{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-biology",
 "id": "tp-ap-biology",
 "title": "AP Biology Key Terms",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "AP Biology",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Core vocabulary across cells, genetics, evolution, energy and ecology.",
 "tags": [
  "ap",
  "biology"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Enzyme",
   "A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy"
  ],
  [
   "Substrate",
   "The molecule an enzyme acts upon"
  ],
  [
   "Active site",
   "The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds"
  ],
  [
   "Activation energy",
   "Energy needed to start a reaction"
  ],
  [
   "Competitive inhibitor",
   "A molecule that blocks the active site"
  ],
  [
   "Allosteric regulation",
   "Control of an enzyme by binding at a site other than the active site"
  ],
  [
   "Denaturation",
   "Loss of a protein's shape and function"
  ],
  [
   "Hydrogen bond",
   "A weak attraction between a partly positive hydrogen and a partly negative atom"
  ],
  [
   "Cohesion",
   "Attraction between molecules of the same substance"
  ],
  [
   "Adhesion",
   "Attraction between different substances"
  ],
  [
   "Polar molecule",
   "A molecule with uneven charge distribution"
  ],
  [
   "Monomer",
   "A small unit that links with others to make a polymer"
  ],
  [
   "Dehydration synthesis",
   "Joining monomers by removing water"
  ],
  [
   "Hydrolysis",
   "Breaking a polymer by adding water"
  ],
  [
   "Carbohydrate",
   "Sugars and starches; main quick energy source"
  ],
  [
   "Lipid",
   "Fats, oils and steroids; not water-soluble"
  ],
  [
   "Phospholipid",
   "A lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; forms membranes"
  ],
  [
   "Nucleic acid",
   "DNA or RNA; stores and carries genetic information"
  ],
  [
   "Peptide bond",
   "The covalent link between amino acids"
  ],
  [
   "Primary protein structure",
   "The sequence of amino acids"
  ],
  [
   "Secondary protein structure",
   "Alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonds"
  ],
  [
   "Tertiary protein structure",
   "The overall 3-D folding of one polypeptide"
  ],
  [
   "Quaternary protein structure",
   "Several polypeptides joined together"
  ],
  [
   "Fluid mosaic model",
   "The membrane is a flexible layer of lipids with embedded proteins"
  ],
  [
   "Diffusion",
   "Movement of molecules from high to low concentration"
  ],
  [
   "Osmosis",
   "Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane"
  ],
  [
   "Facilitated diffusion",
   "Passive transport through a channel or carrier protein"
  ],
  [
   "Active transport",
   "Movement against a gradient using energy"
  ],
  [
   "Endocytosis",
   "Cell takes in material by folding the membrane around it"
  ],
  [
   "Exocytosis",
   "Cell releases material by vesicles fusing with the membrane"
  ],
  [
   "Hypotonic solution",
   "Lower solute concentration than the cell; cell gains water"
  ],
  [
   "Hypertonic solution",
   "Higher solute concentration than the cell; cell loses water"
  ],
  [
   "Isotonic solution",
   "Equal solute concentration; no net water movement"
  ],
  [
   "Water potential",
   "A measure of water's tendency to move; it moves from high to low"
  ],
  [
   "Nucleus",
   "Organelle holding DNA"
  ],
  [
   "Rough ER",
   "Studded with ribosomes; makes proteins for export"
  ],
  [
   "Smooth ER",
   "Makes lipids and detoxifies"
  ],
  [
   "Golgi apparatus",
   "Modifies, sorts and packages proteins"
  ],
  [
   "Lysosome",
   "Organelle containing digestive enzymes"
  ],
  [
   "Endosymbiosis",
   "Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts came from engulfed prokaryotes"
  ],
  [
   "ATP",
   "The cell's main energy currency"
  ],
  [
   "Glycolysis",
   "Splitting glucose into two pyruvate in the cytoplasm"
  ],
  [
   "Krebs cycle",
   "Reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that release CO2 and carry electrons"
  ],
  [
   "Oxidative phosphorylation",
   "ATP production using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis"
  ],
  [
   "Chemiosmosis",
   "ATP made as protons flow back through ATP synthase"
  ],
  [
   "Fermentation",
   "Making ATP without oxygen by regenerating NAD+"
  ],
  [
   "Light reactions",
   "Photosynthesis stage in thylakoids that makes ATP, NADPH and O2"
  ],
  [
   "Calvin cycle",
   "Stage that uses ATP and NADPH to build sugar from CO2"
  ],
  [
   "Rubisco",
   "The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle"
  ],
  [
   "Chlorophyll",
   "The main pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis"
  ],
  [
   "Photosystem",
   "A cluster of pigments and proteins that captures light energy"
  ],
  [
   "Cell cycle",
   "The ordered life of a cell from one division to the next"
  ],
  [
   "Interphase",
   "G1, S and G2: growth and DNA copying"
  ],
  [
   "Mitosis",
   "Nuclear division producing two identical nuclei"
  ],
  [
   "Cytokinesis",
   "Division of the cytoplasm"
  ],
  [
   "Checkpoint",
   "A control point that decides whether the cell cycle continues"
  ],
  [
   "Cyclin",
   "A protein that regulates progress through the cell cycle"
  ],
  [
   "Meiosis",
   "Two divisions that produce four haploid cells"
  ],
  [
   "Crossing over",
