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Silk Roads	Overland and sea trade routes linking Asia, Africa and Europe		tp-ap-world-history
Dar al-Islam	The Islamic world, a zone of shared religion and trade		tp-ap-world-history
Abbasid Caliphate	Islamic empire (750-1258) centered at Baghdad, known for learning		tp-ap-world-history
House of Wisdom	Baghdad center for translating and advancing knowledge		tp-ap-world-history
Mongol Empire	Largest land empire; linked Eurasia under Genghis Khan and successors		tp-ap-world-history
Pax Mongolica	Relative safety for trade across Mongol lands		tp-ap-world-history
Bubonic plague	Black Death spread along trade routes in the 1300s		tp-ap-world-history
Song dynasty	Chinese dynasty with advances in printing, gunpowder and paper money		tp-ap-world-history
Neo-Confucianism	Revival of Confucian thought blended with Buddhist and Daoist ideas		tp-ap-world-history
Ming dynasty	Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that sent Zheng He's voyages		tp-ap-world-history
Zheng He	Ming admiral who led large treasure fleets across the Indian Ocean		tp-ap-world-history
Tang dynasty	Chinese dynasty known for prosperity and Buddhism		tp-ap-world-history
Grand Canal	Waterway linking northern and southern China		tp-ap-world-history
Feudalism	System of land held in exchange for loyalty and service		tp-ap-world-history
Manorialism	Medieval economic system built on self-sufficient estates		tp-ap-world-history
Byzantine Empire	Eastern Roman Empire centered on Constantinople		tp-ap-world-history
Crusades	Religious wars between European Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land		tp-ap-world-history
Renaissance	European revival of classical learning and art from the 1300s		tp-ap-world-history
Printing press	Mid-1400s invention that spread ideas faster		tp-ap-world-history
Protestant Reformation	1500s movement challenging Catholic authority		tp-ap-world-history
Martin Luther	German monk whose Ninety-five Theses began the Reformation		tp-ap-world-history
Mali Empire	West African empire rich from gold and salt trade		tp-ap-world-history
Mansa Musa	Mali emperor famed for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324		tp-ap-world-history
Timbuktu	Trading and learning center in West Africa		tp-ap-world-history
Swahili Coast	East African trading cities linking Africa to the Indian Ocean		tp-ap-world-history
Great Zimbabwe	Southern African stone city and trading center		tp-ap-world-history
Aztec Empire	Mesoamerican empire centered at Tenochtitlan		tp-ap-world-history
Inca Empire	Andean empire known for roads and terrace farming		tp-ap-world-history
Mit'a system	Inca labor obligation to the state		tp-ap-world-history
Ottoman Empire	Islamic empire that took Constantinople in 1453		tp-ap-world-history
Safavid Empire	Persian empire that made Shia Islam its state religion		tp-ap-world-history
Mughal Empire	Muslim-ruled empire in South Asia from 1526		tp-ap-world-history
Akbar	Mughal ruler noted for religious tolerance		tp-ap-world-history
Tokugawa shogunate	Japanese military rule (1603-1868) with limited foreign contact		tp-ap-world-history
Atlantic slave trade	Forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas		tp-ap-world-history
Triangular trade	Trade linking Europe, Africa and the Americas		tp-ap-world-history
Joint-stock company	Business owned by investors who share risk, like the Dutch East India Company		tp-ap-world-history
Mercantilism	Policy of building national wealth through exports and colonies		tp-ap-world-history
Scientific Revolution	16th-17th century shift to evidence-based study of nature		tp-ap-world-history
Enlightenment	18th-century movement stressing reason and individual rights		tp-ap-world-history
Absolutism	A monarch holds total authority		tp-ap-world-history
Louis XIV	French king who embodied absolutism		tp-ap-world-history
Peter the Great	Russian tsar who Westernized his country		tp-ap-world-history
American Revolution	Colonial independence movement of 1775-1783		tp-ap-world-history
French Revolution	1789 upheaval that ended the old order in France		tp-ap-world-history
Haitian Revolution	Successful enslaved people's revolt that created Haiti in 1804		tp-ap-world-history
Simon Bolivar	Leader of independence movements in northern South America		tp-ap-world-history
Napoleon Bonaparte	French emperor who spread revolutionary ideas by conquest		tp-ap-world-history
Nationalism	Loyalty to one's nation and its self-rule		tp-ap-world-history
