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Accounting equation	Assets = Liabilities + Owner's equity		tp-accounting-terms
Asset	A resource owned that has future value		tp-accounting-terms
Liability	An obligation owed to others		tp-accounting-terms
Equity	Owners' claim on the assets after liabilities		tp-accounting-terms
Revenue	Income earned from selling goods or services		tp-accounting-terms
Expense	Cost of operating a business		tp-accounting-terms
Net income	Revenues minus expenses		tp-accounting-terms
Net loss	Expenses exceed revenues		tp-accounting-terms
Double-entry bookkeeping	Every transaction affects at least two accounts with equal debits and credits		tp-accounting-terms
Debit	An entry on the left side of an account		tp-accounting-terms
Credit	An entry on the right side of an account		tp-accounting-terms
Normal balance of assets	Debit		tp-accounting-terms
Normal balance of liabilities	Credit		tp-accounting-terms
Normal balance of revenue	Credit		tp-accounting-terms
Normal balance of expenses	Debit		tp-accounting-terms
Journal	Chronological record of transactions		tp-accounting-terms
General ledger	The collection of all accounts		tp-accounting-terms
Chart of accounts	List of all accounts a business uses		tp-accounting-terms
Trial balance	List of account balances proving debits equal credits		tp-accounting-terms
T-account	A simple diagram of an account with debit and credit sides		tp-accounting-terms
Adjusting entry	Update made at period end to match revenues and expenses to the right period		tp-accounting-terms
Closing entries	Zero out temporary accounts at the end of the period		tp-accounting-terms
Accrual accounting	Records revenue when earned and expenses when incurred		tp-accounting-terms
Cash basis accounting	Records transactions only when cash changes hands		tp-accounting-terms
Matching principle	Expenses are matched with the revenues they helped earn		tp-accounting-terms
Revenue recognition principle	Record revenue when it is earned		tp-accounting-terms
Going concern	Assumption that the business will continue operating		tp-accounting-terms
GAAP	Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the US		tp-accounting-terms
IFRS	International Financial Reporting Standards		tp-accounting-terms
Conservatism principle	Choose the option that is less likely to overstate assets and income		tp-accounting-terms
Materiality	Only significant information needs separate disclosure		tp-accounting-terms
Balance sheet	Shows assets, liabilities and equity at one date		tp-accounting-terms
Income statement	Shows revenues and expenses over a period		tp-accounting-terms
Statement of cash flows	Shows cash in and out from operating, investing and financing		tp-accounting-terms
Statement of retained earnings	Shows changes in retained earnings over a period		tp-accounting-terms
Retained earnings	Profits kept in the business rather than paid out		tp-accounting-terms
Current assets	Assets expected to be turned into cash within a year		tp-accounting-terms
Current liabilities	Obligations due within a year		tp-accounting-terms
Long-term assets	Assets held for more than a year		tp-accounting-terms
Accounts receivable	Money customers owe the business		tp-accounting-terms
Accounts payable	Money the business owes suppliers		tp-accounting-terms
Notes payable	Written promises to pay		tp-accounting-terms
Prepaid expense	An expense paid in advance, recorded as an asset until used		tp-accounting-terms
Unearned revenue	Cash received before service is provided; a liability		tp-accounting-terms
Accrued expense	An expense incurred but not yet paid		tp-accounting-terms
Inventory	Goods held for sale		tp-accounting-terms
FIFO	First-in, first-out cost flow method for inventory		tp-accounting-terms
LIFO	Last-in, first-out cost flow method for inventory		tp-accounting-terms
Weighted average	Inventory costing using the average cost of goods		tp-accounting-terms
Cost of goods sold	Direct cost of the products sold		tp-accounting-terms
Gross profit	Sales minus cost of goods sold		tp-accounting-terms
Operating income	Gross profit minus operating expenses		tp-accounting-terms
Depreciation	Spreading the cost of a long-term asset over its useful life		tp-accounting-terms
Straight-line depreciation	Equal depreciation each year		tp-accounting-terms
Accumulated depreciation	Total depreciation recorded to date on an asset		tp-accounting-terms
Book value	Asset cost minus accumulated depreciation		tp-accounting-terms
Salvage value	Estimated value of an asset at the end of its life		tp-accounting-terms
Amortization	Spreading the cost of an intangible asset over time		tp-accounting-terms
Goodwill	Value of a business beyond its identifiable net assets		tp-accounting-terms
Allowance for doubtful accounts	Estimate of receivables that will not be collected		tp-accounting-terms
Bad debt expense	Cost of uncollectible receivables		tp-accounting-terms
Common stock	Basic ownership shares of a corporation		tp-accounting-terms
Treasury stock	Shares a company has bought back		tp-accounting-terms
Paid-in capital	Amounts investors paid for stock		tp-accounting-terms
Current ratio	Current assets divided by current liabilities		tp-accounting-terms
Quick ratio	Liquid assets divided by current liabilities		tp-accounting-terms
Debt-to-equity ratio	Total liabilities divided by equity		tp-accounting-terms
Gross margin ratio	Gross profit divided by sales		tp-accounting-terms
Return on assets	Net income divided by average total assets		tp-accounting-terms
Return on equity	Net income divided by average equity		tp-accounting-terms
Inventory turnover	Cost of goods sold divided by average inventory		tp-accounting-terms
Working capital	Current assets minus current liabilities		tp-accounting-terms
Liquidity	Ability to meet short-term obligations		tp-accounting-terms
Solvency	Ability to meet long-term obligations		tp-accounting-terms
Bank reconciliation	Matching the cash records to the bank statement		tp-accounting-terms
Petty cash	A small fund for minor expenses		tp-accounting-terms
Internal controls	Procedures that protect assets and ensure accurate records		tp-accounting-terms
Audit	Independent examination of financial statements		tp-accounting-terms
CPA	Certified public accountant		tp-accounting-terms
Managerial accounting	Reporting for internal decisions		tp-accounting-terms
Financial accounting	Reporting to outside users		tp-accounting-terms
Cost accounting	Measuring the cost of making products		tp-accounting-terms
Budget variance	Difference between budgeted and actual amounts		tp-accounting-terms
Contribution margin	Sales minus variable costs		tp-accounting-terms
Break-even in units	Fixed costs divided by contribution margin per unit		tp-accounting-terms
Opportunity cost	Value of the next best alternative given up		tp-accounting-terms
Sunk cost	A past cost that cannot be recovered		tp-accounting-terms
Payroll	Employee compensation records and payments		tp-accounting-terms
Gross pay	Pay before deductions		tp-accounting-terms
Net pay	Pay after deductions		tp-accounting-terms
Fiscal year	A 12-month accounting period		tp-accounting-terms
Subsidiary ledger	Detailed records supporting a control account		tp-accounting-terms
Source document	Evidence of a transaction, such as a receipt		tp-accounting-terms
Invoice	A bill for goods or services		tp-accounting-terms
Purchase order	A buyer's request to a seller to supply goods		tp-accounting-terms
Frontal bone	Forehead; forms the roof of the eye sockets		tp-anat-bones
Parietal bone	Sides and top of the skull		tp-anat-bones
Temporal bone	Side of skull; contains the ear structures		tp-anat-bones
Occipital bone	Back and base of the skull; has the opening for the spinal cord		tp-anat-bones
Sphenoid	Butterfly-shaped bone at the skull base		tp-anat-bones
Ethmoid	Skull bone between the eyes, part of the nasal cavity		tp-anat-bones
Mandible	Lower jaw; the only movable skull bone		tp-anat-bones
Maxilla	Upper jaw		tp-anat-bones
Zygomatic bone	Cheekbone		tp-anat-bones
Nasal bone	Bridge of the nose		tp-anat-bones
Lacrimal bone	Small bone at the inner corner of the eye socket		tp-anat-bones
Vomer	Bone forming part of the nasal septum		tp-anat-bones
Palatine bone	Back part of the hard palate		tp-anat-bones
Hyoid	U-shaped bone in the neck, not attached to other bones		tp-anat-bones
Malleus	Hammer; ear ossicle		tp-anat-bones
Incus	Anvil; ear ossicle		tp-anat-bones
Stapes	Stirrup; smallest bone in the body		tp-anat-bones
Cervical vertebrae	Seven neck vertebrae		tp-anat-bones
Atlas	First cervical vertebra, supports the skull		tp-anat-bones
Axis	Second cervical vertebra, allows the head to turn		tp-anat-bones
Thoracic vertebrae	Twelve vertebrae that attach to ribs		tp-anat-bones
Lumbar vertebrae	Five large lower-back vertebrae		tp-anat-bones
Sacrum	Triangular bone of fused vertebrae at the base of the spine		tp-anat-bones
Coccyx	Tailbone		tp-anat-bones
Sternum	Breastbone		tp-anat-bones
Manubrium	Upper part of the sternum		tp-anat-bones
Xiphoid process	Small lower tip of the sternum		tp-anat-bones
True ribs	Ribs 1 to 7, attached directly to the sternum		tp-anat-bones
False ribs	Ribs 8 to 12, attached indirectly or not at all		tp-anat-bones
Floating ribs	Ribs 11 and 12, not attached in front		tp-anat-bones
Clavicle	Collarbone		tp-anat-bones
Scapula	Shoulder blade		tp-anat-bones
Acromion	Part of the scapula forming the point of the shoulder		tp-anat-bones
Humerus	Upper arm bone		tp-anat-bones
Radius	Forearm bone on the thumb side		tp-anat-bones
Ulna	Forearm bone on the pinky side		tp-anat-bones
Olecranon	Bony point of the elbow, part of the ulna		tp-anat-bones
Carpals	Eight wrist bones		tp-anat-bones
Scaphoid	Wrist bone on the thumb side, often fractured		tp-anat-bones
Metacarpals	Five bones of the palm		tp-anat-bones
Phalanges	Finger and toe bones		tp-anat-bones
Pelvic girdle	Hip bones that support the trunk		tp-anat-bones
Ilium	Large upper part of the hip bone		tp-anat-bones
Ischium	Lower back part of the hip bone you sit on		tp-anat-bones
Pubis	Front part of the hip bone		tp-anat-bones
Acetabulum	Hip socket		tp-anat-bones
Femur	Thigh bone; longest and strongest bone		tp-anat-bones
Patella	Kneecap		tp-anat-bones
Tibia	Shinbone		tp-anat-bones
Fibula	Slim lower-leg bone beside the tibia		tp-anat-bones
Malleolus	Bony bump at the ankle		tp-anat-bones
Tarsals	Seven ankle bones		tp-anat-bones
Calcaneus	Heel bone		tp-anat-bones
Talus	Ankle bone that meets the tibia		tp-anat-bones
Metatarsals	Five bones of the foot between ankle and toes		tp-anat-bones
Appendicular skeleton	Limbs and the girdles that attach them		tp-anat-bones
Axial skeleton	Skull, spine and rib cage		tp-anat-bones
Number of bones in an adult	206		tp-anat-bones
Number of cranial bones	8		tp-anat-bones
Number of facial bones	14		tp-anat-bones
Number of ribs	12 pairs, 24 in total		tp-anat-bones
Foramen magnum	Large hole in the occipital bone for the spinal cord		tp-anat-bones
Sella turcica	Saddle-shaped pit in the sphenoid holding the pituitary gland		tp-anat-bones
Mastoid process	Bump behind the ear on the temporal bone		tp-anat-bones
Sutures	Immovable joints between skull bones		tp-anat-bones
Fontanelle	Soft spot between a baby's skull bones		tp-anat-bones
Greater trochanter	Bony bump on the upper femur		tp-anat-bones
Femoral head	Ball at the top of the femur that fits the hip socket		tp-anat-bones
Tibial tuberosity	Bump below the kneecap where the patellar tendon attaches		tp-anat-bones
Epiphysis	End of a long bone		tp-anat-bones
Diaphysis	Shaft of a long bone		tp-anat-bones
Metaphysis	Region between shaft and end of a long bone		tp-anat-bones
Periosteum	Membrane covering bone		tp-anat-bones
Medullary cavity	Hollow center of a long bone holding marrow		tp-anat-bones
Articular cartilage	Smooth covering on joint surfaces		tp-anat-bones
Ball-and-socket joint	Joint allowing movement in all directions, like the shoulder		tp-anat-bones
Hinge joint	Joint bending in one direction, like the elbow		tp-anat-bones
Pivot joint	Joint allowing rotation, like the atlas and axis		tp-anat-bones
Gliding joint	Joint with sliding bone surfaces, like the wrist		tp-anat-bones
Saddle joint	Joint at the base of the thumb		tp-anat-bones
Condyloid joint	Joint allowing movement in two planes, like the wrist's radius and carpals		tp-anat-bones
CN I: Olfactory	Sense of smell		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN II: Optic	Vision		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN III: Oculomotor	Most eye movements, raising the eyelid, pupil constriction		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN IV: Trochlear	Moves the eye down and in (superior oblique muscle)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN V: Trigeminal	Face sensation and chewing muscles		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN VI: Abducens	Moves the eye outward		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN VII: Facial	Facial expression, taste from the front of the tongue, tears and saliva		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear	Hearing and balance		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal	Taste at the back of the tongue, swallowing, gag reflex		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN X: Vagus	Heart rate, digestion, voice box and much of the organs below the neck		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN XI: Accessory	Moves the shoulders and turns the head		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
CN XII: Hypoglossal	Moves the tongue		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Sensory cranial nerves	I, II and VIII are purely sensory		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Motor cranial nerves	III, IV, VI, XI and XII are mainly motor		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Mixed cranial nerves	V, VII, IX and X carry both sensory and motor signals		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Mnemonic for names	On Old Olympus's Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Mnemonic for sensory/motor	Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve smells?	Olfactory (I)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve sees?	Optic (II)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve hears?	Vestibulocochlear (VIII)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve moves the tongue?	Hypoglossal (XII)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve shrugs the shoulders?	Accessory (XI)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve is the longest wandering one?	Vagus (X)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve moves the eye outward?	Abducens (VI)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve feels the face?	Trigeminal (V)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerve smiles?	Facial (VII)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Which nerves control the pupil?	Oculomotor (III) constricts the pupil		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Trigeminal branches	Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Facial nerve palsy	Weakness of one side of the face from damage to nerve VII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Parasympathetic cranial nerves	III, VII, IX and X carry parasympathetic fibers		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cranial nerve count	Twelve pairs, arising from the brain and brainstem		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Extraocular muscle nerves	III, IV and VI		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Taste nerves	VII, IX and X		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Swallowing nerves	IX and X		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Gag reflex nerves	IX (sensory) and X (motor)		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Where do the cranial nerves attach?	To the brain or brainstem, not the spinal cord		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cribriform plate	Skull part the olfactory nerve fibers pass through		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Optic chiasm	Where optic nerves cross partly on the way to the brain		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Superior orbital fissure	Opening where nerves III, IV, VI and part of V enter the eye socket		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Foramen magnum	Opening where the spinal cord exits the skull, and nerve XI enters		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Jugular foramen	Opening that nerves IX, X and XI pass through		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Corneal reflex	Blink when the cornea is touched; uses nerves V and VII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Pupillary light reflex	Pupil narrows in bright light; uses nerves II and III		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Vestibulo-ocular reflex	Eyes stay steady when the head moves; uses nerve VIII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Bell's palsy	Sudden weakness of the facial muscles on one side		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Trigeminal neuralgia	Severe sharp facial pain linked to nerve V		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Anosmia	Loss of the sense of smell		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Dysphagia	Difficulty swallowing		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Diplopia	Double vision		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Ptosis	Drooping of the upper eyelid		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Tinnitus	Ringing in the ears		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Vertigo	A sense that the world is spinning		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Nystagmus	Involuntary rhythmic eye movement		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Strabismus	Misaligned eyes		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Lacrimal gland	Makes tears; controlled by nerve VII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Parotid gland	Largest salivary gland; controlled by nerve IX		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius	Muscles supplied by nerve XI		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Muscles of mastication	Chewing muscles supplied by nerve V		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Muscles of facial expression	Supplied by nerve VII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Intrinsic tongue muscles	Supplied by nerve XII		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Carotid body sensors	Sensory input via nerve IX monitoring blood oxygen		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Vestibular branch	Part of nerve VIII for balance		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cochlear branch	Part of nerve VIII for hearing		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cranial nerve exam	Clinical test checking each of the twelve nerves		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Cranial nerves vs. spinal nerves	Twelve pairs from the brain versus 31 pairs from the spinal cord		tp-anat-cranial-nerves
Frontalis	Forehead; raises the eyebrows		tp-anat-muscles
Orbicularis oculi	Around the eye; closes the eyelid		tp-anat-muscles
Orbicularis oris	Around the mouth; closes and purses the lips		tp-anat-muscles
Zygomaticus major	Cheek; lifts the corner of the mouth to smile		tp-anat-muscles
Masseter	Cheek; closes the jaw to chew		tp-anat-muscles
Temporalis	Side of head; closes the jaw		tp-anat-muscles
Buccinator	Cheek; presses the cheek against the teeth		tp-anat-muscles
Platysma	Neck; pulls the lower lip and jaw down		tp-anat-muscles
Sternocleidomastoid	Side of the neck; turns and flexes the head		tp-anat-muscles
Trapezius	Upper back and neck; raises and pulls back the shoulder blades		tp-anat-muscles
Latissimus dorsi	Wide back muscle; pulls the arm down and back		tp-anat-muscles
Rhomboids	Between shoulder blades; pull the scapula toward the spine		tp-anat-muscles
Erector spinae	Along the spine; extends the back		tp-anat-muscles
Deltoid	Shoulder cap; raises the arm		tp-anat-muscles
Pectoralis major	Chest; moves the arm across the body		tp-anat-muscles
Serratus anterior	Side of the ribs; moves the shoulder blade forward		tp-anat-muscles
Rotator cuff	Four small muscles that stabilize the shoulder		tp-anat-muscles
Supraspinatus	Rotator cuff muscle that starts raising the arm		tp-anat-muscles
Biceps brachii	Front of the upper arm; flexes the elbow		tp-anat-muscles
Triceps brachii	Back of the upper arm; extends the elbow		tp-anat-muscles
Brachialis	Deep upper-arm muscle that flexes the elbow		tp-anat-muscles
Brachioradialis	Forearm muscle that flexes the elbow		tp-anat-muscles
Flexor carpi	Front of forearm; bends the wrist		tp-anat-muscles
Extensor carpi	Back of forearm; straightens the wrist		tp-anat-muscles
Rectus abdominis	Front of the abdomen; flexes the trunk		tp-anat-muscles
External oblique	Side of the abdomen; twists and bends the trunk		tp-anat-muscles
Internal oblique	Beneath the external oblique; twists the trunk		tp-anat-muscles
Transversus abdominis	Deepest abdominal muscle; compresses the abdomen		tp-anat-muscles
Diaphragm	Under the lungs; main muscle of breathing		tp-anat-muscles
Intercostals	Between the ribs; help breathing		tp-anat-muscles
Gluteus maximus	Buttock; extends the hip		tp-anat-muscles
Gluteus medius	Side of hip; moves the leg out and steadies the pelvis		tp-anat-muscles
Iliopsoas	Deep hip flexor		tp-anat-muscles
Tensor fasciae latae	Upper outer thigh; flexes and abducts the hip		tp-anat-muscles
Quadriceps femoris	Front of the thigh; extends the knee		tp-anat-muscles
Rectus femoris	Quadriceps part that also flexes the hip		tp-anat-muscles
Vastus lateralis	Outer quadriceps		tp-anat-muscles
Sartorius	Longest muscle; crosses the thigh and flexes the hip and knee		tp-anat-muscles
Hamstrings	Back of the thigh; flex the knee		tp-anat-muscles
Biceps femoris	Outer hamstring		tp-anat-muscles
Adductors	Inner thigh; pull the leg toward the midline		tp-anat-muscles
Gracilis	Inner thigh muscle that adducts the leg		tp-anat-muscles
Gastrocnemius	Calf; points the foot and flexes the knee		tp-anat-muscles
Soleus	Deep calf muscle; points the foot		tp-anat-muscles
Tibialis anterior	Front of the shin; lifts the foot		tp-anat-muscles
Peroneus longus	Outer lower leg; turns the foot outward		tp-anat-muscles
Achilles tendon	Joins calf muscles to the heel bone		tp-anat-muscles
Flexor	A muscle that decreases a joint angle		tp-anat-muscles
Extensor	A muscle that increases a joint angle		tp-anat-muscles
Abductor	Moves a limb away from the midline		tp-anat-muscles
Adductor	Moves a limb toward the midline		tp-anat-muscles
Agonist	The prime mover in a movement		tp-anat-muscles
Antagonist	A muscle that opposes the prime mover		tp-anat-muscles
Synergist	A muscle that helps the prime mover		tp-anat-muscles
Origin	The attachment that stays fixed		tp-anat-muscles
Insertion	The attachment that moves		tp-anat-muscles
Isotonic contraction	Muscle changes length while producing force		tp-anat-muscles
Isometric contraction	Muscle produces force without changing length		tp-anat-muscles
Concentric contraction	Muscle shortens under tension		tp-anat-muscles
Eccentric contraction	Muscle lengthens under tension		tp-anat-muscles
Muscle tone	Slight constant tension in resting muscles		tp-anat-muscles
Fascia	Connective tissue wrapping muscles		tp-anat-muscles
Motor unit	One motor neuron and the fibers it controls		tp-anat-muscles
Neuromuscular junction	Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber		tp-anat-muscles
Acetylcholine	Neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction		tp-anat-muscles
Creatine phosphate	Quick energy store in muscle		tp-anat-muscles
Fast-twitch fibers	Muscle fibers for quick, powerful action that tire quickly		tp-anat-muscles
Slow-twitch fibers	Muscle fibers for endurance		tp-anat-muscles
Rigor mortis	Stiffening of muscles after death		tp-anat-muscles
Tetany	Sustained, involuntary muscle contraction		tp-anat-muscles
Atrophy	Wasting of muscle from disuse		tp-anat-muscles
Hypertrophy	Enlargement of muscle fibers		tp-anat-muscles
Strain	Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon		tp-anat-muscles
Sprain	Overstretching or tearing of a ligament		tp-anat-muscles
Spasm	Sudden involuntary contraction		tp-anat-muscles
Myoglobin	Oxygen-storing pigment in muscle		tp-anat-muscles
Lactic acid	Product of anaerobic energy production in muscles		tp-anat-muscles
Pectoralis minor	Beneath the pectoralis major; pulls the shoulder blade forward		tp-anat-muscles
Teres major	Back of the shoulder; rotates the arm inward		tp-anat-muscles
Psoas major	Deep muscle linking the spine to the thigh		tp-anat-muscles
Piriformis	Deep buttock muscle that rotates the hip outward		tp-anat-muscles
Popliteus	Behind the knee; unlocks the knee for bending		tp-anat-muscles
Pronator teres	Forearm; turns the palm down		tp-anat-muscles
Supinator	Forearm; turns the palm up		tp-anat-muscles
Brain	Controls thought, senses, movement and body functions		tp-anat-organs
Spinal cord	Carries messages between the brain and body		tp-anat-organs
Heart	Muscular pump that circulates blood		tp-anat-organs
Lungs	Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide		tp-anat-organs
Liver	Processes nutrients, makes bile, filters toxins		tp-anat-organs
Gallbladder	Stores and concentrates bile		tp-anat-organs
Pancreas	Makes digestive enzymes and insulin		tp-anat-organs
Stomach	Mixes food with acid and enzymes		tp-anat-organs
Small intestine	Absorbs most nutrients		tp-anat-organs
Large intestine	Absorbs water; forms stool		tp-anat-organs
Appendix	Small pouch on the large intestine, with no essential digestive role		tp-anat-organs
Esophagus	Moves food from the throat to the stomach		tp-anat-organs
Kidneys	Filter blood and make urine		tp-anat-organs
Urinary bladder	Stores urine		tp-anat-organs
Spleen	Filters old red blood cells and helps immune defense		tp-anat-organs
Thyroid	Gland controlling metabolism		tp-anat-organs
Parathyroid glands	Four small glands controlling blood calcium		tp-anat-organs
Adrenal glands	Sit atop the kidneys; make stress hormones		tp-anat-organs
Pituitary gland	Pea-sized gland releasing hormones that direct other glands		tp-anat-organs
Pineal gland	Makes melatonin, which affects sleep		tp-anat-organs
Hypothalamus	Links the nervous and endocrine systems; regulates temperature and hunger		tp-anat-organs
Thymus	Immune organ where T cells mature		tp-anat-organs
Tonsils	Lymph tissue at the throat that helps defend against germs		tp-anat-organs
Skin	Largest organ; protects, regulates temperature, senses touch		tp-anat-organs
Eyes	Detect light for vision		tp-anat-organs
Retina	Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye		tp-anat-organs
Lens	Focuses light on the retina		tp-anat-organs
Cornea	Clear front window of the eye		tp-anat-organs
Iris	Colored part of the eye controlling pupil size		tp-anat-organs
Cochlea	Spiral organ of the inner ear for hearing		tp-anat-organs
Eardrum	Membrane that vibrates with sound		tp-anat-organs
Eustachian tube	Connects the middle ear to the throat to equalize pressure		tp-anat-organs
Larynx	Voice box		tp-anat-organs
Pharynx	Throat; passage for air and food		tp-anat-organs
Trachea	Windpipe leading to the lungs		tp-anat-organs
Bronchi	Branches of the trachea into each lung		tp-anat-organs
Epiglottis	Flap that covers the windpipe when swallowing		tp-anat-organs
Diaphragm	Muscle that drives breathing		tp-anat-organs
Aorta	Largest artery, carries blood from the heart to the body		tp-anat-organs
Vena cava	Large veins returning blood to the heart		tp-anat-organs
Pulmonary artery	Carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs		tp-anat-organs
Pulmonary vein	Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart		tp-anat-organs
Left ventricle	Heart chamber that pumps blood to the body		tp-anat-organs
Right atrium	Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body		tp-anat-organs
Mitral valve	Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle		tp-anat-organs
Tricuspid valve	Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle		tp-anat-organs
Pacemaker (sinoatrial node)	Group of cells that starts each heartbeat		tp-anat-organs
Ovaries	Produce eggs and hormones		tp-anat-organs
Fallopian tubes	Carry eggs to the uterus		tp-anat-organs
Uterus	Houses a developing fetus		tp-anat-organs
Testes	Produce sperm and testosterone		tp-anat-organs
Prostate gland	Produces fluid that nourishes sperm		tp-anat-organs
Mammary glands	Produce milk		tp-anat-organs
Salivary glands	Make saliva to start digestion		tp-anat-organs
Duodenum	First section of the small intestine		tp-anat-organs
Jejunum	Middle section of the small intestine		tp-anat-organs
Ileum	Last section of the small intestine		tp-anat-organs
Cecum	Pouch where the small and large intestines join		tp-anat-organs
Rectum	Final section of the large intestine, storing stool		tp-anat-organs
Colon	Main part of the large intestine		tp-anat-organs
Ureters	Tubes from kidneys to bladder		tp-anat-organs
Urethra	Tube that carries urine out of the body		tp-anat-organs
Meninges	Three membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord		tp-anat-organs
Cerebrospinal fluid	Fluid cushioning the brain and spinal cord		tp-anat-organs
Cerebral cortex	Wrinkled outer layer of the brain for thought		tp-anat-organs
Medulla oblongata	Brainstem region controlling breathing and heart rate		tp-anat-organs
Pons	Brainstem region relaying signals and helping control breathing		tp-anat-organs
Thalamus	Relays sensory signals to the cortex		tp-anat-organs
Basal ganglia	Brain structures helping control movement		tp-anat-organs
Corpus callosum	Connects the two brain hemispheres		tp-anat-organs
Optic nerve	Carries visual signals from the eye to the brain		tp-anat-organs
Sciatic nerve	Longest nerve, from the lower back down each leg		tp-anat-organs
Vagus nerve	Long nerve controlling heart rate, digestion and more		tp-anat-organs
Bone marrow	Soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells		tp-anat-organs
Lymph nodes	Filter lymph and house immune cells		tp-anat-organs
Peritoneum	Membrane lining the abdominal cavity		tp-anat-organs
Pericardium	Sac surrounding the heart		tp-anat-organs
Pleura	Membrane around the lungs		tp-anat-organs
Mediastinum	Space between the lungs holding the heart		tp-anat-organs
Islets of Langerhans	Clusters of pancreatic cells making insulin and glucagon		tp-anat-organs
Glomerulus	Tuft of capillaries in the kidney where blood is filtered		tp-anat-organs
Alveolus	Air sac where gas exchange happens		tp-anat-organs
Villus	Finger-like projection that absorbs nutrients in the small intestine		tp-anat-organs
Hepatocyte	Main cell of the liver		tp-anat-organs
Anthropology	The study of humans, past and present		tp-anthropology
Four-field approach	Cultural, biological, archaeological and linguistic anthropology		tp-anthropology
Cultural anthropology	Study of human societies and cultures		tp-anthropology
Biological anthropology	Study of human evolution and biological variation		tp-anthropology
Archaeology	Study of past peoples through material remains		tp-anthropology
Linguistic anthropology	Study of language in its social and cultural setting		tp-anthropology
Ethnography	Detailed written study of a culture based on fieldwork		tp-anthropology
Ethnology	Comparing cultures to find patterns		tp-anthropology
Participant observation	Living with a community to learn its ways		tp-anthropology
Fieldwork	Research conducted in the community studied		tp-anthropology
Informant	A community member who provides cultural information		tp-anthropology
Emic perspective	Understanding a culture from the insider's point of view		tp-anthropology
Etic perspective	Analysis from an outside observer's viewpoint		tp-anthropology
Cultural relativism	Judging a culture by its own standards		tp-anthropology
Ethnocentrism	Judging other cultures by one's own		tp-anthropology
Franz Boas	Founder of American anthropology; stressed cultural relativism		tp-anthropology
Margaret Mead	Anthropologist of Samoa who studied childhood and adolescence		tp-anthropology
Bronislaw Malinowski	Developed participant observation in the Trobriand Islands		tp-anthropology
Enculturation	Learning one's own culture		tp-anthropology
Acculturation	Change from contact between cultures		tp-anthropology
Cultural diffusion	Spread of cultural traits between societies		tp-anthropology
Kinship	Social relationships based on descent and marriage		tp-anthropology
Descent group	Group tracing ancestry to a common ancestor		tp-anthropology
Patrilineal descent	Tracing descent through the father's line		tp-anthropology
Matrilineal descent	Tracing descent through the mother's line		tp-anthropology
Bilateral descent	Tracing descent through both parents		tp-anthropology
Clan	A descent group claiming a common ancestor		tp-anthropology
Incest taboo	Universal rule against marriage or sex between close kin		tp-anthropology
Bride service	Groom works for the bride's family		tp-anthropology
Dowry	Goods the bride's family give at marriage		tp-anthropology
Reciprocity	Exchange of goods and services among people		tp-anthropology
Potlatch	A feast among Pacific Northwest peoples redistributing wealth and affirming status		tp-anthropology
Kula ring	Trobriand exchange network of shell valuables		tp-anthropology
Foragers	People who live by hunting, gathering and fishing		tp-anthropology
Pastoralism	Livelihood based on herding animals		tp-anthropology
Horticulture	Small-scale farming using simple tools		tp-anthropology
Intensive agriculture	Large-scale farming with plows, irrigation and animals		tp-anthropology
Band	Small, mobile, egalitarian group		tp-anthropology
Tribe	Group of related kin, loosely organized, often with shared language		tp-anthropology
Chiefdom	Society with hereditary leaders ranked above others		tp-anthropology
State	Centralized political system with formal government		tp-anthropology
Rite of passage	Ritual marking change of status; Arnold van Gennep		tp-anthropology
Liminality	The in-between stage in a ritual		tp-anthropology
Totemism	Link between a group and a natural symbol		tp-anthropology
Animism	Belief that spirits inhabit natural things		tp-anthropology
Shaman	A specialist who mediates with the spirit world		tp-anthropology
Myth	A sacred narrative explaining origins or beliefs		tp-anthropology
Ritual	Formal, repeated symbolic action		tp-anthropology
Magic	Rituals aimed at controlling events		tp-anthropology
Primate	Order of mammals including monkeys, apes and humans		tp-anthropology
Hominin	Humans and their extinct bipedal relatives		tp-anthropology
Bipedalism	Walking on two legs		tp-anthropology
Australopithecus	Early bipedal hominin genus of Africa		tp-anthropology
Lucy	A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton from Ethiopia		tp-anthropology
Homo habilis	Early toolmaking Homo species		tp-anthropology
Homo erectus	Long-lived species that used fire and spread beyond Africa		tp-anthropology
Neanderthals	Extinct relatives of modern humans in Europe and western Asia		tp-anthropology
Homo sapiens	Anatomically modern humans, appeared in Africa roughly 300,000 years ago		tp-anthropology
Out of Africa model	Modern humans originated in Africa and spread worldwide		tp-anthropology
Paleolithic	The Old Stone Age		tp-anthropology
Mesolithic	The Middle Stone Age		tp-anthropology
Neolithic	The New Stone Age, when farming began		tp-anthropology
Neolithic Revolution	Shift from foraging to farming around 10,000 years ago		tp-anthropology
Domestication	Breeding plants or animals for human use		tp-anthropology
Oldowan tools	Earliest simple stone tools		tp-anthropology
Acheulean tools	Hand axes linked to Homo erectus		tp-anthropology
Stratigraphy	Studying layers of earth to determine relative age		tp-anthropology
Radiocarbon dating	Dating organic remains by carbon-14 decay, up to about 50,000 years		tp-anthropology
Artifact	A portable object made or used by humans		tp-anthropology
Feature	A non-portable sign of human activity, like a hearth		tp-anthropology
Midden	An ancient trash heap		tp-anthropology
Cultural resource management	Archaeology done to protect sites ahead of development		tp-anthropology
Site	A place with evidence of past human activity		tp-anthropology
Excavation	Systematic digging and recording of a site		tp-anthropology
Provenience	The exact location where an object was found		tp-anthropology
Material culture	Physical objects created by a society		tp-anthropology
Race as social construct	Human races are not biologically distinct groups		tp-anthropology
Natural selection	Traits that aid survival and reproduction become more common		tp-anthropology
Adaptation	A trait that helps survival in an environment		tp-anthropology
Genetic drift	Random changes in gene frequency		tp-anthropology
Gene flow	Exchange of genes between populations		tp-anthropology
Mutation	Change in DNA that is the source of new variation		tp-anthropology
Fossil	Preserved remains or traces of ancient life		tp-anthropology
Language family	Languages sharing a common ancestor		tp-anthropology
Phoneme	A basic sound unit that distinguishes meaning		tp-anthropology
Morpheme	The smallest meaningful unit of language		tp-anthropology
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis	Language influences how people think		tp-anthropology
Sociolinguistics	Study of language and society		tp-anthropology
Code-switching	Alternating between languages or dialects		tp-anthropology
Applied anthropology	Using anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems		tp-anthropology
Globalization	Growing worldwide interconnection		tp-anthropology
Medical anthropology	Study of health, illness and healing across cultures		tp-anthropology
Lascaux cave paintings	Prehistoric animal paintings in France		tp-ap-art-history
Stonehenge	Prehistoric stone circle in England		tp-ap-art-history
Great Sphinx of Giza	Monumental Egyptian statue with a lion's body and human head		tp-ap-art-history
Great Pyramid of Khufu	Egyptian Old Kingdom tomb, built around 2550 BCE		tp-ap-art-history
Palette of Narmer	Early Egyptian carved palette showing unification of the land		tp-ap-art-history
Bust of Nefertiti	Painted limestone portrait from Amarna Egypt		tp-ap-art-history
Ziggurat of Ur	Stepped temple platform in Mesopotamia		tp-ap-art-history
Code of Hammurabi stele	Babylonian stone slab carved with laws		tp-ap-art-history
Parthenon	5th-century BCE Greek temple to Athena in Athens		tp-ap-art-history
Doric order	Simplest Greek column style, with a plain capital		tp-ap-art-history
Ionic order	Greek column with scroll-shaped capitals		tp-ap-art-history
Corinthian order	Greek column with leafy capitals		tp-ap-art-history
Contrapposto	A pose with weight on one leg, creating a natural stance		tp-ap-art-history
Discobolus	Roman copy of a Greek bronze of a discus thrower		tp-ap-art-history
Venus de Milo	Hellenistic marble statue of Aphrodite		tp-ap-art-history
Pantheon	Roman temple with a great dome and oculus		tp-ap-art-history
Colosseum	Roman amphitheater for public spectacles		tp-ap-art-history
Arch of Titus	Roman triumphal arch commemorating a victory		tp-ap-art-history
Pompeii frescoes	Wall paintings preserved by volcanic ash		tp-ap-art-history
Hagia Sophia	Sixth-century Byzantine church in Constantinople with a huge dome		tp-ap-art-history
Mosaic	Image made of small pieces of colored material		tp-ap-art-history
Icon	Sacred religious image used in Orthodox worship		tp-ap-art-history
Romanesque	Medieval style with round arches and thick walls		tp-ap-art-history
Gothic architecture	Style with pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses		tp-ap-art-history
Flying buttress	External support that lets Gothic walls be tall and thin		tp-ap-art-history
Chartres Cathedral	Gothic cathedral famed for its stained glass		tp-ap-art-history
Stained glass	Colored glass pieces set in lead to make pictures		tp-ap-art-history
Illuminated manuscript	Handwritten book decorated with gold and color		tp-ap-art-history
Book of Kells	Irish illuminated gospel manuscript		tp-ap-art-history
Giotto	Early Renaissance painter who gave figures weight and space		tp-ap-art-history
Linear perspective	Technique using converging lines to show depth		tp-ap-art-history
Brunelleschi's dome	Dome of Florence Cathedral completed in the 1400s		tp-ap-art-history
Donatello's David	First freestanding nude bronze since antiquity		tp-ap-art-history
Botticelli's Birth of Venus	Early Renaissance painting of the goddess arriving on a shell		tp-ap-art-history
Leonardo da Vinci	Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper		tp-ap-art-history
Mona Lisa	Famed portrait with soft sfumato shading		tp-ap-art-history
Sfumato	Soft blending of tones without hard outlines		tp-ap-art-history
Michelangelo's David	Marble statue of the biblical hero, finished 1504		tp-ap-art-history
Sistine Chapel ceiling	Michelangelo's fresco of scenes from Genesis		tp-ap-art-history
Raphael's School of Athens	Fresco of ancient philosophers in an ideal building		tp-ap-art-history
Chiaroscuro	Strong contrast of light and dark		tp-ap-art-history
Fresco	Painting on wet plaster		tp-ap-art-history
Tempera	Paint made with pigment and egg yolk		tp-ap-art-history
Oil painting	Painting with pigments in oil, allowing rich color and detail		tp-ap-art-history
Albrecht Durer	German printmaker and painter of the Northern Renaissance		tp-ap-art-history
Jan van Eyck	Flemish painter known for precise oil detail, like the Arnolfini Portrait		tp-ap-art-history
Mannerism	Late Renaissance style with elongated forms		tp-ap-art-history
Baroque	Dramatic, ornate 17th-century style		tp-ap-art-history
Caravaggio	Baroque painter famous for dramatic light		tp-ap-art-history
Tenebrism	Extreme use of dark and light, with deep shadows		tp-ap-art-history
Bernini's David	Baroque sculpture capturing action mid-motion		tp-ap-art-history
Rembrandt	Dutch master of portraits and light		tp-ap-art-history
Vermeer	Dutch painter of quiet interior scenes, such as Girl with a Pearl Earring		tp-ap-art-history
Velazquez's Las Meninas	Spanish court painting with layered viewpoints		tp-ap-art-history
Palace of Versailles	Ornate French royal palace		tp-ap-art-history
Rococo	Light, playful 18th-century style		tp-ap-art-history
Neoclassicism	Style reviving ancient Greek and Roman forms		tp-ap-art-history
Jacques-Louis David	French Neoclassical painter of The Death of Socrates		tp-ap-art-history
Romanticism	Style emphasizing emotion, nature and imagination		tp-ap-art-history
Gericault's Raft of the Medusa	Romantic painting of shipwreck survivors		tp-ap-art-history
Goya	Spanish painter and printmaker who depicted war and society		tp-ap-art-history
Realism	Art showing ordinary life as it is		tp-ap-art-history
Courbet	French Realist painter		tp-ap-art-history
Impressionism	Style capturing fleeting light with visible brushstrokes		tp-ap-art-history
Claude Monet	Impressionist painter of Water Lilies and Impression, Sunrise		tp-ap-art-history
Renoir	Impressionist known for scenes of social life		tp-ap-art-history
Post-Impressionism	Styles building on Impressionism with personal expression		tp-ap-art-history
Vincent van Gogh	Painted The Starry Night with swirling brushwork		tp-ap-art-history
Paul Cezanne	Post-Impressionist who built forms from geometry		tp-ap-art-history
Georges Seurat	Pointillist painter of A Sunday on La Grande Jatte		tp-ap-art-history
Pointillism	Painting with tiny dots of color		tp-ap-art-history
Edvard Munch	Norwegian painter of The Scream		tp-ap-art-history
Art Nouveau	Decorative style of flowing plant-like lines		tp-ap-art-history
Fauvism	Style using bold, wild color; Matisse led it		tp-ap-art-history
Henri Matisse	French artist of The Dance and cut-outs		tp-ap-art-history
Cubism	Style showing objects from several viewpoints at once		tp-ap-art-history
Pablo Picasso	Co-founder of Cubism; painted Guernica		tp-ap-art-history
Futurism	Italian movement celebrating speed and machines		tp-ap-art-history
Dada	Anti-art movement reacting to World War I		tp-ap-art-history
Marcel Duchamp	Dada artist who exhibited a ready-made urinal titled Fountain		tp-ap-art-history
Surrealism	Movement exploring dreams and the unconscious		tp-ap-art-history
Salvador Dali	Surrealist painter of The Persistence of Memory		tp-ap-art-history
Rene Magritte	Surrealist painter of The Treachery of Images		tp-ap-art-history
Frida Kahlo	Mexican painter known for symbolic self-portraits		tp-ap-art-history
Abstract Expressionism	Postwar American style of large, gestural abstraction		tp-ap-art-history
Jackson Pollock	Drip painter		tp-ap-art-history
Mark Rothko	Painter of floating fields of color		tp-ap-art-history
Pop Art	Style using imagery from popular culture		tp-ap-art-history
Andy Warhol	Pop artist known for Campbell's Soup Cans		tp-ap-art-history
Minimalism	Art reduced to simple geometric forms		tp-ap-art-history
Installation art	Art that transforms a space		tp-ap-art-history
Performance art	Art in which the artist's actions are the work		tp-ap-art-history
Bauhaus	German school combining art, craft and design		tp-ap-art-history
Fallingwater	Frank Lloyd Wright's house built over a waterfall		tp-ap-art-history
Guggenheim Bilbao	Frank Gehry's curving titanium-clad museum		tp-ap-art-history
Ukiyo-e	Japanese woodblock prints of the 'floating world'		tp-ap-art-history
Hokusai's Great Wave	Famous Japanese woodblock print of a towering wave		tp-ap-art-history
Taj Mahal	17th-century marble tomb in India built by Shah Jahan		tp-ap-art-history
Angkor Wat	Temple complex in Cambodia		tp-ap-art-history
Great Mosque of Cordoba	Spanish mosque known for its striped arches		tp-ap-art-history
Ife heads	Naturalistic brass and terracotta heads from West Africa		tp-ap-art-history
Machu Picchu	Inca mountain city in Peru		tp-ap-art-history
Teotihuacan	Ancient Mesoamerican city with huge pyramids		tp-ap-art-history
Enzyme	A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy		tp-ap-biology
Substrate	The molecule an enzyme acts upon		tp-ap-biology
Active site	The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds		tp-ap-biology
Activation energy	Energy needed to start a reaction		tp-ap-biology
Competitive inhibitor	A molecule that blocks the active site		tp-ap-biology
Allosteric regulation	Control of an enzyme by binding at a site other than the active site		tp-ap-biology
Denaturation	Loss of a protein's shape and function		tp-ap-biology
Hydrogen bond	A weak attraction between a partly positive hydrogen and a partly negative atom		tp-ap-biology
Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance		tp-ap-biology
Adhesion	Attraction between different substances		tp-ap-biology
Polar molecule	A molecule with uneven charge distribution		tp-ap-biology
Monomer	A small unit that links with others to make a polymer		tp-ap-biology
Dehydration synthesis	Joining monomers by removing water		tp-ap-biology
Hydrolysis	Breaking a polymer by adding water		tp-ap-biology
Carbohydrate	Sugars and starches; main quick energy source		tp-ap-biology
Lipid	Fats, oils and steroids; not water-soluble		tp-ap-biology
Phospholipid	A lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; forms membranes		tp-ap-biology
Nucleic acid	DNA or RNA; stores and carries genetic information		tp-ap-biology
Peptide bond	The covalent link between amino acids		tp-ap-biology
Primary protein structure	The sequence of amino acids		tp-ap-biology
Secondary protein structure	Alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds		tp-ap-biology
Tertiary protein structure	The overall 3-D folding of one polypeptide		tp-ap-biology
Quaternary protein structure	Several polypeptides joined together		tp-ap-biology
Fluid mosaic model	The membrane is a flexible layer of lipids with embedded proteins		tp-ap-biology
Diffusion	Movement of molecules from high to low concentration		tp-ap-biology
Osmosis	Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane		tp-ap-biology
Facilitated diffusion	Passive transport through a channel or carrier protein		tp-ap-biology
Active transport	Movement against a gradient using energy		tp-ap-biology
Endocytosis	Cell takes in material by folding the membrane around it		tp-ap-biology
Exocytosis	Cell releases material by vesicles fusing with the membrane		tp-ap-biology
Hypotonic solution	Lower solute concentration than the cell; cell gains water		tp-ap-biology
Hypertonic solution	Higher solute concentration than the cell; cell loses water		tp-ap-biology
Isotonic solution	Equal solute concentration; no net water movement		tp-ap-biology
Water potential	A measure of water's tendency to move; it moves from high to low		tp-ap-biology
Nucleus	Organelle holding DNA		tp-ap-biology
Rough ER	Studded with ribosomes; makes proteins for export		tp-ap-biology
Smooth ER	Makes lipids and detoxifies		tp-ap-biology
Golgi apparatus	Modifies, sorts and packages proteins		tp-ap-biology
Lysosome	Organelle containing digestive enzymes		tp-ap-biology
Endosymbiosis	Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from engulfed prokaryotes		tp-ap-biology
ATP	The cell's main energy currency		tp-ap-biology
Glycolysis	Splitting glucose into two pyruvate in the cytoplasm		tp-ap-biology
Krebs cycle	Reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that release CO2 and carry electrons		tp-ap-biology
Oxidative phosphorylation	ATP production using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis		tp-ap-biology
Chemiosmosis	ATP made as protons flow back through ATP synthase		tp-ap-biology
Fermentation	Making ATP without oxygen by regenerating NAD+		tp-ap-biology
Light reactions	Photosynthesis stage in thylakoids that makes ATP, NADPH and O2		tp-ap-biology
Calvin cycle	Stage that uses ATP and NADPH to build sugar from CO2		tp-ap-biology
Rubisco	The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle		tp-ap-biology
Chlorophyll	The main pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis		tp-ap-biology
Photosystem	A cluster of pigments and proteins that captures light energy		tp-ap-biology
Cell cycle	The ordered life of a cell from one division to the next		tp-ap-biology
Interphase	G1, S and G2: growth and DNA copying		tp-ap-biology
Mitosis	Nuclear division producing two identical nuclei		tp-ap-biology
Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm		tp-ap-biology
Checkpoint	A control point that decides whether the cell cycle continues		tp-ap-biology
Cyclin	A protein that regulates progress through the cell cycle		tp-ap-biology
Meiosis	Two divisions that produce four haploid cells		tp-ap-biology
Crossing over	Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes in prophase I		tp-ap-biology
Independent assortment	Random orientation of chromosome pairs, creating variety		tp-ap-biology
Nondisjunction	Failure of chromosomes to separate properly		tp-ap-biology
Allele	A version of a gene		tp-ap-biology
Genotype	The set of alleles an individual has		tp-ap-biology
Phenotype	The observable trait		tp-ap-biology
Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a gene		tp-ap-biology
Heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a gene		tp-ap-biology
Law of segregation	The two alleles for a gene separate into different gametes		tp-ap-biology
Law of independent assortment	Genes for different traits are inherited independently if on separate chromosomes		tp-ap-biology
Incomplete dominance	Heterozygote shows a blend of the two phenotypes		tp-ap-biology
Codominance	Both alleles are fully expressed		tp-ap-biology
Sex-linked trait	A trait whose gene lies on a sex chromosome		tp-ap-biology
Linked genes	Genes close together on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together		tp-ap-biology
Replication	Copying DNA before cell division		tp-ap-biology
Semiconservative	Each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand		tp-ap-biology
DNA polymerase	Enzyme that adds nucleotides during replication		tp-ap-biology
Helicase	Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix		tp-ap-biology
Okazaki fragments	Short DNA pieces made on the lagging strand		tp-ap-biology
Transcription	Making RNA from a DNA template		tp-ap-biology
Translation	Making a protein from mRNA at a ribosome		tp-ap-biology
Codon	Three mRNA bases that code for one amino acid		tp-ap-biology
Anticodon	Three tRNA bases that pair with a codon		tp-ap-biology
Intron	A noncoding region removed from RNA		tp-ap-biology
Exon	A coding region kept in mature RNA		tp-ap-biology
Operon	A cluster of bacterial genes controlled together		tp-ap-biology
Lac operon	An inducible operon that lets bacteria digest lactose when it is present		tp-ap-biology
Transcription factor	A protein that helps turn genes on or off		tp-ap-biology
Point mutation	A change in a single DNA nucleotide		tp-ap-biology
Frameshift mutation	An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame		tp-ap-biology
PCR	A technique for copying a specific DNA segment many times		tp-ap-biology
Gel electrophoresis	Separating DNA fragments by size using an electric current		tp-ap-biology
Restriction enzyme	Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence		tp-ap-biology
CRISPR	A gene-editing tool derived from a bacterial defense system		tp-ap-biology
Recombinant DNA	DNA combined from different sources		tp-ap-biology
Natural selection	Individuals with helpful heritable traits leave more offspring		tp-ap-biology
Fitness	An organism's success at passing on its genes		tp-ap-biology
Genetic drift	Random change in allele frequencies, strongest in small populations		tp-ap-biology
Gene flow	Movement of alleles between populations		tp-ap-biology
Founder effect	Drift caused by a small group starting a new population		tp-ap-biology
Bottleneck effect	Drift caused by a sharp drop in population size		tp-ap-biology
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	A model of a non-evolving population: p + q = 1		tp-ap-biology
Speciation	Formation of new species		tp-ap-biology
Allopatric speciation	Species form after geographic separation		tp-ap-biology
Homologous structures	Similar structures due to shared ancestry		tp-ap-biology
Analogous structures	Similar function from separate evolution		tp-ap-biology
Phylogenetic tree	A diagram of evolutionary relationships		tp-ap-biology
Cladogram	A branching diagram based on shared derived traits		tp-ap-biology
Endothermic	Producing body heat from metabolism		tp-ap-biology
Negative feedback	A response that reduces the original change		tp-ap-biology
Positive feedback	A response that amplifies the original change		tp-ap-biology
Signal transduction	A pathway converting a signal outside the cell into a response inside		tp-ap-biology
