{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-government",
 "id": "tp-ap-government",
 "title": "AP U.S. Government Key Terms",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "AP U.S. Government",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Constitution, institutions, civil rights, parties and elections.",
 "tags": [
  "ap",
  "government",
  "civics"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Popular sovereignty",
   "Government's authority comes from the people"
  ],
  [
   "Social contract",
   "Idea that people agree to be governed in return for protection of rights"
  ],
  [
   "Republicanism",
   "Government by elected representatives"
  ],
  [
   "Federalism",
   "Power divided between national and state governments"
  ],
  [
   "Separation of powers",
   "Dividing government into legislative, executive and judicial branches"
  ],
  [
   "Checks and balances",
   "Each branch can limit the others"
  ],
  [
   "Enumerated powers",
   "Powers specifically listed for Congress in Article I"
  ],
  [
   "Implied powers",
   "Powers not listed but needed to carry out those that are"
  ],
  [
   "Necessary and proper clause",
   "Gives Congress power to make laws needed to carry out its duties"
  ],
  [
   "Supremacy clause",
   "The Constitution and federal law outrank state law"
  ],
  [
   "Commerce clause",
   "Gives Congress power to regulate trade among states"
  ],
  [
   "Reserved powers",
   "Powers kept by states through the 10th Amendment"
  ],
  [
   "Concurrent powers",
   "Powers shared by national and state governments"
  ],
  [
   "McCulloch v. Maryland",
   "Established implied powers and federal supremacy"
  ],
  [
   "Block grant",
   "Federal money given to states for broad purposes"
  ],
  [
   "Categorical grant",
   "Federal money for specific purposes with conditions"
  ],
  [
   "Unfunded mandate",
   "A federal requirement imposed on states without funds"
  ],
  [
   "Federalist No. 10",
   "Madison essay on controlling factions in a large republic"
  ],
  [
   "Brutus No. 1",
   "Anti-Federalist essay warning against a large central government"
  ],
  [
   "Bicameral",
   "Having two chambers"
  ],
  [
   "Filibuster",
   "Using long debate to delay a Senate vote"
  ],
  [
   "Cloture",
   "Senate vote ending a filibuster, needing 60 votes"
  ],
  [
   "Discharge petition",
   "Procedure to bring a bill out of committee in the House"
  ],
  [
   "Rules Committee",
   "House committee setting terms of debate"
  ],
  [
   "Pork barrel",
   "Spending directed to a lawmaker's home district"
  ],
  [
   "Logrolling",
   "Trading votes to support each other's bills"
  ],
  [
   "Gerrymandering",
   "Drawing district lines to favor a party"
  ],
  [
   "Reapportionment",
   "Reassigning House seats after the census"
  ],
  [
   "Incumbency advantage",
   "Edge officeholders have when running again"
  ],
  [
   "Delegate model",
   "Representative follows constituents' wishes"
  ],
  [
   "Trustee model",
   "Representative uses own judgment"
  ],
  [
   "Veto",
   "President's rejection of a bill"
  ],
  [
   "Pocket veto",
   "A bill dies if the president takes no action as Congress adjourns"
  ],
  [
   "Executive order",
   "A presidential directive with the force of law within the executive branch"
  ],
  [
   "Executive agreement",
   "Pact with another country that does not need Senate approval"
  ],
  [
   "Impeachment",
   "House brings charges; Senate holds the trial"
  ],
  [
   "War Powers Act",
   "1973 law limiting presidential use of troops without Congress"
  ],
  [
   "Cabinet",
   "Advisers who lead executive departments"
  ],
  [
   "Bureaucracy",
   "Agencies that carry out laws"
  ],
  [
   "Independent regulatory commission",
   "An agency, like the FCC, that regulates an industry outside the cabinet"
  ],
  [
   "Iron triangle",
   "Mutually supportive ties among agencies, committees and interest groups"
  ],
  [
   "Issue network",
   "A looser group of experts and advocates around a policy"
  ],
  [
   "Discretionary authority",
   "Freedom agencies have to decide how to apply a law"
  ],
  [
   "Judicial review",
   "Courts' power to strike down unconstitutional laws"
  ],
  [
   "Judicial restraint",
   "Courts should defer to elected branches"
  ],
  [
   "Judicial activism",
   "Courts should actively rule to correct problems"
  ],
  [
   "Stare decisis",
   "Following precedent"
  ],
  [
   "Original jurisdiction",
   "Authority to hear a case first"
  ],
  [
   "Appellate jurisdiction",
   "Authority to review a lower court's decision"
  ],
  [
   "Writ of certiorari",
