tort","A civil wrong causing harm"],["Negligence","Failure to take reasonable care, causing harm"],["Liability","Legal responsibility"],["Damages","Money awarded to compensate for harm"],["Punitive damages","Money awarded to punish wrongdoing"],["Injunction","A court order to do or stop doing something"],["Settlement","An agreement resolving a dispute without a trial"],["Summary judgment","A ruling without a full trial when facts are not in dispute"],["Class action","A lawsuit brought on behalf of a large group"],["Contract","A legally enforceable agreement"],["Offer","A proposal to make a contract"],["Acceptance","Agreement to the terms of an offer"],["Consideration","Something of value exchanged in a contract"],["Breach of contract","Failing to perform as promised"],["Statute of limitations","Deadline for bringing a lawsuit"],["Void","Having no legal effect"],["Voidable","Valid unless canceled by one party"],["Libel","Written false statement harming reputation"],["Slander","Spoken false statement harming reputation"],["Defamation","False statement that damages a reputation"],["Copyright","Legal protection for original creative works"],["Trademark","Protection for brand names and logos"],["Patent","Exclusive right to an invention for a time"],["Intellectual property","Creations of the mind protected by law"],["Will","Document stating how property goes after death"],["Estate","All property a person owns"],["Probate","Court process to validate a will and distribute an estate"],["Intestate","Dying without a valid will"],["Executor","Person named to carry out a will"],["Trust","Arrangement where one holds property for another's benefit"],["Power of attorney","Legal authority to act on another's behalf"],["Guardian","Person appointed to care for someone unable to care for themselves"],["Easement","Right to use another's land for a purpose"],["Deed","Document transferring property ownership"],["Lien","Claim on property as security for a debt"],["Mortgage","Loan secured by real estate"],["Landlord","Owner who rents property"],["Tenant","Person who rents property"],["Eminent domain","Government's power to take private property for public use with compensation"],["Pro bono","Legal work done for free for the public good"],["Pro se","Representing oneself in court"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-literary-terms","id":"tp-literary-terms","title":"Literature and Rhetoric Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"English Literature","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Literary devices, poetic forms and rhetorical terms used in AP English and college courses.","tags":["ap","literature","rhetoric"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Allegory","A story whose characters and events stand for deeper ideas"],["Alliteration","Repeating beginning consonant sounds"],["Allusion","A brief reference to a known person, place or work"],["Ambiguity","Deliberate use of more than one possible meaning"],["Anachronism","Something placed in the wrong time period"],["Analogy","A comparison to explain something by likeness"],["Anaphora","Repeating a word or phrase at the start of successive lines or sentences"],["Antagonist","The character or force opposing the protagonist"],["Antithesis","Placing opposite ideas in balanced phrases"],["Aphorism","A short statement of a general truth"],["Apostrophe","Directly addressing an absent person or thing"],["Assonance","Repetition of vowel sounds"],["Bildungsroman","A novel about a character's growth to adulthood"],["Blank verse","Unrhymed iambic pentameter"],["Caesura","A pause within a line of poetry"],["Characterization","How an author creates and develops a character"],["Climax","The turning point of highest tension"],["Colloquialism","Informal everyday expression"],["Conceit","An elaborate, extended metaphor"],["Connotation","The feelings a word suggests beyond its literal meaning"],["Denotation","The literal dictionary meaning"],["Consonance","Repetition of consonant sounds within or at ends of words"],["Couplet","Two rhymed lines"],["Deus ex machina","A sudden unexpected event that solves a plot problem"],["Diction","An author's word choice"],["Didactic","Intended to teach a lesson"],["Dramatic irony","The audience knows something the characters do not"],["Elegy","A poem of mourning"],["Ellipsis","The omission of words, or the three dots marking it"],["End-stopped line","A line whose thought ends with the line"],["Enjambment","A sentence continuing past the end of a line"],["Epic","A long narrative poem about heroic deeds"],["Epigraph","A quotation placed at the start of a work"],["Epistolary novel","A novel told through letters or documents"],["Euphemism","A mild word replacing a harsh one"],["Exposition","Background information at a story's start"],["Extended metaphor","A metaphor developed over several lines"],["Falling action","Events after the climax"],["Figurative language","Language meant to be understood beyond its literal sense"],["First-person narrator","A narrator who tells the story as 'I'"],["Flashback","A scene from an earlier time"],["Foil","A character who contrasts with another to highlight traits"],["Foreshadowing","Hints about what will happen later"],["Frame story","A story that contains other stories"],["Free verse","Poetry without regular rhyme or meter"],["Genre","A category of literature"],["Gothic","Fiction with gloomy settings and mystery"],["Hyperbole","Deliberate exaggeration"],["Iambic pentameter","Ten-syllable line of five unstressed-stressed pairs"],["Imagery","Language appealing to the senses"],["In medias res","Beginning a story in the middle of the action"],["Irony","A contrast between expectation and reality"],["Juxtaposition","Placing contrasting things side by side"],["Litotes","Understatement using a negative, like 'not bad'"],["Metaphor","A direct comparison without 'like' or 'as'"],["Metonymy","Using a related thing to stand for something, like 'the crown' for a king"],["Mood","The feeling a work creates in the reader"],["Motif","A recurring element that supports a theme"],["Narrative arc","The shape of a story's development"],["Ode","A lyric poem praising a subject"],["Onomatopoeia","A word that imitates a sound"],["Oxymoron","Two contradictory words together"],["Parable","A short story teaching a moral lesson"],["Paradox","A statement that seems contradictory but reveals truth"],["Parallelism","Repeating similar grammatical structure"],["Parody","An imitation meant to mock or amuse"],["Pathos","An appeal to emotion"],["Ethos","An appeal based on credibility"],["Logos","An appeal based on logic"],["Personification","Giving human traits to non-human things"],["Point of view","The perspective from which a story is told"],["Third-person omniscient","A narrator who knows all characters' thoughts"],["Third-person limited","A narrator who knows one character's thoughts"],["Protagonist","The main character"],["Pun","A play on words"],["Quatrain","A four-line stanza"],["Refrain","A repeated line or phrase"],["Rhetorical question","A question asked for effect, not an answer"],["Rhyme scheme","The pattern of rhymes at line ends"],["Rising action","Events building toward the climax"],["Satire","Using humor and exaggeration to criticize"],["Setting","The time and place of a story"],["Simile","A comparison using 'like' or 'as'"],["Soliloquy","A speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud alone"],["Sonnet","A fourteen-line poem"],["Stanza","A group of lines in a poem"],["Stream of consciousness","A narrative style following a character's flowing thoughts"],["Symbol","An object that stands for a larger idea"],["Synecdoche","A part standing for the whole, like 'hands' for workers"],["Syntax","The arrangement of words in sentences"],["Theme","A central idea of a work"],["Tone","The author's attitude toward the subject"],["Tragedy","A drama of a hero's downfall"],["Tragic flaw","A trait that leads to a hero's ruin"],["Understatement","Describing something as less than it is"],["Unreliable narrator","A narrator whose account cannot be fully trusted"],["Utopia","An imagined perfect society"],["Dystopia","An imagined society marked by suffering or oppression"],["Voice","The distinctive style of a writer or narrator"],["Zeugma","One word applied to two others in different senses"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-logical-fallacies","id":"tp-logical-fallacies","title":"Logical Fallacies","category":"test-prep","subject":"Logic","levels":["6-8","9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Common errors in reasoning, each with a plain description and example.","tags":["logic","fallacies","critical-thinking"],"frontLabel":"Fallacy","backLabel":"What goes wrong","cards":[["Ad hominem","Attacking the person instead of the argument","You can't trust her plan; she's always late."],["Straw man","Misrepresenting someone's view to make it easier to attack"],["False dilemma","Presenting only two options when more exist","You're either with us or against us."],["Slippery slope","Claiming one step will inevitably lead to extreme results without evidence"],["Appeal to authority","Treating a claim as true only because an authority said it, especially outside their field"],["Appeal to popularity","Arguing something is true because many people believe it"],["Bandwagon","Urging someone to do it because everyone else is"],["Appeal to tradition","Arguing something is right because it has always been done"],["Appeal to novelty","Arguing something is better because it is new"],["Appeal to emotion","Using feelings in place of evidence"],["Appeal to pity","Using sympathy to win agreement"],["Appeal to fear","Using scare tactics instead of evidence"],["Appeal to nature","Claiming something is good because it is natural"],["Appeal to ignorance","Claiming something is true because it has not been proven false"],["Circular reasoning","The conclusion is assumed in the premise","He is honest because he never lies."],["Begging the question","Treating the thing to be proved as already true"],["Hasty generalization","Drawing a broad conclusion from too few examples"],["Anecdotal evidence","Using a personal story as proof of a general claim"],["Cherry-picking","Choosing only data that supports your claim"],["Post hoc ergo propter hoc","Assuming A caused B because B followed A"],["Correlation is not causation","Two things changing together does not show one causes the other"],["Red herring","Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract"],["Tu quoque","Dismissing a point because the speaker does the same thing"],["Genetic fallacy","Judging an idea by its origin instead of its merits"],["Guilt by association","Rejecting an idea because of who supports it"],["Poisoning the well","Discrediting a source before it can speak"],["Equivocation","Using a word in two different senses in one argument"],["Composition fallacy","Assuming what is true of parts is true of the whole"],["Division fallacy","Assuming what is true of the whole is true of each part"],["Burden of proof shift","Demanding others disprove a claim instead of supporting it"],["No true Scotsman","Redefining a group to exclude counterexamples"],["Moving the goalposts","Changing the standard of proof after it has been met"],["Loaded question","A question that contains an unfair assumption","Have you stopped cheating?"],["Middle ground fallacy","Assuming the truth must lie halfway between two positions"],["Texas sharpshooter","Finding patterns after the fact and ignoring the rest of the data"],["Gambler's fallacy","Believing past random events change future odds"],["Sunk cost fallacy","Continuing because of what was already invested"],["Special pleading","Excusing your own case from a rule without good reason"],["False cause","Claiming a causal link without proof"],["Non sequitur","A conclusion that does not follow from the premises"],["Affirming the consequent","If P then Q; Q, therefore P (invalid)"],["Denying the antecedent","If P then Q; not P, therefore not Q (invalid)"],["Modus ponens","If P then Q; P; therefore Q (valid)"],["Modus tollens","If P then Q; not Q; therefore not P (valid)"],["Syllogism","A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion"],["Deductive reasoning","Moving from general premises to a certain conclusion"],["Inductive reasoning","Moving from specific cases to a probable general conclusion"],["Sound argument","A valid argument with true premises"],["Valid argument","A conclusion that follows logically from the premises"],["Weak analogy","Comparing things that are not alike in relevant ways"],["Ambiguity fallacy","Relying on unclear wording to mislead"],["Fallacy of the single cause","Blaming one factor for a complex outcome"],["Appeal to accomplishment","Dismissing a claim because of someone's success or lack of it"],["Argument from incredulity","Claiming something is false because it is hard to imagine"],["Naturalistic fallacy","Deriving what ought to be from what is"],["Survivorship bias","Focusing on successes and overlooking the failures"],["Confirmation bias","Favoring information that fits existing beliefs"],["False equivalence","Treating two very different things as equal"],["Appeal to the stone","Dismissing a claim as absurd without showing why"],["Hasty conclusion from small sample","Overgeneralizing from limited cases"],["Ad populum","Latin name for appeal to the crowd"],["Ad verecundiam","Latin name for appeal to authority"],["Ad ignorantiam","Latin name for appeal to ignorance"],["Argumentum ad baculum","Appeal to force or threats"],["Reductio ad absurdum","Showing a claim is false by following it to an absurd result"],["Ad nauseam","Repeating a claim until people accept it"],["Fallacy fallacy","Assuming a conclusion is false because the argument for it is flawed"],["Is-ought problem","Facts alone do not tell us what we should do"],["Occam's razor","Prefer the simpler explanation that fits the facts"],["Hume's guillotine","Another name for the is-ought gap"],["Burden of proof","The person making a claim must support it"],["Falsifiability","A claim should be testable and possible to prove wrong"],["Argument from silence","Concluding something from the lack of evidence against it"],["Fallacy of composition example","Each player is good, so the team must be good"],["Appeal to money","Assuming something is right because it is expensive or profitable"],["Whataboutism","Deflecting criticism by pointing to someone else's faults"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-marketing-terms","id":"tp-marketing-terms","title":"Marketing Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Marketing","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Core marketing concepts and digital marketing terms.","tags":["marketing","business","advertising"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Marketing","Creating, communicating and delivering value to customers"],["Marketing mix (4 Ps)","Product, price, place, promotion"],["7 Ps of services marketing","The 4 Ps plus people, process and physical evidence"],["Product","What is offered to meet a need"],["Price","What customers pay"],["Place","How and where the product reaches customers"],["Promotion","How a company communicates about its offer"],["Market segmentation","Dividing a market into groups with similar needs"],["Demographics","Age, income, gender and other population traits"],["Psychographics","Attitudes, interests and lifestyles"],["Behavioral segmentation","Grouping by how customers act or use products"],["Targeting","Choosing which segments to serve"],["Positioning","How a brand wants to be seen relative to competitors"],["STP","Segmentation, targeting, positioning"],["Target audience","The specific group a message is meant for"],["Buyer persona","A fictional profile of an ideal customer"],["Brand","The identity and reputation of a product or company"],["Brand equity","The added value a brand name gives a product"],["Brand awareness","How well customers recognize a brand"],["Brand loyalty","Customers' continued preference for a brand"],["Logo","A symbol or design representing a brand"],["Slogan","A memorable phrase tied to a brand"],["Unique selling proposition","The feature that sets a product apart"],["Value proposition","The benefit promised to customers"],["Customer journey","The path a customer takes from awareness to purchase and beyond"],["Marketing funnel","Model of awareness, interest, decision and action"],["Conversion","A desired action, like a purchase or sign-up"],["Conversion rate","The percent of visitors who take the desired action"],["Lead","A potential customer who shows interest"],["Lead generation","Attracting and capturing potential customers"],["Customer acquisition cost","Cost to win one new customer"],["Customer lifetime value","Total value a customer brings over their relationship"],["Retention","Keeping existing customers"],["Churn","The rate at which customers leave"],["CRM","Customer relationship management system"],["Market research","Gathering information about customers and markets"],["Primary research","New data collected directly"],["Secondary research","Existing data collected by others"],["Focus group","A guided discussion with a small group of consumers"],["Survey","A set of questions given to many people"],["A/B testing","Comparing two versions to see which performs better"],["Competitive analysis","Studying rival products and strategies"],["Market share","A company's percent of industry sales"],["Pricing strategy","Approach to setting prices"],["Penetration pricing","Low initial price to win market share"],["Price skimming","High initial price that is lowered over time"],["Premium pricing","High price to signal quality"],["Loss leader","A product sold at a loss to attract customers"],["Freemium","Free basic service with paid upgrades"],["Bundling","Selling several products together as a package"],["Distribution channel","Path a product takes to reach customers"],["Retailer","A business selling to final consumers"],["Wholesaler","A business selling in bulk to retailers"],["Direct-to-consumer","Selling straight to customers without middlemen"],["Omnichannel","A seamless experience across online and offline channels"],["Advertising","Paid, non-personal promotion"],["Public relations","Managing a brand's relationship with the public and media"],["Sales promotion","Short-term incentives like coupons and discounts"],["Personal selling","Direct, person-to-person selling"],["Word of mouth","People recommending a brand to others"],["Influencer marketing","Partnering with people who have social reach"],["Content marketing","Creating valuable content to attract an audience"],["Inbound marketing","Drawing customers in through useful content"],["Outbound marketing","Reaching out directly to audiences, like ads and cold calls"],["Email marketing","Promoting through email messages"],["Social media marketing","Promoting through social platforms"],["SEO","Search engine optimization to earn organic search traffic"],["SEM","Search engine marketing, including paid search ads"],["Pay-per-click","Advertising where you pay each time an ad is clicked"],["Impression","One display of an ad"],["Click-through rate","Clicks divided by