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Network	Computers and devices connected to share data		tech-networking-terms
LAN	Local area network, such as in a home or school		tech-networking-terms
WAN	Wide area network that spans a large area		tech-networking-terms
Internet	A global network of networks		tech-networking-terms
Intranet	A private network inside an organization		tech-networking-terms
IP address	A number that identifies a device on a network		tech-networking-terms
IPv4 address	Four numbers 0 to 255, like 192.168.1.1		tech-networking-terms
IPv6 address	A longer address format with letters and numbers, made for more devices		tech-networking-terms
Public IP	An address visible on the internet		tech-networking-terms
Private IP	An address used inside a local network, like 192.168.x.x		tech-networking-terms
Localhost (127.0.0.1)	Your own computer		tech-networking-terms
MAC address	A hardware address built into a network card		tech-networking-terms
DNS	Domain Name System, translates names into IP addresses		tech-networking-terms
DHCP	Automatically gives devices IP addresses		tech-networking-terms
NAT	Lets many devices share one public IP address		tech-networking-terms
Router	Forwards data between networks		tech-networking-terms
Switch	Connects devices within a network		tech-networking-terms
Hub	A simple device that repeats data to all ports		tech-networking-terms
Modem	Connects a home to the internet provider		tech-networking-terms
Access point	Gives wireless devices a connection to a network		tech-networking-terms
Gateway	A node that connects one network to another		tech-networking-terms
Firewall	Controls which traffic is allowed in or out		tech-networking-terms
Proxy server	A server that acts as middleman for requests		tech-networking-terms
VPN	Virtual private network that sends traffic through an encrypted tunnel		tech-networking-terms
Protocol	A set of rules for communication		tech-networking-terms
TCP	Reliable, ordered delivery of data		tech-networking-terms
UDP	Fast delivery without guarantees, used in streaming and games		tech-networking-terms
IP (Internet Protocol)	Addresses and routes packets		tech-networking-terms
HTTP	Protocol for web pages		tech-networking-terms
HTTPS	HTTP with encryption		tech-networking-terms
FTP	Protocol for transferring files		tech-networking-terms
SMTP	Protocol for sending email		tech-networking-terms
IMAP and POP3	Protocols for receiving email		tech-networking-terms
SSH	Secure remote login		tech-networking-terms
TLS/SSL	Encryption protocols for secure connections		tech-networking-terms
Port	A numbered door on a device for a type of traffic		tech-networking-terms
Port 80	HTTP		tech-networking-terms
Port 443	HTTPS		tech-networking-terms
Port 22	SSH		tech-networking-terms
Port 25	SMTP email		tech-networking-terms
Port 53	DNS		tech-networking-terms
Packet	A small chunk of data sent over a network		tech-networking-terms
Header	Information at the start of a packet like source and destination		tech-networking-terms
Latency	Delay before data arrives		tech-networking-terms
Bandwidth	Maximum data rate of a connection		tech-networking-terms
Throughput	The actual data rate achieved		tech-networking-terms
Ping	Test of reachability and round-trip time		tech-networking-terms
Traceroute	Shows the path packets take		tech-networking-terms
Jitter	Variation in delay		tech-networking-terms
Packet loss	Packets that never arrive		tech-networking-terms
Wi-Fi	Wireless local networking		tech-networking-terms
Ethernet	A common wired network standard		tech-networking-terms
Fiber optic	Cables that send data as pulses of light		tech-networking-terms
Cellular (4G, 5G)	Mobile phone networks		tech-networking-terms
Bluetooth	Short-range wireless		tech-networking-terms
Subnet	A smaller part of a network		tech-networking-terms
Subnet mask	Tells which part of an address is the network		tech-networking-terms
CIDR notation	Writing a network like 192.168.0.0/24		tech-networking-terms
Client	A device that requests services		tech-networking-terms
Server	A device that provides services		tech-networking-terms
Peer-to-peer	Devices share directly without a central server		tech-networking-terms
Cloud	Computing services offered over the internet		tech-networking-terms
CDN	Content delivery network, servers around the world that make sites load faster		tech-networking-terms
URL	A web address		tech-networking-terms
Domain registrar	A company that sells domain names		tech-networking-terms
ICANN	The organization that coordinates domain names and IP addresses		tech-networking-terms
Web server	Software that serves web pages		tech-networking-terms
API	Rules for programs to talk to each other		tech-networking-terms
REST	A common style for web APIs		tech-networking-terms
Status code 200	OK		tech-networking-terms
Status code 404	Not found		tech-networking-terms
Status code 500	Server error		tech-networking-terms
Status code 301	Moved permanently		tech-networking-terms
OSI model	A seven-layer model of networking		tech-networking-terms
OSI layers	Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application		tech-networking-terms
TCP/IP model	A four-layer model that the internet uses		tech-networking-terms
Three-way handshake	SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK to start a TCP connection		tech-networking-terms
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn	Designed TCP/IP in the 1970s		tech-networking-terms