   "Order from the Supreme Court agreeing to hear a case"
  ],
  [
   "Amicus curiae brief",
   "Written argument from a non-party who has an interest in the case"
  ],
  [
   "Marbury v. Madison",
   "Case that established judicial review"
  ],
  [
   "Baker v. Carr",
   "Established one person, one vote claims are reviewable"
  ],
  [
   "Engel v. Vitale",
   "School-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause"
  ],
  [
   "Tinker v. Des Moines",
   "Students keep free speech rights at school unless there is disruption"
  ],
  [
   "Wisconsin v. Yoder",
   "Amish families may exempt children from school after eighth grade on religious freedom grounds"
  ],
  [
   "Gideon v. Wainwright",
   "Right to an attorney for those who cannot afford one"
  ],
  [
   "Miranda v. Arizona",
   "Police must inform suspects of their rights"
  ],
  [
   "Mapp v. Ohio",
   "Evidence from an illegal search cannot be used in state courts"
  ],
  [
   "Citizens United",
   "Limited restrictions on independent political spending by groups"
  ],
  [
   "Selective incorporation",
   "Applying Bill of Rights protections to states through the 14th Amendment"
  ],
  [
   "Due process clause",
   "Guarantees fair legal procedures"
  ],
  [
   "Equal protection clause",
   "States must treat people equally under the law"
  ],
  [
   "Establishment clause",
   "Government cannot establish a religion"
  ],
  [
   "Free exercise clause",
   "Government cannot ban religious practice without strong reason"
  ],
  [
   "Prior restraint",
   "Government blocking speech before it occurs; generally unconstitutional"
  ],
  [
   "Symbolic speech",
   "Nonverbal expression protected by the First Amendment"
  ],
  [
   "Clear and present danger",
   "Test for limiting speech that creates immediate harm"
  ],
  [
   "Civil liberties",
   "Protections of individuals from government"
  ],
  [
   "Civil rights",
   "Guarantees of equal treatment under law"
  ],
  [
   "Political culture",
   "Shared beliefs about government in a society"
  ],
  [
   "Political socialization",
   "Process of forming political views through family, school and media"
  ],
  [
   "Public opinion polling",
   "Measuring views via samples"
  ],
  [
   "Sampling error",
   "Gap between sample results and the true population"
  ],
  [
   "Linkage institutions",
   "Elections, parties, interest groups and media connecting people to government"
  ],
  [
   "Political party",
   "Organization that seeks to win elections to run government"
  ],
  [
   "Party platform",
   "Statement of a party's positions"
  ],
  [
   "Realignment",
   "Lasting shift in party loyalties"
  ],
  [
   "Primary election",
   "Vote to choose a party's nominee"
  ],
  [
   "Open primary",
   "Voters of any party may take part"
  ],
  [
   "Caucus",
   "Local meeting to choose party delegates"
  ],
  [
   "Electoral College",
   "538 electors choose the president; 270 needed to win"
  ],
  [
   "Winner-take-all",
   "The candidate with the most votes in a state gets all its electoral votes in most states"
  ],
  [
   "Super PAC",
   "Committee that can raise unlimited sums to support or oppose candidates independently"
  ],
  [
   "Political action committee",
   "Group that raises money to support candidates"
  ],
  [
   "Soft money",
   "Money given to parties for general purposes, restricted by 2002 law"
  ],
  [
   "Campaign finance",
   "Rules about raising and spending money in elections"
  ],
  [
   "Pluralism",
   "Many groups compete to influence policy"
  ],
  [
   "Collective action problem",
   "People benefit from a group's work without joining it"
  ],
  [
   "Lobbying",
   "Efforts to influence officials"
  ],
  [
   "Agenda setting",
   "Media and officials choosing which issues get attention"
  ],
  [
   "Fiscal policy",
   "Government taxing and spending to affect the economy"
  ],
  [
   "Monetary policy",
   "Federal Reserve's control of money and interest rates"
  ],
  [
   "Entitlement program",
   "Benefits guaranteed to all who qualify, like Social Security"
  ],
  [
   "Mandatory spending",
   "Federal spending required by law, such as entitlements"
  ],
  [
   "Discretionary spending",
   "Spending set each year in appropriations bills"
  ],
  [
   "Incorporation doctrine",
   "Idea that the 14th Amendment carries Bill of Rights guarantees to the states"
  ],
  [
   "Voter turnout",
   "Share of eligible voters who vote"
  ],
  [
   "Voting Rights Act of 1965",
   "Barred discriminatory voting practices"
  ],
  [
   "Amendment process",
   "Proposed by two-thirds of Congress or convention; ratified by three-fourths of states"
  ]
 ]
}