{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/sociology-intro-terms",
 "id": "sociology-intro-terms",
 "title": "Sociology: Intro Terms",
 "category": "social-studies",
 "subject": "Sociology",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Key terms from introductory sociology: society, groups, roles, socialization, institutions and inequality.",
 "tags": [
  "sociology",
  "society",
  "groups",
  "socialization"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Definition",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Sociology",
   "The scientific study of society and social behavior"
  ],
  [
   "Society",
   "A group of people who share a territory and culture"
  ],
  [
   "Sociological imagination",
   "C. Wright Mills's idea of linking personal troubles to larger social issues"
  ],
  [
   "Auguste Comte",
   "Coined the word sociology; called the father of sociology"
  ],
  [
   "Emile Durkheim",
   "Studied social facts, solidarity and suicide rates"
  ],
  [
   "Max Weber",
   "Studied bureaucracy and the Protestant ethic"
  ],
  [
   "Karl Marx",
   "Focused on class conflict"
  ],
  [
   "W.E.B. Du Bois",
   "Early American sociologist who studied race and The Philadelphia Negro"
  ],
  [
   "Jane Addams",
   "Social reformer whose work with Hull House shaped early sociology"
  ],
  [
   "Harriet Martineau",
   "Early sociologist who translated Comte and studied American society"
  ],
  [
   "Structural functionalism",
   "View that society is a system of parts that work together"
  ],
  [
   "Conflict theory",
   "View that society is shaped by competition over resources and power"
  ],
  [
   "Symbolic interactionism",
   "View that society is built from everyday interactions and shared meanings"
  ],
  [
   "Macrosociology",
   "Study of large-scale social patterns"
  ],
  [
   "Microsociology",
   "Study of small groups and face-to-face interaction"
  ],
  [
   "Culture",
   "Shared beliefs, values, norms and objects of a group"
  ],
  [
   "Norms",
   "Rules for behavior in a group"
  ],
  [
   "Folkways",
   "Everyday customs, like table manners"
  ],
  [
   "Mores",
   "Norms with strong moral importance"
  ],
  [
   "Laws",
   "Formal norms enforced by government"
  ],
  [
   "Values",
   "Ideas about what is good, right and important"
  ],
  [
   "Sanction",
   "A reward or punishment that enforces norms"
  ],
  [
   "Deviance",
   "Behavior that violates norms"
  ],
  [
   "Social control",
   "Ways society encourages conformity"
  ],
  [
   "Conformity",
   "Following the norms of a group"
  ],
  [
   "Socialization",
   "The lifelong process of learning culture and roles"
  ],
  [
   "Agents of socialization",
   "Family, school, peers, media and religion"
  ],
  [
   "Primary socialization",
   "Early learning in the family"
  ],
  [
   "Peer group",
   "People of similar age and interests"
  ],
  [
   "Hidden curriculum",
   "Lessons schools teach without saying so, like punctuality"
  ],
  [
   "Social structure",
   "Patterns of relationships that organize society"
  ],
  [
   "Status",
   "A position in society"
  ],
  [
   "Ascribed status",
   "Status given at birth or involuntarily"
  ],
  [
   "Achieved status",
   "Status earned by effort"
  ],
  [
   "Role",
   "Behavior expected of someone in a status"
  ],
  [
   "Role conflict",
   "Tension between roles, such as student and employee"
  ],
  [
   "Primary group",
   "Small, close group, like family"
  ],
  [
   "Secondary group",
   "Larger, goal-oriented group, like a company"
  ],
  [
   "In-group",
   "A group you identify with"
  ],
  [
   "Out-group",
   "A group you do not identify with"
  ],
  [
   "Reference group",
   "Group used to evaluate yourself"
  ],
  [
   "Social network",
   "A web of connections among people"
  ],
  [
   "Social institution",
   "Established system meeting basic needs, like family, education and government"
  ],
  [
   "Bureaucracy",
   "Organization with rules, ranks and specialized jobs"
  ],
  [
   "Social stratification",
   "Ranking of people in layers by wealth, power or prestige"
  ],
  [
   "Social class",
   "A group with similar economic position"
  ],
  [
   "Socioeconomic status",
   "Combination of income, education and occupation"
  ],
  [
   "Social mobility",
   "Moving between social classes"
  ],
  [
   "Poverty",
   "Lacking resources for basic needs"
  ],
  [
   "Inequality",
   "Unequal sharing of wealth, power or opportunity"
  ],
  [
   "Prejudice",
   "Unfair attitudes toward a group"
  ],
  [
   "Discrimination",
   "Unfair treatment based on group membership"
  ],
  [
   "Stereotype",
   "Oversimplified belief about a group"
  ],
  [
   "Race",
   "A social category based on perceived physical traits"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnicity",
   "Shared cultural heritage"
  ],
  [
   "Minority group",
   "A group with less power than the dominant group"
  ],
  [
   "Gender",
   "Social and cultural roles linked to being male or female"
  ],
  [
   "Gender roles",
   "Expected behaviors for men and women"
  ],
  [
   "Demography",
   "Study of population size and change"
  ],
  [
   "Birth rate",
   "Number of births per 1,000 people per year"
  ],
  [
   "Migration",
   "Movement of people from one place to another"
  ],
  [
   "Urbanization",
   "Growth of cities"
  ],
  [
   "Social movement",
   "Organized effort for or against social change"
  ],
  [
   "Collective behavior",
   "Spontaneous group actions, like crowds"
  ],
  [
   "Social change",
   "Changes in culture and institutions over time"
  ],
  [
   "Technology and society",
   "New technologies change how people work and relate"
  ],
  [
   "Globalization",
   "Increasing connection among societies"
  ],
  [
   "Sample",
   "A smaller group studied to learn about a larger one"
  ],
  [
   "Survey",
   "Questions asked of many people"
  ],
  [
   "Correlation",
   "A relationship between two variables, which does not prove one causes the other"
  ],
  [
   "Hypothesis",
   "A testable prediction"
  ],
  [
   "Variable",
   "A factor that can change"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnography",
   "In-depth study through observation"
  ],
  [
   "Anomie",
   "Durkheim's term for feeling of normlessness"
  ],
  [
   "Looking-glass self",
   "Charles Cooley's idea that we form self-image from how others see us"
  ],
  [
   "Generalized other",
   "George Herbert Mead's term for society's expectations"
  ],
  [
   "Dramaturgy",
   "Erving Goffman's view of life as a performance with front and back stages"
  ]
 ]
}