Ligand	A molecule that binds to a receptor		tp-ap-biology
Second messenger	A small molecule that spreads a signal inside the cell, like cAMP		tp-ap-biology
Apoptosis	Programmed cell death		tp-ap-biology
Carrying capacity	The maximum population an environment can support		tp-ap-biology
Logistic growth	S-shaped growth that levels off at carrying capacity		tp-ap-biology
Exponential growth	J-shaped growth with unlimited resources		tp-ap-biology
Keystone species	A species with a large effect on its community relative to its numbers		tp-ap-biology
Trophic level	A feeding level in a food chain		tp-ap-biology
Primary productivity	Rate at which producers store energy		tp-ap-biology
Biogeochemical cycle	Movement of an element between living things and the environment		tp-ap-biology
Niche	The role and conditions an organism needs in its ecosystem		tp-ap-biology
Competitive exclusion	Two species needing the same resource cannot coexist indefinitely		tp-ap-biology
Succession	Gradual change in a community over time		tp-ap-biology
Limit	The value a function approaches as the input approaches a point		tp-ap-calculus
Continuity at a point	The limit exists, the function is defined, and they are equal		tp-ap-calculus
Removable discontinuity	A hole in a graph		tp-ap-calculus
Jump discontinuity	One-sided limits exist but differ		tp-ap-calculus
Vertical asymptote	A line the function grows without bound near		tp-ap-calculus
Horizontal asymptote	A value the function approaches at infinity		tp-ap-calculus
Intermediate Value Theorem	A continuous function takes every value between f(a) and f(b)		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative	Instantaneous rate of change; slope of the tangent line		tp-ap-calculus
Limit definition of derivative	lim as h to 0 of [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h		tp-ap-calculus
Differentiability implies continuity	A function differentiable at a point is continuous there		tp-ap-calculus
Power rule	d/dx x^n = n x^(n-1)		tp-ap-calculus
Product rule	(fg)' = f'g + fg'		tp-ap-calculus
Quotient rule	(f/g)' = (f'g - fg') / g^2		tp-ap-calculus
Chain rule	d/dx f(g(x)) = f'(g(x)) times g'(x)		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of sin x	cos x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of cos x	-sin x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of tan x	sec^2 x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of e^x	e^x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of ln x	1/x		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of a^x	a^x ln a		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of arctan x	1 / (1 + x^2)		tp-ap-calculus
Derivative of arcsin x	1 / sqrt(1 - x^2)		tp-ap-calculus
Implicit differentiation	Differentiate both sides with respect to x, treating y as a function of x		tp-ap-calculus
Related rates	Finding rates of change of connected quantities over time		tp-ap-calculus
Mean Value Theorem	Some point has a tangent slope equal to the average slope over the interval		tp-ap-calculus
Rolle's Theorem	If f(a) = f(b), the derivative is zero somewhere between		tp-ap-calculus
Extreme Value Theorem	A continuous function on a closed interval has a max and a min		tp-ap-calculus
Critical point	A point where f' is zero or undefined		tp-ap-calculus
First derivative test	Sign change of f' identifies local maxima and minima		tp-ap-calculus
Second derivative test	f'' positive means local min; negative means local max at a critical point		tp-ap-calculus
Concave up	f'' is positive		tp-ap-calculus
Inflection point	Where concavity changes		tp-ap-calculus
Optimization	Using derivatives to find the best value of a quantity		tp-ap-calculus
L'Hopital's Rule	For 0/0 or infinity/infinity, differentiate the top and bottom		tp-ap-calculus
Linear approximation	Using the tangent line to estimate nearby values		tp-ap-calculus
Position, velocity, acceleration	First and second derivatives of position		tp-ap-calculus
Speed	Absolute value of velocity		tp-ap-calculus
Riemann sum	Approximating area by adding areas of rectangles		tp-ap-calculus
Left Riemann sum	Uses left endpoints for rectangle heights		tp-ap-calculus
Trapezoidal rule	Approximates area with trapezoids		tp-ap-calculus
Definite integral	Net signed area between a curve and the x-axis		tp-ap-calculus
Antiderivative	A function whose derivative is the given function		tp-ap-calculus
Indefinite integral	The family of antiderivatives, plus C		tp-ap-calculus
Power rule for integrals	Integral of x^n = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C, for n not equal to -1		tp-ap-calculus
Integral of 1/x	ln |x| + C		tp-ap-calculus
Integral of e^x	e^x + C		tp-ap-calculus
Integral of cos x	sin x + C		tp-ap-calculus
Integral of sin x	-cos x + C		tp-ap-calculus
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part 1	d/dx of integral from a to x of f(t) dt equals f(x)		tp-ap-calculus
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, part 2	Integral from a to b of f = F(b) - F(a)		tp-ap-calculus
u-substitution	Integration technique that reverses the chain rule		tp-ap-calculus
Integration by parts	Integral of u dv = uv - integral of v du		tp-ap-calculus
Average value of a function	(1/(b - a)) times the integral of f from a to b		tp-ap-calculus
Area between curves	Integral of top function minus bottom function		tp-ap-calculus
Disk method	Volume = pi times integral of radius squared		tp-ap-calculus
Washer method	Volume using outer radius squared minus inner radius squared		tp-ap-calculus
Differential equation	An equation involving a function and its derivatives		tp-ap-calculus
Separation of variables	Rewrite so each variable is on one side, then integrate		tp-ap-calculus
Slope field	Graph showing tangent slopes at many points		tp-ap-calculus
Exponential growth model	dy/dt = ky gives y = Ce^(kt)		tp-ap-calculus
Logistic growth	Growth that levels off at a carrying capacity		tp-ap-calculus
Improper integral	Integral with an infinite limit or an infinite discontinuity		tp-ap-calculus
Sequence	An ordered list of numbers		tp-ap-calculus
Series	A sum of the terms of a sequence		tp-ap-calculus
Geometric series	Converges to a/(1 - r) when |r| is less than 1		tp-ap-calculus
Harmonic series	Sum of 1/n; diverges		tp-ap-calculus
p-series	Sum of 1/n^p converges when p is greater than 1		tp-ap-calculus
Ratio test	Series converges if the limit of |a(n+1)/a(n)| is less than 1		tp-ap-calculus
Alternating series test	Terms alternate, decrease, and approach zero imply convergence		tp-ap-calculus
Absolute convergence	The series of absolute values converges		tp-ap-calculus
Taylor series	Infinite polynomial built from a function's derivatives at a point		tp-ap-calculus
Maclaurin series	Taylor series centered at zero		tp-ap-calculus
Maclaurin series for e^x	1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + ...		tp-ap-calculus
Radius of convergence	Distance from the center within which a power series converges		tp-ap-calculus
Lagrange error bound	Limit on the error of a Taylor polynomial approximation		tp-ap-calculus
Parametric derivative	dy/dx = (dy/dt) / (dx/dt)		tp-ap-calculus
Polar area	Area = 1/2 times integral of r squared d theta		tp-ap-calculus
Arc length	Integral of sqrt(1 + (dy/dx)^2) dx		tp-ap-calculus
Euler's method	Step-by-step numerical approximation of a differential equation		tp-ap-calculus
Mole	6.022 x 10^23 particles; the chemist's counting unit		tp-ap-chemistry
Avogadro's number	6.022 x 10^23 per mole		tp-ap-chemistry
Molar mass	Mass in grams of one mole of a substance		tp-ap-chemistry
Empirical formula	The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms		tp-ap-chemistry
Molecular formula	The actual number of each atom in a molecule		tp-ap-chemistry
Percent composition	Mass percent of each element in a compound		tp-ap-chemistry
Limiting reactant	The reactant that runs out first and caps the product		tp-ap-chemistry
Theoretical yield	The maximum product predicted by stoichiometry		tp-ap-chemistry
Percent yield	(actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100		tp-ap-chemistry
Molarity	Moles of solute per liter of solution		tp-ap-chemistry
Dilution equation	M1V1 = M2V2		tp-ap-chemistry
Isotope	Atoms of one element with different numbers of neutrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Average atomic mass	Weighted average of an element's isotopes		tp-ap-chemistry
Mass spectrometry	Measures isotope masses and abundances		tp-ap-chemistry
Photoelectron spectroscopy	Measures energies needed to remove electrons from atoms		tp-ap-chemistry
Electron configuration	Arrangement of electrons in orbitals		tp-ap-chemistry
Aufbau principle	Fill lowest-energy orbitals first		tp-ap-chemistry
Pauli exclusion principle	No two electrons in an atom share all four quantum numbers		tp-ap-chemistry
Hund's rule	Fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing		tp-ap-chemistry
Valence electrons	Outer-shell electrons involved in bonding		tp-ap-chemistry
Effective nuclear charge	Net pull felt by outer electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Atomic radius trend	Decreases across a period, increases down a group		tp-ap-chemistry
Ionization energy trend	Generally increases across a period, decreases down a group		tp-ap-chemistry
Electronegativity	An atom's pull on shared electrons in a bond		tp-ap-chemistry
Coulomb's law	Force depends on charges and decreases with distance squared		tp-ap-chemistry
Ionic bond	Attraction between oppositely charged ions		tp-ap-chemistry
Covalent bond	A shared pair of electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Metallic bond	Positive ions in a sea of delocalized electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Lattice energy	Energy released when gaseous ions form an ionic solid		tp-ap-chemistry
Bond order	Number of bonding pairs between two atoms		tp-ap-chemistry
Bond length trend	Higher bond order means shorter, stronger bonds		tp-ap-chemistry
Lewis structure	A diagram of valence electrons and bonds		tp-ap-chemistry
Formal charge	Valence electrons minus nonbonding electrons minus half the bonding electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Resonance	Multiple valid Lewis structures for one species		tp-ap-chemistry
VSEPR theory	Electron groups arrange to minimize repulsion		tp-ap-chemistry
Linear geometry	Two electron groups; 180 degrees		tp-ap-chemistry
Trigonal planar	Three electron groups; 120 degrees		tp-ap-chemistry
Tetrahedral	Four electron groups; 109.5 degrees		tp-ap-chemistry
Hybridization sp3	Four electron groups, tetrahedral		tp-ap-chemistry
Sigma bond	Head-on overlap of orbitals		tp-ap-chemistry
Pi bond	Side-by-side overlap of p orbitals		tp-ap-chemistry
Polar bond	A bond with unequal sharing		tp-ap-chemistry
London dispersion forces	Weak attractions from temporary dipoles; present in all molecules		tp-ap-chemistry
Dipole-dipole force	Attraction between polar molecules		tp-ap-chemistry
Hydrogen bonding	Strong dipole attraction involving H bonded to N, O or F		tp-ap-chemistry
Ideal gas law	PV = nRT		tp-ap-chemistry
Combined gas law	P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2		tp-ap-chemistry
Dalton's law	Total pressure is the sum of partial pressures		tp-ap-chemistry
Kinetic molecular theory	Gas particles move randomly with energy proportional to temperature		tp-ap-chemistry
Graham's law	Lighter gases effuse faster		tp-ap-chemistry
Real gas deviation	Gases act least ideally at high pressure and low temperature		tp-ap-chemistry
Solute	The substance dissolved		tp-ap-chemistry
Solvent	The substance doing the dissolving		tp-ap-chemistry
Electrolyte	A substance that forms ions in water and conducts		tp-ap-chemistry
Net ionic equation	Shows only the species that change, omitting spectators		tp-ap-chemistry
Spectator ion	An ion unchanged by a reaction		tp-ap-chemistry
Precipitate	An insoluble solid formed in solution		tp-ap-chemistry
Beer-Lambert law	Absorbance is proportional to concentration: A = abc		tp-ap-chemistry
Oxidation	Loss of electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Reduction	Gain of electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Oxidizing agent	The species that is reduced		tp-ap-chemistry
Reducing agent	The species that is oxidized		tp-ap-chemistry
Rate law	Equation relating reaction rate to concentrations		tp-ap-chemistry
Reaction order	The exponent of a reactant in the rate law		tp-ap-chemistry
Rate constant	The proportionality constant k in the rate law		tp-ap-chemistry
First-order half-life	ln 2 / k; independent of concentration		tp-ap-chemistry
Collision theory	Reactions need collisions with enough energy and proper orientation		tp-ap-chemistry
Activation energy	Minimum energy for a successful collision		tp-ap-chemistry
Catalyst	Speeds a reaction by giving a lower-energy path; not consumed		tp-ap-chemistry
Rate-determining step	The slowest step in a mechanism		tp-ap-chemistry
Reaction intermediate	A species made then used up within a mechanism		tp-ap-chemistry
Arrhenius equation	Relates rate constant to temperature and activation energy		tp-ap-chemistry
Endothermic	Absorbs heat; positive delta H		tp-ap-chemistry
Exothermic	Releases heat; negative delta H		tp-ap-chemistry
Specific heat	Energy needed to raise 1 g of a substance by 1 degree C		tp-ap-chemistry
Calorimetry	Measuring heat flow, q = mc delta T		tp-ap-chemistry
Enthalpy of formation	Heat change when 1 mol forms from elements in standard states		tp-ap-chemistry
Hess's law	Total enthalpy change is the sum of steps		tp-ap-chemistry
Bond enthalpy	Energy needed to break a bond		tp-ap-chemistry
Entropy	A measure of disorder or energy dispersal		tp-ap-chemistry
Gibbs free energy	Delta G = delta H - T delta S; negative means spontaneous		tp-ap-chemistry
Standard state	Reference conditions for thermodynamic data, 1 bar		tp-ap-chemistry
Equilibrium	Forward and reverse rates are equal		tp-ap-chemistry
Equilibrium constant K	Ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium		tp-ap-chemistry
Reaction quotient Q	Same ratio at any moment; compare with K to predict direction		tp-ap-chemistry
Le Chatelier's principle	A system at equilibrium shifts to counteract a stress		tp-ap-chemistry
Ksp	Solubility product constant for a slightly soluble salt		tp-ap-chemistry
Common ion effect	A shared ion lowers solubility		tp-ap-chemistry
Arrhenius acid	Produces H+ in water		tp-ap-chemistry
Bronsted-Lowry acid	A proton donor		tp-ap-chemistry
Lewis acid	An electron pair acceptor		tp-ap-chemistry
Conjugate acid-base pair	Two species differing by one proton		tp-ap-chemistry
pH	Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration		tp-ap-chemistry
Kw	Ion product of water, 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25 degrees C		tp-ap-chemistry
Strong acid	Dissociates completely in water		tp-ap-chemistry
Buffer	A solution that resists pH change; weak acid plus its conjugate base		tp-ap-chemistry
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation	pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])		tp-ap-chemistry
Titration equivalence point	Moles of acid equal moles of base		tp-ap-chemistry
Indicator	A dye that changes color near the endpoint		tp-ap-chemistry
Electrochemical cell	Converts chemical energy to electrical energy or the reverse		tp-ap-chemistry
Anode	Electrode where oxidation occurs		tp-ap-chemistry
Cathode	Electrode where reduction occurs		tp-ap-chemistry
Standard cell potential	E-cell = E-cathode minus E-anode		tp-ap-chemistry
Salt bridge	Allows ion flow to keep solutions neutral		tp-ap-chemistry
Electrolysis	Using electricity to drive a nonspontaneous reaction		tp-ap-chemistry
Faraday's constant	About 96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons		tp-ap-chemistry
Algorithm	A finite set of steps to solve a problem		tp-ap-computer-science
Sequencing	Running statements in order		tp-ap-computer-science
Selection	Choosing which code runs based on a condition		tp-ap-computer-science
Iteration	Repeating a block of code		tp-ap-computer-science
Variable	A named place that stores a value		tp-ap-computer-science
Data type	The kind of value, such as integer, string or boolean		tp-ap-computer-science
Boolean	A value that is true or false		tp-ap-computer-science
String	A sequence of characters		tp-ap-computer-science
Integer overflow	A result too big for the number of bits available		tp-ap-computer-science
Round-off error	Small error from limited precision in storing real numbers		tp-ap-computer-science
Function	A named block of code that can be called		tp-ap-computer-science
Procedure	A named group of instructions, possibly with parameters		tp-ap-computer-science
Parameter	A variable in a function definition that receives a value		tp-ap-computer-science
Argument	The actual value passed to a function		tp-ap-computer-science
Return value	The value a function sends back		tp-ap-computer-science
Library	A collection of prewritten code		tp-ap-computer-science
API	A set of rules for how software components interact		tp-ap-computer-science
Abstraction	Hiding detail to manage complexity		tp-ap-computer-science
Modularity	Dividing a program into independent parts		tp-ap-computer-science
Class	A blueprint for creating objects		tp-ap-computer-science
Object	An instance of a class with state and behavior		tp-ap-computer-science
Instance variable	Data stored inside an object		tp-ap-computer-science
Constructor	Code that initializes a new object		tp-ap-computer-science
Method	A function belonging to a class		tp-ap-computer-science
Encapsulation	Keeping data private and exposing it through methods		tp-ap-computer-science
Inheritance	A subclass reuses and extends a superclass		tp-ap-computer-science
Polymorphism	The same method call behaves differently depending on the object		tp-ap-computer-science
Overloading	Methods with the same name but different parameters		tp-ap-computer-science
Overriding	A subclass provides its own version of a superclass method		tp-ap-computer-science
Static method	A method belonging to the class, not an object		tp-ap-computer-science
Array	A fixed-size, ordered collection of items		tp-ap-computer-science
ArrayList	A resizable list in Java		tp-ap-computer-science
List	An ordered collection of elements		tp-ap-computer-science
Index	The position of an item, usually starting at 0		tp-ap-computer-science
2D array	An array of arrays, like a grid		tp-ap-computer-science
Traversal	Visiting each element of a data structure		tp-ap-computer-science
For loop	A loop with a counter and a stopping condition		tp-ap-computer-science
While loop	A loop that repeats while a condition is true		tp-ap-computer-science
Infinite loop	A loop that never ends		tp-ap-computer-science
Nested loop	A loop inside another loop		tp-ap-computer-science
Off-by-one error	A bug from a loop going one step too far or too short		tp-ap-computer-science
Compound condition	Conditions joined with AND, OR or NOT		tp-ap-computer-science
De Morgan's laws	NOT (A and B) equals (NOT A) or (NOT B)		tp-ap-computer-science
Short-circuit evaluation	Stopping evaluation once the result is known		tp-ap-computer-science
Recursion	A method that calls itself		tp-ap-computer-science
Base case	The condition that stops recursion		tp-ap-computer-science
Linear search	Checking each element in order		tp-ap-computer-science
Binary search	Repeatedly halving a sorted list		tp-ap-computer-science
Selection sort	Repeatedly selecting the smallest remaining item		tp-ap-computer-science
Insertion sort	Placing each item into its sorted position		tp-ap-computer-science
Merge sort	Dividing in half, sorting each, and merging		tp-ap-computer-science
Algorithm efficiency	How the work grows with input size		tp-ap-computer-science
Big-O notation	Describes how running time grows as input grows		tp-ap-computer-science
Reasonable time	Polynomial time or better		tp-ap-computer-science
Unreasonable time	Exponential or worse growth		tp-ap-computer-science
Heuristic	An approach that finds a good-enough answer when exact solutions are too slow		tp-ap-computer-science
Undecidable problem	A problem no algorithm can solve for all cases		tp-ap-computer-science
Parallel computing	Running parts of a task at the same time		tp-ap-computer-science
Bit	A binary digit, 0 or 1		tp-ap-computer-science
Byte	Eight bits		tp-ap-computer-science
Binary	Base-2 number system		tp-ap-computer-science
Hexadecimal	Base-16 number system		tp-ap-computer-science
Lossless compression	Reduces size without losing any data		tp-ap-computer-science
Lossy compression	Reduces size by discarding some data		tp-ap-computer-science
Metadata	Data that describes other data		tp-ap-computer-science
Data cleaning	Fixing or removing incorrect data		tp-ap-computer-science
Big data	Datasets too large for ordinary processing		tp-ap-computer-science
Internet	A global network of networks		tp-ap-computer-science
IP address	A numeric address for a device on a network		tp-ap-computer-science
DNS	System that translates domain names to IP addresses		tp-ap-computer-science
Packet	A small unit of data sent across a network		tp-ap-computer-science
TCP/IP	Protocols that route and deliver data across the internet		tp-ap-computer-science
Router	Device that forwards packets between networks		tp-ap-computer-science
Fault tolerance	A network keeps working when parts fail		tp-ap-computer-science
Bandwidth	Maximum data a connection can carry per time		tp-ap-computer-science
Latency	Delay before data transfer begins		tp-ap-computer-science
HTTP	Protocol for the web		tp-ap-computer-science
Encryption	Scrambling data so only authorized parties can read it		tp-ap-computer-science
Symmetric encryption	One shared key encrypts and decrypts		tp-ap-computer-science
Public-key encryption	A public key encrypts; a private key decrypts		tp-ap-computer-science
Phishing	Tricking people into giving up private information		tp-ap-computer-science
Malware	Software designed to cause harm		tp-ap-computer-science
Multifactor authentication	Verifying identity with more than one kind of proof		tp-ap-computer-science
Digital divide	Unequal access to technology		tp-ap-computer-science
Crowdsourcing	Getting contributions from a large group of people online		tp-ap-computer-science
Open source	Software whose code is free to view and modify		tp-ap-computer-science
Bias in algorithms	Systematic unfairness in a program's results		tp-ap-computer-science
Creative Commons	Licenses that let creators share work with set permissions		tp-ap-computer-science
Debugging	Finding and fixing errors		tp-ap-computer-science
Syntax error	Code that breaks the language's rules		tp-ap-computer-science
Logic error	Code that runs but gives wrong results		tp-ap-computer-science
Run-time error	An error that happens while the program is running		tp-ap-computer-science
Testing	Running a program with chosen inputs to check behavior		tp-ap-computer-science
Pseudocode	Informal, language-independent description of an algorithm		tp-ap-computer-science
Flowchart	A diagram of an algorithm's steps		tp-ap-computer-science
Event-driven programming	Code that responds to user actions or messages		tp-ap-computer-science
Simulation	A program that models a real-world system		tp-ap-computer-science
Ecosystem	Living things and their nonliving surroundings interacting		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biome	A large region defined by climate and typical plants and animals		tp-ap-environmental-science
Producer	An organism that makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis		tp-ap-environmental-science
Consumer	An organism that eats other organisms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Decomposer	An organism that breaks down dead matter		tp-ap-environmental-science
Trophic level	A feeding position in a food chain		tp-ap-environmental-science
Ten percent rule	About 10 percent of energy passes to the next trophic level		tp-ap-environmental-science
Net primary productivity	Energy stored by producers after their own use		tp-ap-environmental-science
Food web	Interconnected food chains		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biodiversity	The variety of life at genetic, species and ecosystem levels		tp-ap-environmental-science
Keystone species	A species with an outsized role in its ecosystem		tp-ap-environmental-science
Indicator species	A species whose health signals environmental condition		tp-ap-environmental-science
Invasive species	A non-native species that spreads and harms the ecosystem		tp-ap-environmental-science
Ecological succession	Gradual replacement of communities over time		tp-ap-environmental-science
Primary succession	Colonization of bare rock with no soil		tp-ap-environmental-science
Secondary succession	Regrowth after disturbance where soil remains		tp-ap-environmental-science
Carbon cycle	Movement of carbon among air, living things, oceans and rocks		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nitrogen fixation	Converting nitrogen gas into usable forms by bacteria		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nitrogen cycle	Movement of nitrogen through air, soil and organisms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Phosphorus cycle	Movement of phosphorus through rock, soil and water, with no gas phase		tp-ap-environmental-science
Hydrologic cycle	Circulation of water through evaporation, condensation and precipitation		tp-ap-environmental-science
Photosynthesis	Making sugars from carbon dioxide, water and light		tp-ap-environmental-science
Cellular respiration	Releasing energy from sugar using oxygen		tp-ap-environmental-science
Carrying capacity	Largest population an environment can sustain		tp-ap-environmental-science
r-selected species	Many offspring, little care, small body, short life		tp-ap-environmental-science
K-selected species	Few offspring, much care, large body, long life		tp-ap-environmental-science
Limiting factor	A resource that restricts population growth		tp-ap-environmental-science
Population density	Individuals per unit area		tp-ap-environmental-science
Age structure diagram	Graph of the population in each age group		tp-ap-environmental-science
Total fertility rate	Average children per woman over her lifetime		tp-ap-environmental-science
Replacement level fertility	About 2.1 children per woman		tp-ap-environmental-science
Demographic transition	Shift from high to low birth and death rates		tp-ap-environmental-science
Plate tectonics	Earth's crust moves in large plates		tp-ap-environmental-science
Subduction	One plate sliding beneath another		tp-ap-environmental-science
Soil horizon	A layer of soil, such as topsoil		tp-ap-environmental-science
Soil erosion	Removal of soil by wind or water		tp-ap-environmental-science
Loam	Balanced soil of sand, silt and clay		tp-ap-environmental-science
Cation exchange capacity	Soil's ability to hold nutrients		tp-ap-environmental-science
Weather	Short-term atmospheric conditions		tp-ap-environmental-science
Climate	Long-term pattern of weather		tp-ap-environmental-science
Troposphere	Lowest atmospheric layer where weather occurs		tp-ap-environmental-science
Stratosphere	Atmospheric layer containing the ozone layer		tp-ap-environmental-science
Coriolis effect	Earth's rotation bends wind and ocean currents		tp-ap-environmental-science
El Nino	Periodic warming of the eastern Pacific altering weather worldwide		tp-ap-environmental-science
Thermohaline circulation	Global ocean circulation driven by temperature and salt differences		tp-ap-environmental-science
Rain shadow	A dry region on the leeward side of a mountain		tp-ap-environmental-science
Upwelling	Rise of cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface		tp-ap-environmental-science
Renewable resource	A resource that replenishes naturally in human time		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nonrenewable resource	A resource that is used up faster than it forms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Fossil fuels	Coal, oil and natural gas from ancient organisms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Peak oil	The point of maximum oil production before decline		tp-ap-environmental-science
Hydroelectric power	Electricity from flowing water		tp-ap-environmental-science
Solar photovoltaic	Panels that convert sunlight directly into electricity		tp-ap-environmental-science
Wind turbine	Machine converting wind energy to electricity		tp-ap-environmental-science
Geothermal energy	Heat from Earth's interior used for power or heating		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biomass	Organic matter burned or converted for energy		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nuclear fission	Splitting atoms to release energy		tp-ap-environmental-science
Energy efficiency	Doing the same work with less energy		tp-ap-environmental-science
Cogeneration	Using waste heat from electricity production		tp-ap-environmental-science
Overgrazing	Livestock eating plants faster than they regrow		tp-ap-environmental-science
Monoculture	Planting one crop over a large area		tp-ap-environmental-science
Crop rotation	Alternating crops to maintain soil		tp-ap-environmental-science
No-till farming	Planting without plowing to protect soil		tp-ap-environmental-science
Contour plowing	Plowing along slopes to reduce runoff		tp-ap-environmental-science
Integrated pest management	Combining methods to control pests with minimal chemicals		tp-ap-environmental-science
Aquaculture	Raising fish or other aquatic organisms		tp-ap-environmental-science
Clear-cutting	Removing all trees from an area		tp-ap-environmental-science
Deforestation	Large-scale removal of forest		tp-ap-environmental-science
Urban heat island	City warmer than surroundings due to pavement and buildings		tp-ap-environmental-science
Sprawl	Low-density development spreading from a city		tp-ap-environmental-science
Ecological footprint	Land and water area needed to support a person or population		tp-ap-environmental-science
Point source pollution	Pollution from a single identifiable source		tp-ap-environmental-science
Nonpoint source pollution	Pollution from many diffuse sources, like runoff		tp-ap-environmental-science
Eutrophication	Nutrient overload causing algae blooms and oxygen loss		tp-ap-environmental-science
Dissolved oxygen	Oxygen in water, essential for aquatic life		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biochemical oxygen demand	Oxygen used by microbes to break down organic waste		tp-ap-environmental-science
Bioaccumulation	Buildup of a substance within an organism over time		tp-ap-environmental-science
Biomagnification	Increasing concentration of a substance up the food chain		tp-ap-environmental-science
Smog	Haze from air pollution, often ozone-rich		tp-ap-environmental-science
Acid rain	Precipitation made acidic by sulfur and nitrogen oxides		tp-ap-environmental-science
Particulate matter	Tiny solid or liquid particles in the air		tp-ap-environmental-science
Tropospheric ozone	Ozone near the ground, a harmful pollutant		tp-ap-environmental-science
Stratospheric ozone depletion	Thinning of the ozone layer by CFCs		tp-ap-environmental-science
Montreal Protocol	Treaty phasing out ozone-depleting chemicals		tp-ap-environmental-science
Greenhouse effect	Atmospheric gases trapping heat		tp-ap-environmental-science
Greenhouse gases	Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor		tp-ap-environmental-science
Global warming potential	A gas's heat trapping relative to carbon dioxide		tp-ap-environmental-science
Ocean acidification	Falling ocean pH as seawater absorbs carbon dioxide		tp-ap-environmental-science
Albedo	Reflectivity of a surface		tp-ap-environmental-science
Carbon footprint	Greenhouse gases produced by an activity or person		tp-ap-environmental-science
Carbon sequestration	Capturing and storing carbon		tp-ap-environmental-science
Municipal solid waste	Everyday trash from homes and businesses		tp-ap-environmental-science
Sanitary landfill	Engineered site where waste is buried and covered		tp-ap-environmental-science
Leachate	Liquid that drains from waste		tp-ap-environmental-science
Hazardous waste	Waste that is toxic, reactive, corrosive or flammable		tp-ap-environmental-science
Reduce, reuse, recycle	Waste management priorities in order		tp-ap-environmental-science
Endangered species	A species in danger of going extinct		tp-ap-environmental-science
Endangered Species Act	US law protecting species at risk		tp-ap-environmental-science
CITES	Treaty regulating trade in endangered species		tp-ap-environmental-science
Clean Air Act	US law setting air quality standards		tp-ap-environmental-science
Clean Water Act	US law regulating water pollution		tp-ap-environmental-science
Tragedy of the commons	Shared resources are overused when everyone acts alone		tp-ap-environmental-science
Environmental impact statement	A report assessing a project's environmental effects		tp-ap-environmental-science
Popular sovereignty	Government's authority comes from the people		tp-ap-government
Social contract	Idea that people agree to be governed in return for protection of rights		tp-ap-government
Republicanism	Government by elected representatives		tp-ap-government
Federalism	Power divided between national and state governments		tp-ap-government
Separation of powers	Dividing government into legislative, executive and judicial branches		tp-ap-government
Checks and balances	Each branch can limit the others		tp-ap-government
Enumerated powers	Powers specifically listed for Congress in Article I		tp-ap-government
Implied powers	Powers not listed but needed to carry out those that are		tp-ap-government
Necessary and proper clause	Gives Congress power to make laws needed to carry out its duties		tp-ap-government
Supremacy clause	The Constitution and federal law outrank state law		tp-ap-government
Commerce clause	Gives Congress power to regulate trade among states		tp-ap-government
Reserved powers	Powers kept by states through the 10th Amendment		tp-ap-government
Concurrent powers	Powers shared by national and state governments		tp-ap-government
McCulloch v. Maryland	Established implied powers and federal supremacy		tp-ap-government
Block grant	Federal money given to states for broad purposes		tp-ap-government
Categorical grant	Federal money for specific purposes with conditions		tp-ap-government
Unfunded mandate	A federal requirement imposed on states without funds		tp-ap-government
Federalist No. 10	Madison essay on controlling factions in a large republic		tp-ap-government
Brutus No. 1	Anti-Federalist essay warning against a large central government		tp-ap-government
Bicameral	Having two chambers		tp-ap-government
Filibuster	Using long debate to delay a Senate vote		tp-ap-government
Cloture	Senate vote ending a filibuster, needing 60 votes		tp-ap-government
Discharge petition	Procedure to bring a bill out of committee in the House		tp-ap-government
Rules Committee	House committee setting terms of debate		tp-ap-government
Pork barrel	Spending directed to a lawmaker's home district		tp-ap-government
Logrolling	Trading votes to support each other's bills		tp-ap-government
Gerrymandering	Drawing district lines to favor a party		tp-ap-government
Reapportionment	Reassigning House seats after the census		tp-ap-government
Incumbency advantage	Edge officeholders have when running again		tp-ap-government
Delegate model	Representative follows constituents' wishes		tp-ap-government
Trustee model	Representative uses own judgment		tp-ap-government
Veto	President's rejection of a bill		tp-ap-government
Pocket veto	A bill dies if the president takes no action as Congress adjourns		tp-ap-government
Executive order	A presidential directive with the force of law within the executive branch		tp-ap-government
Executive agreement	Pact with another country that does not need Senate approval		tp-ap-government
Impeachment	House brings charges; Senate holds the trial		tp-ap-government
War Powers Act	1973 law limiting presidential use of troops without Congress		tp-ap-government
Cabinet	Advisers who lead executive departments		tp-ap-government
Bureaucracy	Agencies that carry out laws		tp-ap-government
Independent regulatory commission	An agency, like the FCC, that regulates an industry outside the cabinet		tp-ap-government
Iron triangle	Mutually supportive ties among agencies, committees and interest groups		tp-ap-government
Issue network	A looser group of experts and advocates around a policy		tp-ap-government
Discretionary authority	Freedom agencies have to decide how to apply a law		tp-ap-government
Judicial review	Courts' power to strike down unconstitutional laws		tp-ap-government
Judicial restraint	Courts should defer to elected branches		tp-ap-government
Judicial activism	Courts should actively rule to correct problems		tp-ap-government
Stare decisis	Following precedent		tp-ap-government
Original jurisdiction	Authority to hear a case first		tp-ap-government
Appellate jurisdiction	Authority to review a lower court's decision		tp-ap-government
Writ of certiorari	Order from the Supreme Court agreeing to hear a case		tp-ap-government
Amicus curiae brief	Written argument from a non-party who has an interest in the case		tp-ap-government
Marbury v. Madison	Case that established judicial review		tp-ap-government
Baker v. Carr	Established one person, one vote claims are reviewable		tp-ap-government
Engel v. Vitale	School-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause		tp-ap-government
Tinker v. Des Moines	Students keep free speech rights at school unless there is disruption		tp-ap-government
Wisconsin v. Yoder	Amish families may exempt children from school after eighth grade on religious freedom grounds		tp-ap-government
Gideon v. Wainwright	Right to an attorney for those who cannot afford one		tp-ap-government
Miranda v. Arizona	Police must inform suspects of their rights		tp-ap-government
Mapp v. Ohio	Evidence from an illegal search cannot be used in state courts		tp-ap-government
Citizens United	Limited restrictions on independent political spending by groups		tp-ap-government
Selective incorporation	Applying Bill of Rights protections to states through the 14th Amendment		tp-ap-government
Due process clause	Guarantees fair legal procedures		tp-ap-government
Equal protection clause	States must treat people equally under the law		tp-ap-government
Establishment clause	Government cannot establish a religion		tp-ap-government
Free exercise clause	Government cannot ban religious practice without strong reason		tp-ap-government
Prior restraint	Government blocking speech before it occurs; generally unconstitutional		tp-ap-government
Symbolic speech	Nonverbal expression protected by the First Amendment		tp-ap-government
Clear and present danger	Test for limiting speech that creates immediate harm		tp-ap-government
Civil liberties	Protections of individuals from government		tp-ap-government
Civil rights	Guarantees of equal treatment under law		tp-ap-government
Political culture	Shared beliefs about government in a society		tp-ap-government
Political socialization	Process of forming political views through family, school and media		tp-ap-government
Public opinion polling	Measuring views via samples		tp-ap-government
Sampling error	Gap between sample results and the true population		tp-ap-government
Linkage institutions	Elections, parties, interest groups and media connecting people to government		tp-ap-government
Political party	Organization that seeks to win elections to run government		tp-ap-government
Party platform	Statement of a party's positions		tp-ap-government
Realignment	Lasting shift in party loyalties		tp-ap-government
Primary election	Vote to choose a party's nominee		tp-ap-government
Open primary	Voters of any party may take part		tp-ap-government
Caucus	Local meeting to choose party delegates		tp-ap-government
Electoral College	538 electors choose the president; 270 needed to win		tp-ap-government
Winner-take-all	The candidate with the most votes in a state gets all its electoral votes in most states		tp-ap-government
Super PAC	Committee that can raise unlimited sums to support or oppose candidates independently		tp-ap-government
Political action committee	Group that raises money to support candidates		tp-ap-government
Soft money	Money given to parties for general purposes, restricted by 2002 law		tp-ap-government
Campaign finance	Rules about raising and spending money in elections		tp-ap-government
Pluralism	Many groups compete to influence policy		tp-ap-government
Collective action problem	People benefit from a group's work without joining it		tp-ap-government
Lobbying	Efforts to influence officials		tp-ap-government
Agenda setting	Media and officials choosing which issues get attention		tp-ap-government
Fiscal policy	Government taxing and spending to affect the economy		tp-ap-government
Monetary policy	Federal Reserve's control of money and interest rates		tp-ap-government
Entitlement program	Benefits guaranteed to all who qualify, like Social Security		tp-ap-government
Mandatory spending	Federal spending required by law, such as entitlements		tp-ap-government
Discretionary spending	Spending set each year in appropriations bills		tp-ap-government
Incorporation doctrine	Idea that the 14th Amendment carries Bill of Rights guarantees to the states		tp-ap-government
Voter turnout	Share of eligible voters who vote		tp-ap-government
Voting Rights Act of 1965	Barred discriminatory voting practices		tp-ap-government
Amendment process	Proposed by two-thirds of Congress or convention; ratified by three-fourths of states		tp-ap-government
Absolute location	Exact position, such as latitude and longitude		tp-ap-human-geography
Relative location	Position described in relation to other places		tp-ap-human-geography
Site	The physical features of a place itself		tp-ap-human-geography
Situation	A place's location relative to surrounding areas		tp-ap-human-geography
Region	An area defined by shared characteristics		tp-ap-human-geography
Formal region	Area with uniform traits, such as a country		tp-ap-human-geography
Functional region	Area organized around a central node, like a metro area		tp-ap-human-geography
Perceptual region	Region based on people's feelings, like 'the South'		tp-ap-human-geography
Spatial distribution	How things are arranged across space		tp-ap-human-geography
Density	Number of things per unit of area		tp-ap-human-geography
Distance decay	Interaction declines with distance		tp-ap-human-geography
Time-space compression	Technology making distant places seem closer		tp-ap-human-geography
Geographic information system	Computer system for mapping and analyzing spatial data		tp-ap-human-geography
Remote sensing	Gathering data about Earth from satellites or aircraft		tp-ap-human-geography
Mercator projection	Map that preserves direction but distorts size near poles		tp-ap-human-geography
Arithmetic density	Population divided by total land area		tp-ap-human-geography
Physiological density	Population divided by arable land		tp-ap-human-geography
Agricultural density	Farmers per unit of arable land		tp-ap-human-geography
Crude birth rate	Births per 1,000 people per year		tp-ap-human-geography
Total fertility rate	Average number of children a woman is expected to have		tp-ap-human-geography
Doubling time	Years for a population to double		tp-ap-human-geography
Demographic transition model	Stages of population change as countries develop		tp-ap-human-geography
Population pyramid	Graph of a population by age and sex		tp-ap-human-geography
Dependency ratio	Ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age people		tp-ap-human-geography
Infant mortality rate	Infant deaths per 1,000 live births		tp-ap-human-geography
Life expectancy	Average years a person is expected to live		tp-ap-human-geography
Epidemiological transition	Shift in leading causes of death from infectious to chronic disease		tp-ap-human-geography
Malthusian theory	Population grows faster than food supply		tp-ap-human-geography
Pro-natalist policy	Government encouraging births		tp-ap-human-geography
Anti-natalist policy	Government discouraging births		tp-ap-human-geography
Push factor	A reason for leaving a place		tp-ap-human-geography
Pull factor	A reason for moving to a place		tp-ap-human-geography
Chain migration	Migrants follow relatives or neighbors to the same destination		tp-ap-human-geography
Forced migration	Movement against one's will		tp-ap-human-geography
Refugee	Person who flees across a border due to persecution or danger		tp-ap-human-geography
Internal migration	Movement within a country		tp-ap-human-geography
Gravity model	Predicts interaction based on size and distance of places		tp-ap-human-geography
Culture	Shared beliefs, customs and material traits of a group		tp-ap-human-geography
Cultural landscape	The visible imprint of culture on land		tp-ap-human-geography
Folk culture	Traditional culture of small, homogeneous groups		tp-ap-human-geography
Popular culture	Culture widely shared across large, varied groups		tp-ap-human-geography
Cultural diffusion	Spread of cultural traits		tp-ap-human-geography
Relocation diffusion	Spread through the movement of people		tp-ap-human-geography
Expansion diffusion	Spread outward while remaining strong in the origin		tp-ap-human-geography
Hierarchical diffusion	Spread from important people or places to others		tp-ap-human-geography
Contagious diffusion	Rapid, widespread spread from person to person		tp-ap-human-geography
Acculturation	Adopting traits from another culture		tp-ap-human-geography
Assimilation	Fully taking on the dominant culture		tp-ap-human-geography
Syncretism	Blending of cultural elements		tp-ap-human-geography
Language family	Group of languages with a common ancestor		tp-ap-human-geography
Lingua franca	A common language for speakers of different languages		tp-ap-human-geography
Universalizing religion	Religion that seeks converts, like Christianity or Islam		tp-ap-human-geography
Ethnic religion	Religion tied to a specific group, like Judaism or Hinduism		tp-ap-human-geography
State	A political unit with defined territory and government		tp-ap-human-geography
Nation	A group sharing identity, culture or history		tp-ap-human-geography
Nation-state	A state whose population shares a national identity		tp-ap-human-geography
Sovereignty	A state's authority over its territory		tp-ap-human-geography
Boundary types	Natural, geometric and cultural borders		tp-ap-human-geography
Devolution	Transfer of power from central to regional governments		tp-ap-human-geography
Centripetal force	Force that unifies a state		tp-ap-human-geography
Centrifugal force	Force that divides a state		tp-ap-human-geography
Supranational organization	Group of states cooperating, like the EU		tp-ap-human-geography
Gerrymandering	Drawing districts to favor a group		tp-ap-human-geography
Geopolitics	Study of how geography shapes politics		tp-ap-human-geography
Irredentism	Claiming land beyond borders because of shared ethnic ties		tp-ap-human-geography
Agriculture	Cultivating plants and animals for food		tp-ap-human-geography
Subsistence farming	Growing food mainly for the farmer's family		tp-ap-human-geography
Commercial agriculture	Farming primarily for sale		tp-ap-human-geography
Green Revolution	Higher-yield crops and techniques spread from the 1960s		tp-ap-human-geography
Von Thunen model	Land use rings around a market center		tp-ap-human-geography
Shifting cultivation	Clearing land, farming it for a few years, then moving on		tp-ap-human-geography
Intensive agriculture	Large inputs of labor or capital per acre		tp-ap-human-geography
Agribusiness	Large-scale commercial farming integrated with processing and sales		tp-ap-human-geography
Monoculture	Growing a single crop		tp-ap-human-geography
Urbanization	Growth of the share of people living in cities		tp-ap-human-geography
Central place theory	Settlements serve surrounding areas, forming a hierarchy		tp-ap-human-geography
Primate city	A city much larger than any other in its country		tp-ap-human-geography
Rank-size rule	The nth largest city has 1/n the population of the largest		tp-ap-human-geography
Megacity	City of over 10 million people		tp-ap-human-geography
Edge city	Suburban commercial hub		tp-ap-human-geography
Gentrification	Wealthier people move into older neighborhoods, raising costs		tp-ap-human-geography
Urban sprawl	Spread of low-density development		tp-ap-human-geography
Concentric zone model	Burgess model of rings around a central business district		tp-ap-human-geography
Sector model	Hoyt model of wedge-shaped zones along transport routes		tp-ap-human-geography
Redlining	Denial of loans or services by area, often on racial lines		tp-ap-human-geography
Industrial Revolution	Shift to factory production beginning in Britain		tp-ap-human-geography
Weber's least cost theory	Industrial sites are chosen to minimize transport, labor and agglomeration costs		tp-ap-human-geography
Deindustrialization	Decline of manufacturing in a region		tp-ap-human-geography
Outsourcing	Contracting work to outside companies, often abroad		tp-ap-human-geography
Human Development Index	Composite of health, education and income		tp-ap-human-geography
Gender Inequality Index	Measures disparities between men and women		tp-ap-human-geography
Core-periphery model	Wealthy core areas dominate poorer periphery areas		tp-ap-human-geography
Rostow's stages	Model of five stages of economic development		tp-ap-human-geography
Microfinance	Small loans for people lacking access to banks		tp-ap-human-geography
Fair trade	Trade certification aimed at paying producers a fair price		tp-ap-human-geography
Sustainable development	Meeting present needs without harming future generations		tp-ap-human-geography
Scarcity	Limited resources against unlimited wants		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Opportunity cost	The value of the next best alternative given up		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Production possibilities curve	Graph of the maximum combos of two goods an economy can produce		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Comparative advantage	Producing a good at a lower opportunity cost		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Absolute advantage	Producing more of a good with the same resources		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Gross domestic product	Market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a year		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Nominal GDP	GDP measured at current prices		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Real GDP	GDP adjusted for price changes		tp-ap-macroeconomics
GDP formula	C + I + G + (X - M)		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Consumption	Household spending on goods and services		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Investment	Spending on capital goods, construction and inventories		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Net exports	Exports minus imports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Business cycle	Alternating expansions and contractions in economic activity		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Recession	A significant decline in economic activity		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Unemployment rate	Percent of the labor force that is jobless and looking for work		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Labor force	People employed plus those actively seeking work		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Frictional unemployment	Short-term joblessness while changing jobs		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Structural unemployment	Joblessness due to a mismatch of skills and available jobs		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Cyclical unemployment	Joblessness caused by downturns		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Natural rate of unemployment	Sum of frictional and structural unemployment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Inflation	A sustained rise in the general price level		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Consumer price index	Measures the cost of a typical basket of goods over time		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Deflation	A sustained fall in the general price level		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Disinflation	A slowdown in the rate of inflation		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Real interest rate	Nominal rate minus the inflation rate		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Aggregate demand	Total spending on domestic output at each price level		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Aggregate supply	Total output firms will produce at each price level		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Short-run aggregate supply	Upward-sloping because some prices and wages are sticky		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Long-run aggregate supply	Vertical at full-employment output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Wealth effect	Spending changes as the value of assets changes		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Multiplier	The factor by which an initial spending change affects GDP		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Marginal propensity to consume	Share of extra income spent		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Spending multiplier formula	1 / (1 - MPC)		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Fiscal policy	Government spending and tax changes		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Expansionary fiscal policy	More spending or lower taxes to boost output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Contractionary fiscal policy	Less spending or higher taxes to cool the economy		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Automatic stabilizer	Taxes and benefits that adjust with the economy without new laws		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Budget deficit	Spending exceeds revenue in a year		tp-ap-macroeconomics
National debt	Total accumulated borrowing		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Crowding out	Government borrowing raising interest rates and reducing private investment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Money	Anything accepted as a medium of exchange		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Functions of money	Medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value		tp-ap-macroeconomics
