{
 "source": "https://peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-us-history",
 "id": "tp-ap-us-history",
 "title": "AP U.S. History Key Terms",
 "category": "test-prep",
 "subject": "AP U.S. History",
 "levels": [
  "9-12",
  "college"
 ],
 "description": "Major people, laws, events and ideas from colonial times to the modern era.",
 "tags": [
  "ap",
  "us-history"
 ],
 "frontLabel": "Term",
 "backLabel": "Significance",
 "cards": [
  [
   "Columbian Exchange",
   "Transfer of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the Old World after 1492"
  ],
  [
   "Encomienda system",
   "Spanish grants of Native labor to colonists"
  ],
  [
   "Jamestown (1607)",
   "First permanent English colony in North America"
  ],
  [
   "Headright system",
   "Land grants to colonists who paid for passage, used in Virginia"
  ],
  [
   "House of Burgesses",
   "Virginia's elected assembly, begun 1619"
  ],
  [
   "Mayflower Compact (1620)",
   "Agreement by Plymouth settlers to govern by consent"
  ],
  [
   "Puritans",
   "Reformers who settled Massachusetts Bay seeking a purified church"
  ],
  [
   "Roger Williams",
   "Founded Rhode Island on religious tolerance"
  ],
  [
   "Mercantilism",
   "Economic idea that colonies exist to enrich the mother country"
  ],
  [
   "Navigation Acts",
   "English laws controlling colonial trade"
  ],
  [
   "Middle Passage",
   "The forced sea voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas"
  ],
  [
   "Great Awakening",
   "18th-century religious revival"
  ],
  [
   "Salutary neglect",
   "British policy of lax enforcement of colonial rules"
  ],
  [
   "Seven Years' War",
   "War ending 1763 that expelled France from mainland North America"
  ],
  [
   "Proclamation of 1763",
   "British ban on colonial settlement west of the Appalachians"
  ],
  [
   "Stamp Act (1765)",
   "Direct tax on printed items that provoked 'no taxation without representation'"
  ],
  [
   "Boston Tea Party (1773)",
   "Protest destroying tea in Boston Harbor"
  ],
  [
   "Intolerable Acts",
   "Punitive laws after the Tea Party"
  ],
  [
   "Common Sense",
   "1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence"
  ],
  [
   "Declaration of Independence",
   "1776 statement of colonial rights and separation from Britain"
  ],
  [
   "Articles of Confederation",
   "First US government; weak central power"
  ],
  [
   "Northwest Ordinance (1787)",
   "Set up governance of western lands and banned slavery there"
  ],
  [
   "Shays' Rebellion",
   "1786 farmers' uprising that revealed weakness of the Articles"
  ],
  [
   "Constitutional Convention",
   "1787 meeting that wrote the Constitution"
  ],
  [
   "Great Compromise",
   "Two-house Congress: equal Senate, population-based House"
  ],
  [
   "Three-Fifths Compromise",
   "Counted enslaved people as three-fifths for representation"
  ],
  [
   "Federalists",
   "Supporters of ratifying the Constitution"
  ],
  [
   "Anti-Federalists",
   "Opponents who feared strong central power and wanted a bill of rights"
  ],
  [
   "Federalist Papers",
   "Essays arguing for ratification"
  ],
  [
   "Bill of Rights",
   "The first ten amendments, ratified 1791"
  ],
  [
   "Hamilton's financial plan",
   "Federal assumption of state debts, a national bank and tariffs"
  ],
  [
   "Jay's Treaty",
   "1794 treaty easing tensions with Britain"
  ],
  [
   "Alien and Sedition Acts",
   "1798 laws restricting immigrants and criticism of the government"
  ],
  [
   "Marbury v. Madison",
   "1803 case establishing judicial review"
  ],
  [
   "Louisiana Purchase",
   "1803 purchase of territory from France, doubling the nation's size"
  ],
  [
   "War of 1812",
   "Conflict with Britain that boosted national identity"
  ],
  [
   "Monroe Doctrine",
   "1823 warning against European colonization in the Americas"
  ],
  [
   "Market Revolution",
   "Early 1800s changes in transport, manufacturing and trade"
  ],
  [
   "Erie Canal",
   "1825 waterway linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic"
  ],
  [
   "Cotton gin",
   "Invention that made cotton very profitable and entrenched slavery"
  ],
  [
   "Jacksonian democracy",
   "Expansion of white male voting and the common man's politics"
  ],
  [
   "Indian Removal Act (1830)",
   "Law leading to forced relocation of Native nations"
  ],
  [
   "Trail of Tears",
   "Forced march of Cherokee and others to Indian Territory"
  ],
  [
   "Second Great Awakening",
   "Religious revival that fueled reform movements"
  ],
  [
   "Seneca Falls Convention (1848)",
   "First major women's rights convention"
  ],
  [
   "Manifest Destiny",
   "Belief that the US was meant to expand across the continent"
  ],
  [
   "Mexican-American War",
   "1846-48 war that gave the US the Southwest and California"
  ],
  [
   "Missouri Compromise (1820)",
   "Admitted Missouri as slave, Maine as free; set a line at 36 30"
  ],
  [
   "Compromise of 1850",