impressions"],["CPM","Cost per thousand impressions"],["Reach","Number of unique people who see a message"],["Frequency","Average number of times a person sees a message"],["Engagement","Interactions with content, like likes and comments"],["Call to action","A prompt telling the audience what to do next"],["Landing page","A page designed to turn visitors into leads or customers"],["Retargeting","Showing ads to people who visited before"],["Affiliate marketing","Paying partners for sales they refer"],["Viral marketing","Content that spreads rapidly through sharing"],["Guerrilla marketing","Low-cost, creative, unconventional promotion"],["Product life cycle","Introduction, growth, maturity, decline"],["Product differentiation","Making a product stand out from rivals"],["Market penetration","Selling more of existing products in existing markets"],["Product development","Creating new products for existing markets"],["Ansoff matrix","Framework of four growth strategies"],["Net Promoter Score","A measure of customers' willingness to recommend"],["Marketing ethics","Standards of honesty and fairness in marketing"],["Greenwashing","Misleadingly claiming environmental benefits"],["Packaging","The container and design of a product"],["Point of sale","Where a transaction occurs"],["Upselling","Encouraging a more expensive version"],["Cross-selling","Suggesting related products"],["Testimonial","A customer's statement in praise of a product"],["Target market vs. mass market","Focused group versus the whole market"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-abbreviations","id":"tp-med-abbreviations","title":"Common Medical Abbreviations","category":"test-prep","subject":"Medical Terminology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Abbreviations used in health records and healthcare education.","tags":["medical","abbreviations"],"frontLabel":"Abbreviation","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["ABG","Arterial blood gas"],["ADL","Activities of daily living"],["AED","Automated external defibrillator"],["AIDS","Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome"],["BMI","Body mass index"],["BP","Blood pressure"],["BPM","Beats per minute"],["BUN","Blood urea nitrogen"],["CABG","Coronary artery bypass graft"],["CAD","Coronary artery disease"],["CBC","Complete blood count"],["CHF","Congestive heart failure"],["CNS","Central nervous system"],["COPD","Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"],["CPR","Cardiopulmonary resuscitation"],["CT","Computed tomography"],["CVA","Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)"],["DM","Diabetes mellitus"],["DNR","Do not resuscitate"],["DOB","Date of birth"],["DVT","Deep vein thrombosis"],["Dx","Diagnosis"],["ECG, EKG","Electrocardiogram"],["EEG","Electroencephalogram"],["EMS","Emergency medical services"],["ENT","Ear, nose and throat"],["ER, ED","Emergency room; emergency department"],["FX","Fracture"],["GERD","Gastroesophageal reflux disease"],["GI","Gastrointestinal"],["GU","Genitourinary"],["Hb, Hgb","Hemoglobin"],["HCT","Hematocrit"],["HIV","Human immunodeficiency virus"],["HR","Heart rate"],["Hx","History"],["ICU","Intensive care unit"],["IM","Intramuscular"],["IV","Intravenous"],["LOC","Level of consciousness; loss of consciousness"],["MI","Myocardial infarction (heart attack)"],["MRI","Magnetic resonance imaging"],["N/V","Nausea and vomiting"],["NPO","Nothing by mouth"],["NSAID","Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug"],["OR","Operating room"],["OTC","Over the counter"],["PE","Pulmonary embolism; physical exam"],["PO","By mouth"],["PRN","As needed"],["PT","Physical therapy; prothrombin time"],["PVC","Premature ventricular contraction"],["QD","Every day (on avoid-lists as error-prone)"],["RBC","Red blood cell"],["RN","Registered nurse"],["ROM","Range of motion"],["RR","Respiratory rate"],["Rx","Prescription; treatment"],["SOB","Shortness of breath"],["STAT","Immediately"],["STI","Sexually transmitted infection"],["SpO2","Peripheral oxygen saturation"],["Sx","Symptoms"],["T","Temperature"],["TB","Tuberculosis"],["TIA","Transient ischemic attack"],["TPR","Temperature, pulse, respiration"],["Tx","Treatment"],["URI","Upper respiratory infection"],["UTI","Urinary tract infection"],["VS","Vital signs"],["WBC","White blood cell"],["WNL","Within normal limits"],["BID","Twice a day"],["TID","Three times a day"],["QID","Four times a day"],["AC","Before meals"],["PC","After meals"],["HS","At bedtime"],["SL","Sublingual (under the tongue)"],["SC, SQ","Subcutaneous"],["IVP","Intravenous push"],["NG","Nasogastric"],["NKDA","No known drug allergies"],["Pt","Patient"],["c/o","Complains of"],["w/u","Work-up"],["I&O","Intake and output"],["H&P","History and physical"],["CC","Chief complaint"],["HPI","History of present illness"],["PMH","Past medical history"],["ROS","Review of systems"],["SOAP","Subjective, objective, assessment, plan (note format)"],["Fx vs Hx vs Dx","Fracture, history, diagnosis"],["HTN","Hypertension"],["CKD","Chronic kidney disease"],["AFib","Atrial fibrillation"],["ARDS","Acute respiratory distress syndrome"],["ADHD","Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"],["PTSD","Post-traumatic stress disorder"],["IBS","Irritable bowel syndrome"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-body-systems","id":"tp-med-body-systems","title":"Body Systems: Terms and Functions","category":"test-prep","subject":"Anatomy and Physiology","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Key terms across the eleven organ systems of the human body.","tags":["anatomy","physiology","body-systems"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Homeostasis","Keeping the body's internal conditions stable"],["Integumentary system","Skin, hair, nails and glands"],["Epidermis","Outer layer of skin"],["Dermis","Layer of skin with blood vessels, nerves and glands"],["Hypodermis","Fatty layer beneath the skin"],["Melanin","Pigment that gives skin its color and absorbs UV"],["Sebaceous gland","Gland that makes oil (sebum)"],["Sudoriferous gland","Sweat gland"],["Keratin","Tough protein in skin, hair and nails"],["Skeletal system","Bones, cartilage and joints"],["Osteocyte","Mature bone cell"],["Compact bone","Dense outer bone layer"],["Spongy bone","Porous inner bone containing marrow"],["Red bone marrow","Tissue that makes blood cells"],["Ligament","Tissue connecting bone to bone"],["Tendon","Tissue connecting muscle to bone"],["Cartilage","Flexible connective tissue cushioning joints"],["Synovial joint","Freely movable joint with fluid-filled cavity"],["Muscular system","Muscles that produce movement"],["Skeletal muscle","Voluntary striated muscle attached to bones"],["Smooth muscle","Involuntary muscle in walls of organs"],["Cardiac muscle","Involuntary striated muscle of the heart"],["Sarcomere","Basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber"],["Actin and myosin","Protein filaments that slide past each other to contract muscle"],["Nervous system","Brain, spinal cord and nerves"],["Neuron","Nerve cell"],["Synapse","Junction where neurons communicate"],["Cerebrum","Largest part of the brain; thinking and voluntary action"],["Cerebellum","Brain part that coordinates balance and movement"],["Brainstem","Controls breathing, heart rate and basic life functions"],["Autonomic nervous system","Controls involuntary actions"],["Reflex arc","Quick automatic pathway from stimulus to response"],["Myelin","Fatty coating that speeds nerve signals"],["Endocrine system","Glands that release hormones into the blood"],["Hormone","A chemical messenger"],["Pituitary gland","Master gland controlling other glands"],["Thyroid gland","Controls metabolism"],["Pancreas","Makes insulin and digestive enzymes"],["Insulin","Hormone that lowers blood glucose"],["Adrenal gland","Makes hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol"],["Cardiovascular system","Heart and blood vessels"],["Atrium","Upper heart chamber that receives blood"],["Ventricle","Lower heart chamber that pumps blood out"],["Artery","Vessel carrying blood away from the heart"],["Vein","Vessel carrying blood toward the heart"],["Capillary","Tiny vessel where exchange occurs"],["Systolic pressure","Pressure when the heart contracts"],["Diastolic pressure","Pressure when the heart relaxes"],["Erythrocyte","Red blood cell; carries oxygen"],["Leukocyte","White blood cell; fights infection"],["Thrombocyte","Platelet; helps blood clot"],["Hemoglobin","Iron-containing protein that carries oxygen"],["Plasma","Liquid part of blood"],["Lymphatic system","Vessels and organs that drain fluid and defend against disease"],["Lymph node","Small organ that filters lymph"],["Spleen","Organ that filters blood and stores platelets"],["Thymus","Organ where T cells mature"],["Immune system","Cells and tissues that defend against pathogens"],["Antibody","Protein that recognizes and binds to an antigen"],["Antigen","A substance that triggers an immune response"],["Respiratory system","Organs for gas exchange"],["Alveoli","Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gases are exchanged"],["Diaphragm","Muscle under the lungs that drives breathing"],["Trachea","Windpipe"],["Bronchi","Two main airways into the lungs"],["Larynx","Voice box"],["Digestive system","Organs that break down food and absorb nutrients"],["Esophagus","Tube from throat to stomach"],["Peristalsis","Wave-like muscle contractions moving food"],["Stomach","Organ that churns food with acid and enzymes"],["Small intestine","Main site of nutrient absorption"],["Large intestine","Absorbs water and forms stool"],["Liver","Makes bile, processes nutrients and detoxifies"],["Gallbladder","Stores bile"],["Villi","Finger-like folds that absorb nutrients in the small intestine"],["Urinary system","Organs that filter blood and remove liquid waste"],["Kidney","Filters blood and makes urine"],["Nephron","Filtering unit of the kidney"],["Ureter","Tube from kidney to bladder"],["Urinary bladder","Stores urine"],["Urethra","Tube carrying urine out of the body"],["Reproductive system","Organs for producing offspring"],["Gamete","A reproductive cell: sperm or egg"],["Ovary","Female organ that makes eggs"],["Testis","Male organ that makes sperm"],["Uterus","Organ where a fetus develops"],["Zygote","Cell formed when sperm fertilizes an egg"],["Fetus","Developing baby after about eight weeks"],["Placenta","Organ that nourishes the fetus"],["Anatomical position","Standing upright, facing forward, palms forward"],["Sagittal plane","Divides the body into left and right"],["Frontal (coronal) plane","Divides the body into front and back"],["Transverse plane","Divides the body into top and bottom"],["Proximal","Closer to the point of attachment"],["Distal","Farther from the point of attachment"],["Superior","Toward the head"],["Inferior","Toward the feet"],["Anterior","Toward the front"],["Posterior","Toward the back"],["Medial","Toward the midline"],["Lateral","Away from the midline"],["Superficial","Near the surface"],["Deep","Farther from the surface"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-prefixes","id":"tp-med-prefixes","title":"Medical Terminology: Prefixes","category":"test-prep","subject":"Medical Terminology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Word beginnings that appear in medical and health terms.","tags":["medical","terminology","prefix"],"frontLabel":"Prefix","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["a-, an-","Without; not","anemia"],["ab-","Away from","abduct"],["ad-","Toward","adduct"],["ambi-","Both","ambidextrous"],["ante-","Before; forward","antepartum"],["anti-","Against","antibiotic"],["auto-","Self","autoimmune"],["bi-","Two","bilateral"],["brady-","Slow","bradycardia"],["circum-","Around","circumcision"],["con-","With; together","congenital"],["contra-","Against; opposite","contraindicated"],["de-","Down; removal","dehydration"],["dia-","Through; complete","diagnosis"],["dis-","Apart; away","dislocate"],["dys-","Painful; difficult; abnormal","dyspnea"],["ecto-","Outside","ectopic"],["endo-","Within","endocardium"],["epi-","Upon; above","epidermis"],["eu-","Good; normal","euphoria"],["ex-, exo-","Outside; out of","exhale"],["extra-","Outside of","extracellular"],["hemi-","Half","hemisphere"],["hetero-","Different","heterogeneous"],["homo-, homeo-","Same","homeostasis"],["hyper-","Above; excessive","hypertension"],["hypo-","Below; deficient","hypotension"],["infra-","Below","infraorbital"],["inter-","Between","intercostal"],["intra-","Within","intravenous"],["iso-","Equal","isotonic"],["macro-","Large","macrophage"],["mal-","Bad; poor","malnutrition"],["meso-","Middle","mesentery"],["meta-","Change; beyond","metastasis"],["micro-","Small","microscope"],["mono-","One","mononucleosis"],["multi-","Many","multiparous"],["neo-","New","neonatal"],["non-","Not","noninvasive"],["oligo-","Few; scanty","oliguria"],["pan-","All","pandemic"],["para-","Beside; abnormal; near","paralysis"],["per-","Through","percutaneous"],["peri-","Around","pericardium"],["poly-","Many; much","polyuria"],["post-","After","postoperative"],["pre-","Before","prenatal"],["pro-","Before; in favor of","prognosis"],["pseudo-","False","pseudocyst"],["quadri-","Four","quadriceps"],["re-","Again; back","regurgitate"],["retro-","Behind; backward","retroperitoneal"],["semi-","Half","semiconscious"],["sub-","Under","subcutaneous"],["super-, supra-","Above","suprapubic"],["sym-, syn-","Together","synapse"],["tachy-","Fast","tachycardia"],["tetra-","Four","tetralogy"],["tri-","Three","triceps"],["trans-","Across","transfusion"],["ultra-","Beyond","ultrasound"],["uni-","One","unilateral"],["pre-natal vs post-natal","Before birth versus after birth"],["brachy-","Short","brachydactyly"],["mega-, megalo-","Large","megacolon"],["olig-","Little","oligohydramnios"],["primi-","First","primigravida"],["multi-gravida","A woman who has been pregnant more than once"],["intro-","Into","introvert"],["xero-","Dry","xerosis"],["peri vs endo","Peri- is around the outside; endo- is within"],["hydro-","Water","hydrocephalus"],["hemo-, hemato-","Blood","hematology"],["necro-","Death","necrosis"],["pyo-","Pus","pyoderma"],["dextro-","Right","dextrocardia"],["levo-","Left","levoscoliosis"],["ortho-","Straight; correct","orthopedics"],["tox-, toxo-","Poison","toxicology"],["pachy-","Thick","pachyderm"],["lepto-","Thin; slender","leptomeninges"],["pleo-","More","pleomorphic"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-roots","id":"tp-med-roots","title":"Medical Terminology: Word Roots","category":"test-prep","subject":"Medical Terminology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"The Greek and Latin roots for body parts and body processes.","tags":["medical","terminology","roots"],"frontLabel":"Root","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abdomin/o","Abdomen","abdominal"],["aden/o","Gland","adenoma"],["adip/o","Fat","adipose"],["angi/o","Vessel","angiogram"],["arteri/o","Artery","arteriosclerosis"],["arthr/o","Joint","arthritis"],["bronch/o","Bronchus","bronchitis"],["card/o, cardi/o","Heart","cardiology"],["cephal/o","Head","cephalic"],["cerebr/o","Cerebrum; brain","cerebral"],["cheil/o","Lip","cheilitis"],["chol/e","Bile","cholecyst"],["chondr/o","Cartilage","chondroma"],["col/o, colon/o","Colon","colonoscopy"],["cost/o","Rib","intercostal"],["crani/o","Skull","cranium"],["cutane/o","Skin","subcutaneous"],["cyst/o","Bladder; sac","cystitis"],["cyt/o","Cell","cytology"],["dent/i, dent/o","Tooth","dentist"],["derm/o, dermat/o","Skin","dermatitis"],["duoden/o","Duodenum","duodenal"],["encephal/o","Brain","encephalitis"],["enter/o","Small intestine","gastroenteritis"],["erythr/o","Red","erythrocyte"],["gastr/o","Stomach","gastritis"],["gingiv/o","Gums","gingivitis"],["gloss/o","Tongue","glossitis"],["gluc/o, glyc/o","Sugar; glucose","hypoglycemia"],["gyn/o, gynec/o","Woman; female","gynecology"],["hem/o, hemat/o","Blood","hematology"],["hepat/o","Liver","hepatitis"],["hist/o","Tissue","histology"],["hydr/o","Water","dehydration"],["hyster/o","Uterus","hysterectomy"],["ile/o","Ileum","ileitis"],["ili/o","Ilium","iliac"],["kerat/o","Cornea; hard","keratitis"],["lact/o","Milk","lactation"],["lapar/o","Abdominal wall","laparoscopy"],["laryng/o","Larynx","laryngitis"],["leuk/o","White","leukocyte"],["lip/o","Fat","liposuction"],["lith/o","Stone","lithotripsy"],["mamm/o, mast/o","Breast","mammogram"],["mening/o","Meninges","meningitis"],["my/o","Muscle","myocardium"],["myel/o","Bone marrow; spinal cord","myelogram"],["nas/o, rhin/o","Nose","rhinitis"],["nephr/o, ren/o","Kidney","nephritis"],["neur/o","Nerve","neurology"],["ocul/o, ophthalm/o","Eye","ophthalmologist"],["onc/o","Tumor","oncology"],["oste/o","Bone","osteoporosis"],["ot/o","Ear","otitis"],["ovari/o, oophor/o","Ovary","oophorectomy"],["path/o","Disease","pathology"],["ped/o","Child; foot (context)","pediatrics"],["phleb/o, ven/o","Vein","phlebitis"],["pneum/o, pneumon/o","Lung; air","pneumonia"],["pod/o","Foot","podiatrist"],["psych/o","Mind","psychology"],["pulmon/o","Lung","pulmonary"],["rect/o","Rectum","rectal"],["rhin/o","Nose","rhinoplasty"],["salping/o","Fallopian tube","salpingitis"],["splen/o","Spleen","splenectomy"],["spondyl/o","Vertebra","spondylitis"],["stomat/o","Mouth","stomatitis"],["thorac/o","Chest","thoracic"],["thromb/o","Clot","thrombosis"],["thyr/o","Thyroid","thyroidectomy"],["trache/o","Trachea","tracheostomy"],["ureter/o","Ureter","ureteral"],["urethr/o","Urethra","urethritis"],["ur/o, urin/o","Urine; urinary tract","urology"],["uter/o","Uterus","uterine"],["vas/o","Vessel; vas deferens","vasoconstriction"],["vertebr/o","Vertebra; spine","vertebral"],["viscer/o","Internal organs","visceral"],["blephar/o","Eyelid","blepharitis"],["carcin/o","Cancer","carcinoma"],["cervic/o","Neck; cervix","cervical"],["cutis","Skin","cutaneous"],["dactyl/o","Finger or toe","polydactyly"],["hepat/o vs splen/o","Liver versus spleen"],["lingu/o","Tongue","sublingual"],["or/o","Mouth","oral"],["rhabd/o","Rod-shaped; striated","rhabdomyoma"],["scler/o","Hard; white of the eye","scleroderma"],["tend/o, ten/o","Tendon","tendonitis"],["tonsill/o","Tonsil","tonsillectomy"],["gnath/o","Jaw","prognathism"],["pharyng/o","Throat","pharyngitis"],["pyel/o","Renal pelvis","pyelonephritis"],["sperm/o, spermat/o","Sperm","spermatozoon"],["orchi/o, orchid/o","Testis","orchiectomy"],["mamm/o","Breast","mammary"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-med-suffixes","id":"tp-med-suffixes","title":"Medical Terminology: Suffixes","category":"test-prep","subject":"Medical Terminology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Word endings that signal a condition, procedure or measurement.","tags":["medical","terminology","suffix"],"frontLabel":"Suffix","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["-algia","Pain","neuralgia"],["-cele","Hernia; swelling","cystocele"],["-centesis","Surgical puncture to remove fluid","amniocentesis"],["-cide","Killing","bactericide"],["-clasis, -clast","Break; breaking","osteoclast"],["-cyte","Cell","erythrocyte"],["-ectasis","Expansion; dilation","bronchiectasis"],["-ectomy","Surgical removal","appendectomy"],["-emia","Condition of the blood","anemia"],["-genesis","Origin; production","pathogenesis"],["-genic","Producing; originating