M1	Currency, checkable deposits and similar liquid money		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Fractional reserve banking	Banks keep a part of deposits and lend the rest		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Required reserve ratio	Fraction of deposits banks must hold in reserve		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Money multiplier	1 / required reserve ratio		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Excess reserves	Reserves beyond what is required		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Federal Reserve	The US central bank		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Federal funds rate	Rate banks charge each other for overnight loans		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Open market operations	Fed buying or selling government securities to change reserves		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Discount rate	Rate the Fed charges banks for loans		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Reserve requirement	Fed rule on how much banks must hold in reserve		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Expansionary monetary policy	Lower interest rates and a larger money supply		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Contractionary monetary policy	Higher interest rates and a smaller money supply		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Quantitative easing	Large-scale asset purchases to lower long-term rates		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Money market	Graph of money demand and money supply determining the nominal interest rate		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Loanable funds market	Where savers supply funds and borrowers demand them, setting the real rate		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Phillips curve	Shows a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Stagflation	High inflation with high unemployment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Supply shock	A sudden change in production costs that shifts aggregate supply		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Economic growth	Increase in real output over time		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Productivity	Output per unit of input		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Human capital	Skills and knowledge of workers		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Physical capital	Machines, buildings and tools		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Rule of 70	Years to double = 70 divided by the growth rate percent		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Exchange rate	The price of one currency in terms of another		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Appreciation	A currency gaining value		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Depreciation	A currency losing value		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Balance of payments	Record of a country's transactions with the world		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Current account	Trade in goods and services plus income flows		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Capital account	Flows of financial assets and investment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Tariff	A tax on imports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Quota	A limit on the quantity of imports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Trade deficit	Imports exceed exports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Foreign exchange market	Where currencies are traded		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Laffer curve	Idea that very high tax rates can reduce revenue		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Recessionary gap	Real GDP below full-employment output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Inflationary gap	Real GDP above full-employment output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Self-correction	Wages and prices adjusting over time to return to full employment		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Supply-side economics	Policies aimed at boosting production, such as tax cuts		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Keynesian economics	View that government spending can stabilize demand		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Monetarism	View stressing the money supply as key to inflation		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Neutrality of money	Money supply changes affect only prices in the long run		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Velocity of money	How often a unit of money changes hands in a year		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Equation of exchange	MV = PQ		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Fisher effect	Nominal interest rate rises one-for-one with expected inflation		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Liquidity	How easily an asset becomes cash		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Transfer payment	A payment with no good or service in return		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Progressive tax	Higher earners pay a larger share of income		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Regressive tax	Lower earners pay a larger share of income		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Taylor rule	A guide linking interest rates to inflation and output		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Leakage	Money leaving the circular flow: saving, taxes, imports		tp-ap-macroeconomics
Law of demand	As price rises, quantity demanded falls		tp-ap-microeconomics
Law of supply	As price rises, quantity supplied rises		tp-ap-microeconomics
Equilibrium price	Price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied		tp-ap-microeconomics
Shortage	Quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied		tp-ap-microeconomics
Surplus	Quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded		tp-ap-microeconomics
Substitute goods	Goods used in place of each other; price of one up raises demand for the other		tp-ap-microeconomics
Complementary goods	Goods used together; price of one up lowers demand for the other		tp-ap-microeconomics
Normal good	Demand rises as income rises		tp-ap-microeconomics
Inferior good	Demand falls as income rises		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price elasticity of demand	How sensitive quantity demanded is to a price change		tp-ap-microeconomics
Elastic demand	Elasticity greater than 1		tp-ap-microeconomics
Inelastic demand	Elasticity less than 1		tp-ap-microeconomics
Total revenue test	If price and total revenue move opposite ways, demand is elastic		tp-ap-microeconomics
Cross-price elasticity	Response of demand for one good to another good's price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Income elasticity	Response of demand to a change in income		tp-ap-microeconomics
Consumer surplus	Difference between what buyers would pay and what they do pay		tp-ap-microeconomics
Producer surplus	Difference between price received and the minimum a seller would accept		tp-ap-microeconomics
Deadweight loss	Lost total surplus from inefficiency		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price ceiling	Legal maximum price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price floor	Legal minimum price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Tax incidence	Who actually bears a tax		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal utility	Added satisfaction from one more unit		tp-ap-microeconomics
Diminishing marginal utility	Each extra unit gives less added satisfaction		tp-ap-microeconomics
Utility-maximizing rule	MU per dollar equal across goods		tp-ap-microeconomics
Budget constraint	The combinations of goods affordable with income		tp-ap-microeconomics
Explicit cost	Out-of-pocket payment		tp-ap-microeconomics
Implicit cost	Opportunity cost of using one's own resources		tp-ap-microeconomics
Accounting profit	Revenue minus explicit costs		tp-ap-microeconomics
Economic profit	Revenue minus explicit and implicit costs		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal product	Extra output from one more unit of input		tp-ap-microeconomics
Law of diminishing returns	Adding more of a variable input eventually adds less output		tp-ap-microeconomics
Fixed cost	Cost that does not change with output		tp-ap-microeconomics
Variable cost	Cost that changes with output		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal cost	Cost of producing one more unit		tp-ap-microeconomics
Average total cost	Total cost divided by quantity		tp-ap-microeconomics
MC crosses ATC	Marginal cost meets average total cost at ATC's minimum		tp-ap-microeconomics
Economies of scale	Falling long-run average cost as output grows		tp-ap-microeconomics
Diseconomies of scale	Rising long-run average cost as output grows		tp-ap-microeconomics
Profit-maximizing rule	Produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Perfect competition	Many sellers, identical products, price takers, free entry		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price taker	A firm that cannot affect market price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Shutdown rule	Shut down if price falls below average variable cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Long-run competitive equilibrium	Price equals minimum ATC; zero economic profit		tp-ap-microeconomics
Monopoly	A single seller with barriers to entry		tp-ap-microeconomics
Barriers to entry	Obstacles that prevent new firms from joining a market		tp-ap-microeconomics
Natural monopoly	One firm can supply the market at lower cost than several		tp-ap-microeconomics
Price discrimination	Charging different customers different prices for the same good		tp-ap-microeconomics
Monopolistic competition	Many sellers with differentiated products and free entry		tp-ap-microeconomics
Oligopoly	A few large interdependent firms		tp-ap-microeconomics
Collusion	Firms cooperating to restrict competition		tp-ap-microeconomics
Cartel	A group of firms that agree to limit output and set prices		tp-ap-microeconomics
Game theory	Study of strategic decision-making		tp-ap-microeconomics
Dominant strategy	Best choice regardless of what others do		tp-ap-microeconomics
Nash equilibrium	No player can gain by changing their own strategy alone		tp-ap-microeconomics
Prisoner's dilemma	A game where individual incentives lead to a worse shared outcome		tp-ap-microeconomics
Kinked demand curve	Oligopoly model with sticky prices		tp-ap-microeconomics
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index	Measure of market concentration		tp-ap-microeconomics
Derived demand	Demand for a resource that comes from demand for the product		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal revenue product	Extra revenue from one more unit of a resource		tp-ap-microeconomics
Hiring rule	Hire until marginal revenue product equals the resource price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Monopsony	A market with a single buyer		tp-ap-microeconomics
Minimum wage	A legal price floor for labor		tp-ap-microeconomics
Wage determination	Set by labor supply and demand		tp-ap-microeconomics
Externality	A cost or benefit borne by a third party		tp-ap-microeconomics
Negative externality	Pollution-type cost imposed on others		tp-ap-microeconomics
Positive externality	Benefit to others, like vaccination		tp-ap-microeconomics
Pigouvian tax	A tax set to equal an external cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Subsidy	Government payment to encourage a good		tp-ap-microeconomics
Public good	Non-excludable and non-rival		tp-ap-microeconomics
Free-rider problem	Benefiting without paying		tp-ap-microeconomics
Common resource	Rival but non-excludable good, prone to overuse		tp-ap-microeconomics
Tragedy of the commons	Overuse of shared resources		tp-ap-microeconomics
Coase theorem	Parties can solve externalities by bargaining if costs are low and property rights are clear		tp-ap-microeconomics
Allocative efficiency	Producing what society values most, P = MC		tp-ap-microeconomics
Productive efficiency	Producing at minimum average total cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Marginal social benefit	Total benefit to society of one more unit		tp-ap-microeconomics
Asymmetric information	One party knows more than the other		tp-ap-microeconomics
Adverse selection	Hidden characteristics lead to poor market outcomes		tp-ap-microeconomics
Moral hazard	Risky behavior because someone else bears the cost		tp-ap-microeconomics
Gini coefficient	Measure of income inequality from 0 to 1		tp-ap-microeconomics
Lorenz curve	Graph of cumulative share of income by population share		tp-ap-microeconomics
Antitrust law	Rules promoting competition and limiting monopoly power		tp-ap-microeconomics
Circular flow model	Shows flows between households and firms through markets		tp-ap-microeconomics
Capital	Goods used to produce other goods		tp-ap-microeconomics
Short run	Period in which at least one input is fixed		tp-ap-microeconomics
Long run	Period in which all inputs are variable		tp-ap-microeconomics
Total surplus	Consumer surplus plus producer surplus		tp-ap-microeconomics
Elasticity of supply	Responsiveness of quantity supplied to price		tp-ap-microeconomics
Rent seeking	Spending resources to gain favorable treatment		tp-ap-microeconomics
Staff	Five lines and four spaces where notes are written		tp-ap-music-theory
Treble clef	Clef for higher notes; circles the G line		tp-ap-music-theory
Bass clef	Clef for lower notes; marks the F line		tp-ap-music-theory
Alto clef	C clef used for viola; middle C on the center line		tp-ap-music-theory
Ledger line	A short line extending the staff		tp-ap-music-theory
Grand staff	Treble and bass staves joined together		tp-ap-music-theory
Middle C	The C near the center of the piano keyboard		tp-ap-music-theory
Octave	Interval of eight scale steps with the same note name		tp-ap-music-theory
Half step	Smallest interval on a piano, adjacent keys		tp-ap-music-theory
Whole step	Two half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Sharp	Raises a note by a half step		tp-ap-music-theory
Flat	Lowers a note by a half step		tp-ap-music-theory
Natural	Cancels a sharp or flat		tp-ap-music-theory
Enharmonic	Same pitch, different name, like C sharp and D flat		tp-ap-music-theory
Accidental	A sharp, flat or natural not in the key signature		tp-ap-music-theory
Key signature	Sharps or flats at the start showing the key		tp-ap-music-theory
Circle of fifths	Diagram of keys arranged by fifths		tp-ap-music-theory
Order of sharps	F C G D A E B		tp-ap-music-theory
Order of flats	B E A D G C F		tp-ap-music-theory
Major scale pattern	Whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half		tp-ap-music-theory
Natural minor scale pattern	Whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole		tp-ap-music-theory
Relative minor	A minor key sharing a key signature with a major key; starts a minor third below		tp-ap-music-theory
Parallel key	Major and minor keys sharing the same tonic		tp-ap-music-theory
Harmonic minor	Minor scale with a raised seventh		tp-ap-music-theory
Melodic minor	Minor scale with raised sixth and seventh going up		tp-ap-music-theory
Pentatonic scale	Five-note scale		tp-ap-music-theory
Chromatic scale	All twelve pitches in half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Whole-tone scale	Six-note scale of all whole steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Tonic	First scale degree; the home note		tp-ap-music-theory
Supertonic	Second scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Mediant	Third scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Subdominant	Fourth scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Dominant	Fifth scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Submediant	Sixth scale degree		tp-ap-music-theory
Leading tone	Seventh scale degree, a half step below the tonic		tp-ap-music-theory
Interval	Distance between two pitches		tp-ap-music-theory
Perfect intervals	Unison, fourth, fifth and octave		tp-ap-music-theory
Major third	Interval of four half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Minor third	Interval of three half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Perfect fifth	Interval of seven half steps		tp-ap-music-theory
Tritone	Interval of six half steps, an augmented fourth or diminished fifth		tp-ap-music-theory
Consonance	A stable, pleasing combination of notes		tp-ap-music-theory
Dissonance	A tense combination that seeks resolution		tp-ap-music-theory
Triad	A three-note chord built in thirds		tp-ap-music-theory
Major triad	Root, major third and perfect fifth		tp-ap-music-theory
Minor triad	Root, minor third and perfect fifth		tp-ap-music-theory
Diminished triad	Two stacked minor thirds		tp-ap-music-theory
Augmented triad	Two stacked major thirds		tp-ap-music-theory
Seventh chord	A triad plus a seventh above the root		tp-ap-music-theory
Dominant seventh	Major triad with a minor seventh		tp-ap-music-theory
Root position	Chord with its root in the bass		tp-ap-music-theory
First inversion	Chord with the third in the bass		tp-ap-music-theory
Second inversion	Chord with the fifth in the bass		tp-ap-music-theory
Roman numeral analysis	Labeling chords by scale degree, upper case for major		tp-ap-music-theory
Primary chords	I, IV and V		tp-ap-music-theory
Cadence	Chord pair that ends a phrase		tp-ap-music-theory
Authentic cadence	V to I		tp-ap-music-theory
Plagal cadence	IV to I, the 'Amen' cadence		tp-ap-music-theory
Half cadence	Phrase ends on V		tp-ap-music-theory
Deceptive cadence	V to vi, avoiding the expected ending		tp-ap-music-theory
Harmonic progression	A sequence of chords		tp-ap-music-theory
Modulation	Changing from one key to another		tp-ap-music-theory
Tempo	Speed of the music		tp-ap-music-theory
Allegro	Fast and lively		tp-ap-music-theory
Andante	Walking pace		tp-ap-music-theory
Adagio	Slow		tp-ap-music-theory
Presto	Very fast		tp-ap-music-theory
Ritardando	Gradually slowing		tp-ap-music-theory
Accelerando	Gradually speeding up		tp-ap-music-theory
Fermata	A hold on a note or rest		tp-ap-music-theory
Time signature	Numbers showing beats per measure and the note that gets a beat		tp-ap-music-theory
Simple meter	Each beat divides into two		tp-ap-music-theory
Compound meter	Each beat divides into three		tp-ap-music-theory
Syncopation	Emphasis on weak beats		tp-ap-music-theory
Anacrusis	Pickup notes before the first full measure		tp-ap-music-theory
Whole note	Four beats in 4/4		tp-ap-music-theory
Dotted note	A dot adds half the note's length		tp-ap-music-theory
Tie	A curve joining two notes of the same pitch		tp-ap-music-theory
Slur	A curve connecting different notes to be played smoothly		tp-ap-music-theory
Triplet	Three notes in the time of two		tp-ap-music-theory
Forte	Loud		tp-ap-music-theory
Piano	Soft		tp-ap-music-theory
Crescendo	Gradually getting louder		tp-ap-music-theory
Diminuendo	Gradually getting softer		tp-ap-music-theory
Staccato	Short and detached		tp-ap-music-theory
Legato	Smooth and connected		tp-ap-music-theory
Dynamics	Loudness levels in music		tp-ap-music-theory
Timbre	The tone color of a sound		tp-ap-music-theory
Texture	How layers of sound combine		tp-ap-music-theory
Monophonic	A single melodic line		tp-ap-music-theory
Homophonic	Melody with chordal accompaniment		tp-ap-music-theory
Polyphonic	Multiple independent melodic lines		tp-ap-music-theory
Counterpoint	Combining independent melodies		tp-ap-music-theory
Fugue	Polyphonic piece built on an imitated subject		tp-ap-music-theory
Canon	A melody imitated exactly by another voice later		tp-ap-music-theory
Motive	A short, recurring musical idea		tp-ap-music-theory
Phrase	A musical sentence		tp-ap-music-theory
Binary form	Two sections, AB		tp-ap-music-theory
Ternary form	Three sections, ABA		tp-ap-music-theory
Rondo	A form where the main theme returns, ABACA		tp-ap-music-theory
Sonata form	Exposition, development, recapitulation		tp-ap-music-theory
Theme and variations	A tune repeated with changes		tp-ap-music-theory
Figured bass	Baroque shorthand using numbers to show chords		tp-ap-music-theory
Transposition	Moving music to a different key		tp-ap-music-theory
Ostinato	A repeated musical pattern		tp-ap-music-theory
Scalar	A quantity with magnitude only		tp-ap-physics
Vector	A quantity with magnitude and direction		tp-ap-physics
Displacement	Change in position, a vector		tp-ap-physics
Velocity	Rate of change of position, with direction		tp-ap-physics
Acceleration	Rate of change of velocity		tp-ap-physics
Free fall	Motion under gravity alone; about 9.8 m/s^2 near Earth		tp-ap-physics
Projectile motion	Horizontal and vertical motions analyzed independently		tp-ap-physics
Newton's first law	An object keeps its motion unless a net force acts		tp-ap-physics
Newton's second law	Net force equals mass times acceleration		tp-ap-physics
Newton's third law	Forces come in equal and opposite pairs on different objects		tp-ap-physics
Inertia	Resistance to change in motion; related to mass		tp-ap-physics
Normal force	Contact force perpendicular to a surface		tp-ap-physics
Friction	Force opposing relative motion between surfaces		tp-ap-physics
Tension	Pulling force transmitted by a rope or string		tp-ap-physics
Weight	Gravitational force on an object, mg		tp-ap-physics
Free-body diagram	A sketch showing all forces on one object		tp-ap-physics
Centripetal acceleration	Acceleration toward the center of a circle, v^2/r		tp-ap-physics
Universal gravitation	F = Gm1m2/r^2		tp-ap-physics
Work	Force times displacement in the force direction		tp-ap-physics
Kinetic energy	Energy of motion, 1/2 mv^2		tp-ap-physics
Gravitational potential energy	Energy of position in a field, mgh near Earth		tp-ap-physics
Elastic potential energy	Energy stored in a spring, 1/2 kx^2		tp-ap-physics
Hooke's law	Spring force is proportional to stretch: F = -kx		tp-ap-physics
Work-energy theorem	Net work equals change in kinetic energy		tp-ap-physics
Conservation of energy	Total energy of an isolated system stays constant		tp-ap-physics
Power	Rate of doing work		tp-ap-physics
Momentum	Mass times velocity		tp-ap-physics
Impulse	Force times time; equals change in momentum		tp-ap-physics
Elastic collision	Kinetic energy is conserved		tp-ap-physics
Inelastic collision	Kinetic energy is not conserved		tp-ap-physics
Center of mass	The average position of an object's mass		tp-ap-physics
Torque	A force's turning effect, rF sin theta		tp-ap-physics
Rotational inertia	Resistance to change in rotation		tp-ap-physics
Angular momentum	Rotational inertia times angular velocity		tp-ap-physics
Equilibrium	Net force and net torque are zero		tp-ap-physics
Simple harmonic motion	Oscillation with restoring force proportional to displacement		tp-ap-physics
Period	Time for one cycle		tp-ap-physics
Frequency	Cycles per second, measured in hertz		tp-ap-physics
Amplitude	Maximum displacement from equilibrium		tp-ap-physics
Pendulum period	About 2 pi sqrt(L/g) for small swings		tp-ap-physics
Wavelength	Distance between matching points on a wave		tp-ap-physics
Wave speed	v = f times wavelength		tp-ap-physics
Transverse wave	Vibration perpendicular to travel direction		tp-ap-physics
Longitudinal wave	Vibration parallel to travel direction		tp-ap-physics
Superposition	Waves add together where they overlap		tp-ap-physics
Interference	Combining waves to reinforce or cancel		tp-ap-physics
Standing wave	A pattern with fixed nodes and antinodes		tp-ap-physics
Doppler effect	Change in observed frequency due to relative motion		tp-ap-physics
Diffraction	Spreading of waves around obstacles or through openings		tp-ap-physics
Refraction	Bending of waves when speed changes between media		tp-ap-physics
Snell's law	n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2		tp-ap-physics
Total internal reflection	Light fully reflects at a boundary beyond the critical angle		tp-ap-physics
Converging lens	A lens that brings parallel rays together		tp-ap-physics
Electric charge	A property causing electric force; positive or negative		tp-ap-physics
Coulomb's law	Electric force between charges varies as q1q2/r^2		tp-ap-physics
Electric field	Force per unit charge		tp-ap-physics
Electric potential	Potential energy per unit charge, in volts		tp-ap-physics
Capacitor	A device that stores charge and energy in an electric field		tp-ap-physics
Current	Rate of flow of charge, in amperes		tp-ap-physics
Resistance	Opposition to current, in ohms		tp-ap-physics
Ohm's law	V = IR		tp-ap-physics
Electric power	P = IV		tp-ap-physics
Series circuit	Components in one path; same current		tp-ap-physics
Parallel circuit	Components on separate branches; same voltage		tp-ap-physics
Kirchhoff's junction rule	Current in equals current out at a junction		tp-ap-physics
Kirchhoff's loop rule	Voltage changes around a closed loop sum to zero		tp-ap-physics
Magnetic field	A region where moving charges or magnets feel force		tp-ap-physics
Magnetic force on a charge	F = qvB sin theta		tp-ap-physics
Faraday's law	A changing magnetic flux induces an emf		tp-ap-physics
Lenz's law	Induced current opposes the change that caused it		tp-ap-physics
Pressure	Force per unit area		tp-ap-physics
Density	Mass per unit volume		tp-ap-physics
Buoyant force	Upward force equal to the weight of displaced fluid		tp-ap-physics
Bernoulli's principle	Faster fluid flow goes with lower pressure		tp-ap-physics
Continuity equation	A1v1 = A2v2 for incompressible flow		tp-ap-physics
Temperature	A measure of average kinetic energy of particles		tp-ap-physics
Heat	Energy transferred due to temperature difference		tp-ap-physics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics	Systems in thermal equilibrium with a third are in equilibrium with each other		tp-ap-physics
First law of thermodynamics	Change in internal energy = heat added minus work done by the system		tp-ap-physics
Second law of thermodynamics	Entropy of an isolated system never decreases		tp-ap-physics
Heat engine	Converts heat into work		tp-ap-physics
Ideal gas law	PV = nRT		tp-ap-physics
Photoelectric effect	Light ejecting electrons from a metal, showing its particle nature		tp-ap-physics
Photon	A packet of light energy, E = hf		tp-ap-physics
Work function	Minimum energy to free an electron from a metal		tp-ap-physics
de Broglie wavelength	Wavelength of a particle: h/p		tp-ap-physics
Wave-particle duality	Matter and light show both wave and particle behavior		tp-ap-physics
Energy levels	Atoms have only certain allowed energies		tp-ap-physics
Emission spectrum	Light at specific wavelengths from excited atoms		tp-ap-physics
Mass-energy equivalence	E = mc^2		tp-ap-physics
Binding energy	Energy holding a nucleus together		tp-ap-physics
Half-life	Time for half of a radioactive sample to decay		tp-ap-physics
Fission	Splitting of a heavy nucleus		tp-ap-physics
Fusion	Joining of light nuclei		tp-ap-physics
Alpha decay	Emission of a helium nucleus		tp-ap-physics
Beta decay	A neutron becomes a proton, emitting an electron and antineutrino		tp-ap-physics
Behaviorism	School of thought studying observable behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Cognitive psychology	Study of mental processes such as memory and thinking		tp-ap-psychology
Psychoanalytic perspective	Freud's view that unconscious drives shape behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Humanistic psychology	Focus on growth, free will and self-actualization		tp-ap-psychology
Biopsychology	Study of how biology influences behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Wilhelm Wundt	Founded the first psychology lab in 1879		tp-ap-psychology
Hypothesis	A testable prediction		tp-ap-psychology
Independent variable	The factor the researcher manipulates		tp-ap-psychology
Dependent variable	The outcome measured		tp-ap-psychology
Random assignment	Placing participants into groups by chance		tp-ap-psychology
Control group	Group not receiving the treatment		tp-ap-psychology
Double-blind study	Neither participants nor researchers know who gets the treatment		tp-ap-psychology
Placebo effect	Improvement due to expectation, not the treatment		tp-ap-psychology
Correlation	A relationship between two variables; does not prove cause		tp-ap-psychology
Correlation coefficient	A number from -1 to +1 showing strength and direction of relationship		tp-ap-psychology
Operational definition	A precise statement of how a variable is measured		tp-ap-psychology
Informed consent	Participants agree after learning what is involved		tp-ap-psychology
Neuron	A nerve cell		tp-ap-psychology
Dendrite	Receives signals into a neuron		tp-ap-psychology
Axon	Carries signals away from the cell body		tp-ap-psychology
Action potential	An electrical impulse along an axon		tp-ap-psychology
Synapse	The gap between neurons		tp-ap-psychology
Neurotransmitter	Chemical messenger sent across a synapse		tp-ap-psychology
Dopamine	Neurotransmitter linked to reward and movement		tp-ap-psychology
Serotonin	Neurotransmitter affecting mood, sleep and appetite		tp-ap-psychology
Acetylcholine	Neurotransmitter involved in muscles and memory		tp-ap-psychology
Endorphins	Natural pain relievers		tp-ap-psychology
Central nervous system	The brain and spinal cord		tp-ap-psychology
Peripheral nervous system	Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord		tp-ap-psychology
Sympathetic nervous system	Prepares the body for action		tp-ap-psychology
Parasympathetic nervous system	Calms the body		tp-ap-psychology
Hypothalamus	Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature and hormone release		tp-ap-psychology
Hippocampus	Forms new explicit memories		tp-ap-psychology
Amygdala	Processes fear and emotion		tp-ap-psychology
Cerebellum	Coordinates balance and movement		tp-ap-psychology
Frontal lobe	Planning, judgment and movement		tp-ap-psychology
Broca's area	Involved in producing speech		tp-ap-psychology
Wernicke's area	Involved in understanding language		tp-ap-psychology
Corpus callosum	Band of fibers connecting the brain's hemispheres		tp-ap-psychology
Neuroplasticity	The brain's ability to change through experience		tp-ap-psychology
Sensation	Detecting stimuli with sense organs		tp-ap-psychology
Perception	Interpreting sensory information		tp-ap-psychology
Absolute threshold	The smallest stimulus detected half the time		tp-ap-psychology
Just noticeable difference	The smallest change that can be detected		tp-ap-psychology
Sensory adaptation	Reduced response to unchanging stimuli		tp-ap-psychology
Gestalt principles	Rules for how we organize perceptions into wholes		tp-ap-psychology
Depth perception	Judging distance		tp-ap-psychology
Binocular cues	Depth cues that need both eyes		tp-ap-psychology
Bottom-up processing	Perception built from sensory details		tp-ap-psychology
Top-down processing	Perception guided by expectations		tp-ap-psychology
Circadian rhythm	The roughly 24-hour body clock		tp-ap-psychology
REM sleep	Sleep stage with vivid dreams and active brain		tp-ap-psychology
Consciousness	Awareness of ourselves and our surroundings		tp-ap-psychology
Classical conditioning	Learning by associating two stimuli		tp-ap-psychology
Unconditioned stimulus	Naturally triggers a response		tp-ap-psychology
Conditioned stimulus	Neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a response		tp-ap-psychology
Extinction	Fading of a learned response when the association stops		tp-ap-psychology
Operant conditioning	Learning through consequences		tp-ap-psychology
Reinforcement	Anything that increases a behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Punishment	Anything that decreases a behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Positive reinforcement	Adding something pleasant to increase behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Negative reinforcement	Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Variable-ratio schedule	Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses		tp-ap-psychology
Observational learning	Learning by watching others		tp-ap-psychology
Albert Bandura	Bobo doll studies on observational learning		tp-ap-psychology
Ivan Pavlov	Discovered classical conditioning using dogs		tp-ap-psychology
B.F. Skinner	Pioneer of operant conditioning		tp-ap-psychology
Encoding	Getting information into memory		tp-ap-psychology
Storage	Keeping information over time		tp-ap-psychology
Retrieval	Getting information out of memory		tp-ap-psychology
Working memory	Short-term memory used to process information		tp-ap-psychology
Explicit memory	Memory of facts and experiences you can state		tp-ap-psychology
Implicit memory	Memory shown through skills and habits		tp-ap-psychology
Mnemonic device	A memory aid		tp-ap-psychology
Spacing effect	Learning is better spread out than crammed		tp-ap-psychology
Retroactive interference	New learning disrupts old memories		tp-ap-psychology
Proactive interference	Old learning disrupts new memories		tp-ap-psychology
Anterograde amnesia	Inability to form new memories		tp-ap-psychology
Heuristic	A mental shortcut		tp-ap-psychology
Confirmation bias	Seeking information that supports existing beliefs		tp-ap-psychology
Functional fixedness	Seeing objects only in their usual uses		tp-ap-psychology
Algorithm	A step-by-step method that guarantees a solution		tp-ap-psychology
Intelligence quotient	Score derived from standardized intelligence tests		tp-ap-psychology
Reliability	Consistency of a test		tp-ap-psychology
Validity	Whether a test measures what it claims to		tp-ap-psychology
Standardization	Uniform procedures and norms for a test		tp-ap-psychology
Developmental psychology	Study of change across the lifespan		tp-ap-psychology
Piaget's stages	Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational		tp-ap-psychology
Object permanence	Knowing that things exist when not seen		tp-ap-psychology
Conservation	Understanding that amount stays the same despite shape change		tp-ap-psychology
Egocentrism	Difficulty seeing another person's viewpoint		tp-ap-psychology
Attachment	Emotional bond between infant and caregiver		tp-ap-psychology
Harlow's monkeys	Showed infants need comfort contact as well as food		tp-ap-psychology
Authoritative parenting	High warmth with firm limits		tp-ap-psychology
Erikson's stages	Eight psychosocial crises across life		tp-ap-psychology
Zone of proximal development	Tasks a child can do with help; Vygotsky's idea		tp-ap-psychology
Maslow's hierarchy	Needs from physiological to self-actualization		tp-ap-psychology
Intrinsic motivation	Doing something for its own enjoyment		tp-ap-psychology
Cannon-Bard theory	Emotion and body arousal occur at the same time		tp-ap-psychology
Cognitive dissonance	Discomfort when beliefs and actions conflict		tp-ap-psychology
Fundamental attribution error	Overestimating personality and underestimating situation when explaining others' behavior		tp-ap-psychology
Conformity	Adjusting behavior to fit a group		tp-ap-psychology
Bystander effect	People are less likely to help when others are present		tp-ap-psychology
Big Five traits	Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism		tp-ap-psychology
Id, ego, superego	Freud's three parts of personality		tp-ap-psychology
Defense mechanism	Unconscious strategy to reduce anxiety		tp-ap-psychology
Locus of control	Belief about whether outcomes come from inside or outside you		tp-ap-psychology
Psychological disorder	Patterns of thought or behavior that cause distress or impairment		tp-ap-psychology
Anxiety disorder	Excessive fear or worry		tp-ap-psychology
Mood disorder	Disturbance of emotion such as depression		tp-ap-psychology
Cognitive-behavioral therapy	Treatment changing unhelpful thoughts and behaviors		tp-ap-psychology
Psychotherapy	Treatment through talking with a trained professional		tp-ap-psychology
Antidepressant	Medication treating depression		tp-ap-psychology
Population	The entire group being studied		tp-ap-statistics
Sample	The part of the population actually measured		tp-ap-statistics
Parameter	A number describing a population		tp-ap-statistics
Statistic	A number describing a sample		tp-ap-statistics
Categorical variable	Places individuals into groups		tp-ap-statistics
Quantitative variable	Takes numerical values that can be measured or counted		tp-ap-statistics
Discrete variable	Takes countable values		tp-ap-statistics
Continuous variable	Takes any value in an interval		tp-ap-statistics
Bar graph	Shows counts or percentages for categories		tp-ap-statistics
Histogram	Bars showing how quantitative data are distributed		tp-ap-statistics
Dotplot	Each value shown as a dot above a number line		tp-ap-statistics
Boxplot	Display of the five-number summary		tp-ap-statistics
Five-number summary	Minimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum		tp-ap-statistics
Interquartile range	Q3 minus Q1		tp-ap-statistics
Outlier rule	Values beyond 1.5 times IQR from the quartiles		tp-ap-statistics
Mean	Sum of values divided by their number		tp-ap-statistics
Median	Middle value when ordered		tp-ap-statistics
Resistant measure	A statistic not strongly affected by outliers, like the median		tp-ap-statistics
Standard deviation	Typical distance of values from the mean		tp-ap-statistics
Variance	The square of the standard deviation		tp-ap-statistics
Skewed right	Long tail toward larger values; mean greater than median		tp-ap-statistics
Symmetric distribution	Both sides are mirror images		tp-ap-statistics
Z-score	How many standard deviations a value is from the mean		tp-ap-statistics
Normal distribution	Bell-shaped, symmetric distribution		tp-ap-statistics
Empirical rule	About 68, 95 and 99.7 percent within 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations		tp-ap-statistics
Percentile	Percent of values at or below a given value		tp-ap-statistics
Scatterplot	Graph of two quantitative variables		tp-ap-statistics
Correlation r	Measures strength and direction of a linear relationship, -1 to 1		tp-ap-statistics
Least-squares regression line	Line minimizing the sum of squared residuals		tp-ap-statistics
Residual	Actual value minus predicted value		tp-ap-statistics
Residual plot	Graph used to check if a linear model fits		tp-ap-statistics
Coefficient of determination	r squared, share of variation explained by the model		tp-ap-statistics
Slope	Predicted change in y for each one-unit increase in x		tp-ap-statistics
Extrapolation	Predicting outside the range of the data, which is risky		tp-ap-statistics
Influential point	A point that greatly changes the regression line		tp-ap-statistics
Lurking variable	An unmeasured variable influencing the relationship		tp-ap-statistics
Confounding	Effects of variables cannot be separated		tp-ap-statistics
Simple random sample	Every group of the chosen size is equally likely		tp-ap-statistics
Stratified random sample	Random samples from each subgroup		tp-ap-statistics
Cluster sample	Randomly choose groups and survey everyone in them		tp-ap-statistics
Systematic sample	Choose every kth individual		tp-ap-statistics
Convenience sample	Easy-to-reach individuals; likely biased		tp-ap-statistics
Voluntary response bias	Bias from people choosing to respond		tp-ap-statistics
Undercoverage	Some groups are left out of the sampling frame		tp-ap-statistics
Nonresponse bias	Selected individuals do not respond		tp-ap-statistics
Response bias	Answers distorted by question wording or situation		tp-ap-statistics
Observational study	Observes without assigning treatments		tp-ap-statistics
Experiment	Researchers impose treatments on subjects		tp-ap-statistics
Randomized block design	Group similar subjects into blocks, then randomize within blocks		tp-ap-statistics
Matched pairs design	Subjects paired or each used twice to compare treatments		tp-ap-statistics
Replication	Using enough subjects so results are reliable		tp-ap-statistics
Blinding	Hiding treatment information to reduce bias		tp-ap-statistics
Law of large numbers	Relative frequency approaches probability with more trials		tp-ap-statistics
Sample space	All possible outcomes		tp-ap-statistics
Complement rule	P(not A) = 1 - P(A)		tp-ap-statistics
Addition rule	P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)		tp-ap-statistics
Independent events	One does not change the probability of the other		tp-ap-statistics
Conditional probability	P(A | B) = P(A and B) / P(B)		tp-ap-statistics
Mutually exclusive	Events that cannot occur together		tp-ap-statistics
Random variable	A numerical outcome of a random process		tp-ap-statistics
Expected value	The long-run average of a random variable		tp-ap-statistics
Binomial setting	Fixed trials, two outcomes, independent, constant probability		tp-ap-statistics
Binomial mean	np		tp-ap-statistics
Binomial standard deviation	sqrt(np(1 - p))		tp-ap-statistics
Geometric distribution	Counts trials until the first success		tp-ap-statistics
Sampling distribution	Distribution of a statistic across all samples of a given size		tp-ap-statistics
Unbiased estimator	A statistic whose mean equals the parameter		tp-ap-statistics
Central limit theorem	Sample means become approximately normal as sample size grows		tp-ap-statistics
Standard error	Estimated standard deviation of a statistic		tp-ap-statistics
Margin of error	Critical value times the standard error		tp-ap-statistics
Confidence interval	A range of plausible values for a parameter		tp-ap-statistics
Confidence level	Long-run percent of intervals that capture the parameter		tp-ap-statistics
Null hypothesis	The claim of no effect or no difference		tp-ap-statistics
Alternative hypothesis	The claim tested for evidence		tp-ap-statistics
P-value	Probability of results at least as extreme as observed if the null is true		tp-ap-statistics
Significance level	Cutoff probability for rejecting the null, often 0.05		tp-ap-statistics
Type I error	Rejecting a true null hypothesis		tp-ap-statistics
Type II error	Failing to reject a false null hypothesis		tp-ap-statistics
Power	Probability of correctly rejecting a false null		tp-ap-statistics
One-sample z-test for proportion	Tests a claim about a population proportion		tp-ap-statistics
t-distribution	Used with sample standard deviation for means; heavier tails than normal		tp-ap-statistics
Degrees of freedom	Number of independent pieces of information		tp-ap-statistics
Two-sample t-test	Compares means of two independent groups		tp-ap-statistics
Paired t-test	Compares means within matched pairs		tp-ap-statistics
Chi-square goodness of fit	Tests whether counts match a claimed distribution		tp-ap-statistics
Chi-square test of independence	Tests association between two categorical variables		tp-ap-statistics
Expected count	Count predicted if the null is true		tp-ap-statistics
Inference for slope	t-test of the slope of a regression line		tp-ap-statistics
Conditions for inference	Random, independent (10 percent rule), and normal or large sample		tp-ap-statistics
10 percent condition	Sample should be under 10 percent of population for independence		tp-ap-statistics
Large counts condition	np and n(1-p) each at least 10		tp-ap-statistics
Statistical significance	Results unlikely to be due to chance alone		tp-ap-statistics
Causation conclusion	Only well-designed randomized experiments support causal claims		tp-ap-statistics
Columbian Exchange	Transfer of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the Old World after 1492		tp-ap-us-history
Encomienda system	Spanish grants of Native labor to colonists		tp-ap-us-history
Jamestown (1607)	First permanent English colony in North America		tp-ap-us-history
Headright system	Land grants to colonists who paid for passage, used in Virginia		tp-ap-us-history
House of Burgesses	Virginia's elected assembly, begun 1619		tp-ap-us-history
Mayflower Compact (1620)	Agreement by Plymouth settlers to govern by consent		tp-ap-us-history
Puritans	Reformers who settled Massachusetts Bay seeking a purified church		tp-ap-us-history
Roger Williams	Founded Rhode Island on religious tolerance		tp-ap-us-history
Mercantilism	Economic idea that colonies exist to enrich the mother country		tp-ap-us-history
Navigation Acts	English laws controlling colonial trade		tp-ap-us-history
Middle Passage	The forced sea voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas		tp-ap-us-history
Great Awakening	18th-century religious revival		tp-ap-us-history
Salutary neglect	British policy of lax enforcement of colonial rules		tp-ap-us-history
Seven Years' War	War ending 1763 that expelled France from mainland North America		tp-ap-us-history
Proclamation of 1763	British ban on colonial settlement west of the Appalachians		tp-ap-us-history
Stamp Act (1765)	Direct tax on printed items that provoked 'no taxation without representation'		tp-ap-us-history
Boston Tea Party (1773)	Protest destroying tea in Boston Harbor		tp-ap-us-history
Intolerable Acts	Punitive laws after the Tea Party		tp-ap-us-history
Common Sense	1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence		tp-ap-us-history
Declaration of Independence	1776 statement of colonial rights and separation from Britain		tp-ap-us-history
Articles of Confederation	First US government; weak central power		tp-ap-us-history
Northwest Ordinance (1787)	Set up governance of western lands and banned slavery there		tp-ap-us-history
Shays' Rebellion	1786 farmers' uprising that revealed weakness of the Articles		tp-ap-us-history
Constitutional Convention	1787 meeting that wrote the Constitution		tp-ap-us-history
Great Compromise	Two-house Congress: equal Senate, population-based House		tp-ap-us-history
Three-Fifths Compromise	Counted enslaved people as three-fifths for representation		tp-ap-us-history
Federalists	Supporters of ratifying the Constitution		tp-ap-us-history
Anti-Federalists	Opponents who feared strong central power and wanted a bill of rights		tp-ap-us-history
Federalist Papers	Essays arguing for ratification		tp-ap-us-history
Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments, ratified 1791		tp-ap-us-history
Hamilton's financial plan	Federal assumption of state debts, a national bank and tariffs		tp-ap-us-history
Jay's Treaty	1794 treaty easing tensions with Britain		tp-ap-us-history
Alien and Sedition Acts	1798 laws restricting immigrants and criticism of the government		tp-ap-us-history
Marbury v. Madison	1803 case establishing judicial review		tp-ap-us-history
Louisiana Purchase	1803 purchase of territory from France, doubling the nation's size		tp-ap-us-history
War of 1812	Conflict with Britain that boosted national identity		tp-ap-us-history
Monroe Doctrine	1823 warning against European colonization in the Americas		tp-ap-us-history
Market Revolution	Early 1800s changes in transport, manufacturing and trade		tp-ap-us-history
Erie Canal	1825 waterway linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic		tp-ap-us-history
Cotton gin	Invention that made cotton very profitable and entrenched slavery		tp-ap-us-history
Jacksonian democracy	Expansion of white male voting and the common man's politics		tp-ap-us-history
Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law leading to forced relocation of Native nations		tp-ap-us-history
Trail of Tears	Forced march of Cherokee and others to Indian Territory		tp-ap-us-history
Second Great Awakening	Religious revival that fueled reform movements		tp-ap-us-history
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)	First major women's rights convention		tp-ap-us-history
Manifest Destiny	Belief that the US was meant to expand across the continent		tp-ap-us-history
Mexican-American War	1846-48 war that gave the US the Southwest and California		tp-ap-us-history
Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as slave, Maine as free; set a line at 36 30		tp-ap-us-history
Compromise of 1850	Package including California as free state and a stronger fugitive slave law		tp-ap-us-history
Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 law letting settlers decide on slavery, reigniting conflict		tp-ap-us-history
Dred Scott decision (1857)	Ruling that Black people could not be citizens		tp-ap-us-history
Emancipation Proclamation	1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held areas		tp-ap-us-history
Gettysburg	1863 battle that turned the war toward the Union		tp-ap-us-history
Reconstruction	Post-Civil War effort to rebuild the South and define freedom		tp-ap-us-history
13th Amendment	Abolished slavery		tp-ap-us-history
14th Amendment	Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection		tp-ap-us-history
15th Amendment	Barred denying the vote because of race		tp-ap-us-history
Freedmen's Bureau	Agency aiding formerly enslaved people		tp-ap-us-history
Black Codes	Southern laws restricting freed people's rights		tp-ap-us-history
Sharecropping	Farming a landowner's land for a share of the crop		tp-ap-us-history
Compromise of 1877	Ended Reconstruction as federal troops left the South		tp-ap-us-history
Jim Crow laws	Southern laws enforcing racial segregation		tp-ap-us-history
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Upheld 'separate but equal'		tp-ap-us-history
Homestead Act (1862)	Gave settlers western land for farming		tp-ap-us-history
Transcontinental Railroad	Completed 1869, linking East and West		tp-ap-us-history
Gilded Age	Late 1800s era of rapid growth and visible inequality		tp-ap-us-history
Robber barons	Critics' name for ruthless industrial magnates		tp-ap-us-history
Sherman Antitrust Act	1890 law against monopolies		tp-ap-us-history
Populist Party	1890s farmers' party seeking reforms		tp-ap-us-history
Dawes Act (1887)	Broke up tribal lands into individual plots		tp-ap-us-history
Progressive Era	Reform period around 1900-1920		tp-ap-us-history
Muckrakers	Journalists exposing corruption and abuses		tp-ap-us-history
The Jungle	Upton Sinclair's novel that prompted food safety laws		tp-ap-us-history
Spanish-American War (1898)	Brought the US overseas territories like the Philippines and Puerto Rico		tp-ap-us-history
Open Door policy	US stance favoring equal trade access in China		tp-ap-us-history
World War I	1914-18 conflict the US joined in 1917		tp-ap-us-history
Treaty of Versailles	1919 peace treaty that the US Senate did not ratify		tp-ap-us-history
19th Amendment	1920 ratification giving women the vote		tp-ap-us-history
Great Migration	Movement of Black Americans from the South to northern cities		tp-ap-us-history
Harlem Renaissance	1920s flowering of Black art and literature		tp-ap-us-history
Scopes Trial (1925)	Trial over teaching evolution in Tennessee		tp-ap-us-history
Stock market crash of 1929	Start of the Great Depression		tp-ap-us-history
New Deal	Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery and reform programs		tp-ap-us-history
Social Security Act (1935)	Created old-age pensions and unemployment insurance		tp-ap-us-history
Dust Bowl	1930s Plains drought and erosion that drove farm migration		tp-ap-us-history
Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)	Attack that brought the US into World War II		tp-ap-us-history
Japanese American internment	Wartime confinement of people of Japanese ancestry		tp-ap-us-history
Manhattan Project	Secret program to build atomic weapons		tp-ap-us-history
GI Bill	Postwar benefits for veterans including education and housing		tp-ap-us-history
Containment	Cold War policy of stopping the spread of communism		tp-ap-us-history
Truman Doctrine	1947 pledge to aid nations resisting communism		tp-ap-us-history
Marshall Plan	US aid to rebuild Western Europe		tp-ap-us-history
NATO	1949 Western military alliance		tp-ap-us-history
Korean War	1950-53 conflict ending in stalemate		tp-ap-us-history
McCarthyism	Accusations of communism without solid proof in the 1950s		tp-ap-us-history
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)	Ruled school segregation unconstitutional		tp-ap-us-history
Montgomery Bus Boycott	1955-56 protest launching the modern civil rights movement		tp-ap-us-history
Civil Rights Act of 1964	Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment		tp-ap-us-history
Voting Rights Act of 1965	Stopped discriminatory voting practices		tp-ap-us-history
Great Society	Lyndon Johnson's domestic program including Medicare		tp-ap-us-history
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)	Standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba		tp-ap-us-history
Vietnam War	Long Cold War conflict dividing Americans		tp-ap-us-history
Watergate	1970s scandal leading to Nixon's resignation		tp-ap-us-history
Reagan Revolution	1980s push for lower taxes, less regulation and a larger military		tp-ap-us-history
End of the Cold War	Soviet Union dissolved in 1991		tp-ap-us-history
Silk Roads	Overland and sea trade routes linking Asia, Africa and Europe		tp-ap-world-history
Dar al-Islam	The Islamic world, a zone of shared religion and trade		tp-ap-world-history
Abbasid Caliphate	Islamic empire (750-1258) centered at Baghdad, known for learning		tp-ap-world-history
House of Wisdom	Baghdad center for translating and advancing knowledge		tp-ap-world-history
Mongol Empire	Largest land empire; linked Eurasia under Genghis Khan and successors		tp-ap-world-history
Pax Mongolica	Relative safety for trade across Mongol lands		tp-ap-world-history
Bubonic plague	Black Death spread along trade routes in the 1300s		tp-ap-world-history
Song dynasty	Chinese dynasty with advances in printing, gunpowder and paper money		tp-ap-world-history
Neo-Confucianism	Revival of Confucian thought blended with Buddhist and Daoist ideas		tp-ap-world-history
Ming dynasty	Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that sent Zheng He's voyages		tp-ap-world-history
Zheng He	Ming admiral who led large treasure fleets across the Indian Ocean		tp-ap-world-history
Tang dynasty	Chinese dynasty known for prosperity and Buddhism		tp-ap-world-history
Grand Canal	Waterway linking northern and southern China		tp-ap-world-history
Feudalism	System of land held in exchange for loyalty and service		tp-ap-world-history
Manorialism	Medieval economic system built on self-sufficient estates		tp-ap-world-history
Byzantine Empire	Eastern Roman Empire centered on Constantinople		tp-ap-world-history
Crusades	Religious wars between European Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land		tp-ap-world-history
Renaissance	European revival of classical learning and art from the 1300s		tp-ap-world-history
Printing press	Mid-1400s invention that spread ideas faster		tp-ap-world-history
Protestant Reformation	1500s movement challenging Catholic authority		tp-ap-world-history
Martin Luther	German monk whose Ninety-five Theses began the Reformation		tp-ap-world-history
Mali Empire	West African empire rich from gold and salt trade		tp-ap-world-history
