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Newton's first law	An object stays at rest or in steady motion unless acted on by a net force		phys-laws-formulas
Newton's second law	F = m x a		phys-laws-formulas
Newton's third law	For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction		phys-laws-formulas
Speed	speed = distance / time		phys-laws-formulas
Acceleration	a = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time		phys-laws-formulas
Weight	W = m x g		phys-laws-formulas
Momentum	p = m x v		phys-laws-formulas
Work	W = F x d		phys-laws-formulas
Power	P = W / t		phys-laws-formulas
Kinetic energy	KE = 1/2 m v squared		phys-laws-formulas
Gravitational potential energy	PE = m x g x h		phys-laws-formulas
Density	density = mass / volume		phys-laws-formulas
Pressure	P = F / A		phys-laws-formulas
Ohm's law	V = I x R		phys-laws-formulas
Electric power	P = I x V		phys-laws-formulas
Wave speed	v = f x wavelength		phys-laws-formulas
Frequency and period	f = 1 / T		phys-laws-formulas
Universal gravitation	F = G m1 m2 / r squared		phys-laws-formulas
Einstein's mass-energy equivalence	E = m c squared		phys-laws-formulas
Law of conservation of energy	Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form		phys-laws-formulas
Law of conservation of momentum	Total momentum stays the same in a closed system		phys-laws-formulas
Hooke's law	The force of a spring is proportional to how far it is stretched: F = kx		phys-laws-formulas
Archimedes' principle	The buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced		phys-laws-formulas
Pascal's principle	Pressure applied to a confined fluid is passed on equally		phys-laws-formulas
Bernoulli's principle	Faster-moving fluid has lower pressure		phys-laws-formulas
Boyle's law	At constant temperature, gas pressure goes down as volume goes up		phys-laws-formulas
Charles's law	At constant pressure, gas volume goes up as temperature goes up		phys-laws-formulas
Snell's law	Describes how light bends when it passes between materials		phys-laws-formulas
Law of reflection	The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection		phys-laws-formulas
Coulomb's law	Electric force depends on charges and on distance squared		phys-laws-formulas
First law of thermodynamics	Energy is conserved; heat and work change internal energy		phys-laws-formulas
Second law of thermodynamics	Heat flows from hot to cold, and entropy tends to increase		phys-laws-formulas
Third law of thermodynamics	A system cannot be cooled to absolute zero in a finite number of steps		phys-laws-formulas
Kepler's first law	Planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus		phys-laws-formulas
Kepler's second law	A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times		phys-laws-formulas
Kepler's third law	A planet's orbital period squared is proportional to its distance cubed		phys-laws-formulas
Centripetal acceleration	a = v squared / r		phys-laws-formulas
Average velocity	(final position - starting position) / time		phys-laws-formulas
Distance at constant acceleration from rest	d = 1/2 a t squared		phys-laws-formulas
Final speed from rest	v = a x t		phys-laws-formulas
Series circuit resistance	Total R = R1 + R2 + R3		phys-laws-formulas
Parallel circuit resistance	1/R total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...		phys-laws-formulas
Kinetic energy depends on speed how?	On the square of speed, so doubling speed quadruples KE		phys-laws-formulas
Mechanical advantage	Output force divided by input force		phys-laws-formulas
Efficiency	(useful output / total input) x 100 percent		phys-laws-formulas
Heat energy	Q = m c (change in temperature)		phys-laws-formulas
Specific heat capacity	Heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree		phys-laws-formulas
Ideal gas law	PV = nRT		phys-laws-formulas
Doppler effect	The pitch or color of a wave changes when the source or observer moves		phys-laws-formulas
Heisenberg uncertainty principle	You cannot know a particle's exact position and momentum at once		phys-laws-formulas
Photon energy	E = h x f (Planck's constant times frequency)		phys-laws-formulas
Torque	Torque = force x distance from the pivot		phys-laws-formulas
Impulse-momentum	Force x time = change in momentum		phys-laws-formulas
Escape velocity	The speed needed to break free of a planet's gravity		phys-laws-formulas
Universal gravitational constant	G, about 6.67 x 10^-11 N m2/kg2		phys-laws-formulas