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Popular sovereignty	Government's authority comes from the people		tp-ap-government
Social contract	Idea that people agree to be governed in return for protection of rights		tp-ap-government
Republicanism	Government by elected representatives		tp-ap-government
Federalism	Power divided between national and state governments		tp-ap-government
Separation of powers	Dividing government into legislative, executive and judicial branches		tp-ap-government
Checks and balances	Each branch can limit the others		tp-ap-government
Enumerated powers	Powers specifically listed for Congress in Article I		tp-ap-government
Implied powers	Powers not listed but needed to carry out those that are		tp-ap-government
Necessary and proper clause	Gives Congress power to make laws needed to carry out its duties		tp-ap-government
Supremacy clause	The Constitution and federal law outrank state law		tp-ap-government
Commerce clause	Gives Congress power to regulate trade among states		tp-ap-government
Reserved powers	Powers kept by states through the 10th Amendment		tp-ap-government
Concurrent powers	Powers shared by national and state governments		tp-ap-government
McCulloch v. Maryland	Established implied powers and federal supremacy		tp-ap-government
Block grant	Federal money given to states for broad purposes		tp-ap-government
Categorical grant	Federal money for specific purposes with conditions		tp-ap-government
Unfunded mandate	A federal requirement imposed on states without funds		tp-ap-government
Federalist No. 10	Madison essay on controlling factions in a large republic		tp-ap-government
Brutus No. 1	Anti-Federalist essay warning against a large central government		tp-ap-government
Bicameral	Having two chambers		tp-ap-government
Filibuster	Using long debate to delay a Senate vote		tp-ap-government
Cloture	Senate vote ending a filibuster, needing 60 votes		tp-ap-government
Discharge petition	Procedure to bring a bill out of committee in the House		tp-ap-government
Rules Committee	House committee setting terms of debate		tp-ap-government
Pork barrel	Spending directed to a lawmaker's home district		tp-ap-government
Logrolling	Trading votes to support each other's bills		tp-ap-government
Gerrymandering	Drawing district lines to favor a party		tp-ap-government
Reapportionment	Reassigning House seats after the census		tp-ap-government
Incumbency advantage	Edge officeholders have when running again		tp-ap-government
Delegate model	Representative follows constituents' wishes		tp-ap-government
Trustee model	Representative uses own judgment		tp-ap-government
Veto	President's rejection of a bill		tp-ap-government
Pocket veto	A bill dies if the president takes no action as Congress adjourns		tp-ap-government
Executive order	A presidential directive with the force of law within the executive branch		tp-ap-government
Executive agreement	Pact with another country that does not need Senate approval		tp-ap-government
Impeachment	House brings charges; Senate holds the trial		tp-ap-government
War Powers Act	1973 law limiting presidential use of troops without Congress		tp-ap-government
Cabinet	Advisers who lead executive departments		tp-ap-government
Bureaucracy	Agencies that carry out laws		tp-ap-government
Independent regulatory commission	An agency, like the FCC, that regulates an industry outside the cabinet		tp-ap-government
Iron triangle	Mutually supportive ties among agencies, committees and interest groups		tp-ap-government
Issue network	A looser group of experts and advocates around a policy		tp-ap-government
Discretionary authority	Freedom agencies have to decide how to apply a law		tp-ap-government
Judicial review	Courts' power to strike down unconstitutional laws		tp-ap-government
Judicial restraint	Courts should defer to elected branches		tp-ap-government
Judicial activism	Courts should actively rule to correct problems		tp-ap-government
Stare decisis	Following precedent		tp-ap-government
Original jurisdiction	Authority to hear a case first		tp-ap-government
Appellate jurisdiction	Authority to review a lower court's decision		tp-ap-government
Writ of certiorari	Order from the Supreme Court agreeing to hear a case		tp-ap-government
Amicus curiae brief	Written argument from a non-party who has an interest in the case		tp-ap-government