Mansa Musa	Mali emperor famed for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324		tp-ap-world-history
Timbuktu	Trading and learning center in West Africa		tp-ap-world-history
Swahili Coast	East African trading cities linking Africa to the Indian Ocean		tp-ap-world-history
Great Zimbabwe	Southern African stone city and trading center		tp-ap-world-history
Aztec Empire	Mesoamerican empire centered at Tenochtitlan		tp-ap-world-history
Inca Empire	Andean empire known for roads and terrace farming		tp-ap-world-history
Mit'a system	Inca labor obligation to the state		tp-ap-world-history
Ottoman Empire	Islamic empire that took Constantinople in 1453		tp-ap-world-history
Safavid Empire	Persian empire that made Shia Islam its state religion		tp-ap-world-history
Mughal Empire	Muslim-ruled empire in South Asia from 1526		tp-ap-world-history
Akbar	Mughal ruler noted for religious tolerance		tp-ap-world-history
Tokugawa shogunate	Japanese military rule (1603-1868) with limited foreign contact		tp-ap-world-history
Atlantic slave trade	Forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas		tp-ap-world-history
Triangular trade	Trade linking Europe, Africa and the Americas		tp-ap-world-history
Joint-stock company	Business owned by investors who share risk, like the Dutch East India Company		tp-ap-world-history
Mercantilism	Policy of building national wealth through exports and colonies		tp-ap-world-history
Scientific Revolution	16th-17th century shift to evidence-based study of nature		tp-ap-world-history
Enlightenment	18th-century movement stressing reason and individual rights		tp-ap-world-history
Absolutism	A monarch holds total authority		tp-ap-world-history
Louis XIV	French king who embodied absolutism		tp-ap-world-history
Peter the Great	Russian tsar who Westernized his country		tp-ap-world-history
American Revolution	Colonial independence movement of 1775-1783		tp-ap-world-history
French Revolution	1789 upheaval that ended the old order in France		tp-ap-world-history
Haitian Revolution	Successful enslaved people's revolt that created Haiti in 1804		tp-ap-world-history
Simon Bolivar	Leader of independence movements in northern South America		tp-ap-world-history
Napoleon Bonaparte	French emperor who spread revolutionary ideas by conquest		tp-ap-world-history
Nationalism	Loyalty to one's nation and its self-rule		tp-ap-world-history
Industrial Revolution	Shift to machine and factory production beginning in Britain		tp-ap-world-history
Capitalism	Economic system of private ownership and markets		tp-ap-world-history
Socialism	System favoring shared or state ownership of production		tp-ap-world-history
Karl Marx	Thinker who wrote The Communist Manifesto, criticizing capitalism		tp-ap-world-history
Urbanization	Growth of cities		tp-ap-world-history
Imperialism	Building empires by conquering or dominating other lands		tp-ap-world-history
Berlin Conference (1884-85)	Meeting where European powers set rules for dividing Africa		tp-ap-world-history
Opium Wars	19th-century conflicts forcing China to open to trade		tp-ap-world-history
Taiping Rebellion	Massive 1850-64 uprising against Qing rule		tp-ap-world-history
Meiji Restoration	1868 modernization of Japan under the emperor		tp-ap-world-history
Sepoy Rebellion (1857)	Uprising against British East India Company rule in India		tp-ap-world-history
Suez Canal	1869 waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas		tp-ap-world-history
Abolition	Ending slavery; widespread across empires in the 1800s		tp-ap-world-history
Boxer Rebellion	Chinese uprising against foreign influence around 1900		tp-ap-world-history
World War I	1914-18 global conflict that ended four empires		tp-ap-world-history
Russian Revolution (1917)	Overthrow of the tsar, leading to Soviet rule		tp-ap-world-history
Great Depression	1930s worldwide economic collapse		tp-ap-world-history
Fascism	Authoritarian ultranationalist political movement		tp-ap-world-history
World War II	1939-45 global war		tp-ap-world-history
Holocaust	Nazi genocide of six million Jews and others		tp-ap-world-history
United Nations	International body founded 1945		tp-ap-world-history
Cold War	Rivalry between the US and USSR after 1945		tp-ap-world-history
Chinese Revolution (1949)	Communist victory led by Mao Zedong		tp-ap-world-history
Decolonization	Colonies gaining independence after 1945		tp-ap-world-history
Indian independence (1947)	End of British rule and partition into India and Pakistan		tp-ap-world-history
Mahatma Gandhi	Leader of nonviolent resistance in India		tp-ap-world-history
Non-Aligned Movement	Nations avoiding alliance with either Cold War bloc		tp-ap-world-history
Green Revolution	Mid-20th century agricultural advances raising crop yields		tp-ap-world-history
Apartheid	South Africa's system of legal racial segregation		tp-ap-world-history
Nelson Mandela	Anti-apartheid leader who became South Africa's president in 1994		tp-ap-world-history
Globalization	Growing worldwide connection of economies and cultures		tp-ap-world-history
Migration	Movement of people across regions, a major theme in world history		tp-ap-world-history
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Spain-Portugal agreement dividing newly found lands		tp-ap-world-history
Columbian Exchange	Trade of crops, animals and diseases across the Atlantic		tp-ap-world-history
Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca		tp-ap-world-history
Sufism	Mystical tradition in Islam that helped spread the faith		tp-ap-world-history
Bhakti movement	Devotional Hindu movement stressing personal love of god		tp-ap-world-history
Caravel	Light, maneuverable ship used by Portuguese explorers		tp-ap-world-history
Gunpowder empires	Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal states that used cannons		tp-ap-world-history
Devshirme	Ottoman practice of recruiting boys for the army and government		tp-ap-world-history
Millet system	Ottoman system giving religious communities self-government		tp-ap-world-history
Qing dynasty	Last Chinese imperial dynasty (1644-1912)		tp-ap-world-history
Sati and reform	Reformers in 19th-century India campaigned against the custom of widow burning		tp-ap-world-history
Tanzimat	Ottoman reforms of the 1800s to modernize the state		tp-ap-world-history
Zionism	Movement for a Jewish homeland, emerging in the late 1800s		tp-ap-world-history
Pan-Africanism	Movement for unity among people of African descent		tp-ap-world-history
Genocide	Deliberate destruction of a national or ethnic group		tp-ap-world-history
Non-state actors	Groups like corporations or movements that act across borders without being governments		tp-ap-world-history
European Union	Economic and political union of European countries		tp-ap-world-history
OPEC	Organization of oil-exporting countries formed 1960		tp-ap-world-history
Lift	Upward force from air moving over the wings		tp-aviation-terms
Weight	Downward force from gravity		tp-aviation-terms
Thrust	Forward force from the engine or propeller		tp-aviation-terms
Drag	Backward force from air resistance		tp-aviation-terms
Four forces of flight	Lift, weight, thrust and drag		tp-aviation-terms
Bernoulli's principle	Faster air has lower pressure, contributing to lift		tp-aviation-terms
Angle of attack	Angle between the wing and the oncoming air		tp-aviation-terms
Stall	Wing loses lift when the angle of attack is too high		tp-aviation-terms
Airfoil	Shape of a wing designed to produce lift		tp-aviation-terms
Fuselage	Main body of the airplane		tp-aviation-terms
Wing	Surface that produces lift		tp-aviation-terms
Empennage	The tail section		tp-aviation-terms
Vertical stabilizer	Fin that keeps the airplane straight		tp-aviation-terms
Horizontal stabilizer	Tail surface that keeps the nose from pitching		tp-aviation-terms
Rudder	Control surface that yaws the nose left or right		tp-aviation-terms
Elevator	Control surface that pitches the nose up or down		tp-aviation-terms
Aileron	Control surface on the wings that rolls the airplane		tp-aviation-terms
Flaps	Wing surfaces that increase lift and drag for slow flight		tp-aviation-terms
Slats	Leading-edge devices that help lift at low speeds		tp-aviation-terms
Spoiler	Surface that disrupts lift and slows the aircraft		tp-aviation-terms
Trim tab	Small surface that reduces control pressure		tp-aviation-terms
Landing gear	Wheels and supports for takeoff and landing		tp-aviation-terms
Tricycle gear	Landing gear with a nose wheel and two main wheels		tp-aviation-terms
Propeller	Rotating blades that pull the aircraft through the air		tp-aviation-terms
Turbine engine	Engine using compressed air and burning fuel to create thrust		tp-aviation-terms
Jet engine	Engine producing thrust by expelling exhaust		tp-aviation-terms
Cockpit	Area where the pilots sit		tp-aviation-terms
Yoke	Control wheel used to steer the airplane		tp-aviation-terms
Control stick	Control lever that serves the same role as a yoke		tp-aviation-terms
Rudder pedals	Foot controls for the rudder		tp-aviation-terms
Throttle	Control for engine power		tp-aviation-terms
Pitch	Nose up or nose down movement		tp-aviation-terms
Roll	Tilting the wings side to side		tp-aviation-terms
Yaw	Nose moving left or right		tp-aviation-terms
Altitude	Height above sea level or ground		tp-aviation-terms
Altimeter	Instrument showing altitude		tp-aviation-terms
Airspeed indicator	Instrument showing speed through the air		tp-aviation-terms
Attitude indicator	Instrument showing the aircraft's orientation relative to the horizon		tp-aviation-terms
Heading indicator	Instrument showing the direction the aircraft points		tp-aviation-terms
Vertical speed indicator	Shows climb or descent rate		tp-aviation-terms
Turn coordinator	Instrument showing rate of turn and coordination		tp-aviation-terms
Compass	Magnetic direction instrument		tp-aviation-terms
Six-pack	The classic six flight instruments		tp-aviation-terms
Transponder	Device that identifies the aircraft to radar		tp-aviation-terms
GPS	Satellite navigation system		tp-aviation-terms
Autopilot	System that flies the aircraft automatically		tp-aviation-terms
VFR	Visual flight rules		tp-aviation-terms
IFR	Instrument flight rules		tp-aviation-terms
Visibility	How far a pilot can see		tp-aviation-terms
Ceiling	Height of the lowest broken or overcast cloud layer		tp-aviation-terms
Turbulence	Irregular air movement causing bumps		tp-aviation-terms
Crosswind	Wind blowing across the runway		tp-aviation-terms
Headwind	Wind blowing against the direction of flight		tp-aviation-terms
Tailwind	Wind blowing from behind		tp-aviation-terms
Windsock	Cone showing wind direction and strength		tp-aviation-terms
Density altitude	Altitude adjusted for temperature and pressure; affects performance		tp-aviation-terms
Runway	Strip for takeoff and landing		tp-aviation-terms
Taxiway	Path for aircraft moving between runways and parking		tp-aviation-terms
Apron (ramp)	Parking area for aircraft		tp-aviation-terms
Hangar	Building for storing aircraft		tp-aviation-terms
Control tower	Facility directing aircraft at an airport		tp-aviation-terms
ATC	Air traffic control		tp-aviation-terms
Takeoff	Leaving the ground		tp-aviation-terms
Climb	Gaining altitude		tp-aviation-terms
Cruise	Level flight at a steady altitude		tp-aviation-terms
Descent	Losing altitude		tp-aviation-terms
Approach	Flight path toward a runway		tp-aviation-terms
Landing	Returning the aircraft to the ground		tp-aviation-terms
Go-around	Aborting a landing to try again		tp-aviation-terms
Rotate	Raise the nose at takeoff speed		tp-aviation-terms
Flare	Raising the nose just before touchdown		tp-aviation-terms
Touch-and-go	Landing and taking off again without stopping		tp-aviation-terms
Traffic pattern	Standard path flown around an airport		tp-aviation-terms
Preflight inspection	Checking the aircraft before flying		tp-aviation-terms
Checklist	List of required steps to follow		tp-aviation-terms
Flight plan	Details of a planned flight filed with authorities		tp-aviation-terms
NOTAM	Notice to air missions about hazards or changes		tp-aviation-terms
METAR	Coded weather report for an airport		tp-aviation-terms
Phonetic alphabet	Alpha, Bravo, Charlie... used to spell on the radio		tp-aviation-terms
Mayday	Radio call for a life-threatening emergency		tp-aviation-terms
Pan-pan	Radio call for urgent but not immediately life-threatening trouble		tp-aviation-terms
Roger	Message received		tp-aviation-terms
Wilco	Will comply		tp-aviation-terms
Squawk	Setting a transponder code		tp-aviation-terms
Knot	One nautical mile per hour		tp-aviation-terms
Nautical mile	About 1.15 statute miles		tp-aviation-terms
Mach	Speed relative to the speed of sound		tp-aviation-terms
Pilot certificate	License authorizing someone to fly		tp-aviation-terms
Private pilot	Certificate for flying for personal purposes		tp-aviation-terms
Commercial pilot	Certificate allowing flying for pay		tp-aviation-terms
Co-pilot (first officer)	Second pilot in command structure		tp-aviation-terms
Captain	Pilot in command of a large aircraft		tp-aviation-terms
Flight attendant	Crew member responsible for passenger safety		tp-aviation-terms
Black box	Flight recorders storing data and cockpit audio; actually bright orange		tp-aviation-terms
FAA	Federal Aviation Administration		tp-aviation-terms
Glider	Aircraft without an engine that soars on rising air		tp-aviation-terms
Helicopter	Aircraft lifted by rotating blades		tp-aviation-terms
Rotor	Spinning blade assembly on a helicopter		tp-aviation-terms
Drone (UAS)	Unmanned aircraft system		tp-aviation-terms
Entrepreneur	A person who starts and runs a business and takes the risk		tp-business-terms
Startup	A young company building a new product or service		tp-business-terms
Business plan	Written description of a business's goals and how it will reach them		tp-business-terms
Mission statement	A short statement of a company's purpose		tp-business-terms
Vision statement	A description of what a company hopes to become		tp-business-terms
SWOT analysis	Reviewing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats		tp-business-terms
Sole proprietorship	A business owned and run by one person		tp-business-terms
Partnership	A business owned by two or more people		tp-business-terms
Corporation	A legal entity separate from its owners		tp-business-terms
LLC	Limited liability company, protecting owners' personal assets		tp-business-terms
Shareholder	Owner of shares in a corporation		tp-business-terms
Stock	A share of ownership in a company		tp-business-terms
Dividend	A payment of company profit to shareholders		tp-business-terms
Board of directors	Group elected by shareholders to oversee a company		tp-business-terms
CEO	Chief executive officer, the top manager		tp-business-terms
CFO	Chief financial officer		tp-business-terms
Franchise	A license to run a business under a larger brand		tp-business-terms
Nonprofit	An organization whose surplus goes to its mission, not owners		tp-business-terms
Revenue	Money a business earns from sales		tp-business-terms
Profit	Revenue minus costs		tp-business-terms
Profit margin	Profit as a percent of revenue		tp-business-terms
Overhead	Ongoing costs not tied directly to a product		tp-business-terms
Fixed cost	A cost that stays the same regardless of output		tp-business-terms
Variable cost	A cost that changes with output		tp-business-terms
Break-even point	Sales level where revenue equals total costs		tp-business-terms
Cash flow	Money moving in and out of a business		tp-business-terms
Budget	A plan for expected income and spending		tp-business-terms
Capital	Money or assets used to run or grow a business		tp-business-terms
Venture capital	Investment in young companies with growth potential		tp-business-terms
Angel investor	A wealthy individual who invests in startups		tp-business-terms
Crowdfunding	Raising small amounts from many people		tp-business-terms
Bootstrapping	Funding a business from its own revenue or savings		tp-business-terms
Equity	Ownership value in a company		tp-business-terms
Debt	Money owed		tp-business-terms
Asset	Something of value the business owns		tp-business-terms
Liability	Something the business owes		tp-business-terms
Supply chain	The network moving goods from producers to customers		tp-business-terms
Inventory	Goods held for sale or production		tp-business-terms
Just-in-time	Receiving goods only when they are needed		tp-business-terms
Outsourcing	Hiring outside firms to do work		tp-business-terms
Vendor	A seller of goods or services to a business		tp-business-terms
Wholesale	Selling goods in bulk to retailers		tp-business-terms
Retail	Selling goods directly to consumers		tp-business-terms
E-commerce	Buying and selling online		tp-business-terms
Monopoly	One firm controls a market		tp-business-terms
Competitive advantage	What lets a company outperform rivals		tp-business-terms
Market share	A company's percent of total sales in a market		tp-business-terms
Brand	The name, look and reputation of a product or company		tp-business-terms
Value proposition	The promise of value a customer will get		tp-business-terms
Niche	A specialized segment of a market		tp-business-terms
Target market	The group of customers a business aims to serve		tp-business-terms
Merger	Two companies combining into one		tp-business-terms
Acquisition	One company buying another		tp-business-terms
Initial public offering (IPO)	First sale of stock to the public		tp-business-terms
Public company	A company whose shares trade on a stock exchange		tp-business-terms
Private company	A company whose shares are not publicly traded		tp-business-terms
Bankruptcy	Legal process for people or firms unable to pay debts		tp-business-terms
Insolvency	Inability to pay debts when due		tp-business-terms
Liquidation	Selling off assets to pay debts		tp-business-terms
Audit	Independent examination of financial records		tp-business-terms
Compliance	Following laws and regulations		tp-business-terms
Ethics	Principles of right and wrong in business conduct		tp-business-terms
Corporate social responsibility	A company's duty to act for society's benefit		tp-business-terms
Stakeholder	Anyone affected by or interested in a company		tp-business-terms
Human resources	The function managing hiring, pay and employee matters		tp-business-terms
Onboarding	Helping new employees join and learn their jobs		tp-business-terms
Performance review	Evaluation of an employee's work		tp-business-terms
Delegation	Assigning tasks to others		tp-business-terms
Organizational chart	Diagram of who reports to whom		tp-business-terms
Span of control	Number of people a manager directs		tp-business-terms
Leadership	Guiding and motivating people toward goals		tp-business-terms
Autocratic leadership	Leader makes decisions alone		tp-business-terms
Democratic leadership	Leader involves the team in decisions		tp-business-terms
Motivation	The drive to act toward a goal		tp-business-terms
Productivity	Output per unit of input		tp-business-terms
Efficiency	Producing results with little waste		tp-business-terms
Quality control	Checking that products meet standards		tp-business-terms
Lean manufacturing	Eliminating waste in production		tp-business-terms
Six Sigma	A method to reduce defects and variation		tp-business-terms
Kaizen	Continuous small improvements		tp-business-terms
Key performance indicator (KPI)	A measurable value showing progress toward a goal		tp-business-terms
Return on investment (ROI)	Gain from an investment relative to its cost		tp-business-terms
Scalability	Ability to grow without a matching rise in cost		tp-business-terms
Pivot	A major change in business strategy		tp-business-terms
Minimum viable product	The simplest version of a product that tests an idea		tp-business-terms
B2B	Business-to-business sales		tp-business-terms
B2C	Business-to-consumer sales		tp-business-terms
Contract	A legally binding agreement		tp-business-terms
Invoice	A bill sent for goods or services provided		tp-business-terms
Procurement	The process of buying goods or services for a business		tp-business-terms
Benchmarking	Comparing performance to the best in the field		tp-business-terms
Globalization	Business activity across national borders		tp-business-terms
Tariff	A tax on imported goods		tp-business-terms
Exchange rate	The price of one currency in another		tp-business-terms
Citation	A reference to the source of information or ideas you use		tp-citation-styles
Bibliography	A list of sources consulted for a work		tp-citation-styles
Annotated bibliography	A source list with a short summary and evaluation of each entry		tp-citation-styles
Works Cited	MLA's list of sources actually cited		tp-citation-styles
References	APA's list of sources cited		tp-citation-styles
In-text citation	A brief reference inside the text pointing to the full source		tp-citation-styles
Footnote	A note at the bottom of the page giving a source or comment		tp-citation-styles
Endnote	A note collected at the end of a chapter or paper		tp-citation-styles
MLA	Modern Language Association style, common in the humanities		tp-citation-styles
APA	American Psychological Association style, common in social sciences		tp-citation-styles
Chicago style	Style with notes-bibliography and author-date forms, common in history		tp-citation-styles
Turabian	A student version of Chicago style		tp-citation-styles
IEEE style	Numbered citation style used in engineering and computing		tp-citation-styles
AMA style	American Medical Association style, used in medicine		tp-citation-styles
MLA in-text format	Author's last name and page number, like (Smith 45)		tp-citation-styles
APA in-text format	Author's last name and year, like (Smith, 2020)		tp-citation-styles
Chicago notes format	A superscript number linking to a footnote		tp-citation-styles
Hanging indent	Reference entries where the first line is flush left and later lines are indented		tp-citation-styles
Alphabetical order	Reference lists are usually sorted by author's last name		tp-citation-styles
Title case	Capitalizing major words in a title		tp-citation-styles
Sentence case	Capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns in a title		tp-citation-styles
Italicize book titles	Long works such as books and journals are italicized		tp-citation-styles
Quotation marks for articles	Short works such as articles and poems go in quotation marks		tp-citation-styles
DOI	Digital object identifier, a stable link to a scholarly work		tp-citation-styles
URL	The web address of an online source		tp-citation-styles
Access date	Date you viewed an online source, used where required		tp-citation-styles
Et al.	Latin for 'and others', used for works with many authors		tp-citation-styles
Ibid.	Latin for 'in the same place', used in some note styles		tp-citation-styles
Direct quotation	Using an author's exact words, in quotation marks		tp-citation-styles
Paraphrase	Restating an idea in your own words, still with a citation		tp-citation-styles
Summary	A shorter version of the main points of a source, with a citation		tp-citation-styles
Block quotation	A long quote set apart in an indented block		tp-citation-styles
Ellipsis	Three dots showing omitted words in a quotation		tp-citation-styles
Brackets in quotations	Used to add or change words within a quote		tp-citation-styles
Plagiarism	Using someone else's words or ideas without credit		tp-citation-styles
Common knowledge	Widely known facts that usually need no citation		tp-citation-styles
Primary source	Original evidence from the time, like a letter or data		tp-citation-styles
Secondary source	Analysis or interpretation of primary sources		tp-citation-styles
Tertiary source	A summary of other sources, like an encyclopedia		tp-citation-styles
Scholarly source	Work written by experts and reviewed by peers		tp-citation-styles
Peer review	Evaluation of a work by other experts before publication		tp-citation-styles
Credibility	How trustworthy a source is		tp-citation-styles
CRAAP test	Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose: a checklist for sources		tp-citation-styles
Thesis statement	A sentence stating the main argument of a paper		tp-citation-styles
Abstract	A short summary of a paper		tp-citation-styles
Literature review	A survey of existing research on a topic		tp-citation-styles
Research question	The question a paper sets out to answer		tp-citation-styles
Annotation	A note explaining or commenting on a source		tp-citation-styles
Database	An organized collection of articles and records		tp-citation-styles
Keyword search	Searching by important words		tp-citation-styles
Boolean operators	AND, OR and NOT used to combine search terms		tp-citation-styles
Citation generator	A tool that formats citations; always check the results		tp-citation-styles
MLA 9 core elements	Author, title, container, contributors, version, number, publisher, date, location		tp-citation-styles
Container (MLA)	The larger work holding a source, like a journal or website		tp-citation-styles
APA 7 title page	Title, author, affiliation, course, instructor and date		tp-citation-styles
Running head	A shortened title at the top of pages		tp-citation-styles
Header	Text at the top of each page, often a name and page number		tp-citation-styles
Double spacing	Standard line spacing in academic papers		tp-citation-styles
Font choices	Commonly 12-point Times New Roman or similar readable fonts		tp-citation-styles
Margins	Typically one inch on all sides		tp-citation-styles
Page numbers	Placed in the header in most styles		tp-citation-styles
Appendix	Extra material placed at the end of a paper		tp-citation-styles
Parenthetical citation	A citation in parentheses		tp-citation-styles
Signal phrase	Words introducing a quotation, like 'According to Smith'		tp-citation-styles
Attribution	Giving credit to the source of a statement		tp-citation-styles
Fair use	Limited use of copyrighted material for purposes like education		tp-citation-styles
Copyright	Legal protection of an author's original work		tp-citation-styles
Public domain	Works no longer under copyright		tp-citation-styles
Creative Commons	Licenses allowing sharing under stated conditions		tp-citation-styles
Ghostwriting	Having someone else write work you present as yours		tp-citation-styles
Self-plagiarism	Reusing your own previous work without disclosure		tp-citation-styles
Patchwriting	Altering a source's words only slightly, which is still plagiarism		tp-citation-styles
Works Consulted	Sources used for background but not cited		tp-citation-styles
Secondary citation	Citing a source you read about in another source, noted as 'as cited in'		tp-citation-styles
Anonymous author	Begin the entry with the title when no author is listed		tp-citation-styles
Corporate author	An organization listed as the author		tp-citation-styles
Edition	A particular published version of a book		tp-citation-styles
Volume	One book in a multi-part work or journal year		tp-citation-styles
Issue	One numbered release of a journal		tp-citation-styles
Pagination	Page numbers of a work		tp-citation-styles
Publisher	The company that makes a work public		tp-citation-styles
Milgram obedience study	Participants often followed instructions from an authority figure even when uncomfortable		tp-college-psychology
Stanford prison experiment	Study of how assigned roles shape behavior; its methods are widely criticized		tp-college-psychology
Asch conformity	People often give wrong answers to match a group		tp-college-psychology
Bystander intervention	Helping drops when more witnesses are present		tp-college-psychology
Diffusion of responsibility	Individuals feel less personally responsible in groups		tp-college-psychology
Social loafing	People put in less effort in a group		tp-college-psychology
Groupthink	Group desire for harmony overrides critical thinking		tp-college-psychology
Social facilitation	Presence of others improves performance on easy tasks		tp-college-psychology
Foot-in-the-door	Agreeing to a small request makes a larger one more likely		tp-college-psychology
Door-in-the-face	A refused large request makes a smaller one more likely to be accepted		tp-college-psychology
Self-serving bias	Taking credit for successes and blaming outside forces for failures		tp-college-psychology
Just-world hypothesis	Belief that people get what they deserve		tp-college-psychology
Halo effect	One good trait colors judgment of the whole person		tp-college-psychology
Stereotype	A generalized belief about a group		tp-college-psychology
Prejudice	An unjustified attitude toward a group		tp-college-psychology
Discrimination	Unfair behavior toward a group		tp-college-psychology
Implicit bias	Unconscious attitudes that affect judgments		tp-college-psychology
Contact hypothesis	Positive contact between groups can reduce prejudice		tp-college-psychology
Attribution theory	How people explain causes of behavior		tp-college-psychology
Mere exposure effect	Liking something more with repeated exposure		tp-college-psychology
Reciprocity norm	Tendency to return favors		tp-college-psychology
Self-fulfilling prophecy	An expectation that causes itself to come true		tp-college-psychology
Pygmalion effect	Higher expectations lead to better performance		tp-college-psychology
Spotlight effect	Overestimating how much others notice us		tp-college-psychology
Illusion of control	Believing we influence chance events		tp-college-psychology
Sunk cost fallacy	Continuing because of past investment		tp-college-psychology
Availability heuristic	Judging likelihood by how easily examples come to mind		tp-college-psychology
Anchoring	Over-relying on the first piece of information		tp-college-psychology
Framing effect	Choices differ depending on how options are presented		tp-college-psychology
Dunning-Kruger effect	People with low skill may overestimate their ability		tp-college-psychology
Hindsight bias	Believing an event was predictable after it happened		tp-college-psychology
Overconfidence	Being more sure of judgments than accuracy justifies		tp-college-psychology
Representativeness heuristic	Judging by how closely something matches a typical example		tp-college-psychology
Schema	A mental framework organizing knowledge		tp-college-psychology
Assimilation	Fitting new information into existing schemas		tp-college-psychology
Accommodation	Changing schemas to fit new information		tp-college-psychology
Theory of mind	Understanding that others have different thoughts and beliefs		tp-college-psychology
Critical period	Window when experience has the greatest effect on development		tp-college-psychology
Imprinting	Rapid attachment to the first moving object seen		tp-college-psychology
Strange Situation	Ainsworth's test of infant attachment types		tp-college-psychology
Secure attachment	Infant uses a caregiver as a safe base		tp-college-psychology
Kohlberg's moral stages	Preconventional, conventional and postconventional reasoning		tp-college-psychology
Identity vs. role confusion	Erikson's adolescent task of forming a sense of self		tp-college-psychology
Emerging adulthood	Period roughly ages 18-25 of exploring identity		tp-college-psychology
Nature vs. nurture	Debate over genes versus environment		tp-college-psychology
Heritability	The share of variation in a trait in a group that is due to genetic differences		tp-college-psychology
Twin study	Compares identical and fraternal twins to separate genes and environment		tp-college-psychology
Epigenetics	Environmental effects on gene activity without changing DNA		tp-college-psychology
Temperament	Inborn emotional reactivity		tp-college-psychology
Reticular formation	Brain structure controlling alertness		tp-college-psychology
Thalamus	Sensory relay station		tp-college-psychology
Limbic system	Brain circuits for emotion and memory		tp-college-psychology
Prefrontal cortex	Area for planning, judgment and self-control		tp-college-psychology
Phineas Gage	Railroad worker whose injury showed frontal lobe roles in personality		tp-college-psychology
Split brain	Severing the corpus callosum affects communication between hemispheres		tp-college-psychology
Lateralization	Different functions in each hemisphere		tp-college-psychology
Mirror neurons	Neurons that fire both when acting and when watching others act		tp-college-psychology
Blind spot	Spot on the retina with no receptors		tp-college-psychology
Rods and cones	Retinal cells for dim light and for color		tp-college-psychology
Trichromatic theory	Color vision from three receptor types		tp-college-psychology
Opponent-process theory	Color perception through opposing pairs		tp-college-psychology
Place theory	Pitch is determined by where on the cochlea the wave peaks		tp-college-psychology
Gate-control theory	Pain signals can be blocked at the spinal cord		tp-college-psychology
Signal detection theory	How we detect faint stimuli amid noise		tp-college-psychology
Selective attention	Focusing on one stimulus		tp-college-psychology
Inattentional blindness	Failing to notice an unexpected object while focused elsewhere		tp-college-psychology
Change blindness	Failing to notice changes in a scene		tp-college-psychology
Cocktail party effect	Hearing your name in a noisy room		tp-college-psychology
Stages of sleep	Light sleep, deep sleep, and REM, cycling through the night		tp-college-psychology
Hypnosis	A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility		tp-college-psychology
Habituation	Decreased response to repeated stimulus		tp-college-psychology
Latent learning	Learning that is not shown until needed		tp-college-psychology
Learned helplessness	Giving up after repeated uncontrollable events		tp-college-psychology
Taste aversion	Avoiding a food linked with sickness; learned in one try		tp-college-psychology
Shaping	Reinforcing steps toward a target behavior		tp-college-psychology
Spontaneous recovery	Return of an extinguished response after rest		tp-college-psychology
Generalization	Responding similarly to similar stimuli		tp-college-psychology
Discrimination (learning)	Responding only to specific stimuli		tp-college-psychology
Flashbulb memory	Vivid memory of an emotional event		tp-college-psychology
Serial position effect	Remembering first and last items best		tp-college-psychology
Chunking	Grouping information into units		tp-college-psychology
Levels of processing	Deeper thinking leads to stronger memory		tp-college-psychology
Method of loci	Memory technique linking items to places		tp-college-psychology
Misinformation effect	Memory distorted by later information		tp-college-psychology
Source amnesia	Forgetting where information was learned		tp-college-psychology
Tip-of-the-tongue	Feeling that a word is known but not recalled		tp-college-psychology
Context-dependent memory	Easier recall in the setting where learning happened		tp-college-psychology
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve	Forgetting is fastest soon after learning		tp-college-psychology
Linguistic relativity	The idea that language shapes thought		tp-college-psychology
Fluid intelligence	Ability to reason and solve new problems		tp-college-psychology
Crystallized intelligence	Accumulated knowledge and skills		tp-college-psychology
Multiple intelligences	Gardner's proposal of several distinct kinds of intelligence		tp-college-psychology
Flynn effect	Rising average test scores over generations		tp-college-psychology
Yerkes-Dodson law	Performance is best at moderate arousal		tp-college-psychology
Drive-reduction theory	Behavior is motivated to reduce internal tension		tp-college-psychology
Set point theory	Body tends to maintain a particular weight		tp-college-psychology
Self-determination theory	Motivation depends on autonomy, competence and relatedness		tp-college-psychology
Display rules	Cultural norms for showing emotion		tp-college-psychology
Stress response	Alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages in Selye's model		tp-college-psychology
Eustress	Positive, motivating stress		tp-college-psychology
Coping	Efforts to manage stress		tp-college-psychology
Locus of control	Belief about whether control lies within or outside oneself		tp-college-psychology
Positive psychology	Study of strengths and well-being		tp-college-psychology
Flow	Being fully absorbed in an activity		tp-college-psychology
Octagon, red	Stop sign: come to a full stop		tp-driving-rules
Triangle pointing down, red and white	Yield: slow down and give way		tp-driving-rules
Circle with slash	Prohibition: whatever is shown is not allowed		tp-driving-rules
Yellow diamond	Warning of a hazard or change ahead		tp-driving-rules
Orange diamond or rectangle	Construction or work zone warning		tp-driving-rules
Pentagon, yellow-green	School zone or school crossing		tp-driving-rules
Round, yellow with an X	Railroad crossing ahead		tp-driving-rules
Crossbuck	Railroad crossing; yield to trains		tp-driving-rules
White rectangle	Regulatory sign, such as a speed limit		tp-driving-rules
Green sign	Guide information such as directions and distances		tp-driving-rules
Blue sign	Services such as gas, food or lodging; or hospital		tp-driving-rules
Brown sign	Recreational or cultural area		tp-driving-rules
Do Not Enter	Do not drive in this direction		tp-driving-rules
Wrong Way	You are driving against traffic		tp-driving-rules
One Way	Traffic moves only in the direction of the arrow		tp-driving-rules
Merge	Lanes join; adjust speed and take turns safely		tp-driving-rules
Slippery When Wet	Road may be slick; slow down		tp-driving-rules
Divided highway begins	Opposing traffic will be separated by a median		tp-driving-rules
Pedestrian crossing	People may cross; be ready to stop		tp-driving-rules
No passing zone	Do not pass other vehicles here		tp-driving-rules
Double solid yellow line	No passing in either direction		tp-driving-rules
Solid white line	Lane change is discouraged or prohibited		tp-driving-rules
Broken white line	Lane changes allowed when safe		tp-driving-rules
Dashed yellow line on your side	Passing allowed when it is safe		tp-driving-rules
Red light	Stop and wait behind the line		tp-driving-rules
Yellow light	Signal is about to turn red; stop if you can do so safely		tp-driving-rules
Green light	Go, after yielding to vehicles and pedestrians still in the intersection		tp-driving-rules
Flashing red light	Treat as a stop sign		tp-driving-rules
Flashing yellow light	Proceed with caution		tp-driving-rules
Green arrow	You may turn in the arrow's direction; oncoming traffic is stopped		tp-driving-rules
Red arrow	Do not turn in that direction		tp-driving-rules
Right of way	Who gets to go first; it is given, not taken		tp-driving-rules
Four-way stop	The first vehicle to arrive goes first; if tied, yield to the right		tp-driving-rules
Uncontrolled intersection	Yield to vehicles already in or approaching the intersection		tp-driving-rules
Pedestrians in a crosswalk	Always yield to them		tp-driving-rules
Emergency vehicle with siren	Pull over to the right and stop		tp-driving-rules
School bus with red lights flashing	Stop; in most places traffic must stop in both directions		tp-driving-rules
Three-second rule	Stay at least three seconds behind the car ahead		tp-driving-rules
Following distance in bad weather	Increase it to four seconds or more		tp-driving-rules
Stopping distance	Reaction distance plus braking distance		tp-driving-rules
Blind spot	An area beside the car that mirrors do not show		tp-driving-rules
Check mirrors and blind spots	Do this before changing lanes		tp-driving-rules
Use turn signals	Signal before turning or changing lanes		tp-driving-rules
Hand signal: left arm straight out	Left turn		tp-driving-rules
Hand signal: left arm bent up	Right turn		tp-driving-rules
Hand signal: left arm bent down	Stop or slow		tp-driving-rules
Seat belt	Everyone in the car should buckle up		tp-driving-rules
Child safety seat	Children use age- and size-appropriate restraints		tp-driving-rules
Speed limit	The highest legal speed, in good conditions		tp-driving-rules
Drive to conditions	Slow down in rain, fog, snow or heavy traffic		tp-driving-rules
Hydroplaning	Tires riding on water instead of the road; ease off the gas		tp-driving-rules
Skid on ice	Ease off the gas and steer gently in the direction you want to go		tp-driving-rules
Headlights	Use them from sunset to sunrise and in poor visibility		tp-driving-rules
High beams	Use on dark roads without other traffic; dim for oncoming cars		tp-driving-rules
Hazard lights	Flashers that warn others you are stopped or in trouble		tp-driving-rules
Parallel parking	Parking parallel to the curb between two cars		tp-driving-rules
Parking uphill with a curb	Turn wheels away from the curb		tp-driving-rules
Parking downhill	Turn wheels toward the curb		tp-driving-rules
Fire hydrant	Do not park in front of one		tp-driving-rules
Red curb	No stopping or parking		tp-driving-rules
Handicap parking	Only for vehicles with a valid permit		tp-driving-rules
Driving under the influence	Illegal and dangerous; never drive after drinking or using impairing drugs		tp-driving-rules
Distracted driving	Texting or other tasks while driving; keep your eyes on the road		tp-driving-rules
Drowsy driving	Driving while tired is dangerous; pull over to rest		tp-driving-rules
Aggressive driving	Tailgating or speeding to intimidate; stay calm		tp-driving-rules
Roundabout	Yield to traffic already in the circle and travel counterclockwise		tp-driving-rules
Merging onto a highway	Match highway speed using the on-ramp		tp-driving-rules
Passing	Only pass when it is legal and clear; return to your lane safely		tp-driving-rules
U-turn	Allowed only where it is safe and not prohibited		tp-driving-rules
Left turn on a green light	Yield to oncoming traffic		tp-driving-rules
Right turn on red	Allowed after a full stop where not prohibited and when clear		tp-driving-rules
Learner's permit	Allows supervised practice driving		tp-driving-rules
Graduated licensing	Phased system giving new drivers more privileges over time		tp-driving-rules
Insurance	Most states require drivers to carry liability insurance		tp-driving-rules
Registration	Official record of a vehicle, renewed regularly		tp-driving-rules
Tire pressure	Check regularly; correct pressure improves safety and fuel use		tp-driving-rules
Dashboard warning light	A signal that a system needs attention		tp-driving-rules
Brake fluid	Hydraulic fluid that transfers brake pedal force		tp-driving-rules
Anti-lock brakes	Keep wheels from locking in hard stops; press firmly and steer		tp-driving-rules
Oversteer and understeer	Car turns more or less than the driver intends		tp-driving-rules
Motorcyclists and bicyclists	Share the road and allow extra space		tp-driving-rules
Move over law	Change lanes or slow down for stopped emergency vehicles		tp-driving-rules
Point system	States track violations by adding points to a driving record		tp-driving-rules
Defensive driving	Anticipating hazards and staying prepared to react		tp-driving-rules
EMT	Emergency medical technician, a trained emergency care provider		tp-emt-basics
Scene size-up	Checking for safety and hazards before helping		tp-emt-basics
Scene safety	Making sure the area is safe for rescuers first		tp-emt-basics
Body substance isolation	Using protective gear to avoid contact with body fluids		tp-emt-basics
Primary assessment	Quick check for life threats		tp-emt-basics
Secondary assessment	More detailed head-to-toe check after life threats are handled		tp-emt-basics
ABCs	Airway, breathing, circulation		tp-emt-basics
Level of consciousness	How alert a patient is		tp-emt-basics
AVPU	Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive		tp-emt-basics
SAMPLE history	Signs/symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past history, Last meal, Events		tp-emt-basics
OPQRST	Onset, Provocation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time: a pain questioning guide		tp-emt-basics
Chief complaint	The main reason the patient needs help		tp-emt-basics
Mechanism of injury	How the injury happened		tp-emt-basics
Nature of illness	What is medically wrong		tp-emt-basics
Triage	Sorting patients by urgency		tp-emt-basics
Airway	The path air takes to the lungs		tp-emt-basics
Head-tilt, chin-lift	Method to open the airway when no spinal injury is suspected		tp-emt-basics
Jaw thrust	Method to open the airway while limiting neck movement		tp-emt-basics
Oropharyngeal airway	Curved device that keeps the tongue from blocking the airway		tp-emt-basics
Suction	Removing fluid or material from the airway		tp-emt-basics
Respiratory arrest	Breathing has stopped		tp-emt-basics
Cardiac arrest	The heart has stopped pumping effectively		tp-emt-basics
CPR	Chest compressions and rescue breaths to keep blood flowing		tp-emt-basics
Compression rate	About 100 to 120 compressions per minute for adults		tp-emt-basics
Compression depth	About 2 inches (5 cm) in adults		tp-emt-basics
AED	Device that checks heart rhythm and can deliver a shock		tp-emt-basics
Defibrillation	An electric shock that can reset a dangerous heart rhythm		tp-emt-basics
Choking	Blockage of the airway by an object		tp-emt-basics
Abdominal thrusts	Technique to clear an object from a choking adult		tp-emt-basics
Bleeding control	Direct pressure, then tourniquet if needed		tp-emt-basics
Direct pressure	Pressing on a wound to stop bleeding		tp-emt-basics
Tourniquet	Band applied above a limb wound to stop severe bleeding		tp-emt-basics
Shock	Inadequate blood flow to the body's tissues		tp-emt-basics
Signs of shock	Pale, cool, clammy skin, fast pulse, confusion		tp-emt-basics
Hemorrhage	Heavy bleeding		tp-emt-basics
Fracture	A broken bone		tp-emt-basics
Splint	Device to keep an injured limb still		tp-emt-basics
Spinal immobilization	Keeping the neck and back still after suspected spinal injury		tp-emt-basics
Cervical collar	Neck brace limiting head movement		tp-emt-basics
Backboard	Rigid board used to move patients with possible spine injury		tp-emt-basics
Burn: first degree	Affects only the outer skin layer; red and painful		tp-emt-basics
Burn: second degree	Blisters; affects deeper layers		tp-emt-basics
Burn: third degree	Destroys full skin thickness		tp-emt-basics
Heat exhaustion	Heavy sweating, weakness, nausea from overheating		tp-emt-basics
Heat stroke	Dangerous overheating; a life-threatening emergency		tp-emt-basics
Hypothermia	Dangerously low body temperature		tp-emt-basics
Frostbite	Freezing of body tissue		tp-emt-basics
Stroke signs (FAST)	Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech trouble, Time to call emergency services		tp-emt-basics
Heart attack signs	Chest pressure, shortness of breath, sweating, pain spreading to arm or jaw		tp-emt-basics
Seizure	Sudden uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain		tp-emt-basics
Diabetic emergency	Dangerously high or low blood sugar		tp-emt-basics
Anaphylaxis	Severe allergic reaction		tp-emt-basics
Epinephrine auto-injector	Device delivering epinephrine for severe allergic reactions		tp-emt-basics
Asthma	Chronic condition with airway narrowing		tp-emt-basics
Overdose	Taking too much of a substance, causing harm		tp-emt-basics
Poison control	Service giving advice on poisoning exposures		tp-emt-basics
Childbirth emergency	Delivery occurring outside a hospital		tp-emt-basics
Pediatric assessment triangle	Appearance, work of breathing, circulation to skin		tp-emt-basics
Infant CPR	Uses two fingers or encircling hands for compressions		tp-emt-basics
Head injury	Trauma to the head that may affect the brain		tp-emt-basics
Concussion	Mild brain injury caused by a blow or shake		tp-emt-basics
Pulse points	Places to feel a pulse, like carotid, radial and brachial		tp-emt-basics
Capillary refill	Time for color to return to a pressed nail bed		tp-emt-basics
Pupils: PERRL	Pupils equal, round, reactive to light		tp-emt-basics
Glasgow Coma Scale	Score of eye, verbal and motor responses		tp-emt-basics
Trauma	Physical injury		tp-emt-basics
Golden hour	The idea that quick trauma care improves outcomes		tp-emt-basics
Medical direction	Physician oversight of EMS care		tp-emt-basics
Protocol	Written guideline for treatment		tp-emt-basics
Scope of practice	Care an EMT is allowed to provide		tp-emt-basics
Implied consent	Assuming an unconscious patient would accept lifesaving help		tp-emt-basics
Good Samaritan law	Protects people who help in good faith in an emergency		tp-emt-basics
Duty to act	Legal obligation to help, depending on role and setting		tp-emt-basics
Abandonment	Leaving a patient without proper handoff		tp-emt-basics
Patient confidentiality	Keeping patient information private		tp-emt-basics
Patient report	Written record of the call		tp-emt-basics
Handoff report	Verbal summary given to hospital staff		tp-emt-basics
Ambulance	Vehicle that provides emergency transport and care		tp-emt-basics
Lights and sirens	Warning signals used when speed is critical		tp-emt-basics
Hazardous materials	Dangerous substances requiring special response		tp-emt-basics
Incident command	System for organizing large emergency responses		tp-emt-basics
Mass casualty incident	Event with many injured people		tp-emt-basics
START triage	Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment sorting method		tp-emt-basics
Extrication	Removing a person from a trapped situation		tp-emt-basics
Stabilize	Keep a patient's condition from getting worse		tp-emt-basics
Recovery position	Side-lying position to keep the airway clear		tp-emt-basics
Oxygen therapy	Giving extra oxygen		tp-emt-basics
Non-rebreather mask	Mask giving high-concentration oxygen		tp-emt-basics
Bag-valve mask	Hand-squeezed device that delivers breaths		tp-emt-basics
Pulse oximetry	Noninvasive oxygen saturation measure		tp-emt-basics
Interest	The cost of borrowing money, or the reward for lending it		tp-finance-investing
Principal	The original amount borrowed or invested		tp-finance-investing
Simple interest	Interest calculated only on the principal		tp-finance-investing
Compound interest	Interest calculated on principal plus past interest		tp-finance-investing
APR	Annual percentage rate; yearly cost of borrowing		tp-finance-investing
APY	Annual percentage yield; yearly return including compounding		tp-finance-investing
Rule of 72	Divide 72 by the interest rate to estimate years to double		tp-finance-investing
Inflation	A general rise in prices over time		tp-finance-investing
Time value of money	Money now is worth more than the same amount later		tp-finance-investing
Present value	What a future sum is worth today		tp-finance-investing
Future value	What money today will be worth later at a given rate		tp-finance-investing
Credit score	A number summarizing creditworthiness		tp-finance-investing
Credit report	Record of a person's borrowing history		tp-finance-investing
Credit limit	The maximum amount a lender lets you borrow on a card		tp-finance-investing
Credit utilization	The share of available credit being used		tp-finance-investing
Mortgage	A loan to buy real estate, secured by the property		tp-finance-investing
Down payment	The up-front part of a purchase price paid in cash		tp-finance-investing
Amortization	Paying off a loan through scheduled payments		tp-finance-investing
Collateral	An asset pledged to secure a loan		tp-finance-investing
Default	Failing to repay a loan as agreed		tp-finance-investing
Net worth	Assets minus liabilities		tp-finance-investing
Asset	Something owned with value		tp-finance-investing
Liability	A debt or obligation		tp-finance-investing
Budget	A plan for income and spending		tp-finance-investing
Emergency fund	Savings set aside for unexpected costs		tp-finance-investing
Checking account	Account for everyday spending		tp-finance-investing
Savings account	Account that earns interest on deposits		tp-finance-investing
Certificate of deposit	Bank deposit with a fixed term and rate		tp-finance-investing
FDIC insurance	US program insuring bank deposits up to a limit		tp-finance-investing
Gross income	Income before taxes and deductions		tp-finance-investing
Net income	Income after taxes and deductions		tp-finance-investing
Tax bracket	Income range taxed at a specific rate		tp-finance-investing
Marginal tax rate	The rate paid on the next dollar earned		tp-finance-investing
Deduction	An amount subtracted from taxable income		tp-finance-investing
Tax credit	An amount subtracted directly from taxes owed		tp-finance-investing
401(k)	US employer retirement plan		tp-finance-investing
IRA	Individual retirement account		tp-finance-investing
Roth account	Retirement account funded with after-tax money		tp-finance-investing
Pension	A retirement income plan from an employer		tp-finance-investing
Social Security	US government program providing retirement and other benefits		tp-finance-investing
Stock	A share of ownership in a company		tp-finance-investing
Bond	A loan to a company or government that pays interest		tp-finance-investing
Mutual fund	A pooled investment holding many securities		tp-finance-investing
Index fund	A fund designed to match a market index		tp-finance-investing
ETF	Exchange-traded fund that trades like a stock		tp-finance-investing
Portfolio	A collection of investments		tp-finance-investing
Diversification	Spreading investments to reduce risk		tp-finance-investing
Asset allocation	Dividing investments among categories like stocks and bonds		tp-finance-investing
Risk tolerance	How much loss an investor can accept		tp-finance-investing
Volatility	How much and how quickly a price moves		tp-finance-investing
Bull market	A period of rising prices		tp-finance-investing
Bear market	A period of falling prices, often 20 percent or more		tp-finance-investing
Dividend	A payment from a company to shareholders		tp-finance-investing
Dividend yield	Annual dividend divided by share price		tp-finance-investing
Capital gain	Profit from selling an asset for more than its cost		tp-finance-investing
Capital loss	A loss from selling an asset for less than its cost		tp-finance-investing
Market capitalization	Share price times number of shares		tp-finance-investing
P/E ratio	Price-to-earnings: share price divided by earnings per share		tp-finance-investing
Earnings per share	Profit divided by number of shares		tp-finance-investing
Blue chip	Shares of large, established, stable companies		tp-finance-investing
Stock exchange	A marketplace where securities are traded		tp-finance-investing
Stock market index	A measure of a group of stocks, like the S&P 500		tp-finance-investing
Brokerage	A firm that buys and sells securities for clients		tp-finance-investing
Expense ratio	Annual fund fee as a percent of assets		tp-finance-investing
Liquidity	How quickly an asset can be turned into cash		tp-finance-investing
Yield	The income return on an investment		tp-finance-investing
Maturity	The date a bond or loan is due		tp-finance-investing
Coupon	A bond's stated interest payment		tp-finance-investing
