{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-human-geography",
 "id": "tp-ap-human-geography",
 "title": "AP Human Geography Key Terms",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "AP Human Geography",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Population, culture, politics, agriculture, cities and development concepts.",
 "tags": [
  "ap",
  "geography"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Absolute location",
   "Exact position, such as latitude and longitude"
  ],
  [
   "Relative location",
   "Position described in relation to other places"
  ],
  [
   "Site",
   "The physical features of a place itself"
  ],
  [
   "Situation",
   "A place's location relative to surrounding areas"
  ],
  [
   "Region",
   "An area defined by shared characteristics"
  ],
  [
   "Formal region",
   "Area with uniform traits, such as a country"
  ],
  [
   "Functional region",
   "Area organized around a central node, like a metro area"
  ],
  [
   "Perceptual region",
   "Region based on people's feelings, like 'the South'"
  ],
  [
   "Spatial distribution",
   "How things are arranged across space"
  ],
  [
   "Density",
   "Number of things per unit of area"
  ],
  [
   "Distance decay",
   "Interaction declines with distance"
  ],
  [
   "Time-space compression",
   "Technology making distant places seem closer"
  ],
  [
   "Geographic information system",
   "Computer system for mapping and analyzing spatial data"
  ],
  [
   "Remote sensing",
   "Gathering data about Earth from satellites or aircraft"
  ],
  [
   "Mercator projection",
   "Map that preserves direction but distorts size near poles"
  ],
  [
   "Arithmetic density",
   "Population divided by total land area"
  ],
  [
   "Physiological density",
   "Population divided by arable land"
  ],
  [
   "Agricultural density",
   "Farmers per unit of arable land"
  ],
  [
   "Crude birth rate",
   "Births per 1,000 people per year"
  ],
  [
   "Total fertility rate",
   "Average number of children a woman is expected to have"
  ],
  [
   "Doubling time",
   "Years for a population to double"
  ],
  [
   "Demographic transition model",
   "Stages of population change as countries develop"
  ],
  [
   "Population pyramid",
   "Graph of a population by age and sex"
  ],
  [
   "Dependency ratio",
   "Ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age people"
  ],
  [
   "Infant mortality rate",
   "Infant deaths per 1,000 live births"
  ],
  [
   "Life expectancy",
   "Average years a person is expected to live"
  ],
  [
   "Epidemiological transition",
   "Shift in leading causes of death from infectious to chronic disease"
  ],
  [
   "Malthusian theory",
   "Population grows faster than food supply"
  ],
  [
   "Pro-natalist policy",
   "Government encouraging births"
  ],
  [
   "Anti-natalist policy",
   "Government discouraging births"
  ],
  [
   "Push factor",
   "A reason for leaving a place"
  ],
  [
   "Pull factor",
   "A reason for moving to a place"
  ],
  [
   "Chain migration",
   "Migrants follow relatives or neighbors to the same destination"
  ],
  [
   "Forced migration",
   "Movement against one's will"
  ],
  [
   "Refugee",
   "Person who flees across a border due to persecution or danger"
  ],
  [
   "Internal migration",
   "Movement within a country"
  ],
  [
   "Gravity model",
   "Predicts interaction based on size and distance of places"
  ],
  [
   "Culture",
   "Shared beliefs, customs and material traits of a group"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural landscape",
   "The visible imprint of culture on land"
  ],
  [
   "Folk culture",
   "Traditional culture of small, homogeneous groups"
  ],
  [
   "Popular culture",
   "Culture widely shared across large, varied groups"
  ],
  [
   "Cultural diffusion",
   "Spread of cultural traits"
  ],
  [
   "Relocation diffusion",
   "Spread through the movement of people"
  ],
  [
   "Expansion diffusion",
   "Spread outward while remaining strong in the origin"
  ],
  [
   "Hierarchical diffusion",
   "Spread from important people or places to others"
  ],
  [
   "Contagious diffusion",