in","carcinogenic"],["-gram","A record","electrocardiogram"],["-graph","Instrument for recording","electrocardiograph"],["-graphy","Process of recording","radiography"],["-iasis","Condition; formation of","lithiasis"],["-ism","Condition; process","hypothyroidism"],["-itis","Inflammation","arthritis"],["-kinesis","Movement","dyskinesia"],["-lithiasis","Presence of stones","cholelithiasis"],["-logist","One who studies","cardiologist"],["-logy","Study of","cardiology"],["-lysis","Breakdown; loosening","hemolysis"],["-malacia","Softening","osteomalacia"],["-mania","Obsessive preoccupation","kleptomania"],["-megaly","Enlargement","hepatomegaly"],["-meter","Instrument for measuring","thermometer"],["-metry","Measurement","spirometry"],["-oid","Resembling","thyroid"],["-ologist","Specialist in the study of","dermatologist"],["-oma","Tumor; mass","lipoma"],["-opia","Vision condition","myopia"],["-opsy","View of; examination","biopsy"],["-osis","Abnormal condition","fibrosis"],["-ostomy","Creating a surgical opening","colostomy"],["-otomy","Cutting into","laparotomy"],["-pathy","Disease","neuropathy"],["-penia","Deficiency","leukopenia"],["-pexy","Surgical fixation","nephropexy"],["-phagia","Eating; swallowing","dysphagia"],["-phasia","Speech","aphasia"],["-philia","Attraction to","hemophilia"],["-phobia","Fear","claustrophobia"],["-plasia","Formation; growth","hyperplasia"],["-plasty","Surgical repair","rhinoplasty"],["-plegia","Paralysis","paraplegia"],["-pnea","Breathing","apnea"],["-poiesis","Formation","hematopoiesis"],["-ptosis","Drooping; prolapse","blepharoptosis"],["-rrhage, -rrhagia","Excessive flow; bursting forth","hemorrhage"],["-rrhaphy","Suture of","herniorrhaphy"],["-rrhea","Flow; discharge","diarrhea"],["-rrhexis","Rupture","arteriorrhexis"],["-sclerosis","Hardening","arteriosclerosis"],["-scope","Instrument for viewing","endoscope"],["-scopy","Visual examination","colonoscopy"],["-spasm","Involuntary contraction","bronchospasm"],["-stasis","Stopping; controlling","hemostasis"],["-stenosis","Narrowing","pyloric stenosis"],["-therapy","Treatment","chemotherapy"],["-tome","Instrument for cutting","microtome"],["-tripsy","Crushing","lithotripsy"],["-trophy","Nourishment; development","atrophy"],["-uria","Urine condition","hematuria"],["-ia","Condition","pneumonia"],["-ic, -al, -ar, -ary","Pertaining to","cardiac"],["-ous","Pertaining to","venous"],["-ase","Enzyme","lipase"],["-emesis","Vomiting","hematemesis"],["-esthesia","Sensation","anesthesia"],["-ferous","Bearing; carrying","sudoriferous"],["-gnosis","Knowledge","prognosis"],["-gen","Substance that produces","antigen"],["-ule","Small","venule"],["-trophic","Pertaining to nourishment","neurotrophic"],["-ectopy","Displacement","cardiac ectopy"],["-ar vs -al","Both mean 'pertaining to'; the choice depends on the root"],["-iatrics, -iatry","Medical treatment; field of medicine","pediatrics"],["-ist","A specialist","podiatrist"],["-ptysis","Spitting","hemoptysis"],["-stomy vs -tomy","-stomy makes an opening; -tomy is just a cut"],["-desis","Binding; fusion","arthrodesis"],["-lepsy","Seizure","epilepsy"],["-pepsia","Digestion","dyspepsia"],["-phoria","Feeling; bearing","euphoria"],["-physis","Growing","epiphysis"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-nautical-terms","id":"tp-nautical-terms","title":"Nautical and Sailing Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Boating","levels":["3-5","6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Parts of a boat, directions, sailing moves and sea words.","tags":["nautical","sailing","boating"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Bow","The front of a boat"],["Stern","The back of a boat"],["Port","The left side when facing the bow"],["Starboard","The right side when facing the bow"],["Fore","Toward the bow"],["Aft","Toward the stern"],["Abeam","At right angles to the boat's length"],["Amidships","In the middle of the boat"],["Hull","The body of a boat"],["Keel","Central beam along the bottom of the hull"],["Deck","The floor of a boat"],["Cabin","Enclosed living or sleeping space"],["Galley","A boat's kitchen"],["Head","A boat's toilet"],["Bunk (berth)","A bed on a boat"],["Helm","The steering position or the wheel"],["Tiller","A lever used to steer"],["Rudder","Underwater blade that steers the boat"],["Draft","Depth of the boat below the waterline"],["Freeboard","Height of the hull above the water"],["Beam","The widest part of the boat"],["Gunwale","Upper edge of the side of the boat"],["Transom","Flat vertical surface at the stern"],["Bilge","The lowest inside part of the hull"],["Mast","Tall vertical pole holding sails"],["Boom","Horizontal pole at the bottom of the mainsail"],["Mainsail","Main sail on the mast"],["Jib","Triangular sail at the front"],["Spinnaker","Large, balloon-like sail used downwind"],["Genoa","A large jib that overlaps the mast"],["Halyard","Rope that raises a sail"],["Sheet","Rope that controls a sail's angle"],["Rigging","The ropes and wires that support masts and control sails"],["Shroud","Wire supporting the mast from the sides"],["Stay","Wire supporting the mast fore and aft"],["Line","The nautical word for rope"],["Cleat","Fitting used to secure a line"],["Winch","Device to pull lines with a crank"],["Fender","Cushion hung between boat and dock"],["Anchor","Heavy hook that holds a boat in place"],["Rode","Line and chain connecting boat to anchor"],["Windlass","Winch that raises the anchor"],["Mooring","A permanent anchor point for boats"],["Dock","Structure where boats tie up"],["Pier","A platform extending into the water"],["Marina","Harbor with docking for boats"],["Harbor","Sheltered water where ships can anchor"],["Knot (speed)","One nautical mile per hour"],["Nautical mile","About 1.15 land miles"],["Fathom","Six feet of water depth"],["Leeward","The side away from the wind"],["Windward","The side toward the wind"],["Lee shore","Land that wind blows toward; dangerous for boats"],["Tack","To turn the bow through the wind; also a boat's course relative to the wind"],["Jibe","To turn the stern through the wind"],["Close-hauled","Sailing as close to the wind as possible"],["Beam reach","Sailing with the wind from the side"],["Broad reach","Sailing with the wind coming from behind at an angle"],["Running","Sailing with the wind directly behind"],["In irons","Stuck facing into the wind with no steering"],["Heeling","Leaning over from the force of the wind"],["Capsize","To turn over"],["Reef","To reduce sail area in strong wind"],["Luff","The front edge of a sail; also when the sail flaps"],["Leech","The back edge of a sail"],["Clew","The lower back corner of a sail"],["Head of the sail","The top corner"],["Point of sail","Boat's direction relative to the wind"],["Bearing","Direction from one point to another"],["Heading","The direction the bow is pointing"],["Course","The intended path"],["Chart","A nautical map"],["Compass","Instrument showing direction"],["Latitude","Distance north or south of the equator"],["Longitude","Distance east or west of the prime meridian"],["Dead reckoning","Estimating position from speed, time and heading"],["Sextant","Instrument for measuring the angle of the sun or stars"],["GPS","Satellite navigation"],["Buoy","Floating marker on the water"],["Red right returning","When entering a harbor from the sea, keep red markers on your right"],["Lighthouse","Tower with a light to guide ships"],["Tide","The rise and fall of the sea level"],["Ebb tide","Falling tide"],["Flood tide","Rising tide"],["Current","A steady flow of water"],["Swell","Long wave moving across open water"],["Wake","Trail of waves behind a boat"],["Squall","A sudden strong wind"],["Beaufort scale","Scale describing wind strength"],["PFD (life jacket)","Personal flotation device"],["Man overboard","A cry meaning someone has fallen into the water"],["Ahoy","A call to attract attention"],["Aye aye","I understand and will obey"],["Mayday","Radio distress call"],["Skipper","The person in charge of a boat"],["Crew","People who work on a boat"],["Mate","An officer ranking below the captain"],["Bosun","Officer in charge of deck crew and equipment"],["Vessel","A boat or ship"],["Knot (rope)","A fastening made by tying rope; examples are bowline and cleat hitch"],["Bowline","A knot that makes a fixed loop"],["Clove hitch","A knot that fastens a line to a post"],["Figure eight","A stopper knot at the end of a line"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-nursing-basics","id":"tp-nursing-basics","title":"Nursing Fundamentals Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Nursing","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Core concepts for nursing students: process, safety, vitals and common terms. Education only.","tags":["nursing","healthcare"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Nursing process","Assess, diagnose, plan, implement, evaluate"],["ADPIE","Memory aid for the five steps of the nursing process"],["Assessment","Gathering information about the patient"],["Subjective data","What the patient reports (symptoms)"],["Objective data","What the nurse observes or measures (signs)"],["Nursing diagnosis","A clinical judgment about a patient's response to a health problem"],["Care plan","Written plan of goals and nursing actions"],["Evaluation","Judging whether goals were met"],["Vital signs","Temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and often oxygen saturation"],["Normal adult pulse","About 60 to 100 beats per minute"],["Normal adult respirations","About 12 to 20 breaths per minute"],["Normal adult temperature","About 98.6 F (37 C), with some natural variation"],["Normal blood pressure","About 120/80 mmHg or lower"],["Bradycardia","Slow heart rate"],["Tachycardia","Fast heart rate"],["Hypotension","Low blood pressure"],["Hypertension","High blood pressure"],["Hypoxia","Low oxygen in body tissues"],["Dyspnea","Difficulty breathing"],["Apnea","Pause in breathing"],["Pulse oximeter","Device that measures oxygen saturation"],["Hand hygiene","The most important way to prevent infection"],["Standard precautions","Basic infection control used for every patient"],["Contact precautions","Gloves and gowns to prevent spread by touch"],["Droplet precautions","Mask for germs spread by large respiratory droplets"],["Airborne precautions","Special room and respirator for germs that travel on air"],["PPE","Personal protective equipment such as gloves, gown, mask and goggles"],["Aseptic technique","Methods to prevent contamination by germs"],["Sterile field","Area kept free of all microorganisms"],["Fomite","An object that can carry infection"],["Nosocomial infection","Infection acquired in a healthcare setting"],["Six rights of medication","Right patient, drug, dose, route, time and documentation"],["Medication reconciliation","Comparing a patient's medication lists to avoid errors"],["Allergy","Overreaction of the immune system to a substance"],["Anaphylaxis","Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction"],["Informed consent","A patient agrees to treatment after understanding it"],["HIPAA","US law protecting patients' health information"],["Confidentiality","Keeping patient information private"],["Advance directive","Written wishes about future medical care"],["Patient advocate","Someone who speaks up for a patient's rights and needs"],["Scope of practice","What a licensed professional is legally allowed to do"],["Delegation","Assigning a task to someone else while keeping accountability"],["Chain of command","Order of reporting concerns"],["SBAR","Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation: a communication format"],["Therapeutic communication","Communication that helps and supports patients"],["Active listening","Fully focusing on and responding to what is said"],["Documentation","Writing accurate records of care"],["Charting by exception","Recording only findings that differ from normal"],["Maslow's hierarchy","Basic needs come before higher needs"],["Activities of daily living","Everyday self-care tasks like bathing and eating"],["Fall risk","Likelihood that a patient will fall"],["Pressure injury","Skin damage from prolonged pressure"],["Turning schedule","Repositioning to prevent pressure injuries"],["Ambulation","Walking"],["Body mechanics","Using the body safely when lifting and moving"],["Range of motion","The full movement a joint can make"],["Intake and output","Measuring fluids a patient takes in and puts out"],["Dehydration","Not enough water in the body"],["Edema","Swelling from excess fluid in tissue"],["Isotonic IV fluid","Fluid with the same concentration as blood plasma"],["Catheter","A tube inserted into the body to drain or deliver fluid"],["Enteral nutrition","Feeding through the digestive tract, such as a tube"],["Parenteral nutrition","Nutrients given directly into the bloodstream"],["NPO","Nothing by mouth"],["Aspiration","Food or fluid entering the airway"],["Wound healing","Stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling"],["Dressing","Material that covers and protects a wound"],["Pain scale","Tool for patients to rate pain, such as 0 to 10"],["Palliative care","Care focused on comfort and quality of life"],["Hospice","End-of-life care focusing on comfort"],["Triage","Sorting patients by urgency of need"],["Rapid response","Team called when a patient is getting worse quickly"],["Code blue","Hospital emergency call for cardiac or respiratory arrest"],["Restraint","A device limiting movement, used only as a last resort"],["Cultural competence","Respecting and meeting patients' cultural needs"],["Health literacy","Ability to understand health information"],["Teach-back","Asking patients to explain instructions in their own words"],["Primary prevention","Stopping disease before it starts, like vaccination"],["Secondary prevention","Early detection, like screening"],["Tertiary prevention","Reducing the effects of existing disease"],["Evidence-based practice","Using the best research along with clinical judgment"],["Chain of infection","Agent, reservoir, exit, transmission, entry, host"],["Sharps container","Rigid, puncture-proof box for needles"],["Incident report","Record of an unusual event, such as a fall or error"],["Near miss","An error caught before it reaches the patient"],["Bedsore stages","Stages 1 to 4 describing the depth of pressure injury"],["Orthostatic hypotension","Blood pressure drop when standing up"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-orgchem-functional-groups","id":"tp-orgchem-functional-groups","title":"Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups","category":"test-prep","subject":"Organic Chemistry","levels":["college"],"description":"Names and structures of common functional groups.","tags":["chemistry","organic"],"frontLabel":"Group","backLabel":"Structure and notes","cards":[["Alkane","Only C-C single bonds; saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2)"],["Alkene","Contains a C=C double bond"],["Alkyne","Contains a C-C triple bond"],["Aromatic ring","Cyclic ring with delocalized pi electrons, like benzene"],["Alkyl halide","R-X where X is F, Cl, Br or I"],["Alcohol","R-OH; a hydroxyl on a saturated carbon"],["Phenol","OH group attached directly to an aromatic ring"],["Ether","R-O-R'; oxygen between two carbons"],["Epoxide","A three-membered ring containing oxygen"],["Thiol","R-SH; sulfur analog of alcohol"],["Sulfide (thioether)","R-S-R'"],["Disulfide","R-S-S-R'"],["Aldehyde","RCHO; carbonyl at the end of a carbon chain"],["Ketone","R-CO-R'; carbonyl between two carbons"],["Carboxylic acid","R-COOH"],["Ester","R-COO-R'"],["Amide","R-CO-NR2; carbonyl bonded to nitrogen"],["Acid chloride","R-COCl; very reactive acid derivative"],["Acid anhydride","Two acyl groups joined through an oxygen"],["Nitrile","R-C triple bond N"],["Amine","Nitrogen bonded to carbon with lone pair; basic"],["Primary amine","RNH2"],["Secondary amine","R2NH"],["Tertiary amine","R3N"],["Quaternary ammonium","N bonded to four carbons with positive charge"],["Imine","C=N double bond"],["Nitro group","R-NO2"],["Azide","R-N3"],["Carbonyl","C=O double bond"],["Hydroxyl","-OH group"],["Carboxyl","-COOH group"],["Amino","-NH2 group"],["Methyl","-CH3"],["Ethyl","-CH2CH3"],["Propyl","-CH2CH2CH3"],["Isopropyl","-CH(CH3)2"],["Butyl","Four-carbon chain group"],["tert-Butyl","-C(CH3)3"],["Vinyl","-CH=CH2"],["Allyl","-CH2-CH=CH2"],["Phenyl","-C6H5"],["Benzyl","-CH2-C6H5"],["Acetyl","-COCH3"],["Cycloalkane","Alkane arranged in a ring"],["Diene","Two double bonds"],["Conjugated diene","Double bonds separated by one single bond"],["Cumulene","Consecutive double bonds"],["Enol","A C=C bonded to an OH"],["Enolate","Anion formed by removing the alpha proton from a carbonyl"],["Hemiacetal","A carbon bonded to both OH and OR"],["Acetal","A carbon bonded to two OR groups"],["Lactone","A cyclic ester"],["Lactam","A cyclic amide"],["Peptide bond","Amide bond linking amino acids"],["Glycosidic bond","Linkage between sugar units"],["Phosphate ester","Ester formed with phosphoric acid"],["Sulfonic acid","R-SO3H"],["Isocyanate","R-N=C=O"],["Hydrazine","N-N single bond derivative"],["Carbamate","R-O-CO-NR2"],["Urea","Carbonyl bonded to two nitrogens"],["Heterocycle","A ring containing at least one atom other than carbon"],["Pyridine","Six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen"],["Furan","Five-membered aromatic ring with one oxygen"],["Pyrrole","Five-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen"],["Thiophene","Five-membered aromatic ring with one sulfur"],["Priority of groups in naming","Acids > esters > amides > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines"],["IUPAC suffix -ol","Alcohol"],["IUPAC suffix -al","Aldehyde"],["IUPAC suffix -one","Ketone"],["IUPAC suffix -oic acid","Carboxylic acid"],["IUPAC suffix -oate","Ester"],["IUPAC suffix -amide","Amide"],["IUPAC suffix -amine","Amine"],["IUPAC suffix -nitrile","Nitrile"],["IUPAC suffix -ene","Alkene"],["IUPAC suffix -yne","Alkyne"],["Chirality center","A carbon bonded to four different groups"],["Enantiomers","Non-superimposable mirror image molecules"],["Diastereomers","Stereoisomers that are not mirror images"],["Constitutional isomers","Same formula, different connectivity"],["R/S configuration","Labels for chirality using CIP priority rules"],["E/Z configuration","Labels for alkene geometry using CIP rules"],["Hydrogen bond donor","N-H or O-H group"],["Hydrophilic group","A polar group that interacts with water"],["Hydrophobic group","A nonpolar group that avoids water"],["Degree of unsaturation","Rings plus pi bonds in a molecule"],["Markovnikov's rule","In HX addition to alkenes, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-orgchem-reactions","id":"tp-orgchem-reactions","title":"Organic Chemistry: Reactions and Mechanisms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Organic Chemistry","levels":["college"],"description":"Named reactions, reaction types and what they do.","tags":["chemistry","organic","reactions"],"frontLabel":"Reaction","backLabel":"What happens","cards":[["SN1 reaction","Two-step substitution through a carbocation; favors tertiary substrates and polar protic solvents"],["SN2 reaction","One-step substitution with