Treasury bill	A short-term US government security		tp-finance-investing
Credit rating	An evaluation of a borrower's ability to repay		tp-finance-investing
Junk bond	A higher-risk, lower-rated bond		tp-finance-investing
Hedge	An investment made to reduce risk		tp-finance-investing
Option	A contract giving the right to buy or sell at a set price		tp-finance-investing
Short selling	Selling borrowed shares hoping to buy them back cheaper		tp-finance-investing
Margin	Borrowing from a broker to invest		tp-finance-investing
Dollar-cost averaging	Investing a fixed amount at regular intervals		tp-finance-investing
Rebalancing	Adjusting a portfolio back to target allocations		tp-finance-investing
Compound annual growth rate	Smoothed yearly growth rate over a period		tp-finance-investing
Bubble	Prices far above underlying value that later fall sharply		tp-finance-investing
Recession	A significant decline in economic activity		tp-finance-investing
Interest rate	Percent charged or paid for the use of money		tp-finance-investing
Central bank	The national bank that manages money and interest rates		tp-finance-investing
Fiduciary	Someone legally required to act in a client's best interest		tp-finance-investing
Annuity	A series of regular payments		tp-finance-investing
Insurance premium	Payment made to keep an insurance policy		tp-finance-investing
Deductible	Amount you pay before insurance pays		tp-finance-investing
Overdraft	Spending more than the account holds		tp-finance-investing
Wire transfer	Electronic transfer of money between banks		tp-finance-investing
Cryptocurrency	A digital currency secured by cryptography; prices are highly volatile		tp-finance-investing
Ponzi scheme	Fraud paying early investors with money from later ones		tp-finance-investing
Identity theft	Misuse of someone's personal information to commit fraud		tp-finance-investing
Subject-verb agreement	A singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb (The box of pencils IS on the desk.)		tp-grammar-rules
Ignore the phrase between	Words in a prepositional phrase after the subject do not change the verb (One of the dogs BARKS.)		tp-grammar-rules
Compound subject with and	Two subjects joined by 'and' usually take a plural verb (Tom and Ana ARE here.)		tp-grammar-rules
Subjects joined by or/nor	The verb agrees with the subject closer to it (Neither the cats nor the dog IS hungry.)		tp-grammar-rules
Collective nouns	Treat as singular when the group acts as one unit (The team IS winning.)		tp-grammar-rules
Indefinite pronouns: singular	each, every, either, neither, everyone, someone, anybody take singular verbs (Everyone HAS a seat.)		tp-grammar-rules
Indefinite pronouns: plural	both, few, many, several take plural verbs (Few ARE ready.)		tp-grammar-rules
Inverted sentences	Find the real subject even when the verb comes first (There ARE three reasons.)		tp-grammar-rules
Pronoun-antecedent agreement	A pronoun must match its noun in number and gender (Each student brought HIS OR HER (or THEIR) book.)		tp-grammar-rules
Pronoun case: subject	Use I, he, she, we, they as subjects (She and I left.)		tp-grammar-rules
Pronoun case: object	Use me, him, her, us, them as objects (He gave it to her and me.)		tp-grammar-rules
Who vs. whom	'Who' is a subject; 'whom' is an object; test with he/him (To whom did you speak?)		tp-grammar-rules
Than/as comparisons	Finish the comparison in your head to pick the case (She is taller than I (am).)		tp-grammar-rules
Ambiguous pronoun	Make clear which noun a pronoun refers to		tp-grammar-rules
Its vs. it's	'Its' shows possession; 'it's' means 'it is' or 'it has'		tp-grammar-rules
Their, there, they're	Their = belonging to them; there = place; they're = they are		tp-grammar-rules
Your vs. you're	'Your' shows possession; 'you're' means 'you are'		tp-grammar-rules
Whose vs. who's	'Whose' shows possession; 'who's' means 'who is' or 'who has'		tp-grammar-rules
Affect vs. effect	Affect is usually a verb (to influence); effect is usually a noun (a result)		tp-grammar-rules
Then vs. than	'Then' relates to time; 'than' makes comparisons		tp-grammar-rules
Fewer vs. less	Use 'fewer' for things you can count; 'less' for amounts you cannot		tp-grammar-rules
Among vs. between	Use 'between' for two items; 'among' for three or more		tp-grammar-rules
Lie vs. lay	'Lie' (lie, lay, lain) means recline; 'lay' (lay, laid, laid) needs an object		tp-grammar-rules
Comparative	Compare two things with -er or 'more' (taller, more careful)		tp-grammar-rules
Superlative	Compare three or more with -est or 'most' (tallest, most careful)		tp-grammar-rules
Double comparison error	Do not stack -er and 'more' (Not 'more taller')		tp-grammar-rules
Parallel structure	Items in a list or pair must share the same grammatical form (running, jumping, and swimming)		tp-grammar-rules
Faulty parallelism fix	Match forms after 'not only... but also' and 'either... or'		tp-grammar-rules
Dangling modifier	An opening phrase must describe the noun that comes right after it (Walking home, the rain began (error).)		tp-grammar-rules
Misplaced modifier	Put a descriptive phrase next to the word it describes		tp-grammar-rules
Run-on sentence	Two complete sentences joined with no punctuation or connector		tp-grammar-rules
Comma splice	Two complete sentences joined with only a comma; fix with period, semicolon or conjunction		tp-grammar-rules
Sentence fragment	A group of words missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought		tp-grammar-rules
Semicolon	Joins two closely related complete sentences without a conjunction		tp-grammar-rules
Colon: after a complete sentence	A colon introduces a list, explanation or quote that follows a full independent clause		tp-grammar-rules
No colon after a verb	Do not put a colon between a verb and its object or between a preposition and its object		tp-grammar-rules
Comma with FANBOYS	Put a comma before for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so when joining two complete sentences		tp-grammar-rules
Comma after introductory phrase	Set off an opening phrase or clause with a comma		tp-grammar-rules
Commas in a series	Separate three or more items with commas (red, white, and blue)		tp-grammar-rules
Nonessential clause	Set off extra information with commas on both sides		tp-grammar-rules
Essential clause	Do not use commas around information needed to identify the noun		tp-grammar-rules
Which vs. that	'That' starts essential clauses; 'which' usually starts nonessential ones with commas		tp-grammar-rules
Appositive	A noun phrase renaming another noun; set it off with commas if nonessential		tp-grammar-rules
No comma between subject and verb	Never separate a subject from its verb with a single comma		tp-grammar-rules
Coordinate adjectives	Use a comma between adjectives that can be reordered or joined by 'and' (a long, dull speech)		tp-grammar-rules
Possessive singular noun	Add apostrophe + s (the dog's bone)		tp-grammar-rules
Possessive plural noun ending in s	Add only an apostrophe (the dogs' bones)		tp-grammar-rules
Irregular plural possessive	Add apostrophe + s (children's toys)		tp-grammar-rules
Apostrophes never make plurals	Do not write 'apple's' to mean more than one apple		tp-grammar-rules
Dashes	A pair of dashes sets off an interruption like a stronger parentheses		tp-grammar-rules
Hyphen in compound modifier	Hyphenate before a noun, not after (a well-known author; the author is well known)		tp-grammar-rules
Verb tense consistency	Keep the same tense unless the time truly changes		tp-grammar-rules
Past perfect	Use 'had' + past participle for an earlier past event (She had left before I arrived.)		tp-grammar-rules
Present perfect	Use 'has/have' + past participle for an action continuing to now (I have lived here for years.)		tp-grammar-rules
Conditional (if)	Use 'were' for unreal wishes (If I were you...)		tp-grammar-rules
Redundancy	Cut words that repeat meaning (Not 'past history' or 'return back')		tp-grammar-rules
Concision	Choose the shortest choice that keeps the full meaning		tp-grammar-rules
Idioms and prepositions	Learn fixed pairs (capable of, different from, interested in)		tp-grammar-rules
Active vs. passive voice	Active puts the doer first; passive hides or delays the doer		tp-grammar-rules
Transition words: contrast	however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand		tp-grammar-rules
Transition words: addition	furthermore, moreover, also, in addition		tp-grammar-rules
Transition words: cause and effect	therefore, consequently, as a result, thus		tp-grammar-rules
Transition words: example	for instance, for example, specifically		tp-grammar-rules
Possessive before gerund	Use a possessive before an -ing noun (I appreciate your helping.)		tp-grammar-rules
Between you and me	After a preposition use object case (Not 'between you and I')		tp-grammar-rules
Reflexive pronouns	Use -self only when the subject is also the object (She hurt herself.)		tp-grammar-rules
Plural of numbers and letters	Write 1990s and A's; avoid needless apostrophes with decades		tp-grammar-rules
Quotation marks and punctuation	In American English, commas and periods go inside closing quotation marks		tp-grammar-rules
Question marks	Use with direct questions only, not indirect ones		tp-grammar-rules
Capitalization	Capitalize proper nouns, sentence starts, and titles before names		tp-grammar-rules
Number agreement with 'number'	'The number of' is singular; 'a number of' is plural		tp-grammar-rules
Neither/nor, either/or pairs	Always use 'nor' with 'neither' and 'or' with 'either'		tp-grammar-rules
Correlative parallelism	Both X and Y, not only X but also Y, need matching forms		tp-grammar-rules
Subject complement	After linking verbs use subject case (It is I.)		tp-grammar-rules
Adjectives vs. adverbs	Adjectives describe nouns; adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs (She sings well.)		tp-grammar-rules
Good vs. well	'Good' is an adjective; 'well' is usually an adverb		tp-grammar-rules
Double negative	Do not use two negatives to express one negative idea		tp-grammar-rules
Verb forms	Use correct past participles (has gone, have written, had spoken)		tp-grammar-rules
abjure	To solemnly give up or renounce		tp-gre-vocab-1
abate	To become less intense		tp-gre-vocab-1
aberrant	Departing from the normal path or type		tp-gre-vocab-1
abeyance	A state of temporary inactivity		tp-gre-vocab-1
abscond	To leave quickly and secretly, often with something		tp-gre-vocab-1
abstemious	Eating and drinking sparingly		tp-gre-vocab-1
accretion	Gradual growth by additions		tp-gre-vocab-1
adulterate	To make impure by adding something inferior		tp-gre-vocab-1
aggrandize	To make seem greater in power or rank		tp-gre-vocab-1
alchemy	A seemingly magical process of transformation		tp-gre-vocab-1
anathema	Something detested; a person or thing strongly disliked		tp-gre-vocab-1
antithesis	The direct opposite		tp-gre-vocab-1
apostate	One who abandons a belief or cause		tp-gre-vocab-1
apotheosis	The highest point; glorification as a god		tp-gre-vocab-1
aphorism	A short, wise saying		tp-gre-vocab-1
bowdlerize	To remove material thought improper from a text		tp-gre-vocab-1
cabal	A small secret group plotting together		tp-gre-vocab-1
calumny	A false statement meant to damage a reputation		tp-gre-vocab-1
captious	Tending to find fault over trivial points		tp-gre-vocab-1
catharsis	A release of strong emotion		tp-gre-vocab-1
cavil	To raise petty objections		tp-gre-vocab-1
chimerical	Imaginary; unrealistic		tp-gre-vocab-1
churlish	Rude and ill-mannered		tp-gre-vocab-1
cloying	Sweet to the point of disgust		tp-gre-vocab-1
compendious	Containing much in brief form		tp-gre-vocab-1
concomitant	Occurring along with something else		tp-gre-vocab-1
conflate	To merge into one		tp-gre-vocab-1
contumacious	Stubbornly disobedient		tp-gre-vocab-1
craven	Cowardly		tp-gre-vocab-1
dearth	A scarcity		tp-gre-vocab-1
denouement	The final resolution of a story's plot		tp-gre-vocab-1
desiccate	To dry out completely		tp-gre-vocab-1
dilatory	Slow to act; delaying		tp-gre-vocab-1
dirge	A mournful song		tp-gre-vocab-1
disabuse	To free from a false idea		tp-gre-vocab-1
discursive	Wandering from one topic to another		tp-gre-vocab-1
disingenuous	Not candid; pretending to know less		tp-gre-vocab-1
dissemble	To hide one's true feelings		tp-gre-vocab-1
dissonance	A clash of sounds or ideas		tp-gre-vocab-1
distend	To swell out		tp-gre-vocab-1
eclectic	Drawing from many sources		tp-gre-vocab-1
efface	To erase or make inconspicuous		tp-gre-vocab-1
effrontery	Shameless boldness		tp-gre-vocab-1
elegy	A sad poem or song for the dead		tp-gre-vocab-1
emollient	Soothing; making softer		tp-gre-vocab-1
encomium	Warm, glowing praise		tp-gre-vocab-1
endemic	Native to or common in a particular place		tp-gre-vocab-1
enmity	Deep hostility		tp-gre-vocab-1
ephemeral	Short-lived		tp-gre-vocab-1
equivocate	To use vague language to avoid commitment		tp-gre-vocab-1
eschew	To deliberately avoid		tp-gre-vocab-1
evanescent	Quickly fading away		tp-gre-vocab-1
exegesis	Careful explanation of a text		tp-gre-vocab-1
expiate	To make amends for wrongdoing		tp-gre-vocab-1
extol	To praise enthusiastically		tp-gre-vocab-1
fallacious	Based on a mistaken belief or faulty reasoning		tp-gre-vocab-1
fecund	Fertile; producing much		tp-gre-vocab-1
fetter	To restrain; also, a chain on the feet		tp-gre-vocab-1
filibuster	A long speech used to delay a vote		tp-gre-vocab-1
fulminate	To protest loudly		tp-gre-vocab-1
gainsay	To deny or contradict		tp-gre-vocab-1
gambol	To skip about playfully		tp-gre-vocab-1
glib	Smooth-talking but insincere		tp-gre-vocab-1
harangue	A long, aggressive speech		tp-gre-vocab-1
hegemony	Dominance of one group over others		tp-gre-vocab-1
histrionic	Overly dramatic		tp-gre-vocab-1
hubris	Excessive pride		tp-gre-vocab-1
idiosyncrasy	A personal peculiarity		tp-gre-vocab-1
impecunious	Having little or no money		tp-gre-vocab-1
imprecation	A curse		tp-gre-vocab-1
incipient	Just beginning to appear		tp-gre-vocab-1
indolent	Lazy		tp-gre-vocab-1
ineffable	Too great to be put into words		tp-gre-vocab-1
ingenuous	Innocent and sincere		tp-gre-vocab-1
inimical	Hostile or harmful		tp-gre-vocab-1
insouciant	Casually free of worry		tp-gre-vocab-1
insipid	Dull; lacking flavor or interest		tp-gre-vocab-2
intractable	Hard to manage or control		tp-gre-vocab-2
inveterate	Long-established; habitual		tp-gre-vocab-2
irascible	Easily angered		tp-gre-vocab-2
jocular	Fond of joking		tp-gre-vocab-2
juxtapose	To place side by side for contrast		tp-gre-vocab-2
kudos	Praise for an achievement		tp-gre-vocab-2
lachrymose	Tearful		tp-gre-vocab-2
languid	Slow and relaxed; lacking energy		tp-gre-vocab-2
largesse	Generosity in giving money or gifts		tp-gre-vocab-2
latent	Present but hidden		tp-gre-vocab-2
levity	Lightness of manner; humor at a serious time		tp-gre-vocab-2
licentious	Ignoring accepted rules of conduct		tp-gre-vocab-2
limpid	Clear and transparent		tp-gre-vocab-2
lionize	To treat as a celebrity		tp-gre-vocab-2
lugubrious	Looking or sounding sad and dismal		tp-gre-vocab-2
luminous	Giving off light		tp-gre-vocab-2
machination	A secret scheme		tp-gre-vocab-2
malevolent	Wishing harm on others		tp-gre-vocab-2
malinger	To pretend illness to avoid work		tp-gre-vocab-2
mellifluous	Sweet-sounding		tp-gre-vocab-2
mercurial	Subject to sudden changes of mood		tp-gre-vocab-2
misanthrope	A person who dislikes humankind		tp-gre-vocab-2
mollify	To soothe		tp-gre-vocab-2
multifarious	Having many varied parts		tp-gre-vocab-2
myopic	Short-sighted, literally or in thinking		tp-gre-vocab-2
nadir	The lowest point		tp-gre-vocab-2
nascent	Just coming into existence		tp-gre-vocab-2
noxious	Harmful or poisonous		tp-gre-vocab-2
obdurate	Stubbornly refusing to change		tp-gre-vocab-2
obfuscate	To make unclear on purpose		tp-gre-vocab-2
obsequious	Overly eager to please		tp-gre-vocab-2
obstreperous	Noisy and difficult to control		tp-gre-vocab-2
odious	Extremely unpleasant		tp-gre-vocab-2
onerous	Burdensome		tp-gre-vocab-2
opprobrium	Public disgrace		tp-gre-vocab-2
ossify	To become rigid or set in one's ways		tp-gre-vocab-2
paean	A song or expression of praise		tp-gre-vocab-2
palliate	To ease without curing		tp-gre-vocab-2
panacea	A cure-all		tp-gre-vocab-2
paragon	A model of excellence		tp-gre-vocab-2
parsimonious	Extremely unwilling to spend		tp-gre-vocab-2
pathological	Compulsive; relating to disease		tp-gre-vocab-2
paucity	A small amount		tp-gre-vocab-2
pedantic	Overly concerned with minor rules or details		tp-gre-vocab-2
penchant	A strong liking		tp-gre-vocab-2
penury	Extreme poverty		tp-gre-vocab-2
perfidy	Betrayal of trust		tp-gre-vocab-2
perfunctory	Done with little effort or interest		tp-gre-vocab-2
pernicious	Quietly and gradually harmful		tp-gre-vocab-2
perspicacious	Having keen insight		tp-gre-vocab-2
pertinacious	Holding stubbornly to a purpose		tp-gre-vocab-2
petulant	Childishly bad-tempered		tp-gre-vocab-2
philistine	A person with no interest in culture		tp-gre-vocab-2
pith	The essential part		tp-gre-vocab-2
pithy	Short and full of meaning		tp-gre-vocab-2
platitude	A tired, overused remark		tp-gre-vocab-2
plethora	An excessive amount		tp-gre-vocab-2
precipitous	Dangerously steep or sudden		tp-gre-vocab-2
probity	Strong moral principles		tp-gre-vocab-2
prolix	Wordy		tp-gre-vocab-2
propitious	Favorable		tp-gre-vocab-2
quixotic	Idealistic in an impractical way		tp-gre-vocab-2
quotidian	Ordinary and daily		tp-gre-vocab-2
recondite	Little known; obscure		tp-gre-vocab-2
redolent	Strongly suggestive of a scent or memory		tp-gre-vocab-2
rescind	To cancel officially		tp-gre-vocab-2
sanguine	Optimistic		tp-gre-vocab-2
sardonic	Mocking in a grimly humorous way		tp-gre-vocab-2
sedulous	Showing dedication and diligence		tp-gre-vocab-2
soporific	Causing sleep		tp-gre-vocab-2
sycophant	A person who flatters the powerful to gain favor		tp-gre-vocab-2
Ab initio	From the beginning		tp-latin-legal
Actus reus	The guilty act; the physical element of a crime		tp-latin-legal
Mens rea	The guilty mind; the mental element of a crime		tp-latin-legal
Ad hoc	For this particular purpose		tp-latin-legal
Ad litem	For the lawsuit; as in guardian ad litem		tp-latin-legal
Alibi	Elsewhere; proof of being somewhere else		tp-latin-legal
Amicus curiae	Friend of the court		tp-latin-legal
Animus	Intent or mental purpose		tp-latin-legal
Bona fide	In good faith; genuine		tp-latin-legal
Caveat emptor	Let the buyer beware		tp-latin-legal
Certiorari	A writ by which a higher court agrees to review a case		tp-latin-legal
Corpus delicti	The body of the crime; proof a crime occurred		tp-latin-legal
Cui bono	For whose benefit		tp-latin-legal
De facto	In fact; in practice		tp-latin-legal
De jure	By law; officially		tp-latin-legal
De novo	Anew; starting fresh		tp-latin-legal
Dicta	Remarks in a ruling not essential to the decision		tp-latin-legal
Duces tecum	Bring with you; a subpoena for documents		tp-latin-legal
Ex parte	From one side only		tp-latin-legal
Ex post facto	After the fact; as in laws that punish past acts		tp-latin-legal
Ex rel.	On the relation of; on behalf of		tp-latin-legal
Forum non conveniens	Doctrine allowing a court to decline a case better heard elsewhere		tp-latin-legal
Habeas corpus	You have the body; a writ to challenge unlawful detention		tp-latin-legal
Ibid.	In the same place; same source as before		tp-latin-legal
In camera	In private, in the judge's chambers		tp-latin-legal
In loco parentis	In place of a parent		tp-latin-legal
In re	In the matter of		tp-latin-legal
In rem	Against a thing, not a person		tp-latin-legal
In personam	Against a person		tp-latin-legal
Inter alia	Among other things		tp-latin-legal
Ipso facto	By the fact itself		tp-latin-legal
Jus	Law or right		tp-latin-legal
Lex loci	Law of the place		tp-latin-legal
Locus standi	The right to bring a case		tp-latin-legal
Mala fide	In bad faith		tp-latin-legal
Mala in se	Wrong in themselves; inherently wrong acts		tp-latin-legal
Mala prohibita	Wrong because prohibited by law		tp-latin-legal
Nolo contendere	I do not wish to contest; a no-contest plea		tp-latin-legal
Non compos mentis	Not of sound mind		tp-latin-legal
Obiter dictum	A remark by the way; a judge's non-binding comment		tp-latin-legal
Per curiam	By the court; an opinion by the court as a whole		tp-latin-legal
Per diem	By the day		tp-latin-legal
Per se	In itself; by itself		tp-latin-legal
Persona non grata	An unwelcome person		tp-latin-legal
Prima facie	At first glance; enough evidence unless rebutted		tp-latin-legal
Pro bono publico	For the public good		tp-latin-legal
Pro forma	As a matter of form		tp-latin-legal
Pro rata	In proportion		tp-latin-legal
Pro se	For oneself; representing oneself		tp-latin-legal
Quantum meruit	As much as deserved; reasonable payment for services		tp-latin-legal
Quid pro quo	Something for something; an exchange		tp-latin-legal
Quo warranto	By what authority; a challenge to someone's right to hold office		tp-latin-legal
Res ipsa loquitur	The thing speaks for itself		tp-latin-legal
Res judicata	A matter already decided and not to be tried again		tp-latin-legal
Respondeat superior	Let the master answer; employer responsible for employee acts		tp-latin-legal
Sine die	Without a day; adjourned with no date to meet again		tp-latin-legal
Sine qua non	Without which it cannot be; an essential condition		tp-latin-legal
Stare decisis	To stand by decided things; follow precedent		tp-latin-legal
Sub judice	Under judicial consideration		tp-latin-legal
Sub poena	Under penalty		tp-latin-legal
Sua sponte	On its own accord; a court acting without a request		tp-latin-legal
Ultra vires	Beyond the powers; outside legal authority		tp-latin-legal
Vel non	Or not		tp-latin-legal
Verbatim	Word for word		tp-latin-legal
Versus (v.)	Against		tp-latin-legal
Vice versa	The other way around		tp-latin-legal
Voir dire	To speak the truth; questioning of potential jurors		tp-latin-legal
Habeas data	A right to access one's personal records		tp-latin-legal
Pendente lite	While the lawsuit is pending		tp-latin-legal
Nunc pro tunc	Now for then; applying a ruling retroactively		tp-latin-legal
Lis pendens	A pending lawsuit about property		tp-latin-legal
Pari passu	On equal footing		tp-latin-legal
Ratio decidendi	The reason for the decision		tp-latin-legal
Rex	King; the Crown as prosecutor in some systems		tp-latin-legal
Stare decisis et non quieta movere	Stand by decisions and do not disturb settled matters		tp-latin-legal
Affidavit	He has sworn; a sworn written statement		tp-latin-legal
Corpus juris	The body of law		tp-latin-legal
Casus belli	An event that justifies war		tp-latin-legal
Fiat	Let it be done; an authoritative order		tp-latin-legal
Innuendo	By hinting; an indirect suggestion		tp-latin-legal
Alias	Otherwise; another name		tp-latin-legal
Bonum	Good		tp-latin-legal
Consensus ad idem	Agreement on the same thing; meeting of the minds		tp-latin-legal
Volenti non fit injuria	No wrong is done to a willing person		tp-latin-legal
Nemo dat	No one gives what they do not have		tp-latin-legal
Pacta sunt servanda	Agreements must be kept		tp-latin-legal
Audi alteram partem	Hear the other side		tp-latin-legal
Nulla poena sine lege	No punishment without law		tp-latin-legal
Ignorantia juris non excusat	Ignorance of the law is no excuse		tp-latin-legal
Dura lex, sed lex	The law is harsh, but it is the law		tp-latin-legal
Fiat justitia	Let justice be done		tp-latin-legal
a.m. (ante meridiem)	Before midday		tp-latin-phrases-english
p.m. (post meridiem)	After midday		tp-latin-phrases-english
ad hoc	For this specific purpose		tp-latin-phrases-english
ad infinitum	Without end		tp-latin-phrases-english
ad nauseam	To the point of disgust		tp-latin-phrases-english
alma mater	Nourishing mother; one's school		tp-latin-phrases-english
alter ego	Another self		tp-latin-phrases-english
anno Domini (A.D.)	In the year of the Lord		tp-latin-phrases-english
ante bellum	Before the war		tp-latin-phrases-english
bona fide	In good faith; genuine		tp-latin-phrases-english
carpe diem	Seize the day		tp-latin-phrases-english
caveat emptor	Let the buyer beware		tp-latin-phrases-english
circa (c.)	Around; approximately		tp-latin-phrases-english
cogito, ergo sum	I think, therefore I am		tp-latin-phrases-english
compos mentis	Of sound mind		tp-latin-phrases-english
curriculum vitae (CV)	Course of life; a resume		tp-latin-phrases-english
de facto	In fact		tp-latin-phrases-english
deus ex machina	A god from the machine; a sudden contrived solution		tp-latin-phrases-english
e.g. (exempli gratia)	For example		tp-latin-phrases-english
et al. (et alii)	And others		tp-latin-phrases-english
et cetera (etc.)	And the rest		tp-latin-phrases-english
ex libris	From the books of		tp-latin-phrases-english
ex officio	By virtue of one's office		tp-latin-phrases-english
habeas corpus	You may have the body		tp-latin-phrases-english
i.e. (id est)	That is		tp-latin-phrases-english
in absentia	In absence		tp-latin-phrases-english
in memoriam	In memory of		tp-latin-phrases-english
in toto	Entirely		tp-latin-phrases-english
in vitro	In glass; in a lab dish		tp-latin-phrases-english
ipso facto	By that very fact		tp-latin-phrases-english
magnum opus	Great work; a masterpiece		tp-latin-phrases-english
mea culpa	My fault		tp-latin-phrases-english
memento mori	Remember that you must die		tp-latin-phrases-english
modus operandi (M.O.)	Method of operating		tp-latin-phrases-english
N.B. (nota bene)	Note well		tp-latin-phrases-english
non sequitur	It does not follow		tp-latin-phrases-english
per annum	By the year		tp-latin-phrases-english
per capita	For each head; per person		tp-latin-phrases-english
per se	By itself		tp-latin-phrases-english
persona non grata	An unwelcome person		tp-latin-phrases-english
post mortem	After death		tp-latin-phrases-english
post scriptum (P.S.)	Written after		tp-latin-phrases-english
prima facie	At first sight		tp-latin-phrases-english
pro bono	For the public good; done free		tp-latin-phrases-english
pro rata	In proportion		tp-latin-phrases-english
pro tempore (pro tem)	For the time being		tp-latin-phrases-english
quid pro quo	Something for something		tp-latin-phrases-english
quod erat demonstrandum (Q.E.D.)	Which was to be shown		tp-latin-phrases-english
rigor mortis	Stiffness of death		tp-latin-phrases-english
sic	Thus; so written in the original		tp-latin-phrases-english
status quo	The existing state of affairs		tp-latin-phrases-english
sub rosa	Under the rose; in secret		tp-latin-phrases-english
tabula rasa	Blank slate		tp-latin-phrases-english
tempus fugit	Time flies		tp-latin-phrases-english
terra firma	Solid ground		tp-latin-phrases-english
terra incognita	Unknown land		tp-latin-phrases-english
verbatim	Word for word		tp-latin-phrases-english
versus (vs.)	Against		tp-latin-phrases-english
vice versa	The other way around		tp-latin-phrases-english
vox populi	Voice of the people		tp-latin-phrases-english
veni, vidi, vici	I came, I saw, I conquered; attributed to Julius Caesar		tp-latin-phrases-english
e pluribus unum	Out of many, one; US motto on coins		tp-latin-phrases-english
annuit coeptis	He has favored our undertakings; on the Great Seal		tp-latin-phrases-english
novus ordo seclorum	A new order of the ages; on the Great Seal		tp-latin-phrases-english
semper fidelis	Always faithful; Marine Corps motto		tp-latin-phrases-english
semper paratus	Always ready; Coast Guard motto		tp-latin-phrases-english
veritas	Truth		tp-latin-phrases-english
lux et veritas	Light and truth; Yale's motto		tp-latin-phrases-english
cum laude	With praise; an honor distinction		tp-latin-phrases-english
magna cum laude	With great praise		tp-latin-phrases-english
summa cum laude	With highest praise		tp-latin-phrases-english
alumnus	A male graduate		tp-latin-phrases-english
alumna	A female graduate		tp-latin-phrases-english
alumni	Graduates, plural		tp-latin-phrases-english
bonus	A good thing; extra payment		tp-latin-phrases-english
agenda	Things to be done		tp-latin-phrases-english
data	Things given; plural of datum		tp-latin-phrases-english
media	Plural of medium		tp-latin-phrases-english
curriculum	A course of study		tp-latin-phrases-english
campus	Field; the grounds of a school		tp-latin-phrases-english
exit	He or she goes out		tp-latin-phrases-english
fiat lux	Let there be light		tp-latin-phrases-english
in situ	In its original place		tp-latin-phrases-english
ex nihilo	Out of nothing		tp-latin-phrases-english
inter alia	Among other things		tp-latin-phrases-english
lingua franca	A common language between groups (from Italian, 'Frankish tongue')		tp-latin-phrases-english
panem et circenses	Bread and circuses; keeping people content with food and entertainment		tp-latin-phrases-english
quo vadis	Where are you going?		tp-latin-phrases-english
requiescat in pace (R.I.P.)	May he or she rest in peace		tp-latin-phrases-english
sine qua non	Without which nothing; an essential condition		tp-latin-phrases-english
sui generis	Of its own kind; unique		tp-latin-phrases-english
summum bonum	The highest good		tp-latin-phrases-english
ultima ratio	The final argument		tp-latin-phrases-english
ut supra	As above		tp-latin-phrases-english
Pax Romana	Roman peace; a long period of stability in the Roman Empire		tp-latin-phrases-english
et tu, Brute?	And you, Brutus?; a cry of betrayal		tp-latin-phrases-english
homo sapiens	Wise human		tp-latin-phrases-english
Carthago delenda est	Carthage must be destroyed		tp-latin-phrases-english
audere est facere	To dare is to do		tp-latin-phrases-english
ars longa, vita brevis	Art is long, life is short		tp-latin-phrases-english
festina lente	Make haste slowly		tp-latin-phrases-english
amor vincit omnia	Love conquers all		tp-latin-phrases-english
Plaintiff	The person or party who starts a civil lawsuit		tp-law-terms
Defendant	The person or party being sued or accused		tp-law-terms
Prosecutor	Lawyer who brings criminal charges for the government		tp-law-terms
Defense attorney	Lawyer who represents the accused		tp-law-terms
Judge	Official who presides over a court		tp-law-terms
Jury	Group of citizens who decide the facts of a case		tp-law-terms
Grand jury	Jury that decides whether there is enough evidence to bring charges		tp-law-terms
Petit jury	Trial jury that decides a case		tp-law-terms
Verdict	A jury's or judge's decision on a case		tp-law-terms
Sentence	The punishment ordered after conviction		tp-law-terms
Civil law	Law about disputes between private parties		tp-law-terms
Criminal law	Law about offenses against society		tp-law-terms
Felony	A serious crime, usually punishable by more than a year in prison		tp-law-terms
Misdemeanor	A less serious crime		tp-law-terms
Infraction	A minor violation, like a traffic ticket		tp-law-terms
Statute	A law passed by a legislature		tp-law-terms
Common law	Law developed from court decisions		tp-law-terms
Precedent	An earlier ruling that guides later cases		tp-law-terms
Jurisdiction	A court's authority to hear a case		tp-law-terms
Venue	The location where a case is heard		tp-law-terms
Appeal	Asking a higher court to review a decision		tp-law-terms
Appellant	The party who appeals		tp-law-terms
Appellee	The party who responds to an appeal		tp-law-terms
Burden of proof	The duty to prove a claim		tp-law-terms
Beyond a reasonable doubt	The standard of proof in criminal cases		tp-law-terms
Preponderance of the evidence	The usual civil standard: more likely than not		tp-law-terms
Clear and convincing evidence	A standard higher than preponderance but lower than beyond a reasonable doubt		tp-law-terms
Evidence	Information presented to prove or disprove facts		tp-law-terms
Testimony	Statements given under oath		tp-law-terms
Hearsay	An out-of-court statement offered for its truth, generally restricted as evidence		tp-law-terms
Witness	Person who gives testimony		tp-law-terms
Subpoena	A court order to appear or produce documents		tp-law-terms
Deposition	Sworn testimony taken outside court		tp-law-terms
Affidavit	A written statement sworn to be true		tp-law-terms
Oath	A solemn promise to tell the truth		tp-law-terms
Perjury	Lying under oath		tp-law-terms
Objection	A lawyer's formal protest against a question or evidence		tp-law-terms
Sustained	Judge agrees with an objection		tp-law-terms
Overruled	Judge rejects an objection		tp-law-terms
Plea	A defendant's formal answer to charges		tp-law-terms
Plea bargain	An agreement to plead guilty for a lighter outcome		tp-law-terms
Arraignment	Hearing where charges are read and a plea entered		tp-law-terms
Indictment	Formal charge issued by a grand jury		tp-law-terms
Bail	Money or bond to secure release before trial		tp-law-terms
Probation	Supervised release instead of prison		tp-law-terms
Parole	Early supervised release from prison		tp-law-terms
Acquittal	Finding that a defendant is not guilty		tp-law-terms
Conviction	A finding or plea of guilty		tp-law-terms
Mistrial	A trial ended without a verdict due to a serious problem		tp-law-terms
Hung jury	A jury unable to reach a decision		tp-law-terms
Double jeopardy	Being tried twice for the same crime, generally prohibited		tp-law-terms
Miranda rights	Warnings police give about the right to remain silent and have a lawyer		tp-law-terms
Search warrant	Court order allowing police to search a place		tp-law-terms
Probable cause	Reasonable grounds to believe a crime has occurred		tp-law-terms
Due process	Fair legal procedures required by law		tp-law-terms
Habeas corpus	A court order to bring a detained person before a judge		tp-law-terms
Tort	A civil wrong causing harm		tp-law-terms
Negligence	Failure to take reasonable care, causing harm		tp-law-terms
Liability	Legal responsibility		tp-law-terms
Damages	Money awarded to compensate for harm		tp-law-terms
Punitive damages	Money awarded to punish wrongdoing		tp-law-terms
Injunction	A court order to do or stop doing something		tp-law-terms
Settlement	An agreement resolving a dispute without a trial		tp-law-terms
Summary judgment	A ruling without a full trial when facts are not in dispute		tp-law-terms
Class action	A lawsuit brought on behalf of a large group		tp-law-terms
Contract	A legally enforceable agreement		tp-law-terms
Offer	A proposal to make a contract		tp-law-terms
Acceptance	Agreement to the terms of an offer		tp-law-terms
Consideration	Something of value exchanged in a contract		tp-law-terms
Breach of contract	Failing to perform as promised		tp-law-terms
Statute of limitations	Deadline for bringing a lawsuit		tp-law-terms
Void	Having no legal effect		tp-law-terms
Voidable	Valid unless canceled by one party		tp-law-terms
Libel	Written false statement harming reputation		tp-law-terms
Slander	Spoken false statement harming reputation		tp-law-terms
Defamation	False statement that damages a reputation		tp-law-terms
Copyright	Legal protection for original creative works		tp-law-terms
Trademark	Protection for brand names and logos		tp-law-terms
Patent	Exclusive right to an invention for a time		tp-law-terms
Intellectual property	Creations of the mind protected by law		tp-law-terms
Will	Document stating how property goes after death		tp-law-terms
Estate	All property a person owns		tp-law-terms
Probate	Court process to validate a will and distribute an estate		tp-law-terms
Intestate	Dying without a valid will		tp-law-terms
Executor	Person named to carry out a will		tp-law-terms
Trust	Arrangement where one holds property for another's benefit		tp-law-terms
Power of attorney	Legal authority to act on another's behalf		tp-law-terms
Guardian	Person appointed to care for someone unable to care for themselves		tp-law-terms
Easement	Right to use another's land for a purpose		tp-law-terms
Deed	Document transferring property ownership		tp-law-terms
Lien	Claim on property as security for a debt		tp-law-terms
Mortgage	Loan secured by real estate		tp-law-terms
Landlord	Owner who rents property		tp-law-terms
Tenant	Person who rents property		tp-law-terms
Eminent domain	Government's power to take private property for public use with compensation		tp-law-terms
Pro bono	Legal work done for free for the public good		tp-law-terms
Pro se	Representing oneself in court		tp-law-terms
Allegory	A story whose characters and events stand for deeper ideas		tp-literary-terms
Alliteration	Repeating beginning consonant sounds		tp-literary-terms
Allusion	A brief reference to a known person, place or work		tp-literary-terms
Ambiguity	Deliberate use of more than one possible meaning		tp-literary-terms
Anachronism	Something placed in the wrong time period		tp-literary-terms
Analogy	A comparison to explain something by likeness		tp-literary-terms
Anaphora	Repeating a word or phrase at the start of successive lines or sentences		tp-literary-terms
Antagonist	The character or force opposing the protagonist		tp-literary-terms
Antithesis	Placing opposite ideas in balanced phrases		tp-literary-terms
Aphorism	A short statement of a general truth		tp-literary-terms
Apostrophe	Directly addressing an absent person or thing		tp-literary-terms
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds		tp-literary-terms
Bildungsroman	A novel about a character's growth to adulthood		tp-literary-terms
Blank verse	Unrhymed iambic pentameter		tp-literary-terms
Caesura	A pause within a line of poetry		tp-literary-terms
Characterization	How an author creates and develops a character		tp-literary-terms
Climax	The turning point of highest tension		tp-literary-terms
Colloquialism	Informal everyday expression		tp-literary-terms
Conceit	An elaborate, extended metaphor		tp-literary-terms
Connotation	The feelings a word suggests beyond its literal meaning		tp-literary-terms
Denotation	The literal dictionary meaning		tp-literary-terms
Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds within or at ends of words		tp-literary-terms
Couplet	Two rhymed lines		tp-literary-terms
Deus ex machina	A sudden unexpected event that solves a plot problem		tp-literary-terms
Diction	An author's word choice		tp-literary-terms
Didactic	Intended to teach a lesson		tp-literary-terms
Dramatic irony	The audience knows something the characters do not		tp-literary-terms
Elegy	A poem of mourning		tp-literary-terms
Ellipsis	The omission of words, or the three dots marking it		tp-literary-terms
End-stopped line	A line whose thought ends with the line		tp-literary-terms
Enjambment	A sentence continuing past the end of a line		tp-literary-terms
Epic	A long narrative poem about heroic deeds		tp-literary-terms
Epigraph	A quotation placed at the start of a work		tp-literary-terms
Epistolary novel	A novel told through letters or documents		tp-literary-terms
Euphemism	A mild word replacing a harsh one		tp-literary-terms
Exposition	Background information at a story's start		tp-literary-terms
Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed over several lines		tp-literary-terms
Falling action	Events after the climax		tp-literary-terms
Figurative language	Language meant to be understood beyond its literal sense		tp-literary-terms
First-person narrator	A narrator who tells the story as 'I'		tp-literary-terms
Flashback	A scene from an earlier time		tp-literary-terms
Foil	A character who contrasts with another to highlight traits		tp-literary-terms
Foreshadowing	Hints about what will happen later		tp-literary-terms
Frame story	A story that contains other stories		tp-literary-terms
Free verse	Poetry without regular rhyme or meter		tp-literary-terms
Genre	A category of literature		tp-literary-terms
Gothic	Fiction with gloomy settings and mystery		tp-literary-terms
Hyperbole	Deliberate exaggeration		tp-literary-terms
Iambic pentameter	Ten-syllable line of five unstressed-stressed pairs		tp-literary-terms
Imagery	Language appealing to the senses		tp-literary-terms
In medias res	Beginning a story in the middle of the action		tp-literary-terms
Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality		tp-literary-terms
Juxtaposition	Placing contrasting things side by side		tp-literary-terms
Litotes	Understatement using a negative, like 'not bad'		tp-literary-terms
Metaphor	A direct comparison without 'like' or 'as'		tp-literary-terms
Metonymy	Using a related thing to stand for something, like 'the crown' for a king		tp-literary-terms
Mood	The feeling a work creates in the reader		tp-literary-terms
Motif	A recurring element that supports a theme		tp-literary-terms
Narrative arc	The shape of a story's development		tp-literary-terms
Ode	A lyric poem praising a subject		tp-literary-terms
Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates a sound		tp-literary-terms
Oxymoron	Two contradictory words together		tp-literary-terms
Parable	A short story teaching a moral lesson		tp-literary-terms
Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but reveals truth		tp-literary-terms
Parallelism	Repeating similar grammatical structure		tp-literary-terms
Parody	An imitation meant to mock or amuse		tp-literary-terms
Pathos	An appeal to emotion		tp-literary-terms
Ethos	An appeal based on credibility		tp-literary-terms
Logos	An appeal based on logic		tp-literary-terms
Personification	Giving human traits to non-human things		tp-literary-terms
Point of view	The perspective from which a story is told		tp-literary-terms
Third-person omniscient	A narrator who knows all characters' thoughts		tp-literary-terms
Third-person limited	A narrator who knows one character's thoughts		tp-literary-terms
Protagonist	The main character		tp-literary-terms
Pun	A play on words		tp-literary-terms
Quatrain	A four-line stanza		tp-literary-terms
Refrain	A repeated line or phrase		tp-literary-terms
Rhetorical question	A question asked for effect, not an answer		tp-literary-terms
Rhyme scheme	The pattern of rhymes at line ends		tp-literary-terms
Rising action	Events building toward the climax		tp-literary-terms
Satire	Using humor and exaggeration to criticize		tp-literary-terms
Setting	The time and place of a story		tp-literary-terms
Simile	A comparison using 'like' or 'as'		tp-literary-terms
Soliloquy	A speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud alone		tp-literary-terms
Sonnet	A fourteen-line poem		tp-literary-terms
Stanza	A group of lines in a poem		tp-literary-terms
Stream of consciousness	A narrative style following a character's flowing thoughts		tp-literary-terms
Symbol	An object that stands for a larger idea		tp-literary-terms
Synecdoche	A part standing for the whole, like 'hands' for workers		tp-literary-terms
Syntax	The arrangement of words in sentences		tp-literary-terms
Theme	A central idea of a work		tp-literary-terms
Tone	The author's attitude toward the subject		tp-literary-terms
Tragedy	A drama of a hero's downfall		tp-literary-terms
Tragic flaw	A trait that leads to a hero's ruin		tp-literary-terms
Understatement	Describing something as less than it is		tp-literary-terms
Unreliable narrator	A narrator whose account cannot be fully trusted		tp-literary-terms
Utopia	An imagined perfect society		tp-literary-terms
Dystopia	An imagined society marked by suffering or oppression		tp-literary-terms
Voice	The distinctive style of a writer or narrator		tp-literary-terms
Zeugma	One word applied to two others in different senses		tp-literary-terms
Ad hominem	Attacking the person instead of the argument (You can't trust her plan; she's always late.)		tp-logical-fallacies
Straw man	Misrepresenting someone's view to make it easier to attack		tp-logical-fallacies
False dilemma	Presenting only two options when more exist (You're either with us or against us.)		tp-logical-fallacies
Slippery slope	Claiming one step will inevitably lead to extreme results without evidence		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to authority	Treating a claim as true only because an authority said it, especially outside their field		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to popularity	Arguing something is true because many people believe it		tp-logical-fallacies
Bandwagon	Urging someone to do it because everyone else is		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to tradition	Arguing something is right because it has always been done		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to novelty	Arguing something is better because it is new		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to emotion	Using feelings in place of evidence		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to pity	Using sympathy to win agreement		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to fear	Using scare tactics instead of evidence		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to nature	Claiming something is good because it is natural		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to ignorance	Claiming something is true because it has not been proven false		tp-logical-fallacies
Circular reasoning	The conclusion is assumed in the premise (He is honest because he never lies.)		tp-logical-fallacies
Begging the question	Treating the thing to be proved as already true		tp-logical-fallacies
Hasty generalization	Drawing a broad conclusion from too few examples		tp-logical-fallacies
Anecdotal evidence	Using a personal story as proof of a general claim		tp-logical-fallacies
Cherry-picking	Choosing only data that supports your claim		tp-logical-fallacies
Post hoc ergo propter hoc	Assuming A caused B because B followed A		tp-logical-fallacies
Correlation is not causation	Two things changing together does not show one causes the other		tp-logical-fallacies
Red herring	Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract		tp-logical-fallacies
Tu quoque	Dismissing a point because the speaker does the same thing		tp-logical-fallacies
Genetic fallacy	Judging an idea by its origin instead of its merits		tp-logical-fallacies
Guilt by association	Rejecting an idea because of who supports it		tp-logical-fallacies
Poisoning the well	Discrediting a source before it can speak		tp-logical-fallacies
Equivocation	Using a word in two different senses in one argument		tp-logical-fallacies
Composition fallacy	Assuming what is true of parts is true of the whole		tp-logical-fallacies
Division fallacy	Assuming what is true of the whole is true of each part		tp-logical-fallacies
Burden of proof shift	Demanding others disprove a claim instead of supporting it		tp-logical-fallacies
No true Scotsman	Redefining a group to exclude counterexamples		tp-logical-fallacies
Moving the goalposts	Changing the standard of proof after it has been met		tp-logical-fallacies
Loaded question	A question that contains an unfair assumption (Have you stopped cheating?)		tp-logical-fallacies
Middle ground fallacy	Assuming the truth must lie halfway between two positions		tp-logical-fallacies
Texas sharpshooter	Finding patterns after the fact and ignoring the rest of the data		tp-logical-fallacies
Gambler's fallacy	Believing past random events change future odds		tp-logical-fallacies
Sunk cost fallacy	Continuing because of what was already invested		tp-logical-fallacies
Special pleading	Excusing your own case from a rule without good reason		tp-logical-fallacies
False cause	Claiming a causal link without proof		tp-logical-fallacies
Non sequitur	A conclusion that does not follow from the premises		tp-logical-fallacies
Affirming the consequent	If P then Q; Q, therefore P (invalid)		tp-logical-fallacies
Denying the antecedent	If P then Q; not P, therefore not Q (invalid)		tp-logical-fallacies
Modus ponens	If P then Q; P; therefore Q (valid)		tp-logical-fallacies
Modus tollens	If P then Q; not Q; therefore not P (valid)		tp-logical-fallacies
Syllogism	A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion		tp-logical-fallacies
Deductive reasoning	Moving from general premises to a certain conclusion		tp-logical-fallacies
Inductive reasoning	Moving from specific cases to a probable general conclusion		tp-logical-fallacies
Sound argument	A valid argument with true premises		tp-logical-fallacies
Valid argument	A conclusion that follows logically from the premises		tp-logical-fallacies
Weak analogy	Comparing things that are not alike in relevant ways		tp-logical-fallacies
Ambiguity fallacy	Relying on unclear wording to mislead		tp-logical-fallacies
Fallacy of the single cause	Blaming one factor for a complex outcome		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to accomplishment	Dismissing a claim because of someone's success or lack of it		tp-logical-fallacies
Argument from incredulity	Claiming something is false because it is hard to imagine		tp-logical-fallacies
Naturalistic fallacy	Deriving what ought to be from what is		tp-logical-fallacies
Survivorship bias	Focusing on successes and overlooking the failures		tp-logical-fallacies
Confirmation bias	Favoring information that fits existing beliefs		tp-logical-fallacies
False equivalence	Treating two very different things as equal		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to the stone	Dismissing a claim as absurd without showing why		tp-logical-fallacies
Hasty conclusion from small sample	Overgeneralizing from limited cases		tp-logical-fallacies
Ad populum	Latin name for appeal to the crowd		tp-logical-fallacies
Ad verecundiam	Latin name for appeal to authority		tp-logical-fallacies
Ad ignorantiam	Latin name for appeal to ignorance		tp-logical-fallacies
Argumentum ad baculum	Appeal to force or threats		tp-logical-fallacies
Reductio ad absurdum	Showing a claim is false by following it to an absurd result		tp-logical-fallacies
Ad nauseam	Repeating a claim until people accept it		tp-logical-fallacies
Fallacy fallacy	Assuming a conclusion is false because the argument for it is flawed		tp-logical-fallacies
Is-ought problem	Facts alone do not tell us what we should do		tp-logical-fallacies
Occam's razor	Prefer the simpler explanation that fits the facts		tp-logical-fallacies
Hume's guillotine	Another name for the is-ought gap		tp-logical-fallacies
Burden of proof	The person making a claim must support it		tp-logical-fallacies
Falsifiability	A claim should be testable and possible to prove wrong		tp-logical-fallacies
Argument from silence	Concluding something from the lack of evidence against it		tp-logical-fallacies
Fallacy of composition example	Each player is good, so the team must be good		tp-logical-fallacies
Appeal to money	Assuming something is right because it is expensive or profitable		tp-logical-fallacies
Whataboutism	Deflecting criticism by pointing to someone else's faults		tp-logical-fallacies
Marketing	Creating, communicating and delivering value to customers		tp-marketing-terms
Marketing mix (4 Ps)	Product, price, place, promotion		tp-marketing-terms
7 Ps of services marketing	The 4 Ps plus people, process and physical evidence		tp-marketing-terms
Product	What is offered to meet a need		tp-marketing-terms
Price	What customers pay		tp-marketing-terms
Place	How and where the product reaches customers		tp-marketing-terms
Promotion	How a company communicates about its offer		tp-marketing-terms
Market segmentation	Dividing a market into groups with similar needs		tp-marketing-terms
Demographics	Age, income, gender and other population traits		tp-marketing-terms
Psychographics	Attitudes, interests and lifestyles		tp-marketing-terms
Behavioral segmentation	Grouping by how customers act or use products		tp-marketing-terms
Targeting	Choosing which segments to serve		tp-marketing-terms
Positioning	How a brand wants to be seen relative to competitors		tp-marketing-terms
STP	Segmentation, targeting, positioning		tp-marketing-terms
Target audience	The specific group a message is meant for		tp-marketing-terms
Buyer persona	A fictional profile of an ideal customer		tp-marketing-terms
Brand	The identity and reputation of a product or company		tp-marketing-terms
Brand equity	The added value a brand name gives a product		tp-marketing-terms
Brand awareness	How well customers recognize a brand		tp-marketing-terms
Brand loyalty	Customers' continued preference for a brand		tp-marketing-terms
Logo	A symbol or design representing a brand		tp-marketing-terms
Slogan	A memorable phrase tied to a brand		tp-marketing-terms
Unique selling proposition	The feature that sets a product apart		tp-marketing-terms
Value proposition	The benefit promised to customers		tp-marketing-terms
Customer journey	The path a customer takes from awareness to purchase and beyond		tp-marketing-terms
Marketing funnel	Model of awareness, interest, decision and action		tp-marketing-terms
Conversion	A desired action, like a purchase or sign-up		tp-marketing-terms
Conversion rate	The percent of visitors who take the desired action		tp-marketing-terms
Lead	A potential customer who shows interest		tp-marketing-terms
Lead generation	Attracting and capturing potential customers		tp-marketing-terms
Customer acquisition cost	Cost to win one new customer		tp-marketing-terms
Customer lifetime value	Total value a customer brings over their relationship		tp-marketing-terms
Retention	Keeping existing customers		tp-marketing-terms
Churn	The rate at which customers leave		tp-marketing-terms
CRM	Customer relationship management system		tp-marketing-terms
Market research	Gathering information about customers and markets		tp-marketing-terms
Primary research	New data collected directly		tp-marketing-terms
Secondary research	Existing data collected by others		tp-marketing-terms
Focus group	A guided discussion with a small group of consumers		tp-marketing-terms
Survey	A set of questions given to many people		tp-marketing-terms
A/B testing	Comparing two versions to see which performs better		tp-marketing-terms
Competitive analysis	Studying rival products and strategies		tp-marketing-terms
Market share	A company's percent of industry sales		tp-marketing-terms
Pricing strategy	Approach to setting prices		tp-marketing-terms
Penetration pricing	Low initial price to win market share		tp-marketing-terms
Price skimming	High initial price that is lowered over time		tp-marketing-terms
Premium pricing	High price to signal quality		tp-marketing-terms
Loss leader	A product sold at a loss to attract customers		tp-marketing-terms
Freemium	Free basic service with paid upgrades		tp-marketing-terms
Bundling	Selling several products together as a package		tp-marketing-terms
Distribution channel	Path a product takes to reach customers		tp-marketing-terms
Retailer	A business selling to final consumers		tp-marketing-terms
Wholesaler	A business selling in bulk to retailers		tp-marketing-terms
Direct-to-consumer	Selling straight to customers without middlemen		tp-marketing-terms
Omnichannel	A seamless experience across online and offline channels		tp-marketing-terms
Advertising	Paid, non-personal promotion		tp-marketing-terms
Public relations	Managing a brand's relationship with the public and media		tp-marketing-terms
Sales promotion	Short-term incentives like coupons and discounts		tp-marketing-terms
