{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/math-mathematicians",
 "id": "math-mathematicians",
 "title": "Famous Mathematicians",
 "category": "math",
 "subject": "Math",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12",
  "adult"
 ],
 "description": "Mathematicians through history and what each is known for.",
 "tags": [
  "history of math",
  "mathematicians"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Mathematician",
 "backLabel": "Known for",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Euclid",
   "Wrote the Elements, the foundation of geometry (about 300 BCE)"
  ],
  [
   "Pythagoras",
   "Greek thinker linked to the Pythagorean theorem (6th century BCE)"
  ],
  [
   "Archimedes",
   "Greek scholar who found area and volume of the sphere and estimated pi"
  ],
  [
   "Eratosthenes",
   "Greek scholar who estimated Earth's size and made a sieve for primes"
  ],
  [
   "Thales",
   "Early Greek geometer; the inscribed angle in a semicircle theorem"
  ],
  [
   "Hypatia",
   "Mathematician and teacher in Alexandria, about 400 CE"
  ],
  [
   "Diophantus",
   "Greek writer on equations, often called a father of algebra"
  ],
  [
   "Aryabhata",
   "Indian mathematician and astronomer (born 476 CE); worked on pi and sines"
  ],
  [
   "Brahmagupta",
   "Indian mathematician who gave rules for zero and negative numbers (628 CE)"
  ],
  [
   "Al-Khwarizmi",
   "Persian scholar whose book on equations gave us the word algebra; 'algorithm' comes from his name"
  ],
  [
   "Omar Khayyam",
   "Persian poet and mathematician who studied cubic equations"
  ],
  [
   "Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa)",
   "Brought Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe; the Fibonacci sequence"
  ],
  [
   "Zu Chongzhi",
   "Chinese mathematician who found pi to about 7 digits (5th century)"
  ],
  [
   "Liu Hui",
   "Chinese mathematician who estimated pi with polygons (3rd century)"
  ],
  [
   "Madhava",
   "Indian mathematician who found infinite series for sine, cosine and pi (14th century)"
  ],
  [
   "Ramanujan",
   "Indian mathematician known for remarkable formulas and number theory (1887-1920)"
  ],
  [
   "René Descartes",
   "Created the coordinate plane linking algebra and geometry"
  ],
  [
   "Pierre de Fermat",
   "Number theory; Fermat's Last Theorem"
  ],
  [
   "Blaise Pascal",
   "Pascal's triangle and early probability"
  ],
  [
   "Isaac Newton",
   "Co-inventor of calculus; laws of motion and gravity"
  ],
  [
   "Gottfried Leibniz",
   "Co-inventor of calculus; the integral and derivative notation we use"
  ],
  [
   "Leonhard Euler",
   "Prolific Swiss mathematician; e, i, graph theory, Euler's formula"
  ],
  [
   "Carl Friedrich Gauss",
   "German 'prince of mathematicians'; number theory, the bell curve, 1 to 100 sum story"
  ],
  [
   "Joseph-Louis Lagrange",
   "Mechanics and number theory"
  ],
  [
   "Pierre-Simon Laplace",
   "Probability and celestial mechanics"
  ],
  [
   "Sophie Germain",
   "French mathematician who worked on primes and elasticity"
  ],
  [
   "Évariste Galois",
   "Showed which polynomial equations can be solved by formulas; founded group theory"
  ],
  [
   "Niels Henrik Abel",
   "Norwegian mathematician; proved the quintic has no general formula"
  ],
  [
   "Bernhard Riemann",
   "German mathematician; Riemann hypothesis, geometry of curved spaces"
  ],
  [
   "Georg Cantor",
   "Founded set theory; showed that some infinities are bigger than others"
  ],
  [
   "David Hilbert",
   "German mathematician who posed 23 famous problems in 1900"
  ],
  [
   "Henri Poincaré",
   "French mathematician; topology and chaos"
  ],
  [
   "Emmy Noether",
   "German mathematician; abstract algebra and Noether's theorem"
  ],
  [
   "Ada Lovelace",
   "Wrote the first published computer program (1843) for Babbage's engine"
  ],
  [
   "Charles Babbage",
   "Designed early mechanical computers"
  ],
  [
   "Florence Nightingale",
   "Nurse who used statistical charts to improve health care"
  ],
  [
   "Mary Somerville",
   "Scottish science writer and mathematician (1780-1872)"
  ],
  [
   "Maria Gaetana Agnesi",
   "Italian mathematician who wrote an early calculus textbook"
  ],
  [
   "Kurt Gödel",
   "Showed math systems have true statements that cannot be proven (1931)"
  ],
  [
   "Alan Turing",
   "Founded theoretical computer science; broke wartime codes"
  ],
  [
   "John von Neumann",
   "Game theory and computer architecture"
  ],
  [
   "Claude Shannon",
   "Founded information theory"
  ],
  [
   "Katherine Johnson",
   "NASA mathematician who calculated orbits and flight paths"
  ],
  [
   "Dorothy Vaughan",
   "NASA mathematician and computer programmer"
  ],
  [
   "Mary Jackson",
   "NASA mathematician and the agency's first Black female engineer"
  ],
  [
   "Grace Hopper",
   "Computer scientist and Navy admiral; early programming languages"
  ],
  [
   "Maryam Mirzakhani",
   "Iranian mathematician; first woman to win the Fields Medal (2014)"
  ],
  [
   "Terence Tao",
   "Australian-American mathematician; Fields Medal in 2006"
  ],
  [
   "Andrew Wiles",
   "Proved Fermat's Last Theorem (1994-95)"
  ],
  [
   "Paul Erdős",
   "Hungarian mathematician who wrote with hundreds of collaborators"
  ],
  [
   "Benoit Mandelbrot",
   "Fractal geometry"
  ],
  [
   "John Napier",
   "Scottish inventor of logarithms (1614)"
  ],
  [
   "Robert Recorde",
   "Introduced the equals sign in 1557"
  ],
  [
   "William Oughtred",
   "Invented the slide rule; used × for multiplication"
  ],
  [
   "George Boole",
   "Boolean algebra, the basis of computer logic"
  ],
  [
   "Carl Jacobi",
   "German mathematician; elliptic functions and determinants"
  ],
  [
   "Augustin-Louis Cauchy",
   "French mathematician who made calculus rigorous"
  ],
  [
   "Johannes Kepler",
   "Astronomer and mathematician; laws of planetary motion"
  ],
  [
   "Galileo Galilei",
   "Italian scientist who used math to describe motion"
  ],
  [
   "Thomas Bayes",
   "English statistician; Bayes' theorem"
  ],
  [
   "Karl Pearson",
   "Founded modern statistics; the correlation coefficient"
  ],
  [
   "G. H. Hardy",
   "English mathematician who recognized Ramanujan's genius"
  ],
  [
   "Hipparchus",
   "Greek astronomer who began trigonometry tables"
  ]
 ]
}