{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/psychology-intro-terms",
 "id": "psychology-intro-terms",
 "title": "Psychology: Intro Terms",
 "category": "social-studies",
 "subject": "Psychology",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Key terms from introductory psychology: the brain, learning, memory, development, emotion and social behavior.",
 "tags": [
  "psychology",
  "brain",
  "learning",
  "memory"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Definition",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Psychology",
   "The scientific study of behavior and mental processes"
  ],
  [
   "Wilhelm Wundt",
   "Founded the first psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig"
  ],
  [
   "William James",
   "American pioneer who wrote Principles of Psychology"
  ],
  [
   "Sigmund Freud",
   "Founder of psychoanalysis; emphasized the unconscious"
  ],
  [
   "B.F. Skinner",
   "Behaviorist known for operant conditioning"
  ],
  [
   "Ivan Pavlov",
   "Discovered classical conditioning with dogs"
  ],
  [
   "Jean Piaget",
   "Described stages of cognitive development in children"
  ],
  [
   "Lev Vygotsky",
   "Stressed the role of social interaction in learning"
  ],
  [
   "Carl Rogers",
   "Humanistic psychologist who emphasized acceptance and growth"
  ],
  [
   "Abraham Maslow",
   "Proposed a hierarchy of human needs"
  ],
  [
   "Behaviorism",
   "Approach that studies observable behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Cognitive psychology",
   "Study of thinking, memory and problem solving"
  ],
  [
   "Humanistic psychology",
   "Approach focused on personal growth and potential"
  ],
  [
   "Neuroscience",
   "Study of the brain and nervous system"
  ],
  [
   "Neuron",
   "A nerve cell that sends signals"
  ],
  [
   "Synapse",
   "The gap where neurons communicate"
  ],
  [
   "Neurotransmitter",
   "Chemical messenger between neurons, like dopamine"
  ],
  [
   "Brain stem",
   "Controls basic life functions like breathing"
  ],
  [
   "Cerebellum",
   "Helps with balance and coordination"
  ],
  [
   "Cerebral cortex",
   "Outer layer of the brain involved in thinking"
  ],
  [
   "Frontal lobe",
   "Involved in planning and decision-making"
  ],
  [
   "Hippocampus",
   "Brain region important for forming new memories"
  ],
  [
   "Amygdala",
   "Brain region involved in emotion, especially fear"
  ],
  [
   "Nature vs nurture",
   "Debate about how much genes versus experience shape behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Hypothesis",
   "A testable prediction"
  ],
  [
   "Experiment",
   "A study that changes one variable to see its effect"
  ],
  [
   "Independent variable",
   "The factor the researcher changes"
  ],
  [
   "Dependent variable",
   "The outcome that is measured"
  ],
  [
   "Control group",
   "Group that does not receive the treatment, for comparison"
  ],
  [
   "Correlation",
   "A relationship between two variables"
  ],
  [
   "Placebo",
   "A harmless treatment with no active ingredient"
  ],
  [
   "Random sample",
   "A sample chosen by chance"
  ],
  [
   "Sensation",
   "Detecting stimuli with the senses"
  ],
  [
   "Perception",
   "Interpreting sensory information"
  ],
  [
   "Attention",
   "Focusing mental resources on something"
  ],
  [
   "Consciousness",
   "Awareness of yourself and your surroundings"
  ],
  [
   "REM sleep",
   "Sleep stage with rapid eye movement and vivid dreams"
  ],
  [
   "Circadian rhythm",
   "The body's roughly 24-hour clock"
  ],
  [
   "Classical conditioning",
   "Learning by linking two stimuli"
  ],
  [
   "Operant conditioning",
   "Learning from the consequences of behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Reinforcement",
   "Something that increases a behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Punishment",
   "Something that decreases a behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Observational learning",
   "Learning by watching others, studied by Albert Bandura"
  ],
  [
   "Memory",
   "The process of storing and retrieving information"
  ],
  [
   "Encoding",
   "Putting information into memory"
  ],
  [
   "Storage",
   "Keeping information over time"
  ],
  [
   "Retrieval",
   "Getting information out of memory"
  ],
  [
   "Short-term memory",
   "Holds a small amount of information briefly"
  ],
  [
   "Working memory",
   "Mental workspace for handling information"
  ],
  [
   "Long-term memory",
   "Lasting storage of knowledge and experiences"
  ],
  [
   "Forgetting curve",
   "Hermann Ebbinghaus's finding that memory fades quickly without review"
  ],
  [
   "Spaced practice",
   "Studying over time rather than all at once"
  ],
  [
   "Mnemonic",
   "A memory aid"
  ],
  [
   "Cognition",
   "Mental activities like thinking and knowing"
  ],
  [
   "Heuristic",
   "A mental shortcut for making decisions"
  ],
  [
   "Bias",
   "A systematic error in thinking"
  ],
  [
   "Intelligence",
   "Ability to learn, reason and adapt"
  ],
  [
   "Developmental psychology",
   "Study of how people change across life"
  ],
  [
   "Attachment",
   "Emotional bond between a child and caregiver"
  ],
  [
   "Erikson's stages",
   "Eight stages of psychosocial development across life"
  ],
  [
   "Adolescence",
   "Period of development between childhood and adulthood"
  ],
  [
   "Emotion",
   "A feeling with physical, mental and behavioral parts"
  ],
  [
   "Motivation",
   "The drive to act toward goals"
  ],
  [
   "Maslow's hierarchy",
   "Needs from basic (food, safety) to love, esteem and self-actualization"
  ],
  [
   "Personality",
   "Lasting patterns of thinking, feeling and acting"
  ],
  [
   "Big Five",
   "Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism"
  ],
  [
   "Stress",
   "Response to demands or threats"
  ],
  [
   "Coping",
   "Ways of managing stress"
  ],
  [
   "Psychological disorder",
   "A pattern of thoughts or behaviors that causes distress or difficulty"
  ],
  [
   "Therapy",
   "Treatment to help with mental health concerns"
  ],
  [
   "Social psychology",
   "Study of how people influence each other"
  ],
  [
   "Conformity",
   "Changing behavior to match a group"
  ],
  [
   "Bystander effect",
   "People are less likely to help when others are present"
  ],
  [
   "Cognitive dissonance",
   "Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or actions"
  ],
  [
   "Stereotype",
   "Overgeneralized belief about a group"
  ],
  [
   "Prejudice",
   "Negative attitude toward a group"
  ],
  [
   "Altruism",
   "Helping others without expecting rewards"
  ],
  [
   "Growth mindset",
   "Belief that abilities can grow with effort"
  ]
 ]
}