{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/music-history-eras",
 "id": "music-history-eras",
 "title": "Eras of Western Music",
 "category": "arts-music",
 "subject": "Music History",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12",
  "college",
  "adult"
 ],
 "description": "The main periods of classical music, their dates, traits and key composers.",
 "tags": [
  "music history",
  "eras",
  "classical"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Question",
 "backLabel": "Answer",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Medieval period dates (music)",
   "About 500 to 1400"
  ],
  [
   "Renaissance period dates (music)",
   "About 1400 to 1600"
  ],
  [
   "Baroque period dates (music)",
   "About 1600 to 1750"
  ],
  [
   "Classical period dates (music)",
   "About 1750 to 1820"
  ],
  [
   "Romantic period dates (music)",
   "About 1820 to 1900"
  ],
  [
   "20th-century period (music)",
   "About 1900 to 2000, with many new styles"
  ],
  [
   "Gregorian chant",
   "Unaccompanied sacred song with a single melody, from the Medieval era"
  ],
  [
   "Monophony",
   "One melodic line with no accompaniment"
  ],
  [
   "Polyphony",
   "Several independent melodies at once"
  ],
  [
   "Homophony",
   "A main melody with chordal accompaniment"
  ],
  [
   "Hildegard of Bingen",
   "Medieval composer and abbess, 1098 to 1179"
  ],
  [
   "Guido of Arezzo",
   "Medieval monk who helped develop staff notation and do-re-mi"
  ],
  [
   "Madrigal",
   "Renaissance song for several voices, often about love or nature"
  ],
  [
   "Palestrina",
   "Renaissance Italian master of church choral music"
  ],
  [
   "Josquin des Prez",
   "Renaissance composer from the Franco-Flemish region"
  ],
  [
   "William Byrd",
   "English Renaissance composer"
  ],
  [
   "Printing press and music",
   "Made printed sheet music possible in the Renaissance"
  ],
  [
   "Characteristics of Baroque music",
   "Ornamentation, strong bass line, terraced dynamics, counterpoint"
  ],
  [
   "Basso continuo",
   "A bass line with chords, played by harpsichord and cello in Baroque music"
  ],
  [
   "Fugue",
   "A piece where a theme enters one voice at a time and is imitated"
  ],
  [
   "Counterpoint",
   "The art of combining independent melodies"
  ],
  [
   "Opera",
   "A drama sung with orchestra, first developed around 1600"
  ],
  [
   "Oratorio",
   "A large choral work with soloists and orchestra, without staging"
  ],
  [
   "Concerto",
   "A work for a solo instrument and orchestra"
  ],
  [
   "Johann Sebastian Bach",
   "Baroque German master, 1685 to 1750"
  ],
  [
   "George Frideric Handel",
   "Baroque composer born in Germany, worked in England, 1685 to 1759"
  ],
  [
   "Antonio Vivaldi",
   "Baroque Venetian composer, 1678 to 1741"
  ],
  [
   "Characteristics of Classical music",
   "Balance, clarity, simple melodies, clear forms"
  ],
  [
   "Sonata form",
   "A structure with exposition, development and recapitulation"
  ],
  [
   "Symphony",
   "A large orchestral work usually in four movements"
  ],
  [
   "String quartet",
   "A piece for two violins, viola and cello"
  ],
  [
   "Joseph Haydn",
   "Classical composer, called the father of the symphony, 1732 to 1809"
  ],
  [
   "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart",
   "Classical composer, 1756 to 1791, born in Salzburg"
  ],
  [
   "Ludwig van Beethoven",
   "Bridge between Classical and Romantic, 1770 to 1827"
  ],
  [
   "Characteristics of Romantic music",
   "Strong emotion, big orchestras, program music, nationalism"
  ],
  [
   "Program music",
   "Instrumental music that tells a story or paints a picture"
  ],
  [
   "Nationalism in music",
   "Using folk songs and traditions of a composer's homeland"
  ],
  [
   "Frederic Chopin",
   "Romantic Polish pianist and composer, 1810 to 1849"
  ],
  [
   "Franz Schubert",
   "Romantic composer famous for hundreds of art songs"
  ],
  [
   "Pyotr Tchaikovsky",
   "Romantic Russian composer, 1840 to 1893"
  ],
  [
   "Johannes Brahms",
   "Romantic German composer, 1833 to 1897"
  ],
  [
   "Impressionism in music",
   "Music of mood and color using unusual scales, led by Debussy"
  ],
  [
   "Claude Debussy",
   "French composer linked with Impressionism"
  ],
  [
   "Atonal music",
   "Music not centered on a key"
  ],
  [
   "Arnold Schoenberg",
   "Composer who developed twelve-tone music"
  ],
  [
   "Minimalism",
   "Music built from simple patterns repeated and slowly changed"
  ],
  [
   "Philip Glass",
   "American minimalist composer"
  ],
  [
   "Neoclassicism",
   "20th-century return to Classical balance and form"
  ],
  [
   "Igor Stravinsky",
   "Russian-born composer of The Rite of Spring, 1882 to 1971"
  ],
  [
   "Aaron Copland",
   "American composer who used folk tunes, 1900 to 1990"
  ],
  [
   "Electronic music",
   "Music created using synthesizers and electronic sound"
  ],
  [
   "Musique concrete",
   "Music assembled from recorded real-world sounds"
  ],
  [
   "John Cage",
   "American composer known for 4'33\" of silence"
  ],
  [
   "Clara Schumann",
   "Romantic pianist and composer, 1819 to 1896"
  ],
  [
   "Fanny Mendelssohn",
   "Romantic German composer and pianist, 1805 to 1847"
  ],
  [
   "Florence Price",
   "American composer, first Black woman to have a symphony played by a major orchestra, 1933"
  ],
  [
   "Harpsichord vs piano",
   "Harpsichord plucks strings; piano hammers strike them and can play soft or loud"
  ],
  [
   "Pianoforte",
   "The original name of the piano, meaning soft-loud"
  ],
  [
   "Absolute music",
   "Music with no story or picture, enjoyed for its own sake"
  ],
  [
   "Era known for virtuoso performers like Liszt and Paganini",
   "Romantic"
  ],
  [
   "Era in which the orchestra grew and the piano became popular in homes",
   "Romantic"
  ],
  [
   "Era when the harpsichord and organ were common keyboard instruments",
   "Baroque"
  ]
 ]
}