Domain: The set of all possible inputs of a function
Range (of a function): The set of all possible outputs of a function
Relation: A set of ordered pairs
Inverse function: A function that undoes another function
Composition of functions: Using the output of one function as the input of another
Polynomial: A sum of terms, each a number times a variable to a whole-number power
Degree (of a polynomial): The highest exponent of the variable
Leading coefficient: The coefficient of the term with the highest power
Monomial: A polynomial with one term
Binomial: A polynomial with two terms
Trinomial: A polynomial with three terms
Root (zero): An input that makes a function equal zero
Quadratic: A polynomial of degree 2
Parabola: The U-shaped graph of a quadratic function
Vertex (of a parabola): The highest or lowest point of the parabola
Axis of symmetry: The line that splits a parabola into mirror halves
Discriminant: b² − 4ac; tells how many real roots a quadratic has
Imaginary unit (i): The number whose square is −1
Complex number: A number of the form a + bi
Conjugate: The binomial with the opposite sign in the middle
Asymptote: A line that a graph gets closer and closer to
Exponential function: A function where the variable is in the exponent
Logarithm: The exponent you need on a base to get a number
Natural logarithm: A logarithm with base e, written ln
Euler's number (e): An irrational constant, about 2.71828
Sequence: A list of numbers in order
Arithmetic sequence: A sequence with a constant difference between terms
Geometric sequence: A sequence with a constant ratio between terms
Series: The sum of the terms of a sequence
Sigma (Σ): The symbol meaning add up a list of terms
Matrix: A rectangular array of numbers in rows and columns
System of equations: Two or more equations with the same variables
Linear programming: Finding the best value of a quantity under linear limits
Theorem: A statement that has been proven
Postulate (axiom): A statement accepted as true without proof
Proof: A logical argument that shows a statement is true
Conjecture: A guess based on a pattern that has not been proven
Counterexample: An example that shows a statement is false
Converse: A conditional statement with its parts swapped
Contrapositive: The converse of the inverse; it always has the same truth as the original statement
Inductive reasoning: Drawing a general rule from patterns
Deductive reasoning: Drawing a conclusion from facts that are known to be true
Congruent triangles: Triangles with all matching sides and angles equal
Locus: The set of all points that follow a given rule
Inscribed: Drawn inside another figure and touching it
Circumscribed: Drawn around another figure and touching it
Tangent (to a circle): A line that touches a circle at exactly one point
Secant: A line that cuts through a circle at two points
Chord: A segment with both endpoints on a circle
Arc: A part of a circle's edge
Sector: A pie-slice region of a circle
Radian: An angle measure; the angle whose arc equals the radius
Sine: In a right triangle, opposite over hypotenuse
Cosine: In a right triangle, adjacent over hypotenuse
Tangent (trigonometry): In a right triangle, opposite over adjacent
Unit circle: A circle of radius 1 centered at the origin
Amplitude: Half the distance between the highest and lowest values of a wave
Period: The length of one full cycle of a repeating graph
Limit: The value a function gets close to as the input approaches a number
Continuous: Having a graph with no breaks, jumps or holes
Derivative: The rate at which a function changes; the slope of its tangent
Integral: The accumulated total under a curve; area under a graph
Vector: A quantity with both size and direction
Scalar: A quantity with size only
Permutation: An arrangement of items in which order matters
Combination: A selection of items in which order does not matter
Standard deviation: A measure of how spread out data are around the mean
Normal distribution: A bell-shaped, symmetric distribution
Correlation: A measure of how two variables move together
Regression line: The line of best fit through a scatter plot
Residual: The difference between an actual value and the predicted value
Conic section: A curve from slicing a cone: circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola
Ellipse: An oval shape; the set of points whose distances to two foci add to a constant
Hyperbola: A curve with two branches; the set of points whose distances to two foci differ by a constant
Polar coordinates: Describing a point by distance from the origin and an angle
Rational function: A function that is a ratio of two polynomials
Extraneous solution: A solution that comes from the working but does not fit the original equation

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