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Columbian Exchange	Transfer of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the Old World after 1492		tp-ap-us-history
Encomienda system	Spanish grants of Native labor to colonists		tp-ap-us-history
Jamestown (1607)	First permanent English colony in North America		tp-ap-us-history
Headright system	Land grants to colonists who paid for passage, used in Virginia		tp-ap-us-history
House of Burgesses	Virginia's elected assembly, begun 1619		tp-ap-us-history
Mayflower Compact (1620)	Agreement by Plymouth settlers to govern by consent		tp-ap-us-history
Puritans	Reformers who settled Massachusetts Bay seeking a purified church		tp-ap-us-history
Roger Williams	Founded Rhode Island on religious tolerance		tp-ap-us-history
Mercantilism	Economic idea that colonies exist to enrich the mother country		tp-ap-us-history
Navigation Acts	English laws controlling colonial trade		tp-ap-us-history
Middle Passage	The forced sea voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas		tp-ap-us-history
Great Awakening	18th-century religious revival		tp-ap-us-history
Salutary neglect	British policy of lax enforcement of colonial rules		tp-ap-us-history
Seven Years' War	War ending 1763 that expelled France from mainland North America		tp-ap-us-history
Proclamation of 1763	British ban on colonial settlement west of the Appalachians		tp-ap-us-history
Stamp Act (1765)	Direct tax on printed items that provoked 'no taxation without representation'		tp-ap-us-history
Boston Tea Party (1773)	Protest destroying tea in Boston Harbor		tp-ap-us-history
Intolerable Acts	Punitive laws after the Tea Party		tp-ap-us-history
Common Sense	1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence		tp-ap-us-history
Declaration of Independence	1776 statement of colonial rights and separation from Britain		tp-ap-us-history
Articles of Confederation	First US government; weak central power		tp-ap-us-history
Northwest Ordinance (1787)	Set up governance of western lands and banned slavery there		tp-ap-us-history
Shays' Rebellion	1786 farmers' uprising that revealed weakness of the Articles		tp-ap-us-history
Constitutional Convention	1787 meeting that wrote the Constitution		tp-ap-us-history
Great Compromise	Two-house Congress: equal Senate, population-based House		tp-ap-us-history
Three-Fifths Compromise	Counted enslaved people as three-fifths for representation		tp-ap-us-history
Federalists	Supporters of ratifying the Constitution		tp-ap-us-history
Anti-Federalists	Opponents who feared strong central power and wanted a bill of rights		tp-ap-us-history
Federalist Papers	Essays arguing for ratification		tp-ap-us-history
Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments, ratified 1791		tp-ap-us-history
Hamilton's financial plan	Federal assumption of state debts, a national bank and tariffs		tp-ap-us-history
Jay's Treaty	1794 treaty easing tensions with Britain		tp-ap-us-history
Alien and Sedition Acts	1798 laws restricting immigrants and criticism of the government		tp-ap-us-history
Marbury v. Madison	1803 case establishing judicial review		tp-ap-us-history
Louisiana Purchase	1803 purchase of territory from France, doubling the nation's size		tp-ap-us-history
War of 1812	Conflict with Britain that boosted national identity		tp-ap-us-history
Monroe Doctrine	1823 warning against European colonization in the Americas		tp-ap-us-history
Market Revolution	Early 1800s changes in transport, manufacturing and trade		tp-ap-us-history
Erie Canal	1825 waterway linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic		tp-ap-us-history
Cotton gin	Invention that made cotton very profitable and entrenched slavery		tp-ap-us-history
Jacksonian democracy	Expansion of white male voting and the common man's politics		tp-ap-us-history
Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law leading to forced relocation of Native nations		tp-ap-us-history
Trail of Tears	Forced march of Cherokee and others to Indian Territory		tp-ap-us-history
Second Great Awakening	Religious revival that fueled reform movements		tp-ap-us-history
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)	First major women's rights convention		tp-ap-us-history
Manifest Destiny	Belief that the US was meant to expand across the continent		tp-ap-us-history
Mexican-American War	1846-48 war that gave the US the Southwest and California		tp-ap-us-history
Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as slave, Maine as free; set a line at 36 30		tp-ap-us-history
Compromise of 1850	Package including California as free state and a stronger fugitive slave law		tp-ap-us-history
Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 law letting settlers decide on slavery, reigniting conflict		tp-ap-us-history