   "Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes in prophase I"
  ],
  [
   "Independent assortment",
   "Random orientation of chromosome pairs, creating variety"
  ],
  [
   "Nondisjunction",
   "Failure of chromosomes to separate properly"
  ],
  [
   "Allele",
   "A version of a gene"
  ],
  [
   "Genotype",
   "The set of alleles an individual has"
  ],
  [
   "Phenotype",
   "The observable trait"
  ],
  [
   "Homozygous",
   "Having two identical alleles for a gene"
  ],
  [
   "Heterozygous",
   "Having two different alleles for a gene"
  ],
  [
   "Law of segregation",
   "The two alleles for a gene separate into different gametes"
  ],
  [
   "Law of independent assortment",
   "Genes for different traits are inherited independently if on separate chromosomes"
  ],
  [
   "Incomplete dominance",
   "Heterozygote shows a blend of the two phenotypes"
  ],
  [
   "Codominance",
   "Both alleles are fully expressed"
  ],
  [
   "Sex-linked trait",
   "A trait whose gene lies on a sex chromosome"
  ],
  [
   "Linked genes",
   "Genes close together on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together"
  ],
  [
   "Replication",
   "Copying DNA before cell division"
  ],
  [
   "Semiconservative",
   "Each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand"
  ],
  [
   "DNA polymerase",
   "Enzyme that adds nucleotides during replication"
  ],
  [
   "Helicase",
   "Enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix"
  ],
  [
   "Okazaki fragments",
   "Short DNA pieces made on the lagging strand"
  ],
  [
   "Transcription",
   "Making RNA from a DNA template"
  ],
  [
   "Translation",
   "Making a protein from mRNA at a ribosome"
  ],
  [
   "Codon",
   "Three mRNA bases that code for one amino acid"
  ],
  [
   "Anticodon",
   "Three tRNA bases that pair with a codon"
  ],
  [
   "Intron",
   "A noncoding region removed from RNA"
  ],
  [
   "Exon",
   "A coding region kept in mature RNA"
  ],
  [
   "Operon",
   "A cluster of bacterial genes controlled together"
  ],
  [
   "Lac operon",
   "An inducible operon that lets bacteria digest lactose when it is present"
  ],
  [
   "Transcription factor",
   "A protein that helps turn genes on or off"
  ],
  [
   "Point mutation",
   "A change in a single DNA nucleotide"
  ],
  [
   "Frameshift mutation",
   "An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame"
  ],
  [
   "PCR",
   "A technique for copying a specific DNA segment many times"
  ],
  [
   "Gel electrophoresis",
   "Separating DNA fragments by size using an electric current"
  ],
  [
   "Restriction enzyme",
   "Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence"
  ],
  [
   "CRISPR",
   "A gene-editing tool derived from a bacterial defense system"
  ],
  [
   "Recombinant DNA",
   "DNA combined from different sources"
  ],
  [
   "Natural selection",
   "Individuals with helpful heritable traits leave more offspring"
  ],
  [
   "Fitness",
   "An organism's success at passing on its genes"
  ],
  [
   "Genetic drift",
   "Random change in allele frequencies, strongest in small populations"
  ],
  [
   "Gene flow",
   "Movement of alleles between populations"
  ],
  [
   "Founder effect",
   "Drift caused by a small group starting a new population"
  ],
  [
   "Bottleneck effect",
   "Drift caused by a sharp drop in population size"
  ],
  [
   "Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium",
   "A model of a non-evolving population: p + q = 1"
  ],
  [
   "Speciation",
   "Formation of new species"
  ],
  [
   "Allopatric speciation",
   "Species form after geographic separation"
  ],
  [
   "Homologous structures",
   "Similar structures due to shared ancestry"
  ],
  [
   "Analogous structures",
   "Similar function from separate evolution"
  ],
  [
   "Phylogenetic tree",
   "A diagram of evolutionary relationships"
  ],
  [
   "Cladogram",
   "A branching diagram based on shared derived traits"
  ],
  [
   "Endothermic",
   "Producing body heat from metabolism"
  ],
  [
   "Negative feedback",
   "A response that reduces the original change"
  ],
  [
   "Positive feedback",
   "A response that amplifies the original change"
  ],
  [
   "Signal transduction",
   "A pathway converting a signal outside the cell into a response inside"
  ],
  [
   "Ligand",
   "A molecule that binds to a receptor"
  ],
  [
   "Second messenger",
   "A small molecule that spreads a signal inside the cell, like cAMP"
  ],
  [
   "Apoptosis",
   "Programmed cell death"
  ],
  [
   "Carrying capacity",
   "The maximum population an environment can support"
  ],
  [
   "Logistic growth",
   "S-shaped growth that levels off at carrying capacity"
  ],
  [
   "Exponential growth",
   "J-shaped growth with unlimited resources"
  ],
  [
   "Keystone species",
   "A species with a large effect on its community relative to its numbers"
  ],
  [
   "Trophic level",
   "A feeding level in a food chain"
  ],
  [
   "Primary productivity",
   "Rate at which producers store energy"
  ],
  [
   "Biogeochemical cycle",
   "Movement of an element between living things and the environment"
  ],
  [
   "Niche",
   "The role and conditions an organism needs in its ecosystem"
  ],
  [
   "Competitive exclusion",
   "Two species needing the same resource cannot coexist indefinitely"
  ],
  [
   "Succession",
   "Gradual change in a community over time"
  ]
 ]
}