{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-music-theory",
 "id": "tp-ap-music-theory",
 "title": "Music Theory Key Terms",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "Music Theory",
 "levels": [
  "6-8",
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Notation, scales, intervals, chords, rhythm, harmony and form.",
 "tags": [
  "ap",
  "music-theory",
  "music"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Meaning",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Staff",
   "Five lines and four spaces where notes are written"
  ],
  [
   "Treble clef",
   "Clef for higher notes; circles the G line"
  ],
  [
   "Bass clef",
   "Clef for lower notes; marks the F line"
  ],
  [
   "Alto clef",
   "C clef used for viola; middle C on the center line"
  ],
  [
   "Ledger line",
   "A short line extending the staff"
  ],
  [
   "Grand staff",
   "Treble and bass staves joined together"
  ],
  [
   "Middle C",
   "The C near the center of the piano keyboard"
  ],
  [
   "Octave",
   "Interval of eight scale steps with the same note name"
  ],
  [
   "Half step",
   "Smallest interval on a piano, adjacent keys"
  ],
  [
   "Whole step",
   "Two half steps"
  ],
  [
   "Sharp",
   "Raises a note by a half step"
  ],
  [
   "Flat",
   "Lowers a note by a half step"
  ],
  [
   "Natural",
   "Cancels a sharp or flat"
  ],
  [
   "Enharmonic",
   "Same pitch, different name, like C sharp and D flat"
  ],
  [
   "Accidental",
   "A sharp, flat or natural not in the key signature"
  ],
  [
   "Key signature",
   "Sharps or flats at the start showing the key"
  ],
  [
   "Circle of fifths",
   "Diagram of keys arranged by fifths"
  ],
  [
   "Order of sharps",
   "F C G D A E B"
  ],
  [
   "Order of flats",
   "B E A D G C F"
  ],
  [
   "Major scale pattern",
   "Whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half"
  ],
  [
   "Natural minor scale pattern",
   "Whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole"
  ],
  [
   "Relative minor",
   "A minor key sharing a key signature with a major key; starts a minor third below"
  ],
  [
   "Parallel key",
   "Major and minor keys sharing the same tonic"
  ],
  [
   "Harmonic minor",
   "Minor scale with a raised seventh"
  ],
  [
   "Melodic minor",
   "Minor scale with raised sixth and seventh going up"
  ],
  [
   "Pentatonic scale",
   "Five-note scale"
  ],
  [
   "Chromatic scale",
   "All twelve pitches in half steps"
  ],
  [
   "Whole-tone scale",
   "Six-note scale of all whole steps"
  ],
  [
   "Tonic",
   "First scale degree; the home note"
  ],
  [
   "Supertonic",
   "Second scale degree"
  ],
  [
   "Mediant",
   "Third scale degree"
  ],
  [
   "Subdominant",
   "Fourth scale degree"
  ],
  [
   "Dominant",
   "Fifth scale degree"
  ],
  [
   "Submediant",
   "Sixth scale degree"
  ],
  [
   "Leading tone",
   "Seventh scale degree, a half step below the tonic"
  ],
  [
   "Interval",
   "Distance between two pitches"
  ],
  [
   "Perfect intervals",
   "Unison, fourth, fifth and octave"
  ],
  [
   "Major third",
   "Interval of four half steps"
  ],
  [
   "Minor third",
   "Interval of three half steps"
  ],
  [
   "Perfect fifth",
   "Interval of seven half steps"
  ],
  [
   "Tritone",
   "Interval of six half steps, an augmented fourth or diminished fifth"
  ],
  [
   "Consonance",
   "A stable, pleasing combination of notes"
  ],
  [
   "Dissonance",
   "A tense combination that seeks resolution"
  ],
  [
   "Triad",
   "A three-note chord built in thirds"
  ],
  [
   "Major triad",
   "Root, major third and perfect fifth"