backside attack and inversion; favors methyl and primary substrates"],["E1 reaction","Two-step elimination through a carbocation"],["E2 reaction","One-step elimination needing a strong base and anti-periplanar geometry"],["Zaitsev's rule","Elimination gives the more substituted alkene as the major product"],["Hofmann product","The less substituted alkene, favored by bulky bases"],["Carbocation stability","Tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl"],["Leaving group","A group that departs with a pair of electrons; good ones are weak bases"],["Nucleophile","An electron-rich species that attacks an electrophile"],["Electrophile","An electron-poor species that accepts electrons"],["Polar protic solvent","Solvent with O-H or N-H bonds, like water or ethanol"],["Polar aprotic solvent","Polar solvent without O-H, like acetone or DMSO"],["Electrophilic addition","Alkene pi bond attacks an electrophile, adding across the double bond"],["Hydrohalogenation","Adding HX across an alkene"],["Hydration of alkenes","Adding water to form an alcohol"],["Hydrogenation","Adding H2 across a double or triple bond using a metal catalyst"],["Halogenation of alkenes","Adding X2 across a double bond to give anti addition"],["Hydroboration-oxidation","Anti-Markovnikov syn addition of water to an alkene"],["Oxymercuration-demercuration","Markovnikov hydration of alkenes without rearrangements"],["Epoxidation","Converting an alkene to an epoxide with a peroxyacid"],["Ozonolysis","Cleaving a double bond with ozone to give carbonyls"],["Dihydroxylation","Adding two OH groups across a double bond"],["Free radical halogenation","Substituting H on an alkane by a halogen through radical steps"],["Radical chain mechanism","Initiation, propagation, termination"],["Electrophilic aromatic substitution","Replacing a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with an electrophile"],["Nitration","Adding NO2 to an aromatic ring using nitric and sulfuric acid"],["Friedel-Crafts alkylation","Adding an alkyl group to an aromatic ring using AlCl3"],["Friedel-Crafts acylation","Adding an acyl group to an aromatic ring"],["Ortho/para director","Group that directs incoming electrophiles to positions 2 and 4"],["Meta director","Group that directs incoming electrophiles to position 3"],["Activating group","Electron-donating group that speeds up aromatic substitution"],["Deactivating group","Electron-withdrawing group that slows aromatic substitution"],["Nucleophilic acyl substitution","Nucleophile replaces a leaving group on a carbonyl carbon"],["Fischer esterification","Acid-catalyzed reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester"],["Saponification","Base hydrolysis of an ester to a carboxylate and alcohol"],["Amide formation","Reaction of an acid derivative with an amine"],["Grignard reaction","Organomagnesium reagent adds to carbonyl compounds to form alcohols"],["Organolithium reagent","Strongly basic carbon nucleophile like Grignards"],["Reduction with NaBH4","Mild reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols"],["Reduction with LiAlH4","Strong reduction of carbonyls, esters and acids to alcohols"],["PCC oxidation","Oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes"],["Jones oxidation","Strong oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids"],["Swern oxidation","Mild oxidation of alcohols using DMSO"],["Aldol reaction","An enolate adds to a carbonyl to form a beta-hydroxy carbonyl"],["Aldol condensation","Aldol addition followed by loss of water"],["Claisen condensation","Ester enolate attacks another ester to give a beta-keto ester"],["Michael addition","Nucleophile adds to the beta carbon of an alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyl"],["Wittig reaction","Converts aldehydes and ketones into alkenes"],["Diels-Alder reaction","A diene and a dienophile form a six-membered ring"],["Cycloaddition","Concerted reaction forming a ring"],["Williamson ether synthesis","Alkoxide attacks alkyl halide to form an ether"],["Gabriel synthesis","Preparing primary amines from alkyl halides using phthalimide"],["Hofmann elimination","Converts quaternary ammonium to the less substituted alkene"],["Diazonium salt","Intermediate from aryl amines used to introduce many groups on rings"],["Sandmeyer reaction","Replacing a diazonium group with a halide or cyanide using copper salts"],["Cannizzaro reaction","Aldehydes without alpha hydrogens react to give an alcohol and an acid"],["Baeyer-Villiger oxidation","Converts ketones into esters using a peracid"],["Hydrolysis","Breaking a bond with water"],["Dehydration of alcohols","Acid-catalyzed loss of water to form alkenes"],["Tautomerization","Interconversion of keto and enol forms"],["Resonance stabilization","Delocalization of electrons lowers energy"],["Hammond postulate","Transition states resemble the nearest-energy species"],["Kinetic vs. thermodynamic control","Fastest-formed versus most stable product"],["Inversion of configuration","Stereochemical result of an SN2 reaction"],["Racemization","Formation of equal amounts of both enantiomers"],["Syn addition","Both groups add to the same face of a double bond"],["Anti addition","Groups add to opposite faces"],["Stereospecific","Different stereoisomers give different stereoisomeric products"],["Regioselective","One direction of bond making is favored over another"],["Protecting group","A temporary group masking a reactive site"],["Retrosynthesis","Planning a synthesis by working backward from the target"],["Rearrangement (hydride shift)","Carbocation moves hydrogen to become more stable"],["Polymerization","Joining monomers into long chains"],["Addition polymer","Polymer formed by adding monomers without losing atoms"],["Condensation polymer","Polymer formed with loss of a small molecule such as water"],["Beckmann rearrangement","Oxime converts to an amide under acid"],["Pinacol rearrangement","Diol converts to a ketone under acid"],["Fries rearrangement","Aryl ester converts to a hydroxy aryl ketone"],["Clemmensen reduction","Reduces a ketone or aldehyde to an alkane using zinc and acid"],["Wolff-Kishner reduction","Reduces a ketone or aldehyde to an alkane under basic conditions"],["Birch reduction","Reduces aromatic rings to dienes"],["Heck reaction","Palladium-catalyzed coupling of an alkene with an aryl or vinyl halide"],["Suzuki coupling","Palladium-catalyzed coupling of organoboron and organohalide"],["Click chemistry","Fast, reliable reactions that join molecules, like azide-alkyne cycloaddition"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-pharmacology-classes","id":"tp-pharmacology-classes","title":"Pharmacology: Drug Classes and Their Purpose","category":"test-prep","subject":"Pharmacology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"General drug categories and what each class is used for. Education only, not medical advice.","tags":["pharmacology","nursing","drug-classes"],"frontLabel":"Drug class","backLabel":"General purpose","cards":[["Analgesic","Relieves pain"],["Opioid analgesic","Strong pain reliever acting on opioid receptors; carries risk of dependence"],["NSAID","Reduces pain, fever and inflammation"],["Antipyretic","Lowers fever"],["Antibiotic","Kills or stops bacteria"],["Antiviral","Treats viral infections"],["Antifungal","Treats fungal infections"],["Antiparasitic","Treats parasite infections"],["Penicillins","Antibiotic class that blocks bacterial cell walls"],["Cephalosporins","Antibiotic class related to penicillins"],["Macrolides","Antibiotics that block bacterial protein making"],["Fluoroquinolones","Antibiotics that block bacterial DNA copying"],["Tetracyclines","Broad-spectrum antibiotics"],["Antihistamine","Blocks histamine to ease allergy symptoms"],["Decongestant","Reduces swelling in nasal passages"],["Expectorant","Helps loosen mucus"],["Antitussive","Suppresses cough"],["Bronchodilator","Opens airways"],["Corticosteroid","Reduces inflammation and immune activity"],["Antihypertensive","Lowers high blood pressure"],["ACE inhibitor","Relaxes blood vessels by blocking an enzyme; lowers blood pressure"],["ARB","Angiotensin receptor blocker; relaxes blood vessels"],["Beta blocker","Slows the heart and lowers blood pressure"],["Calcium channel blocker","Relaxes blood vessels and the heart"],["Diuretic","Increases urine output to remove fluid"],["Vasodilator","Widens blood vessels"],["Antiarrhythmic","Controls abnormal heart rhythms"],["Anticoagulant","Slows blood clotting"],["Antiplatelet","Stops platelets from clumping"],["Thrombolytic","Dissolves existing clots"],["Statin","Lowers cholesterol by blocking its production in the liver"],["Nitrate","Widens vessels to relieve chest pain"],["Cardiac glycoside","Strengthens the heartbeat"],["Antidiabetic","Lowers blood sugar"],["Insulin","Hormone replacement to lower blood glucose"],["Thyroid replacement","Supplies thyroid hormone when the thyroid is underactive"],["Antacid","Neutralizes stomach acid"],["Proton pump inhibitor","Strongly reduces stomach acid production"],["H2 blocker","Reduces stomach acid by blocking histamine receptors"],["Antiemetic","Prevents nausea and vomiting"],["Laxative","Promotes bowel movements"],["Antidiarrheal","Slows diarrhea"],["Anticonvulsant","Prevents seizures"],["Antidepressant","Treats depression"],["SSRI","Antidepressant that raises serotonin availability"],["Anxiolytic","Reduces anxiety"],["Benzodiazepine","Sedating class used for anxiety and seizures; can cause dependence"],["Antipsychotic","Treats psychosis and certain mood disorders"],["Mood stabilizer","Evens out highs and lows in mood"],["Stimulant","Increases alertness and attention"],["Sedative-hypnotic","Promotes sleep or calm"],["Muscle relaxant","Eases muscle spasm"],["Local anesthetic","Numbs a small area"],["General anesthetic","Produces unconsciousness for surgery"],["Antiparkinson agent","Replaces or mimics dopamine to ease movement symptoms"],["Cholinesterase inhibitor","Used to slow memory symptoms in dementia"],["Immunosuppressant","Reduces immune activity, as after transplant"],["Antineoplastic","Treats cancer"],["Vaccine","Trains the immune system to recognize a germ"],["Hormonal contraceptive","Prevents pregnancy using hormones"],["Bisphosphonate","Slows bone loss"],["Antigout agent","Lowers uric acid or relieves gout"],["Antimalarial","Prevents or treats malaria"],["Antitubercular","Treats tuberculosis"],["Pharmacokinetics","What the body does to a drug: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion"],["Pharmacodynamics","What a drug does to the body"],["Half-life","Time for the drug concentration in the body to fall by half"],["Bioavailability","Fraction of a dose that reaches the bloodstream"],["First-pass effect","Liver metabolism of an oral drug before it reaches circulation"],["Therapeutic index","Gap between a helpful dose and a harmful one"],["Agonist","A drug that activates a receptor"],["Antagonist","A drug that blocks a receptor"],["Side effect","An unintended effect of a drug"],["Adverse reaction","A harmful, unintended response to a drug"],["Drug interaction","One drug changes the effect of another"],["Contraindication","A condition making a drug unsafe to use"],["Generic name","The drug's official non-brand name"],["Brand name","A manufacturer's trade name"],["Prescription drug","Needs a licensed prescriber's order"],["Over-the-counter drug","Sold without a prescription"],["Tolerance","Needing more drug to get the same effect"],["Dependence","Body adapts so stopping causes withdrawal"],["Route: oral","By mouth"],["Route: topical","Applied to the skin"],["Route: intravenous","Into a vein"],["Route: inhaled","Breathed into the lungs"],["Route: sublingual","Under the tongue"],["Route: transdermal","Through a skin patch"],["Controlled substance schedule","Legal classification of drugs by abuse potential"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-philosophers","id":"tp-philosophers","title":"Famous Philosophers and Their Big Ideas","category":"test-prep","subject":"Philosophy","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Major thinkers from ancient times to the modern era and what each is known for.","tags":["philosophy","history-of-ideas"],"frontLabel":"Philosopher","backLabel":"Known for","cards":[["Thales","Early Greek thinker who said water is the basic stuff of everything"],["Heraclitus","Said everything is in flux: 'you cannot step into the same river twice'"],["Parmenides","Argued that reality is unchanging and that change is an illusion"],["Pythagoras","Greek thinker linking number and harmony to the structure of the universe"],["Democritus","Proposed that all matter is made of tiny indivisible atoms"],["Zeno of Elea","Posed paradoxes arguing that motion is impossible"],["Socrates","Questioned others to find truth; 'the unexamined life is not worth living'"],["Plato","Student of Socrates; theory of Forms and the Republic"],["Aristotle","Student of Plato; logic, virtue ethics and the golden mean"],["Epicurus","Taught that a good life is tranquility and freedom from fear and pain"],["Zeno of Citium","Founder of Stoicism"],["Epictetus","Stoic who taught focusing on what is within our control"],["Marcus Aurelius","Roman emperor and Stoic; wrote the Meditations"],["Seneca","Roman Stoic who wrote letters on living well"],["Confucius","Chinese thinker who stressed virtue, family duty and respect"],["Laozi","Traditional author of the Tao Te Ching, central to Daoism"],["Mencius","Confucian thinker who held that human nature is good"],["Sun Tzu","Author of The Art of War"],["Siddhartha Gautama","The Buddha, founder of Buddhism, who taught the path ending suffering"],["Augustine of Hippo","Early Christian thinker who wrote Confessions and City of God"],["Boethius","Roman philosopher who wrote The Consolation of Philosophy"],["Avicenna (Ibn Sina)","Persian philosopher and physician whose works shaped medieval thought"],["Averroes (Ibn Rushd)","Andalusian philosopher who commented on Aristotle"],["Maimonides","Medieval Jewish philosopher who wrote the Guide for the Perplexed"],["Thomas Aquinas","Medieval thinker who blended Aristotle with Christian theology"],["Ibn Khaldun","North African scholar who studied the rise and fall of societies"],["Niccolo Machiavelli","Wrote The Prince on power and politics"],["Thomas More","Wrote Utopia, describing an imagined ideal society"],["Francis Bacon","Champion of the scientific method based on observation"],["Thomas Hobbes","Argued that strong government is needed to avoid a life that is 'nasty, brutish and short'"],["Rene Descartes","'I think, therefore I am'; mind-body dualism"],["Blaise Pascal","Mathematician and thinker who proposed Pascal's wager"],["Baruch Spinoza","Rationalist who saw god and nature as one"],["John Locke","Empiricist who argued for natural rights and government by consent"],["Gottfried Leibniz","Rationalist who said we live in 'the best of all possible worlds'"],["George Berkeley","Idealist: 'to be is to be perceived'"],["David Hume","Empiricist skeptic who questioned cause and effect and induction"],["Jean-Jacques Rousseau","Wrote The Social Contract and the idea of the general will"],["Voltaire","Enlightenment writer who defended tolerance and free speech"],["Montesquieu","Argued for the separation of powers"],["Adam Smith","Moral philosopher and economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations"],["Immanuel Kant","Categorical imperative; argued the mind shapes experience"],["Mary Wollstonecraft","Early advocate for women's education and rights"],["G.W.F. Hegel","Idealist who saw history as the unfolding of reason; dialectic"],["Arthur Schopenhauer","Pessimist who saw will as the root of suffering"],["Jeremy Bentham","Founder of utilitarianism"],["John Stuart Mill","Utilitarian who defended liberty in On Liberty"],["Soren Kierkegaard","Founder of existentialism; the leap of faith"],["Karl Marx","Analyzed capitalism and class struggle"],["Friedrich Nietzsche","Declared 'God is dead'; will to power and the overman"],["William James","American pragmatist and psychologist"],["Charles Sanders Peirce","Founder of pragmatism"],["John Dewey","Pragmatist who championed learning by doing"],["Henry David Thoreau","Wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience"],["Ralph Waldo Emerson","Transcendentalist who urged self-reliance"],["Edmund Husserl","Founder of phenomenology"],["Martin Heidegger","Wrote Being and Time on the meaning of being"],["Bertrand Russell","Logician and philosopher who co-wrote Principia Mathematica"],["Ludwig Wittgenstein","Philosopher of language: 'the limits of my language mean the limits of my world'"],["Karl Popper","Proposed falsifiability as the mark of science"],["Thomas Kuhn","Wrote about scientific revolutions and paradigm shifts"],["Jean-Paul Sartre","Existentialist: 'existence precedes essence'"],["Simone de Beauvoir","Existentialist feminist who wrote The Second Sex"],["Albert Camus","Writer on the absurd who wrote The Myth of Sisyphus"],["Hannah Arendt","Political thinker who wrote about totalitarianism and the 'banality of evil'"],["Maurice Merleau-Ponty","Phenomenologist who emphasized the lived body"],["Michel Foucault","Studied how power and knowledge shape society"],["John Rawls","Wrote A Theory of Justice with the veil of ignorance"],["Robert Nozick","Libertarian philosopher who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia"],["Peter Singer","Utilitarian ethicist known for work on animals and global poverty"],["Martha Nussbaum","Philosopher of the capabilities approach and emotions"],["Alan Turing","Mathematician who posed the Turing test for machine intelligence"],["Gottlob Frege","Founder of modern logic and philosophy of language"],["Kurt Godel","Logician whose incompleteness theorems limit formal systems"],["John Searle","Proposed the Chinese room argument"],["Daniel Dennett","Philosopher of mind who wrote about consciousness and evolution"],["Thomas Nagel","Asked 'What is it like to be a bat?'"],["Derek Parfit","Philosopher of personal identity and ethics"],["W.E.B. Du Bois","Scholar who developed the idea of double consciousness"],["Frantz Fanon","Thinker on colonialism and identity"],["Mahatma Gandhi","Developed nonviolent resistance as a philosophy and strategy"],["Martin Luther King Jr.","Applied nonviolent philosophy to civil rights"],["Rumi","Persian poet and mystic of the 13th century"],["Al-Farabi","Philosopher who blended Greek and Islamic thought"],["Al-Ghazali","Islamic theologian who critiqued the philosophers"],["Nagarjuna","Buddhist philosopher of emptiness"],["Zhuangzi","Daoist thinker known for stories about perspective and freedom"],["Mozi","Chinese philosopher who taught impartial care"],["Xunzi","Confucian who held that human nature needs shaping"],["Wang Yangming","Chinese Neo-Confucian who stressed the unity of knowledge and action"],["Hypatia","Alexandrian philosopher and mathematician"],["Aristotle's Lyceum","School Aristotle founded in Athens"],["Plato's Academy","School Plato founded in Athens"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-philosophy-concepts","id":"tp-philosophy-concepts","title":"Philosophy Concepts","category":"test-prep","subject":"Philosophy","levels":["9-12","college","adult"],"description":"Big