{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/famous-historical-documents",
 "id": "famous-historical-documents",
 "title": "Famous Historical Documents",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "World History",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "Charters, declarations, laws and speeches that shaped history, and what each one said.",
 "tags": [
  "documents",
  "magna carta",
  "declaration",
  "constitution"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Document",
 "backLabel": "What it is",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Code of Hammurabi (c. 1754 BCE)",
   "Babylonian law code carved on a stone pillar"
  ],
  [
   "Cyrus Cylinder (539 BCE)",
   "Persian clay cylinder describing Cyrus's rule and respect for local customs"
  ],
  [
   "Twelve Tables (c. 450 BCE)",
   "Rome's first written laws, displayed in the Forum"
  ],
  [
   "Edicts of Ashoka (c. 250 BCE)",
   "Messages carved on pillars by the Maurya emperor about justice and compassion"
  ],
  [
   "Rosetta Stone (196 BCE)",
   "Decree in three scripts that helped decode hieroglyphs"
  ],
  [
   "Edict of Milan (313 CE)",
   "Roman proclamation of religious tolerance"
  ],
  [
   "Justinian Code (529-534)",
   "Byzantine collection of Roman laws that shaped later legal systems"
  ],
  [
   "Constitution of Medina (c. 622)",
   "Early agreement among communities in Medina"
  ],
  [
   "Domesday Book (1086)",
   "English survey of land and property ordered by William the Conqueror"
  ],
  [
   "Magna Carta (1215)",
   "English charter limiting the king's power and protecting rights"
  ],
  [
   "Golden Bull (1222)",
   "Hungarian charter limiting royal power, similar to Magna Carta"
  ],
  [
   "Gutenberg Bible (c. 1455)",
   "First major book printed in Europe with movable type"
  ],
  [
   "95 Theses (1517)",
   "Martin Luther's list of church criticisms"
  ],
  [
   "Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)",
   "Spain and Portugal divided new lands outside Europe"
  ],
  [
   "Mayflower Compact (1620)",
   "Agreement by Pilgrims to govern themselves fairly"
  ],
  [
   "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)",
   "One of the first written constitutions in the colonies"
  ],
  [
   "Petition of Right (1628)",
   "English document limiting the king's power to tax and jail without cause"
  ],
  [
   "English Bill of Rights (1689)",
   "Guaranteed Parliament's powers and individual rights"
  ],
  [
   "Two Treatises of Government (1689)",
   "John Locke's work on natural rights and consent of the governed"
  ],
  [
   "Common Sense (1776)",
   "Thomas Paine's pamphlet arguing for independence"
  ],
  [
   "Declaration of Independence (1776)",
   "Announced the colonies' freedom and the ideas of equality and rights"
  ],
  [
   "Articles of Confederation (1781)",
   "First US government plan"
  ],
  [
   "Northwest Ordinance (1787)",
   "Set rules for new territories and banned slavery north of the Ohio"
  ],
  [
   "US Constitution (1787)",
   "Framework of the US government"
  ],
  [
   "Federalist Papers (1787-88)",
   "Essays defending the Constitution"
  ],
  [
   "Bill of Rights (1791)",
   "First ten amendments protecting individual rights"
  ],
  [
   "Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)",
   "French statement of rights and equality under the law"
  ],
  [
   "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)",
   "Mary Wollstonecraft's argument for women's education and equality"
  ],
  [
   "Washington's Farewell Address (1796)",
   "Warned about political division and foreign entanglements"
  ],
  [
   "Monroe Doctrine (1823)",
   "Warned Europe against new colonies in the Americas"
  ],
  [
   "Declaration of Sentiments (1848)",
   "Seneca Falls document calling for women's equality"
  ],
  [
   "Communist Manifesto (1848)",
   "Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's pamphlet about class struggle"
  ],
  [
   "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)",
   "Ended the Mexican-American War"
  ],
  [
   "Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)",
