#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Algorithm A finite set of steps to solve a problem tp-ap-computer-science Sequencing Running statements in order tp-ap-computer-science Selection Choosing which code runs based on a condition tp-ap-computer-science Iteration Repeating a block of code tp-ap-computer-science Variable A named place that stores a value tp-ap-computer-science Data type The kind of value, such as integer, string or boolean tp-ap-computer-science Boolean A value that is true or false tp-ap-computer-science String A sequence of characters tp-ap-computer-science Integer overflow A result too big for the number of bits available tp-ap-computer-science Round-off error Small error from limited precision in storing real numbers tp-ap-computer-science Function A named block of code that can be called tp-ap-computer-science Procedure A named group of instructions, possibly with parameters tp-ap-computer-science Parameter A variable in a function definition that receives a value tp-ap-computer-science Argument The actual value passed to a function tp-ap-computer-science Return value The value a function sends back tp-ap-computer-science Library A collection of prewritten code tp-ap-computer-science API A set of rules for how software components interact tp-ap-computer-science Abstraction Hiding detail to manage complexity tp-ap-computer-science Modularity Dividing a program into independent parts tp-ap-computer-science Class A blueprint for creating objects tp-ap-computer-science Object An instance of a class with state and behavior tp-ap-computer-science Instance variable Data stored inside an object tp-ap-computer-science Constructor Code that initializes a new object tp-ap-computer-science Method A function belonging to a class tp-ap-computer-science Encapsulation Keeping data private and exposing it through methods tp-ap-computer-science Inheritance A subclass reuses and extends a superclass tp-ap-computer-science Polymorphism The same method call behaves differently depending on the object tp-ap-computer-science Overloading Methods with the same name but different parameters tp-ap-computer-science Overriding A subclass provides its own version of a superclass method tp-ap-computer-science Static method A method belonging to the class, not an object tp-ap-computer-science Array A fixed-size, ordered collection of items tp-ap-computer-science ArrayList A resizable list in Java tp-ap-computer-science List An ordered collection of elements tp-ap-computer-science Index The position of an item, usually starting at 0 tp-ap-computer-science 2D array An array of arrays, like a grid tp-ap-computer-science Traversal Visiting each element of a data structure tp-ap-computer-science For loop A loop with a counter and a stopping condition tp-ap-computer-science While loop A loop that repeats while a condition is true tp-ap-computer-science Infinite loop A loop that never ends tp-ap-computer-science Nested loop A loop inside another loop tp-ap-computer-science Off-by-one error A bug from a loop going one step too far or too short tp-ap-computer-science Compound condition Conditions joined with AND, OR or NOT tp-ap-computer-science De Morgan's laws NOT (A and B) equals (NOT A) or (NOT B) tp-ap-computer-science Short-circuit evaluation Stopping evaluation once the result is known tp-ap-computer-science Recursion A method that calls itself tp-ap-computer-science Base case The condition that stops recursion tp-ap-computer-science Linear search Checking each element in order tp-ap-computer-science Binary search Repeatedly halving a sorted list tp-ap-computer-science Selection sort Repeatedly selecting the smallest remaining item tp-ap-computer-science Insertion sort Placing each item into its sorted position tp-ap-computer-science Merge sort Dividing in half, sorting each, and merging tp-ap-computer-science Algorithm efficiency How the work grows with input size tp-ap-computer-science Big-O notation Describes how running time grows as input grows tp-ap-computer-science Reasonable time Polynomial time or better tp-ap-computer-science Unreasonable time Exponential or worse growth tp-ap-computer-science Heuristic An approach that finds a good-enough answer when exact solutions are too slow tp-ap-computer-science Undecidable problem A problem no algorithm can solve for all cases tp-ap-computer-science Parallel computing Running parts of a task at the same time tp-ap-computer-science Bit A binary digit, 0 or 1 tp-ap-computer-science Byte Eight bits tp-ap-computer-science Binary Base-2 number system tp-ap-computer-science Hexadecimal Base-16 number system tp-ap-computer-science Lossless compression Reduces size without losing any data tp-ap-computer-science Lossy compression Reduces size by discarding some data tp-ap-computer-science Metadata Data that describes other data tp-ap-computer-science Data cleaning Fixing or removing incorrect data tp-ap-computer-science Big data Datasets too large for ordinary processing tp-ap-computer-science Internet A global network of networks tp-ap-computer-science IP address A numeric address for a device on a network tp-ap-computer-science DNS System that translates domain names to IP addresses tp-ap-computer-science Packet A small unit of data sent across a network tp-ap-computer-science TCP/IP Protocols that route and deliver data across the internet tp-ap-computer-science Router Device that forwards packets between networks tp-ap-computer-science Fault tolerance A network keeps working when parts fail tp-ap-computer-science Bandwidth Maximum data a connection can carry per time tp-ap-computer-science Latency Delay before data transfer begins tp-ap-computer-science HTTP Protocol for the web tp-ap-computer-science Encryption Scrambling data so only authorized parties can read it tp-ap-computer-science Symmetric encryption One shared key encrypts and decrypts tp-ap-computer-science Public-key encryption A public key encrypts; a private key decrypts tp-ap-computer-science Phishing Tricking people into giving up private information tp-ap-computer-science Malware Software designed to cause harm tp-ap-computer-science Multifactor authentication Verifying identity with more than one kind of proof tp-ap-computer-science Digital divide Unequal access to technology tp-ap-computer-science Crowdsourcing Getting contributions from a large group of people online tp-ap-computer-science Open source Software whose code is free to view and modify tp-ap-computer-science Bias in algorithms Systematic unfairness in a program's results tp-ap-computer-science Creative Commons Licenses that let creators share work with set permissions tp-ap-computer-science Debugging Finding and fixing errors tp-ap-computer-science Syntax error Code that breaks the language's rules tp-ap-computer-science Logic error Code that runs but gives wrong results tp-ap-computer-science Run-time error An error that happens while the program is running tp-ap-computer-science Testing Running a program with chosen inputs to check behavior tp-ap-computer-science Pseudocode Informal, language-independent description of an algorithm tp-ap-computer-science Flowchart A diagram of an algorithm's steps tp-ap-computer-science Event-driven programming Code that responds to user actions or messages tp-ap-computer-science Simulation A program that models a real-world system tp-ap-computer-science