#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Absolute location Exact position, such as latitude and longitude tp-ap-human-geography Relative location Position described in relation to other places tp-ap-human-geography Site The physical features of a place itself tp-ap-human-geography Situation A place's location relative to surrounding areas tp-ap-human-geography Region An area defined by shared characteristics tp-ap-human-geography Formal region Area with uniform traits, such as a country tp-ap-human-geography Functional region Area organized around a central node, like a metro area tp-ap-human-geography Perceptual region Region based on people's feelings, like 'the South' tp-ap-human-geography Spatial distribution How things are arranged across space tp-ap-human-geography Density Number of things per unit of area tp-ap-human-geography Distance decay Interaction declines with distance tp-ap-human-geography Time-space compression Technology making distant places seem closer tp-ap-human-geography Geographic information system Computer system for mapping and analyzing spatial data tp-ap-human-geography Remote sensing Gathering data about Earth from satellites or aircraft tp-ap-human-geography Mercator projection Map that preserves direction but distorts size near poles tp-ap-human-geography Arithmetic density Population divided by total land area tp-ap-human-geography Physiological density Population divided by arable land tp-ap-human-geography Agricultural density Farmers per unit of arable land tp-ap-human-geography Crude birth rate Births per 1,000 people per year tp-ap-human-geography Total fertility rate Average number of children a woman is expected to have tp-ap-human-geography Doubling time Years for a population to double tp-ap-human-geography Demographic transition model Stages of population change as countries develop tp-ap-human-geography Population pyramid Graph of a population by age and sex tp-ap-human-geography Dependency ratio Ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age people tp-ap-human-geography Infant mortality rate Infant deaths per 1,000 live births tp-ap-human-geography Life expectancy Average years a person is expected to live tp-ap-human-geography Epidemiological transition Shift in leading causes of death from infectious to chronic disease tp-ap-human-geography Malthusian theory Population grows faster than food supply tp-ap-human-geography Pro-natalist policy Government encouraging births tp-ap-human-geography Anti-natalist policy Government discouraging births tp-ap-human-geography Push factor A reason for leaving a place tp-ap-human-geography Pull factor A reason for moving to a place tp-ap-human-geography Chain migration Migrants follow relatives or neighbors to the same destination tp-ap-human-geography Forced migration Movement against one's will tp-ap-human-geography Refugee Person who flees across a border due to persecution or danger tp-ap-human-geography Internal migration Movement within a country tp-ap-human-geography Gravity model Predicts interaction based on size and distance of places tp-ap-human-geography Culture Shared beliefs, customs and material traits of a group tp-ap-human-geography Cultural landscape The visible imprint of culture on land tp-ap-human-geography Folk culture Traditional culture of small, homogeneous groups tp-ap-human-geography Popular culture Culture widely shared across large, varied groups tp-ap-human-geography Cultural diffusion Spread of cultural traits tp-ap-human-geography Relocation diffusion Spread through the movement of people tp-ap-human-geography Expansion diffusion Spread outward while remaining strong in the origin tp-ap-human-geography Hierarchical diffusion Spread from important people or places to others tp-ap-human-geography Contagious diffusion Rapid, widespread spread from person to person tp-ap-human-geography Acculturation Adopting traits from another culture tp-ap-human-geography Assimilation Fully taking on the dominant culture tp-ap-human-geography Syncretism Blending of cultural elements tp-ap-human-geography Language family Group of languages with a common ancestor tp-ap-human-geography Lingua franca A common language for speakers of different languages tp-ap-human-geography Universalizing religion Religion that seeks converts, like Christianity or Islam tp-ap-human-geography Ethnic religion Religion tied to a specific group, like Judaism or Hinduism tp-ap-human-geography State A political unit with defined territory and government tp-ap-human-geography Nation A group sharing identity, culture or history tp-ap-human-geography Nation-state A state whose population shares a national identity tp-ap-human-geography Sovereignty A state's authority over its territory tp-ap-human-geography Boundary types Natural, geometric and cultural borders tp-ap-human-geography Devolution Transfer of power from central to regional governments tp-ap-human-geography Centripetal force Force that unifies a state tp-ap-human-geography Centrifugal force Force that divides a state tp-ap-human-geography Supranational organization Group of states cooperating, like the EU tp-ap-human-geography Gerrymandering Drawing districts to favor a group tp-ap-human-geography Geopolitics Study of how geography shapes politics tp-ap-human-geography Irredentism Claiming land beyond borders because of shared ethnic ties tp-ap-human-geography Agriculture Cultivating plants and animals for food tp-ap-human-geography Subsistence farming Growing food mainly for the farmer's family tp-ap-human-geography Commercial agriculture Farming primarily for sale tp-ap-human-geography Green Revolution Higher-yield crops and techniques spread from the 1960s tp-ap-human-geography Von Thunen model Land use rings around a market center tp-ap-human-geography Shifting cultivation Clearing land, farming it for a few years, then moving on tp-ap-human-geography Intensive agriculture Large inputs of labor or capital per acre tp-ap-human-geography Agribusiness Large-scale commercial farming integrated with processing and sales tp-ap-human-geography Monoculture Growing a single crop tp-ap-human-geography Urbanization Growth of the share of people living in cities tp-ap-human-geography Central place theory Settlements serve surrounding areas, forming a hierarchy tp-ap-human-geography Primate city A city much larger than any other in its country tp-ap-human-geography Rank-size rule The nth largest city has 1/n the population of the largest tp-ap-human-geography Megacity City of over 10 million people tp-ap-human-geography Edge city Suburban commercial hub tp-ap-human-geography Gentrification Wealthier people move into older neighborhoods, raising costs tp-ap-human-geography Urban sprawl Spread of low-density development tp-ap-human-geography Concentric zone model Burgess model of rings around a central business district tp-ap-human-geography Sector model Hoyt model of wedge-shaped zones along transport routes tp-ap-human-geography Redlining Denial of loans or services by area, often on racial lines tp-ap-human-geography Industrial Revolution Shift to factory production beginning in Britain tp-ap-human-geography Weber's least cost theory Industrial sites are chosen to minimize transport, labor and agglomeration costs tp-ap-human-geography Deindustrialization Decline of manufacturing in a region tp-ap-human-geography Outsourcing Contracting work to outside companies, often abroad tp-ap-human-geography Human Development Index Composite of health, education and income tp-ap-human-geography Gender Inequality Index Measures disparities between men and women tp-ap-human-geography Core-periphery model Wealthy core areas dominate poorer periphery areas tp-ap-human-geography Rostow's stages Model of five stages of economic development tp-ap-human-geography Microfinance Small loans for people lacking access to banks tp-ap-human-geography Fair trade Trade certification aimed at paying producers a fair price tp-ap-human-geography Sustainable development Meeting present needs without harming future generations tp-ap-human-geography