Brain: Controls thought, senses, movement and body functions Spinal cord: Carries messages between the brain and body Heart: Muscular pump that circulates blood Lungs: Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide Liver: Processes nutrients, makes bile, filters toxins Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile Pancreas: Makes digestive enzymes and insulin Stomach: Mixes food with acid and enzymes Small intestine: Absorbs most nutrients Large intestine: Absorbs water; forms stool Appendix: Small pouch on the large intestine, with no essential digestive role Esophagus: Moves food from the throat to the stomach Kidneys: Filter blood and make urine Urinary bladder: Stores urine Spleen: Filters old red blood cells and helps immune defense Thyroid: Gland controlling metabolism Parathyroid glands: Four small glands controlling blood calcium Adrenal glands: Sit atop the kidneys; make stress hormones Pituitary gland: Pea-sized gland releasing hormones that direct other glands Pineal gland: Makes melatonin, which affects sleep Hypothalamus: Links the nervous and endocrine systems; regulates temperature and hunger Thymus: Immune organ where T cells mature Tonsils: Lymph tissue at the throat that helps defend against germs Skin: Largest organ; protects, regulates temperature, senses touch Eyes: Detect light for vision Retina: Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye Lens: Focuses light on the retina Cornea: Clear front window of the eye Iris: Colored part of the eye controlling pupil size Cochlea: Spiral organ of the inner ear for hearing Eardrum: Membrane that vibrates with sound Eustachian tube: Connects the middle ear to the throat to equalize pressure Larynx: Voice box Pharynx: Throat; passage for air and food Trachea: Windpipe leading to the lungs Bronchi: Branches of the trachea into each lung Epiglottis: Flap that covers the windpipe when swallowing Diaphragm: Muscle that drives breathing Aorta: Largest artery, carries blood from the heart to the body Vena cava: Large veins returning blood to the heart Pulmonary artery: Carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs Pulmonary vein: Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart Left ventricle: Heart chamber that pumps blood to the body Right atrium: Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body Mitral valve: Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle Tricuspid valve: Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle Pacemaker (sinoatrial node): Group of cells that starts each heartbeat Ovaries: Produce eggs and hormones Fallopian tubes: Carry eggs to the uterus Uterus: Houses a developing fetus Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone Prostate gland: Produces fluid that nourishes sperm Mammary glands: Produce milk Salivary glands: Make saliva to start digestion Duodenum: First section of the small intestine Jejunum: Middle section of the small intestine Ileum: Last section of the small intestine Cecum: Pouch where the small and large intestines join Rectum: Final section of the large intestine, storing stool Colon: Main part of the large intestine Ureters: Tubes from kidneys to bladder Urethra: Tube that carries urine out of the body Meninges: Three membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord Cerebrospinal fluid: Fluid cushioning the brain and spinal cord Cerebral cortex: Wrinkled outer layer of the brain for thought Medulla oblongata: Brainstem region controlling breathing and heart rate Pons: Brainstem region relaying signals and helping control breathing Thalamus: Relays sensory signals to the cortex Basal ganglia: Brain structures helping control movement Corpus callosum: Connects the two brain hemispheres Optic nerve: Carries visual signals from the eye to the brain Sciatic nerve: Longest nerve, from the lower back down each leg Vagus nerve: Long nerve controlling heart rate, digestion and more Bone marrow: Soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells Lymph nodes: Filter lymph and house immune cells Peritoneum: Membrane lining the abdominal cavity Pericardium: Sac surrounding the heart Pleura: Membrane around the lungs Mediastinum: Space between the lungs holding the heart Islets of Langerhans: Clusters of pancreatic cells making insulin and glucagon Glomerulus: Tuft of capillaries in the kidney where blood is filtered Alveolus: Air sac where gas exchange happens Villus: Finger-like projection that absorbs nutrients in the small intestine Hepatocyte: Main cell of the liver Free flashcards from Peabody at peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anat-organs