  ],
  [
   "Minor triad",
   "Root, minor third and perfect fifth"
  ],
  [
   "Diminished triad",
   "Two stacked minor thirds"
  ],
  [
   "Augmented triad",
   "Two stacked major thirds"
  ],
  [
   "Seventh chord",
   "A triad plus a seventh above the root"
  ],
  [
   "Dominant seventh",
   "Major triad with a minor seventh"
  ],
  [
   "Root position",
   "Chord with its root in the bass"
  ],
  [
   "First inversion",
   "Chord with the third in the bass"
  ],
  [
   "Second inversion",
   "Chord with the fifth in the bass"
  ],
  [
   "Roman numeral analysis",
   "Labeling chords by scale degree, upper case for major"
  ],
  [
   "Primary chords",
   "I, IV and V"
  ],
  [
   "Cadence",
   "Chord pair that ends a phrase"
  ],
  [
   "Authentic cadence",
   "V to I"
  ],
  [
   "Plagal cadence",
   "IV to I, the 'Amen' cadence"
  ],
  [
   "Half cadence",
   "Phrase ends on V"
  ],
  [
   "Deceptive cadence",
   "V to vi, avoiding the expected ending"
  ],
  [
   "Harmonic progression",
   "A sequence of chords"
  ],
  [
   "Modulation",
   "Changing from one key to another"
  ],
  [
   "Tempo",
   "Speed of the music"
  ],
  [
   "Allegro",
   "Fast and lively"
  ],
  [
   "Andante",
   "Walking pace"
  ],
  [
   "Adagio",
   "Slow"
  ],
  [
   "Presto",
   "Very fast"
  ],
  [
   "Ritardando",
   "Gradually slowing"
  ],
  [
   "Accelerando",
   "Gradually speeding up"
  ],
  [
   "Fermata",
   "A hold on a note or rest"
  ],
  [
   "Time signature",
   "Numbers showing beats per measure and the note that gets a beat"
  ],
  [
   "Simple meter",
   "Each beat divides into two"
  ],
  [
   "Compound meter",
   "Each beat divides into three"
  ],
  [
   "Syncopation",
   "Emphasis on weak beats"
  ],
  [
   "Anacrusis",
   "Pickup notes before the first full measure"
  ],
  [
   "Whole note",
   "Four beats in 4/4"
  ],
  [
   "Dotted note",
   "A dot adds half the note's length"
  ],
  [
   "Tie",
   "A curve joining two notes of the same pitch"
  ],
  [
   "Slur",
   "A curve connecting different notes to be played smoothly"
  ],
  [
   "Triplet",
   "Three notes in the time of two"
  ],
  [
   "Forte",
   "Loud"
  ],
  [
   "Piano",
   "Soft"
  ],
  [
   "Crescendo",
   "Gradually getting louder"
  ],
  [
   "Diminuendo",
   "Gradually getting softer"
  ],
  [
   "Staccato",
   "Short and detached"
  ],
  [
   "Legato",
   "Smooth and connected"
  ],
  [
   "Dynamics",
   "Loudness levels in music"
  ],
  [
   "Timbre",
   "The tone color of a sound"
  ],
  [
   "Texture",
   "How layers of sound combine"
  ],
  [
   "Monophonic",
   "A single melodic line"
  ],
  [
   "Homophonic",
   "Melody with chordal accompaniment"
  ],
  [
   "Polyphonic",
   "Multiple independent melodic lines"
  ],
  [
   "Counterpoint",
   "Combining independent melodies"
  ],
  [
   "Fugue",
   "Polyphonic piece built on an imitated subject"
  ],
  [
   "Canon",
   "A melody imitated exactly by another voice later"
  ],
  [
   "Motive",
   "A short, recurring musical idea"
  ],
  [
   "Phrase",
   "A musical sentence"
  ],
  [
   "Binary form",
   "Two sections, AB"
  ],
  [
   "Ternary form",
   "Three sections, ABA"
  ],
  [
   "Rondo",
   "A form where the main theme returns, ABACA"
  ],
  [
   "Sonata form",
   "Exposition, development, recapitulation"
  ],
  [
   "Theme and variations",
   "A tune repeated with changes"
  ],
  [
   "Figured bass",
   "Baroque shorthand using numbers to show chords"
  ],
  [
   "Transposition",
   "Moving music to a different key"
  ],
  [
   "Ostinato",
   "A repeated musical pattern"
  ]
 ]
}