Personal selling	Direct, person-to-person selling		tp-marketing-terms
Word of mouth	People recommending a brand to others		tp-marketing-terms
Influencer marketing	Partnering with people who have social reach		tp-marketing-terms
Content marketing	Creating valuable content to attract an audience		tp-marketing-terms
Inbound marketing	Drawing customers in through useful content		tp-marketing-terms
Outbound marketing	Reaching out directly to audiences, like ads and cold calls		tp-marketing-terms
Email marketing	Promoting through email messages		tp-marketing-terms
Social media marketing	Promoting through social platforms		tp-marketing-terms
SEO	Search engine optimization to earn organic search traffic		tp-marketing-terms
SEM	Search engine marketing, including paid search ads		tp-marketing-terms
Pay-per-click	Advertising where you pay each time an ad is clicked		tp-marketing-terms
Impression	One display of an ad		tp-marketing-terms
Click-through rate	Clicks divided by impressions		tp-marketing-terms
CPM	Cost per thousand impressions		tp-marketing-terms
Reach	Number of unique people who see a message		tp-marketing-terms
Frequency	Average number of times a person sees a message		tp-marketing-terms
Engagement	Interactions with content, like likes and comments		tp-marketing-terms
Call to action	A prompt telling the audience what to do next		tp-marketing-terms
Landing page	A page designed to turn visitors into leads or customers		tp-marketing-terms
Retargeting	Showing ads to people who visited before		tp-marketing-terms
Affiliate marketing	Paying partners for sales they refer		tp-marketing-terms
Viral marketing	Content that spreads rapidly through sharing		tp-marketing-terms
Guerrilla marketing	Low-cost, creative, unconventional promotion		tp-marketing-terms
Product life cycle	Introduction, growth, maturity, decline		tp-marketing-terms
Product differentiation	Making a product stand out from rivals		tp-marketing-terms
Market penetration	Selling more of existing products in existing markets		tp-marketing-terms
Product development	Creating new products for existing markets		tp-marketing-terms
Ansoff matrix	Framework of four growth strategies		tp-marketing-terms
Net Promoter Score	A measure of customers' willingness to recommend		tp-marketing-terms
Marketing ethics	Standards of honesty and fairness in marketing		tp-marketing-terms
Greenwashing	Misleadingly claiming environmental benefits		tp-marketing-terms
Packaging	The container and design of a product		tp-marketing-terms
Point of sale	Where a transaction occurs		tp-marketing-terms
Upselling	Encouraging a more expensive version		tp-marketing-terms
Cross-selling	Suggesting related products		tp-marketing-terms
Testimonial	A customer's statement in praise of a product		tp-marketing-terms
Target market vs. mass market	Focused group versus the whole market		tp-marketing-terms
ABG	Arterial blood gas		tp-med-abbreviations
ADL	Activities of daily living		tp-med-abbreviations
AED	Automated external defibrillator		tp-med-abbreviations
AIDS	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome		tp-med-abbreviations
BMI	Body mass index		tp-med-abbreviations
BP	Blood pressure		tp-med-abbreviations
BPM	Beats per minute		tp-med-abbreviations
BUN	Blood urea nitrogen		tp-med-abbreviations
CABG	Coronary artery bypass graft		tp-med-abbreviations
CAD	Coronary artery disease		tp-med-abbreviations
CBC	Complete blood count		tp-med-abbreviations
CHF	Congestive heart failure		tp-med-abbreviations
CNS	Central nervous system		tp-med-abbreviations
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease		tp-med-abbreviations
CPR	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation		tp-med-abbreviations
CT	Computed tomography		tp-med-abbreviations
CVA	Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)		tp-med-abbreviations
DM	Diabetes mellitus		tp-med-abbreviations
DNR	Do not resuscitate		tp-med-abbreviations
DOB	Date of birth		tp-med-abbreviations
DVT	Deep vein thrombosis		tp-med-abbreviations
Dx	Diagnosis		tp-med-abbreviations
ECG, EKG	Electrocardiogram		tp-med-abbreviations
EEG	Electroencephalogram		tp-med-abbreviations
EMS	Emergency medical services		tp-med-abbreviations
ENT	Ear, nose and throat		tp-med-abbreviations
ER, ED	Emergency room; emergency department		tp-med-abbreviations
FX	Fracture		tp-med-abbreviations
GERD	Gastroesophageal reflux disease		tp-med-abbreviations
GI	Gastrointestinal		tp-med-abbreviations
GU	Genitourinary		tp-med-abbreviations
Hb, Hgb	Hemoglobin		tp-med-abbreviations
HCT	Hematocrit		tp-med-abbreviations
HIV	Human immunodeficiency virus		tp-med-abbreviations
HR	Heart rate		tp-med-abbreviations
Hx	History		tp-med-abbreviations
ICU	Intensive care unit		tp-med-abbreviations
IM	Intramuscular		tp-med-abbreviations
IV	Intravenous		tp-med-abbreviations
LOC	Level of consciousness; loss of consciousness		tp-med-abbreviations
MI	Myocardial infarction (heart attack)		tp-med-abbreviations
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging		tp-med-abbreviations
N/V	Nausea and vomiting		tp-med-abbreviations
NPO	Nothing by mouth		tp-med-abbreviations
NSAID	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug		tp-med-abbreviations
OR	Operating room		tp-med-abbreviations
OTC	Over the counter		tp-med-abbreviations
PE	Pulmonary embolism; physical exam		tp-med-abbreviations
PO	By mouth		tp-med-abbreviations
PRN	As needed		tp-med-abbreviations
PT	Physical therapy; prothrombin time		tp-med-abbreviations
PVC	Premature ventricular contraction		tp-med-abbreviations
QD	Every day (on avoid-lists as error-prone)		tp-med-abbreviations
RBC	Red blood cell		tp-med-abbreviations
RN	Registered nurse		tp-med-abbreviations
ROM	Range of motion		tp-med-abbreviations
RR	Respiratory rate		tp-med-abbreviations
Rx	Prescription; treatment		tp-med-abbreviations
SOB	Shortness of breath		tp-med-abbreviations
STAT	Immediately		tp-med-abbreviations
STI	Sexually transmitted infection		tp-med-abbreviations
SpO2	Peripheral oxygen saturation		tp-med-abbreviations
Sx	Symptoms		tp-med-abbreviations
T	Temperature		tp-med-abbreviations
TB	Tuberculosis		tp-med-abbreviations
TIA	Transient ischemic attack		tp-med-abbreviations
TPR	Temperature, pulse, respiration		tp-med-abbreviations
Tx	Treatment		tp-med-abbreviations
URI	Upper respiratory infection		tp-med-abbreviations
UTI	Urinary tract infection		tp-med-abbreviations
VS	Vital signs		tp-med-abbreviations
WBC	White blood cell		tp-med-abbreviations
WNL	Within normal limits		tp-med-abbreviations
BID	Twice a day		tp-med-abbreviations
TID	Three times a day		tp-med-abbreviations
QID	Four times a day		tp-med-abbreviations
AC	Before meals		tp-med-abbreviations
PC	After meals		tp-med-abbreviations
HS	At bedtime		tp-med-abbreviations
SL	Sublingual (under the tongue)		tp-med-abbreviations
SC, SQ	Subcutaneous		tp-med-abbreviations
IVP	Intravenous push		tp-med-abbreviations
NG	Nasogastric		tp-med-abbreviations
NKDA	No known drug allergies		tp-med-abbreviations
Pt	Patient		tp-med-abbreviations
c/o	Complains of		tp-med-abbreviations
w/u	Work-up		tp-med-abbreviations
I&O	Intake and output		tp-med-abbreviations
H&P	History and physical		tp-med-abbreviations
CC	Chief complaint		tp-med-abbreviations
HPI	History of present illness		tp-med-abbreviations
PMH	Past medical history		tp-med-abbreviations
ROS	Review of systems		tp-med-abbreviations
SOAP	Subjective, objective, assessment, plan (note format)		tp-med-abbreviations
Fx vs Hx vs Dx	Fracture, history, diagnosis		tp-med-abbreviations
HTN	Hypertension		tp-med-abbreviations
CKD	Chronic kidney disease		tp-med-abbreviations
AFib	Atrial fibrillation		tp-med-abbreviations
ARDS	Acute respiratory distress syndrome		tp-med-abbreviations
ADHD	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder		tp-med-abbreviations
PTSD	Post-traumatic stress disorder		tp-med-abbreviations
IBS	Irritable bowel syndrome		tp-med-abbreviations
Homeostasis	Keeping the body's internal conditions stable		tp-med-body-systems
Integumentary system	Skin, hair, nails and glands		tp-med-body-systems
Epidermis	Outer layer of skin		tp-med-body-systems
Dermis	Layer of skin with blood vessels, nerves and glands		tp-med-body-systems
Hypodermis	Fatty layer beneath the skin		tp-med-body-systems
Melanin	Pigment that gives skin its color and absorbs UV		tp-med-body-systems
Sebaceous gland	Gland that makes oil (sebum)		tp-med-body-systems
Sudoriferous gland	Sweat gland		tp-med-body-systems
Keratin	Tough protein in skin, hair and nails		tp-med-body-systems
Skeletal system	Bones, cartilage and joints		tp-med-body-systems
Osteocyte	Mature bone cell		tp-med-body-systems
Compact bone	Dense outer bone layer		tp-med-body-systems
Spongy bone	Porous inner bone containing marrow		tp-med-body-systems
Red bone marrow	Tissue that makes blood cells		tp-med-body-systems
Ligament	Tissue connecting bone to bone		tp-med-body-systems
Tendon	Tissue connecting muscle to bone		tp-med-body-systems
Cartilage	Flexible connective tissue cushioning joints		tp-med-body-systems
Synovial joint	Freely movable joint with fluid-filled cavity		tp-med-body-systems
Muscular system	Muscles that produce movement		tp-med-body-systems
Skeletal muscle	Voluntary striated muscle attached to bones		tp-med-body-systems
Smooth muscle	Involuntary muscle in walls of organs		tp-med-body-systems
Cardiac muscle	Involuntary striated muscle of the heart		tp-med-body-systems
Sarcomere	Basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber		tp-med-body-systems
Actin and myosin	Protein filaments that slide past each other to contract muscle		tp-med-body-systems
Nervous system	Brain, spinal cord and nerves		tp-med-body-systems
Neuron	Nerve cell		tp-med-body-systems
Synapse	Junction where neurons communicate		tp-med-body-systems
Cerebrum	Largest part of the brain; thinking and voluntary action		tp-med-body-systems
Cerebellum	Brain part that coordinates balance and movement		tp-med-body-systems
Brainstem	Controls breathing, heart rate and basic life functions		tp-med-body-systems
Autonomic nervous system	Controls involuntary actions		tp-med-body-systems
Reflex arc	Quick automatic pathway from stimulus to response		tp-med-body-systems
Myelin	Fatty coating that speeds nerve signals		tp-med-body-systems
Endocrine system	Glands that release hormones into the blood		tp-med-body-systems
Hormone	A chemical messenger		tp-med-body-systems
Pituitary gland	Master gland controlling other glands		tp-med-body-systems
Thyroid gland	Controls metabolism		tp-med-body-systems
Pancreas	Makes insulin and digestive enzymes		tp-med-body-systems
Insulin	Hormone that lowers blood glucose		tp-med-body-systems
Adrenal gland	Makes hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol		tp-med-body-systems
Cardiovascular system	Heart and blood vessels		tp-med-body-systems
Atrium	Upper heart chamber that receives blood		tp-med-body-systems
Ventricle	Lower heart chamber that pumps blood out		tp-med-body-systems
Artery	Vessel carrying blood away from the heart		tp-med-body-systems
Vein	Vessel carrying blood toward the heart		tp-med-body-systems
Capillary	Tiny vessel where exchange occurs		tp-med-body-systems
Systolic pressure	Pressure when the heart contracts		tp-med-body-systems
Diastolic pressure	Pressure when the heart relaxes		tp-med-body-systems
Erythrocyte	Red blood cell; carries oxygen		tp-med-body-systems
Leukocyte	White blood cell; fights infection		tp-med-body-systems
Thrombocyte	Platelet; helps blood clot		tp-med-body-systems
Hemoglobin	Iron-containing protein that carries oxygen		tp-med-body-systems
Plasma	Liquid part of blood		tp-med-body-systems
Lymphatic system	Vessels and organs that drain fluid and defend against disease		tp-med-body-systems
Lymph node	Small organ that filters lymph		tp-med-body-systems
Spleen	Organ that filters blood and stores platelets		tp-med-body-systems
Thymus	Organ where T cells mature		tp-med-body-systems
Immune system	Cells and tissues that defend against pathogens		tp-med-body-systems
Antibody	Protein that recognizes and binds to an antigen		tp-med-body-systems
Antigen	A substance that triggers an immune response		tp-med-body-systems
Respiratory system	Organs for gas exchange		tp-med-body-systems
Alveoli	Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gases are exchanged		tp-med-body-systems
Diaphragm	Muscle under the lungs that drives breathing		tp-med-body-systems
Trachea	Windpipe		tp-med-body-systems
Bronchi	Two main airways into the lungs		tp-med-body-systems
Larynx	Voice box		tp-med-body-systems
Digestive system	Organs that break down food and absorb nutrients		tp-med-body-systems
Esophagus	Tube from throat to stomach		tp-med-body-systems
Peristalsis	Wave-like muscle contractions moving food		tp-med-body-systems
Stomach	Organ that churns food with acid and enzymes		tp-med-body-systems
Small intestine	Main site of nutrient absorption		tp-med-body-systems
Large intestine	Absorbs water and forms stool		tp-med-body-systems
Liver	Makes bile, processes nutrients and detoxifies		tp-med-body-systems
Gallbladder	Stores bile		tp-med-body-systems
Villi	Finger-like folds that absorb nutrients in the small intestine		tp-med-body-systems
Urinary system	Organs that filter blood and remove liquid waste		tp-med-body-systems
Kidney	Filters blood and makes urine		tp-med-body-systems
Nephron	Filtering unit of the kidney		tp-med-body-systems
Ureter	Tube from kidney to bladder		tp-med-body-systems
Urinary bladder	Stores urine		tp-med-body-systems
Urethra	Tube carrying urine out of the body		tp-med-body-systems
Reproductive system	Organs for producing offspring		tp-med-body-systems
Gamete	A reproductive cell: sperm or egg		tp-med-body-systems
Ovary	Female organ that makes eggs		tp-med-body-systems
Testis	Male organ that makes sperm		tp-med-body-systems
Uterus	Organ where a fetus develops		tp-med-body-systems
Zygote	Cell formed when sperm fertilizes an egg		tp-med-body-systems
Fetus	Developing baby after about eight weeks		tp-med-body-systems
Placenta	Organ that nourishes the fetus		tp-med-body-systems
Anatomical position	Standing upright, facing forward, palms forward		tp-med-body-systems
Sagittal plane	Divides the body into left and right		tp-med-body-systems
Frontal (coronal) plane	Divides the body into front and back		tp-med-body-systems
Transverse plane	Divides the body into top and bottom		tp-med-body-systems
Proximal	Closer to the point of attachment		tp-med-body-systems
Distal	Farther from the point of attachment		tp-med-body-systems
Superior	Toward the head		tp-med-body-systems
Inferior	Toward the feet		tp-med-body-systems
Anterior	Toward the front		tp-med-body-systems
Posterior	Toward the back		tp-med-body-systems
Medial	Toward the midline		tp-med-body-systems
Lateral	Away from the midline		tp-med-body-systems
Superficial	Near the surface		tp-med-body-systems
Deep	Farther from the surface		tp-med-body-systems
a-, an-	Without; not (anemia)		tp-med-prefixes
ab-	Away from (abduct)		tp-med-prefixes
ad-	Toward (adduct)		tp-med-prefixes
ambi-	Both (ambidextrous)		tp-med-prefixes
ante-	Before; forward (antepartum)		tp-med-prefixes
anti-	Against (antibiotic)		tp-med-prefixes
auto-	Self (autoimmune)		tp-med-prefixes
bi-	Two (bilateral)		tp-med-prefixes
brady-	Slow (bradycardia)		tp-med-prefixes
circum-	Around (circumcision)		tp-med-prefixes
con-	With; together (congenital)		tp-med-prefixes
contra-	Against; opposite (contraindicated)		tp-med-prefixes
de-	Down; removal (dehydration)		tp-med-prefixes
dia-	Through; complete (diagnosis)		tp-med-prefixes
dis-	Apart; away (dislocate)		tp-med-prefixes
dys-	Painful; difficult; abnormal (dyspnea)		tp-med-prefixes
ecto-	Outside (ectopic)		tp-med-prefixes
endo-	Within (endocardium)		tp-med-prefixes
epi-	Upon; above (epidermis)		tp-med-prefixes
eu-	Good; normal (euphoria)		tp-med-prefixes
ex-, exo-	Outside; out of (exhale)		tp-med-prefixes
extra-	Outside of (extracellular)		tp-med-prefixes
hemi-	Half (hemisphere)		tp-med-prefixes
hetero-	Different (heterogeneous)		tp-med-prefixes
homo-, homeo-	Same (homeostasis)		tp-med-prefixes
hyper-	Above; excessive (hypertension)		tp-med-prefixes
hypo-	Below; deficient (hypotension)		tp-med-prefixes
infra-	Below (infraorbital)		tp-med-prefixes
inter-	Between (intercostal)		tp-med-prefixes
intra-	Within (intravenous)		tp-med-prefixes
iso-	Equal (isotonic)		tp-med-prefixes
macro-	Large (macrophage)		tp-med-prefixes
mal-	Bad; poor (malnutrition)		tp-med-prefixes
meso-	Middle (mesentery)		tp-med-prefixes
meta-	Change; beyond (metastasis)		tp-med-prefixes
micro-	Small (microscope)		tp-med-prefixes
mono-	One (mononucleosis)		tp-med-prefixes
multi-	Many (multiparous)		tp-med-prefixes
neo-	New (neonatal)		tp-med-prefixes
non-	Not (noninvasive)		tp-med-prefixes
oligo-	Few; scanty (oliguria)		tp-med-prefixes
pan-	All (pandemic)		tp-med-prefixes
para-	Beside; abnormal; near (paralysis)		tp-med-prefixes
per-	Through (percutaneous)		tp-med-prefixes
peri-	Around (pericardium)		tp-med-prefixes
poly-	Many; much (polyuria)		tp-med-prefixes
post-	After (postoperative)		tp-med-prefixes
pre-	Before (prenatal)		tp-med-prefixes
pro-	Before; in favor of (prognosis)		tp-med-prefixes
pseudo-	False (pseudocyst)		tp-med-prefixes
quadri-	Four (quadriceps)		tp-med-prefixes
re-	Again; back (regurgitate)		tp-med-prefixes
retro-	Behind; backward (retroperitoneal)		tp-med-prefixes
semi-	Half (semiconscious)		tp-med-prefixes
sub-	Under (subcutaneous)		tp-med-prefixes
super-, supra-	Above (suprapubic)		tp-med-prefixes
sym-, syn-	Together (synapse)		tp-med-prefixes
tachy-	Fast (tachycardia)		tp-med-prefixes
tetra-	Four (tetralogy)		tp-med-prefixes
tri-	Three (triceps)		tp-med-prefixes
trans-	Across (transfusion)		tp-med-prefixes
ultra-	Beyond (ultrasound)		tp-med-prefixes
uni-	One (unilateral)		tp-med-prefixes
pre-natal vs post-natal	Before birth versus after birth		tp-med-prefixes
brachy-	Short (brachydactyly)		tp-med-prefixes
mega-, megalo-	Large (megacolon)		tp-med-prefixes
olig-	Little (oligohydramnios)		tp-med-prefixes
primi-	First (primigravida)		tp-med-prefixes
multi-gravida	A woman who has been pregnant more than once		tp-med-prefixes
intro-	Into (introvert)		tp-med-prefixes
xero-	Dry (xerosis)		tp-med-prefixes
peri vs endo	Peri- is around the outside; endo- is within		tp-med-prefixes
hydro-	Water (hydrocephalus)		tp-med-prefixes
hemo-, hemato-	Blood (hematology)		tp-med-prefixes
necro-	Death (necrosis)		tp-med-prefixes
pyo-	Pus (pyoderma)		tp-med-prefixes
dextro-	Right (dextrocardia)		tp-med-prefixes
levo-	Left (levoscoliosis)		tp-med-prefixes
ortho-	Straight; correct (orthopedics)		tp-med-prefixes
tox-, toxo-	Poison (toxicology)		tp-med-prefixes
pachy-	Thick (pachyderm)		tp-med-prefixes
lepto-	Thin; slender (leptomeninges)		tp-med-prefixes
pleo-	More (pleomorphic)		tp-med-prefixes
abdomin/o	Abdomen (abdominal)		tp-med-roots
aden/o	Gland (adenoma)		tp-med-roots
adip/o	Fat (adipose)		tp-med-roots
angi/o	Vessel (angiogram)		tp-med-roots
arteri/o	Artery (arteriosclerosis)		tp-med-roots
arthr/o	Joint (arthritis)		tp-med-roots
bronch/o	Bronchus (bronchitis)		tp-med-roots
card/o, cardi/o	Heart (cardiology)		tp-med-roots
cephal/o	Head (cephalic)		tp-med-roots
cerebr/o	Cerebrum; brain (cerebral)		tp-med-roots
cheil/o	Lip (cheilitis)		tp-med-roots
chol/e	Bile (cholecyst)		tp-med-roots
chondr/o	Cartilage (chondroma)		tp-med-roots
col/o, colon/o	Colon (colonoscopy)		tp-med-roots
cost/o	Rib (intercostal)		tp-med-roots
crani/o	Skull (cranium)		tp-med-roots
cutane/o	Skin (subcutaneous)		tp-med-roots
cyst/o	Bladder; sac (cystitis)		tp-med-roots
cyt/o	Cell (cytology)		tp-med-roots
dent/i, dent/o	Tooth (dentist)		tp-med-roots
derm/o, dermat/o	Skin (dermatitis)		tp-med-roots
duoden/o	Duodenum (duodenal)		tp-med-roots
encephal/o	Brain (encephalitis)		tp-med-roots
enter/o	Small intestine (gastroenteritis)		tp-med-roots
erythr/o	Red (erythrocyte)		tp-med-roots
gastr/o	Stomach (gastritis)		tp-med-roots
gingiv/o	Gums (gingivitis)		tp-med-roots
gloss/o	Tongue (glossitis)		tp-med-roots
gluc/o, glyc/o	Sugar; glucose (hypoglycemia)		tp-med-roots
gyn/o, gynec/o	Woman; female (gynecology)		tp-med-roots
hem/o, hemat/o	Blood (hematology)		tp-med-roots
hepat/o	Liver (hepatitis)		tp-med-roots
hist/o	Tissue (histology)		tp-med-roots
hydr/o	Water (dehydration)		tp-med-roots
hyster/o	Uterus (hysterectomy)		tp-med-roots
ile/o	Ileum (ileitis)		tp-med-roots
ili/o	Ilium (iliac)		tp-med-roots
kerat/o	Cornea; hard (keratitis)		tp-med-roots
lact/o	Milk (lactation)		tp-med-roots
lapar/o	Abdominal wall (laparoscopy)		tp-med-roots
laryng/o	Larynx (laryngitis)		tp-med-roots
leuk/o	White (leukocyte)		tp-med-roots
lip/o	Fat (liposuction)		tp-med-roots
lith/o	Stone (lithotripsy)		tp-med-roots
mamm/o, mast/o	Breast (mammogram)		tp-med-roots
mening/o	Meninges (meningitis)		tp-med-roots
my/o	Muscle (myocardium)		tp-med-roots
myel/o	Bone marrow; spinal cord (myelogram)		tp-med-roots
nas/o, rhin/o	Nose (rhinitis)		tp-med-roots
nephr/o, ren/o	Kidney (nephritis)		tp-med-roots
neur/o	Nerve (neurology)		tp-med-roots
ocul/o, ophthalm/o	Eye (ophthalmologist)		tp-med-roots
onc/o	Tumor (oncology)		tp-med-roots
oste/o	Bone (osteoporosis)		tp-med-roots
ot/o	Ear (otitis)		tp-med-roots
ovari/o, oophor/o	Ovary (oophorectomy)		tp-med-roots
path/o	Disease (pathology)		tp-med-roots
ped/o	Child; foot (context) (pediatrics)		tp-med-roots
phleb/o, ven/o	Vein (phlebitis)		tp-med-roots
pneum/o, pneumon/o	Lung; air (pneumonia)		tp-med-roots
pod/o	Foot (podiatrist)		tp-med-roots
psych/o	Mind (psychology)		tp-med-roots
pulmon/o	Lung (pulmonary)		tp-med-roots
rect/o	Rectum (rectal)		tp-med-roots
rhin/o	Nose (rhinoplasty)		tp-med-roots
salping/o	Fallopian tube (salpingitis)		tp-med-roots
splen/o	Spleen (splenectomy)		tp-med-roots
spondyl/o	Vertebra (spondylitis)		tp-med-roots
stomat/o	Mouth (stomatitis)		tp-med-roots
thorac/o	Chest (thoracic)		tp-med-roots
thromb/o	Clot (thrombosis)		tp-med-roots
thyr/o	Thyroid (thyroidectomy)		tp-med-roots
trache/o	Trachea (tracheostomy)		tp-med-roots
ureter/o	Ureter (ureteral)		tp-med-roots
urethr/o	Urethra (urethritis)		tp-med-roots
ur/o, urin/o	Urine; urinary tract (urology)		tp-med-roots
uter/o	Uterus (uterine)		tp-med-roots
vas/o	Vessel; vas deferens (vasoconstriction)		tp-med-roots
vertebr/o	Vertebra; spine (vertebral)		tp-med-roots
viscer/o	Internal organs (visceral)		tp-med-roots
blephar/o	Eyelid (blepharitis)		tp-med-roots
carcin/o	Cancer (carcinoma)		tp-med-roots
cervic/o	Neck; cervix (cervical)		tp-med-roots
cutis	Skin (cutaneous)		tp-med-roots
dactyl/o	Finger or toe (polydactyly)		tp-med-roots
hepat/o vs splen/o	Liver versus spleen		tp-med-roots
lingu/o	Tongue (sublingual)		tp-med-roots
or/o	Mouth (oral)		tp-med-roots
rhabd/o	Rod-shaped; striated (rhabdomyoma)		tp-med-roots
scler/o	Hard; white of the eye (scleroderma)		tp-med-roots
tend/o, ten/o	Tendon (tendonitis)		tp-med-roots
tonsill/o	Tonsil (tonsillectomy)		tp-med-roots
gnath/o	Jaw (prognathism)		tp-med-roots
pharyng/o	Throat (pharyngitis)		tp-med-roots
pyel/o	Renal pelvis (pyelonephritis)		tp-med-roots
sperm/o, spermat/o	Sperm (spermatozoon)		tp-med-roots
orchi/o, orchid/o	Testis (orchiectomy)		tp-med-roots
mamm/o	Breast (mammary)		tp-med-roots
-algia	Pain (neuralgia)		tp-med-suffixes
-cele	Hernia; swelling (cystocele)		tp-med-suffixes
-centesis	Surgical puncture to remove fluid (amniocentesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-cide	Killing (bactericide)		tp-med-suffixes
-clasis, -clast	Break; breaking (osteoclast)		tp-med-suffixes
-cyte	Cell (erythrocyte)		tp-med-suffixes
-ectasis	Expansion; dilation (bronchiectasis)		tp-med-suffixes
-ectomy	Surgical removal (appendectomy)		tp-med-suffixes
-emia	Condition of the blood (anemia)		tp-med-suffixes
-genesis	Origin; production (pathogenesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-genic	Producing; originating in (carcinogenic)		tp-med-suffixes
-gram	A record (electrocardiogram)		tp-med-suffixes
-graph	Instrument for recording (electrocardiograph)		tp-med-suffixes
-graphy	Process of recording (radiography)		tp-med-suffixes
-iasis	Condition; formation of (lithiasis)		tp-med-suffixes
-ism	Condition; process (hypothyroidism)		tp-med-suffixes
-itis	Inflammation (arthritis)		tp-med-suffixes
-kinesis	Movement (dyskinesia)		tp-med-suffixes
-lithiasis	Presence of stones (cholelithiasis)		tp-med-suffixes
-logist	One who studies (cardiologist)		tp-med-suffixes
-logy	Study of (cardiology)		tp-med-suffixes
-lysis	Breakdown; loosening (hemolysis)		tp-med-suffixes
-malacia	Softening (osteomalacia)		tp-med-suffixes
-mania	Obsessive preoccupation (kleptomania)		tp-med-suffixes
-megaly	Enlargement (hepatomegaly)		tp-med-suffixes
-meter	Instrument for measuring (thermometer)		tp-med-suffixes
-metry	Measurement (spirometry)		tp-med-suffixes
-oid	Resembling (thyroid)		tp-med-suffixes
-ologist	Specialist in the study of (dermatologist)		tp-med-suffixes
-oma	Tumor; mass (lipoma)		tp-med-suffixes
-opia	Vision condition (myopia)		tp-med-suffixes
-opsy	View of; examination (biopsy)		tp-med-suffixes
-osis	Abnormal condition (fibrosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-ostomy	Creating a surgical opening (colostomy)		tp-med-suffixes
-otomy	Cutting into (laparotomy)		tp-med-suffixes
-pathy	Disease (neuropathy)		tp-med-suffixes
-penia	Deficiency (leukopenia)		tp-med-suffixes
-pexy	Surgical fixation (nephropexy)		tp-med-suffixes
-phagia	Eating; swallowing (dysphagia)		tp-med-suffixes
-phasia	Speech (aphasia)		tp-med-suffixes
-philia	Attraction to (hemophilia)		tp-med-suffixes
-phobia	Fear (claustrophobia)		tp-med-suffixes
-plasia	Formation; growth (hyperplasia)		tp-med-suffixes
-plasty	Surgical repair (rhinoplasty)		tp-med-suffixes
-plegia	Paralysis (paraplegia)		tp-med-suffixes
-pnea	Breathing (apnea)		tp-med-suffixes
-poiesis	Formation (hematopoiesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-ptosis	Drooping; prolapse (blepharoptosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-rrhage, -rrhagia	Excessive flow; bursting forth (hemorrhage)		tp-med-suffixes
-rrhaphy	Suture of (herniorrhaphy)		tp-med-suffixes
-rrhea	Flow; discharge (diarrhea)		tp-med-suffixes
-rrhexis	Rupture (arteriorrhexis)		tp-med-suffixes
-sclerosis	Hardening (arteriosclerosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-scope	Instrument for viewing (endoscope)		tp-med-suffixes
-scopy	Visual examination (colonoscopy)		tp-med-suffixes
-spasm	Involuntary contraction (bronchospasm)		tp-med-suffixes
-stasis	Stopping; controlling (hemostasis)		tp-med-suffixes
-stenosis	Narrowing (pyloric stenosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-therapy	Treatment (chemotherapy)		tp-med-suffixes
-tome	Instrument for cutting (microtome)		tp-med-suffixes
-tripsy	Crushing (lithotripsy)		tp-med-suffixes
-trophy	Nourishment; development (atrophy)		tp-med-suffixes
-uria	Urine condition (hematuria)		tp-med-suffixes
-ia	Condition (pneumonia)		tp-med-suffixes
-ic, -al, -ar, -ary	Pertaining to (cardiac)		tp-med-suffixes
-ous	Pertaining to (venous)		tp-med-suffixes
-ase	Enzyme (lipase)		tp-med-suffixes
-emesis	Vomiting (hematemesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-esthesia	Sensation (anesthesia)		tp-med-suffixes
-ferous	Bearing; carrying (sudoriferous)		tp-med-suffixes
-gnosis	Knowledge (prognosis)		tp-med-suffixes
-gen	Substance that produces (antigen)		tp-med-suffixes
-ule	Small (venule)		tp-med-suffixes
-trophic	Pertaining to nourishment (neurotrophic)		tp-med-suffixes
-ectopy	Displacement (cardiac ectopy)		tp-med-suffixes
-ar vs -al	Both mean 'pertaining to'; the choice depends on the root		tp-med-suffixes
-iatrics, -iatry	Medical treatment; field of medicine (pediatrics)		tp-med-suffixes
-ist	A specialist (podiatrist)		tp-med-suffixes
-ptysis	Spitting (hemoptysis)		tp-med-suffixes
-stomy vs -tomy	-stomy makes an opening; -tomy is just a cut		tp-med-suffixes
-desis	Binding; fusion (arthrodesis)		tp-med-suffixes
-lepsy	Seizure (epilepsy)		tp-med-suffixes
-pepsia	Digestion (dyspepsia)		tp-med-suffixes
-phoria	Feeling; bearing (euphoria)		tp-med-suffixes
-physis	Growing (epiphysis)		tp-med-suffixes
Bow	The front of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Stern	The back of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Port	The left side when facing the bow		tp-nautical-terms
Starboard	The right side when facing the bow		tp-nautical-terms
Fore	Toward the bow		tp-nautical-terms
Aft	Toward the stern		tp-nautical-terms
Abeam	At right angles to the boat's length		tp-nautical-terms
Amidships	In the middle of the boat		tp-nautical-terms
Hull	The body of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Keel	Central beam along the bottom of the hull		tp-nautical-terms
Deck	The floor of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Cabin	Enclosed living or sleeping space		tp-nautical-terms
Galley	A boat's kitchen		tp-nautical-terms
Head	A boat's toilet		tp-nautical-terms
Bunk (berth)	A bed on a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Helm	The steering position or the wheel		tp-nautical-terms
Tiller	A lever used to steer		tp-nautical-terms
Rudder	Underwater blade that steers the boat		tp-nautical-terms
Draft	Depth of the boat below the waterline		tp-nautical-terms
Freeboard	Height of the hull above the water		tp-nautical-terms
Beam	The widest part of the boat		tp-nautical-terms
Gunwale	Upper edge of the side of the boat		tp-nautical-terms
Transom	Flat vertical surface at the stern		tp-nautical-terms
Bilge	The lowest inside part of the hull		tp-nautical-terms
Mast	Tall vertical pole holding sails		tp-nautical-terms
Boom	Horizontal pole at the bottom of the mainsail		tp-nautical-terms
Mainsail	Main sail on the mast		tp-nautical-terms
Jib	Triangular sail at the front		tp-nautical-terms
Spinnaker	Large, balloon-like sail used downwind		tp-nautical-terms
Genoa	A large jib that overlaps the mast		tp-nautical-terms
Halyard	Rope that raises a sail		tp-nautical-terms
Sheet	Rope that controls a sail's angle		tp-nautical-terms
Rigging	The ropes and wires that support masts and control sails		tp-nautical-terms
Shroud	Wire supporting the mast from the sides		tp-nautical-terms
Stay	Wire supporting the mast fore and aft		tp-nautical-terms
Line	The nautical word for rope		tp-nautical-terms
Cleat	Fitting used to secure a line		tp-nautical-terms
Winch	Device to pull lines with a crank		tp-nautical-terms
Fender	Cushion hung between boat and dock		tp-nautical-terms
Anchor	Heavy hook that holds a boat in place		tp-nautical-terms
Rode	Line and chain connecting boat to anchor		tp-nautical-terms
Windlass	Winch that raises the anchor		tp-nautical-terms
Mooring	A permanent anchor point for boats		tp-nautical-terms
Dock	Structure where boats tie up		tp-nautical-terms
Pier	A platform extending into the water		tp-nautical-terms
Marina	Harbor with docking for boats		tp-nautical-terms
Harbor	Sheltered water where ships can anchor		tp-nautical-terms
Knot (speed)	One nautical mile per hour		tp-nautical-terms
Nautical mile	About 1.15 land miles		tp-nautical-terms
Fathom	Six feet of water depth		tp-nautical-terms
Leeward	The side away from the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Windward	The side toward the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Lee shore	Land that wind blows toward; dangerous for boats		tp-nautical-terms
Tack	To turn the bow through the wind; also a boat's course relative to the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Jibe	To turn the stern through the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Close-hauled	Sailing as close to the wind as possible		tp-nautical-terms
Beam reach	Sailing with the wind from the side		tp-nautical-terms
Broad reach	Sailing with the wind coming from behind at an angle		tp-nautical-terms
Running	Sailing with the wind directly behind		tp-nautical-terms
In irons	Stuck facing into the wind with no steering		tp-nautical-terms
Heeling	Leaning over from the force of the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Capsize	To turn over		tp-nautical-terms
Reef	To reduce sail area in strong wind		tp-nautical-terms
Luff	The front edge of a sail; also when the sail flaps		tp-nautical-terms
Leech	The back edge of a sail		tp-nautical-terms
Clew	The lower back corner of a sail		tp-nautical-terms
Head of the sail	The top corner		tp-nautical-terms
Point of sail	Boat's direction relative to the wind		tp-nautical-terms
Bearing	Direction from one point to another		tp-nautical-terms
Heading	The direction the bow is pointing		tp-nautical-terms
Course	The intended path		tp-nautical-terms
Chart	A nautical map		tp-nautical-terms
Compass	Instrument showing direction		tp-nautical-terms
Latitude	Distance north or south of the equator		tp-nautical-terms
Longitude	Distance east or west of the prime meridian		tp-nautical-terms
Dead reckoning	Estimating position from speed, time and heading		tp-nautical-terms
Sextant	Instrument for measuring the angle of the sun or stars		tp-nautical-terms
GPS	Satellite navigation		tp-nautical-terms
Buoy	Floating marker on the water		tp-nautical-terms
Red right returning	When entering a harbor from the sea, keep red markers on your right		tp-nautical-terms
Lighthouse	Tower with a light to guide ships		tp-nautical-terms
Tide	The rise and fall of the sea level		tp-nautical-terms
Ebb tide	Falling tide		tp-nautical-terms
Flood tide	Rising tide		tp-nautical-terms
Current	A steady flow of water		tp-nautical-terms
Swell	Long wave moving across open water		tp-nautical-terms
Wake	Trail of waves behind a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Squall	A sudden strong wind		tp-nautical-terms
Beaufort scale	Scale describing wind strength		tp-nautical-terms
PFD (life jacket)	Personal flotation device		tp-nautical-terms
Man overboard	A cry meaning someone has fallen into the water		tp-nautical-terms
Ahoy	A call to attract attention		tp-nautical-terms
Aye aye	I understand and will obey		tp-nautical-terms
Mayday	Radio distress call		tp-nautical-terms
Skipper	The person in charge of a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Crew	People who work on a boat		tp-nautical-terms
Mate	An officer ranking below the captain		tp-nautical-terms
Bosun	Officer in charge of deck crew and equipment		tp-nautical-terms
Vessel	A boat or ship		tp-nautical-terms
Knot (rope)	A fastening made by tying rope; examples are bowline and cleat hitch		tp-nautical-terms
Bowline	A knot that makes a fixed loop		tp-nautical-terms
Clove hitch	A knot that fastens a line to a post		tp-nautical-terms
Figure eight	A stopper knot at the end of a line		tp-nautical-terms
Nursing process	Assess, diagnose, plan, implement, evaluate		tp-nursing-basics
ADPIE	Memory aid for the five steps of the nursing process		tp-nursing-basics
Assessment	Gathering information about the patient		tp-nursing-basics
Subjective data	What the patient reports (symptoms)		tp-nursing-basics
Objective data	What the nurse observes or measures (signs)		tp-nursing-basics
Nursing diagnosis	A clinical judgment about a patient's response to a health problem		tp-nursing-basics
Care plan	Written plan of goals and nursing actions		tp-nursing-basics
Evaluation	Judging whether goals were met		tp-nursing-basics
Vital signs	Temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and often oxygen saturation		tp-nursing-basics
Normal adult pulse	About 60 to 100 beats per minute		tp-nursing-basics
Normal adult respirations	About 12 to 20 breaths per minute		tp-nursing-basics
Normal adult temperature	About 98.6 F (37 C), with some natural variation		tp-nursing-basics
Normal blood pressure	About 120/80 mmHg or lower		tp-nursing-basics
Bradycardia	Slow heart rate		tp-nursing-basics
Tachycardia	Fast heart rate		tp-nursing-basics
Hypotension	Low blood pressure		tp-nursing-basics
Hypertension	High blood pressure		tp-nursing-basics
Hypoxia	Low oxygen in body tissues		tp-nursing-basics
Dyspnea	Difficulty breathing		tp-nursing-basics
Apnea	Pause in breathing		tp-nursing-basics
Pulse oximeter	Device that measures oxygen saturation		tp-nursing-basics
Hand hygiene	The most important way to prevent infection		tp-nursing-basics
Standard precautions	Basic infection control used for every patient		tp-nursing-basics
Contact precautions	Gloves and gowns to prevent spread by touch		tp-nursing-basics
Droplet precautions	Mask for germs spread by large respiratory droplets		tp-nursing-basics
Airborne precautions	Special room and respirator for germs that travel on air		tp-nursing-basics
PPE	Personal protective equipment such as gloves, gown, mask and goggles		tp-nursing-basics
Aseptic technique	Methods to prevent contamination by germs		tp-nursing-basics
Sterile field	Area kept free of all microorganisms		tp-nursing-basics
Fomite	An object that can carry infection		tp-nursing-basics
Nosocomial infection	Infection acquired in a healthcare setting		tp-nursing-basics
Six rights of medication	Right patient, drug, dose, route, time and documentation		tp-nursing-basics
Medication reconciliation	Comparing a patient's medication lists to avoid errors		tp-nursing-basics
Allergy	Overreaction of the immune system to a substance		tp-nursing-basics
Anaphylaxis	Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction		tp-nursing-basics
Informed consent	A patient agrees to treatment after understanding it		tp-nursing-basics
HIPAA	US law protecting patients' health information		tp-nursing-basics
Confidentiality	Keeping patient information private		tp-nursing-basics
Advance directive	Written wishes about future medical care		tp-nursing-basics
Patient advocate	Someone who speaks up for a patient's rights and needs		tp-nursing-basics
Scope of practice	What a licensed professional is legally allowed to do		tp-nursing-basics
Delegation	Assigning a task to someone else while keeping accountability		tp-nursing-basics
Chain of command	Order of reporting concerns		tp-nursing-basics
SBAR	Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation: a communication format		tp-nursing-basics
Therapeutic communication	Communication that helps and supports patients		tp-nursing-basics
Active listening	Fully focusing on and responding to what is said		tp-nursing-basics
Documentation	Writing accurate records of care		tp-nursing-basics
Charting by exception	Recording only findings that differ from normal		tp-nursing-basics
Maslow's hierarchy	Basic needs come before higher needs		tp-nursing-basics
Activities of daily living	Everyday self-care tasks like bathing and eating		tp-nursing-basics
Fall risk	Likelihood that a patient will fall		tp-nursing-basics
Pressure injury	Skin damage from prolonged pressure		tp-nursing-basics
Turning schedule	Repositioning to prevent pressure injuries		tp-nursing-basics
Ambulation	Walking		tp-nursing-basics
Body mechanics	Using the body safely when lifting and moving		tp-nursing-basics
Range of motion	The full movement a joint can make		tp-nursing-basics
Intake and output	Measuring fluids a patient takes in and puts out		tp-nursing-basics
Dehydration	Not enough water in the body		tp-nursing-basics
Edema	Swelling from excess fluid in tissue		tp-nursing-basics
Isotonic IV fluid	Fluid with the same concentration as blood plasma		tp-nursing-basics
Catheter	A tube inserted into the body to drain or deliver fluid		tp-nursing-basics
Enteral nutrition	Feeding through the digestive tract, such as a tube		tp-nursing-basics
Parenteral nutrition	Nutrients given directly into the bloodstream		tp-nursing-basics
NPO	Nothing by mouth		tp-nursing-basics
Aspiration	Food or fluid entering the airway		tp-nursing-basics
Wound healing	Stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling		tp-nursing-basics
Dressing	Material that covers and protects a wound		tp-nursing-basics
Pain scale	Tool for patients to rate pain, such as 0 to 10		tp-nursing-basics
Palliative care	Care focused on comfort and quality of life		tp-nursing-basics
Hospice	End-of-life care focusing on comfort		tp-nursing-basics
Triage	Sorting patients by urgency of need		tp-nursing-basics
Rapid response	Team called when a patient is getting worse quickly		tp-nursing-basics
Code blue	Hospital emergency call for cardiac or respiratory arrest		tp-nursing-basics
Restraint	A device limiting movement, used only as a last resort		tp-nursing-basics
Cultural competence	Respecting and meeting patients' cultural needs		tp-nursing-basics
Health literacy	Ability to understand health information		tp-nursing-basics
Teach-back	Asking patients to explain instructions in their own words		tp-nursing-basics
Primary prevention	Stopping disease before it starts, like vaccination		tp-nursing-basics
Secondary prevention	Early detection, like screening		tp-nursing-basics
Tertiary prevention	Reducing the effects of existing disease		tp-nursing-basics
Evidence-based practice	Using the best research along with clinical judgment		tp-nursing-basics
Chain of infection	Agent, reservoir, exit, transmission, entry, host		tp-nursing-basics
Sharps container	Rigid, puncture-proof box for needles		tp-nursing-basics
Incident report	Record of an unusual event, such as a fall or error		tp-nursing-basics
Near miss	An error caught before it reaches the patient		tp-nursing-basics
Bedsore stages	Stages 1 to 4 describing the depth of pressure injury		tp-nursing-basics
Orthostatic hypotension	Blood pressure drop when standing up		tp-nursing-basics
Alkane	Only C-C single bonds; saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2)		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Alkene	Contains a C=C double bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Alkyne	Contains a C-C triple bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Aromatic ring	Cyclic ring with delocalized pi electrons, like benzene		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Alkyl halide	R-X where X is F, Cl, Br or I		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Alcohol	R-OH; a hydroxyl on a saturated carbon		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Phenol	OH group attached directly to an aromatic ring		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Ether	R-O-R'; oxygen between two carbons		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Epoxide	A three-membered ring containing oxygen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Thiol	R-SH; sulfur analog of alcohol		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Sulfide (thioether)	R-S-R'		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Disulfide	R-S-S-R'		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Aldehyde	RCHO; carbonyl at the end of a carbon chain		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Ketone	R-CO-R'; carbonyl between two carbons		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Carboxylic acid	R-COOH		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Ester	R-COO-R'		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Amide	R-CO-NR2; carbonyl bonded to nitrogen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Acid chloride	R-COCl; very reactive acid derivative		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Acid anhydride	Two acyl groups joined through an oxygen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Nitrile	R-C triple bond N		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Amine	Nitrogen bonded to carbon with lone pair; basic		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Primary amine	RNH2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Secondary amine	R2NH		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Tertiary amine	R3N		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Quaternary ammonium	N bonded to four carbons with positive charge		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Imine	C=N double bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Nitro group	R-NO2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Azide	R-N3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Carbonyl	C=O double bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydroxyl	-OH group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Carboxyl	-COOH group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Amino	-NH2 group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Methyl	-CH3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Ethyl	-CH2CH3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Propyl	-CH2CH2CH3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Isopropyl	-CH(CH3)2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Butyl	Four-carbon chain group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
tert-Butyl	-C(CH3)3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Vinyl	-CH=CH2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Allyl	-CH2-CH=CH2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Phenyl	-C6H5		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Benzyl	-CH2-C6H5		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Acetyl	-COCH3		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Cycloalkane	Alkane arranged in a ring		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Diene	Two double bonds		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Conjugated diene	Double bonds separated by one single bond		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Cumulene	Consecutive double bonds		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Enol	A C=C bonded to an OH		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Enolate	Anion formed by removing the alpha proton from a carbonyl		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hemiacetal	A carbon bonded to both OH and OR		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Acetal	A carbon bonded to two OR groups		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Lactone	A cyclic ester		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Lactam	A cyclic amide		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Peptide bond	Amide bond linking amino acids		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Glycosidic bond	Linkage between sugar units		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Phosphate ester	Ester formed with phosphoric acid		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Sulfonic acid	R-SO3H		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Isocyanate	R-N=C=O		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydrazine	N-N single bond derivative		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Carbamate	R-O-CO-NR2		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Urea	Carbonyl bonded to two nitrogens		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Heterocycle	A ring containing at least one atom other than carbon		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Pyridine	Six-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Furan	Five-membered aromatic ring with one oxygen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Pyrrole	Five-membered aromatic ring with one nitrogen		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Thiophene	Five-membered aromatic ring with one sulfur		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Priority of groups in naming	Acids > esters > amides > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -ol	Alcohol		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -al	Aldehyde		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -one	Ketone		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -oic acid	Carboxylic acid		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -oate	Ester		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -amide	Amide		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -amine	Amine		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -nitrile	Nitrile		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -ene	Alkene		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
IUPAC suffix -yne	Alkyne		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Chirality center	A carbon bonded to four different groups		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Enantiomers	Non-superimposable mirror image molecules		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Diastereomers	Stereoisomers that are not mirror images		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Constitutional isomers	Same formula, different connectivity		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
R/S configuration	Labels for chirality using CIP priority rules		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
E/Z configuration	Labels for alkene geometry using CIP rules		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydrogen bond donor	N-H or O-H group		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydrophilic group	A polar group that interacts with water		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Hydrophobic group	A nonpolar group that avoids water		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Degree of unsaturation	Rings plus pi bonds in a molecule		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
Markovnikov's rule	In HX addition to alkenes, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens		tp-orgchem-functional-groups
SN1 reaction	Two-step substitution through a carbocation; favors tertiary substrates and polar protic solvents		tp-orgchem-reactions
SN2 reaction	One-step substitution with backside attack and inversion; favors methyl and primary substrates		tp-orgchem-reactions
E1 reaction	Two-step elimination through a carbocation		tp-orgchem-reactions
E2 reaction	One-step elimination needing a strong base and anti-periplanar geometry		tp-orgchem-reactions
Zaitsev's rule	Elimination gives the more substituted alkene as the major product		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hofmann product	The less substituted alkene, favored by bulky bases		tp-orgchem-reactions
Carbocation stability	Tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl		tp-orgchem-reactions
Leaving group	A group that departs with a pair of electrons; good ones are weak bases		tp-orgchem-reactions
Nucleophile	An electron-rich species that attacks an electrophile		tp-orgchem-reactions
Electrophile	An electron-poor species that accepts electrons		tp-orgchem-reactions
Polar protic solvent	Solvent with O-H or N-H bonds, like water or ethanol		tp-orgchem-reactions
Polar aprotic solvent	Polar solvent without O-H, like acetone or DMSO		tp-orgchem-reactions
Electrophilic addition	Alkene pi bond attacks an electrophile, adding across the double bond		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydrohalogenation	Adding HX across an alkene		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydration of alkenes	Adding water to form an alcohol		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydrogenation	Adding H2 across a double or triple bond using a metal catalyst		tp-orgchem-reactions
Halogenation of alkenes	Adding X2 across a double bond to give anti addition		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydroboration-oxidation	Anti-Markovnikov syn addition of water to an alkene		tp-orgchem-reactions
Oxymercuration-demercuration	Markovnikov hydration of alkenes without rearrangements		tp-orgchem-reactions
Epoxidation	Converting an alkene to an epoxide with a peroxyacid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Ozonolysis	Cleaving a double bond with ozone to give carbonyls		tp-orgchem-reactions
Dihydroxylation	Adding two OH groups across a double bond		tp-orgchem-reactions
Free radical halogenation	Substituting H on an alkane by a halogen through radical steps		tp-orgchem-reactions
Radical chain mechanism	Initiation, propagation, termination		tp-orgchem-reactions
Electrophilic aromatic substitution	Replacing a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with an electrophile		tp-orgchem-reactions
Nitration	Adding NO2 to an aromatic ring using nitric and sulfuric acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Friedel-Crafts alkylation	Adding an alkyl group to an aromatic ring using AlCl3		tp-orgchem-reactions
Friedel-Crafts acylation	Adding an acyl group to an aromatic ring		tp-orgchem-reactions
Ortho/para director	Group that directs incoming electrophiles to positions 2 and 4		tp-orgchem-reactions
Meta director	Group that directs incoming electrophiles to position 3		tp-orgchem-reactions
Activating group	Electron-donating group that speeds up aromatic substitution		tp-orgchem-reactions
Deactivating group	Electron-withdrawing group that slows aromatic substitution		tp-orgchem-reactions
Nucleophilic acyl substitution	Nucleophile replaces a leaving group on a carbonyl carbon		tp-orgchem-reactions
Fischer esterification	Acid-catalyzed reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester		tp-orgchem-reactions
Saponification	Base hydrolysis of an ester to a carboxylate and alcohol		tp-orgchem-reactions
Amide formation	Reaction of an acid derivative with an amine		tp-orgchem-reactions
Grignard reaction	Organomagnesium reagent adds to carbonyl compounds to form alcohols		tp-orgchem-reactions
Organolithium reagent	Strongly basic carbon nucleophile like Grignards		tp-orgchem-reactions
Reduction with NaBH4	Mild reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols		tp-orgchem-reactions
Reduction with LiAlH4	Strong reduction of carbonyls, esters and acids to alcohols		tp-orgchem-reactions
PCC oxidation	Oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes		tp-orgchem-reactions
Jones oxidation	Strong oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids		tp-orgchem-reactions
Swern oxidation	Mild oxidation of alcohols using DMSO		tp-orgchem-reactions
Aldol reaction	An enolate adds to a carbonyl to form a beta-hydroxy carbonyl		tp-orgchem-reactions
Aldol condensation	Aldol addition followed by loss of water		tp-orgchem-reactions
Claisen condensation	Ester enolate attacks another ester to give a beta-keto ester		tp-orgchem-reactions
Michael addition	Nucleophile adds to the beta carbon of an alpha-beta unsaturated carbonyl		tp-orgchem-reactions
Wittig reaction	Converts aldehydes and ketones into alkenes		tp-orgchem-reactions
Diels-Alder reaction	A diene and a dienophile form a six-membered ring		tp-orgchem-reactions
Cycloaddition	Concerted reaction forming a ring		tp-orgchem-reactions
Williamson ether synthesis	Alkoxide attacks alkyl halide to form an ether		tp-orgchem-reactions
Gabriel synthesis	Preparing primary amines from alkyl halides using phthalimide		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hofmann elimination	Converts quaternary ammonium to the less substituted alkene		tp-orgchem-reactions
Diazonium salt	Intermediate from aryl amines used to introduce many groups on rings		tp-orgchem-reactions
Sandmeyer reaction	Replacing a diazonium group with a halide or cyanide using copper salts		tp-orgchem-reactions
