{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/native-american-nations-history",
 "id": "native-american-nations-history",
 "title": "Native American Nations and History",
 "category": "history",
 "subject": "US History",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "Peoples, homelands, cultures and key events in Native American history, told with respect.",
 "tags": [
  "native american",
  "indigenous",
  "tribes",
  "cultures"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Nation or term",
 "backLabel": "What to know",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Indigenous peoples",
   "The first peoples of a land, here the Native peoples of the Americas"
  ],
  [
   "Native nation",
   "A tribal community with its own government and culture"
  ],
  [
   "Sovereignty",
   "The right of a nation to govern itself; many Native nations are sovereign within the US"
  ],
  [
   "Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)",
   "Confederacy of six nations in the Northeast: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora"
  ],
  [
   "Great Law of Peace",
   "Haudenosaunee constitution that joined the nations in a league"
  ],
  [
   "Longhouse",
   "Long bark-covered home shared by Haudenosaunee families"
  ],
  [
   "Three Sisters",
   "Corn, beans and squash, grown together by many Native farmers"
  ],
  [
   "Wampanoag",
   "People of southeastern Massachusetts who met the Pilgrims"
  ],
  [
   "Massasoit",
   "Wampanoag leader who made a peace with the Pilgrims in 1621"
  ],
  [
   "Squanto (Tisquantum)",
   "Patuxet man who helped the Pilgrims survive"
  ],
  [
   "Powhatan",
   "Leader of a confederacy of Algonquian nations in Virginia"
  ],
  [
   "Algonquian",
   "Large language family of eastern and central North America"
  ],
  [
   "Wigwam",
   "Dome-shaped home covered with bark or mats, used by many Eastern nations"
  ],
  [
   "Lenape (Delaware)",
   "People of the Delaware River area and Manhattan"
  ],
  [
   "Cherokee",
   "Southeastern nation with its own writing system, created by Sequoyah"
  ],
  [
   "Sequoyah",
   "Created the Cherokee syllabary in the 1820s"
  ],
  [
   "Trail of Tears",
   "Forced removal of Cherokee and other southeastern nations in the 1830s"
  ],
  [
   "Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole",
   "Other nations forced west by removal, along with the Cherokee"
  ],
  [
   "Seminole",
   "People who resisted removal in Florida in several wars"
  ],
  [
   "Indian Removal Act (1830)",
   "Law that led to the forced move of Native nations to lands west of the Mississippi"
  ],
  [
   "Navajo (Diné)",
   "Largest Native nation by population in the US, in the Southwest"
  ],
  [
   "Long Walk (1864)",
   "Forced march of the Navajo to Bosque Redondo"
  ],
  [
   "Navajo Code Talkers",
   "Marines in WWII who used the Navajo language as an unbreakable code"
  ],
  [
   "Hogan",
   "Traditional Navajo home"
  ],
  [
   "Pueblo peoples",
   "Hopi, Zuni, Taos and others who built villages of adobe in the Southwest"
  ],
  [
   "Adobe",
   "Sun-dried brick made from clay and straw"
  ],
  [
   "Pueblo Revolt (1680)",
   "Pueblo peoples drove the Spanish from New Mexico for about twelve years"
  ],
  [
   "Popé",
   "Pueblo leader of the 1680 revolt"
  ],
  [
   "Hopi",
   "Pueblo people of northern Arizona with ancient farming traditions"
  ],
  [
   "Apache",
   "Southwestern nations including the Chiricahua"
  ],
  [
   "Geronimo",
   "Apache leader who resisted forced removal"
  ],
  [
   "Lakota",
   "Western Sioux people of the Great Plains"
  ],
  [
   "Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, Nakota)",
   "Three related groups of Plains and prairie peoples"
  ],
  [
   "Tipi",
   "Cone-shaped tent used by Plains peoples that could be moved easily"
  ],
  [
   "Bison",
   "Plains peoples used nearly every part of the bison for food, tools and shelter"
  ],
  [
   "Sitting Bull",
   "Lakota leader who resisted taking of the Black Hills"
  ],
  [
   "Crazy Horse",
   "Lakota war leader at the Battle of the Little Bighorn"
  ],
  [
   "Red Cloud",
   "Oglala Lakota leader who won a war in 1868 forcing the US to abandon forts"
  ],
  [
