{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/famous-wars-and-battles",
 "id": "famous-wars-and-battles",
 "title": "Famous Wars and Battles",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "World History",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "Major conflicts from ancient times to the twentieth century, with where, when and why they mattered.",
 "tags": [
  "wars",
  "battles",
  "military history"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "War or battle",
 "backLabel": "Key facts",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)",
   "Athens defeated a Persian invasion in Greece"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)",
   "Small Greek force held a mountain pass against Persia"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Salamis (480 BCE)",
   "Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy"
  ],
  [
   "Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)",
   "Sparta defeated Athens"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE)",
   "Alexander the Great defeated Persian king Darius III"
  ],
  [
   "Punic Wars (264-146 BCE)",
   "Rome defeated Carthage in three wars"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Cannae (216 BCE)",
   "Hannibal's great victory over Rome"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Zama (202 BCE)",
   "Scipio defeated Hannibal"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Actium (31 BCE)",
   "Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Hastings (1066)",
   "William of Normandy won England"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Tours (732)",
   "Charles Martel stopped a Muslim army in France"
  ],
  [
   "First Crusade (1096-1099)",
   "Christian knights captured Jerusalem"
  ],
  [
   "Mongol conquests",
   "Genghis Khan and successors built the largest land empire in the 1200s"
  ],
  [
   "Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)",
   "England and France fought; Joan of Arc rallied the French"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Agincourt (1415)",
   "English longbows beat French knights"
  ],
  [
   "Fall of Constantinople (1453)",
   "Ottomans took the Byzantine capital"
  ],
  [
   "Spanish Armada (1588)",
   "English defeated Spain's invasion fleet"
  ],
  [
   "Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)",
   "Religious and political war in central Europe"
  ],
  [
   "French and Indian War (1754-1763)",
   "Britain defeated France in North America"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775)",
   "First fights of the American Revolution"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Saratoga (1777)",
   "American victory that brought France into the war"
  ],
  [
   "Siege of Yorktown (1781)",
   "Last major battle of the American Revolution"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Trafalgar (1805)",
   "British Admiral Nelson defeated the French and Spanish fleets"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Austerlitz (1805)",
   "Napoleon's greatest victory, over Russia and Austria"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Waterloo (1815)",
   "Napoleon's final defeat"
  ],
  [
   "War of 1812",
   "US versus Britain; ended in a stalemate in 1815"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of New Orleans (1815)",
   "Andrew Jackson defeated British troops"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of the Alamo (1836)",
   "Texas defenders fell to Mexican forces"
  ],
  [
   "Mexican-American War (1846-48)",
   "US won California and the Southwest"
  ],
  [
   "Crimean War (1853-56)",
   "Britain, France and the Ottomans fought Russia; Florence Nightingale nursed there"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Fort Sumter (1861)",
   "First shots of the American Civil War"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Gettysburg (1863)",
   "Turning point of the Civil War in the East"
  ],
  [
   "Siege of Vicksburg (1863)",
   "Union victory that took control of the Mississippi River"
  ],
  [
   "Appomattox (1865)",
   "Lee's surrender to Grant"
  ],
  [
   "Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)",
   "Prussia defeated France and united Germany"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)",
   "Lakota and Cheyenne defeated Custer's troops"
  ],
  [
   "Spanish-American War (1898)",
   "US gained Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines"
  ],
  [
   "Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)",
   "Japan defeated Russia"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Verdun (1916)",
   "Long battle between France and Germany in WWI"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of the Somme (1916)",
   "British offensive in WWI with heavy losses"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Britain (1940)",
   "RAF stopped German air attacks"
  ],
  [
   "Dunkirk evacuation (1940)",
   "Rescue of Allied troops from France by many boats"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43)",
   "Soviet victory on the Eastern Front"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Midway (1942)",
   "US Navy victory in the Pacific"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of El Alamein (1942)",
   "British victory in North Africa"
  ],
  [
   "D-Day (June 6, 1944)",
   "Allied landings in Normandy"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of the Bulge (1944-45)",
   "Germany's last big offensive in the West"
  ],
  [
   "Iwo Jima (1945)",
   "US Marines captured the island"
  ],
  [
   "Korean War (1950-53)",
   "UN forces helped South Korea against North Korea"
  ],
  [
   "Vietnam War (1955-75)",
   "Long conflict between North and South Vietnam; the US supported the South"
  ],
  [
   "Six-Day War (1967)",
   "Israel and neighboring Arab states fought in June 1967"
  ],
  [
   "Gulf War (1991)",
   "Coalition forces freed Kuwait after Iraq's invasion"
  ],
  [
   "Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)",
   "Fighting between Nationalists and Communists, which the Communists won"
  ],
  [
   "Russian Civil War (1917-1922)",
   "Reds under the Bolsheviks defeated Whites"
  ],
  [
   "American Civil War (1861-1865)",
   "Union defeated the Confederacy; slavery ended"
  ],
  [
   "English Civil War (1642-1651)",
   "Parliament defeated the king, Charles I"
  ],
  [
   "Wars of the Roses (1455-1487)",
   "English families York and Lancaster fought for the throne"
  ],
  [
   "Boer War (1899-1902)",
   "Britain fought two Boer republics in South Africa"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Adwa (1896)",
   "Ethiopia defeated Italy"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Plassey (1757)",
   "British East India Company victory that brought it power in Bengal"
  ],
  [
   "Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60)",
   "Britain defeated China, forcing trade concessions"
  ],
  [
   "Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)",
   "Uprising against foreign influence in China"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Lepanto (1571)",
   "Christian fleet defeated the Ottoman navy at sea"
  ],
  [
   "Siege of Vienna (1683)",
   "Defeat of Ottoman forces outside Vienna"
  ],
  [
   "Seven Years' War (1756-1763)",
   "Global war involving Britain, France, Prussia and others"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)",
   "British won but lost many men"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)",
   "William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's followers"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of San Jacinto (1836)",
   "Texans defeated Mexican forces and won independence"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Antietam (1862)",
   "Bloodiest day of the Civil War"
  ],
  [
   "Pearl Harbor (1941)",
   "Japanese surprise attack that brought the US into WWII"
  ],
  [
   "Siege of Leningrad (1941-44)",
   "Long German siege of the Soviet city"
  ],
  [
   "Battle of Okinawa (1945)",
   "Last major battle of the Pacific"
  ],
  [
   "Fall of Saigon (1975)",
   "End of the Vietnam War"
  ]
 ]
}