Industrial Revolution	Shift to machine and factory production beginning in Britain		tp-ap-world-history
Capitalism	Economic system of private ownership and markets		tp-ap-world-history
Socialism	System favoring shared or state ownership of production		tp-ap-world-history
Karl Marx	Thinker who wrote The Communist Manifesto, criticizing capitalism		tp-ap-world-history
Urbanization	Growth of cities		tp-ap-world-history
Imperialism	Building empires by conquering or dominating other lands		tp-ap-world-history
Berlin Conference (1884-85)	Meeting where European powers set rules for dividing Africa		tp-ap-world-history
Opium Wars	19th-century conflicts forcing China to open to trade		tp-ap-world-history
Taiping Rebellion	Massive 1850-64 uprising against Qing rule		tp-ap-world-history
Meiji Restoration	1868 modernization of Japan under the emperor		tp-ap-world-history
Sepoy Rebellion (1857)	Uprising against British East India Company rule in India		tp-ap-world-history
Suez Canal	1869 waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas		tp-ap-world-history
Abolition	Ending slavery; widespread across empires in the 1800s		tp-ap-world-history
Boxer Rebellion	Chinese uprising against foreign influence around 1900		tp-ap-world-history
World War I	1914-18 global conflict that ended four empires		tp-ap-world-history
Russian Revolution (1917)	Overthrow of the tsar, leading to Soviet rule		tp-ap-world-history
Great Depression	1930s worldwide economic collapse		tp-ap-world-history
Fascism	Authoritarian ultranationalist political movement		tp-ap-world-history
World War II	1939-45 global war		tp-ap-world-history
Holocaust	Nazi genocide of six million Jews and others		tp-ap-world-history
United Nations	International body founded 1945		tp-ap-world-history
Cold War	Rivalry between the US and USSR after 1945		tp-ap-world-history
Chinese Revolution (1949)	Communist victory led by Mao Zedong		tp-ap-world-history
Decolonization	Colonies gaining independence after 1945		tp-ap-world-history
Indian independence (1947)	End of British rule and partition into India and Pakistan		tp-ap-world-history
Mahatma Gandhi	Leader of nonviolent resistance in India		tp-ap-world-history
Non-Aligned Movement	Nations avoiding alliance with either Cold War bloc		tp-ap-world-history
Green Revolution	Mid-20th century agricultural advances raising crop yields		tp-ap-world-history
Apartheid	South Africa's system of legal racial segregation		tp-ap-world-history
Nelson Mandela	Anti-apartheid leader who became South Africa's president in 1994		tp-ap-world-history
Globalization	Growing worldwide connection of economies and cultures		tp-ap-world-history
Migration	Movement of people across regions, a major theme in world history		tp-ap-world-history
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Spain-Portugal agreement dividing newly found lands		tp-ap-world-history
Columbian Exchange	Trade of crops, animals and diseases across the Atlantic		tp-ap-world-history
Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca		tp-ap-world-history
Sufism	Mystical tradition in Islam that helped spread the faith		tp-ap-world-history
Bhakti movement	Devotional Hindu movement stressing personal love of god		tp-ap-world-history
Caravel	Light, maneuverable ship used by Portuguese explorers		tp-ap-world-history
Gunpowder empires	Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal states that used cannons		tp-ap-world-history
Devshirme	Ottoman practice of recruiting boys for the army and government		tp-ap-world-history
Millet system	Ottoman system giving religious communities self-government		tp-ap-world-history
Qing dynasty	Last Chinese imperial dynasty (1644-1912)		tp-ap-world-history
Sati and reform	Reformers in 19th-century India campaigned against the custom of widow burning		tp-ap-world-history
Tanzimat	Ottoman reforms of the 1800s to modernize the state		tp-ap-world-history
Zionism	Movement for a Jewish homeland, emerging in the late 1800s		tp-ap-world-history
Pan-Africanism	Movement for unity among people of African descent		tp-ap-world-history
Genocide	Deliberate destruction of a national or ethnic group		tp-ap-world-history
Non-state actors	Groups like corporations or movements that act across borders without being governments		tp-ap-world-history
European Union	Economic and political union of European countries		tp-ap-world-history
OPEC	Organization of oil-exporting countries formed 1960		tp-ap-world-history