Cannizzaro reaction	Aldehydes without alpha hydrogens react to give an alcohol and an acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation	Converts ketones into esters using a peracid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hydrolysis	Breaking a bond with water		tp-orgchem-reactions
Dehydration of alcohols	Acid-catalyzed loss of water to form alkenes		tp-orgchem-reactions
Tautomerization	Interconversion of keto and enol forms		tp-orgchem-reactions
Resonance stabilization	Delocalization of electrons lowers energy		tp-orgchem-reactions
Hammond postulate	Transition states resemble the nearest-energy species		tp-orgchem-reactions
Kinetic vs. thermodynamic control	Fastest-formed versus most stable product		tp-orgchem-reactions
Inversion of configuration	Stereochemical result of an SN2 reaction		tp-orgchem-reactions
Racemization	Formation of equal amounts of both enantiomers		tp-orgchem-reactions
Syn addition	Both groups add to the same face of a double bond		tp-orgchem-reactions
Anti addition	Groups add to opposite faces		tp-orgchem-reactions
Stereospecific	Different stereoisomers give different stereoisomeric products		tp-orgchem-reactions
Regioselective	One direction of bond making is favored over another		tp-orgchem-reactions
Protecting group	A temporary group masking a reactive site		tp-orgchem-reactions
Retrosynthesis	Planning a synthesis by working backward from the target		tp-orgchem-reactions
Rearrangement (hydride shift)	Carbocation moves hydrogen to become more stable		tp-orgchem-reactions
Polymerization	Joining monomers into long chains		tp-orgchem-reactions
Addition polymer	Polymer formed by adding monomers without losing atoms		tp-orgchem-reactions
Condensation polymer	Polymer formed with loss of a small molecule such as water		tp-orgchem-reactions
Beckmann rearrangement	Oxime converts to an amide under acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Pinacol rearrangement	Diol converts to a ketone under acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Fries rearrangement	Aryl ester converts to a hydroxy aryl ketone		tp-orgchem-reactions
Clemmensen reduction	Reduces a ketone or aldehyde to an alkane using zinc and acid		tp-orgchem-reactions
Wolff-Kishner reduction	Reduces a ketone or aldehyde to an alkane under basic conditions		tp-orgchem-reactions
Birch reduction	Reduces aromatic rings to dienes		tp-orgchem-reactions
Heck reaction	Palladium-catalyzed coupling of an alkene with an aryl or vinyl halide		tp-orgchem-reactions
Suzuki coupling	Palladium-catalyzed coupling of organoboron and organohalide		tp-orgchem-reactions
Click chemistry	Fast, reliable reactions that join molecules, like azide-alkyne cycloaddition		tp-orgchem-reactions
Analgesic	Relieves pain		tp-pharmacology-classes
Opioid analgesic	Strong pain reliever acting on opioid receptors; carries risk of dependence		tp-pharmacology-classes
NSAID	Reduces pain, fever and inflammation		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antipyretic	Lowers fever		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antibiotic	Kills or stops bacteria		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiviral	Treats viral infections		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antifungal	Treats fungal infections		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiparasitic	Treats parasite infections		tp-pharmacology-classes
Penicillins	Antibiotic class that blocks bacterial cell walls		tp-pharmacology-classes
Cephalosporins	Antibiotic class related to penicillins		tp-pharmacology-classes
Macrolides	Antibiotics that block bacterial protein making		tp-pharmacology-classes
Fluoroquinolones	Antibiotics that block bacterial DNA copying		tp-pharmacology-classes
Tetracyclines	Broad-spectrum antibiotics		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antihistamine	Blocks histamine to ease allergy symptoms		tp-pharmacology-classes
Decongestant	Reduces swelling in nasal passages		tp-pharmacology-classes
Expectorant	Helps loosen mucus		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antitussive	Suppresses cough		tp-pharmacology-classes
Bronchodilator	Opens airways		tp-pharmacology-classes
Corticosteroid	Reduces inflammation and immune activity		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antihypertensive	Lowers high blood pressure		tp-pharmacology-classes
ACE inhibitor	Relaxes blood vessels by blocking an enzyme; lowers blood pressure		tp-pharmacology-classes
ARB	Angiotensin receptor blocker; relaxes blood vessels		tp-pharmacology-classes
Beta blocker	Slows the heart and lowers blood pressure		tp-pharmacology-classes
Calcium channel blocker	Relaxes blood vessels and the heart		tp-pharmacology-classes
Diuretic	Increases urine output to remove fluid		tp-pharmacology-classes
Vasodilator	Widens blood vessels		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiarrhythmic	Controls abnormal heart rhythms		tp-pharmacology-classes
Anticoagulant	Slows blood clotting		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiplatelet	Stops platelets from clumping		tp-pharmacology-classes
Thrombolytic	Dissolves existing clots		tp-pharmacology-classes
Statin	Lowers cholesterol by blocking its production in the liver		tp-pharmacology-classes
Nitrate	Widens vessels to relieve chest pain		tp-pharmacology-classes
Cardiac glycoside	Strengthens the heartbeat		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antidiabetic	Lowers blood sugar		tp-pharmacology-classes
Insulin	Hormone replacement to lower blood glucose		tp-pharmacology-classes
Thyroid replacement	Supplies thyroid hormone when the thyroid is underactive		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antacid	Neutralizes stomach acid		tp-pharmacology-classes
Proton pump inhibitor	Strongly reduces stomach acid production		tp-pharmacology-classes
H2 blocker	Reduces stomach acid by blocking histamine receptors		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiemetic	Prevents nausea and vomiting		tp-pharmacology-classes
Laxative	Promotes bowel movements		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antidiarrheal	Slows diarrhea		tp-pharmacology-classes
Anticonvulsant	Prevents seizures		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antidepressant	Treats depression		tp-pharmacology-classes
SSRI	Antidepressant that raises serotonin availability		tp-pharmacology-classes
Anxiolytic	Reduces anxiety		tp-pharmacology-classes
Benzodiazepine	Sedating class used for anxiety and seizures; can cause dependence		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antipsychotic	Treats psychosis and certain mood disorders		tp-pharmacology-classes
Mood stabilizer	Evens out highs and lows in mood		tp-pharmacology-classes
Stimulant	Increases alertness and attention		tp-pharmacology-classes
Sedative-hypnotic	Promotes sleep or calm		tp-pharmacology-classes
Muscle relaxant	Eases muscle spasm		tp-pharmacology-classes
Local anesthetic	Numbs a small area		tp-pharmacology-classes
General anesthetic	Produces unconsciousness for surgery		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antiparkinson agent	Replaces or mimics dopamine to ease movement symptoms		tp-pharmacology-classes
Cholinesterase inhibitor	Used to slow memory symptoms in dementia		tp-pharmacology-classes
Immunosuppressant	Reduces immune activity, as after transplant		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antineoplastic	Treats cancer		tp-pharmacology-classes
Vaccine	Trains the immune system to recognize a germ		tp-pharmacology-classes
Hormonal contraceptive	Prevents pregnancy using hormones		tp-pharmacology-classes
Bisphosphonate	Slows bone loss		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antigout agent	Lowers uric acid or relieves gout		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antimalarial	Prevents or treats malaria		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antitubercular	Treats tuberculosis		tp-pharmacology-classes
Pharmacokinetics	What the body does to a drug: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion		tp-pharmacology-classes
Pharmacodynamics	What a drug does to the body		tp-pharmacology-classes
Half-life	Time for the drug concentration in the body to fall by half		tp-pharmacology-classes
Bioavailability	Fraction of a dose that reaches the bloodstream		tp-pharmacology-classes
First-pass effect	Liver metabolism of an oral drug before it reaches circulation		tp-pharmacology-classes
Therapeutic index	Gap between a helpful dose and a harmful one		tp-pharmacology-classes
Agonist	A drug that activates a receptor		tp-pharmacology-classes
Antagonist	A drug that blocks a receptor		tp-pharmacology-classes
Side effect	An unintended effect of a drug		tp-pharmacology-classes
Adverse reaction	A harmful, unintended response to a drug		tp-pharmacology-classes
Drug interaction	One drug changes the effect of another		tp-pharmacology-classes
Contraindication	A condition making a drug unsafe to use		tp-pharmacology-classes
Generic name	The drug's official non-brand name		tp-pharmacology-classes
Brand name	A manufacturer's trade name		tp-pharmacology-classes
Prescription drug	Needs a licensed prescriber's order		tp-pharmacology-classes
Over-the-counter drug	Sold without a prescription		tp-pharmacology-classes
Tolerance	Needing more drug to get the same effect		tp-pharmacology-classes
Dependence	Body adapts so stopping causes withdrawal		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: oral	By mouth		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: topical	Applied to the skin		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: intravenous	Into a vein		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: inhaled	Breathed into the lungs		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: sublingual	Under the tongue		tp-pharmacology-classes
Route: transdermal	Through a skin patch		tp-pharmacology-classes
Controlled substance schedule	Legal classification of drugs by abuse potential		tp-pharmacology-classes
Thales	Early Greek thinker who said water is the basic stuff of everything		tp-philosophers
Heraclitus	Said everything is in flux: 'you cannot step into the same river twice'		tp-philosophers
Parmenides	Argued that reality is unchanging and that change is an illusion		tp-philosophers
Pythagoras	Greek thinker linking number and harmony to the structure of the universe		tp-philosophers
Democritus	Proposed that all matter is made of tiny indivisible atoms		tp-philosophers
Zeno of Elea	Posed paradoxes arguing that motion is impossible		tp-philosophers
Socrates	Questioned others to find truth; 'the unexamined life is not worth living'		tp-philosophers
Plato	Student of Socrates; theory of Forms and the Republic		tp-philosophers
Aristotle	Student of Plato; logic, virtue ethics and the golden mean		tp-philosophers
Epicurus	Taught that a good life is tranquility and freedom from fear and pain		tp-philosophers
Zeno of Citium	Founder of Stoicism		tp-philosophers
Epictetus	Stoic who taught focusing on what is within our control		tp-philosophers
Marcus Aurelius	Roman emperor and Stoic; wrote the Meditations		tp-philosophers
Seneca	Roman Stoic who wrote letters on living well		tp-philosophers
Confucius	Chinese thinker who stressed virtue, family duty and respect		tp-philosophers
Laozi	Traditional author of the Tao Te Ching, central to Daoism		tp-philosophers
Mencius	Confucian thinker who held that human nature is good		tp-philosophers
Sun Tzu	Author of The Art of War		tp-philosophers
Siddhartha Gautama	The Buddha, founder of Buddhism, who taught the path ending suffering		tp-philosophers
Augustine of Hippo	Early Christian thinker who wrote Confessions and City of God		tp-philosophers
Boethius	Roman philosopher who wrote The Consolation of Philosophy		tp-philosophers
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)	Persian philosopher and physician whose works shaped medieval thought		tp-philosophers
Averroes (Ibn Rushd)	Andalusian philosopher who commented on Aristotle		tp-philosophers
Maimonides	Medieval Jewish philosopher who wrote the Guide for the Perplexed		tp-philosophers
Thomas Aquinas	Medieval thinker who blended Aristotle with Christian theology		tp-philosophers
Ibn Khaldun	North African scholar who studied the rise and fall of societies		tp-philosophers
Niccolo Machiavelli	Wrote The Prince on power and politics		tp-philosophers
Thomas More	Wrote Utopia, describing an imagined ideal society		tp-philosophers
Francis Bacon	Champion of the scientific method based on observation		tp-philosophers
Thomas Hobbes	Argued that strong government is needed to avoid a life that is 'nasty, brutish and short'		tp-philosophers
Rene Descartes	'I think, therefore I am'; mind-body dualism		tp-philosophers
Blaise Pascal	Mathematician and thinker who proposed Pascal's wager		tp-philosophers
Baruch Spinoza	Rationalist who saw god and nature as one		tp-philosophers
John Locke	Empiricist who argued for natural rights and government by consent		tp-philosophers
Gottfried Leibniz	Rationalist who said we live in 'the best of all possible worlds'		tp-philosophers
George Berkeley	Idealist: 'to be is to be perceived'		tp-philosophers
David Hume	Empiricist skeptic who questioned cause and effect and induction		tp-philosophers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Wrote The Social Contract and the idea of the general will		tp-philosophers
Voltaire	Enlightenment writer who defended tolerance and free speech		tp-philosophers
Montesquieu	Argued for the separation of powers		tp-philosophers
Adam Smith	Moral philosopher and economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations		tp-philosophers
Immanuel Kant	Categorical imperative; argued the mind shapes experience		tp-philosophers
Mary Wollstonecraft	Early advocate for women's education and rights		tp-philosophers
G.W.F. Hegel	Idealist who saw history as the unfolding of reason; dialectic		tp-philosophers
Arthur Schopenhauer	Pessimist who saw will as the root of suffering		tp-philosophers
Jeremy Bentham	Founder of utilitarianism		tp-philosophers
John Stuart Mill	Utilitarian who defended liberty in On Liberty		tp-philosophers
Soren Kierkegaard	Founder of existentialism; the leap of faith		tp-philosophers
Karl Marx	Analyzed capitalism and class struggle		tp-philosophers
Friedrich Nietzsche	Declared 'God is dead'; will to power and the overman		tp-philosophers
William James	American pragmatist and psychologist		tp-philosophers
Charles Sanders Peirce	Founder of pragmatism		tp-philosophers
John Dewey	Pragmatist who championed learning by doing		tp-philosophers
Henry David Thoreau	Wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience		tp-philosophers
Ralph Waldo Emerson	Transcendentalist who urged self-reliance		tp-philosophers
Edmund Husserl	Founder of phenomenology		tp-philosophers
Martin Heidegger	Wrote Being and Time on the meaning of being		tp-philosophers
Bertrand Russell	Logician and philosopher who co-wrote Principia Mathematica		tp-philosophers
Ludwig Wittgenstein	Philosopher of language: 'the limits of my language mean the limits of my world'		tp-philosophers
Karl Popper	Proposed falsifiability as the mark of science		tp-philosophers
Thomas Kuhn	Wrote about scientific revolutions and paradigm shifts		tp-philosophers
Jean-Paul Sartre	Existentialist: 'existence precedes essence'		tp-philosophers
Simone de Beauvoir	Existentialist feminist who wrote The Second Sex		tp-philosophers
Albert Camus	Writer on the absurd who wrote The Myth of Sisyphus		tp-philosophers
Hannah Arendt	Political thinker who wrote about totalitarianism and the 'banality of evil'		tp-philosophers
Maurice Merleau-Ponty	Phenomenologist who emphasized the lived body		tp-philosophers
Michel Foucault	Studied how power and knowledge shape society		tp-philosophers
John Rawls	Wrote A Theory of Justice with the veil of ignorance		tp-philosophers
Robert Nozick	Libertarian philosopher who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia		tp-philosophers
Peter Singer	Utilitarian ethicist known for work on animals and global poverty		tp-philosophers
Martha Nussbaum	Philosopher of the capabilities approach and emotions		tp-philosophers
Alan Turing	Mathematician who posed the Turing test for machine intelligence		tp-philosophers
Gottlob Frege	Founder of modern logic and philosophy of language		tp-philosophers
Kurt Godel	Logician whose incompleteness theorems limit formal systems		tp-philosophers
John Searle	Proposed the Chinese room argument		tp-philosophers
Daniel Dennett	Philosopher of mind who wrote about consciousness and evolution		tp-philosophers
Thomas Nagel	Asked 'What is it like to be a bat?'		tp-philosophers
Derek Parfit	Philosopher of personal identity and ethics		tp-philosophers
W.E.B. Du Bois	Scholar who developed the idea of double consciousness		tp-philosophers
Frantz Fanon	Thinker on colonialism and identity		tp-philosophers
Mahatma Gandhi	Developed nonviolent resistance as a philosophy and strategy		tp-philosophers
Martin Luther King Jr.	Applied nonviolent philosophy to civil rights		tp-philosophers
Rumi	Persian poet and mystic of the 13th century		tp-philosophers
Al-Farabi	Philosopher who blended Greek and Islamic thought		tp-philosophers
Al-Ghazali	Islamic theologian who critiqued the philosophers		tp-philosophers
Nagarjuna	Buddhist philosopher of emptiness		tp-philosophers
Zhuangzi	Daoist thinker known for stories about perspective and freedom		tp-philosophers
Mozi	Chinese philosopher who taught impartial care		tp-philosophers
Xunzi	Confucian who held that human nature needs shaping		tp-philosophers
Wang Yangming	Chinese Neo-Confucian who stressed the unity of knowledge and action		tp-philosophers
Hypatia	Alexandrian philosopher and mathematician		tp-philosophers
Aristotle's Lyceum	School Aristotle founded in Athens		tp-philosophers
Plato's Academy	School Plato founded in Athens		tp-philosophers
Metaphysics	The study of the basic nature of reality		tp-philosophy-concepts
Epistemology	The study of knowledge and how we know things		tp-philosophy-concepts
Ethics	The study of right and wrong, good and bad		tp-philosophy-concepts
Logic	The study of correct reasoning		tp-philosophy-concepts
Aesthetics	The study of beauty and art		tp-philosophy-concepts
Ontology	The study of what exists		tp-philosophy-concepts
Dualism	The view that mind and body are distinct kinds of things		tp-philosophy-concepts
Monism	The view that reality is made of one kind of thing		tp-philosophy-concepts
Materialism	The view that everything is physical		tp-philosophy-concepts
Idealism	The view that reality is fundamentally mental		tp-philosophy-concepts
Empiricism	Knowledge comes mainly from sense experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Rationalism	Knowledge comes mainly from reason		tp-philosophy-concepts
Skepticism	Doubt about whether we can have certain knowledge		tp-philosophy-concepts
A priori	Knowable independent of experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
A posteriori	Knowable only through experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Analytic statement	True by the meaning of its terms		tp-philosophy-concepts
Synthetic statement	True or false depending on how the world is		tp-philosophy-concepts
Epistemic justification	Good reasons for a belief		tp-philosophy-concepts
Solipsism	The view that only one's own mind is certain to exist		tp-philosophy-concepts
Cogito	'I think, therefore I am'; Descartes' starting point		tp-philosophy-concepts
Free will	The ability to choose among alternatives		tp-philosophy-concepts
Determinism	Every event is caused by prior events		tp-philosophy-concepts
Compatibilism	Free will and determinism can both be true		tp-philosophy-concepts
Libertarianism (free will)	We have free will and determinism is false		tp-philosophy-concepts
Mind-body problem	How mental states relate to physical states		tp-philosophy-concepts
Personal identity	What makes someone the same person over time		tp-philosophy-concepts
Consciousness	Subjective awareness and experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Qualia	The felt quality of experiences, like redness		tp-philosophy-concepts
Utilitarianism	The right action produces the greatest good for the greatest number		tp-philosophy-concepts
Deontology	Morality is about duties and rules, whatever the outcome		tp-philosophy-concepts
Virtue ethics	Morality is about developing good character		tp-philosophy-concepts
Categorical imperative	Kant's rule to act only as you would will everyone to act		tp-philosophy-concepts
Consequentialism	An action's rightness depends on its results		tp-philosophy-concepts
Moral relativism	Moral truths depend on culture or individual		tp-philosophy-concepts
Moral objectivism	Some moral claims are true regardless of opinion		tp-philosophy-concepts
Egoism	People should act in their own self-interest		tp-philosophy-concepts
Altruism	Acting for the benefit of others		tp-philosophy-concepts
Social contract theory	Political authority comes from an agreement among people		tp-philosophy-concepts
Natural rights	Rights people have simply by being human		tp-philosophy-concepts
Justice as fairness	Rawls' idea that just principles are those chosen behind a veil of ignorance		tp-philosophy-concepts
Veil of ignorance	Choosing rules without knowing your place in society		tp-philosophy-concepts
Existentialism	Individuals create their own meaning through free choices		tp-philosophy-concepts
Nihilism	The view that life lacks inherent meaning or value		tp-philosophy-concepts
Absurdism	Seeking meaning in a universe that offers none; Camus		tp-philosophy-concepts
Stoicism	Peace comes from accepting what we cannot control		tp-philosophy-concepts
Epicureanism	The good life is pleasure understood as calm and freedom from pain		tp-philosophy-concepts
Cynicism (ancient)	Living simply and in accordance with nature, rejecting convention		tp-philosophy-concepts
Pragmatism	The truth of an idea lies in its practical effects		tp-philosophy-concepts
Phenomenology	Study of the structures of experience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Hermeneutics	Theory of interpretation		tp-philosophy-concepts
Positivism	Only knowledge from scientific observation is valid		tp-philosophy-concepts
Logical positivism	Meaningful statements must be verifiable or logically true		tp-philosophy-concepts
Falsifiability	Karl Popper's idea that scientific claims must be testable and refutable		tp-philosophy-concepts
Paradigm shift	A major change in scientific thinking; Kuhn		tp-philosophy-concepts
Occam's razor	Prefer the simplest explanation		tp-philosophy-concepts
Problem of induction	We cannot logically prove that the future will resemble the past		tp-philosophy-concepts
Problem of evil	How can evil exist if a perfect god exists?		tp-philosophy-concepts
Theodicy	An attempt to explain evil in a world made by a good god		tp-philosophy-concepts
Cosmological argument	Argument for a first cause of the universe		tp-philosophy-concepts
Teleological argument	Argument from apparent design		tp-philosophy-concepts
Ontological argument	Argument for god from the concept of a perfect being		tp-philosophy-concepts
Pascal's wager	A practical argument about whether to believe in god		tp-philosophy-concepts
Agnosticism	The view that the existence of god is unknown or unknowable		tp-philosophy-concepts
Allegory of the cave	Plato's image of people mistaking shadows for reality		tp-philosophy-concepts
Theory of forms	Plato's view that ideal abstract forms are the true reality		tp-philosophy-concepts
Golden mean	Aristotle's idea that virtue lies between extremes		tp-philosophy-concepts
Eudaimonia	Flourishing or living well		tp-philosophy-concepts
Telos	Purpose or end of a thing		tp-philosophy-concepts
Trolley problem	A thought experiment about choosing to harm one to save many		tp-philosophy-concepts
Thought experiment	Imagined scenario used to test an idea		tp-philosophy-concepts
Brain in a vat	Thought experiment questioning how we know our experiences are real		tp-philosophy-concepts
Ship of Theseus	Puzzle: is a ship the same if all its parts are replaced?		tp-philosophy-concepts
Chinese room	Searle's argument that running a program is not the same as understanding		tp-philosophy-concepts
Turing test	A test of whether a machine's conversation is indistinguishable from a human's		tp-philosophy-concepts
Experience machine	Nozick's thought experiment about whether pleasure is all that matters		tp-philosophy-concepts
Social justice	Fair distribution of advantages and burdens in society		tp-philosophy-concepts
Distributive justice	Fair allocation of resources		tp-philosophy-concepts
Liberty	Freedom from unjust restraint		tp-philosophy-concepts
Harm principle	Mill: society may limit freedom only to prevent harm to others		tp-philosophy-concepts
Paternalism	Overriding someone's choices for their own good		tp-philosophy-concepts
Tragedy of the commons	Shared resources are overused when each acts alone		tp-philosophy-concepts
Authority	The right to command and be obeyed		tp-philosophy-concepts
Civil disobedience	Openly breaking an unjust law to appeal to conscience		tp-philosophy-concepts
Anarchism	The view that the state is unnecessary or harmful		tp-philosophy-concepts
Pluralism	Acceptance of multiple values and views		tp-philosophy-concepts
Relativism	Truth or value depends on perspective		tp-philosophy-concepts
Hedonism	Pleasure is the highest good		tp-philosophy-concepts
Meritocracy	Position based on ability and achievement		tp-philosophy-concepts
Authenticity	Living true to one's own values		tp-philosophy-concepts
Bad faith	Sartre's term for denying one's freedom		tp-philosophy-concepts
The Other	A concept in philosophy about how we recognize those different from us		tp-philosophy-concepts
Intentionality	The mind's property of being about something		tp-philosophy-concepts
Emergence	Complex properties arising from simpler parts		tp-philosophy-concepts
Reductionism	Explaining a whole by its parts		tp-philosophy-concepts
Holism	The whole has properties not found in its parts		tp-philosophy-concepts
Syllogism	A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion		tp-philosophy-concepts
Soundness	A valid argument with true premises		tp-philosophy-concepts
Average velocity	v = delta x / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Acceleration	a = delta v / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Velocity with constant acceleration	v = v0 + at		tp-physics-formulas
Displacement with constant acceleration	x = x0 + v0 t + 1/2 a t^2		tp-physics-formulas
Velocity-displacement relation	v^2 = v0^2 + 2a(x - x0)		tp-physics-formulas
Free-fall acceleration	g = 9.8 m/s^2 (about)		tp-physics-formulas
Newton's second law	F = ma		tp-physics-formulas
Weight	W = mg		tp-physics-formulas
Friction force	f = mu N		tp-physics-formulas
Hooke's law	F = -kx		tp-physics-formulas
Centripetal acceleration	a = v^2 / r		tp-physics-formulas
Centripetal force	F = mv^2 / r		tp-physics-formulas
Universal gravitation	F = G m1 m2 / r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Gravitational field near a planet	g = GM / r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Orbital speed	v = sqrt(GM / r)		tp-physics-formulas
Work	W = F d cos theta		tp-physics-formulas
Kinetic energy	KE = 1/2 m v^2		tp-physics-formulas
Gravitational potential energy	PE = mgh		tp-physics-formulas
Spring potential energy	PE = 1/2 k x^2		tp-physics-formulas
Power	P = W / t		tp-physics-formulas
Momentum	p = mv		tp-physics-formulas
Impulse	J = F delta t = delta p		tp-physics-formulas
Torque	tau = r F sin theta		tp-physics-formulas
Angular velocity	omega = delta theta / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Rotational kinetic energy	KE = 1/2 I omega^2		tp-physics-formulas
Angular momentum	L = I omega		tp-physics-formulas
Period and frequency	T = 1/f		tp-physics-formulas
Wave speed	v = f lambda		tp-physics-formulas
Spring period	T = 2 pi sqrt(m / k)		tp-physics-formulas
Pendulum period	T = 2 pi sqrt(L / g)		tp-physics-formulas
Pressure	P = F / A		tp-physics-formulas
Hydrostatic pressure	P = P0 + rho g h		tp-physics-formulas
Buoyant force	F = rho_fluid V g		tp-physics-formulas
Continuity equation	A1 v1 = A2 v2		tp-physics-formulas
Bernoulli's equation	P + 1/2 rho v^2 + rho g h = constant		tp-physics-formulas
Density	rho = m / V		tp-physics-formulas
Heat transfer	Q = m c delta T		tp-physics-formulas
Heat for phase change	Q = m L		tp-physics-formulas
Ideal gas law	PV = nRT		tp-physics-formulas
Average kinetic energy of gas	KE = 3/2 k_B T		tp-physics-formulas
First law of thermodynamics	delta U = Q - W		tp-physics-formulas
Efficiency of a heat engine	e = W / Q_hot		tp-physics-formulas
Carnot efficiency	e = 1 - T_cold / T_hot		tp-physics-formulas
Coulomb's law	F = k q1 q2 / r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Electric field	E = F / q		tp-physics-formulas
Electric field of a point charge	E = k q / r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Electric potential energy	U = k q1 q2 / r		tp-physics-formulas
Electric potential	V = k q / r		tp-physics-formulas
Capacitance	C = Q / V		tp-physics-formulas
Energy stored in a capacitor	U = 1/2 C V^2		tp-physics-formulas
Current	I = delta Q / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Ohm's law	V = IR		tp-physics-formulas
Electric power	P = IV = I^2 R = V^2 / R		tp-physics-formulas
Resistors in series	R = R1 + R2 + R3		tp-physics-formulas
Resistors in parallel	1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3		tp-physics-formulas
Magnetic force on a charge	F = q v B sin theta		tp-physics-formulas
Magnetic force on a wire	F = I L B sin theta		tp-physics-formulas
Magnetic flux	Phi = B A cos theta		tp-physics-formulas
Induced emf (Faraday)	emf = -N delta Phi / delta t		tp-physics-formulas
Snell's law	n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2		tp-physics-formulas
Index of refraction	n = c / v		tp-physics-formulas
Lens/mirror equation	1/f = 1/do + 1/di		tp-physics-formulas
Magnification	m = -di / do		tp-physics-formulas
Photon energy	E = h f		tp-physics-formulas
Speed of light	c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s		tp-physics-formulas
Photoelectric effect	KE max = h f - work function		tp-physics-formulas
de Broglie wavelength	lambda = h / p		tp-physics-formulas
Mass-energy equivalence	E = m c^2		tp-physics-formulas
Radioactive decay	N = N0 (1/2)^(t / half-life)		tp-physics-formulas
Time dilation	t = t0 / sqrt(1 - v^2/c^2)		tp-physics-formulas
Doppler effect (moving source approaching)	f' = f v / (v - v_s)		tp-physics-formulas
Sound intensity level	beta = 10 log10(I / I0) decibels		tp-physics-formulas
Diffraction grating	d sin theta = m lambda		tp-physics-formulas
Single-slit minima	a sin theta = m lambda		tp-physics-formulas
Escape velocity	v = sqrt(2GM / r)		tp-physics-formulas
Kepler's third law	T^2 is proportional to r^3		tp-physics-formulas
Projectile range (level ground)	R = v0^2 sin(2 theta) / g		tp-physics-formulas
Terminal velocity	Reached when drag force equals weight		tp-physics-formulas
Conservation of momentum	m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1' + m2 v2'		tp-physics-formulas
Elastic collision	Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved		tp-physics-formulas
Center of mass	x_cm = sum of m x / sum of m		tp-physics-formulas
Power in rotation	P = tau omega		tp-physics-formulas
Moment of inertia of a point mass	I = m r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Moment of inertia, solid disk	I = 1/2 m r^2		tp-physics-formulas
Simple harmonic motion position	x = A cos(omega t)		tp-physics-formulas
Angular frequency	omega = 2 pi f		tp-physics-formulas
Thermal expansion	delta L = alpha L0 delta T		tp-physics-formulas
Heat conduction	Q/t = k A delta T / d		tp-physics-formulas
Stefan-Boltzmann law	P = e sigma A T^4		tp-physics-formulas
Wien's law	lambda_max T = constant		tp-physics-formulas
Unit of force	Newton, N = kg m/s^2		tp-physics-formulas
Unit of energy	Joule, J = N m		tp-physics-formulas
Unit of power	Watt, W = J/s		tp-physics-formulas
Politics	The process of deciding who gets what, when and how in a society		tp-political-science
State	An organization with authority over a territory and population		tp-political-science
Sovereignty	Supreme authority within a territory		tp-political-science
Legitimacy	Widespread belief that authority is rightful		tp-political-science
Weber's three types of authority	Traditional, charismatic and legal-rational		tp-political-science
Power	The ability to get others to do what they otherwise would not		tp-political-science
Social contract	Idea that government rests on an agreement among the governed		tp-political-science
Thomas Hobbes	Wrote Leviathan; argued strong rule prevents chaos		tp-political-science
John Locke	Argued for natural rights to life, liberty and property		tp-political-science
Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Wrote about the general will and popular sovereignty		tp-political-science
Montesquieu	Advocated separation of powers		tp-political-science
Democracy	Government by the people, directly or through representatives		tp-political-science
Direct democracy	Citizens decide issues themselves		tp-political-science
Representative democracy	Citizens elect officials to decide for them		tp-political-science
Autocracy	Rule by one person with unlimited power		tp-political-science
Oligarchy	Rule by a small group		tp-political-science
Monarchy	Rule by a king or queen		tp-political-science
Constitutional monarchy	A monarch whose powers are limited by a constitution		tp-political-science
Totalitarianism	A government seeking total control of public and private life		tp-political-science
Authoritarianism	Strong central power with limited political freedom		tp-political-science
Theocracy	Government ruled by religious authorities		tp-political-science
Liberalism	Ideology stressing individual liberty and limited government		tp-political-science
Conservatism	Ideology valuing tradition and gradual change		tp-political-science
Socialism	Ideology favoring collective or public ownership		tp-political-science
Communism	Ideology of classless society with common ownership		tp-political-science
Fascism	Ultranationalist, authoritarian ideology		tp-political-science
Anarchism	Opposition to all forms of government		tp-political-science
Libertarianism	Ideology maximizing individual freedom and minimizing the state		tp-political-science
Nationalism	Devotion to one's nation and its interests		tp-political-science
Capitalism	Economic system with private ownership and markets		tp-political-science
Parliamentary system	Executive is chosen by and accountable to the legislature		tp-political-science
Presidential system	Executive is elected separately from the legislature		tp-political-science
Semi-presidential system	Shares power between a president and a prime minister		tp-political-science
Unitary state	Power concentrated in a central government		tp-political-science
Federal system	Power divided between national and regional governments		tp-political-science
Confederation	A loose league of independent states		tp-political-science
Bicameral legislature	A legislature with two chambers		tp-political-science
Proportional representation	Seats awarded in proportion to votes		tp-political-science
Plurality system	The candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority		tp-political-science
Majority system	Winner needs more than half of votes		tp-political-science
Duverger's law	Plurality systems tend toward two parties		tp-political-science
Coalition government	Several parties share power		tp-political-science
Vote of no confidence	Legislature's vote to remove a government		tp-political-science
Political party	Group that organizes to win elections		tp-political-science
Interest group	Organization seeking to influence policy		tp-political-science
Civil society	Voluntary associations outside government and business		tp-political-science
Political culture	Shared attitudes about politics		tp-political-science
Political socialization	How people acquire political beliefs		tp-political-science
Civil liberties	Freedoms protected from government interference		tp-political-science
Civil rights	Guarantees of equal treatment		tp-political-science
Rule of law	Everyone, including officials, is subject to the law		tp-political-science
Judicial independence	Courts free from political pressure		tp-political-science
Constitutionalism	Government limited by a constitution		tp-political-science
Bureaucracy	Appointed officials carrying out policy		tp-political-science
Patronage	Rewarding supporters with jobs or favors		tp-political-science
Corruption	Misuse of public office for private gain		tp-political-science
Clientelism	Exchanging benefits for political support		tp-political-science
Public policy	Government decisions and actions on public problems		tp-political-science
Public good	A good available to all, like national defense		tp-political-science
Collective action problem	Individuals benefit from a shared effort without contributing		tp-political-science
Rational choice theory	People act to maximize their own benefit		tp-political-science
Median voter theorem	Parties move toward the center to win the median voter		tp-political-science
Realism	International relations theory: states seek power in an anarchic world		tp-political-science
Liberalism in IR	Cooperation and institutions can produce peace		tp-political-science
Constructivism	Ideas and identities shape international politics		tp-political-science
Anarchic international system	No higher authority above states		tp-political-science
Balance of power	States counter strong rivals to prevent domination		tp-political-science
Hegemony	Dominance of one state over others		tp-political-science
Soft power	Influence through attraction and culture, not force		tp-political-science
Hard power	Influence through military or economic force		tp-political-science
Deterrence	Preventing attack by threatening retaliation		tp-political-science
Security dilemma	One state's defense measures make others feel less secure		tp-political-science
Collective security	States agree to respond together to aggression		tp-political-science
Alliance	Formal agreement for mutual support		tp-political-science
Treaty	Binding agreement between states		tp-political-science
Sanctions	Penalties used to pressure a country		tp-political-science
International organization	Group of states or bodies cooperating, such as the UN		tp-political-science
Nongovernmental organization	Private group working on public issues across borders		tp-political-science
Human rights	Rights belonging to all people		tp-political-science
Globalization	Increasing connection of economies, cultures and politics		tp-political-science
Diplomacy	Managing relations between states by negotiation		tp-political-science
Foreign aid	Assistance given by one country to another		tp-political-science
Revolution	Fundamental change of a political system, often rapid		tp-political-science
Coup	Sudden seizure of power by a small group		tp-political-science
Failed state	A state unable to provide basic order and services		tp-political-science
Democratization	Process of becoming more democratic		tp-political-science
Political efficacy	Belief that one's participation matters		tp-political-science
Turnout	Share of eligible citizens who vote		tp-political-science
Gerrymandering	Drawing district lines to benefit a party or group		tp-political-science
Referendum	Direct popular vote on a question		tp-political-science
Initiative	Citizens propose laws by petition		tp-political-science
Recall	Voters remove an official before the term ends		tp-political-science
Federalism and subsidiarity	Decisions made at the lowest level able to handle them		tp-political-science
Comparative politics	Comparing political systems across countries		tp-political-science
Project	A temporary effort to create a unique product, service or result		tp-project-management
Project manager	Person responsible for leading a project to its goals		tp-project-management
Stakeholder	Anyone affected by or interested in the project		tp-project-management
Sponsor	The person who funds and champions a project		tp-project-management
Scope	The work that must be done to deliver the project		tp-project-management
Scope creep	Uncontrolled growth of scope		tp-project-management
Deliverable	A tangible output the project produces		tp-project-management
Milestone	A significant point or event in a project		tp-project-management
Work breakdown structure	Hierarchical division of the work into smaller parts		tp-project-management
Task	A single piece of work		tp-project-management
Dependency	A relationship where one task relies on another		tp-project-management
Finish-to-start	A task cannot start until its predecessor finishes		tp-project-management
Critical path	The longest sequence of tasks, determining the shortest project time		tp-project-management
Float (slack)	Time a task can slip without delaying the project		tp-project-management
Gantt chart	Bar chart showing tasks over time		tp-project-management
PERT	Technique estimating time with optimistic, likely and pessimistic values		tp-project-management
Baseline	The approved plan against which progress is compared		tp-project-management
Schedule	Plan of when work will happen		tp-project-management
Budget	Approved cost plan		tp-project-management
Cost variance	Earned value minus actual cost		tp-project-management
Earned value	A measure of work completed in terms of budget		tp-project-management
Schedule performance index	Earned value divided by planned value		tp-project-management
Cost performance index	Earned value divided by actual cost		tp-project-management
Triple constraint	Scope, time and cost, balanced against quality		tp-project-management
Quality assurance	Preventing defects through good processes		tp-project-management
Quality control	Inspecting results to find defects		tp-project-management
Risk	An uncertain event that could affect objectives		tp-project-management
Risk register	A log of identified risks and responses		tp-project-management
Risk mitigation	Reducing the chance or impact of a risk		tp-project-management
Risk avoidance	Changing plans to eliminate a risk		tp-project-management
Risk transfer	Shifting a risk to a third party, like insurance		tp-project-management
Risk acceptance	Choosing to tolerate a risk		tp-project-management
Contingency plan	Backup response if a risk occurs		tp-project-management
Issue	A problem that has already happened		tp-project-management
Assumption	Something believed true for planning purposes		tp-project-management
Constraint	A limitation on the project		tp-project-management
Charter	A document formally authorizing a project		tp-project-management
Kickoff meeting	The meeting that launches a project		tp-project-management
Status report	A summary of progress		tp-project-management
Change request	A formal proposal to alter the project		tp-project-management
Change control	Process for reviewing and approving changes		tp-project-management
Requirements	Needs the project must satisfy		tp-project-management
Acceptance criteria	Conditions a deliverable must meet to be accepted		tp-project-management
Stakeholder register	List of stakeholders and their interests		tp-project-management
RACI matrix	Chart assigning Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed		tp-project-management
Communication plan	Plan for who gets what information and when		tp-project-management
Resource leveling	Adjusting the schedule to avoid overusing people		tp-project-management
Fast tracking	Doing tasks in parallel to shorten time		tp-project-management
Crashing	Adding resources to shorten the schedule		tp-project-management
Waterfall	Sequential approach where each phase finishes before the next		tp-project-management
Agile	Iterative approach delivering working increments		tp-project-management
Scrum	Agile framework using short sprints		tp-project-management
Sprint	A fixed short period of work in Scrum		tp-project-management
Product owner	Scrum role that prioritizes the work		tp-project-management
Scrum master	Scrum role that helps the team follow the process		tp-project-management
Development team	People who build the product increment		tp-project-management
Product backlog	Prioritized list of everything wanted in the product		tp-project-management
Sprint backlog	Items chosen for the current sprint		tp-project-management
User story	A short description of a need from a user's view		tp-project-management
Story points	Relative units estimating effort		tp-project-management
Daily stand-up	A brief daily team meeting		tp-project-management
Sprint review	Meeting to show completed work		tp-project-management
Retrospective	Meeting to reflect on how to improve		tp-project-management
Velocity	Amount of work a team completes per sprint		tp-project-management
Burndown chart	Graph of remaining work over time		tp-project-management
Kanban	Method visualizing work on a board with limits on work in progress		tp-project-management
Work in progress limit	A cap on tasks being worked on at once		tp-project-management
Definition of done	Shared checklist for when work is complete		tp-project-management
Minimum viable product	Simplest version that delivers value and tests assumptions		tp-project-management
Iteration	One cycle of repeated work		tp-project-management
Lean	Maximizing value and minimizing waste		tp-project-management
Timebox	A fixed time limit for an activity		tp-project-management
Prototype	An early sample used to test ideas		tp-project-management
Lessons learned	Insights recorded for future projects		tp-project-management
Project closure	Formally ending a project		tp-project-management
Handoff	Transferring deliverables to the owner		tp-project-management
Procurement	Acquiring goods or services from outside		tp-project-management
Vendor	An outside seller of goods or services		tp-project-management
Statement of work	Description of work a vendor will do		tp-project-management
Service level agreement	Contract defining expected service performance		tp-project-management
Program	A group of related projects managed together		tp-project-management
Portfolio	A collection of projects and programs aligned to strategy		tp-project-management
PMO	Project management office		tp-project-management
PMBOK	A guide of project management knowledge published by PMI		tp-project-management
Project lifecycle	Phases from start to finish		tp-project-management
Feasibility study	Analysis of whether a project is practical		tp-project-management
Cost-benefit analysis	Comparing expected costs to expected benefits		tp-project-management
Return on investment	Benefit gained relative to cost		tp-project-management
Bottleneck	A step that limits the speed of a process		tp-project-management
Escalation	Raising an issue to a higher authority		tp-project-management
Critical chain	Method focusing on resource constraints and buffers		tp-project-management
Buffer	Extra time or money reserved for uncertainty		tp-project-management
Gold plating	Adding unrequested extras beyond requirements		tp-project-management
Fishbone diagram	Cause-and-effect diagram to find root causes		tp-project-management
abandon	To leave behind or give up completely		tp-sat-vocab-1
abundant	Present in large amounts; plentiful		tp-sat-vocab-1
accurate	Correct and free from error		tp-sat-vocab-1
adapt	To change to fit new conditions		tp-sat-vocab-1
adequate	Enough for what is needed		tp-sat-vocab-1
advocate	To publicly support an idea or cause		tp-sat-vocab-1
ambiguous	Having more than one possible meaning		tp-sat-vocab-1
analyze	To study something closely by breaking it into parts		tp-sat-vocab-1
ancient	From a very long time ago		tp-sat-vocab-1
anticipate	To expect or look forward to		tp-sat-vocab-1
apparent	Easy to see or understand; obvious		tp-sat-vocab-1
assert	To state something firmly		tp-sat-vocab-1
assume	To accept as true without proof		tp-sat-vocab-1
attain	To reach or achieve		tp-sat-vocab-1
authentic	Real; not a copy or fake		tp-sat-vocab-1
barrier	Something that blocks the way		tp-sat-vocab-1
benefit	A good or helpful result		tp-sat-vocab-1
bias	An unfair leaning toward one side		tp-sat-vocab-1
brief	Short in time or length		tp-sat-vocab-1
capable	Having the ability to do something		tp-sat-vocab-1
cautious	Careful to avoid danger or mistakes		tp-sat-vocab-1
clarify	To make clearer		tp-sat-vocab-1
coherent	Logical and easy to follow		tp-sat-vocab-1
commence	To begin		tp-sat-vocab-1
compel	To force or strongly urge		tp-sat-vocab-1
complex	Made of many parts; complicated		tp-sat-vocab-1
comprehend	To understand fully		tp-sat-vocab-1
conceal	To hide from view		tp-sat-vocab-1
concise	Saying a lot in few words		tp-sat-vocab-1
conflict	A serious disagreement or struggle		tp-sat-vocab-1
consequence	A result of an action		tp-sat-vocab-1
considerable	Fairly large in amount or importance		tp-sat-vocab-1
constant	Staying the same; not changing		tp-sat-vocab-1
contrast	A clear difference between things		tp-sat-vocab-1
controversy	A public argument over an issue		tp-sat-vocab-1
convey	To communicate or carry across		tp-sat-vocab-1
crucial	Extremely important		tp-sat-vocab-1
curious	Eager to learn or know		tp-sat-vocab-1
decline	To become smaller or weaker; also, to politely refuse		tp-sat-vocab-1
deliberate	Done on purpose		tp-sat-vocab-1
demonstrate	To show clearly, often by example		tp-sat-vocab-1
denote	To be a sign of; to mean		tp-sat-vocab-1
depict	To show in a picture or in words		tp-sat-vocab-1
despise	To dislike intensely		tp-sat-vocab-1
detect	To notice or discover		tp-sat-vocab-1
diminish	To make or become smaller		tp-sat-vocab-1
discard	To throw away		tp-sat-vocab-1
distinct	Clearly different or separate		tp-sat-vocab-1
diverse	Made up of many different kinds		tp-sat-vocab-1
dominant	Most powerful or most noticeable		tp-sat-vocab-1
dubious	Doubtful; not to be trusted		tp-sat-vocab-1
eager	Very keen to do or have something		tp-sat-vocab-1
elaborate	Detailed and carefully worked out; also, to add detail		tp-sat-vocab-1
eliminate	To remove completely		tp-sat-vocab-1
emerge	To come out or come into view		tp-sat-vocab-1
emphasize	To give special importance to		tp-sat-vocab-1
endure	To last, or to bear without giving up		tp-sat-vocab-1
enhance	To improve or increase in quality		tp-sat-vocab-1
essential	Absolutely necessary		tp-sat-vocab-1
evident	Plain to see		tp-sat-vocab-1
evolve	To develop gradually		tp-sat-vocab-1
exaggerate	To make something seem bigger or better than it is		tp-sat-vocab-1
exhibit	To show publicly; also, a display		tp-sat-vocab-1
expand	To grow larger		tp-sat-vocab-1
explicit	Stated clearly and directly		tp-sat-vocab-1
fundamental	Forming the basic foundation		tp-sat-vocab-1
generate	To produce or create		tp-sat-vocab-1
genuine	Truly what it is said to be; sincere		tp-sat-vocab-1
hesitate	To pause before acting because of doubt		tp-sat-vocab-1
hostile	Unfriendly or opposed		tp-sat-vocab-1
hypothesis	A proposed explanation to be tested		tp-sat-vocab-1
ignore	To pay no attention to		tp-sat-vocab-1
illustrate	To explain with examples or pictures		tp-sat-vocab-1
impact	A strong effect		tp-sat-vocab-1
imply	To suggest without saying directly		tp-sat-vocab-1
inevitable	Certain to happen; unavoidable		tp-sat-vocab-1
infer	To reach a conclusion from evidence		tp-sat-vocab-1
initial	Happening at the beginning		tp-sat-vocab-1
innovative	Using new ideas or methods		tp-sat-vocab-1
integrate	To combine into a whole		tp-sat-vocab-1
intense	Very strong or extreme		tp-sat-vocab-1
interpret	To explain the meaning of		tp-sat-vocab-1
isolate	To set apart from others		tp-sat-vocab-1
justify	To show or prove to be reasonable		tp-sat-vocab-1
liberal	Generous; also, open to new ideas		tp-sat-vocab-1
maintain	To keep in good condition or keep going		tp-sat-vocab-1
minimal	The smallest amount possible		tp-sat-vocab-1
modify	To change slightly		tp-sat-vocab-1
negligible	So small it is not worth considering		tp-sat-vocab-1
acute	Sharp, intense or very perceptive		tp-sat-vocab-2
adversity	Hardship or misfortune		tp-sat-vocab-2
aesthetic	Having to do with beauty or taste		tp-sat-vocab-2
alleviate	To make pain or a problem less severe		tp-sat-vocab-2
altruistic	Caring about the welfare of others without seeking reward		tp-sat-vocab-2
ambivalent	Having mixed or conflicting feelings		tp-sat-vocab-2
amiable	Friendly and pleasant		tp-sat-vocab-2
analogous	Similar in a way that allows comparison		tp-sat-vocab-2
anomaly	Something that departs from what is normal		tp-sat-vocab-2
apathy	Lack of interest or concern		tp-sat-vocab-2
arbitrary	Based on random choice, not reason		tp-sat-vocab-2
arduous	Requiring great effort; difficult		tp-sat-vocab-2
articulate	Able to express ideas clearly		tp-sat-vocab-2
astute	Clever and quick to see how to gain advantage		tp-sat-vocab-2
audacious	Boldly daring, sometimes rudely so		tp-sat-vocab-2
austere	Plain and strict; without luxury		tp-sat-vocab-2
autonomy	Freedom to govern oneself		tp-sat-vocab-2
benevolent	Kind and generous		tp-sat-vocab-2
candid	Open and honest		tp-sat-vocab-2
capricious	Changing mood or behavior suddenly and unpredictably		tp-sat-vocab-2
censure	To criticize formally and severely		tp-sat-vocab-2
circumvent	To find a way around		tp-sat-vocab-2
cogent	Clear, logical and convincing		tp-sat-vocab-2
complacent	Smugly satisfied and unaware of possible trouble		tp-sat-vocab-2
compromise	An agreement reached by each side giving up something		tp-sat-vocab-2
condone	To accept or overlook behavior that is wrong		tp-sat-vocab-2
conventional	Following accepted customs		tp-sat-vocab-2
corroborate	To confirm with additional evidence		tp-sat-vocab-2
credible	Believable; able to be trusted		tp-sat-vocab-2
cynical	Distrustful of people's motives		tp-sat-vocab-2
debilitate	To weaken seriously		tp-sat-vocab-2
decorum	Polite and proper behavior		tp-sat-vocab-2
deference	Respectful yielding to another's wishes		tp-sat-vocab-2
deplete	To use up; reduce greatly		tp-sat-vocab-2
derive	To obtain from a source		tp-sat-vocab-2
detrimental	Causing harm		tp-sat-vocab-2
didactic	Intended to teach, often too much so		tp-sat-vocab-2
diligent	Hard-working and careful		tp-sat-vocab-2
discern	To recognize or make out clearly		tp-sat-vocab-2
disparity	A noticeable difference or inequality		tp-sat-vocab-2
divulge	To reveal a secret		tp-sat-vocab-2
eccentric	Unconventional and slightly strange		tp-sat-vocab-2
eloquent	Fluent and persuasive in speech or writing		tp-sat-vocab-2
empirical	Based on observation or experiment		tp-sat-vocab-2
enigma	A puzzling person or thing		tp-sat-vocab-2
ephemeral	Lasting a very short time		tp-sat-vocab-2