   "Wounded Knee (1890)",
   "Massacre of Lakota people by the US Army in South Dakota"
  ],
  [
   "Cheyenne",
   "Plains people who allied with the Arapaho and Lakota"
  ],
  [
   "Comanche",
   "Skilled horse riders who dominated the southern plains"
  ],
  [
   "Crow (Apsáalooke)",
   "Plains nation of Montana"
  ],
  [
   "Blackfoot",
   "Plains nation in Montana and Alberta"
  ],
  [
   "Nez Perce",
   "People of the Pacific Northwest plateau led by Chief Joseph in 1877"
  ],
  [
   "Chief Joseph",
   "Nez Perce leader who led a long march toward Canada and said 'I will fight no more forever'"
  ],
  [
   "Totem pole",
   "Carved cedar pole telling family stories, made by Northwest Coast peoples"
  ],
  [
   "Potlatch",
   "Feast where hosts gave gifts, practiced by Northwest Coast nations"
  ],
  [
   "Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl",
   "Northwest Coast peoples famed for carving and salmon fishing"
  ],
  [
   "Salmon",
   "Key food for Northwest peoples"
  ],
  [
   "Inuit",
   "Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, who built igloos for winter hunting shelters"
  ],
  [
   "Aleut (Unangan)",
   "Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska"
  ],
  [
   "Kayak",
   "Narrow hunting boat developed by Arctic peoples"
  ],
  [
   "Hawaiians",
   "Native Hawaiians are the Indigenous people of Hawaii, with their own language and culture"
  ],
  [
   "Mississippian culture",
   "Mound-building societies in the Mississippi Valley, about 800-1500 CE"
  ],
  [
   "Cahokia",
   "Largest Mississippian city, near St. Louis, with Monks Mound"
  ],
  [
   "Hopewell",
   "Ancient Ohio Valley culture known for earthworks and trade"
  ],
  [
   "Adena",
   "Early mound-building culture in the Ohio Valley"
  ],
  [
   "Ancestral Puebloans",
   "Ancient builders of cliff dwellings like Mesa Verde"
  ],
  [
   "Mesa Verde",
   "Colorado site of cliff dwellings built about 1190-1280 CE"
  ],
  [
   "Chaco Canyon",
   "Ancient Pueblo center in New Mexico with great houses"
  ],
  [
   "Mohawk",
   "Easternmost nation of the Haudenosaunee"
  ],
  [
   "Pontiac's War (1763)",
   "Native alliance rose against British forces in the Great Lakes"
  ],
  [
   "Tecumseh",
   "Shawnee leader who tried to unite Native nations in the early 1800s"
  ],
  [
   "Tenskwatawa",
   "Shawnee prophet, Tecumseh's brother"
  ],
  [
   "Joseph Brant",
   "Mohawk leader who sided with the British in the Revolution"
  ],
  [
   "Worcester v. Georgia (1832)",
   "Supreme Court said Georgia could not control Cherokee land"
  ],
  [
   "Reservation",
   "Land reserved for Native nations by treaty or law"
  ],
  [
   "Indian Territory",
   "Land in present Oklahoma where many removed nations were sent"
  ],
  [
   "Dawes Act (1887)",
   "Broke up reservation land into individual plots, reducing Native land"
  ],
  [
   "Boarding schools",
   "Schools that separated Native children from their families and languages"
  ],
  [
   "Indian Citizenship Act (1924)",
   "Granted US citizenship to Native Americans born in the US"
  ],
  [
   "Indian Reorganization Act (1934)",
   "Ended allotment and encouraged tribal self-government"
  ],
  [
   "American Indian Movement",
   "Activist group formed in 1968"
  ],
  [
   "Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)",
   "Gave tribes more control over programs and schools"
  ],
  [
   "Powwow",
   "Gathering with dance, song and food celebrating Native culture"
  ],
  [
   "Oral tradition",
   "Passing history and stories by speaking rather than writing"
  ],
  [
   "Language revitalization",
   "Native communities are teaching and restoring their languages"
  ],
  [
   "Native American Heritage Month",
   "November"
  ],
  [
   "Jim Thorpe",
   "Sac and Fox athlete who won Olympic gold medals in 1912"
  ],
  [
   "Maria Tallchief",
   "Osage ballerina, America's first major prima ballerina"
  ],
  [
   "Wilma Mankiller",
   "First woman elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, in 1985"
  ],
  [
   "Deb Haaland",
   "Laguna Pueblo member who was the first Native American US cabinet secretary"
  ],
  [
   "Charles Curtis",
   "Kaw Nation member who served as vice president under Hoover"
  ]
 ]
}