Marbury v. Madison	Case that established judicial review		tp-ap-government
Baker v. Carr	Established one person, one vote claims are reviewable		tp-ap-government
Engel v. Vitale	School-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause		tp-ap-government
Tinker v. Des Moines	Students keep free speech rights at school unless there is disruption		tp-ap-government
Wisconsin v. Yoder	Amish families may exempt children from school after eighth grade on religious freedom grounds		tp-ap-government
Gideon v. Wainwright	Right to an attorney for those who cannot afford one		tp-ap-government
Miranda v. Arizona	Police must inform suspects of their rights		tp-ap-government
Mapp v. Ohio	Evidence from an illegal search cannot be used in state courts		tp-ap-government
Citizens United	Limited restrictions on independent political spending by groups		tp-ap-government
Selective incorporation	Applying Bill of Rights protections to states through the 14th Amendment		tp-ap-government
Due process clause	Guarantees fair legal procedures		tp-ap-government
Equal protection clause	States must treat people equally under the law		tp-ap-government
Establishment clause	Government cannot establish a religion		tp-ap-government
Free exercise clause	Government cannot ban religious practice without strong reason		tp-ap-government
Prior restraint	Government blocking speech before it occurs; generally unconstitutional		tp-ap-government
Symbolic speech	Nonverbal expression protected by the First Amendment		tp-ap-government
Clear and present danger	Test for limiting speech that creates immediate harm		tp-ap-government
Civil liberties	Protections of individuals from government		tp-ap-government
Civil rights	Guarantees of equal treatment under law		tp-ap-government
Political culture	Shared beliefs about government in a society		tp-ap-government
Political socialization	Process of forming political views through family, school and media		tp-ap-government
Public opinion polling	Measuring views via samples		tp-ap-government
Sampling error	Gap between sample results and the true population		tp-ap-government
Linkage institutions	Elections, parties, interest groups and media connecting people to government		tp-ap-government
Political party	Organization that seeks to win elections to run government		tp-ap-government
Party platform	Statement of a party's positions		tp-ap-government
Realignment	Lasting shift in party loyalties		tp-ap-government
Primary election	Vote to choose a party's nominee		tp-ap-government
Open primary	Voters of any party may take part		tp-ap-government
Caucus	Local meeting to choose party delegates		tp-ap-government
Electoral College	538 electors choose the president; 270 needed to win		tp-ap-government
Winner-take-all	The candidate with the most votes in a state gets all its electoral votes in most states		tp-ap-government
Super PAC	Committee that can raise unlimited sums to support or oppose candidates independently		tp-ap-government
Political action committee	Group that raises money to support candidates		tp-ap-government
Soft money	Money given to parties for general purposes, restricted by 2002 law		tp-ap-government
Campaign finance	Rules about raising and spending money in elections		tp-ap-government
Pluralism	Many groups compete to influence policy		tp-ap-government
Collective action problem	People benefit from a group's work without joining it		tp-ap-government
Lobbying	Efforts to influence officials		tp-ap-government
Agenda setting	Media and officials choosing which issues get attention		tp-ap-government
Fiscal policy	Government taxing and spending to affect the economy		tp-ap-government
Monetary policy	Federal Reserve's control of money and interest rates		tp-ap-government
Entitlement program	Benefits guaranteed to all who qualify, like Social Security		tp-ap-government
Mandatory spending	Federal spending required by law, such as entitlements		tp-ap-government
Discretionary spending	Spending set each year in appropriations bills		tp-ap-government
Incorporation doctrine	Idea that the 14th Amendment carries Bill of Rights guarantees to the states		tp-ap-government
Voter turnout	Share of eligible voters who vote		tp-ap-government
Voting Rights Act of 1965	Barred discriminatory voting practices		tp-ap-government
Amendment process	Proposed by two-thirds of Congress or convention; ratified by three-fourths of states		tp-ap-government