{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-famous-scientists",
 "id": "sci-famous-scientists",
 "title": "Famous Scientists",
 "category": "science",
 "subject": "Science History",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "Who discovered what.",
 "tags": [
  "scientists",
  "discoveries"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Scientist",
 "backLabel": "Known for",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Isaac Newton",
   "Laws of motion and universal gravitation"
  ],
  [
   "Albert Einstein",
   "Theory of relativity and E = mc squared"
  ],
  [
   "Marie Curie",
   "Discovered polonium and radium; studied radioactivity; won two Nobel Prizes"
  ],
  [
   "Charles Darwin",
   "Theory of evolution by natural selection"
  ],
  [
   "Galileo Galilei",
   "Used the telescope to find Jupiter's moons and supported a Sun-centered system"
  ],
  [
   "Nicolaus Copernicus",
   "Proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun"
  ],
  [
   "Johannes Kepler",
   "Laws of planetary motion"
  ],
  [
   "Louis Pasteur",
   "Germ theory, pasteurization and vaccines"
  ],
  [
   "Alexander Fleming",
   "Discovered penicillin in 1928"
  ],
  [
   "Edward Jenner",
   "Created the first smallpox vaccine"
  ],
  [
   "Gregor Mendel",
   "Father of genetics, through pea plant experiments"
  ],
  [
   "Rosalind Franklin",
   "X-ray images that helped reveal DNA's structure"
  ],
  [
   "James Watson and Francis Crick",
   "Proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953"
  ],
  [
   "Dmitri Mendeleev",
   "Created the first widely used periodic table"
  ],
  [
   "Antoine Lavoisier",
   "Father of modern chemistry; named oxygen and hydrogen"
  ],
  [
   "John Dalton",
   "Atomic theory of matter"
  ],
  [
   "J. J. Thomson",
   "Discovered the electron"
  ],
  [
   "Ernest Rutherford",
   "Discovered the atomic nucleus"
  ],
  [
   "Niels Bohr",
   "Model of the atom with electron shells"
  ],
  [
   "James Chadwick",
   "Discovered the neutron"
  ],
  [
   "Robert Hooke",
   "Named cells after looking at cork"
  ],
  [
   "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek",
   "First to see bacteria and single-celled life with a microscope"
  ],
  [
   "Robert Boyle",
   "Boyle's law about gases"
  ],
  [
   "Michael Faraday",
   "Electromagnetic induction"
  ],
  [
   "James Clerk Maxwell",
   "Equations of electromagnetism"
  ],
  [
   "Benjamin Franklin",
   "Studied electricity and lightning"
  ],
  [
   "Alessandro Volta",
   "Invented the battery"
  ],
  [
   "Nikola Tesla",
   "Alternating current systems"
  ],
  [
   "Thomas Edison",
   "Practical light bulb and phonograph"
  ],
  [
   "Alexander Graham Bell",
   "Patented the telephone in 1876"
  ],
  [
   "Stephen Hawking",
   "Studied black holes and the universe"
  ],
  [
   "Edwin Hubble",
   "Showed the universe is expanding"
  ],
  [
   "Carl Sagan",
   "Astronomer who made science popular on television"
  ],
  [
   "Jane Goodall",
   "Studied wild chimpanzees in Tanzania"
  ],
  [
   "Dian Fossey",
   "Studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda"
  ],
  [
   "Rachel Carson",
   "Wrote Silent Spring, about pesticides and nature"
  ],
  [
   "Jacques Cousteau",
   "Ocean explorer who co-invented the aqualung"
  ],
  [
   "Sylvia Earle",
   "Oceanographer and deep-sea explorer"
  ],
  [
   "Mae Jemison",
   "Doctor and first African American woman in space"
  ],
  [
   "Katherine Johnson",
   "NASA mathematician who calculated orbits for early space flights"
  ],
  [
   "Ada Lovelace",
   "Wrote an early computer program in the 1840s"
  ],
  [
   "Charles Babbage",
   "Designed an early mechanical computer"
  ],
  [
   "Alan Turing",
   "Pioneer of computer science and codebreaker"
  ],
  [
   "Grace Hopper",
   "Computer pioneer who helped create early programming languages"
  ],
  [
   "George Washington Carver",
   "Agricultural scientist who promoted peanuts and crop rotation"
  ],
  [
   "Archimedes",
   "Ancient Greek who studied levers and buoyancy"
  ],
  [
   "Aristotle",
   "Greek thinker who classified living things"
  ],
  [
   "Hippocrates",
   "Ancient Greek physician called the Father of Medicine"
  ],
  [
   "Euclid",
   "Ancient Greek mathematician known for geometry"
  ],
  [
   "Eratosthenes",
   "Ancient Greek who measured the Earth's size"
  ],
  [
   "Ptolemy",
   "Ancient astronomer who put Earth at the center"
  ],
  [
   "Carl Linnaeus",
   "Created the two-part naming system for species"
  ],
  [
   "Alfred Wegener",
   "Proposed continental drift"
  ],
  [
   "Wilhelm Roentgen",
   "Discovered X-rays in 1895"
  ],
  [
   "Enrico Fermi",
   "Built the first nuclear reactor in 1942"
  ],
  [
   "Max Planck",
   "Founder of quantum theory"
  ],
  [
   "Richard Feynman",
   "Physicist known for quantum electrodynamics and teaching"
  ],
  [
   "Lise Meitner",
   "Helped explain nuclear fission"
  ],
  [
   "Chien-Shiung Wu",
   "Physicist whose experiment changed ideas about particle physics"
  ],
  [
   "Percy Julian",
   "Chemist who made medicines from plants"
  ],
  [
   "Elizabeth Blackwell",
   "First woman to earn a medical degree in the United States"
  ],
  [
   "Florence Nightingale",
   "Nurse who improved hospitals and used statistics"
  ],
  [
   "Clara Barton",
   "Founded the American Red Cross"
  ],
  [
   "Jonas Salk",
   "Developed the first successful polio vaccine"
  ],
  [
   "Barbara McClintock",
   "Discovered jumping genes in corn"
  ],
  [
   "Tu Youyou",
   "Discovered a malaria treatment, won a Nobel Prize in 2015"
  ],
  [
   "Jennifer Doudna",
   "Co-developed the CRISPR gene-editing method"
  ]
 ]
}