equivocal	Open to more than one interpretation; deliberately vague		tp-sat-vocab-2
erroneous	Wrong; mistaken		tp-sat-vocab-2
esoteric	Understood by only a small group		tp-sat-vocab-2
exemplify	To be a typical example of		tp-sat-vocab-2
exonerate	To clear of blame		tp-sat-vocab-2
facilitate	To make easier		tp-sat-vocab-2
feasible	Possible to do		tp-sat-vocab-2
fervent	Showing intense and sincere feeling		tp-sat-vocab-2
frugal	Careful about spending money		tp-sat-vocab-2
futile	Having no useful result		tp-sat-vocab-2
gregarious	Fond of company; sociable		tp-sat-vocab-2
haughty	Arrogantly proud		tp-sat-vocab-2
hinder	To get in the way of		tp-sat-vocab-2
hypocrisy	Claiming standards one does not follow		tp-sat-vocab-2
impartial	Treating all sides equally		tp-sat-vocab-2
impetus	A force that sets something in motion		tp-sat-vocab-2
implicit	Suggested but not stated outright		tp-sat-vocab-2
incessant	Continuing without pause		tp-sat-vocab-2
indifferent	Having no particular interest or sympathy		tp-sat-vocab-2
indigenous	Native to a particular place		tp-sat-vocab-2
inherent	Existing as a permanent part of something		tp-sat-vocab-2
innate	Present from birth		tp-sat-vocab-2
innocuous	Not harmful or offensive		tp-sat-vocab-2
integrity	Honesty and strong moral principles		tp-sat-vocab-2
intricate	Having many small interlocking parts		tp-sat-vocab-2
jeopardize	To put at risk		tp-sat-vocab-2
lethargic	Sluggish and lacking energy		tp-sat-vocab-2
lucid	Clearly expressed; easy to understand		tp-sat-vocab-2
magnanimous	Generous in forgiving		tp-sat-vocab-2
malleable	Easily shaped or influenced		tp-sat-vocab-2
meticulous	Showing great attention to detail		tp-sat-vocab-2
mitigate	To make less severe		tp-sat-vocab-2
mundane	Ordinary; dull		tp-sat-vocab-2
nostalgia	A wistful longing for the past		tp-sat-vocab-2
novice	A beginner		tp-sat-vocab-2
obscure	Hard to see or understand; little known		tp-sat-vocab-2
obsolete	No longer in use		tp-sat-vocab-2
ominous	Suggesting that something bad will happen		tp-sat-vocab-2
optimal	Best possible		tp-sat-vocab-2
ostentatious	Showy in a way meant to impress		tp-sat-vocab-2
paradigm	A typical model or pattern; a framework of ideas		tp-sat-vocab-3
paradox	A statement or situation that seems to contradict itself yet may be true		tp-sat-vocab-3
pragmatic	Practical rather than idealistic		tp-sat-vocab-3
precarious	Dangerously unstable		tp-sat-vocab-3
precedent	An earlier case used as a guide		tp-sat-vocab-3
prodigious	Remarkably large or impressive		tp-sat-vocab-3
proficient	Skilled; competent		tp-sat-vocab-3
proliferate	To increase rapidly in number		tp-sat-vocab-3
prudent	Wise and careful about the future		tp-sat-vocab-3
pervasive	Spreading widely through everything		tp-sat-vocab-3
placate	To calm someone's anger		tp-sat-vocab-3
plausible	Seeming reasonable or probable		tp-sat-vocab-3
polarize	To divide into sharply opposed groups		tp-sat-vocab-3
pretentious	Trying to seem more important than one is		tp-sat-vocab-3
quell	To put an end to, usually by force		tp-sat-vocab-3
rebuke	To criticize sharply		tp-sat-vocab-3
recalcitrant	Stubbornly resisting authority		tp-sat-vocab-3
reclusive	Avoiding other people		tp-sat-vocab-3
refute	To prove wrong		tp-sat-vocab-3
reiterate	To say again		tp-sat-vocab-3
relinquish	To give up or let go		tp-sat-vocab-3
reproach	To express disapproval of		tp-sat-vocab-3
repudiate	To reject as untrue or unacceptable		tp-sat-vocab-3
resilient	Able to recover quickly		tp-sat-vocab-3
reticent	Reluctant to speak		tp-sat-vocab-3
revere	To feel deep respect for		tp-sat-vocab-3
rhetoric	The art of persuasive speaking or writing		tp-sat-vocab-3
rudimentary	Basic; undeveloped		tp-sat-vocab-3
sagacious	Wise and showing good judgment		tp-sat-vocab-3
sanction	To approve; also, a penalty		tp-sat-vocab-3
scrutinize	To examine very closely		tp-sat-vocab-3
serene	Calm and peaceful		tp-sat-vocab-3
skeptical	Doubtful; questioning		tp-sat-vocab-3
solemn	Serious and formal		tp-sat-vocab-3
spurious	False; not genuine		tp-sat-vocab-3
squander	To waste		tp-sat-vocab-3
static	Not moving or changing		tp-sat-vocab-3
stoic	Enduring pain or hardship without complaint		tp-sat-vocab-3
substantiate	To support with evidence		tp-sat-vocab-3
subtle	Delicate or hard to notice		tp-sat-vocab-3
succinct	Briefly and clearly expressed		tp-sat-vocab-3
superfluous	More than is needed		tp-sat-vocab-3
supplant	To take the place of		tp-sat-vocab-3
surmise	To guess on limited evidence		tp-sat-vocab-3
tangible	Able to be touched; real		tp-sat-vocab-3
tenacious	Holding firmly; persistent		tp-sat-vocab-3
tenuous	Very thin or weak		tp-sat-vocab-3
terse	Using very few words, sometimes rudely		tp-sat-vocab-3
thwart	To prevent from succeeding		tp-sat-vocab-3
tranquil	Free from disturbance		tp-sat-vocab-3
transient	Lasting only a short time		tp-sat-vocab-3
trivial	Of little importance		tp-sat-vocab-3
ubiquitous	Seeming to be everywhere		tp-sat-vocab-3
undermine	To weaken gradually		tp-sat-vocab-3
unprecedented	Never done or known before		tp-sat-vocab-3
vacillate	To waver between choices		tp-sat-vocab-3
validate	To confirm as correct or worthy		tp-sat-vocab-3
venerate	To honor deeply		tp-sat-vocab-3
verbose	Using more words than needed		tp-sat-vocab-3
versatile	Able to do many different things		tp-sat-vocab-3
vindicate	To clear of blame; to prove right		tp-sat-vocab-3
volatile	Quickly changing, often explosively		tp-sat-vocab-3
wary	Cautious about possible danger		tp-sat-vocab-3
whimsical	Playfully odd or fanciful		tp-sat-vocab-3
zealous	Full of eager enthusiasm		tp-sat-vocab-3
abstain	To choose not to do something		tp-sat-vocab-3
acquiesce	To accept something reluctantly without protest		tp-sat-vocab-3
acrimony	Bitter, sharp feeling in words or manner		tp-sat-vocab-3
admonish	To warn or scold gently		tp-sat-vocab-3
aloof	Distant and unfriendly in manner		tp-sat-vocab-3
ameliorate	To make something better		tp-sat-vocab-3
antipathy	Strong dislike		tp-sat-vocab-3
appease	To satisfy by giving in to demands		tp-sat-vocab-3
ardent	Passionate and enthusiastic		tp-sat-vocab-3
assuage	To ease or soothe		tp-sat-vocab-3
banal	So ordinary it is boring		tp-sat-vocab-3
belligerent	Eager to fight		tp-sat-vocab-3
bolster	To support or strengthen		tp-sat-vocab-3
bombastic	High-sounding but meaningless		tp-sat-vocab-3
brevity	Shortness of expression		tp-sat-vocab-3
burgeon	To grow or flourish quickly		tp-sat-vocab-3
cacophony	A harsh mixture of loud sounds		tp-sat-vocab-3
coalesce	To come together into one		tp-sat-vocab-3
conundrum	A confusing problem		tp-sat-vocab-3
copious	Abundant		tp-sat-vocab-3
abstruse	Hard to understand; deep or obscure		tp-sat-vocab-4
accolade	An expression of praise or honor		tp-sat-vocab-4
acerbic	Sharp and biting in tone		tp-sat-vocab-4
alacrity	Cheerful eagerness and speed		tp-sat-vocab-4
amalgamate	To combine into one		tp-sat-vocab-4
anachronism	Something placed in the wrong time period		tp-sat-vocab-4
antediluvian	Extremely old-fashioned; from before the Flood		tp-sat-vocab-4
apocryphal	Of doubtful authenticity; widely told but probably untrue		tp-sat-vocab-4
approbation	Approval or praise		tp-sat-vocab-4
arcane	Known by few; mysterious		tp-sat-vocab-4
ascetic	Living with strict self-denial		tp-sat-vocab-4
assiduous	Hard-working and persistent		tp-sat-vocab-4
attenuate	To weaken or reduce in force		tp-sat-vocab-4
axiomatic	Self-evident; accepted as true without proof		tp-sat-vocab-4
bellicose	Inclined to start fights		tp-sat-vocab-4
blandishment	Flattery used to persuade		tp-sat-vocab-4
bucolic	Pleasantly rural		tp-sat-vocab-4
cajole	To persuade by flattery or coaxing		tp-sat-vocab-4
canny	Shrewd, especially in practical matters		tp-sat-vocab-4
castigate	To criticize severely		tp-sat-vocab-4
caustic	Bitingly sarcastic; able to burn		tp-sat-vocab-4
chicanery	Trickery used to get one's way		tp-sat-vocab-4
circumspect	Careful to consider all consequences		tp-sat-vocab-4
clandestine	Kept secret, often for improper reasons		tp-sat-vocab-4
colloquial	Used in informal conversation		tp-sat-vocab-4
connoisseur	An expert judge in matters of taste		tp-sat-vocab-4
contentious	Likely to cause argument		tp-sat-vocab-4
contrite	Feeling sorry for wrongdoing		tp-sat-vocab-4
convoluted	Extremely complex and twisting		tp-sat-vocab-4
credulous	Too ready to believe		tp-sat-vocab-4
culpable	Deserving blame		tp-sat-vocab-4
cursory	Hasty and not thorough		tp-sat-vocab-4
daunting	Seeming difficult in a discouraging way		tp-sat-vocab-4
decry	To publicly condemn		tp-sat-vocab-4
deleterious	Harmful		tp-sat-vocab-4
demur	To raise doubts or objections		tp-sat-vocab-4
denigrate	To belittle someone's reputation		tp-sat-vocab-4
desultory	Lacking a plan; jumping from one thing to another		tp-sat-vocab-4
diatribe	A bitter, lengthy verbal attack		tp-sat-vocab-4
dichotomy	A division into two contrasting parts		tp-sat-vocab-4
diffident	Lacking self-confidence		tp-sat-vocab-4
disseminate	To spread widely		tp-sat-vocab-4
dogmatic	Insisting that one's opinions are correct		tp-sat-vocab-4
ebullient	Overflowing with enthusiasm		tp-sat-vocab-4
efficacious	Producing the desired result		tp-sat-vocab-4
effusive	Gushing with feeling		tp-sat-vocab-4
egregious	Outstandingly bad		tp-sat-vocab-4
elucidate	To make clear		tp-sat-vocab-4
empathy	Understanding another person's feelings		tp-sat-vocab-4
enervate	To drain of energy		tp-sat-vocab-4
equanimity	Calmness under stress		tp-sat-vocab-4
erudite	Having great learning		tp-sat-vocab-4
euphemism	A mild word used in place of a harsher one		tp-sat-vocab-4
exacerbate	To make worse		tp-sat-vocab-4
exculpate	To free from blame		tp-sat-vocab-4
exigent	Urgent; demanding immediate action		tp-sat-vocab-4
extraneous	Not belonging to the subject at hand		tp-sat-vocab-4
fastidious	Very attentive to detail; hard to please		tp-sat-vocab-4
fatuous	Silly and pointless		tp-sat-vocab-4
felicitous	Well chosen; fitting		tp-sat-vocab-4
fortuitous	Happening by lucky chance		tp-sat-vocab-4
garrulous	Talking too much		tp-sat-vocab-4
grandiloquent	Using pompous language		tp-sat-vocab-4
iconoclast	Someone who attacks cherished beliefs		tp-sat-vocab-4
ignominious	Deserving shame; humiliating		tp-sat-vocab-4
impervious	Not allowing anything to pass through or affect		tp-sat-vocab-4
imperturbable	Unable to be upset		tp-sat-vocab-4
inchoate	Just begun and not fully formed		tp-sat-vocab-4
incorrigible	Impossible to reform		tp-sat-vocab-4
inexorable	Impossible to stop		tp-sat-vocab-4
insidious	Spreading harmfully in a hidden way		tp-sat-vocab-4
intransigent	Refusing to change one's position		tp-sat-vocab-4
inundate	To flood or overwhelm		tp-sat-vocab-4
inure	To accustom to something unpleasant		tp-sat-vocab-4
laconic	Using very few words		tp-sat-vocab-4
laud	To praise highly		tp-sat-vocab-4
loquacious	Very talkative		tp-sat-vocab-4
maudlin	Overly sentimental		tp-sat-vocab-4
mendacious	Dishonest; lying		tp-sat-vocab-4
nefarious	Wicked		tp-sat-vocab-4
Sociology	The scientific study of society and social behavior		tp-sociology
Sociological imagination	Seeing how personal troubles connect to larger social forces; C. Wright Mills		tp-sociology
Auguste Comte	Coined the word 'sociology'		tp-sociology
Emile Durkheim	Studied social facts and suicide; founder of modern sociology		tp-sociology
Karl Marx	Focused on class conflict and capitalism		tp-sociology
Max Weber	Studied bureaucracy, authority and the Protestant ethic		tp-sociology
W.E.B. Du Bois	Pioneer of empirical sociology; wrote The Souls of Black Folk		tp-sociology
Functionalism	Society is a system of parts that work together for stability		tp-sociology
Conflict theory	Society is shaped by struggles over resources and power		tp-sociology
Symbolic interactionism	Society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings		tp-sociology
Manifest function	Intended, recognized effect of a social structure		tp-sociology
Latent function	Unintended, often unrecognized effect		tp-sociology
Dysfunction	A harmful effect of a social pattern		tp-sociology
Social structure	Patterns of relationships that organize society		tp-sociology
Status	A position in society		tp-sociology
Ascribed status	A status one is born with		tp-sociology
Achieved status	A status earned through effort		tp-sociology
Master status	The status that most shapes a person's identity		tp-sociology
Role	Behavior expected of someone with a status		tp-sociology
Role conflict	Tension between roles of different statuses		tp-sociology
Role strain	Tension within a single role		tp-sociology
Culture	Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group		tp-sociology
Material culture	Physical objects a society creates		tp-sociology
Nonmaterial culture	Ideas, beliefs and values		tp-sociology
Norm	A rule for expected behavior		tp-sociology
Folkway	A casual norm; violation brings mild disapproval		tp-sociology
Mores	Serious norms tied to moral standards		tp-sociology
Taboo	A strongly forbidden behavior		tp-sociology
Sanction	Reward or punishment that enforces norms		tp-sociology
Value	A shared idea of what is good or desirable		tp-sociology
Subculture	A group with distinct norms inside a larger culture		tp-sociology
Counterculture	A group that rejects mainstream norms		tp-sociology
Ethnocentrism	Judging other cultures by one's own standards		tp-sociology
Cultural relativism	Understanding a culture on its own terms		tp-sociology
Culture shock	Disorientation in an unfamiliar culture		tp-sociology
Cultural lag	Society's norms trail behind technology		tp-sociology
Socialization	Learning the norms and roles of society		tp-sociology
Agents of socialization	Family, school, peers, media and religion		tp-sociology
Looking-glass self	Our self-image forms from how we think others see us; Cooley		tp-sociology
Generalized other	Society's expectations internalized; George Herbert Mead		tp-sociology
Anticipatory socialization	Preparing for a future role		tp-sociology
Resocialization	Learning new norms, as in an institution		tp-sociology
Total institution	A place that controls all aspects of residents' lives		tp-sociology
Deviance	Violating social norms		tp-sociology
Strain theory	Deviance arises when goals cannot be met legitimately; Merton		tp-sociology
Labeling theory	Deviance is a result of being labeled		tp-sociology
Differential association	Deviance is learned from close associates		tp-sociology
Anomie	Normlessness when social rules weaken		tp-sociology
Social control	Ways society encourages conformity		tp-sociology
Social stratification	Ranking people in layers by wealth, power or prestige		tp-sociology
Caste system	Rigid stratification based on birth		tp-sociology
Class system	Stratification based on wealth and occupation, with some mobility		tp-sociology
Social mobility	Movement between social classes		tp-sociology
Intergenerational mobility	Change in class position compared with one's parents		tp-sociology
Socioeconomic status	Combined measure of income, education and occupation		tp-sociology
Cultural capital	Knowledge and tastes that help one advance socially; Bourdieu		tp-sociology
Social capital	Benefits from social networks and relationships		tp-sociology
Poverty line	Income level used to define poverty		tp-sociology
Meritocracy	System where advancement is based on ability and effort		tp-sociology
Race	A social category based on perceived physical traits		tp-sociology
Ethnicity	Shared cultural heritage		tp-sociology
Minority group	A group with less power, not necessarily smaller numbers		tp-sociology
Institutional discrimination	Unequal treatment built into laws and practices		tp-sociology
Segregation	Physical separation of groups		tp-sociology
Gender	Social and cultural meanings of masculinity and femininity		tp-sociology
Sex	Biological category of male or female		tp-sociology
Patriarchy	A system in which men hold most power		tp-sociology
Gender role	Behaviors expected of a gender		tp-sociology
Glass ceiling	Invisible barrier to advancement		tp-sociology
Family	A group related by blood, marriage or adoption		tp-sociology
Nuclear family	Parents and their children		tp-sociology
Extended family	Nuclear family plus other relatives		tp-sociology
Monogamy	Marriage to one partner at a time		tp-sociology
Endogamy	Marrying within one's group		tp-sociology
Exogamy	Marrying outside one's group		tp-sociology
Institution	An established system that meets social needs		tp-sociology
Bureaucracy	A formal organization with hierarchy and rules		tp-sociology
McDonaldization	Spread of efficiency, predictability and control; Ritzer		tp-sociology
Primary group	Small, close group with personal ties		tp-sociology
Secondary group	Larger, impersonal group organized around a goal		tp-sociology
In-group	A group one belongs to and identifies with		tp-sociology
Out-group	A group one does not belong to		tp-sociology
Reference group	A group used as a standard for self-evaluation		tp-sociology
Social network	A web of social ties		tp-sociology
Gemeinschaft	Community based on close personal ties		tp-sociology
Gesellschaft	Society based on impersonal, contractual ties		tp-sociology
Demography	Study of populations		tp-sociology
Urbanization	Growth in the proportion of people living in cities		tp-sociology
Collective behavior	Spontaneous group action		tp-sociology
Social movement	Organized effort to promote or resist change		tp-sociology
Globalization	Increasing interconnection of the world's societies		tp-sociology
Dramaturgy	Viewing social life as theater; Erving Goffman		tp-sociology
Impression management	Controlling how others see us		tp-sociology
Social construction of reality	Meanings of things are created by social interaction		tp-sociology
Thomas theorem	If people define situations as real, they are real in consequence		tp-sociology
Quantitative research	Studies using numbers and statistics		tp-sociology
Qualitative research	Studies using interviews and observation		tp-sociology
Participant observation	Researcher joins a group to study it		tp-sociology
Survey	Collecting data through questions		tp-sociology
Correlation versus causation	Two things related does not mean one causes the other		tp-sociology
Sample mean	x-bar = (sum of x) / n		tp-stats-formulas
Population mean	mu = (sum of x) / N		tp-stats-formulas
Median of an odd count	The middle value when sorted		tp-stats-formulas
Median of an even count	The average of the two middle values		tp-stats-formulas
Range	Maximum minus minimum		tp-stats-formulas
Interquartile range	IQR = Q3 - Q1		tp-stats-formulas
Upper outlier fence	Q3 + 1.5 x IQR		tp-stats-formulas
Lower outlier fence	Q1 - 1.5 x IQR		tp-stats-formulas
Sample variance	s^2 = sum of (x - x-bar)^2 / (n - 1)		tp-stats-formulas
Population variance	sigma^2 = sum of (x - mu)^2 / N		tp-stats-formulas
Sample standard deviation	s = square root of sample variance		tp-stats-formulas
Z-score	z = (x - mean) / standard deviation		tp-stats-formulas
Standard error of the mean	s / sqrt(n)		tp-stats-formulas
Standard error of a proportion	sqrt(p(1 - p) / n)		tp-stats-formulas
Coefficient of variation	(standard deviation / mean) x 100 percent		tp-stats-formulas
Percentile rank	(number of values below x / total values) x 100		tp-stats-formulas
Probability of an event	Favorable outcomes / total outcomes		tp-stats-formulas
Complement rule	P(A') = 1 - P(A)		tp-stats-formulas
Addition rule	P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)		tp-stats-formulas
Multiplication rule, independent	P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)		tp-stats-formulas
Conditional probability	P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B)		tp-stats-formulas
Bayes' theorem	P(A|B) = P(B|A) x P(A) / P(B)		tp-stats-formulas
Permutations	nPr = n! / (n - r)!		tp-stats-formulas
Combinations	nCr = n! / (r!(n - r)!)		tp-stats-formulas
Factorial	n! = n x (n-1) x ... x 1		tp-stats-formulas
Expected value	E(X) = sum of x x P(x)		tp-stats-formulas
Variance of a random variable	sum of (x - mu)^2 x P(x)		tp-stats-formulas
Binomial probability	P(X = k) = nCk x p^k x (1 - p)^(n - k)		tp-stats-formulas
Binomial mean	mu = np		tp-stats-formulas
Binomial standard deviation	sigma = sqrt(np(1 - p))		tp-stats-formulas
Geometric probability	P(first success on trial k) = (1 - p)^(k - 1) x p		tp-stats-formulas
Poisson probability	P(X = k) = e^(-lambda) x lambda^k / k!		tp-stats-formulas
Normal approx. to binomial condition	np >= 10 and n(1 - p) >= 10		tp-stats-formulas
Empirical rule	68, 95, 99.7 percent within 1, 2, 3 standard deviations		tp-stats-formulas
Chebyshev's inequality	At least 1 - 1/k^2 of data lie within k standard deviations		tp-stats-formulas
Confidence interval for a mean	x-bar +/- t* x s/sqrt(n)		tp-stats-formulas
Confidence interval for a proportion	p-hat +/- z* x sqrt(p-hat(1 - p-hat)/n)		tp-stats-formulas
Margin of error (proportion)	z* x sqrt(p-hat(1 - p-hat)/n)		tp-stats-formulas
Sample size for a proportion	n = (z*/E)^2 x p(1 - p)		tp-stats-formulas
One-sample t statistic	t = (x-bar - mu0) / (s / sqrt(n))		tp-stats-formulas
One-sample z statistic for proportion	z = (p-hat - p0) / sqrt(p0(1 - p0)/n)		tp-stats-formulas
Two-sample t statistic	t = (x1-bar - x2-bar) / sqrt(s1^2/n1 + s2^2/n2)		tp-stats-formulas
Degrees of freedom, one sample	n - 1		tp-stats-formulas
Chi-square statistic	sum of (observed - expected)^2 / expected		tp-stats-formulas
Expected count in a table	(row total x column total) / grand total		tp-stats-formulas
Degrees of freedom, chi-square table	(rows - 1)(columns - 1)		tp-stats-formulas
Pearson correlation	r = (1/(n-1)) x sum of (z_x x z_y)		tp-stats-formulas
Regression line	y-hat = a + bx		tp-stats-formulas
Slope of the regression line	b = r x (s_y / s_x)		tp-stats-formulas
Intercept of the regression line	a = y-bar - b x x-bar		tp-stats-formulas
Residual	observed y - predicted y		tp-stats-formulas
Coefficient of determination	r^2		tp-stats-formulas
Sum of squares total	sum of (y - y-bar)^2		tp-stats-formulas
ANOVA F statistic	F = mean square between / mean square within		tp-stats-formulas
Effect size, Cohen's d	(mean1 - mean2) / pooled standard deviation		tp-stats-formulas
Type I error probability	Alpha, the significance level		tp-stats-formulas
Power	1 - beta		tp-stats-formulas
Odds	p / (1 - p)		tp-stats-formulas
Odds ratio	(a/b) / (c/d) for a 2 by 2 table		tp-stats-formulas
Relative risk	Risk in exposed group / risk in unexposed group		tp-stats-formulas
Percent change	(new - old) / old x 100		tp-stats-formulas
Weighted mean	sum of (w x x) / sum of w		tp-stats-formulas
Geometric mean	nth root of the product of n values		tp-stats-formulas
Harmonic mean	n / sum of (1/x)		tp-stats-formulas
Mode	The most frequent value		tp-stats-formulas
Skewness direction	Mean greater than median suggests right skew		tp-stats-formulas
Mean absolute deviation	sum of |x - mean| / n		tp-stats-formulas
Law of total probability	P(B) = sum of P(B|A_i) x P(A_i)		tp-stats-formulas
Hypergeometric probability	P(X = k) = [C(K,k) x C(N-K, n-k)] / C(N,n)		tp-stats-formulas
Central limit theorem standard deviation	sigma / sqrt(n)		tp-stats-formulas
Finite population correction	sqrt((N - n)/(N - 1))		tp-stats-formulas
Pooled proportion	(x1 + x2) / (n1 + n2)		tp-stats-formulas
Z critical value 95%	1.96		tp-stats-formulas
Z critical value 99%	2.576		tp-stats-formulas
Z critical value 90%	1.645		tp-stats-formulas
Cumulative relative frequency	Running total of relative frequencies		tp-stats-formulas
Class width	(max - min) / number of classes		tp-stats-formulas
Sturges' rule	Number of classes is about 1 + log2(n)		tp-stats-formulas
Standard score for sample mean	z = (x-bar - mu) / (sigma / sqrt(n))		tp-stats-formulas
Tukey fences	Boundaries for outliers based on the IQR		tp-stats-formulas
Lower quartile position	(n + 1) / 4		tp-stats-formulas
Rule for sample variance denominator	Use n - 1 for samples to correct bias		tp-stats-formulas
Joint probability, dependent	P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A)		tp-stats-formulas
Mutually exclusive events	P(A and B) = 0		tp-stats-formulas
Stud	Vertical framing member in a wall		tp-trades-carpentry
Joist	Horizontal framing member supporting a floor or ceiling		tp-trades-carpentry
Rafter	Sloped framing member supporting a roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Truss	Pre-built triangular frame supporting a roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Beam	Large horizontal member carrying heavy loads		tp-trades-carpentry
Header	Beam above a door or window carrying the load		tp-trades-carpentry
Sill plate	Lumber bolted to the foundation that the walls rest on		tp-trades-carpentry
Top plate	Horizontal board across the tops of wall studs		tp-trades-carpentry
Bottom plate	Horizontal board at the base of wall studs		tp-trades-carpentry
King stud	Full-height stud beside a window or door opening		tp-trades-carpentry
Jack stud	Shorter stud under a header		tp-trades-carpentry
Cripple stud	Short stud above or below an opening		tp-trades-carpentry
Subfloor	Structural layer beneath finished flooring		tp-trades-carpentry
Sheathing	Panels covering the outside of the frame		tp-trades-carpentry
Plywood	Panel of thin wood layers glued with alternating grain		tp-trades-carpentry
OSB	Oriented strand board, panels made of wood strands		tp-trades-carpentry
Drywall	Gypsum board used for interior walls		tp-trades-carpentry
Dimensional lumber	Standard-sized lumber like 2x4		tp-trades-carpentry
2x4	A board whose actual size is about 1.5 by 3.5 inches		tp-trades-carpentry
Nominal size	The name size of lumber before drying and milling		tp-trades-carpentry
Board foot	Lumber volume: 1 inch thick by 12 inches by 12 inches		tp-trades-carpentry
Grain	The pattern of wood fibers		tp-trades-carpentry
Hardwood	Wood from broadleaf trees, like oak and maple		tp-trades-carpentry
Softwood	Wood from conifers, like pine and fir		tp-trades-carpentry
Pressure-treated lumber	Wood treated against rot and insects		tp-trades-carpentry
Knot	A section of a branch visible in a board		tp-trades-carpentry
Kiln-dried	Dried in an oven to reduce moisture		tp-trades-carpentry
Warp	A bend or twist in a board		tp-trades-carpentry
Level	Tool showing whether a surface is horizontal		tp-trades-carpentry
Plumb	Perfectly vertical		tp-trades-carpentry
Square	Exactly 90 degrees; also a tool to check it		tp-trades-carpentry
Chalk line	String coated in chalk, snapped to mark a straight line		tp-trades-carpentry
Tape measure	Flexible ruler		tp-trades-carpentry
Speed square	Triangular tool for marking angles		tp-trades-carpentry
Framing square	Large L-shaped tool for checking angles and layout		tp-trades-carpentry
Hammer	Tool for driving nails		tp-trades-carpentry
Claw hammer	Hammer with a split end to pull nails		tp-trades-carpentry
Mallet	A wooden or rubber hammer		tp-trades-carpentry
Handsaw	Manual saw		tp-trades-carpentry
Circular saw	Handheld power saw with a round blade		tp-trades-carpentry
Miter saw	Saw for precise angled crosscuts		tp-trades-carpentry
Table saw	Stationary saw with a blade rising through a table		tp-trades-carpentry
Jigsaw	Power saw for curves		tp-trades-carpentry
Reciprocating saw	Power saw with a push-pull blade for demolition		tp-trades-carpentry
Router	Tool that hollows or shapes edges		tp-trades-carpentry
Chisel	Sharp-edged hand tool for carving wood		tp-trades-carpentry
Plane	Tool for shaving wood smooth		tp-trades-carpentry
Sander	Tool using abrasive to smooth wood		tp-trades-carpentry
Drill	Tool for making holes or driving screws		tp-trades-carpentry
Pilot hole	Small starter hole drilled before a screw		tp-trades-carpentry
Countersink	Hole widened to let a screw head sit flush		tp-trades-carpentry
Nail gun	Powered tool that shoots nails		tp-trades-carpentry
Clamp	Tool that holds pieces together		tp-trades-carpentry
Wood glue	Adhesive for joining wood		tp-trades-carpentry
Common nail	Heavy nail used in framing		tp-trades-carpentry
Finish nail	Thin nail with a small head for trim		tp-trades-carpentry
Brad nail	A very small, thin nail		tp-trades-carpentry
Wood screw	Threaded fastener for wood		tp-trades-carpentry
Lag bolt	Heavy screw bolt for structural connections		tp-trades-carpentry
Joist hanger	Metal bracket supporting joist ends		tp-trades-carpentry
Hurricane tie	Metal connector securing rafters to walls		tp-trades-carpentry
Butt joint	Two boards joined end to face		tp-trades-carpentry
Miter joint	Two pieces cut at angles to form a corner		tp-trades-carpentry
Dado	Groove cut across the grain		tp-trades-carpentry
Rabbet	Notch cut along an edge		tp-trades-carpentry
Dovetail joint	Interlocking wedge-shaped joint prized for strength		tp-trades-carpentry
Mortise and tenon	A peg-shaped end fitted into a hole		tp-trades-carpentry
Lap joint	Two members overlapped		tp-trades-carpentry
Trim	Decorative molding around openings and edges		tp-trades-carpentry
Baseboard	Trim along the bottom of a wall		tp-trades-carpentry
Crown molding	Trim where the wall meets the ceiling		tp-trades-carpentry
Casing	Trim around doors and windows		tp-trades-carpentry
Jamb	The vertical side of a door or window frame		tp-trades-carpentry
Threshold	Strip at the bottom of a doorway		tp-trades-carpentry
Sash	The movable frame of a window		tp-trades-carpentry
Stair stringer	Sloped board supporting stair treads		tp-trades-carpentry
Tread	The horizontal part of a stair step		tp-trades-carpentry
Riser	The vertical part of a stair step		tp-trades-carpentry
Rise and run	Vertical and horizontal measurements of a stair step or roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Pitch	Slope of a roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Eave	The lower edge of a roof that overhangs the wall		tp-trades-carpentry
Ridge	The peak of a roof		tp-trades-carpentry
Fascia	Board along the roof edge		tp-trades-carpentry
Soffit	Underside of the roof overhang		tp-trades-carpentry
Flashing	Metal that guides water away from joints		tp-trades-carpentry
Shingles	Overlapping roofing pieces		tp-trades-carpentry
Footing	Concrete base that supports a foundation		tp-trades-carpentry
Foundation	Structure that transfers a building's load to the ground		tp-trades-carpentry
Load-bearing wall	A wall that supports weight above it		tp-trades-carpentry
Blueprint	A technical drawing of a building		tp-trades-carpentry
On center (OC)	Spacing measured from the center of one member to the next		tp-trades-carpentry
Kerf	The width of material removed by a saw blade		tp-trades-carpentry
Cut list	List of pieces and sizes to be cut		tp-trades-carpentry
Voltage	Electrical pressure that pushes current; measured in volts		tp-trades-electrical
Current	Flow of electric charge; measured in amperes		tp-trades-electrical
Resistance	Opposition to current; measured in ohms		tp-trades-electrical
Power	Rate of using energy; measured in watts		tp-trades-electrical
Ohm's law	Volts = amps x ohms		tp-trades-electrical
Watt's law	Watts = volts x amps		tp-trades-electrical
Conductor	Material that carries current easily, like copper		tp-trades-electrical
Insulator	Material that resists current, like rubber		tp-trades-electrical
Circuit	A complete path for current		tp-trades-electrical
Open circuit	A broken path; no current flows		tp-trades-electrical
Short circuit	An unintended low-resistance path causing very high current		tp-trades-electrical
Series circuit	Components in one path		tp-trades-electrical
Parallel circuit	Components on separate branches		tp-trades-electrical
AC	Alternating current, which changes direction		tp-trades-electrical
DC	Direct current, which flows one way		tp-trades-electrical
Hot wire	Carries current from the source; usually black or red		tp-trades-electrical
Neutral wire	Returns current to the source; usually white		tp-trades-electrical
Ground wire	Safety path to earth; bare copper or green		tp-trades-electrical
Circuit breaker	Switch that opens automatically when current is too high		tp-trades-electrical
Fuse	A safety device with a link that melts on overcurrent		tp-trades-electrical
GFCI	Ground fault circuit interrupter, which cuts power when current leaks		tp-trades-electrical
AFCI	Arc fault circuit interrupter, which guards against arcing		tp-trades-electrical
Panel (breaker box)	Enclosure holding circuit breakers		tp-trades-electrical
Service entrance	Where utility power enters a building		tp-trades-electrical
Meter	Device measuring electricity use		tp-trades-electrical
Receptacle	Outlet where plugs connect		tp-trades-electrical
Switch	Device that opens and closes a circuit		tp-trades-electrical
Three-way switch	Allows control of a light from two places		tp-trades-electrical
Junction box	Enclosure for wire connections		tp-trades-electrical
Conduit	Protective tube for wiring		tp-trades-electrical
EMT conduit	Electrical metallic tubing, a thin-walled metal conduit		tp-trades-electrical
Romex	Common brand name for non-metallic sheathed cable		tp-trades-electrical
Wire gauge (AWG)	Size of wire; a smaller number means thicker wire		tp-trades-electrical
14 AWG wire	Commonly used on 15-amp circuits		tp-trades-electrical
12 AWG wire	Commonly used on 20-amp circuits		tp-trades-electrical
Ampacity	Maximum current a conductor can carry safely		tp-trades-electrical
Voltage drop	Loss of voltage along a wire		tp-trades-electrical
Wire nut	Cap used to join wires		tp-trades-electrical
Lug	A connector point for a wire		tp-trades-electrical
Terminal	A screw or clamp point where wire attaches		tp-trades-electrical
Strip	Remove insulation from a wire end		tp-trades-electrical
Pigtail	A short wire used to connect multiple wires to one terminal		tp-trades-electrical
Load	A device that uses electrical power		tp-trades-electrical
Line side	The side of a device connected to the power source		tp-trades-electrical
Load side	The side leading to the devices		tp-trades-electrical
Multimeter	Tool measuring voltage, current and resistance		tp-trades-electrical
Voltage tester	Tool that detects live circuits		tp-trades-electrical
Lockout/tagout	Safety procedure keeping a circuit off while working on it		tp-trades-electrical
NEC	National Electrical Code, setting US wiring standards		tp-trades-electrical
Permit	Official permission to do regulated electrical work		tp-trades-electrical
Inspection	Official check that work meets code		tp-trades-electrical
Journeyman electrician	A licensed electrician who has completed an apprenticeship		tp-trades-electrical
Master electrician	A highly experienced, licensed electrician		tp-trades-electrical
Apprentice	A trainee learning the trade on the job		tp-trades-electrical
Transformer	Device that changes voltage levels		tp-trades-electrical
Step-down transformer	Reduces voltage		tp-trades-electrical
Motor	Device converting electrical energy to motion		tp-trades-electrical
Capacitor	Component that stores charge		tp-trades-electrical
Relay	A switch operated by an electromagnet		tp-trades-electrical
Contactor	A heavy-duty relay for high-current loads		tp-trades-electrical
Phase	One of the alternating currents in a power system		tp-trades-electrical
Single-phase	Power common in homes		tp-trades-electrical
Three-phase	Power common in industry		tp-trades-electrical
120 volts	Standard household outlet voltage in the US		tp-trades-electrical
240 volts	Higher household voltage for appliances like dryers		tp-trades-electrical
Frequency	Cycles per second; 60 Hz in the US		tp-trades-electrical
Kilowatt-hour	A unit of energy used on electric bills		tp-trades-electrical
Load calculation	Figuring the total power demand of a building		tp-trades-electrical
Overcurrent	More current than a circuit is designed to carry		tp-trades-electrical
Arc flash	A dangerous explosion of energy from an electrical fault		tp-trades-electrical
Electrical shock	Current passing through the body; potentially deadly		tp-trades-electrical
PPE	Personal protective equipment, such as insulated gloves		tp-trades-electrical
Bonding	Connecting metal parts to make them electrically continuous		tp-trades-electrical
Grounding electrode	A rod or pipe that connects the system to the earth		tp-trades-electrical
Dimmer	A switch that varies light brightness		tp-trades-electrical
Smart switch	A switch controlled by an app or voice		tp-trades-electrical
Solar panel	Device turning sunlight into DC electricity		tp-trades-electrical
Inverter	Converts DC power to AC		tp-trades-electrical
Surge protector	Device limiting voltage spikes		tp-trades-electrical
Extension cord rating	Must match or exceed the load's amperage		tp-trades-electrical
Knockout	A removable circle in a box for cable entry		tp-trades-electrical
Fish tape	A tool for pulling wire through walls and conduit		tp-trades-electrical
Lineman's pliers	Heavy pliers for cutting and twisting wire		tp-trades-electrical
Supply line	Pipe bringing clean water into a fixture		tp-trades-plumbing
Drain line	Pipe carrying used water away		tp-trades-plumbing
Vent pipe	Pipe letting air into the drain system so water flows		tp-trades-plumbing
DWV	Drain-waste-vent system		tp-trades-plumbing
Main shutoff valve	Valve that turns off water to the whole building		tp-trades-plumbing
Water meter	Device measuring water used		tp-trades-plumbing
Water heater	Appliance that heats and stores hot water		tp-trades-plumbing
Tankless water heater	Heater that warms water only as it is used		tp-trades-plumbing
Pressure	Force of water in pipes, often measured in psi		tp-trades-plumbing
Water pressure regulator	Valve that reduces incoming pressure to a safe level		tp-trades-plumbing
Gate valve	Valve with a sliding gate; fully open or fully closed		tp-trades-plumbing
Ball valve	Valve that opens and closes with a quarter turn		tp-trades-plumbing
Globe valve	Valve for regulating flow		tp-trades-plumbing
Check valve	Valve that lets water flow in only one direction		tp-trades-plumbing
Shutoff valve (angle stop)	Small valve under a sink or toilet		tp-trades-plumbing
Copper pipe	Durable metal pipe used for water supply		tp-trades-plumbing
PVC	White plastic pipe used for drains and vents		tp-trades-plumbing
ABS	Black plastic pipe used for drains in some areas		tp-trades-plumbing
CPVC	Plastic pipe rated for hot water		tp-trades-plumbing
PEX	Flexible cross-linked polyethylene tubing for supply lines		tp-trades-plumbing
Galvanized steel pipe	Zinc-coated steel pipe, older and prone to corrosion		tp-trades-plumbing
Cast iron pipe	Heavy pipe used for drains		tp-trades-plumbing
Fitting	A connector that joins or redirects pipes		tp-trades-plumbing
Coupling	Fitting joining two straight pipes		tp-trades-plumbing
Elbow	Fitting that changes pipe direction		tp-trades-plumbing
Tee	T-shaped fitting that creates a branch		tp-trades-plumbing
Union	Fitting that can be disconnected without cutting pipe		tp-trades-plumbing
Reducer	Fitting joining pipes of different sizes		tp-trades-plumbing
Cap	Fitting that seals a pipe end		tp-trades-plumbing
Plug	Fitting that seals a female threaded opening		tp-trades-plumbing
Nipple	Short threaded pipe		tp-trades-plumbing
Adapter	Fitting connecting different pipe types		tp-trades-plumbing
Sweating (soldering)	Joining copper with heated solder		tp-trades-plumbing
Flux	Chemical applied to copper joints before soldering		tp-trades-plumbing
Solvent cement	Glue that welds PVC and similar plastics		tp-trades-plumbing
Primer	Cleaner applied to plastic pipe before cementing		tp-trades-plumbing
Compression fitting	Fitting sealed by tightening a nut over a ring		tp-trades-plumbing
Crimp ring	Metal ring squeezed onto PEX fittings		tp-trades-plumbing
Thread seal tape	Thin white tape that seals threaded joints		tp-trades-plumbing
Pipe dope	Paste that seals threaded joints		tp-trades-plumbing
Teflon tape	Common name for thread seal tape		tp-trades-plumbing
Pipe wrench	Wrench with serrated jaws for gripping pipe		tp-trades-plumbing
Basin wrench	Long-necked wrench for tight faucet nuts		tp-trades-plumbing
Tubing cutter	Tool for making clean cuts in pipe		tp-trades-plumbing
Plunger	Tool using pressure to clear clogs		tp-trades-plumbing
Drain snake (auger)	Flexible tool that clears blockages		tp-trades-plumbing
Trap	Curved pipe holding water to block sewer gas		tp-trades-plumbing
P-trap	Trap shaped like a P under sinks		tp-trades-plumbing
Sewer gas	Foul gas that traps and vents keep out of living spaces		tp-trades-plumbing
Cleanout	Access point for clearing drains		tp-trades-plumbing
Floor drain	Drain set in a floor		tp-trades-plumbing
Septic system	On-site wastewater treatment for homes without city sewers		tp-trades-plumbing
Sewer main	Large pipe carrying waste from many buildings		tp-trades-plumbing
Backflow	Reverse flow of water that can contaminate the supply		tp-trades-plumbing
Backflow preventer	Device that stops contaminated water flowing backward		tp-trades-plumbing
Air gap	Open space that keeps drain water from entering a supply line		tp-trades-plumbing
Fixture	A device like a sink, toilet or tub		tp-trades-plumbing
Faucet	Valve controlling water flow from a sink or tub		tp-trades-plumbing
Aerator	Screen at the faucet tip that mixes air with water		tp-trades-plumbing
Cartridge	Internal faucet part that controls flow and temperature		tp-trades-plumbing
Washer	Rubber ring that seals a valve seat		tp-trades-plumbing
O-ring	Rubber ring that seals joints		tp-trades-plumbing
Flapper	Rubber seal at the bottom of a toilet tank		tp-trades-plumbing
Fill valve	Valve that refills the toilet tank		tp-trades-plumbing
Wax ring	Seal between a toilet and the floor flange		tp-trades-plumbing
Closet flange	Pipe fitting on the floor that secures a toilet		tp-trades-plumbing
Showerhead	Fixture that sprays water in a shower		tp-trades-plumbing
Tub spout	Faucet end that fills the tub		tp-trades-plumbing
Garbage disposal	Appliance under a sink that grinds food waste		tp-trades-plumbing
Dishwasher drain	Hose carrying dishwasher water into the drain system		tp-trades-plumbing
Hose bib	Outdoor faucet for a hose		tp-trades-plumbing
Sump pump	Pump removing water from a basement pit		tp-trades-plumbing
Water softener	Equipment reducing hard water minerals		tp-trades-plumbing
Hard water	Water with high mineral content		tp-trades-plumbing
Water hammer	Banging noise when flow stops suddenly		tp-trades-plumbing
Air chamber	Small vertical pipe that cushions pressure surges		tp-trades-plumbing
Expansion tank	Tank absorbing pressure from heated water		tp-trades-plumbing
Pressure relief valve	Safety valve that releases excess pressure		tp-trades-plumbing
Anode rod	Rod in a water heater that corrodes first to protect the tank		tp-trades-plumbing
Slope (pitch) of drains	Drains need a gentle downhill slope, often 1/4 inch per foot		tp-trades-plumbing
Gravity flow	Water moving downhill without pumps		tp-trades-plumbing
Frozen pipe	Pipe blocked or damaged by ice		tp-trades-plumbing
Pipe insulation	Foam or wrap that protects pipes from heat loss or freezing		tp-trades-plumbing
Leak	Unwanted escape of water		tp-trades-plumbing
Corrosion	Gradual damage to metal		tp-trades-plumbing
Plumbing code	Rules for safe plumbing work		tp-trades-plumbing
Licensed plumber	Tradesperson legally qualified to do plumbing work		tp-trades-plumbing
Apprentice plumber	Trainee learning the trade		tp-trades-plumbing
Rough-in	Installing pipes before walls are closed		tp-trades-plumbing
Trim-out	Installing fixtures after walls are finished		tp-trades-plumbing
Hot and cold side	Convention: hot is on the left, cold on the right		tp-trades-plumbing
What is the supreme law of the land?	The Constitution		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What does the Constitution do?	Sets up the government, defines its powers and protects basic rights		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the first three words of the Constitution?	We the People		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is an amendment?	A change or addition to the Constitution		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Bill of Rights?	The first ten amendments		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many amendments does the Constitution have?	Twenty-seven		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is one right in the First Amendment?	Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly or petition		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the economic system of the United States?	A mixed market economy based on capitalism		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the rule of law?	Everyone, including leaders, must follow the law		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the three branches of government?	Legislative, executive and judicial		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who makes federal laws?	Congress		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the two parts of Congress?	The Senate and the House of Representatives		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many U.S. senators are there?	One hundred		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How long is a senator's term?	Six years		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many voting members are in the House?	Four hundred thirty-five		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How long is a House member's term?	Two years		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many senators does each state have?	Two		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who does a member of the House represent?	The people of their district		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What stops one branch from becoming too powerful?	Checks and balances and the separation of powers		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who is in charge of the executive branch?	The President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How long is a presidential term?	Four years		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many times can a person be elected president?	Twice; the 22nd Amendment limits it to two elected terms		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who signs bills to become laws?	The President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who is commander in chief of the military?	The President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What does the President's Cabinet do?	Advises the President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who becomes president if the president can no longer serve?	The Vice President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What does the judicial branch do?	Reviews laws, explains laws and decides if a law goes against the Constitution		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the highest court in the United States?	The Supreme Court		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many justices are on the Supreme Court?	Nine		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How are Supreme Court justices chosen?	Nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the capital of the United States?	Washington, D.C.		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Where is the Statue of Liberty?	New York Harbor, on Liberty Island		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many states are there?	Fifty		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many stripes are on the flag?	Thirteen, for the original colonies		tp-us-citizenship-topics
How many stars are on the flag?	Fifty, one for each state		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the colors of the flag?	Red, white and blue		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the national anthem?	The Star-Spangled Banner		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Pledge of Allegiance?	A promise of loyalty to the flag and the country		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Fourth of July?	Independence Day, celebrating the Declaration of Independence		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?	Thomas Jefferson was its main author		tp-us-citizenship-topics
When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?	July 4, 1776		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What did the Declaration of Independence say?	That the colonies were free of British rule and that people have rights		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are two rights in the Declaration?	Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who was the first President?	George Washington		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who was President during the Civil War?	Abraham Lincoln		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?	Declared enslaved people in Confederate-held areas free		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which amendment ended slavery?	The 13th Amendment		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who fought in the Civil War?	The Union (North) and the Confederacy (South)		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What was the main reason for the Civil War?	Slavery, along with states' rights and economic differences		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What did Susan B. Anthony do?	Fought for women's rights and the right to vote		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What did Martin Luther King Jr. do?	Led nonviolent efforts for civil rights and equal treatment		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which amendment gave women the right to vote?	The 19th Amendment		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What was the Great Depression?	A severe economic downturn in the 1930s		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who was President during the Great Depression and World War II?	Franklin D. Roosevelt		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which countries did the U.S. fight in World War II?	Germany, Italy and Japan (the Axis powers)		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What was the Cold War?	A long rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after World War II		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who were the first people living in America?	Native Americans		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Why did the Pilgrims come to America?	To seek religious freedom		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who is the 'Father of Our Country'?	George Washington		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What was the Louisiana Purchase?	The 1803 purchase of land from France that doubled the country's size		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What happened at the Constitutional Convention?	The Constitution was written in 1787		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who wrote the Federalist Papers?	Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who was one important Founding Father?	Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison or others		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the capital of your state?	Depends on the state; every state has a capital city		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What are the two major political parties?	Democratic and Republican parties		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who can vote in federal elections?	Citizens age 18 and older		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is one way Americans can participate in democracy?	Vote, join a party, run for office, join a community group or contact elected officials		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which amendment lowered the voting age to 18?	The 26th Amendment		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is one responsibility of citizens?	Serving on a jury, paying taxes or obeying laws		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is one right only for citizens?	Voting in federal elections or running for federal office		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge?	The United States and the flag		tp-us-citizenship-topics
When must men register for the Selective Service?	At age 18		tp-us-citizenship-topics
When are federal taxes due?	Generally by April 15		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Electoral College?	The group of electors who choose the President		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is a census?	A count of the population done every ten years		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is a jury?	A group of citizens who decide the facts in a trial		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Mayflower?	The ship that carried the Pilgrims to America in 1620		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Mississippi River?	One of the longest rivers in the country, flowing to the Gulf of Mexico		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which oceans border the U.S.?	The Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Which countries border the continental U.S.?	Canada and Mexico		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is Memorial Day?	A day honoring those who died serving in the military		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is Veterans Day?	A day honoring all who have served in the military		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is Labor Day?	A holiday honoring workers, on the first Monday of September		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is Thanksgiving?	A November holiday for giving thanks		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the bald eagle?	The national bird of the United States		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Liberty Bell?	A symbol of American independence, kept in Philadelphia		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Great Seal?	The official seal of the United States		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is federalism?	Power shared between national and state governments		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What does the 10th Amendment say?	Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or the people		tp-us-citizenship-topics
Who governs a state?	A governor		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is a mayor?	The leader of a city government		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is due process?	Fair treatment under the law		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is freedom of religion?	The right to practice any religion or none		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is the Mayflower Compact?	An agreement to make fair laws for the Plymouth colony		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is naturalization?	The process by which a non-citizen becomes a citizen		tp-us-citizenship-topics
What is an immigrant?	A person who moves to a new country to live		tp-us-citizenship-topics