ideas in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, logic and political philosophy.","tags":["philosophy","ethics"],"frontLabel":"Concept","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Metaphysics","The study of the basic nature of reality"],["Epistemology","The study of knowledge and how we know things"],["Ethics","The study of right and wrong, good and bad"],["Logic","The study of correct reasoning"],["Aesthetics","The study of beauty and art"],["Ontology","The study of what exists"],["Dualism","The view that mind and body are distinct kinds of things"],["Monism","The view that reality is made of one kind of thing"],["Materialism","The view that everything is physical"],["Idealism","The view that reality is fundamentally mental"],["Empiricism","Knowledge comes mainly from sense experience"],["Rationalism","Knowledge comes mainly from reason"],["Skepticism","Doubt about whether we can have certain knowledge"],["A priori","Knowable independent of experience"],["A posteriori","Knowable only through experience"],["Analytic statement","True by the meaning of its terms"],["Synthetic statement","True or false depending on how the world is"],["Epistemic justification","Good reasons for a belief"],["Solipsism","The view that only one's own mind is certain to exist"],["Cogito","'I think, therefore I am'; Descartes' starting point"],["Free will","The ability to choose among alternatives"],["Determinism","Every event is caused by prior events"],["Compatibilism","Free will and determinism can both be true"],["Libertarianism (free will)","We have free will and determinism is false"],["Mind-body problem","How mental states relate to physical states"],["Personal identity","What makes someone the same person over time"],["Consciousness","Subjective awareness and experience"],["Qualia","The felt quality of experiences, like redness"],["Utilitarianism","The right action produces the greatest good for the greatest number"],["Deontology","Morality is about duties and rules, whatever the outcome"],["Virtue ethics","Morality is about developing good character"],["Categorical imperative","Kant's rule to act only as you would will everyone to act"],["Consequentialism","An action's rightness depends on its results"],["Moral relativism","Moral truths depend on culture or individual"],["Moral objectivism","Some moral claims are true regardless of opinion"],["Egoism","People should act in their own self-interest"],["Altruism","Acting for the benefit of others"],["Social contract theory","Political authority comes from an agreement among people"],["Natural rights","Rights people have simply by being human"],["Justice as fairness","Rawls' idea that just principles are those chosen behind a veil of ignorance"],["Veil of ignorance","Choosing rules without knowing your place in society"],["Existentialism","Individuals create their own meaning through free choices"],["Nihilism","The view that life lacks inherent meaning or value"],["Absurdism","Seeking meaning in a universe that offers none; Camus"],["Stoicism","Peace comes from accepting what we cannot control"],["Epicureanism","The good life is pleasure understood as calm and freedom from pain"],["Cynicism (ancient)","Living simply and in accordance with nature, rejecting convention"],["Pragmatism","The truth of an idea lies in its practical effects"],["Phenomenology","Study of the structures of experience"],["Hermeneutics","Theory of interpretation"],["Positivism","Only knowledge from scientific observation is valid"],["Logical positivism","Meaningful statements must be verifiable or logically true"],["Falsifiability","Karl Popper's idea that scientific claims must be testable and refutable"],["Paradigm shift","A major change in scientific thinking; Kuhn"],["Occam's razor","Prefer the simplest explanation"],["Problem of induction","We cannot logically prove that the future will resemble the past"],["Problem of evil","How can evil exist if a perfect god exists?"],["Theodicy","An attempt to explain evil in a world made by a good god"],["Cosmological argument","Argument for a first cause of the universe"],["Teleological argument","Argument from apparent design"],["Ontological argument","Argument for god from the concept of a perfect being"],["Pascal's wager","A practical argument about whether to believe in god"],["Agnosticism","The view that the existence of god is unknown or unknowable"],["Allegory of the cave","Plato's image of people mistaking shadows for reality"],["Theory of forms","Plato's view that ideal abstract forms are the true reality"],["Golden mean","Aristotle's idea that virtue lies between extremes"],["Eudaimonia","Flourishing or living well"],["Telos","Purpose or end of a thing"],["Trolley problem","A thought experiment about choosing to harm one to save many"],["Thought experiment","Imagined scenario used to test an idea"],["Brain in a vat","Thought experiment questioning how we know our experiences are real"],["Ship of Theseus","Puzzle: is a ship the same if all its parts are replaced?"],["Chinese room","Searle's argument that running a program is not the same as understanding"],["Turing test","A test of whether a machine's conversation is indistinguishable from a human's"],["Experience machine","Nozick's thought experiment about whether pleasure is all that matters"],["Social justice","Fair distribution of advantages and burdens in society"],["Distributive justice","Fair allocation of resources"],["Liberty","Freedom from unjust restraint"],["Harm principle","Mill: society may limit freedom only to prevent harm to others"],["Paternalism","Overriding someone's choices for their own good"],["Tragedy of the commons","Shared resources are overused when each acts alone"],["Authority","The right to command and be obeyed"],["Civil disobedience","Openly breaking an unjust law to appeal to conscience"],["Anarchism","The view that the state is unnecessary or harmful"],["Pluralism","Acceptance of multiple values and views"],["Relativism","Truth or value depends on perspective"],["Hedonism","Pleasure is the highest good"],["Meritocracy","Position based on ability and achievement"],["Authenticity","Living true to one's own values"],["Bad faith","Sartre's term for denying one's freedom"],["The Other","A concept in philosophy about how we recognize those different from us"],["Intentionality","The mind's property of being about something"],["Emergence","Complex properties arising from simpler parts"],["Reductionism","Explaining a whole by its parts"],["Holism","The whole has properties not found in its parts"],["Syllogism","A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion"],["Soundness","A valid argument with true premises"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-physics-formulas","id":"tp-physics-formulas","title":"Physics Formulas","category":"test-prep","subject":"Physics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Key equations in mechanics, waves, electricity and thermal physics.","tags":["physics","formulas"],"frontLabel":"Quantity","backLabel":"Formula","cards":[["Average velocity","v = delta x / delta t"],["Acceleration","a = delta v / delta t"],["Velocity with constant acceleration","v = v0 + at"],["Displacement with constant acceleration","x = x0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t^2"],["Velocity-displacement relation","v^2 = v0^2 + 2a(x - x0)"],["Free-fall acceleration","g = 9.8 m/s^2 (about)"],["Newton's second law","F = ma"],["Weight","W = mg"],["Friction force","f = mu N"],["Hooke's law","F = -kx"],["Centripetal acceleration","a = v^2 / r"],["Centripetal force","F = mv^2 / r"],["Universal gravitation","F = G m1 m2 / r^2"],["Gravitational field near a planet","g = GM / r^2"],["Orbital speed","v = sqrt(GM / r)"],["Work","W = F d cos theta"],["Kinetic energy","KE = 1/2 m v^2"],["Gravitational potential energy","PE = mgh"],["Spring potential energy","PE = 1/2 k x^2"],["Power","P = W / t"],["Momentum","p = mv"],["Impulse","J = F delta t = delta p"],["Torque","tau = r F sin theta"],["Angular velocity","omega = delta theta / delta t"],["Rotational kinetic energy","KE = 1/2 I omega^2"],["Angular momentum","L = I omega"],["Period and frequency","T = 1/f"],["Wave speed","v = f lambda"],["Spring period","T = 2 pi sqrt(m / k)"],["Pendulum period","T = 2 pi sqrt(L / g)"],["Pressure","P = F / A"],["Hydrostatic pressure","P = P0 + rho g h"],["Buoyant force","F = rho_fluid V g"],["Continuity equation","A1 v1 = A2 v2"],["Bernoulli's equation","P + 1/2 rho v^2 + rho g h = constant"],["Density","rho = m / V"],["Heat transfer","Q = m c delta T"],["Heat for phase change","Q = m L"],["Ideal gas law","PV = nRT"],["Average kinetic energy of gas","KE = 3/2 k_B T"],["First law of thermodynamics","delta U = Q - W"],["Efficiency of a heat engine","e = W / Q_hot"],["Carnot efficiency","e = 1 - T_cold / T_hot"],["Coulomb's law","F = k q1 q2 / r^2"],["Electric field","E = F / q"],["Electric field of a point charge","E = k q / r^2"],["Electric potential energy","U = k q1 q2 / r"],["Electric potential","V = k q / r"],["Capacitance","C = Q / V"],["Energy stored in a capacitor","U = 1/2 C V^2"],["Current","I = delta Q / delta t"],["Ohm's law","V = IR"],["Electric power","P = IV = I^2 R = V^2 / R"],["Resistors in series","R = R1 + R2 + R3"],["Resistors in parallel","1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3"],["Magnetic force on a charge","F = q v B sin theta"],["Magnetic force on a wire","F = I L B sin theta"],["Magnetic flux","Phi = B A cos theta"],["Induced emf (Faraday)","emf = -N delta Phi / delta t"],["Snell's law","n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2"],["Index of refraction","n = c / v"],["Lens/mirror equation","1/f = 1/do + 1/di"],["Magnification","m = -di / do"],["Photon energy","E = h f"],["Speed of light","c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s"],["Photoelectric effect","KE max = h f - work function"],["de Broglie wavelength","lambda = h / p"],["Mass-energy equivalence","E = m c^2"],["Radioactive decay","N = N0 (1/2)^(t / half-life)"],["Time dilation","t = t0 / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)"],["Doppler effect (moving source approaching)","f' = f v / (v - v_s)"],["Sound intensity level","beta = 10 log10(I / I0) decibels"],["Diffraction grating","d sin theta = m lambda"],["Single-slit minima","a sin theta = m lambda"],["Escape velocity","v = sqrt(2GM / r)"],["Kepler's third law","T^2 is proportional to r^3"],["Projectile range (level ground)","R = v0^2 sin(2 theta) / g"],["Terminal velocity","Reached when drag force equals weight"],["Conservation of momentum","m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1' + m2 v2'"],["Elastic collision","Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved"],["Center of mass","x_cm = sum of m x / sum of m"],["Power in rotation","P = tau omega"],["Moment of inertia of a point mass","I = m r^2"],["Moment of inertia, solid disk","I = 1/2 m r^2"],["Simple harmonic motion position","x = A cos(omega t)"],["Angular frequency","omega = 2 pi f"],["Thermal expansion","delta L = alpha L0 delta T"],["Heat conduction","Q/t = k A delta T / d"],["Stefan-Boltzmann law","P = e sigma A T^4"],["Wien's law","lambda_max T = constant"],["Unit of force","Newton, N = kg m/s^2"],["Unit of energy","Joule, J = N m"],["Unit of power","Watt, W = J/s"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-political-science","id":"tp-political-science","title":"Intro Political Science Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Political Science","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Ideas, systems and theories used to study government and politics around the world.","tags":["political-science","college"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Politics","The process of deciding who gets what, when and how in a society"],["State","An organization with authority over a territory and population"],["Sovereignty","Supreme authority within a territory"],["Legitimacy","Widespread belief that authority is rightful"],["Weber's three types of authority","Traditional, charismatic and legal-rational"],["Power","The ability to get others to do what they otherwise would not"],["Social contract","Idea that government rests on an agreement among the governed"],["Thomas Hobbes","Wrote Leviathan; argued strong rule prevents chaos"],["John Locke","Argued for natural rights to life, liberty and property"],["Jean-Jacques Rousseau","Wrote about the general will and popular sovereignty"],["Montesquieu","Advocated separation of powers"],["Democracy","Government by the people, directly or through representatives"],["Direct democracy","Citizens decide issues themselves"],["Representative democracy","Citizens elect officials to decide for them"],["Autocracy","Rule by one person with unlimited power"],["Oligarchy","Rule by a small group"],["Monarchy","Rule by a king or queen"],["Constitutional monarchy","A monarch whose powers are limited by a constitution"],["Totalitarianism","A government seeking total control of public and private life"],["Authoritarianism","Strong central power with limited political freedom"],["Theocracy","Government ruled by religious authorities"],["Liberalism","Ideology stressing individual liberty and limited government"],["Conservatism","Ideology valuing tradition and gradual change"],["Socialism","Ideology favoring collective or public ownership"],["Communism","Ideology of classless society with common ownership"],["Fascism","Ultranationalist, authoritarian ideology"],["Anarchism","Opposition to all forms of government"],["Libertarianism","Ideology maximizing individual freedom and minimizing the state"],["Nationalism","Devotion to one's nation and its interests"],["Capitalism","Economic system with private ownership and markets"],["Parliamentary system","Executive is chosen by and accountable to the legislature"],["Presidential system","Executive is elected separately from the legislature"],["Semi-presidential system","Shares power between a president and a prime minister"],["Unitary state","Power concentrated in a central government"],["Federal system","Power divided between national and regional governments"],["Confederation","A loose league of independent states"],["Bicameral legislature","A legislature with two chambers"],["Proportional representation","Seats awarded in proportion to votes"],["Plurality system","The candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority"],["Majority system","Winner needs more than half of votes"],["Duverger's law","Plurality systems tend toward two parties"],["Coalition government","Several parties share power"],["Vote of no confidence","Legislature's vote to remove a government"],["Political party","Group that organizes to win elections"],["Interest group","Organization seeking to influence policy"],["Civil society","Voluntary associations outside government and business"],["Political culture","Shared attitudes about politics"],["Political socialization","How people acquire political beliefs"],["Civil liberties","Freedoms protected from government interference"],["Civil rights","Guarantees of equal treatment"],["Rule of law","Everyone, including officials, is subject to the law"],["Judicial independence","Courts free from political pressure"],["Constitutionalism","Government limited by a constitution"],["Bureaucracy","Appointed officials carrying out policy"],["Patronage","Rewarding supporters with jobs or favors"],["Corruption","Misuse of public office for private gain"],["Clientelism","Exchanging benefits for political support"],["Public policy","Government decisions and actions on public problems"],["Public good","A good available to all, like national defense"],["Collective action problem","Individuals benefit from a shared effort without contributing"],["Rational choice theory","People act to maximize their own benefit"],["Median voter theorem","Parties move toward the center to win the median voter"],["Realism","International relations theory: states seek power in an anarchic world"],["Liberalism in IR","Cooperation and institutions can produce peace"],["Constructivism","Ideas and identities shape international politics"],["Anarchic international system","No higher authority above states"],["Balance of power","States counter strong rivals to prevent domination"],["Hegemony","Dominance of one state over others"],["Soft power","Influence through attraction and culture, not force"],["Hard power","Influence through military or economic force"],["Deterrence","Preventing attack by threatening retaliation"],["Security dilemma","One state's defense measures make others feel less secure"],["Collective security","States agree to respond together to aggression"],["Alliance","Formal agreement for mutual support"],["Treaty","Binding agreement between states"],["Sanctions","Penalties used to pressure a country"],["International organization","Group of states or bodies cooperating, such as the UN"],["Nongovernmental organization","Private group working on public issues across borders"],["Human rights","Rights belonging to all people"],["Globalization","Increasing connection of economies, cultures and politics"],["Diplomacy","Managing relations between states by negotiation"],["Foreign aid","Assistance given by one country to another"],["Revolution","Fundamental change of a political system, often rapid"],["Coup","Sudden seizure of power by a small group"],["Failed state","A state unable to provide basic order and services"],["Democratization","Process of becoming more democratic"],["Political efficacy","Belief that one's participation matters"],["Turnout","Share of eligible citizens who vote"],["Gerrymandering","Drawing district lines to benefit a party or group"],["Referendum","Direct popular vote on a question"],["Initiative","Citizens propose laws by petition"],["Recall","Voters remove an official before the term ends"],["Federalism and subsidiarity","Decisions made at the lowest level able to handle them"],["Comparative politics","Comparing political systems across countries"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-project-management","id":"tp-project-management","title":"Project Management Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Project Management","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Planning, scheduling, risk and agile vocabulary used in project work.","tags":["project-management","agile","business"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Project","A temporary effort to create a unique product, service or result"],["Project manager","Person responsible for leading a project to its goals"],["Stakeholder","Anyone affected by or interested in the project"],["Sponsor","The person who funds and champions a project"],["Scope","The work that must be done to deliver the project"],["Scope creep","Uncontrolled growth of scope"],["Deliverable","A tangible output the project produces"],["Milestone","A significant point or event in a project"],["Work breakdown structure","Hierarchical division of the work into smaller parts"],["Task","A single piece of work"],["Dependency","A relationship where one task relies on another"],["Finish-to-start","A task cannot start until its predecessor finishes"],["Critical path","The longest