{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/phys-laws-formulas",
 "id": "phys-laws-formulas",
 "title": "Physics Laws and Formulas",
 "category": "science",
 "subject": "Physics",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Important physics formulas and what they mean.",
 "tags": [
  "formulas",
  "laws",
  "physics"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Law / quantity",
 "backLabel": "Formula or statement",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Newton's first law",
   "An object stays at rest or in steady motion unless acted on by a net force"
  ],
  [
   "Newton's second law",
   "F = m x a"
  ],
  [
   "Newton's third law",
   "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction"
  ],
  [
   "Speed",
   "speed = distance / time"
  ],
  [
   "Acceleration",
   "a = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time"
  ],
  [
   "Weight",
   "W = m x g"
  ],
  [
   "Momentum",
   "p = m x v"
  ],
  [
   "Work",
   "W = F x d"
  ],
  [
   "Power",
   "P = W / t"
  ],
  [
   "Kinetic energy",
   "KE = 1/2 m v squared"
  ],
  [
   "Gravitational potential energy",
   "PE = m x g x h"
  ],
  [
   "Density",
   "density = mass / volume"
  ],
  [
   "Pressure",
   "P = F / A"
  ],
  [
   "Ohm's law",
   "V = I x R"
  ],
  [
   "Electric power",
   "P = I x V"
  ],
  [
   "Wave speed",
   "v = f x wavelength"
  ],
  [
   "Frequency and period",
   "f = 1 / T"
  ],
  [
   "Universal gravitation",
   "F = G m1 m2 / r squared"
  ],
  [
   "Einstein's mass-energy equivalence",
   "E = m c squared"
  ],
  [
   "Law of conservation of energy",
   "Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form"
  ],
  [
   "Law of conservation of momentum",
   "Total momentum stays the same in a closed system"
  ],
  [
   "Hooke's law",
   "The force of a spring is proportional to how far it is stretched: F = kx"
  ],
  [
   "Archimedes' principle",
   "The buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced"
  ],
  [
   "Pascal's principle",
   "Pressure applied to a confined fluid is passed on equally"
  ],
  [
   "Bernoulli's principle",
   "Faster-moving fluid has lower pressure"
  ],
  [
   "Boyle's law",
   "At constant temperature, gas pressure goes down as volume goes up"
  ],
  [
   "Charles's law",
   "At constant pressure, gas volume goes up as temperature goes up"
  ],
  [
   "Snell's law",
   "Describes how light bends when it passes between materials"
  ],
  [
   "Law of reflection",
   "The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection"
  ],
  [
   "Coulomb's law",
   "Electric force depends on charges and on distance squared"
  ],
  [
   "First law of thermodynamics",
   "Energy is conserved; heat and work change internal energy"
  ],
  [
   "Second law of thermodynamics",
   "Heat flows from hot to cold, and entropy tends to increase"
  ],
  [
   "Third law of thermodynamics",
   "A system cannot be cooled to absolute zero in a finite number of steps"
  ],
  [
   "Kepler's first law",
   "Planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus"
  ],
  [
   "Kepler's second law",
   "A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times"
  ],
  [
   "Kepler's third law",
   "A planet's orbital period squared is proportional to its distance cubed"
  ],
  [
   "Centripetal acceleration",
   "a = v squared / r"
  ],
  [
   "Average velocity",
   "(final position - starting position) / time"
  ],
  [
   "Distance at constant acceleration from rest",
   "d = 1/2 a t squared"
  ],
  [
   "Final speed from rest",
   "v = a x t"
  ],
  [
   "Series circuit resistance",
   "Total R = R1 + R2 + R3"
  ],
  [
   "Parallel circuit resistance",
   "1/R total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ..."
  ],
  [
   "Kinetic energy depends on speed how?",
   "On the square of speed, so doubling speed quadruples KE"
  ],
  [
   "Mechanical advantage",
   "Output force divided by input force"
  ],
  [
   "Efficiency",
   "(useful output / total input) x 100 percent"
  ],
  [
   "Heat energy",
   "Q = m c (change in temperature)"
  ],
  [
   "Specific heat capacity",
   "Heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree"
  ],
  [
   "Ideal gas law",
   "PV = nRT"
  ],
  [
   "Doppler effect",
   "The pitch or color of a wave changes when the source or observer moves"
  ],
  [
   "Heisenberg uncertainty principle",
   "You cannot know a particle's exact position and momentum at once"
  ],
  [
   "Photon energy",
   "E = h x f (Planck's constant times frequency)"
  ],
  [
   "Torque",
   "Torque = force x distance from the pivot"
  ],
  [
   "Impulse-momentum",
   "Force x time = change in momentum"
  ],
  [
   "Escape velocity",
   "The speed needed to break free of a planet's gravity"
  ],
  [
   "Universal gravitational constant",
   "G, about 6.67 x 10^-11 N m2/kg2"
  ]
 ]
}