{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-anthropology",
 "id": "tp-anthropology",
 "title": "Intro Anthropology Terms",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "Anthropology",
 "levels": [
  "college",
  "adult"
 ],
 "description": "Cultural, biological and archaeological anthropology basics.",
 "tags": [
  "anthropology",
  "college"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Anthropology",
   "The study of humans, past and present"
  ],
  [
   "Four-field approach",
   "Cultural, biological, archaeological and linguistic anthropology"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural anthropology",
   "Study of human societies and cultures"
  ],
  [
   "Biological anthropology",
   "Study of human evolution and biological variation"
  ],
  [
   "Archaeology",
   "Study of past peoples through material remains"
  ],
  [
   "Linguistic anthropology",
   "Study of language in its social and cultural setting"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnography",
   "Detailed written study of a culture based on fieldwork"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnology",
   "Comparing cultures to find patterns"
  ],
  [
   "Participant observation",
   "Living with a community to learn its ways"
  ],
  [
   "Fieldwork",
   "Research conducted in the community studied"
  ],
  [
   "Informant",
   "A community member who provides cultural information"
  ],
  [
   "Emic perspective",
   "Understanding a culture from the insider's point of view"
  ],
  [
   "Etic perspective",
   "Analysis from an outside observer's viewpoint"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural relativism",
   "Judging a culture by its own standards"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnocentrism",
   "Judging other cultures by one's own"
  ],
  [
   "Franz Boas",
   "Founder of American anthropology; stressed cultural relativism"
  ],
  [
   "Margaret Mead",
   "Anthropologist of Samoa who studied childhood and adolescence"
  ],
  [
   "Bronislaw Malinowski",
   "Developed participant observation in the Trobriand Islands"
  ],
  [
   "Enculturation",
   "Learning one's own culture"
  ],
  [
   "Acculturation",
   "Change from contact between cultures"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural diffusion",
   "Spread of cultural traits between societies"
  ],
  [
   "Kinship",
   "Social relationships based on descent and marriage"
  ],
  [
   "Descent group",
   "Group tracing ancestry to a common ancestor"
  ],
  [
   "Patrilineal descent",
   "Tracing descent through the father's line"
  ],
  [
   "Matrilineal descent",
   "Tracing descent through the mother's line"
  ],
  [
   "Bilateral descent",
   "Tracing descent through both parents"
  ],
  [
   "Clan",
   "A descent group claiming a common ancestor"
  ],
  [
   "Incest taboo",
   "Universal rule against marriage or sex between close kin"
  ],
  [
   "Bride service",
   "Groom works for the bride's family"
  ],
  [
   "Dowry",
   "Goods the bride's family give at marriage"
  ],
  [
   "Reciprocity",
   "Exchange of goods and services among people"
  ],
  [
   "Potlatch",
   "A feast among Pacific Northwest peoples redistributing wealth and affirming status"
  ],
  [
   "Kula ring",
   "Trobriand exchange network of shell valuables"
  ],
  [
   "Foragers",
   "People who live by hunting, gathering and fishing"
  ],
  [
   "Pastoralism",
   "Livelihood based on herding animals"
  ],
  [
   "Horticulture",
   "Small-scale farming using simple tools"
  ],
  [
   "Intensive agriculture",
   "Large-scale farming with plows, irrigation and animals"
  ],
  [
   "Band",
   "Small, mobile, egalitarian group"
  ],
  [
   "Tribe",
   "Group of related kin, loosely organized, often with shared language"
  ],
  [
   "Chiefdom",
   "Society with hereditary leaders ranked above others"
  ],
  [
   "State",
   "Centralized political system with formal government"
  ],
  [
   "Rite of passage",
