Indigenous peoples: The first peoples of a land, here the Native peoples of the Americas Native nation: A tribal community with its own government and culture Sovereignty: The right of a nation to govern itself; many Native nations are sovereign within the US Haudenosaunee (Iroquois): Confederacy of six nations in the Northeast: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora Great Law of Peace: Haudenosaunee constitution that joined the nations in a league Longhouse: Long bark-covered home shared by Haudenosaunee families Three Sisters: Corn, beans and squash, grown together by many Native farmers Wampanoag: People of southeastern Massachusetts who met the Pilgrims Massasoit: Wampanoag leader who made a peace with the Pilgrims in 1621 Squanto (Tisquantum): Patuxet man who helped the Pilgrims survive Powhatan: Leader of a confederacy of Algonquian nations in Virginia Algonquian: Large language family of eastern and central North America Wigwam: Dome-shaped home covered with bark or mats, used by many Eastern nations Lenape (Delaware): People of the Delaware River area and Manhattan Cherokee: Southeastern nation with its own writing system, created by Sequoyah Sequoyah: Created the Cherokee syllabary in the 1820s Trail of Tears: Forced removal of Cherokee and other southeastern nations in the 1830s Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole: Other nations forced west by removal, along with the Cherokee Seminole: People who resisted removal in Florida in several wars Indian Removal Act (1830): Law that led to the forced move of Native nations to lands west of the Mississippi Navajo (Diné): Largest Native nation by population in the US, in the Southwest Long Walk (1864): Forced march of the Navajo to Bosque Redondo Navajo Code Talkers: Marines in WWII who used the Navajo language as an unbreakable code Hogan: Traditional Navajo home Pueblo peoples: Hopi, Zuni, Taos and others who built villages of adobe in the Southwest Adobe: Sun-dried brick made from clay and straw Pueblo Revolt (1680): Pueblo peoples drove the Spanish from New Mexico for about twelve years Popé: Pueblo leader of the 1680 revolt Hopi: Pueblo people of northern Arizona with ancient farming traditions Apache: Southwestern nations including the Chiricahua Geronimo: Apache leader who resisted forced removal Lakota: Western Sioux people of the Great Plains Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, Nakota): Three related groups of Plains and prairie peoples Tipi: Cone-shaped tent used by Plains peoples that could be moved easily Bison: Plains peoples used nearly every part of the bison for food, tools and shelter Sitting Bull: Lakota leader who resisted taking of the Black Hills Crazy Horse: Lakota war leader at the Battle of the Little Bighorn Red Cloud: Oglala Lakota leader who won a war in 1868 forcing the US to abandon forts Wounded Knee (1890): Massacre of Lakota people by the US Army in South Dakota Cheyenne: Plains people who allied with the Arapaho and Lakota Comanche: Skilled horse riders who dominated the southern plains Crow (Apsáalooke): Plains nation of Montana Blackfoot: Plains nation in Montana and Alberta Nez Perce: People of the Pacific Northwest plateau led by Chief Joseph in 1877 Chief Joseph: Nez Perce leader who led a long march toward Canada and said 'I will fight no more forever' Totem pole: Carved cedar pole telling family stories, made by Northwest Coast peoples Potlatch: Feast where hosts gave gifts, practiced by Northwest Coast nations Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl: Northwest Coast peoples famed for carving and salmon fishing Salmon: Key food for Northwest peoples Inuit: Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, who built igloos for winter hunting shelters Aleut (Unangan): Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska Kayak: Narrow hunting boat developed by Arctic peoples Hawaiians: Native Hawaiians are the Indigenous people of Hawaii, with their own language and culture Mississippian culture: Mound-building societies in the Mississippi Valley, about 800-1500 CE Cahokia: Largest Mississippian city, near St. Louis, with Monks Mound Hopewell: Ancient Ohio Valley culture known for earthworks and trade Adena: Early mound-building culture in the Ohio Valley Ancestral Puebloans: Ancient builders of cliff dwellings like Mesa Verde Mesa Verde: Colorado site of cliff dwellings built about 1190-1280 CE Chaco Canyon: Ancient Pueblo center in New Mexico with great houses Mohawk: Easternmost nation of the Haudenosaunee Pontiac's War (1763): Native alliance rose against British forces in the Great Lakes Tecumseh: Shawnee leader who tried to unite Native nations in the early 1800s Tenskwatawa: Shawnee prophet, Tecumseh's brother Joseph Brant: Mohawk leader who sided with the British in the Revolution Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Supreme Court said Georgia could not control Cherokee land Reservation: Land reserved for Native nations by treaty or law Indian Territory: Land in present Oklahoma where many removed nations were sent Dawes Act (1887): Broke up reservation land into individual plots, reducing Native land Boarding schools: Schools that separated Native children from their families and languages Indian Citizenship Act (1924): Granted US citizenship to Native Americans born in the US Indian Reorganization Act (1934): Ended allotment and encouraged tribal self-government American Indian Movement: Activist group formed in 1968 Indian Self-Determination Act (1975): Gave tribes more control over programs and schools Powwow: Gathering with dance, song and food celebrating Native culture Oral tradition: Passing history and stories by speaking rather than writing Language revitalization: Native communities are teaching and restoring their languages Native American Heritage Month: November Jim Thorpe: Sac and Fox athlete who won Olympic gold medals in 1912 Maria Tallchief: Osage ballerina, America's first major prima ballerina Wilma Mankiller: First woman elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, in 1985 Deb Haaland: Laguna Pueblo member who was the first Native American US cabinet secretary Charles Curtis: Kaw Nation member who served as vice president under Hoover Free flashcards from Peabody at peabody.kids/flashcards/native-american-nations-history