{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tech-computer-scientists-and-history",
 "id": "tech-computer-scientists-and-history",
 "title": "Famous Computer Scientists and Tech History",
 "category": "technology",
 "subject": "Computing History",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12",
  "college",
  "adult"
 ],
 "description": "Pioneers of computing and the milestones that shaped technology.",
 "tags": [
  "history",
  "computer scientists",
  "pioneers",
  "milestones"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Person or event",
 "backLabel": "Known for",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Ada Lovelace",
   "Wrote notes in 1843 with what is often called the first computer program, for Babbage's Analytical Engine"
  ],
  [
   "Charles Babbage",
   "Designed the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical computer idea, in the 1830s"
  ],
  [
   "Alan Turing",
   "British mathematician who defined the Turing machine and helped break the Enigma code"
  ],
  [
   "Turing machine",
   "An abstract model of computation described by Turing in 1936"
  ],
  [
   "Grace Hopper",
   "American Navy officer who helped create the first compiler and the COBOL language"
  ],
  [
   "John von Neumann",
   "Described the stored-program computer architecture"
  ],
  [
   "Claude Shannon",
   "Founded information theory in 1948 and popularized the word bit"
  ],
  [
   "Katherine Johnson",
   "NASA mathematician whose calculations helped astronauts reach orbit and the Moon"
  ],
  [
   "Margaret Hamilton",
   "Led software development for Apollo's guidance computers"
  ],
  [
   "Dorothy Vaughan",
   "NASA mathematician who became a leader in programming (FORTRAN) at Langley"
  ],
  [
   "Tim Berners-Lee",
   "Invented the World Wide Web in 1989"
  ],
  [
   "Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn",
   "Designed the TCP/IP protocols of the internet"
  ],
  [
   "Dennis Ritchie",
   "Created the C language and co-created Unix"
  ],
  [
   "Ken Thompson",
   "Co-creator of Unix"
  ],
  [
   "Linus Torvalds",
   "Created the Linux kernel (1991) and Git (2005)"
  ],
  [
   "Guido van Rossum",
   "Created Python"
  ],
  [
   "Brendan Eich",
   "Created JavaScript in 1995"
  ],
  [
   "James Gosling",
   "Led the creation of Java"
  ],
  [
   "Bjarne Stroustrup",
   "Created C++"
  ],
  [
   "Yukihiro Matsumoto",
   "Created Ruby"
  ],
  [
   "Bill Gates",
   "Co-founded Microsoft in 1975"
  ],
  [
   "Paul Allen",
   "Co-founded Microsoft"
  ],
  [
   "Steve Jobs",
   "Co-founded Apple in 1976"
  ],
  [
   "Steve Wozniak",
   "Designed the Apple I and II computers"
  ],
  [
   "Larry Page and Sergey Brin",
   "Founded Google in 1998"
  ],
  [
   "Mark Zuckerberg",
   "Co-founded Facebook in 2004"
  ],
  [
   "Jeff Bezos",
   "Founded Amazon in 1994"
  ],
  [
   "Douglas Engelbart",
   "Invented the computer mouse; demonstrated it in 1968"
  ],
  [
   "Doug Engelbart's 1968 demo",
   "Called the Mother of All Demos; showed the mouse, video calls and hypertext"
  ],
  [
   "Ivan Sutherland",
   "Created Sketchpad (1963), an early graphics program"
  ],
  [
   "Alan Kay",
   "Pioneer of object-oriented programming and the personal computer"
  ],
  [
   "Donald Knuth",
   "Wrote The Art of Computer Programming"
  ],
  [
   "Edsger Dijkstra",
   "Created a famous shortest-path algorithm"
  ],
  [
   "Barbara Liskov",
   "Computer scientist who won the Turing Award for work on data abstraction"
  ],
  [
   "Radia Perlman",
   "Invented the spanning-tree protocol for networks"
  ],
  [
   "Fei-Fei Li",
   "Computer scientist who helped create ImageNet"
  ],
  [
   "Geoffrey Hinton",
   "Pioneer of neural networks and deep learning"
  ],
  [
   "Yann LeCun",
   "Pioneer of convolutional neural networks"
  ],
  [
   "Yoshua Bengio",
   "Pioneer of deep learning"
  ],
  [
   "Turing Award",
   "The top prize in computer science, named for Alan Turing"
  ],
  [
   "ENIAC",
   "One of the first general-purpose electronic computers, completed in 1945"
  ],
  [
   "Colossus",
   "British code-breaking computer used in World War II"
  ],
  [
   "Transistor",
   "Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs"
  ],
  [
   "Integrated circuit",
   "Chip with many components, invented in the late 1950s"
  ],
  [
   "Microprocessor",
   "A whole CPU on one chip; Intel 4004 came out in 1971"
  ],
  [
   "ARPANET",
   "Early network that sent its first message in 1969"
  ],
  [
   "First email",
   "Sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971"
  ],
  [
   "Personal computer",
   "Home computers became popular in the late 1970s and 1980s"
  ],
  [
   "Apple II",
   "A popular early personal computer from 1977"
  ],
  [
   "IBM PC",
   "Introduced in 1981"
  ],
  [
   "Macintosh",
   "Apple computer launched in 1984 with a graphical interface"
  ],
  [
   "Windows 95",
   "Microsoft system that made the Start menu famous"
  ],
  [
   "World Wide Web goes public",
   "1991"
  ],
  [
   "Mosaic browser",
   "Early graphical web browser from 1993"
  ],
  [
   "Google founded",
   "1998"
  ],
  [
   "Wikipedia launched",
   "2001"
  ],
  [
   "YouTube founded",
   "2005"
  ],
  [
   "iPhone introduced",
   "2007"
  ],
  [
   "Smartphone age",
   "Phones became pocket computers after 2007"
  ],
  [
   "Cloud computing",
   "Rented online computing, which grew in the late 2000s"
  ],
  [
   "Bitcoin created",
   "2009 by a person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto"
  ],
  [
   "ChatGPT released",
   "November 2022"
  ],
  [
   "Moore's law",
   "The observation that chip transistor counts double about every two years"
  ],
  [
   "Gordon Moore",
   "Co-founder of Intel who described Moore's law in 1965"
  ],
  [
   "Hedy Lamarr",
   "Actress and inventor who co-developed frequency hopping, an idea used in modern wireless"
  ],
  [
   "Mary Allen Wilkes",
   "Programmer of the LINC, an early personal computer, in the 1960s"
  ],
  [
   "Jean Bartik",
   "One of the six original ENIAC programmers"
  ],
  [
   "Annie Easley",
   "NASA computer scientist who worked on rocket software"
  ],
  [
   "Mark Dean",
   "IBM engineer who helped design the original IBM PC and holds key patents in PC technology"
  ],
  [
   "Gladys West",
   "Mathematician whose work contributed to GPS"
  ]
 ]
}