{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/earth-layers-landforms",
 "id": "earth-layers-landforms",
 "title": "Earth's Layers and Landforms",
 "category": "science",
 "subject": "Earth Science",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8"
 ],
 "description": "The layers of Earth, the atmosphere, and common landforms.",
 "tags": [
  "earth",
  "landforms",
  "layers"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Crust",
   "Earth's thin, rocky outer layer"
  ],
  [
   "Mantle",
   "The thick layer of hot rock beneath the crust"
  ],
  [
   "Outer core",
   "A layer of liquid iron and nickel"
  ],
  [
   "Inner core",
   "A solid ball of iron and nickel at Earth's center"
  ],
  [
   "Which Earth layer is thickest?",
   "The mantle"
  ],
  [
   "Which Earth layer is thinnest?",
   "The crust"
  ],
  [
   "Continental crust",
   "The thicker crust that makes up the continents"
  ],
  [
   "Oceanic crust",
   "The thinner, denser crust under the oceans"
  ],
  [
   "Moho",
   "The boundary between the crust and mantle"
  ],
  [
   "Troposphere",
   "The lowest layer of the atmosphere, where weather happens"
  ],
  [
   "Stratosphere",
   "The atmosphere layer above the troposphere, holding the ozone layer"
  ],
  [
   "Mesosphere",
   "The layer where most meteors burn up"
  ],
  [
   "Thermosphere",
   "The layer where auroras happen and the space station orbits"
  ],
  [
   "Exosphere",
   "The outermost atmosphere layer fading into space"
  ],
  [
   "Ozone layer",
   "A layer that absorbs harmful ultraviolet light"
  ],
  [
   "Hydrosphere",
   "All the water on Earth"
  ],
  [
   "Lithosphere",
   "Earth's rigid outer shell"
  ],
  [
   "Biosphere",
   "All living things on Earth"
  ],
  [
   "Atmosphere",
   "The blanket of gases around Earth"
  ],
  [
   "Percent of Earth covered by water, about",
   "71 percent"
  ],
  [
   "Percent of Earth's water that is salty, about",
   "97 percent"
  ],
  [
   "Mountain",
   "A very high landform with steep sides"
  ],
  [
   "Hill",
   "A raised landform lower than a mountain"
  ],
  [
   "Valley",
   "Low land between hills or mountains"
  ],
  [
   "Canyon",
   "A deep valley with steep sides, often cut by a river"
  ],
  [
   "Plateau",
   "A high, flat landform"
  ],
  [
   "Plain",
   "A large flat area of land"
  ],
  [
   "Mesa",
   "A flat-topped hill with steep sides"
  ],
  [
   "Butte",
   "A small, steep-sided hill with a flat top"
  ],
  [
   "Peninsula",
   "Land surrounded by water on three sides"
  ],
  [
   "Island",
   "Land completely surrounded by water"
  ],
  [
   "Isthmus",
   "A narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses"
  ],
  [
   "Archipelago",
   "A group of islands"
  ],
  [
   "Delta",
   "Land built up where a river empties into a larger body of water"
  ],
  [
   "Cape",
   "A point of land that sticks out into water"
  ],
  [
   "Bay",
   "Part of the sea that curves into the land"
  ],
  [
   "Gulf",
   "A large bay"
  ],
  [
   "Strait",
   "A narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water"
  ],
  [
   "Lake",
   "A body of water surrounded by land"
  ],
  [
   "River",
   "A large stream flowing to a lake or sea"
  ],
  [
   "Tributary",
   "A stream that flows into a larger river"
  ],
  [
   "Source of a river",
   "Where a river begins"
  ],
  [
   "Mouth of a river",
   "Where a river ends"
  ],
  [
   "Watershed",
   "The area of land that drains into a river"
  ],
  [
   "Dune",
   "A hill of sand made by wind"
  ],
  [
   "Cave",
   "A natural hollow in rock or ground"
  ],
  [
   "Cliff",
   "A steep rock face"
  ],
  [
   "Glacier",
   "A large, slow-moving river of ice"
  ],
  [
   "Iceberg",
   "A large floating piece of ice broken from a glacier"
  ],
  [
   "Oasis",
   "A fertile spot in the desert with water"
  ],
  [
   "Reef",
   "A ridge of coral or rock near the surface of the sea"
  ],
  [
   "Atoll",
   "A ring-shaped coral island"
  ],
  [
   "Fjord",
   "A long, narrow sea inlet between steep cliffs"
  ],
  [
   "Tundra",
   "A cold treeless plain"
  ],
  [
   "Prairie",
   "A large grassy plain"
  ],
  [
   "Basin",
   "A low area where water collects"
  ],
  [
   "Elevation",
   "Height above sea level"
  ],
  [
   "Topographic map",
   "A map showing the shape and height of land with contour lines"
  ],
  [
   "Contour line",
   "A line on a map connecting points of equal elevation"
  ],
  [
   "Longitude",
   "Distance east or west of the Prime Meridian"
  ],
  [
   "Latitude",
   "Distance north or south of the Equator"
  ],
  [
   "Equator",
   "The imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude around Earth's middle"
  ],
  [
   "Axis",
   "The imaginary line Earth spins around"
  ],
  [
   "Rotation",
   "Earth spinning, one turn each day"
  ],
  [
   "Revolution",
   "Earth traveling around the Sun, one trip each year"
  ],
  [
   "Earth's axial tilt",
   "About 23.5 degrees"
  ],
  [
   "Cause of the seasons",
   "Earth's tilted axis as it orbits the Sun"
  ],
  [
   "Solstice",
   "The day with the most or least daylight in a year"
  ],
  [
   "Equinox",
   "A day when day and night are nearly equal"
  ]
 ]
}