sequence of tasks, determining the shortest project time"],["Float (slack)","Time a task can slip without delaying the project"],["Gantt chart","Bar chart showing tasks over time"],["PERT","Technique estimating time with optimistic, likely and pessimistic values"],["Baseline","The approved plan against which progress is compared"],["Schedule","Plan of when work will happen"],["Budget","Approved cost plan"],["Cost variance","Earned value minus actual cost"],["Earned value","A measure of work completed in terms of budget"],["Schedule performance index","Earned value divided by planned value"],["Cost performance index","Earned value divided by actual cost"],["Triple constraint","Scope, time and cost, balanced against quality"],["Quality assurance","Preventing defects through good processes"],["Quality control","Inspecting results to find defects"],["Risk","An uncertain event that could affect objectives"],["Risk register","A log of identified risks and responses"],["Risk mitigation","Reducing the chance or impact of a risk"],["Risk avoidance","Changing plans to eliminate a risk"],["Risk transfer","Shifting a risk to a third party, like insurance"],["Risk acceptance","Choosing to tolerate a risk"],["Contingency plan","Backup response if a risk occurs"],["Issue","A problem that has already happened"],["Assumption","Something believed true for planning purposes"],["Constraint","A limitation on the project"],["Charter","A document formally authorizing a project"],["Kickoff meeting","The meeting that launches a project"],["Status report","A summary of progress"],["Change request","A formal proposal to alter the project"],["Change control","Process for reviewing and approving changes"],["Requirements","Needs the project must satisfy"],["Acceptance criteria","Conditions a deliverable must meet to be accepted"],["Stakeholder register","List of stakeholders and their interests"],["RACI matrix","Chart assigning Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed"],["Communication plan","Plan for who gets what information and when"],["Resource leveling","Adjusting the schedule to avoid overusing people"],["Fast tracking","Doing tasks in parallel to shorten time"],["Crashing","Adding resources to shorten the schedule"],["Waterfall","Sequential approach where each phase finishes before the next"],["Agile","Iterative approach delivering working increments"],["Scrum","Agile framework using short sprints"],["Sprint","A fixed short period of work in Scrum"],["Product owner","Scrum role that prioritizes the work"],["Scrum master","Scrum role that helps the team follow the process"],["Development team","People who build the product increment"],["Product backlog","Prioritized list of everything wanted in the product"],["Sprint backlog","Items chosen for the current sprint"],["User story","A short description of a need from a user's view"],["Story points","Relative units estimating effort"],["Daily stand-up","A brief daily team meeting"],["Sprint review","Meeting to show completed work"],["Retrospective","Meeting to reflect on how to improve"],["Velocity","Amount of work a team completes per sprint"],["Burndown chart","Graph of remaining work over time"],["Kanban","Method visualizing work on a board with limits on work in progress"],["Work in progress limit","A cap on tasks being worked on at once"],["Definition of done","Shared checklist for when work is complete"],["Minimum viable product","Simplest version that delivers value and tests assumptions"],["Iteration","One cycle of repeated work"],["Lean","Maximizing value and minimizing waste"],["Timebox","A fixed time limit for an activity"],["Prototype","An early sample used to test ideas"],["Lessons learned","Insights recorded for future projects"],["Project closure","Formally ending a project"],["Handoff","Transferring deliverables to the owner"],["Procurement","Acquiring goods or services from outside"],["Vendor","An outside seller of goods or services"],["Statement of work","Description of work a vendor will do"],["Service level agreement","Contract defining expected service performance"],["Program","A group of related projects managed together"],["Portfolio","A collection of projects and programs aligned to strategy"],["PMO","Project management office"],["PMBOK","A guide of project management knowledge published by PMI"],["Project lifecycle","Phases from start to finish"],["Feasibility study","Analysis of whether a project is practical"],["Cost-benefit analysis","Comparing expected costs to expected benefits"],["Return on investment","Benefit gained relative to cost"],["Bottleneck","A step that limits the speed of a process"],["Escalation","Raising an issue to a higher authority"],["Critical chain","Method focusing on resource constraints and buffers"],["Buffer","Extra time or money reserved for uncertainty"],["Gold plating","Adding unrequested extras beyond requirements"],["Fishbone diagram","Cause-and-effect diagram to find root causes"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sat-vocab-1","id":"tp-sat-vocab-1","title":"SAT/ACT Vocabulary 1: Warm-Up Words","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["6-8","9-12"],"description":"Fifty-five common high-school words that show up in reading passages, from easiest to a bit harder.","tags":["sat","act","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abandon","To leave behind or give up completely"],["abundant","Present in large amounts; plentiful"],["accurate","Correct and free from error"],["adapt","To change to fit new conditions"],["adequate","Enough for what is needed"],["advocate","To publicly support an idea or cause"],["ambiguous","Having more than one possible meaning"],["analyze","To study something closely by breaking it into parts"],["ancient","From a very long time ago"],["anticipate","To expect or look forward to"],["apparent","Easy to see or understand; obvious"],["assert","To state something firmly"],["assume","To accept as true without proof"],["attain","To reach or achieve"],["authentic","Real; not a copy or fake"],["barrier","Something that blocks the way"],["benefit","A good or helpful result"],["bias","An unfair leaning toward one side"],["brief","Short in time or length"],["capable","Having the ability to do something"],["cautious","Careful to avoid danger or mistakes"],["clarify","To make clearer"],["coherent","Logical and easy to follow"],["commence","To begin"],["compel","To force or strongly urge"],["complex","Made of many parts; complicated"],["comprehend","To understand fully"],["conceal","To hide from view"],["concise","Saying a lot in few words"],["conflict","A serious disagreement or struggle"],["consequence","A result of an action"],["considerable","Fairly large in amount or importance"],["constant","Staying the same; not changing"],["contrast","A clear difference between things"],["controversy","A public argument over an issue"],["convey","To communicate or carry across"],["crucial","Extremely important"],["curious","Eager to learn or know"],["decline","To become smaller or weaker; also, to politely refuse"],["deliberate","Done on purpose"],["demonstrate","To show clearly, often by example"],["denote","To be a sign of; to mean"],["depict","To show in a picture or in words"],["despise","To dislike intensely"],["detect","To notice or discover"],["diminish","To make or become smaller"],["discard","To throw away"],["distinct","Clearly different or separate"],["diverse","Made up of many different kinds"],["dominant","Most powerful or most noticeable"],["dubious","Doubtful; not to be trusted"],["eager","Very keen to do or have something"],["elaborate","Detailed and carefully worked out; also, to add detail"],["eliminate","To remove completely"],["emerge","To come out or come into view"],["emphasize","To give special importance to"],["endure","To last, or to bear without giving up"],["enhance","To improve or increase in quality"],["essential","Absolutely necessary"],["evident","Plain to see"],["evolve","To develop gradually"],["exaggerate","To make something seem bigger or better than it is"],["exhibit","To show publicly; also, a display"],["expand","To grow larger"],["explicit","Stated clearly and directly"],["fundamental","Forming the basic foundation"],["generate","To produce or create"],["genuine","Truly what it is said to be; sincere"],["hesitate","To pause before acting because of doubt"],["hostile","Unfriendly or opposed"],["hypothesis","A proposed explanation to be tested"],["ignore","To pay no attention to"],["illustrate","To explain with examples or pictures"],["impact","A strong effect"],["imply","To suggest without saying directly"],["inevitable","Certain to happen; unavoidable"],["infer","To reach a conclusion from evidence"],["initial","Happening at the beginning"],["innovative","Using new ideas or methods"],["integrate","To combine into a whole"],["intense","Very strong or extreme"],["interpret","To explain the meaning of"],["isolate","To set apart from others"],["justify","To show or prove to be reasonable"],["liberal","Generous; also, open to new ideas"],["maintain","To keep in good condition or keep going"],["minimal","The smallest amount possible"],["modify","To change slightly"],["negligible","So small it is not worth considering"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sat-vocab-2","id":"tp-sat-vocab-2","title":"SAT/ACT Vocabulary 2: Building Words","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["9-12"],"description":"Eighty medium-difficulty words common in college-prep reading and writing.","tags":["sat","act","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["acute","Sharp, intense or very perceptive"],["adversity","Hardship or misfortune"],["aesthetic","Having to do with beauty or taste"],["alleviate","To make pain or a problem less severe"],["altruistic","Caring about the welfare of others without seeking reward"],["ambivalent","Having mixed or conflicting feelings"],["amiable","Friendly and pleasant"],["analogous","Similar in a way that allows comparison"],["anomaly","Something that departs from what is normal"],["apathy","Lack of interest or concern"],["arbitrary","Based on random choice, not reason"],["arduous","Requiring great effort; difficult"],["articulate","Able to express ideas clearly"],["astute","Clever and quick to see how to gain advantage"],["audacious","Boldly daring, sometimes rudely so"],["austere","Plain and strict; without luxury"],["autonomy","Freedom to govern oneself"],["benevolent","Kind and generous"],["candid","Open and honest"],["capricious","Changing mood or behavior suddenly and unpredictably"],["censure","To criticize formally and severely"],["circumvent","To find a way around"],["cogent","Clear, logical and convincing"],["complacent","Smugly satisfied and unaware of possible trouble"],["compromise","An agreement reached by each side giving up something"],["condone","To accept or overlook behavior that is wrong"],["conventional","Following accepted customs"],["corroborate","To confirm with additional evidence"],["credible","Believable; able to be trusted"],["cynical","Distrustful of people's motives"],["debilitate","To weaken seriously"],["decorum","Polite and proper behavior"],["deference","Respectful yielding to another's wishes"],["deplete","To use up; reduce greatly"],["derive","To obtain from a source"],["detrimental","Causing harm"],["didactic","Intended to teach, often too much so"],["diligent","Hard-working and careful"],["discern","To recognize or make out clearly"],["disparity","A noticeable difference or inequality"],["divulge","To reveal a secret"],["eccentric","Unconventional and slightly strange"],["eloquent","Fluent and persuasive in speech or writing"],["empirical","Based on observation or experiment"],["enigma","A puzzling person or thing"],["ephemeral","Lasting a very short time"],["equivocal","Open to more than one interpretation; deliberately vague"],["erroneous","Wrong; mistaken"],["esoteric","Understood by only a small group"],["exemplify","To be a typical example of"],["exonerate","To clear of blame"],["facilitate","To make easier"],["feasible","Possible to do"],["fervent","Showing intense and sincere feeling"],["frugal","Careful about spending money"],["futile","Having no useful result"],["gregarious","Fond of company; sociable"],["haughty","Arrogantly proud"],["hinder","To get in the way of"],["hypocrisy","Claiming standards one does not follow"],["impartial","Treating all sides equally"],["impetus","A force that sets something in motion"],["implicit","Suggested but not stated outright"],["incessant","Continuing without pause"],["indifferent","Having no particular interest or sympathy"],["indigenous","Native to a particular place"],["inherent","Existing as a permanent part of something"],["innate","Present from birth"],["innocuous","Not harmful or offensive"],["integrity","Honesty and strong moral principles"],["intricate","Having many small interlocking parts"],["jeopardize","To put at risk"],["lethargic","Sluggish and lacking energy"],["lucid","Clearly expressed; easy to understand"],["magnanimous","Generous in forgiving"],["malleable","Easily shaped or influenced"],["meticulous","Showing great attention to detail"],["mitigate","To make less severe"],["mundane","Ordinary; dull"],["nostalgia","A wistful longing for the past"],["novice","A beginner"],["obscure","Hard to see or understand; little known"],["obsolete","No longer in use"],["ominous","Suggesting that something bad will happen"],["optimal","Best possible"],["ostentatious","Showy in a way meant to impress"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sat-vocab-3","id":"tp-sat-vocab-3","title":"SAT/ACT Vocabulary 3: Stretch Words","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Eighty harder words that appear in challenging passages.","tags":["sat","act","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["paradigm","A typical model or pattern; a framework of ideas"],["paradox","A statement or situation that seems to contradict itself yet may be true"],["pragmatic","Practical rather than idealistic"],["precarious","Dangerously unstable"],["precedent","An earlier case used as a guide"],["prodigious","Remarkably large or impressive"],["proficient","Skilled; competent"],["proliferate","To increase rapidly in number"],["prudent","Wise and careful about the future"],["pervasive","Spreading widely through everything"],["placate","To calm someone's anger"],["plausible","Seeming reasonable or probable"],["polarize","To divide into sharply opposed groups"],["pretentious","Trying to seem more important than one is"],["quell","To put an end to, usually by force"],["rebuke","To criticize sharply"],["recalcitrant","Stubbornly resisting authority"],["reclusive","Avoiding other people"],["refute","To prove wrong"],["reiterate","To say again"],["relinquish","To give up or let go"],["reproach","To express disapproval of"],["repudiate","To reject as untrue or unacceptable"],["resilient","Able to recover quickly"],["reticent","Reluctant to speak"],["revere","To feel deep respect for"],["rhetoric","The art of persuasive speaking or writing"],["rudimentary","Basic; undeveloped"],["sagacious","Wise and showing good judgment"],["sanction","To approve; also, a penalty"],["scrutinize","To examine very closely"],["serene","Calm and peaceful"],["skeptical","Doubtful; questioning"],["solemn","Serious and formal"],["spurious","False; not genuine"],["squander","To waste"],["static","Not moving or changing"],["stoic","Enduring pain or hardship without complaint"],["substantiate","To support with evidence"],["subtle","Delicate or hard to notice"],["succinct","Briefly and clearly expressed"],["superfluous","More than is needed"],["supplant","To take the place of"],["surmise","To guess on limited evidence"],["tangible","Able to be touched; real"],["tenacious","Holding firmly; persistent"],["tenuous","Very thin or weak"],["terse","Using very few words, sometimes rudely"],["thwart","To prevent from succeeding"],["tranquil","Free from disturbance"],["transient","Lasting only a short time"],["trivial","Of little importance"],["ubiquitous","Seeming to be everywhere"],["undermine","To weaken gradually"],["unprecedented","Never done or known before"],["vacillate","To waver between choices"],["validate","To confirm as correct or worthy"],["venerate","To honor deeply"],["verbose","Using more words than needed"],["versatile","Able to do many different things"],["vindicate","To clear of blame; to prove right"],["volatile","Quickly changing, often explosively"],["wary","Cautious about possible danger"],["whimsical","Playfully odd or fanciful"],["zealous","Full of eager enthusiasm"],["abstain","To choose not to do something"],["acquiesce","To accept something reluctantly without protest"],["acrimony","Bitter, sharp feeling in words or manner"],["admonish","To warn or scold gently"],["aloof","Distant and unfriendly in manner"],["ameliorate","To make something better"],["antipathy","Strong dislike"],["appease","To satisfy by giving in to demands"],["ardent","Passionate and enthusiastic"],["assuage","To ease or soothe"],["banal","So ordinary it is boring"],["belligerent","Eager to fight"],["bolster","To support or strengthen"],["bombastic","High-sounding but meaningless"],["brevity","Shortness of expression"],["burgeon","To grow or flourish quickly"],["cacophony","A harsh mixture of loud sounds"],["coalesce","To come together into one"],["conundrum","A confusing problem"],["copious","Abundant"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sat-vocab-4","id":"tp-sat-vocab-4","title":"SAT/ACT Vocabulary 4: Hardest Words","category":"test-prep","subject":"Vocabulary","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Seventy-five of the harder words, for students aiming at top scores.","tags":["sat","act","vocabulary"],"frontLabel":"Word","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["abstruse","Hard to understand; deep or obscure"],["accolade","An expression of praise or honor"],["acerbic","Sharp and biting in tone"],["alacrity","Cheerful eagerness and speed"],["amalgamate","To combine into one"],["anachronism","Something placed in the wrong time period"],["antediluvian","Extremely old-fashioned; from before the Flood"],["apocryphal","Of doubtful authenticity; widely told but probably untrue"],["approbation","Approval or praise"],["arcane","Known by few; mysterious"],["ascetic","Living with strict self-denial"],["assiduous","Hard-working and persistent"],["attenuate","To weaken or reduce in force"],["axiomatic","Self-evident; accepted as true without proof"],["bellicose","Inclined to start fights"],["blandishment","Flattery used to persuade"],["bucolic","Pleasantly rural"],["cajole","To persuade by flattery or coaxing"],["canny","Shrewd, especially in practical matters"],["castigate","To criticize severely"],["caustic","Bitingly sarcastic; able to burn"],["chicanery","Trickery used to get one's way"],["circumspect","Careful to consider all consequences"],["clandestine","Kept secret, often for improper reasons"],["colloquial","Used in informal conversation"],["connoisseur","An expert judge in matters of taste"],["contentious","Likely to cause argument"],["contrite","Feeling sorry for wrongdoing"],["convoluted","Extremely complex and twisting"],["credulous","Too