   "Novel that increased opposition to slavery"
  ],
  [
   "Emancipation Proclamation (1863)",
   "Lincoln's order freeing enslaved people in rebelling states"
  ],
  [
   "Gettysburg Address (1863)",
   "Lincoln's short speech about equality and 'government of the people'"
  ],
  [
   "13th Amendment (1865)",
   "Ended slavery in the United States"
  ],
  [
   "14th Amendment (1868)",
   "Citizenship and equal protection for all persons born in the US"
  ],
  [
   "15th Amendment (1870)",
   "Gave Black men the right to vote"
  ],
  [
   "19th Amendment (1920)",
   "Gave women the right to vote"
  ],
  [
   "Origin of Species (1859)",
   "Charles Darwin's book on evolution by natural selection"
  ],
  [
   "Balfour Declaration (1917)",
   "British letter supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine"
  ],
  [
   "Fourteen Points (1918)",
   "Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-WWI peace"
  ],
  [
   "Treaty of Versailles (1919)",
   "Peace treaty ending WWI with Germany"
  ],
  [
   "Atlantic Charter (1941)",
   "Churchill and Roosevelt's statement of war aims"
  ],
  [
   "Four Freedoms (1941)",
   "FDR's speech on freedom of speech, worship, from want and from fear"
  ],
  [
   "UN Charter (1945)",
   "Founding document of the United Nations"
  ],
  [
   "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)",
   "UN statement of rights for all people"
  ],
  [
   "Brown v. Board of Education (1954)",
   "Supreme Court decision against school segregation"
  ],
  [
   "Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)",
   "Martin Luther King Jr.'s defense of nonviolent protest"
  ],
  [
   "I Have a Dream (1963)",
   "King's speech at the March on Washington"
  ],
  [
   "Civil Rights Act (1964)",
   "Outlawed segregation in public places and job discrimination"
  ],
  [
   "Voting Rights Act (1965)",
   "Protected voting rights for Black citizens"
  ],
  [
   "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)",
   "Banned discrimination against people with disabilities"
  ],
  [
   "Silent Spring (1962)",
   "Rachel Carson's book that sparked the environmental movement"
  ],
  [
   "The Diary of a Young Girl",
   "Anne Frank's diary, published in 1947"
  ],
  [
   "Wealth of Nations (1776)",
   "Adam Smith's book on markets and trade"
  ],
  [
   "Leviathan (1651)",
   "Thomas Hobbes's book on government and order"
  ],
  [
   "The Social Contract (1762)",
   "Rousseau's book on the general will"
  ],
  [
   "The Prince (1532)",
   "Machiavelli's guide to ruling, published after his death"
  ],
  [
   "Dead Sea Scrolls",
   "Ancient manuscripts found in caves near the Dead Sea starting in 1947"
  ],
  [
   "Treaty of Paris (1783)",
   "Ended the American Revolution"
  ],
  [
   "Treaty of Westphalia (1648)",
   "Ended the Thirty Years' War"
  ],
  [
   "Great Law of Peace",
   "Haudenosaunee constitution, some influence on early American ideas is debated"
  ],
  [
   "Cherokee Constitution (1827)",
   "Written constitution of the Cherokee Nation"
  ],
  [
   "Sequoyah's syllabary",
   "Cherokee writing system created in the 1820s"
  ],
  [
   "Indian Citizenship Act (1924)",
   "Granted citizenship to Native Americans born in the US"
  ],
  [
   "Emancipation Manifesto (1861)",
   "Russian tsar Alexander II freed the serfs"
  ],
  [
   "Meiji Constitution (1889)",
   "Japan's first modern constitution"
  ],
  [
   "Constitution of India (1950)",
   "World's longest written national constitution"
  ],
  [
   "Magna Carta's clause 39",
   "No free person to be punished without lawful judgment, a root of due process"
  ],
  [
   "Habeas corpus",
   "Principle that you cannot be held without legal charges; strengthened by England's 1679 Act"
  ],
  [
   "Bill of Rights (1689) vs 1791",
   "England's came first; the American one added rights to the US Constitution"
  ],
  [
   "Homestead Act (1862)",
   "Offered free land to settlers who farmed it"
  ],
  [
   "Pendleton Act (1883)",
   "Created merit-based jobs in the federal government"
  ],
  [
   "Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)",
   "Law against monopolies"
  ]
 ]
}