   "Ritual marking change of status; Arnold van Gennep"
  ],
  [
   "Liminality",
   "The in-between stage in a ritual"
  ],
  [
   "Totemism",
   "Link between a group and a natural symbol"
  ],
  [
   "Animism",
   "Belief that spirits inhabit natural things"
  ],
  [
   "Shaman",
   "A specialist who mediates with the spirit world"
  ],
  [
   "Myth",
   "A sacred narrative explaining origins or beliefs"
  ],
  [
   "Ritual",
   "Formal, repeated symbolic action"
  ],
  [
   "Magic",
   "Rituals aimed at controlling events"
  ],
  [
   "Primate",
   "Order of mammals including monkeys, apes and humans"
  ],
  [
   "Hominin",
   "Humans and their extinct bipedal relatives"
  ],
  [
   "Bipedalism",
   "Walking on two legs"
  ],
  [
   "Australopithecus",
   "Early bipedal hominin genus of Africa"
  ],
  [
   "Lucy",
   "A 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton from Ethiopia"
  ],
  [
   "Homo habilis",
   "Early toolmaking Homo species"
  ],
  [
   "Homo erectus",
   "Long-lived species that used fire and spread beyond Africa"
  ],
  [
   "Neanderthals",
   "Extinct relatives of modern humans in Europe and western Asia"
  ],
  [
   "Homo sapiens",
   "Anatomically modern humans, appeared in Africa roughly 300,000 years ago"
  ],
  [
   "Out of Africa model",
   "Modern humans originated in Africa and spread worldwide"
  ],
  [
   "Paleolithic",
   "The Old Stone Age"
  ],
  [
   "Mesolithic",
   "The Middle Stone Age"
  ],
  [
   "Neolithic",
   "The New Stone Age, when farming began"
  ],
  [
   "Neolithic Revolution",
   "Shift from foraging to farming around 10,000 years ago"
  ],
  [
   "Domestication",
   "Breeding plants or animals for human use"
  ],
  [
   "Oldowan tools",
   "Earliest simple stone tools"
  ],
  [
   "Acheulean tools",
   "Hand axes linked to Homo erectus"
  ],
  [
   "Stratigraphy",
   "Studying layers of earth to determine relative age"
  ],
  [
   "Radiocarbon dating",
   "Dating organic remains by carbon-14 decay, up to about 50,000 years"
  ],
  [
   "Artifact",
   "A portable object made or used by humans"
  ],
  [
   "Feature",
   "A non-portable sign of human activity, like a hearth"
  ],
  [
   "Midden",
   "An ancient trash heap"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural resource management",
   "Archaeology done to protect sites ahead of development"
  ],
  [
   "Site",
   "A place with evidence of past human activity"
  ],
  [
   "Excavation",
   "Systematic digging and recording of a site"
  ],
  [
   "Provenience",
   "The exact location where an object was found"
  ],
  [
   "Material culture",
   "Physical objects created by a society"
  ],
  [
   "Race as social construct",
   "Human races are not biologically distinct groups"
  ],
  [
   "Natural selection",
   "Traits that aid survival and reproduction become more common"
  ],
  [
   "Adaptation",
   "A trait that helps survival in an environment"
  ],
  [
   "Genetic drift",
   "Random changes in gene frequency"
  ],
  [
   "Gene flow",
   "Exchange of genes between populations"
  ],
  [
   "Mutation",
   "Change in DNA that is the source of new variation"
  ],
  [
   "Fossil",
   "Preserved remains or traces of ancient life"
  ],
  [
   "Language family",
   "Languages sharing a common ancestor"
  ],
  [
   "Phoneme",
   "A basic sound unit that distinguishes meaning"
  ],
  [
   "Morpheme",
   "The smallest meaningful unit of language"
  ],
  [
   "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis",
   "Language influences how people think"
  ],
  [
   "Sociolinguistics",
   "Study of language and society"
  ],
  [
   "Code-switching",
   "Alternating between languages or dialects"
  ],
  [
   "Applied anthropology",
   "Using anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems"
  ],
  [
   "Globalization",
   "Growing worldwide interconnection"
  ],
  [
   "Medical anthropology",
   "Study of health, illness and healing across cultures"
  ]
 ]
}