   "Package including California as free state and a stronger fugitive slave law"
  ],
  [
   "Kansas-Nebraska Act",
   "1854 law letting settlers decide on slavery, reigniting conflict"
  ],
  [
   "Dred Scott decision (1857)",
   "Ruling that Black people could not be citizens"
  ],
  [
   "Emancipation Proclamation",
   "1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held areas"
  ],
  [
   "Gettysburg",
   "1863 battle that turned the war toward the Union"
  ],
  [
   "Reconstruction",
   "Post-Civil War effort to rebuild the South and define freedom"
  ],
  [
   "13th Amendment",
   "Abolished slavery"
  ],
  [
   "14th Amendment",
   "Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection"
  ],
  [
   "15th Amendment",
   "Barred denying the vote because of race"
  ],
  [
   "Freedmen's Bureau",
   "Agency aiding formerly enslaved people"
  ],
  [
   "Black Codes",
   "Southern laws restricting freed people's rights"
  ],
  [
   "Sharecropping",
   "Farming a landowner's land for a share of the crop"
  ],
  [
   "Compromise of 1877",
   "Ended Reconstruction as federal troops left the South"
  ],
  [
   "Jim Crow laws",
   "Southern laws enforcing racial segregation"
  ],
  [
   "Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)",
   "Upheld 'separate but equal'"
  ],
  [
   "Homestead Act (1862)",
   "Gave settlers western land for farming"
  ],
  [
   "Transcontinental Railroad",
   "Completed 1869, linking East and West"
  ],
  [
   "Gilded Age",
   "Late 1800s era of rapid growth and visible inequality"
  ],
  [
   "Robber barons",
   "Critics' name for ruthless industrial magnates"
  ],
  [
   "Sherman Antitrust Act",
   "1890 law against monopolies"
  ],
  [
   "Populist Party",
   "1890s farmers' party seeking reforms"
  ],
  [
   "Dawes Act (1887)",
   "Broke up tribal lands into individual plots"
  ],
  [
   "Progressive Era",
   "Reform period around 1900-1920"
  ],
  [
   "Muckrakers",
   "Journalists exposing corruption and abuses"
  ],
  [
   "The Jungle",
   "Upton Sinclair's novel that prompted food safety laws"
  ],
  [
   "Spanish-American War (1898)",
   "Brought the US overseas territories like the Philippines and Puerto Rico"
  ],
  [
   "Open Door policy",
   "US stance favoring equal trade access in China"
  ],
  [
   "World War I",
   "1914-18 conflict the US joined in 1917"
  ],
  [
   "Treaty of Versailles",
   "1919 peace treaty that the US Senate did not ratify"
  ],
  [
   "19th Amendment",
   "1920 ratification giving women the vote"
  ],
  [
   "Great Migration",
   "Movement of Black Americans from the South to northern cities"
  ],
  [
   "Harlem Renaissance",
   "1920s flowering of Black art and literature"
  ],
  [
   "Scopes Trial (1925)",
   "Trial over teaching evolution in Tennessee"
  ],
  [
   "Stock market crash of 1929",
   "Start of the Great Depression"
  ],
  [
   "New Deal",
   "Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery and reform programs"
  ],
  [
   "Social Security Act (1935)",
   "Created old-age pensions and unemployment insurance"
  ],
  [
   "Dust Bowl",
   "1930s Plains drought and erosion that drove farm migration"
  ],
  [
   "Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)",
   "Attack that brought the US into World War II"
  ],
  [
   "Japanese American internment",
   "Wartime confinement of people of Japanese ancestry"
  ],
  [
   "Manhattan Project",
   "Secret program to build atomic weapons"
  ],
  [
   "GI Bill",
   "Postwar benefits for veterans including education and housing"
  ],
  [
   "Containment",
   "Cold War policy of stopping the spread of communism"
  ],
  [
   "Truman Doctrine",
   "1947 pledge to aid nations resisting communism"
  ],
  [
   "Marshall Plan",
   "US aid to rebuild Western Europe"
  ],
  [
   "NATO",
   "1949 Western military alliance"
  ],
  [
   "Korean War",
   "1950-53 conflict ending in stalemate"
  ],
  [
   "McCarthyism",
   "Accusations of communism without solid proof in the 1950s"
  ],
  [
   "Brown v. Board of Education (1954)",
   "Ruled school segregation unconstitutional"
  ],
  [
   "Montgomery Bus Boycott",
   "1955-56 protest launching the modern civil rights movement"
  ],
  [
   "Civil Rights Act of 1964",
   "Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment"
  ],
  [
   "Voting Rights Act of 1965",
   "Stopped discriminatory voting practices"
  ],
  [
   "Great Society",
   "Lyndon Johnson's domestic program including Medicare"
  ],
  [
   "Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)",
   "Standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba"
  ],
  [
   "Vietnam War",
   "Long Cold War conflict dividing Americans"
  ],
  [
   "Watergate",
   "1970s scandal leading to Nixon's resignation"
  ],
  [
   "Reagan Revolution",
   "1980s push for lower taxes, less regulation and a larger military"
  ],
  [
   "End of the Cold War",
   "Soviet Union dissolved in 1991"
  ]
 ]
}