ready to believe"],["culpable","Deserving blame"],["cursory","Hasty and not thorough"],["daunting","Seeming difficult in a discouraging way"],["decry","To publicly condemn"],["deleterious","Harmful"],["demur","To raise doubts or objections"],["denigrate","To belittle someone's reputation"],["desultory","Lacking a plan; jumping from one thing to another"],["diatribe","A bitter, lengthy verbal attack"],["dichotomy","A division into two contrasting parts"],["diffident","Lacking self-confidence"],["disseminate","To spread widely"],["dogmatic","Insisting that one's opinions are correct"],["ebullient","Overflowing with enthusiasm"],["efficacious","Producing the desired result"],["effusive","Gushing with feeling"],["egregious","Outstandingly bad"],["elucidate","To make clear"],["empathy","Understanding another person's feelings"],["enervate","To drain of energy"],["equanimity","Calmness under stress"],["erudite","Having great learning"],["euphemism","A mild word used in place of a harsher one"],["exacerbate","To make worse"],["exculpate","To free from blame"],["exigent","Urgent; demanding immediate action"],["extraneous","Not belonging to the subject at hand"],["fastidious","Very attentive to detail; hard to please"],["fatuous","Silly and pointless"],["felicitous","Well chosen; fitting"],["fortuitous","Happening by lucky chance"],["garrulous","Talking too much"],["grandiloquent","Using pompous language"],["iconoclast","Someone who attacks cherished beliefs"],["ignominious","Deserving shame; humiliating"],["impervious","Not allowing anything to pass through or affect"],["imperturbable","Unable to be upset"],["inchoate","Just begun and not fully formed"],["incorrigible","Impossible to reform"],["inexorable","Impossible to stop"],["insidious","Spreading harmfully in a hidden way"],["intransigent","Refusing to change one's position"],["inundate","To flood or overwhelm"],["inure","To accustom to something unpleasant"],["laconic","Using very few words"],["laud","To praise highly"],["loquacious","Very talkative"],["maudlin","Overly sentimental"],["mendacious","Dishonest; lying"],["nefarious","Wicked"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-sociology","id":"tp-sociology","title":"Intro Sociology Terms","category":"test-prep","subject":"Sociology","levels":["college","adult"],"description":"Core ideas and thinkers from an introductory sociology course.","tags":["sociology","college"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Sociology","The scientific study of society and social behavior"],["Sociological imagination","Seeing how personal troubles connect to larger social forces; C. Wright Mills"],["Auguste Comte","Coined the word 'sociology'"],["Emile Durkheim","Studied social facts and suicide; founder of modern sociology"],["Karl Marx","Focused on class conflict and capitalism"],["Max Weber","Studied bureaucracy, authority and the Protestant ethic"],["W.E.B. Du Bois","Pioneer of empirical sociology; wrote The Souls of Black Folk"],["Functionalism","Society is a system of parts that work together for stability"],["Conflict theory","Society is shaped by struggles over resources and power"],["Symbolic interactionism","Society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings"],["Manifest function","Intended, recognized effect of a social structure"],["Latent function","Unintended, often unrecognized effect"],["Dysfunction","A harmful effect of a social pattern"],["Social structure","Patterns of relationships that organize society"],["Status","A position in society"],["Ascribed status","A status one is born with"],["Achieved status","A status earned through effort"],["Master status","The status that most shapes a person's identity"],["Role","Behavior expected of someone with a status"],["Role conflict","Tension between roles of different statuses"],["Role strain","Tension within a single role"],["Culture","Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group"],["Material culture","Physical objects a society creates"],["Nonmaterial culture","Ideas, beliefs and values"],["Norm","A rule for expected behavior"],["Folkway","A casual norm; violation brings mild disapproval"],["Mores","Serious norms tied to moral standards"],["Taboo","A strongly forbidden behavior"],["Sanction","Reward or punishment that enforces norms"],["Value","A shared idea of what is good or desirable"],["Subculture","A group with distinct norms inside a larger culture"],["Counterculture","A group that rejects mainstream norms"],["Ethnocentrism","Judging other cultures by one's own standards"],["Cultural relativism","Understanding a culture on its own terms"],["Culture shock","Disorientation in an unfamiliar culture"],["Cultural lag","Society's norms trail behind technology"],["Socialization","Learning the norms and roles of society"],["Agents of socialization","Family, school, peers, media and religion"],["Looking-glass self","Our self-image forms from how we think others see us; Cooley"],["Generalized other","Society's expectations internalized; George Herbert Mead"],["Anticipatory socialization","Preparing for a future role"],["Resocialization","Learning new norms, as in an institution"],["Total institution","A place that controls all aspects of residents' lives"],["Deviance","Violating social norms"],["Strain theory","Deviance arises when goals cannot be met legitimately; Merton"],["Labeling theory","Deviance is a result of being labeled"],["Differential association","Deviance is learned from close associates"],["Anomie","Normlessness when social rules weaken"],["Social control","Ways society encourages conformity"],["Social stratification","Ranking people in layers by wealth, power or prestige"],["Caste system","Rigid stratification based on birth"],["Class system","Stratification based on wealth and occupation, with some mobility"],["Social mobility","Movement between social classes"],["Intergenerational mobility","Change in class position compared with one's parents"],["Socioeconomic status","Combined measure of income, education and occupation"],["Cultural capital","Knowledge and tastes that help one advance socially; Bourdieu"],["Social capital","Benefits from social networks and relationships"],["Poverty line","Income level used to define poverty"],["Meritocracy","System where advancement is based on ability and effort"],["Race","A social category based on perceived physical traits"],["Ethnicity","Shared cultural heritage"],["Minority group","A group with less power, not necessarily smaller numbers"],["Institutional discrimination","Unequal treatment built into laws and practices"],["Segregation","Physical separation of groups"],["Gender","Social and cultural meanings of masculinity and femininity"],["Sex","Biological category of male or female"],["Patriarchy","A system in which men hold most power"],["Gender role","Behaviors expected of a gender"],["Glass ceiling","Invisible barrier to advancement"],["Family","A group related by blood, marriage or adoption"],["Nuclear family","Parents and their children"],["Extended family","Nuclear family plus other relatives"],["Monogamy","Marriage to one partner at a time"],["Endogamy","Marrying within one's group"],["Exogamy","Marrying outside one's group"],["Institution","An established system that meets social needs"],["Bureaucracy","A formal organization with hierarchy and rules"],["McDonaldization","Spread of efficiency, predictability and control; Ritzer"],["Primary group","Small, close group with personal ties"],["Secondary group","Larger, impersonal group organized around a goal"],["In-group","A group one belongs to and identifies with"],["Out-group","A group one does not belong to"],["Reference group","A group used as a standard for self-evaluation"],["Social network","A web of social ties"],["Gemeinschaft","Community based on close personal ties"],["Gesellschaft","Society based on impersonal, contractual ties"],["Demography","Study of populations"],["Urbanization","Growth in the proportion of people living in cities"],["Collective behavior","Spontaneous group action"],["Social movement","Organized effort to promote or resist change"],["Globalization","Increasing interconnection of the world's societies"],["Dramaturgy","Viewing social life as theater; Erving Goffman"],["Impression management","Controlling how others see us"],["Social construction of reality","Meanings of things are created by social interaction"],["Thomas theorem","If people define situations as real, they are real in consequence"],["Quantitative research","Studies using numbers and statistics"],["Qualitative research","Studies using interviews and observation"],["Participant observation","Researcher joins a group to study it"],["Survey","Collecting data through questions"],["Correlation versus causation","Two things related does not mean one causes the other"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-stats-formulas","id":"tp-stats-formulas","title":"Statistics Formulas","category":"test-prep","subject":"Statistics","levels":["9-12","college"],"description":"Core statistics formulas and what each one calculates.","tags":["statistics","formulas","math"],"frontLabel":"Name","backLabel":"Formula","cards":[["Sample mean","x-bar = (sum of x) / n"],["Population mean","mu = (sum of x) / N"],["Median of an odd count","The middle value when sorted"],["Median of an even count","The average of the two middle values"],["Range","Maximum minus minimum"],["Interquartile range","IQR = Q3 - Q1"],["Upper outlier fence","Q3 + 1.5 x IQR"],["Lower outlier fence","Q1 - 1.5 x IQR"],["Sample variance","s^2 = sum of (x - x-bar)^2 / (n - 1)"],["Population variance","sigma^2 = sum of (x - mu)^2 / N"],["Sample standard deviation","s = square root of sample variance"],["Z-score","z = (x - mean) / standard deviation"],["Standard error of the mean","s / sqrt(n)"],["Standard error of a proportion","sqrt(p(1 - p) / n)"],["Coefficient of variation","(standard deviation / mean) x 100 percent"],["Percentile rank","(number of values below x / total values) x 100"],["Probability of an event","Favorable outcomes / total outcomes"],["Complement rule","P(A') = 1 - P(A)"],["Addition rule","P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)"],["Multiplication rule, independent","P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)"],["Conditional probability","P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B)"],["Bayes' theorem","P(A|B) = P(B|A) x P(A) / P(B)"],["Permutations","nPr = n! / (n - r)!"],["Combinations","nCr = n! / (r!(n - r)!)"],["Factorial","n! = n x (n-1) x ... x 1"],["Expected value","E(X) = sum of x x P(x)"],["Variance of a random variable","sum of (x - mu)^2 x P(x)"],["Binomial probability","P(X = k) = nCk x p^k x (1 - p)^(n - k)"],["Binomial mean","mu = np"],["Binomial standard deviation","sigma = sqrt(np(1 - p))"],["Geometric probability","P(first success on trial k) = (1 - p)^(k - 1) x p"],["Poisson probability","P(X = k) = e^(-lambda) x lambda^k / k!"],["Normal approx. to binomial condition","np >= 10 and n(1 - p) >= 10"],["Empirical rule","68, 95, 99.7 percent within 1, 2, 3 standard deviations"],["Chebyshev's inequality","At least 1 - 1/k^2 of data lie within k standard deviations"],["Confidence interval for a mean","x-bar +/- t* x s/sqrt(n)"],["Confidence interval for a proportion","p-hat +/- z* x sqrt(p-hat(1 - p-hat)/n)"],["Margin of error (proportion)","z* x sqrt(p-hat(1 - p-hat)/n)"],["Sample size for a proportion","n = (z*/E)^2 x p(1 - p)"],["One-sample t statistic","t = (x-bar - mu0) / (s / sqrt(n))"],["One-sample z statistic for proportion","z = (p-hat - p0) / sqrt(p0(1 - p0)/n)"],["Two-sample t statistic","t = (x1-bar - x2-bar) / sqrt(s1^2/n1 + s2^2/n2)"],["Degrees of freedom, one sample","n - 1"],["Chi-square statistic","sum of (observed - expected)^2 / expected"],["Expected count in a table","(row total x column total) / grand total"],["Degrees of freedom, chi-square table","(rows - 1)(columns - 1)"],["Pearson correlation","r = (1/(n-1)) x sum of (z_x x z_y)"],["Regression line","y-hat = a + bx"],["Slope of the regression line","b = r x (s_y / s_x)"],["Intercept of the regression line","a = y-bar - b x x-bar"],["Residual","observed y - predicted y"],["Coefficient of determination","r^2"],["Sum of squares total","sum of (y - y-bar)^2"],["ANOVA F statistic","F = mean square between / mean square within"],["Effect size, Cohen's d","(mean1 - mean2) / pooled standard deviation"],["Type I error probability","Alpha, the significance level"],["Power","1 - beta"],["Odds","p / (1 - p)"],["Odds ratio","(a/b) / (c/d) for a 2 by 2 table"],["Relative risk","Risk in exposed group / risk in unexposed group"],["Percent change","(new - old) / old x 100"],["Weighted mean","sum of (w x x) / sum of w"],["Geometric mean","nth root of the product of n values"],["Harmonic mean","n / sum of (1/x)"],["Mode","The most frequent value"],["Skewness direction","Mean greater than median suggests right skew"],["Mean absolute deviation","sum of |x - mean| / n"],["Law of total probability","P(B) = sum of P(B|A_i) x P(A_i)"],["Hypergeometric probability","P(X = k) = [C(K,k) x C(N-K, n-k)] / C(N,n)"],["Central limit theorem standard deviation","sigma / sqrt(n)"],["Finite population correction","sqrt((N - n)/(N - 1))"],["Pooled proportion","(x1 + x2) / (n1 + n2)"],["Z critical value 95%","1.96"],["Z critical value 99%","2.576"],["Z critical value 90%","1.645"],["Cumulative relative frequency","Running total of relative frequencies"],["Class width","(max - min) / number of classes"],["Sturges' rule","Number of classes is about 1 + log2(n)"],["Standard score for sample mean","z = (x-bar - mu) / (sigma / sqrt(n))"],["Tukey fences","Boundaries for outliers based on the IQR"],["Lower quartile position","(n + 1) / 4"],["Rule for sample variance denominator","Use n - 1 for samples to correct bias"],["Joint probability, dependent","P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A)"],["Mutually exclusive events","P(A and B) = 0"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-trades-carpentry","id":"tp-trades-carpentry","title":"Carpentry and Building Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Trades","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Tools, lumber, framing and finish terms used in woodworking and construction.","tags":["trades","carpentry","construction"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Stud","Vertical framing member in a wall"],["Joist","Horizontal framing member supporting a floor or ceiling"],["Rafter","Sloped framing member supporting a roof"],["Truss","Pre-built triangular frame supporting a roof"],["Beam","Large horizontal member carrying heavy loads"],["Header","Beam above a door or window carrying the load"],["Sill plate","Lumber bolted to the foundation that the walls rest on"],["Top plate","Horizontal board across the tops of wall studs"],["Bottom plate","Horizontal board at the base of wall studs"],["King stud","Full-height stud beside a window or door opening"],["Jack stud","Shorter stud under a header"],["Cripple stud","Short stud above or below an opening"],["Subfloor","Structural layer beneath finished flooring"],["Sheathing","Panels covering the outside of the frame"],["Plywood","Panel of thin wood layers glued with alternating grain"],["OSB","Oriented strand board, panels made of wood strands"],["Drywall","Gypsum board used for interior walls"],["Dimensional lumber","Standard-sized lumber like 2x4"],["2x4","A board whose actual size is about 1.5 by 3.5 inches"],["Nominal size","The name size of lumber before drying and milling"],["Board foot","Lumber volume: 1 inch thick by 12 inches by 12 inches"],["Grain","The pattern of wood fibers"],["Hardwood","Wood from broadleaf trees, like oak and maple"],["Softwood","Wood from conifers, like pine and fir"],["Pressure-treated lumber","Wood treated against rot and insects"],["Knot","A section of a branch visible in a board"],["Kiln-dried","Dried in an oven to reduce moisture"],["Warp","A bend or twist in a board"],["Level","Tool showing whether a surface is horizontal"],["Plumb","Perfectly vertical"],["Square","Exactly 90 degrees; also a tool to check it"],["Chalk line","String coated in chalk, snapped to mark a straight line"],["Tape measure","Flexible ruler"],["Speed square","Triangular tool for marking angles"],["Framing square","Large L-shaped tool for checking angles and layout"],["Hammer","Tool for driving nails"],["Claw hammer","Hammer with a split end to pull nails"],["Mallet","A wooden or rubber hammer"],["Handsaw","Manual saw"],["Circular saw","Handheld power saw with a round blade"],["Miter saw","Saw for precise angled crosscuts"],["Table saw","Stationary saw with a blade rising through a table"],["Jigsaw","Power saw for curves"],["Reciprocating saw","Power saw with a push-pull blade for demolition"],["Router","Tool that hollows or shapes edges"],["Chisel","Sharp-edged hand tool for carving wood"],["Plane","Tool for shaving wood smooth"],["Sander","Tool using abrasive to smooth wood"],["Drill","Tool for making holes or driving screws"],["Pilot hole","Small starter hole drilled before a screw"],["Countersink","Hole widened to let a screw head sit flush"],["Nail gun","Powered tool that shoots nails"],["Clamp","Tool that holds pieces together"],["Wood glue","Adhesive for joining wood"],["Common nail","Heavy nail used in framing"],["Finish nail","Thin nail with a small head for trim"],["Brad nail","A very small, thin nail"],["Wood screw","Threaded fastener for wood"],["Lag bolt","Heavy screw bolt for structural connections"],["Joist hanger","Metal bracket supporting joist ends"],["Hurricane tie","Metal connector securing rafters to walls"],["Butt joint","Two boards joined end to face"],["Miter joint","Two pieces cut at angles to form a corner"],["Dado","Groove cut across the grain"],["Rabbet","Notch cut along an edge"],["Dovetail joint","Interlocking wedge-shaped joint prized for strength"],["Mortise and tenon","A peg-shaped end fitted into a hole"],["Lap joint","Two members overlapped"],["Trim","Decorative molding around openings and edges"],["Baseboard","Trim along the bottom of a wall"],["Crown molding","Trim where the wall meets the ceiling"],["Casing","Trim around doors and windows"],["Jamb","The vertical side of a door or window frame"],["Threshold","Strip at the bottom of a doorway"],["Sash","The movable frame of a window"],["Stair stringer","Sloped board supporting stair treads"],["Tread","The horizontal part of a stair step"],["Riser","The vertical part of a stair step"],["Rise and run","Vertical and horizontal measurements of a stair step or roof"],["Pitch","Slope of a roof"],["Eave","The lower edge of a roof that overhangs the wall"],["Ridge","The peak of a roof"],["Fascia","Board along the roof edge"],["Soffit","Underside of the roof overhang"],["Flashing","Metal that guides water away from joints"],["Shingles","Overlapping roofing pieces"],["Footing","Concrete base that supports a foundation"],["Foundation","Structure that transfers a building's load to the ground"],["Load-bearing wall","A wall that supports weight above it"],["Blueprint","A technical drawing of a building"],["On center (OC)","Spacing measured from the center of one member to the next"],["Kerf","The width of material removed by a saw