Cell: One box in a spreadsheet where a row and column meet
Cell reference: The cell's address, like B3
Row: A horizontal line of cells, labeled with numbers
Column: A vertical line of cells, labeled with letters
Range: A group of cells, like A1:A10
Worksheet (sheet): A single page of cells in a workbook
Workbook: A file holding one or more sheets
Formula: A calculation that starts with an equals sign
Function: A built-in formula like SUM
=A1+B1: Adds two cells
=A1*B1: Multiplies two cells
=SUM(A1:A10): Adds a range
=AVERAGE(A1:A10): Finds the mean of a range
=MIN(A1:A10): Finds the smallest value
=MAX(A1:A10): Finds the largest value
=COUNT(A1:A10): Counts cells with numbers
=COUNTA(A1:A10): Counts non-empty cells
=ROUND(A1,2): Rounds to two decimal places
=IF(A1>10,'Yes','No'): Returns one value if true and another if false
=AND() and =OR(): Test several conditions
=COUNTIF(range,criteria): Counts cells that meet a rule
=SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range): Adds cells that meet a rule
=VLOOKUP(): Looks up a value in the first column of a table
=XLOOKUP(): A modern lookup function
=INDEX() and =MATCH(): A flexible way to look things up
=CONCATENATE() or =A1&B1: Joins text
=LEFT(A1,3): Takes the first 3 characters
=LEN(A1): Counts characters in a cell
=UPPER(A1): Makes text uppercase
=TODAY(): Shows today's date
=NOW(): Shows the date and time
Absolute reference: Locks a cell with dollar signs, like $A$1
Relative reference: A reference that changes when copied
Fill handle: The small square in the corner of a cell you drag to copy
AutoSum: A button that adds a column or row quickly
Sort: Arrange rows in order
Filter: Show only rows that meet a condition
Conditional formatting: Changing cell colors based on values
Pivot table: A summary table made from many rows of data
Chart: A visual graph of data
Bar chart: Compares categories with bars
Line chart: Shows change over time
Pie chart: Shows parts of a whole
Header row: The top row naming each column
Freeze panes: Keeps the header row visible while scrolling
Merge cells: Combine cells into one
Data validation: Limits what can be entered in a cell
#DIV/0!: Error from dividing by zero
#REF!: Error from a broken cell reference
#NAME?: Error from a misspelled function name
#VALUE!: Error from the wrong type of value
CSV: A simple text file for spreadsheet data
Google Sheets: A free online spreadsheet tool
Microsoft Excel: A popular spreadsheet program first released in 1985
VisiCalc: The first popular spreadsheet program, from 1979
Mean: The average, found by adding and dividing
Median: The middle value when ordered
Mode: The most common value
Order of operations: Parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division, then addition and subtraction
Percent formula: =A1/B1 formatted as a percent
Number format: Controls how a number looks: currency, date, percent
Template: A premade spreadsheet layout
Named range: A name given to a group of cells

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