#separator:tab #html:false #tags column:4 Citation A reference to the source of information or ideas you use tp-citation-styles Bibliography A list of sources consulted for a work tp-citation-styles Annotated bibliography A source list with a short summary and evaluation of each entry tp-citation-styles Works Cited MLA's list of sources actually cited tp-citation-styles References APA's list of sources cited tp-citation-styles In-text citation A brief reference inside the text pointing to the full source tp-citation-styles Footnote A note at the bottom of the page giving a source or comment tp-citation-styles Endnote A note collected at the end of a chapter or paper tp-citation-styles MLA Modern Language Association style, common in the humanities tp-citation-styles APA American Psychological Association style, common in social sciences tp-citation-styles Chicago style Style with notes-bibliography and author-date forms, common in history tp-citation-styles Turabian A student version of Chicago style tp-citation-styles IEEE style Numbered citation style used in engineering and computing tp-citation-styles AMA style American Medical Association style, used in medicine tp-citation-styles MLA in-text format Author's last name and page number, like (Smith 45) tp-citation-styles APA in-text format Author's last name and year, like (Smith, 2020) tp-citation-styles Chicago notes format A superscript number linking to a footnote tp-citation-styles Hanging indent Reference entries where the first line is flush left and later lines are indented tp-citation-styles Alphabetical order Reference lists are usually sorted by author's last name tp-citation-styles Title case Capitalizing major words in a title tp-citation-styles Sentence case Capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns in a title tp-citation-styles Italicize book titles Long works such as books and journals are italicized tp-citation-styles Quotation marks for articles Short works such as articles and poems go in quotation marks tp-citation-styles DOI Digital object identifier, a stable link to a scholarly work tp-citation-styles URL The web address of an online source tp-citation-styles Access date Date you viewed an online source, used where required tp-citation-styles Et al. Latin for 'and others', used for works with many authors tp-citation-styles Ibid. Latin for 'in the same place', used in some note styles tp-citation-styles Direct quotation Using an author's exact words, in quotation marks tp-citation-styles Paraphrase Restating an idea in your own words, still with a citation tp-citation-styles Summary A shorter version of the main points of a source, with a citation tp-citation-styles Block quotation A long quote set apart in an indented block tp-citation-styles Ellipsis Three dots showing omitted words in a quotation tp-citation-styles Brackets in quotations Used to add or change words within a quote tp-citation-styles Plagiarism Using someone else's words or ideas without credit tp-citation-styles Common knowledge Widely known facts that usually need no citation tp-citation-styles Primary source Original evidence from the time, like a letter or data tp-citation-styles Secondary source Analysis or interpretation of primary sources tp-citation-styles Tertiary source A summary of other sources, like an encyclopedia tp-citation-styles Scholarly source Work written by experts and reviewed by peers tp-citation-styles Peer review Evaluation of a work by other experts before publication tp-citation-styles Credibility How trustworthy a source is tp-citation-styles CRAAP test Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose: a checklist for sources tp-citation-styles Thesis statement A sentence stating the main argument of a paper tp-citation-styles Abstract A short summary of a paper tp-citation-styles Literature review A survey of existing research on a topic tp-citation-styles Research question The question a paper sets out to answer tp-citation-styles Annotation A note explaining or commenting on a source tp-citation-styles Database An organized collection of articles and records tp-citation-styles Keyword search Searching by important words tp-citation-styles Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT used to combine search terms tp-citation-styles Citation generator A tool that formats citations; always check the results tp-citation-styles MLA 9 core elements Author, title, container, contributors, version, number, publisher, date, location tp-citation-styles Container (MLA) The larger work holding a source, like a journal or website tp-citation-styles APA 7 title page Title, author, affiliation, course, instructor and date tp-citation-styles Running head A shortened title at the top of pages tp-citation-styles Header Text at the top of each page, often a name and page number tp-citation-styles Double spacing Standard line spacing in academic papers tp-citation-styles Font choices Commonly 12-point Times New Roman or similar readable fonts tp-citation-styles Margins Typically one inch on all sides tp-citation-styles Page numbers Placed in the header in most styles tp-citation-styles Appendix Extra material placed at the end of a paper tp-citation-styles Parenthetical citation A citation in parentheses tp-citation-styles Signal phrase Words introducing a quotation, like 'According to Smith' tp-citation-styles Attribution Giving credit to the source of a statement tp-citation-styles Fair use Limited use of copyrighted material for purposes like education tp-citation-styles Copyright Legal protection of an author's original work tp-citation-styles Public domain Works no longer under copyright tp-citation-styles Creative Commons Licenses allowing sharing under stated conditions tp-citation-styles Ghostwriting Having someone else write work you present as yours tp-citation-styles Self-plagiarism Reusing your own previous work without disclosure tp-citation-styles Patchwriting Altering a source's words only slightly, which is still plagiarism tp-citation-styles Works Consulted Sources used for background but not cited tp-citation-styles Secondary citation Citing a source you read about in another source, noted as 'as cited in' tp-citation-styles Anonymous author Begin the entry with the title when no author is listed tp-citation-styles Corporate author An organization listed as the author tp-citation-styles Edition A particular published version of a book tp-citation-styles Volume One book in a multi-part work or journal year tp-citation-styles Issue One numbered release of a journal tp-citation-styles Pagination Page numbers of a work tp-citation-styles Publisher The company that makes a work public tp-citation-styles