blade"],["Cut list","List of pieces and sizes to be cut"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-trades-electrical","id":"tp-trades-electrical","title":"Electrical Trade Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Trades","levels":["9-12","adult"],"description":"Basic electrical terms for students and apprentices. Electrical work can be deadly; always follow local code and use a licensed electrician.","tags":["trades","electrical","vocational"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Voltage","Electrical pressure that pushes current; measured in volts"],["Current","Flow of electric charge; measured in amperes"],["Resistance","Opposition to current; measured in ohms"],["Power","Rate of using energy; measured in watts"],["Ohm's law","Volts = amps x ohms"],["Watt's law","Watts = volts x amps"],["Conductor","Material that carries current easily, like copper"],["Insulator","Material that resists current, like rubber"],["Circuit","A complete path for current"],["Open circuit","A broken path; no current flows"],["Short circuit","An unintended low-resistance path causing very high current"],["Series circuit","Components in one path"],["Parallel circuit","Components on separate branches"],["AC","Alternating current, which changes direction"],["DC","Direct current, which flows one way"],["Hot wire","Carries current from the source; usually black or red"],["Neutral wire","Returns current to the source; usually white"],["Ground wire","Safety path to earth; bare copper or green"],["Circuit breaker","Switch that opens automatically when current is too high"],["Fuse","A safety device with a link that melts on overcurrent"],["GFCI","Ground fault circuit interrupter, which cuts power when current leaks"],["AFCI","Arc fault circuit interrupter, which guards against arcing"],["Panel (breaker box)","Enclosure holding circuit breakers"],["Service entrance","Where utility power enters a building"],["Meter","Device measuring electricity use"],["Receptacle","Outlet where plugs connect"],["Switch","Device that opens and closes a circuit"],["Three-way switch","Allows control of a light from two places"],["Junction box","Enclosure for wire connections"],["Conduit","Protective tube for wiring"],["EMT conduit","Electrical metallic tubing, a thin-walled metal conduit"],["Romex","Common brand name for non-metallic sheathed cable"],["Wire gauge (AWG)","Size of wire; a smaller number means thicker wire"],["14 AWG wire","Commonly used on 15-amp circuits"],["12 AWG wire","Commonly used on 20-amp circuits"],["Ampacity","Maximum current a conductor can carry safely"],["Voltage drop","Loss of voltage along a wire"],["Wire nut","Cap used to join wires"],["Lug","A connector point for a wire"],["Terminal","A screw or clamp point where wire attaches"],["Strip","Remove insulation from a wire end"],["Pigtail","A short wire used to connect multiple wires to one terminal"],["Load","A device that uses electrical power"],["Line side","The side of a device connected to the power source"],["Load side","The side leading to the devices"],["Multimeter","Tool measuring voltage, current and resistance"],["Voltage tester","Tool that detects live circuits"],["Lockout/tagout","Safety procedure keeping a circuit off while working on it"],["NEC","National Electrical Code, setting US wiring standards"],["Permit","Official permission to do regulated electrical work"],["Inspection","Official check that work meets code"],["Journeyman electrician","A licensed electrician who has completed an apprenticeship"],["Master electrician","A highly experienced, licensed electrician"],["Apprentice","A trainee learning the trade on the job"],["Transformer","Device that changes voltage levels"],["Step-down transformer","Reduces voltage"],["Motor","Device converting electrical energy to motion"],["Capacitor","Component that stores charge"],["Relay","A switch operated by an electromagnet"],["Contactor","A heavy-duty relay for high-current loads"],["Phase","One of the alternating currents in a power system"],["Single-phase","Power common in homes"],["Three-phase","Power common in industry"],["120 volts","Standard household outlet voltage in the US"],["240 volts","Higher household voltage for appliances like dryers"],["Frequency","Cycles per second; 60 Hz in the US"],["Kilowatt-hour","A unit of energy used on electric bills"],["Load calculation","Figuring the total power demand of a building"],["Overcurrent","More current than a circuit is designed to carry"],["Arc flash","A dangerous explosion of energy from an electrical fault"],["Electrical shock","Current passing through the body; potentially deadly"],["PPE","Personal protective equipment, such as insulated gloves"],["Bonding","Connecting metal parts to make them electrically continuous"],["Grounding electrode","A rod or pipe that connects the system to the earth"],["Dimmer","A switch that varies light brightness"],["Smart switch","A switch controlled by an app or voice"],["Solar panel","Device turning sunlight into DC electricity"],["Inverter","Converts DC power to AC"],["Surge protector","Device limiting voltage spikes"],["Extension cord rating","Must match or exceed the load's amperage"],["Knockout","A removable circle in a box for cable entry"],["Fish tape","A tool for pulling wire through walls and conduit"],["Lineman's pliers","Heavy pliers for cutting and twisting wire"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-trades-plumbing","id":"tp-trades-plumbing","title":"Plumbing Basics Vocabulary","category":"test-prep","subject":"Trades","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Pipes, fittings, fixtures and how water systems work.","tags":["trades","plumbing"],"frontLabel":"Term","backLabel":"Meaning","cards":[["Supply line","Pipe bringing clean water into a fixture"],["Drain line","Pipe carrying used water away"],["Vent pipe","Pipe letting air into the drain system so water flows"],["DWV","Drain-waste-vent system"],["Main shutoff valve","Valve that turns off water to the whole building"],["Water meter","Device measuring water used"],["Water heater","Appliance that heats and stores hot water"],["Tankless water heater","Heater that warms water only as it is used"],["Pressure","Force of water in pipes, often measured in psi"],["Water pressure regulator","Valve that reduces incoming pressure to a safe level"],["Gate valve","Valve with a sliding gate; fully open or fully closed"],["Ball valve","Valve that opens and closes with a quarter turn"],["Globe valve","Valve for regulating flow"],["Check valve","Valve that lets water flow in only one direction"],["Shutoff valve (angle stop)","Small valve under a sink or toilet"],["Copper pipe","Durable metal pipe used for water supply"],["PVC","White plastic pipe used for drains and vents"],["ABS","Black plastic pipe used for drains in some areas"],["CPVC","Plastic pipe rated for hot water"],["PEX","Flexible cross-linked polyethylene tubing for supply lines"],["Galvanized steel pipe","Zinc-coated steel pipe, older and prone to corrosion"],["Cast iron pipe","Heavy pipe used for drains"],["Fitting","A connector that joins or redirects pipes"],["Coupling","Fitting joining two straight pipes"],["Elbow","Fitting that changes pipe direction"],["Tee","T-shaped fitting that creates a branch"],["Union","Fitting that can be disconnected without cutting pipe"],["Reducer","Fitting joining pipes of different sizes"],["Cap","Fitting that seals a pipe end"],["Plug","Fitting that seals a female threaded opening"],["Nipple","Short threaded pipe"],["Adapter","Fitting connecting different pipe types"],["Sweating (soldering)","Joining copper with heated solder"],["Flux","Chemical applied to copper joints before soldering"],["Solvent cement","Glue that welds PVC and similar plastics"],["Primer","Cleaner applied to plastic pipe before cementing"],["Compression fitting","Fitting sealed by tightening a nut over a ring"],["Crimp ring","Metal ring squeezed onto PEX fittings"],["Thread seal tape","Thin white tape that seals threaded joints"],["Pipe dope","Paste that seals threaded joints"],["Teflon tape","Common name for thread seal tape"],["Pipe wrench","Wrench with serrated jaws for gripping pipe"],["Basin wrench","Long-necked wrench for tight faucet nuts"],["Tubing cutter","Tool for making clean cuts in pipe"],["Plunger","Tool using pressure to clear clogs"],["Drain snake (auger)","Flexible tool that clears blockages"],["Trap","Curved pipe holding water to block sewer gas"],["P-trap","Trap shaped like a P under sinks"],["Sewer gas","Foul gas that traps and vents keep out of living spaces"],["Cleanout","Access point for clearing drains"],["Floor drain","Drain set in a floor"],["Septic system","On-site wastewater treatment for homes without city sewers"],["Sewer main","Large pipe carrying waste from many buildings"],["Backflow","Reverse flow of water that can contaminate the supply"],["Backflow preventer","Device that stops contaminated water flowing backward"],["Air gap","Open space that keeps drain water from entering a supply line"],["Fixture","A device like a sink, toilet or tub"],["Faucet","Valve controlling water flow from a sink or tub"],["Aerator","Screen at the faucet tip that mixes air with water"],["Cartridge","Internal faucet part that controls flow and temperature"],["Washer","Rubber ring that seals a valve seat"],["O-ring","Rubber ring that seals joints"],["Flapper","Rubber seal at the bottom of a toilet tank"],["Fill valve","Valve that refills the toilet tank"],["Wax ring","Seal between a toilet and the floor flange"],["Closet flange","Pipe fitting on the floor that secures a toilet"],["Showerhead","Fixture that sprays water in a shower"],["Tub spout","Faucet end that fills the tub"],["Garbage disposal","Appliance under a sink that grinds food waste"],["Dishwasher drain","Hose carrying dishwasher water into the drain system"],["Hose bib","Outdoor faucet for a hose"],["Sump pump","Pump removing water from a basement pit"],["Water softener","Equipment reducing hard water minerals"],["Hard water","Water with high mineral content"],["Water hammer","Banging noise when flow stops suddenly"],["Air chamber","Small vertical pipe that cushions pressure surges"],["Expansion tank","Tank absorbing pressure from heated water"],["Pressure relief valve","Safety valve that releases excess pressure"],["Anode rod","Rod in a water heater that corrodes first to protect the tank"],["Slope (pitch) of drains","Drains need a gentle downhill slope, often 1/4 inch per foot"],["Gravity flow","Water moving downhill without pumps"],["Frozen pipe","Pipe blocked or damaged by ice"],["Pipe insulation","Foam or wrap that protects pipes from heat loss or freezing"],["Leak","Unwanted escape of water"],["Corrosion","Gradual damage to metal"],["Plumbing code","Rules for safe plumbing work"],["Licensed plumber","Tradesperson legally qualified to do plumbing work"],["Apprentice plumber","Trainee learning the trade"],["Rough-in","Installing pipes before walls are closed"],["Trim-out","Installing fixtures after walls are finished"],["Hot and cold side","Convention: hot is on the left, cold on the right"]]},{"source":"https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-us-citizenship-topics","id":"tp-us-citizenship-topics","title":"U.S. Civics and Citizenship Topics","category":"test-prep","subject":"Civics","levels":["6-8","9-12","adult"],"description":"Lasting facts about American government, history and symbols that a new citizen or student should know. Written in original wording; not official test items.","tags":["civics","citizenship","government"],"frontLabel":"Question","backLabel":"Answer","cards":[["What is the supreme law of the land?","The Constitution"],["What does the Constitution do?","Sets up the government, defines its powers and protects basic rights"],["What are the first three words of the Constitution?","We the People"],["What is an amendment?","A change or addition to the Constitution"],["What is the Bill of Rights?","The first ten amendments"],["How many amendments does the Constitution have?","Twenty-seven"],["What is one right in the First Amendment?","Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly or petition"],["What is the economic system of the United States?","A mixed market economy based on capitalism"],["What is the rule of law?","Everyone, including leaders, must follow the law"],["What are the three branches of government?","Legislative, executive and judicial"],["Who makes federal laws?","Congress"],["What are the two parts of Congress?","The Senate and the House of Representatives"],["How many U.S. senators are there?","One hundred"],["How long is a senator's term?","Six years"],["How many voting members are in the House?","Four hundred thirty-five"],["How long is a House member's term?","Two years"],["How many senators does each state have?","Two"],["Who does a member of the House represent?","The people of their district"],["What stops one branch from becoming too powerful?","Checks and balances and the separation of powers"],["Who is in charge of the executive branch?","The President"],["How long is a presidential term?","Four years"],["How many times can a person be elected president?","Twice; the 22nd Amendment limits it to two elected terms"],["Who signs bills to become laws?","The President"],["Who is commander in chief of the military?","The President"],["What does the President's Cabinet do?","Advises the President"],["Who becomes president if the president can no longer serve?","The Vice President"],["What does the judicial branch do?","Reviews laws, explains laws and decides if a law goes against the Constitution"],["What is the highest court in the United States?","The Supreme Court"],["How many justices are on the Supreme Court?","Nine"],["How are Supreme Court justices chosen?","Nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate"],["What is the capital of the United States?","Washington, D.C."],["Where is the Statue of Liberty?","New York Harbor, on Liberty Island"],["How many states are there?","Fifty"],["How many stripes are on the flag?","Thirteen, for the original colonies"],["How many stars are on the flag?","Fifty, one for each state"],["What are the colors of the flag?","Red, white and blue"],["What is the national anthem?","The Star-Spangled Banner"],["What is the Pledge of Allegiance?","A promise of loyalty to the flag and the country"],["What is the Fourth of July?","Independence Day, celebrating the Declaration of Independence"],["Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?","Thomas Jefferson was its main author"],["When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?","July 4, 1776"],["What did the Declaration of Independence say?","That the colonies were free of British rule and that people have rights"],["What are two rights in the Declaration?","Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"],["Who was the first President?","George Washington"],["Who was President during the Civil War?","Abraham Lincoln"],["What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?","Declared enslaved people in Confederate-held areas free"],["Which amendment ended slavery?","The 13th Amendment"],["Who fought in the Civil War?","The Union (North) and the Confederacy (South)"],["What was the main reason for the Civil War?","Slavery, along with states' rights and economic differences"],["What did Susan B. Anthony do?","Fought for women's rights and the right to vote"],["What did Martin Luther King Jr. do?","Led nonviolent efforts for civil rights and equal treatment"],["Which amendment gave women the right to vote?","The 19th Amendment"],["What was the Great Depression?","A severe economic downturn in the 1930s"],["Who was President during the Great Depression and World War II?","Franklin D. Roosevelt"],["Which countries did the U.S. fight in World War II?","Germany, Italy and Japan (the Axis powers)"],["What was the Cold War?","A long rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after World War II"],["Who were the first people living in America?","Native Americans"],["Why did the Pilgrims come to America?","To seek religious freedom"],["Who is the 'Father of Our Country'?","George Washington"],["What was the Louisiana Purchase?","The 1803 purchase of land from France that doubled the country's size"],["What happened at the Constitutional Convention?","The Constitution was written in 1787"],["Who wrote the Federalist Papers?","Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay"],["Who was one important Founding Father?","Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison or others"],["What is the capital of your state?","Depends on the state; every state has a capital city"],["What are the two major political parties?","Democratic and Republican parties"],["Who can vote in federal elections?","Citizens age 18 and older"],["What is one way Americans can participate in democracy?","Vote, join a party, run for office, join a community group or contact elected officials"],["Which amendment lowered the voting age to 18?","The 26th Amendment"],["What is one responsibility of citizens?","Serving on a jury, paying taxes or obeying laws"],["What is one right only for citizens?","Voting in federal elections or running for federal office"],["What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge?","The United States and the flag"],["When must men register for the Selective Service?","At age 18"],["When are federal taxes due?","Generally by April 15"],["What is the Electoral College?","The group of electors who choose the President"],["What is a census?","A count of the population done every ten years"],["What is a jury?","A group of citizens who decide the facts in a trial"],["What is the Mayflower?","The ship that carried the Pilgrims to America in 1620"],["What is the Mississippi River?","One of the longest rivers in the country, flowing to the Gulf of Mexico"],["Which oceans border the U.S.?","The Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west"],["Which countries border the continental U.S.?","Canada and Mexico"],["What is Memorial Day?","A day honoring those who died serving in the military"],["What is Veterans Day?","A day honoring all who have served in the military"],["What is Labor Day?","A holiday honoring workers, on the first Monday of September"],["What is Thanksgiving?","A November holiday for giving thanks"],["What is the bald eagle?","The national bird of the United States"],["What is the Liberty Bell?","A symbol of American independence, kept in Philadelphia"],["What is the Great Seal?","The official seal of the United States"],["What is federalism?","Power shared between national and state governments"],["What does the 10th Amendment say?","Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or the people"],["Who governs a state?","A governor"],["What is a mayor?","The leader of a city government"],["What is due process?","Fair treatment under the law"],["What is freedom of religion?","The right to practice any religion or none"],["What is the Mayflower Compact?","An agreement to make fair laws for the Plymouth colony"],["What is naturalization?","The process by which a non-citizen becomes a citizen"],["What is an immigrant?","A person who moves to a new country to live"]]}]