Print text to the screen: print('Hello')
Get input from the user: input('Name? ')
Make a variable: x = 5
Comment a line: # this is a comment
Integer division: 7 // 2 gives 3
Remainder (modulo): 7 % 2 gives 1
Exponent (power): 2 ** 3 gives 8
Not equal comparison: x != y
Equal comparison: x == y
Logical and: a and b
Logical or: a or b
Logical not: not a
If statement: if x > 3:
Else if: elif x == 3:
Else: else:
For loop over a range of 5: for i in range(5):
Range from 1 to 10: range(1, 11)
While loop: while x < 10:
Stop a loop early: break
Skip to the next loop pass: continue
Do nothing placeholder: pass
Define a function: def greet(name):
Return a value: return x
Default parameter: def f(x=10):
Lambda (small anonymous function): lambda x: x * 2
Make a list: nums = [1, 2, 3]
Add to the end of a list: nums.append(4)
Remove last item of a list: nums.pop()
Length of a list or string: len(nums)
First item of a list: nums[0]
Last item of a list: nums[-1]
Slice the first two items: nums[:2]
Sort a list in place: nums.sort()
Sorted copy of a list: sorted(nums)
Reverse a list: nums.reverse() or nums[::-1]
Tuple (unchangeable sequence): t = (1, 2, 3)
Set (unique items): s = {1, 2, 3}
Dictionary: d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
Get a dictionary value: d['a']
Loop over dictionary items: for k, v in d.items():
Check if item is in a list: 3 in nums
Convert to integer: int('5')
Convert to string: str(5)
Convert to float: float('3.5')
Convert to list: list('abc')
Type of a value: type(x)
Join strings in a list: ', '.join(words)
Split a string into a list: 'a b c'.split()
Uppercase a string: 'hi'.upper()
Replace text in a string: s.replace('a', 'b')
Strip whitespace: s.strip()
F-string: f'Hello {name}'
Multi-line string: '''text over lines'''
Import a module: import math
Import one name: from math import sqrt
Random integer: import random; random.randint(1, 6)
Square root: math.sqrt(16)
Absolute value: abs(-3)
Round a number: round(3.6)
Maximum of values: max(1, 5, 3)
Sum of a list: sum(nums)
List comprehension: [x * 2 for x in nums]
Open and read a file: with open('f.txt') as f: data = f.read()
Handle errors: try: ... except ValueError: ...
Raise an error: raise ValueError('bad')
Define a class: class Dog:
Constructor method: def __init__(self, name):
The current object inside a method: self
None value: None
Boolean values: True and False
Enumerate with index: for i, x in enumerate(nums):
Zip two lists: zip(a, b)
Check if a value is None: x is None
Run code only when file is the main program: if __name__ == '__main__':
Python's creator: Guido van Rossum, who released Python in 1991

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