Binary uses which digits?: 0 and 1 (base 2)
Decimal uses which digits?: 0 to 9 (base 10)
Hexadecimal uses which digits?: 0 to 9 and A to F (base 16)
Octal uses which digits?: 0 to 7 (base 8)
Bit: A single binary digit
Byte: 8 bits
Nibble: 4 bits, one hex digit
Place values in an 8-bit byte: 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
Binary 0 in decimal: 0
Binary 1 in decimal: 1
Binary 10 in decimal: 2
Binary 11 in decimal: 3
Binary 100 in decimal: 4
Binary 101 in decimal: 5
Binary 110 in decimal: 6
Binary 111 in decimal: 7
Binary 1000 in decimal: 8
Binary 1001 in decimal: 9
Binary 1010 in decimal: 10
Binary 1111 in decimal: 15
Binary 10000 in decimal: 16
Binary 11111111 in decimal: 255
Binary 10101010 in decimal: 170
Binary 1100100 in decimal: 100
Binary 100000 in decimal: 32
Decimal 12 in binary: 1100
Decimal 20 in binary: 10100
Decimal 25 in binary: 11001
Decimal 50 in binary: 110010
Decimal 64 in binary: 1000000
Decimal 100 in binary: 1100100
Decimal 128 in binary: 10000000
Decimal 255 in binary: 11111111
Decimal 10 in hex: A
Decimal 11 in hex: B
Decimal 12 in hex: C
Decimal 13 in hex: D
Decimal 14 in hex: E
Decimal 15 in hex: F
Decimal 16 in hex: 10
Decimal 31 in hex: 1F
Decimal 32 in hex: 20
Decimal 100 in hex: 64
Decimal 255 in hex: FF
Decimal 256 in hex: 100
Hex FF in decimal: 255
Hex 10 in decimal: 16
Hex 1A in decimal: 26
Hex 20 in decimal: 32
Hex 7F in decimal: 127
Hex 80 in decimal: 128
Binary 1111 in hex: F
Binary 1010 in hex: A
Binary 11110000 in hex: F0
Hex FF in binary: 11111111
Hex 0F in binary: 00001111
Powers of 2: 2^8: 256
Powers of 2: 2^10: 1,024
Powers of 2: 2^16: 65,536
Powers of 2: 2^32: 4,294,967,296
Number of values in 1 byte: 256 (0 to 255)
Number of values with n bits: 2 to the power n
Number of values in 4 bits: 16
Largest unsigned 8-bit number: 255
Kilobyte (KB): About 1,000 bytes (1,024 in older binary usage)
Megabyte (MB): About 1 million bytes
Gigabyte (GB): About 1 billion bytes
Terabyte (TB): About 1 trillion bytes
Kibibyte, mebibyte (KiB, MiB): Units based on exactly 1,024
Hex color #FF0000: Red
Hex color #00FF00: Green
Hex color #0000FF: Blue
Hex color #FFFFFF: White
Hex color #000000: Black
ASCII: A code that gives each character a number, e.g. A is 65
ASCII 'A' in decimal: 65
ASCII 'a' in decimal: 97
ASCII '0' in decimal: 48
Unicode: A standard that gives a number to characters from all languages and emoji
UTF-8: A common way to store Unicode characters in bytes
Two's complement: The method computers use to store negative numbers in binary
Binary addition: 1 + 1: 10 (that is, 0 carry 1)
Binary addition: 101 + 11: 1000
Logic gate AND: Outputs 1 only if both inputs are 1
Logic gate OR: Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1
Logic gate NOT: Flips the input
Logic gate XOR: Outputs 1 if inputs differ
Why computers use binary: Electronic switches have two states, on and off

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