Dred Scott decision (1857)	Ruling that Black people could not be citizens		tp-ap-us-history
Emancipation Proclamation	1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held areas		tp-ap-us-history
Gettysburg	1863 battle that turned the war toward the Union		tp-ap-us-history
Reconstruction	Post-Civil War effort to rebuild the South and define freedom		tp-ap-us-history
13th Amendment	Abolished slavery		tp-ap-us-history
14th Amendment	Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection		tp-ap-us-history
15th Amendment	Barred denying the vote because of race		tp-ap-us-history
Freedmen's Bureau	Agency aiding formerly enslaved people		tp-ap-us-history
Black Codes	Southern laws restricting freed people's rights		tp-ap-us-history
Sharecropping	Farming a landowner's land for a share of the crop		tp-ap-us-history
Compromise of 1877	Ended Reconstruction as federal troops left the South		tp-ap-us-history
Jim Crow laws	Southern laws enforcing racial segregation		tp-ap-us-history
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Upheld 'separate but equal'		tp-ap-us-history
Homestead Act (1862)	Gave settlers western land for farming		tp-ap-us-history
Transcontinental Railroad	Completed 1869, linking East and West		tp-ap-us-history
Gilded Age	Late 1800s era of rapid growth and visible inequality		tp-ap-us-history
Robber barons	Critics' name for ruthless industrial magnates		tp-ap-us-history
Sherman Antitrust Act	1890 law against monopolies		tp-ap-us-history
Populist Party	1890s farmers' party seeking reforms		tp-ap-us-history
Dawes Act (1887)	Broke up tribal lands into individual plots		tp-ap-us-history
Progressive Era	Reform period around 1900-1920		tp-ap-us-history
Muckrakers	Journalists exposing corruption and abuses		tp-ap-us-history
The Jungle	Upton Sinclair's novel that prompted food safety laws		tp-ap-us-history
Spanish-American War (1898)	Brought the US overseas territories like the Philippines and Puerto Rico		tp-ap-us-history
Open Door policy	US stance favoring equal trade access in China		tp-ap-us-history
World War I	1914-18 conflict the US joined in 1917		tp-ap-us-history
Treaty of Versailles	1919 peace treaty that the US Senate did not ratify		tp-ap-us-history
19th Amendment	1920 ratification giving women the vote		tp-ap-us-history
Great Migration	Movement of Black Americans from the South to northern cities		tp-ap-us-history
Harlem Renaissance	1920s flowering of Black art and literature		tp-ap-us-history
Scopes Trial (1925)	Trial over teaching evolution in Tennessee		tp-ap-us-history
Stock market crash of 1929	Start of the Great Depression		tp-ap-us-history
New Deal	Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery and reform programs		tp-ap-us-history
Social Security Act (1935)	Created old-age pensions and unemployment insurance		tp-ap-us-history
Dust Bowl	1930s Plains drought and erosion that drove farm migration		tp-ap-us-history
Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)	Attack that brought the US into World War II		tp-ap-us-history
Japanese American internment	Wartime confinement of people of Japanese ancestry		tp-ap-us-history
Manhattan Project	Secret program to build atomic weapons		tp-ap-us-history
GI Bill	Postwar benefits for veterans including education and housing		tp-ap-us-history
Containment	Cold War policy of stopping the spread of communism		tp-ap-us-history
Truman Doctrine	1947 pledge to aid nations resisting communism		tp-ap-us-history
Marshall Plan	US aid to rebuild Western Europe		tp-ap-us-history
NATO	1949 Western military alliance		tp-ap-us-history
Korean War	1950-53 conflict ending in stalemate		tp-ap-us-history
McCarthyism	Accusations of communism without solid proof in the 1950s		tp-ap-us-history
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)	Ruled school segregation unconstitutional		tp-ap-us-history
Montgomery Bus Boycott	1955-56 protest launching the modern civil rights movement		tp-ap-us-history
Civil Rights Act of 1964	Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment		tp-ap-us-history
Voting Rights Act of 1965	Stopped discriminatory voting practices		tp-ap-us-history
Great Society	Lyndon Johnson's domestic program including Medicare		tp-ap-us-history
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)	Standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba		tp-ap-us-history
Vietnam War	Long Cold War conflict dividing Americans		tp-ap-us-history
Watergate	1970s scandal leading to Nixon's resignation		tp-ap-us-history
Reagan Revolution	1980s push for lower taxes, less regulation and a larger military		tp-ap-us-history
End of the Cold War	Soviet Union dissolved in 1991		tp-ap-us-history