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Artificial intelligence (AI)	Computer systems that do tasks that usually need human intelligence		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Machine learning (ML)	Computers learning patterns from data instead of following only fixed rules		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Deep learning	Machine learning with many-layered neural networks		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Neural network	A system of connected nodes inspired loosely by brain cells		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Neuron (node)	A unit in a network that takes inputs and gives an output		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Layer	A group of nodes in a neural network		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Weights	Numbers in a network that are adjusted during learning		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Parameters	The values a model learns, such as weights		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Training	Teaching a model using data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Training data	Examples the model learns from		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Test data	New examples used to check how well a model works		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Validation data	Data used to tune a model during development		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Label	The correct answer attached to an example		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Feature	A measurable property used as input		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Model	The result of training; it makes predictions		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Prediction (inference)	The model's output on new data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Supervised learning	Learning from labeled examples		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Unsupervised learning	Finding patterns in unlabeled data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Reinforcement learning	Learning by trial and error with rewards		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Classification	Sorting into categories, like cat or dog		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Regression	Predicting a number, like a house price		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Clustering	Grouping similar items together		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Overfitting	A model that memorizes training data and does poorly on new data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Underfitting	A model too simple to capture patterns		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Bias (in AI)	Unfair results caused by skewed data or design		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Fairness	Making AI treat people equitably		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Algorithm	Step-by-step instructions		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Gradient descent	A method for adjusting weights to reduce errors		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Loss function	A measure of how wrong the model is		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Epoch	One full pass through the training data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Learning rate	How big the steps are when updating weights		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Accuracy	The share of predictions that are correct		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Confusion matrix	A table of correct and wrong predictions by class		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Computer vision	AI that understands images and video		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Natural language processing (NLP)	AI that works with human language		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Speech recognition	Turning speech into text		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Text-to-speech	Turning text into spoken sound		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Chatbot	A program that converses with people		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Large language model (LLM)	A very large model trained on lots of text to predict and generate language		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Token	A piece of text, such as a word or part of a word, that language models process		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Prompt	The input or instruction given to an AI model		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Prompt engineering	Writing prompts to get better answers		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Context window	How much text a model can consider at once		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Transformer	A neural network design behind most modern language models		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Attention	A mechanism that lets a model focus on relevant parts of its input		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Generative AI	AI that creates new text, images, audio or code		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Image generation	Creating pictures from text descriptions		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Diffusion model	A model that creates images by gradually removing noise		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Hallucination	When an AI states something false as if it were true		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Fine-tuning	Further training a model on specialized data		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Pre-training	Initial training on a large general dataset		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Embedding	A list of numbers representing the meaning of text or images		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)	Letting a model look up documents before answering		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
AI agent	An AI system that can take actions toward a goal		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Turing test	Alan Turing's idea of judging a machine by whether it can seem human in conversation		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Alan Turing	British mathematician who asked 'Can machines think?' in 1950		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Dartmouth workshop	The 1956 meeting where the term artificial intelligence was coined		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Deep Blue	IBM computer that beat chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
AlphaGo	DeepMind program that beat Go champion Lee Sedol in 2016		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
ImageNet	A huge image dataset that sparked deep learning progress		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Narrow AI	AI built for specific tasks		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
General AI (AGI)	Hypothetical AI that can do any intellectual task a human can		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Robotics	Building machines that sense and act		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Self-driving car	A vehicle that drives using sensors and AI		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Recommendation system	AI that suggests videos, songs or products		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Deepfake	A fake image or video made by AI		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
AI ethics	Thinking about fairness, safety, privacy and responsibility in AI		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Privacy and AI	AI systems should protect people's personal information		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Human in the loop	A person reviews or guides the AI's decisions		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Explainability	Understanding why an AI made a decision		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms
Check AI answers	AI can be wrong, so verify important facts		tech-ai-machine-learning-terms