{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-muscles",
 "id": "tp-anat-muscles",
 "title": "Anatomy: Major Muscles and Actions",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "Anatomy",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "The main skeletal muscles, where they are and what they do.",
 "tags": [
  "anatomy",
  "muscles"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Muscle",
 "backLabel": "Location and action",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Frontalis",
   "Forehead; raises the eyebrows"
  ],
  [
   "Orbicularis oculi",
   "Around the eye; closes the eyelid"
  ],
  [
   "Orbicularis oris",
   "Around the mouth; closes and purses the lips"
  ],
  [
   "Zygomaticus major",
   "Cheek; lifts the corner of the mouth to smile"
  ],
  [
   "Masseter",
   "Cheek; closes the jaw to chew"
  ],
  [
   "Temporalis",
   "Side of head; closes the jaw"
  ],
  [
   "Buccinator",
   "Cheek; presses the cheek against the teeth"
  ],
  [
   "Platysma",
   "Neck; pulls the lower lip and jaw down"
  ],
  [
   "Sternocleidomastoid",
   "Side of the neck; turns and flexes the head"
  ],
  [
   "Trapezius",
   "Upper back and neck; raises and pulls back the shoulder blades"
  ],
  [
   "Latissimus dorsi",
   "Wide back muscle; pulls the arm down and back"
  ],
  [
   "Rhomboids",
   "Between shoulder blades; pull the scapula toward the spine"
  ],
  [
   "Erector spinae",
   "Along the spine; extends the back"
  ],
  [
   "Deltoid",
   "Shoulder cap; raises the arm"
  ],
  [
   "Pectoralis major",
   "Chest; moves the arm across the body"
  ],
  [
   "Serratus anterior",
   "Side of the ribs; moves the shoulder blade forward"
  ],
  [
   "Rotator cuff",
   "Four small muscles that stabilize the shoulder"
  ],
  [
   "Supraspinatus",
   "Rotator cuff muscle that starts raising the arm"
  ],
  [
   "Biceps brachii",
   "Front of the upper arm; flexes the elbow"
  ],
  [
   "Triceps brachii",
   "Back of the upper arm; extends the elbow"
  ],
  [
   "Brachialis",
   "Deep upper-arm muscle that flexes the elbow"
  ],
  [
   "Brachioradialis",
   "Forearm muscle that flexes the elbow"
  ],
  [
   "Flexor carpi",
   "Front of forearm; bends the wrist"
  ],
  [
   "Extensor carpi",
   "Back of forearm; straightens the wrist"
  ],
  [
   "Rectus abdominis",
   "Front of the abdomen; flexes the trunk"
  ],
  [
   "External oblique",
   "Side of the abdomen; twists and bends the trunk"
  ],
  [
   "Internal oblique",
   "Beneath the external oblique; twists the trunk"
  ],
  [
   "Transversus abdominis",
   "Deepest abdominal muscle; compresses the abdomen"
  ],
  [
   "Diaphragm",
   "Under the lungs; main muscle of breathing"
  ],
  [
   "Intercostals",
   "Between the ribs; help breathing"
  ],
  [
   "Gluteus maximus",
   "Buttock; extends the hip"
  ],
  [
   "Gluteus medius",
   "Side of hip; moves the leg out and steadies the pelvis"
  ],
  [
   "Iliopsoas",
   "Deep hip flexor"
  ],
  [
   "Tensor fasciae latae",
   "Upper outer thigh; flexes and abducts the hip"
  ],
  [
   "Quadriceps femoris",
   "Front of the thigh; extends the knee"
  ],
  [
   "Rectus femoris",
   "Quadriceps part that also flexes the hip"
  ],
  [
   "Vastus lateralis",
   "Outer quadriceps"
  ],
  [
   "Sartorius",
   "Longest muscle; crosses the thigh and flexes the hip and knee"
  ],
  [
   "Hamstrings",
   "Back of the thigh; flex the knee"
  ],
  [
   "Biceps femoris",
   "Outer hamstring"
  ],
  [
   "Adductors",
   "Inner thigh; pull the leg toward the midline"
  ],
  [
   "Gracilis",
   "Inner thigh muscle that adducts the leg"
  ],
  [
   "Gastrocnemius",
   "Calf; points the foot and flexes the knee"
  ],
  [
   "Soleus",
   "Deep calf muscle; points the foot"
  ],
  [
   "Tibialis anterior",
   "Front of the shin; lifts the foot"
  ],
  [
   "Peroneus longus",
   "Outer lower leg; turns the foot outward"
  ],
  [
   "Achilles tendon",
   "Joins calf muscles to the heel bone"
  ],
  [
   "Flexor",
   "A muscle that decreases a joint angle"
  ],
  [
   "Extensor",
   "A muscle that increases a joint angle"
  ],
  [
   "Abductor",
   "Moves a limb away from the midline"
  ],
  [
   "Adductor",
   "Moves a limb toward the midline"
  ],
  [
   "Agonist",
   "The prime mover in a movement"
  ],
  [
   "Antagonist",
   "A muscle that opposes the prime mover"
  ],
  [
   "Synergist",
   "A muscle that helps the prime mover"
  ],
  [
   "Origin",
   "The attachment that stays fixed"
  ],
  [
   "Insertion",
   "The attachment that moves"
  ],
  [
   "Isotonic contraction",
   "Muscle changes length while producing force"
  ],
  [
   "Isometric contraction",
   "Muscle produces force without changing length"
  ],
  [
   "Concentric contraction",
   "Muscle shortens under tension"
  ],
  [
   "Eccentric contraction",
   "Muscle lengthens under tension"
  ],
  [
   "Muscle tone",
   "Slight constant tension in resting muscles"
  ],
  [
   "Fascia",
   "Connective tissue wrapping muscles"
  ],
  [
   "Motor unit",
   "One motor neuron and the fibers it controls"
  ],
  [
   "Neuromuscular junction",
   "Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber"
  ],
  [
   "Acetylcholine",
   "Neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction"
  ],
  [
   "Creatine phosphate",
   "Quick energy store in muscle"
  ],
  [
   "Fast-twitch fibers",
   "Muscle fibers for quick, powerful action that tire quickly"
  ],
  [
   "Slow-twitch fibers",
   "Muscle fibers for endurance"
  ],
  [
   "Rigor mortis",
   "Stiffening of muscles after death"
  ],
  [
   "Tetany",
   "Sustained, involuntary muscle contraction"
  ],
  [
   "Atrophy",
   "Wasting of muscle from disuse"
  ],
  [
   "Hypertrophy",
   "Enlargement of muscle fibers"
  ],
  [
   "Strain",
   "Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon"
  ],
  [
   "Sprain",
   "Overstretching or tearing of a ligament"
  ],
  [
   "Spasm",
   "Sudden involuntary contraction"
  ],
  [
   "Myoglobin",
   "Oxygen-storing pigment in muscle"
  ],
  [
   "Lactic acid",
   "Product of anaerobic energy production in muscles"
  ],
  [
   "Pectoralis minor",
   "Beneath the pectoralis major; pulls the shoulder blade forward"
  ],
  [
   "Teres major",
   "Back of the shoulder; rotates the arm inward"
  ],
  [
   "Psoas major",
   "Deep muscle linking the spine to the thigh"
  ],
  [
   "Piriformis",
   "Deep buttock muscle that rotates the hip outward"
  ],
  [
   "Popliteus",
   "Behind the knee; unlocks the knee for bending"
  ],
  [
   "Pronator teres",
   "Forearm; turns the palm down"
  ],
  [
   "Supinator",
   "Forearm; turns the palm up"
  ]
 ]
}