{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sci-inventions",
 "id": "sci-inventions",
 "title": "Great Inventions and Inventors",
 "category": "science",
 "subject": "Technology History",
 "levels": [
  "3-5",
  "6-8",
  "9-12"
 ],
 "description": "Famous inventions and the people or years behind them.",
 "tags": [
  "inventions",
  "inventors"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Invention",
 "backLabel": "Inventor / year",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Light bulb (practical)",
   "Thomas Edison, 1879"
  ],
  [
   "Telephone",
   "Alexander Graham Bell, patented 1876"
  ],
  [
   "Airplane (first powered flight)",
   "Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1903"
  ],
  [
   "Printing press with movable type in Europe",
   "Johannes Gutenberg, about 1440"
  ],
  [
   "Steam engine (improved)",
   "James Watt, 1700s"
  ],
  [
   "Cotton gin",
   "Eli Whitney, 1793"
  ],
  [
   "Telegraph",
   "Samuel Morse and others, 1830s-40s"
  ],
  [
   "Radio",
   "Guglielmo Marconi and others, 1890s"
  ],
  [
   "Television (early electronic)",
   "Philo Farnsworth and others, 1920s"
  ],
  [
   "World Wide Web",
   "Tim Berners-Lee, 1989"
  ],
  [
   "First programmable computer concept",
   "Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1830s"
  ],
  [
   "Vaccine for smallpox",
   "Edward Jenner, 1796"
  ],
  [
   "Polio vaccine",
   "Jonas Salk, 1955"
  ],
  [
   "Penicillin",
   "Alexander Fleming, 1928"
  ],
  [
   "Battery",
   "Alessandro Volta, 1800"
  ],
  [
   "Dynamite",
   "Alfred Nobel, 1867"
  ],
  [
   "Safety pin",
   "Walter Hunt, 1849"
  ],
  [
   "Sewing machine (practical)",
   "Elias Howe, 1846"
  ],
  [
   "Telescope (first used for astronomy)",
   "Galileo, 1609"
  ],
  [
   "Microscope (early compound)",
   "Zacharias Janssen and others, late 1500s"
  ],
  [
   "Thermometer (mercury)",
   "Daniel Fahrenheit, 1714"
  ],
  [
   "Barometer",
   "Evangelista Torricelli, 1643"
  ],
  [
   "Pendulum clock",
   "Christiaan Huygens, 1656"
  ],
  [
   "Lightning rod",
   "Benjamin Franklin, 1750s"
  ],
  [
   "Bifocal glasses",
   "Benjamin Franklin"
  ],
  [
   "Reaper",
   "Cyrus McCormick, 1830s"
  ],
  [
   "Elevator with safety brake",
   "Elisha Otis, 1850s"
  ],
  [
   "Jet engine",
   "Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain, 1930s"
  ],
  [
   "Transistor",
   "Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley, 1947"
  ],
  [
   "Integrated circuit",
   "Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, late 1950s"
  ],
  [
   "Personal computer revolution",
   "1970s and 1980s, with machines such as the Apple II"
  ],
  [
   "Mobile phone (first handheld call)",
   "Martin Cooper, 1973"
  ],
  [
   "Laser",
   "Theodore Maiman built the first working laser, 1960"
  ],
  [
   "Satellite (first)",
   "Sputnik 1, 1957"
  ],
  [
   "Automobile (gasoline)",
   "Karl Benz, 1885"
  ],
  [
   "Model T assembly line cars",
   "Henry Ford, 1908"
  ],
  [
   "Bicycle with pedals",
   "Developed in the 1860s"
  ],
  [
   "Paper",
   "Invented in China, about 105 CE"
  ],
  [
   "Printing (woodblock)",
   "Developed in China long before Europe"
  ],
  [
   "Compass",
   "Invented in China"
  ],
  [
   "Gunpowder",
   "Invented in China"
  ],
  [
   "Wheel",
   "Invented in Mesopotamia about 3500 BCE"
  ],
  [
   "Plow",
   "Early farming tool invented thousands of years ago"
  ],
  [
   "Zipper",
   "Whitcomb Judson, 1893, improved by Gideon Sundback"
  ],
  [
   "Velcro",
   "George de Mestral, 1941"
  ],
  [
   "Post-it note",
   "Spencer Silver and Art Fry, 1970s"
  ],
  [
   "Microwave oven",
   "Percy Spencer, 1940s"
  ],
  [
   "Crayons",
   "Crayola introduced them in 1903"
  ],
  [
   "Bakelite plastic",
   "Leo Baekeland, 1907"
  ],
  [
   "Nylon",
   "Wallace Carothers at DuPont, 1935"
  ],
  [
   "Braille",
   "Louis Braille, 1824"
  ],
  [
   "Stethoscope",
   "Rene Laennec, 1816"
  ],
  [
   "Pasteurization",
   "Louis Pasteur, 1860s"
  ],
  [
   "X-ray machine",
   "Based on Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery, 1895"
  ],
  [
   "Insulin discovery",
   "Banting and Best, 1921"
  ],
  [
   "Pacemaker",
   "Developed in the 1950s"
  ],
  [
   "MRI scanner",
   "Developed in the 1970s"
  ],
  [
   "Hot air balloon",
   "Montgolfier brothers, 1783"
  ],
  [
   "Parachute (modern)",
   "Developed by Andre-Jacques Garnerin, 1797"
  ],
  [
   "Rocket (liquid-fueled)",
   "Robert Goddard, 1926"
  ],
  [
   "Space Shuttle",
   "NASA, first launch 1981"
  ],
  [
   "Internet's ancestor",
   "ARPANET, 1969"
  ],
  [
   "Email",
   "Ray Tomlinson, 1971"
  ],
  [
   "GPS",
   "Developed by the US in the 1970s-90s"
  ],
  [
   "Electric motor (early)",
   "Michael Faraday and others, 1820s-30s"
  ],
  [
   "Dynamo generator",
   "Faraday's principle; used widely by 1870s"
  ],
  [
   "Alternating current system",
   "Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse"
  ],
  [
   "Phonograph",
   "Thomas Edison, 1877"
  ],
  [
   "Motion picture camera",
   "Lumiere brothers and Edison's team, 1890s"
  ],
  [
   "Photography (early)",
   "Louis Daguerre, daguerreotype 1839"
  ],
  [
   "Aqualung (scuba)",
   "Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, 1943"
  ],
  [
   "3D printing",
   "Developed in the 1980s"
  ],
  [
   "LEGO brick (modern)",
   "Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, 1958"
  ]
 ]
}