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Medieval period dates (music)	About 500 to 1400		music-history-eras
Renaissance period dates (music)	About 1400 to 1600		music-history-eras
Baroque period dates (music)	About 1600 to 1750		music-history-eras
Classical period dates (music)	About 1750 to 1820		music-history-eras
Romantic period dates (music)	About 1820 to 1900		music-history-eras
20th-century period (music)	About 1900 to 2000, with many new styles		music-history-eras
Gregorian chant	Unaccompanied sacred song with a single melody, from the Medieval era		music-history-eras
Monophony	One melodic line with no accompaniment		music-history-eras
Polyphony	Several independent melodies at once		music-history-eras
Homophony	A main melody with chordal accompaniment		music-history-eras
Hildegard of Bingen	Medieval composer and abbess, 1098 to 1179		music-history-eras
Guido of Arezzo	Medieval monk who helped develop staff notation and do-re-mi		music-history-eras
Madrigal	Renaissance song for several voices, often about love or nature		music-history-eras
Palestrina	Renaissance Italian master of church choral music		music-history-eras
Josquin des Prez	Renaissance composer from the Franco-Flemish region		music-history-eras
William Byrd	English Renaissance composer		music-history-eras
Printing press and music	Made printed sheet music possible in the Renaissance		music-history-eras
Characteristics of Baroque music	Ornamentation, strong bass line, terraced dynamics, counterpoint		music-history-eras
Basso continuo	A bass line with chords, played by harpsichord and cello in Baroque music		music-history-eras
Fugue	A piece where a theme enters one voice at a time and is imitated		music-history-eras
Counterpoint	The art of combining independent melodies		music-history-eras
Opera	A drama sung with orchestra, first developed around 1600		music-history-eras
Oratorio	A large choral work with soloists and orchestra, without staging		music-history-eras
Concerto	A work for a solo instrument and orchestra		music-history-eras
Johann Sebastian Bach	Baroque German master, 1685 to 1750		music-history-eras
George Frideric Handel	Baroque composer born in Germany, worked in England, 1685 to 1759		music-history-eras
Antonio Vivaldi	Baroque Venetian composer, 1678 to 1741		music-history-eras
Characteristics of Classical music	Balance, clarity, simple melodies, clear forms		music-history-eras
Sonata form	A structure with exposition, development and recapitulation		music-history-eras
Symphony	A large orchestral work usually in four movements		music-history-eras
String quartet	A piece for two violins, viola and cello		music-history-eras
Joseph Haydn	Classical composer, called the father of the symphony, 1732 to 1809		music-history-eras
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart	Classical composer, 1756 to 1791, born in Salzburg		music-history-eras
Ludwig van Beethoven	Bridge between Classical and Romantic, 1770 to 1827		music-history-eras
Characteristics of Romantic music	Strong emotion, big orchestras, program music, nationalism		music-history-eras
Program music	Instrumental music that tells a story or paints a picture		music-history-eras
Nationalism in music	Using folk songs and traditions of a composer's homeland		music-history-eras
Frederic Chopin	Romantic Polish pianist and composer, 1810 to 1849		music-history-eras
Franz Schubert	Romantic composer famous for hundreds of art songs		music-history-eras
Pyotr Tchaikovsky	Romantic Russian composer, 1840 to 1893		music-history-eras
Johannes Brahms	Romantic German composer, 1833 to 1897		music-history-eras
Impressionism in music	Music of mood and color using unusual scales, led by Debussy		music-history-eras
Claude Debussy	French composer linked with Impressionism		music-history-eras
Atonal music	Music not centered on a key		music-history-eras
Arnold Schoenberg	Composer who developed twelve-tone music		music-history-eras
Minimalism	Music built from simple patterns repeated and slowly changed		music-history-eras
Philip Glass	American minimalist composer		music-history-eras
Neoclassicism	20th-century return to Classical balance and form		music-history-eras
Igor Stravinsky	Russian-born composer of The Rite of Spring, 1882 to 1971		music-history-eras
Aaron Copland	American composer who used folk tunes, 1900 to 1990		music-history-eras
Electronic music	Music created using synthesizers and electronic sound		music-history-eras
Musique concrete	Music assembled from recorded real-world sounds		music-history-eras
John Cage	American composer known for 4'33" of silence		music-history-eras
Clara Schumann	Romantic pianist and composer, 1819 to 1896		music-history-eras
Fanny Mendelssohn	Romantic German composer and pianist, 1805 to 1847		music-history-eras
Florence Price	American composer, first Black woman to have a symphony played by a major orchestra, 1933		music-history-eras
Harpsichord vs piano	Harpsichord plucks strings; piano hammers strike them and can play soft or loud		music-history-eras
Pianoforte	The original name of the piano, meaning soft-loud		music-history-eras
Absolute music	Music with no story or picture, enjoyed for its own sake		music-history-eras
Era known for virtuoso performers like Liszt and Paganini	Romantic		music-history-eras
Era in which the orchestra grew and the piano became popular in homes	Romantic		music-history-eras
Era when the harpsichord and organ were common keyboard instruments	Baroque		music-history-eras