Columbian Exchange: Transfer of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the Old World after 1492 Encomienda system: Spanish grants of Native labor to colonists Jamestown (1607): First permanent English colony in North America Headright system: Land grants to colonists who paid for passage, used in Virginia House of Burgesses: Virginia's elected assembly, begun 1619 Mayflower Compact (1620): Agreement by Plymouth settlers to govern by consent Puritans: Reformers who settled Massachusetts Bay seeking a purified church Roger Williams: Founded Rhode Island on religious tolerance Mercantilism: Economic idea that colonies exist to enrich the mother country Navigation Acts: English laws controlling colonial trade Middle Passage: The forced sea voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas Great Awakening: 18th-century religious revival Salutary neglect: British policy of lax enforcement of colonial rules Seven Years' War: War ending 1763 that expelled France from mainland North America Proclamation of 1763: British ban on colonial settlement west of the Appalachians Stamp Act (1765): Direct tax on printed items that provoked 'no taxation without representation' Boston Tea Party (1773): Protest destroying tea in Boston Harbor Intolerable Acts: Punitive laws after the Tea Party Common Sense: 1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence Declaration of Independence: 1776 statement of colonial rights and separation from Britain Articles of Confederation: First US government; weak central power Northwest Ordinance (1787): Set up governance of western lands and banned slavery there Shays' Rebellion: 1786 farmers' uprising that revealed weakness of the Articles Constitutional Convention: 1787 meeting that wrote the Constitution Great Compromise: Two-house Congress: equal Senate, population-based House Three-Fifths Compromise: Counted enslaved people as three-fifths for representation Federalists: Supporters of ratifying the Constitution Anti-Federalists: Opponents who feared strong central power and wanted a bill of rights Federalist Papers: Essays arguing for ratification Bill of Rights: The first ten amendments, ratified 1791 Hamilton's financial plan: Federal assumption of state debts, a national bank and tariffs Jay's Treaty: 1794 treaty easing tensions with Britain Alien and Sedition Acts: 1798 laws restricting immigrants and criticism of the government Marbury v. Madison: 1803 case establishing judicial review Louisiana Purchase: 1803 purchase of territory from France, doubling the nation's size War of 1812: Conflict with Britain that boosted national identity Monroe Doctrine: 1823 warning against European colonization in the Americas Market Revolution: Early 1800s changes in transport, manufacturing and trade Erie Canal: 1825 waterway linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Cotton gin: Invention that made cotton very profitable and entrenched slavery Jacksonian democracy: Expansion of white male voting and the common man's politics Indian Removal Act (1830): Law leading to forced relocation of Native nations Trail of Tears: Forced march of Cherokee and others to Indian Territory Second Great Awakening: Religious revival that fueled reform movements Seneca Falls Convention (1848): First major women's rights convention Manifest Destiny: Belief that the US was meant to expand across the continent Mexican-American War: 1846-48 war that gave the US the Southwest and California Missouri Compromise (1820): Admitted Missouri as slave, Maine as free; set a line at 36 30 Compromise of 1850: Package including California as free state and a stronger fugitive slave law Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854 law letting settlers decide on slavery, reigniting conflict Dred Scott decision (1857): Ruling that Black people could not be citizens Emancipation Proclamation: 1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held areas Gettysburg: 1863 battle that turned the war toward the Union Reconstruction: Post-Civil War effort to rebuild the South and define freedom 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery 14th Amendment: Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection 15th Amendment: Barred denying the vote because of race Freedmen's Bureau: Agency aiding formerly enslaved people Black Codes: Southern laws restricting freed people's rights Sharecropping: Farming a landowner's land for a share of the crop Compromise of 1877: Ended Reconstruction as federal troops left the South Jim Crow laws: Southern laws enforcing racial segregation Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Upheld 'separate but equal' Homestead Act (1862): Gave settlers western land for farming Transcontinental Railroad: Completed 1869, linking East and West Gilded Age: Late 1800s era of rapid growth and visible inequality Robber barons: Critics' name for ruthless industrial magnates Sherman Antitrust Act: 1890 law against monopolies Populist Party: 1890s farmers' party seeking reforms Dawes Act (1887): Broke up tribal lands into individual plots Progressive Era: Reform period around 1900-1920 Muckrakers: Journalists exposing corruption and abuses The Jungle: Upton Sinclair's novel that prompted food safety laws Spanish-American War (1898): Brought the US overseas territories like the Philippines and Puerto Rico Open Door policy: US stance favoring equal trade access in China World War I: 1914-18 conflict the US joined in 1917 Treaty of Versailles: 1919 peace treaty that the US Senate did not ratify 19th Amendment: 1920 ratification giving women the vote Great Migration: Movement of Black Americans from the South to northern cities Harlem Renaissance: 1920s flowering of Black art and literature Scopes Trial (1925): Trial over teaching evolution in Tennessee Stock market crash of 1929: Start of the Great Depression New Deal: Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery and reform programs Social Security Act (1935): Created old-age pensions and unemployment insurance Dust Bowl: 1930s Plains drought and erosion that drove farm migration Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941): Attack that brought the US into World War II Japanese American internment: Wartime confinement of people of Japanese ancestry Manhattan Project: Secret program to build atomic weapons GI Bill: Postwar benefits for veterans including education and housing Containment: Cold War policy of stopping the spread of communism Truman Doctrine: 1947 pledge to aid nations resisting communism Marshall Plan: US aid to rebuild Western Europe NATO: 1949 Western military alliance Korean War: 1950-53 conflict ending in stalemate McCarthyism: Accusations of communism without solid proof in the 1950s Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Ruled school segregation unconstitutional Montgomery Bus Boycott: 1955-56 protest launching the modern civil rights movement Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment Voting Rights Act of 1965: Stopped discriminatory voting practices Great Society: Lyndon Johnson's domestic program including Medicare Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): Standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba Vietnam War: Long Cold War conflict dividing Americans Watergate: 1970s scandal leading to Nixon's resignation Reagan Revolution: 1980s push for lower taxes, less regulation and a larger military End of the Cold War: Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 Free flashcards from Peabody at peabody.kids/flashcards/tp-ap-us-history