   "Rapid, widespread spread from person to person"
  ],
  [
   "Acculturation",
   "Adopting traits from another culture"
  ],
  [
   "Assimilation",
   "Fully taking on the dominant culture"
  ],
  [
   "Syncretism",
   "Blending of cultural elements"
  ],
  [
   "Language family",
   "Group of languages with a common ancestor"
  ],
  [
   "Lingua franca",
   "A common language for speakers of different languages"
  ],
  [
   "Universalizing religion",
   "Religion that seeks converts, like Christianity or Islam"
  ],
  [
   "Ethnic religion",
   "Religion tied to a specific group, like Judaism or Hinduism"
  ],
  [
   "State",
   "A political unit with defined territory and government"
  ],
  [
   "Nation",
   "A group sharing identity, culture or history"
  ],
  [
   "Nation-state",
   "A state whose population shares a national identity"
  ],
  [
   "Sovereignty",
   "A state's authority over its territory"
  ],
  [
   "Boundary types",
   "Natural, geometric and cultural borders"
  ],
  [
   "Devolution",
   "Transfer of power from central to regional governments"
  ],
  [
   "Centripetal force",
   "Force that unifies a state"
  ],
  [
   "Centrifugal force",
   "Force that divides a state"
  ],
  [
   "Supranational organization",
   "Group of states cooperating, like the EU"
  ],
  [
   "Gerrymandering",
   "Drawing districts to favor a group"
  ],
  [
   "Geopolitics",
   "Study of how geography shapes politics"
  ],
  [
   "Irredentism",
   "Claiming land beyond borders because of shared ethnic ties"
  ],
  [
   "Agriculture",
   "Cultivating plants and animals for food"
  ],
  [
   "Subsistence farming",
   "Growing food mainly for the farmer's family"
  ],
  [
   "Commercial agriculture",
   "Farming primarily for sale"
  ],
  [
   "Green Revolution",
   "Higher-yield crops and techniques spread from the 1960s"
  ],
  [
   "Von Thunen model",
   "Land use rings around a market center"
  ],
  [
   "Shifting cultivation",
   "Clearing land, farming it for a few years, then moving on"
  ],
  [
   "Intensive agriculture",
   "Large inputs of labor or capital per acre"
  ],
  [
   "Agribusiness",
   "Large-scale commercial farming integrated with processing and sales"
  ],
  [
   "Monoculture",
   "Growing a single crop"
  ],
  [
   "Urbanization",
   "Growth of the share of people living in cities"
  ],
  [
   "Central place theory",
   "Settlements serve surrounding areas, forming a hierarchy"
  ],
  [
   "Primate city",
   "A city much larger than any other in its country"
  ],
  [
   "Rank-size rule",
   "The nth largest city has 1/n the population of the largest"
  ],
  [
   "Megacity",
   "City of over 10 million people"
  ],
  [
   "Edge city",
   "Suburban commercial hub"
  ],
  [
   "Gentrification",
   "Wealthier people move into older neighborhoods, raising costs"
  ],
  [
   "Urban sprawl",
   "Spread of low-density development"
  ],
  [
   "Concentric zone model",
   "Burgess model of rings around a central business district"
  ],
  [
   "Sector model",
   "Hoyt model of wedge-shaped zones along transport routes"
  ],
  [
   "Redlining",
   "Denial of loans or services by area, often on racial lines"
  ],
  [
   "Industrial Revolution",
   "Shift to factory production beginning in Britain"
  ],
  [
   "Weber's least cost theory",
   "Industrial sites are chosen to minimize transport, labor and agglomeration costs"
  ],
  [
   "Deindustrialization",
   "Decline of manufacturing in a region"
  ],
  [
   "Outsourcing",
   "Contracting work to outside companies, often abroad"
  ],
  [
   "Human Development Index",
   "Composite of health, education and income"
  ],
  [
   "Gender Inequality Index",
   "Measures disparities between men and women"
  ],
  [
   "Core-periphery model",
   "Wealthy core areas dominate poorer periphery areas"
  ],
  [
   "Rostow's stages",
   "Model of five stages of economic development"
  ],
  [
   "Microfinance",
   "Small loans for people lacking access to banks"
  ],
  [
   "Fair trade",
   "Trade certification aimed at paying producers a fair price"
  ],
  [
   "Sustainable development",
   "Meeting present needs without harming future generations"
  ]
 ]
}